Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science and Biotechnology ©2007 Global Science Books

Clerodendrum and Heathcare: An Overview

Neeta Shrivastava* • Tejas Patel

B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, S. G. Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad - 380054, Gujarat, India
Corresponding author: * neetashrivastava_perd@yahoo.co.in

ABSTRACT
The genus Clerodendrum L. (Family: Lamiaceae) is very widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. More than
five hundred species of the genus are identified till now, which includes small trees, shrubs and herbs. Ethno-medical importance of
various species of Clerodendrum genus has been reported in various indigenous systems of medicines and as folk medicines. The genus is
being used as medicines specifically in Indian, Chinese, Thai, Korean, Japanese systems of medicine for the treatment of various life-
threatening diseases such as syphilis, typhoid, cancer, jaundice and hypertension. Few species of the genus like Clerodendrum inerme, C.
thomosonae, C. indicum, and C. speciosum are ornamental and being cultivated for aesthetic purposes. The powder/paste form and the
various extracts of root, stem and leaves are reported to be used as medicine for the treatment of asthma, pyreticosis, cataract, malaria, and
diseases of blood, skin and lung. To prove these ethno-medical claims, some of these species are being extensively studied for their
biological activities using various animal models. Along with biological studies, isolation and identification studies of chemical consti-
tuents and its correlation with the biological activities of the genus has also been studied. The major chemical components reported from
the genus are phenolics, steroids, di- and triterpenes, flavonoids, volatile oils, etc. This review mainly covers the extent of work done on
biological activities of various Clerodendrum species such as C. trichotomum, C. bungei, C. chinense, C. colebrookianum, C. inerme, C.
phlomidis, C. petasites, C. grayi, C. indicum, C. serratum, C. campbellii, C. calamitosum and C. cyrtophyllum that can be used both in
conventional therapy or as replacement therapies for the treatment of various diseases.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Keywords: ethnomedical, phytochemistry, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antimalarial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, polyphyletic, para-
phyletic
Abbreviations: AGC, apigenin-7-O--D-glucoside; GSH, glutathione; MDA, malondialdehyde; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; XO, xanthine
oxidase

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................................................................... 142
ETHNOMEDICAL USES.......................................................................................................................................................................... 146
PHYTOCHEMISTRY................................................................................................................................................................................ 146
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES ..................................................................................................................................................................... 147
Anti-inflammatory activities.................................................................................................................................................................. 147
Antimicrobial activites .......................................................................................................................................................................... 147
Antimalarial activities............................................................................................................................................................................ 148
Antioxidant activities............................................................................................................................................................................. 148
Other biological activities of Clerodendrum genus ............................................................................................................................... 148
SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 148
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................................................................................... 149
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................................................................... 149
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

INTRODUCTION large and diverse genus and till now five hundred and eighty
species of the genus have been identified and are widely
The genus Clerodendrum L. [Family Lamiaceae (Verbena- distributed in Asia, Australia, Africa and America (Table 1).
ceae)] is very widely distributed in tropical and subtropical A high degree of morphological and cytological variation
regions of the world and is comprised of small trees, shrubs (from 2n=24 to 2n=184) amongst the species, suggesting
and herbs. The first description of the genus was given by the paraphyletic or polyphyletic origin of the genus. Mole-
Linnaeus in 1753, with identification of C. infortunatum. cular systematic studies based on cloroplast and nuclear
After a decade later in 1763 Adanson changed the Latin DNA also indicate polyphyletic origin of the genus (Steane
name "Clerodendrum" to its Greek form "Clerodendron"; et al. 1999). Owing to morphological variations like length
in Greek Klero means chance and dendron means tree i.e. of the corolla tube, size of leaves, and type of inflorescence
chance tree which means the tree which does not bring some authors have classified the genus into two major sub-
good luck like Clerodendron infortunatum or the tree which genera, Clerodendrum and Cyclonema (Steane et al. 1999)
brings good luck like C. fortunatum. Later on after a span while others have classified it into five subgenera and each
of about two centuries in 1942 Moldenke readopted the subgenus is again subdivided into many sections (Moldenke
Latinized name 'Clerodendrum', which is now commonly 1985). Similarly many species of the genus have been des-
used by taxonomists for the classification and description of cribed by more than one author and hence are denoted in the
the genus and species (Moldenke 1985; Rueda 1993; Hsiao literature with the name of different authors e.g. C. flori-
and Lin 1995; Steane et al. 1999). Clerodendrum is a very bundum Hort. and C. floribundum R.Br., C. foetidum Bunge

Received: 4 January, 2007. Accepted: 22 January, 2007.

Invited Review
 Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science and Biotechnology 1(1), 142-150 ©2007 Global Science Books

Table 1 List of various species from the genus Clerodendrum. * Species described by more than one author.
C. acerbiana Benth. & Hook.f. C. cernuum Wall.ex Steud. C. foetidum Bunge* C. kampotense Dop
C. aculeatum (L.) Schlecht.* C. chamaeriphes Wernham C. formicarum Gurke C. kanichi Wildem.
C. acuminatum Wall. C. citrinum Ridley C. formosanum Maxim. C. katangensis Wildem.
C. adenocalyx Dop C. coccineum D.Dietr.* C. fortunatum Buch.-Ham.ex Wall.* C. kentrocaule Baker
C. adenophysum H.Hallier C. cochinchinense Dop C. fortunei Hemsl. C. kinabaluense Stapf
C. affine Griff. C. colebrookianum Walp. C. fragrans Vent.* C. kirkii Baker
C. africanum Moldenke C. commersonii Spreng. C. francavilleanum Buchinger ex C. kissakense Guerke
C. aggregatum Gurke C. condensatum Miq. Berthold Thomas C. klemmei Elmer
C. alatum Gurke C. confusum H.Hallier C. friesii K.Schum. C. koshunense Hayata
C. albiflos H.J.Lam C. congense Baker* C. f.rutectorum S.Moore C. kwangtungense Hand.-Mazz.
C. amicorum Seem. C. congestum Guerke C. fugitans Wernham C. laciniatum Balf.f.
C. amplifolium S.Moore C. conglobatum Baker C. fuscum Gurke. C. laevifolium Blume
C. amplius Hance C. consors S.Moore C. galeatum Balf.f. C. lanceolatum F.Muell.
C. anafense Britton & P.Wils. C. corbisieri De Wild. C. garrettianum Craib C. lanceolatum Gurke.
C. angolense Guerke C. cordatum D.Don C. gaudichaudii Dop C. lanceoliferum S.Moore
C. angustifolium Salisb.* C. cordifolium A.Rich. C. geoffrayi Dop C. lanessanii Dop
C. apayaoense Quisumb. C. coriaceum Poir.* C. giletii Wildem. & Th.Dur. C. lankawiense King & Gamble
C. arenarium Baker C. coromandelianum Spreng. C. glaberrimum Hayata C. lanuginosum Blume
C. arthur-gordoni Horne ex Baker C. costaricense Standley C. glabratum Guerke C. lasiocephalum C.B.Clarke
C. assurgens K.Schum. C. costatum R.Br. C. glabrum E.Mey. C. laxicymosum De Wild.
C. attenuatum De Wild.* C. costulatum K.Schum. C. glandulosum Colebr.ex Wall. C. laxiflorum Baker
C. aucubifolium Hemsl. C. cruentum Lindl. C. glandulosum Lindl. C. lecomtei Dop
C. aurantiacum Baker C. cubensis Schau. C. glaucum Wall.ex Steud. C. lehuntei Horne ex Baker
C. aurantium G.Don C. culinare Sesse & Moc. C. globuliflorum Berthold Thomas C. lelyi Hutchinson
C. × speciosum Teijsm. & Binn. C. cumingianum Schau. C. godefroyi Kuntze C. leucophloeum Balf.f.
C. bakeri Gurke C. cuneatum Guerke* C. goossensi De Wild. C. leucosceptrum D.Don
C. balfouri Hort. C. cuneifolium Baker C. gordoni Baker C. leveillei Fedde ex Leveille
C. barbafelis H.Hallier C. cunninghamii Benth. C. gossweileri Exell C. ligustrinum
C. baronianum Oliver C. curranii Elmer C. grandicalyx E.A.Bruce C. lindawianum Lauterb.
C. barteri Baker C. curtisii N.E.Br. C. grandiflorum Schau. C. lindemuthianum Vatke
C. baumii Guerke C. cuspidatum Turcz. C. grandifolium Gurke* C. lindenianum A.Eich.
C. bequaerti De Wild C. cyrtophyllum Turcz C. gratum Kurz* C. lindleyi Decne.ex Planch.
C. bernieri Briq. C. darrisii Leveille C. greyi Baker C. linnaei F.Muell.*
C. bethuneanum Low C. deflexum Wall. C. griffithianum C.B.Clarke C. lividum Lindl.
C. bingaense S.Moore C. dekindtii Guerke C. guerkii Baker C. lloydianum Craib
C. bipindense Guerke C. dembianense Chiov. C. haematocalyx Hance C. lobbii C.B.Clarke
C. blancoanum Villar C. densiflorum Griff. C. haematolasium H.Hallier C. longicolle G.F.W.Mey.
C. blancoi Naves ex Villar C. dentatum Wall. C. hahnianum Dop C. longiflorum Decne.
C. blumeanum Schau. C. depauperatum Wall.ex Steud. C. hainanense Hand.-Mazz. C. longilimbum P'ei
C. bodinierii Leveille C. dependens Aug.DC. C. harmandianum Dop C. longipetiolatum Gurke*
C. bolivianum Rusby C. dicolor Vatke C. harnierianum Schweinf. C. longisepalum Dop
C. botryoides Baker C. diepenhorstii Miq. C. hastato-oblongum C.B.Clarke C. longituba Valeton
C. botryoides K.Schum. C. dinklagei Gurke C. hastatum Lindl. C. longitubum Wildem. & Th.Dur.
C. brachyanthum Schau. C. discolor Becc. C. helianthemifolium Wall.ex Steud. C. luembense De Wild.
C. brachypus Urb. C. disparifolium Blume C. hemiderma F.Muell.ex Benth. C. lujaei Wildem. & Th.Dur.
C. lerodendrum bracteatum Wall. C. divar. catum Jack* C. henryi P'ei C. lupakense S.Moore
C. bracteosum Kostel. C. diversifolium Vahl C. herbaceum Wall. C. luzoniense Merrill
C. brassii Beer & H.J.Lam C. dubium De Wild. C. heterophyllum C. mabesae Merrill
C. brazzavillense A.Cheval. C. duckei Moldenke C. hettae H.Hallier C. macradenium Miq.
C. breviflorum Ridl. C. dumale Baker C. hexagonum De Wild C. macrocalycinum Baker
C. brookeanum W.W.Smith C. dumale K.Schum. C. hexangulatum Berthold Thomas C. macrocalyx De Wild.*
C. brunfelsiiflorum H.Hallier C. dusenii Guerke C. hildebrandtii Vatke C. macrophyllum Blume*
C. brunsvigioides Baker C. eketense Wernham C. hircinum Schau. C. macrosiphon Hook.f.*
C. buchananii Herb.Roxb.ex Wall. C. ekmani Moldenke C. hirsutum G.Don* C. macrostachyum Baker*
C. buchholzii Gurke C. elberti H.Hallier C. hispidum M.R.Henderson C. macrostegium Schau.
C. buchneri Gurke C. elegans Manetti ex Lem. C. hockii De Wild. C. madaeera Voigt
C. buettneri Gurke C. ellipticum Zipp.ex Span. C. holstii Guerke ex Baker* C. magnificum Warb.
C. bukobense Gurke C. elliptifolium Merrill C. holtzei F.Muell. C. magnoliaefolium Baker
C. bungei Steud. C. elmeri Merrill C. horsfieldii Miq. C. makanjanum H.Winkler
C. buruanum Miq. C. emarginatum Briq. C. huegelii Hort.ex Regel C. mandarinorum Diels
C. buxifolium Spreng. C. emirnense Boj.ex Hook. C. humile Chiov. C. manetti Vis.
C. cabrae De Wild. C. epiphyticum Standley C. hysteranthum Baker C. mannii Baker
C. caeruleum N.E.Br. C. erectum De Wild. C. illustre N.E.Br. C. margaritense Moldenke
C. caesium Guerke C. eriophyllum Gurke C. impensum Berthold Thomas C. matudae Standley
C. calamistratum Hort.Belg.ex Lem. C. eriosiphon Schau. C. imperialis Carr. C. medium R.Br.
C. calamitosum Linn. C. esquirolii Leveille* C. inaequipetiolatum Good C. megasepalum Baker
C. calcicola Britton C. eucalycinum Oliver C. incisum Klotzsch C. melanocrater Gurke
C. calycinum Turcz. C. eupatorioides Baker C. indeniense A.Cheval. C. membranifolium H.J.Lam
C. camagueyense Britton & P.Wils. C. euryphyllum Mildbr. C. indicum Druce* C. mexicanum T.S.Brandegee
C. canescens Wall. C. excavatum De Wild. C. inerme Gaertn.* C. meyeri-johannis Mildbraed
C. capense D.Don ex Steud.* C. fallax Lindl. C. infortunatum Dennst.* C. micans Gurke
C. capitatum Hook.* C. fargesii Dode C. ingratum K.Schum. & Lauterb. C. microcalyx Ridley
C. capsulare Blanco C. farinosum Wall. C. intermedium Berthold Thomas* C. microphyllum Berthold Thomas
C. cardiophyllum F.Muell. C. fasciculatum Berthold Thomas C. involucratum Vatke C. mildbraedii Berthold Thomas
C. carnosulum Baker C. fastigiatum H.J.Lam C. ixoraeflorum Hazsk. C. minahassae Teijsm. & Binn.
C. castaneaefolium Klotzsch C. ferrugineum Turcz. C. jackianum Wall. C. mindorense Merrill
C. castaneifolium Hook. & Arn. C. finetii Dop C. japonicum Mak.* C. minutiflorum Baker
C. catalpifolium H.Hallier C. fischeri Gurke ex Engl. C. javanicum Spreng.* C. mirabile Baker
C. caulambum Exell C. fistulosum Becc.* C. johnstoni Oliver C. mite Vatke
C. cauliflorum De Wild.* C. flavum Merrill C. kaempferi Fisch.ex Morr. C. moldenkeanum Standley
C. cavaleriei Leveille C. fleuryi A.Chevalier C. kalaotoense H.J.Lam C. molle H.B. & K.*
C. cephalanthum Oliver C. floribundum Hort.* C. kalbreyeri Baker C. montanum Berthold Thomas

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Table 1 (cont.) * Species described by more than one author.

C. morigono Chiov. C. poggei Gurke C. schultzei Mildbr. C. thyrsoideum Baker*
C. mossambicense Klotzsch C. polyanthum Guerke C. schweinfurthii Gurke C. tomentellum Hutchinson & Dalziel
C. moupinense Franch. C. polycephalum Baker C. scopiferum Miq. C. tomentosum R.Br.
C. muenzneri Berthold Thomas C. populneum Beer & H.J.Lam C. semiserratum Wall. C. tonkinense Dop
C. multibracteatum Merrill C. porphyrocalyx K.Schum. & Lauterb. C. sereti De Wild. C. toxicarium Baker*
C. multiflorum G.Don C. powellii Benth. & Hook.f.ex Drake C. sericeum Wall. C. tracyanum F.Muell.ex Benth
C. myrianthum Mildbr. C. preslii Elmer C. serotinum Carr.* C. transvaalense Berthold Thomas
C. myricoides Gurke* C. preussii Gurke. C. serratum Moon* C. tricholobum Guerke
C. myrmecophila Ridl. C. prittwitzii Berthold Thomas C. sieboldii Kuntze C. trichotomum Thunb.*
C. natalense Gurke C. puberulum Merrill C. silvaeanum Henriques C. triflorum Vis.
C. navesianum Vidal C. pubescens Lindl. C. silvestre Berthold Thomas C. trifoliatum Steud.
C. nereifolium Wall. C. pubescens Walp. C. silvicola Guerke. C. triphyllum H.H.W.Pearson
C. neumayeri Vatke C. pulchrum Fawc. C. simile H.H.W.Pearson* C. triplinerve Rolfe
C. nhatrangense Dop C. pulverulentum Engl. C. simplex G.Don C. tuberculatum A.Rich.
C. nipense Urb. C. pumilum Ridley C. singalense Miq. C. ubanghense A.Chevalier
C. noiroti A.Chevalier C. pumilum Spreng. C. singwanum Berthold Thomas C. ugandense Prain
C. nutans Jack* C. pusillum Guerke C. sinuatum Hook. C. ulei Hayek
C. nyctaginifolium Good C. putre Schau. C. siphonanthus C. ulugurense Guerke
C. obanense Wernham C. pygmaeum Merrill C. somalense Chiov. C. umbellatum Poir.
C. obovatum Walp. C. pynaertii De Wild. C. speciosissimum Hort.Angl.ex C. umbratile King & Gamble
C. obtusidens Miq. C. pyramidale Andr. Schau. C. uncinatum Schinz
C. odoratum D.Don C. quadrangulatum Berthold Thomas C. speciosum Guerke* C. urticifolium Wall.
C. ohwii Kanehira & Hatusima C. quadriloculare Merrill C. spicatum Thunb. C. utakwense Wernham
C. orbiculare Baker C. ramosissimum Baker C. spinescens Gurke C. validipes S.Moore
C. oreadum S.Moore C. reflexum H.H.W.Pearson C. spinosum Spreng. C. vanoverberghii Merril
C. ornatum Wall. C. rehmannii Guerke C. splendens A.Cheval.* C. vanprukii Craib
C. ovale Klotzsch C. rhytidophyllum K.Schum. C. splendidum Wall. C. var. ifolium De Wild.
C. ovalifolium A.Gray* C. ridleyi King & Gamble C. squamatum Vahl C. var. um Berthold Thomas
C. ovatum Poir.* C. riedelii Oliver C. squiresii Merrill C. velutinum A.Chevalier
C. oxysepalum Miq. C. ringoeti De Wild. C. stenanthum Klotzsch C. velutinum Berthold Thomas*
C. palmatolobatum Dop C. robecchii Chiov. C. streptocaulon Hutchinson & C. venosum Wall.
C. paniculatum Linn. C. robinsonii Dop Dalziel C. verrucosum Splitg.ex De Vriese
C. papuanum Scheff. C. robustum Klotzsch C. strictum Baker C. versteegi Pulle
C. parvitubulatum Berthold Thomas C. roseum Poit. C. stuhlmanni Gurke C. verticillatum D.Don
C. pearsoni Moldenke C. rotundifolium Oliver C. subpandurifolium Kuntze C. vestitum Wall.ex Steud.
C. peekelii Markgraf C. rubellum Baker C. subpeltatum Wernham C. villosum Blume
C. penduliflorum Wall. C. rumphianum Bull C. subreniforme Guerke C. violaceum Guerke*
C. pentagonum Hance C. rumphianum De Vriese C. subscaposum Hemsl. C. viscosum Vent.
C. petasites S.Moore C. rusbyi Moldenke C. suffruticosum Guerke C. volubile Beauv.
C. petunioides Baker C. sagittatum Wall. C. swynnertonii S.Moore C. weinlandii K.Schum.ex H.J.Lam
C. philippinense Elmer C. sagraei Schau. C. sylvaticum Briq. C. welwitschii Gurke
C. philippinum Schau. C. sahelangii Koord.ex Bakh. C. syringaefolium Baker C. wenzelii Merrill
C. phlebodes C.H.Wright C. sanguineum K.Schum. C. talbotii Wernham C. whitfieldii Seem.*
C. phlomoides Hort.Ital.ex DC.* C. sansibarense Gurke C. tanganyikense Baker C. wildemanianum Exell
C. phyllomega Steud. C. sarawakanum H.J.Lam C. tatomense Dop C. williamsii Elmer
C. picardae Urb. C. savanorum De Wild. C. teaguei Hutchinson C. wilmsii Guerke
C. pierreanum Dop C. scandens Beauv.* C. ternatum Schinz C. yakusimense Nakai
C. pilosum H.H.W.Pearson C. scheffleri Guerke* C. ternifolium Baker* C. yatschuense H.Winkler
C. pithecobium Standley & Steyerm. C. schlechteri Guerke C. tessmanni Moldenke C. yaundense Guerke
C. pittieri Moldenke ex Standley C. schliebenii Mildbr. C. thomasii Moldenke C. yunnanense Hu
C. pleiosciadium Gurke C. schmidtii C.B.Clarke C. thonneri Guerke C. zambesiacum Baker

Table 2 A few species of the Clerodendrum genus described by many authors.

C. aculeatum (L.) Schlecht. C. floribundum Hort. C. infortunatum Dennst. C. ovalifolium Bakh.
C. aculeatum Griseb. C. floribundum R.Br. C. infortunatum Gaertn. C. ovalifolium Engl.
C. angustifolium Salisb. C. foetidum Bunge C. infortunatum Linn. C. ovatum Poir.
C. angustifolium Spreng. C. foetidum D.Don C. intermedium Berthold Thomas C. ovatum R.Br
C. attenuatum De Wild. C. foetidum Hort.Par.ex Planch. C. intermedium Cham. C. scandens Beauv.
C. attenuatum R.Br. C. fortunatum Buch.-Ham.ex Wall. C. japonicum Mak. C. scandens Druce
C. capense D.Don ex Steud. C. fortunatum Linn. C. japonicum Sweet C. scandens Linn.ex Jackson
C. capense Eckl. & Zeyh.ex Schau. C. fragrans Vent. C. javanicum Spreng. C. scheffleri Guerke
C. capitatum Hook. C. fragrans Willd. C. javanicum Walp. C. schifferi A.Cheval.
C. capitatum Schum & Thou. C. glandulosum Colebr.ex Wall. C. linnaei F.Muell. C. serratum Moon
C. cauliflorum De Wild. C. glandulosum Lindl. C. linnaei Thw. C. serratum Spreng.
C. cauliflorum Vatke C. grandiflorum Schau. C. macrocalyx De Wild. C. simile H.H.W.Pearson
C. coccineum D.Dietr. C. grandifolium Gurke C. macrocalyx H.J.Lam C. simile Merrill
C. coccineum H.J.Lam C. grandifolium Salisb. C. macrophyllum Blume C. ternifolium D.Don
C. congense Baker C. gratum Kurz C. macrophyllum Sims C. ternifolium H.B. & K.
C. congense Engl. C. gratum Wall. C. molle H.B. & K. C. thyrsoideum Baker
C. coriaceum Poir. C. hirsutum G.Don C. molle Jack C. thyrsoideum Guerke
C. coriaceum R.Br. C. hirsutum H.H.W.Pearson C. myricoides Gurke C. toxicarium Baker
C. divar. catum Jack C. holstii Guerke ex Baker C. myricoides R.Br. & Vatke C. toxicarium Baker ex Gurke
C. divar. catum Sieb. & Zucc. C. holstii Gurke. C. nutans Jack C. velutinum A.Chevalier
C. fistulosum Becc. C. indicum Druce C. nutans Wall. C. velutinum Berthold Thomas
C. fistulosum Bower C. indicum Kuntze C. ovalifolium A.Gray C. velutinum Wall.

and C. foetidum D. Don, C. lanceolatum F. Muell. and C. of the genus are still lacking and a thorough revision of the
lanceolatum Gurke, etc.; some more examples are cited in classification of this genus supported by molecular syste-
Table 2 (Rueda 1993; Hsiao and Lin 1995; Steane et al. matics has been suggested by some researchers (Steane et al.
1999). Conclusive remarks on the origin and classification 1999, 2004).

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 Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science and Biotechnology 1(1), 142-150 ©2007 Global Science Books

OH OH HO OH

HO O
O O
O
OCH2CH3 H
H3CO HO
5-O-ethylclerodendricin OH
OH O O
O
Hispudilin HO
HO OH
Iridiod diglucoside

HOH2CH2C O CH2CH2OH

H Bungein
HO CN
COOH OH
HO
Colebrin O O OH OH
HO
O OH
1(R) Lucumin O
H O
OH
O
HO
O O
O O OH
O
COOH HO OH

Clerodermic acid O
H3 C Jionoside D OCH3
HO
HO OH
O OH CN
OH
HO
O O OH

OH
O 2(R) Prunasin OH

OH HO O

Uncinatone

OH O
Apigenin
RO O
OCH3

OH O R = Gluc. acid (6-OMe)

Acacetin-7-O-methylglucuronate Clerosterol
HOOC

RO OR'''
COOH
R'O CH3O CH3O OR''

Neolignan I Neolignan III

R R', R" R''' = -CH2- R R' = CH3, R" R'" = -CH2- HO
Serratagenic acid
Neolignan II
R R' = -CH2-, R" R'" = CH3
O

HO O
O O OH
O
OH
HO
H3C O OH

HO
OH
OH Verbacoside

HO OH
HOOC

HO O O

HO OH
HO

OH O

Scutellarin
Fig. 1 Some of the major chemical constituents of Clerodendrum genus.

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 Clerodendron and healthcare. Shrivastava and Patel

The genus is taxonomically characterized by its entire calamitosum was used as a medicine for the treatment of
or toothed, oppositely arranged leaves, terete stems, kidney, gall and bladder stones. This plant is also reported to
terminally or axillary cymose inflorescence, hypogynous have diuretic and antibacterial properties (Cheng et al.
bisexual flowers, persistent calyx, cylindrical corolla tube 2001). In the Chinese system of medicine C. bungei is used
with spreading 5-lobed at the top, exerted stamens, short bi- for the treatment of headaches, dizziness, furuncles and hys-
fided stigma, imperfectly 4-celled ovary, exalbumenous teroptosis (Zhou et al. 1982; Yang et al. 2002). In India,
seeds and endocarp separating into 4 stony pyrenes (Kirti- fruits of C. petasites are used to produce sterility, while in
kar and Basu 1991; Hsiao et al. 1995; Steane et al. 1999). China the plant is used as medicine for malaria (Hazekamp
Resembling its taxonomic diversity, the genus exhibits a et al. 2001; Panthong et al. 2003). Leaves of C. buchholzii
wide spectrum of folk and indigenous medicinal uses. Re- are reported in African pharmacopeia for treatment of furun-
search is advancing towards scientific validation of classi- culosis, echymosis and gastritis (Nyegue et al. 2005). Other
cal therapeutic claims of the genus. In the present review then their therapeutic use, some of the species of the genus
we have focused on the medicinal and health care aspects such as C. inerme, C. thomosonae, C. indicum and C. spe-
of the genus. We have also included the work done on the ciosum are also cultivated and used as ornamental plants.
phytochemical constituent responsible or believed to be res-
ponsible for the therapeutic properties of various species PHYTOCHEMISTRY
belong to the genus (Fig. 1).
As mentioned earlier the genus Clerodendrum is reported in
ETHNOMEDICAL USES various indigenous systems of medicine throughout the
world for the treatment of various diseases. Efforts have
A number of species from this genus were documented to been made by various researchers to isolate and identify
be used as folk medicine by various tribes in Asian and biologically active principle and other major chemical
African continents (Table 3). Many species of the genus constituents from various species of the genus. Research
have also been documented in traditional systems of medi- reports on the genus denote that the major class of chemical
cine practiced in countries like India, China, Korea, Thai- constituents present in the Clerodendrum genus are steroids
land and Japan. such as -sitosterol, -sitosterol octacosanol, clerosterol,
Roots and leaf extracts of C. indicum, C. phlomidis, C. bungein A, acteoside, betulinic acid, clerosterol 3-O-E-D-
serratum, C. trichotomum, C. chinense and C. petasites glucopyranoside, colebrin A-E, campesterol, 4-methyl-
have been used for the treatment of rheumatism, asthma sterol, cholesta-5-22-25-trien-3--ol, 24--cholesta-5-22-25-
and other inflammatory diseases (Anonymous 1992; Haze- trine, cholestanol, 24-methyl-22-dihydrocholestanol, 24--
kamp et al. 2001; Kang et al. 2003; Panthong et al. 2003; 22-25-bis-dehydrocholesterol, 24--methyl-22-dehydro-
Choi et al. 2004; Sungwook et al. 2004; Kanchanapoom et cholesterol, 24--methyl-22-dehydrocholesterol, 24-ethyl-
al. 2005). Plant species such as C. indicum and C. inerme 22-dehydrocholesterol, 24-ethylcholesterol, 22-dehydro-
were used to treat coughs, serofulous infection, buboes clerosterol, 24-methyllathosterol, 24--ethyl-25-dehydro-
problem, venereal infections, skin diseases and as a vermi- lathosterol, (24S)-ethylcholesta-5-22-25-triene-3-ol have
fuge, febrifuge and also to treat Beriberi disease (Anony- been isolated from various Clerodendron species such as C.
mous 1992; Rehman et al. 1997; Kanchanapoom et al. inerme, C. phlomidis, C. infortunatum, C. paniculatum, C.
2001). It was also reported that tribals use C. inerme as an cyrtophyllum, C. fragrans, C. splendens, C. campbellii and
antidote of poisoning from fish, crabs and toads (Rehman et C. splendens (Bolger et al. 1970; Abdul-Alim 1971; Joshi et
al. 1997; Kanchanapoom et al. 2001; Pandey et al. 2003). C. al. 1979; Sinha et al. 1980; Singh and Singhi 1981; Sinha et
phlomidis, C. colebrookianum, C. calamitosum and C. tri- al. 1982; Hsu et al. 1983; Singh and Prakash 1983; Singh
chotomum have been reported to have antidiabetic, anti- and Singhi 1983; Pinto and Nes 1985; Rempler and Hunkler
hypertensive and sedative properties (Singh et al. 1980; 1986; Akihisa et al. 1989; Att-Ur-Rehman et al. 1997; Gos-
Chaturvedi et al. 1984; Khan et al. 1996; Cheng et al. 2001; wami et al. 1996; Yang et al. 2000; Kanchanapoom et al.
Kang et al. 2003; Chae et al. 2004; Choi et al. 2004). C. 2001; Yang et al. 2002; Gao et al. 2003a, 2003b; Pandey et
cyrtophyllum and C. chinense were used for the treatment al. 2003; Kanchanapoom et al. 2005; Lee et al. 2006).
of fever, jaundice, typhoid and syphilis (Cheng et al. 2001; Another class of constituents are terpenes which in-
Kanchanapoom et al. 2005). Roots, leaves and fresh juice clude: monoterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, iridoids and
of leaves of C. infortunatum were used in eliminating asca- sesquiterpenes. Terpenes such as D-amyrin, -amyrin, cary-
rids and tumors, and also as a laxative (Anonymous 1992). optin, 3-epicaryoptin, 16-hydroxy epicaryoptin, cleroden-
C. phlomidis has been used as an astringent and also in the drin A, B and C, clerodin, clerodermic acid, cleroinermin,
treatment of gonorrhea (Rani et al. 1999; Murugesan et al. friedelin, gramisterol, iridoids (inerminoside A, B, C and D,
2001). The roots of C. serratum have been claimed to be melittaside, monomelittoside, sammangaoside, ugandoside,
used in dyspepsia, seeds in dropsy and leaves as a febrifuge 8-O-acetylmioporoside), obtusifoliol, oleanolic acid, roylea-
and in cephalagia and ophthalmia (Anonymous 1992). C. none, dehydroroyleanone, sesquiterpene (sammangaoside A,

Table 3 A few species of Clerodendrum genus and their distribution in the world.
Scientific Name Synonym Distribution
C. inerme Gaertn. India, Sri Lanka, South East Asian countries, Australia, Pacific Islands
C. phlomidis Linn. f. C. multiforum Burm. f. India
C. serratum Spreng. India
C. infortunatum Linn. The Philippines
C. siphonanthus R. Br. C. indicum (Linn) Kuntze India
C. commersonii Spreng. China
C. glabrum E. Mey. Southern Africa
C. triphyllum R. Br. Southern Africa
C. trichotomum China, Korea, Japan
C. bungei Stued. China
C. calamitosum L. Indonesia, Taiwan
C. cyrtophyllum Turez. Taiwan
C. chinense (Osb.) Mabberley C. fragrans (Vent.) Willd. Tropical regions of Asia
C. colebrookianum India, South Asian countries
C. myricoides South Africa
C. petasites S. Moore India, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Southern China
C. philippinum Schauer Queensland, Australia
C. heterophyllum R. Br. & Thb. Southern Africa

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B) clerodendrin A, uncinatone, Mi saponins-A, friedela- inflammatory cytokines such as TNF- and IL-1 are also
none, lupeol, betulinic acid, royleanone and dehydroroyl- responsible for various inflammatory conditions. Many spe-
eanone, and betulin have till now been isolated from var- cies of the genus Clerodendrum showed potent anti-inflam-
ious Clerodendron species such as C. inerme, C. phlomidis, matory activity. C. phlomidis was reported for significantly
C. paniculatum, C. colebrookianum, C. wildii, C. unci- decreasing paw oedemas induced by carrageenan in rats at a
natum, C. mandarinorum, C. thomsonae, C. fragrans, C. dose of 1g/kg (Surendrakumar 1988). Similarly C. petasites
ugandense, C. chinense (Joshi et al. 1979; Sharma and was reported to show moderate anti-inflammatory activity
Singh 1979; Singh et al. 1981; Sinha et al. 1981; Seth et al. in the acute phase of inflammation in rats. The ED50 values
1982; Singh and Prakash 1983; Achari et al. 1990; Raha et of the experiment were reported to be 2.34 mg/ear and
al. 1991; Achari et al. 1992; Rao et al. 1993; Calis et al. 420.41 mg/kg in rats (Panthong et al. 2003), it has been sug-
1994; El-Shamy et al. 1996; Kawai et al. 1998; Hazekamp gested by the authors that the anti-inflammatory activity of
2001; Kanchanapoom et al. 2001; Yang et al. 2002; Kumari the plant extract could be due to the inhibition of prosta-
et al. 2003; Chae et al. 2004; Dorsaz et al. 2004; Nishida et glandin synthesis by the extract.
al. 2004; Min et al. 2005). The anti-inflammatory activity of C. trichotomum lea-
Flavonoids are another class of compounds which are ves were checked in rat, mice and Raw 264.7 macrophage
mainly present in Clerodendron speices and they are also cells using experimental models with 1 mg/kg solution of
responsible for few biological activities. The major flavo- 30% and 60% methanolic extracts of leaves. Experimental
noids present are cynaroside, 5-hydroxy-4’-7-dimethoxy results concluded that inhibition by methanolic extract was
methyl flavone, kaempferol, salvigenin, 4-methyl scutella- comparable to that of the positive control in an acute in-
rein, 5,7,4 O-trihydroxyflavone, apigenin, luteolin, acace- flammation model, while in the chronic model the extract
tin-7-O-glucuronide, hispidulin, 2’-4-4’trihydroxy-6’methyl showed 10% higher activity than the positive control. It also
chalcone, 7-hydroxy flavone, luteolin, naringin-4’-O--glu- suppressed the levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in RAW
copyranoside, pectolinarigenin, cirsimaritin, cirsimaritin-4’- 264.7 macrophage cells (Choi et al. 2004). A phenyl propa-
glucoside, quercetin-3-methyl ether which were isolated noid glycoside 'acetoside' isolated from C. trichotomum also
from C. inerme, C. phlomidis, C. petasites, C. trichotomum, showed anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the release
C. mandarinorum, and C. infortunatum (Vendatham et al. of histamine, arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E2 in RBL
1977; Seth et al. 1982; Raha et al. 1989; Achari et al. 1990; 2H3 cells. The mechanism identified for the inhibition of
Raha et al. 1991; Roy and Pandey 1994, 1995; Roy et al. histamine release was related to calcium concentration (Lee
1995 ; El-Shamy et al. 1996; Anam 1997, 1999). et al. 2006).
There are also other chemical constituents present Xanthine oxidase (XO) is the enzyme responsible for
which include volatile constituents such as 5-O-ethylclero- the formation of uric acid from the purines hypoxanthine
indicin D, linalool, benzyl acetate and benzyl benzoate, and xanthine, and is responsible for the medical condition,
which have been isolated from C. canescens, C. cyrtophyl- gout. Gout is caused by the deposition of uric acid in the
lum, C. inerme and C. philippinum (Yang et al. 2002; Nye- joints leading to painful inflammation. Purified hydroalco-
gue et al. 2004; Wong and Tan 2005). holic extracts of leaves and branches of C. floribundum
Other chemical constituent includes cyanogenic glyco- showed 84% inhibition of XO activity (Sweeney et al.
sides such as lucumin and prunasin which were isolated 2001). Results of the experiment indicate the potential of
from C. grayi (Miller et al. 2006). Phenolic compounds like the plant species to be developed as a remedy for XO-in-
-benzyl alcohol, -benzyl alcohol-D-glucoside, neolignan, duced diseases.
darendoside-B, phenyl propanoids like (isovarbascoside, Flavonoid glycosides of C. inerme showed modulation
verbascoside, leucosceptoside), vanillic acid, anisic acid, in calcium transport in isolated inflamed rat liver and there-
para-hydroxy benzoic acid, gallic acid have been reported by showed reduction in inflammation. The results obtained
in C. inerme, C. bungei and C. dauricum (Liu and Fu 1980; in the experiment were comparable with indomethacine
Gabriele and Rimpler 1981; Zhou et al. 1982; Gabriele et al. used as a positive control (Somasundram and Sadique 1986).
1983; Sakurai and Kato 1983; Calis et al. 1994); D-man- The alcoholic extract of roots of C. serratum showed a sig-
nitol from C. serratum (Garg and Verma 2006). Carbohy- nificant anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan and also
drates like glucose, fructose, sucrose are been reported in C. in the cotton pellet model in experimental mice, rats and
mandarinorum and C. inerme. Other constituents such as rabbits (Narayanan et al. 1999).
ribosome-inactivating protein, salidroside, jinoside-D, ace-
toside have been isolated from C. inerme (Olivieri et al. Antimicrobial activites
1996), while trichotomoside, cytotoxic pheophorbides and
cleromyrin-I have been isolated from C. trichotomum, C. Antiinfective compounds from natural resources are of great
calamitosum and C. cyrtophyllum (Bashwira et al. 1989; interest as the existing drugs are getting less effective due to
Cheng et al. 2001; Chae et al. 2006). increased tolerance of microorganisms. A number of species
from the genus Clerodendrum were documented in ancient
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES texts for their antimicrobial action. To validate these claims,
research work was carried out with various Gram positive
The genus Clerodendrum contains many plant species that and Gram negative bacterial strains and also with fungal and
are being used in various health care systems for the treat- viral pathogens. Dried, aerial parts of C. inerme showed po-
ment of various disorders including life-threatening disea- tent antiviral activity against Hepatitis B virus with an ED50
ses. To validate traditional claims associated with the genus value of 16 μg/ml (Mehdi et al. 1997). Essential oil obtain-
many studies are being carried out using various animal ed from leaves of the plant showed antifungal activity a-
models and in vitro assays. These studies showed that the gainst variety of fungal species such as Alternaria species,
different species of the genus possess potent anti-inflam- Aspergillus species, Cladosporium herbarum, Cunnimgha-
matory, antidiabetic, antimalarial, antiviral, antihyperten- mella echinulata, Helminthosporium saccharii, Microspo-
sive, hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities and have pot- rum gypseum, Mucor mucedo, Penicillium digitatum, Rhizo-
ential to be developed as potent remedial agents from natu- pus nigricans, Trichophyton rubrum and Trichothecium ro-
ral resources. Some major activities are described below. seum (Sharma and Singh 1979). Alcoholic extracts of leaves
and flowers of C. inerme also exhibited antibacterial activity
Anti-inflammatory activities against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (George
and Pandalai 1949). Pectolinarigenin and chalcone gluco-
Inflammation is a very complex pathophysiological process side isolated from leaf of C. phlomidis showed antifungal
involving a variety of biomoleucles responsible for causing activity (Roy et al. 1995).
it such as leucocytes, macrophages, mast cells, platelets and Two phenyl propanoid glycosides (acteoside and acteo-
lymphocytes by releasing eicosanoids and nitric oxide. Pro- side isomer) isolated from C. trichotomum showed potent

147
 Clerodendron and healthcare. Shrivastava and Patel

inhibition of HIV-1 integrase with IC50 values of 7.8 ± 3.6 ing reflux oesophagitis and gastritis and may therefore be a
and 13.7 ± 6.0 μM (Kim et al. 2001). A new hydroquinone promising drug for their treatment (Min et al. 2005). In pre-
diterpenoid was isolated from C. uncinatum and was sent lifestyles where stress has taken an unwanted important
strongly fungi toxic to the spores of Cladosporium cucume- position leading to excess production of free radicals these
rinum (Dorsaz et al. 2004). Hexane extracts of C. cole- natural remedies will prove a support to our biological sys-
brookianum at concentrations of 1000 and 2000 ppm tem to balance metabolism.
showed strong antibacterial activities against various Gram
positive and Gram negative pathogens such as S. aureus, Other biological activities of Clerodendrum genus
Staphylococcus haemolyticus, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeru-
ginosa (Misra et al. 1995). Other major biological activites reported for this genus are
Two flavonoids from roots of C. infortunatum, cabruvin antihypertensive, antitumor, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic,
and quercetin, showed strong antifungal activity. The for- larvicidal, antidiarrhoel activities. Organic extracts of C.
mer showed activity against Alternaria carthami and Hel- inerme showed strong uterine stimulant activity when tested
minthosporin oryzae, the latter against Alternaria alternate in female rats and rabbits (Sharaf et al. 1969), and also
and Fusarium lini at concentrations of 200, 500 and 1000 showed strong antihemolytic activity in human adults at
mg/ml (Roy et al. 1996). Mi-saponin-A, a triterpenoid sa- 0.02-2.0 mg/ml, with inhibition of phospholipase at 0.05-1.5
ponin isolated from the roots of C. wildii, showed potent mg/ml (Somasundaram and Sidique 1986). The methanolic
antifungal activity against Cladosporium cucumerinum (To- extract of C. multiflorum leaves showed antidiarrhoeal acti-
yoto et al. 1990). vity against castor oil-induced diarrhoea, PGE2-induced
enteropooling and caused reduction in gastrointestinal
Antimalarial activities motility in rats (Rani et al. 1999), while leaf juice at 0.1%
showed anthelmentic activity against Ascaris lumbricoides,
In various ancient literatures related to healthcare Cleroden- Phreitima posthuma and Taenia solium (Garg and Sidique
drum have been reported for its antimalarial activities be- 1992). Two compounds, isoacteoside and jionoside D iso-
cause of the presence of a bitter principle. Studies with dif- lated from C. trichotomum also reduced the levels of apop-
ferent parasites support these ancient claims. The alcoholic totic cells induced by the action of hydrogen peroxide (Chae
extract of C. phlomidis showed antimalarial activity against et al. 2004, 2005). C. bungei showed antitumor activity in
Plasmodium falciparum with an IC50 value of 48 μg/ml hepatic cells of mice at a dose of 100 g/kg (Shi et al. 1993).
(Simonsen et al. 2001). Another Indian species, C. inerme CNS-related activities were also observed in C. phlomidis
also inhibited the growth of larvae of Ades aegypti, Culex showing tranquillizing, CNS depressant, muscle relaxant
quinquefasciatus and Culex pipiens at 80 and 100 ppm and psychopharmacological effects in experimental mice
concentration of petroleum ether and ether extracts (Gayar and rats (Murugesan et al. 2001). C. mandarinorum root ex-
and Shazll 1968; Kalyanasundaram and Das 1985). C. my- tracts showed strong binding with opiate, adenosine-1, -2-
ricoides a species from Southern Africa was also tested po- adrenergic, 5HT-1, 5HT-2, dopamine-2, histamine-1, GABA
sitive for its antimalarial activity against both sensitive and (A), and GABA (B) receptors. Isolated compounds of these
resistant strains of P. falciparum with IC50< 30 μg/ml (Mu- plants showed weak binding with these recepters suggesting
regi et al. 2004), it also showed 31.7% suppression in para- its synergestic effect (Zhu et al. 1996). C. inerme extracts
sitaemia against cloroquine tolerant strain of Plasmodium showed hypotensive effects in dogs at 50 mg/kg (Bhakuni et
berghei NK65 (Muregi et al. 2007). These plants may be al. 1969).
useful as a source for novel anti-plasmodial drugs/com- A decoction of the entire C. phlomidis plant has been re-
pounds from natural origin. ported to have antidiabetic activity. A dose of 1 g/kg showed
antidiabetic effects in epinephrine and alloxan induced
Antioxidant activities hyperglycemia in rats and it also showed antihyperglycemic
activity in human adults at a dose of 15-30 g/day (Chatur-
Antioxidant compounds are responsible for scavenging free vedi et al. 1984). Organic and crude extracts of C. cole-
radicals, which are produced during normal metabolism or brookianum significantly lowered the serum lipid profile in
during adverse conditions that can be harmful to biological rats suggesting that it has cardioprotective potential (Devi
systems and leading to death of an organism. Species like C. and Sharma 2004). The methanolic extract of C. phlomidis
inerme have been used as antioxidant drugs in various indi- and leaf extracts of C. inerme showed antispasmodic activi-
genous systems of medicines (Masuda et al. 1999). Orga- ty in mouse (200 mg/kg; Murugesan et al. 2001) and guinea
nic and aqueous extracts of C. colebrookianum showed sig- pigs (2 mg/ml; Cox et al. 1989). Ethanolic extract (2.25-9.0
nificant inhibition of lipid peroxidation in vitro and in vivo mg/ml) of C. petasites evaluated for spasmolytic activity in
induced by FeSO4-ascorbate in rats. Aqueous extracts guinea-pigs showed spasmolysis on tracheal smooth mus-
showed strongest inhibitory activity over organic extracts. cles; it also relaxed the smooth muscle which was contrac-
This lends scientific support to the therapeutic use of the ted by exposure to histamine. The activity of smooth muscle
plant leaves claimed in tribal medicine (Rajlakshmi et al. relaxation was attributed to hispidulin (flavonoid) with an
2003). Isoacteoside, trichotomoside and jionoside D, three EC50 (3.0 ± 0.8 * 10-5 M) suggesting hispidulin has anti-in-
compounds isolated from C. trichotomum, when tested flammatory activity (Hazekamp 2001). Dichloromethane
showed significant scavenging activity of intracellular reac- leaf extracts of C. myricoides indicated antimutagenic pro-
tive oxygen species produced by hydrogen peroxide sug- perties against Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100
gesting their antioxidant properties (Chae et al. 2004, 2005, bacterial strains (Reid et al. 2006).
2006). Apigenin-7-O--D-glucuronopyranoside (AGC), i- No adverse effects of the genus have been reported in
solated from C. trichotomum leaves decreased the volume the literature until now. Various species of the genus like C.
of gastric juice and increased the gastric pH in a dose-de- infortunatum, C. serratum, C. phlomidis have been reported
pendent manner, decreasing the number of gastric lesions. to be safe in the prescribed dosage in traditional system of
A malondialdehyde (MDA) level, which is the end product medicines (Anynomous 1; Sharma PV 2001).
of lipid peroxidation, was also decreased by AGC (i.d. 3
mg/kg), which increased significantly after the induction of SUMMARY
reflux oesophagitis. The MDA levels did not decrease when
either apigenin or omeprazole were used as a control sug- The genus Clerodendrum has been cited in many indigenous
gesting that AGC has an antioxidative mechanism to reduce systems of health care for the treatment of variety of dis-
gastric lesions. Apigenin glucuronopyranoside also decrea- orders. A few species extensively used as folk medicines for
sed mucosal glutathione (GSH) levels significantly sug- years have been investigated for their chemical constituents
gesting that AGC possesses free radical scavenging activity. and biological activity to confirm these traditional claims.
So it can be concluded that AGC is more potent in inhibit- The genus is reported to have activities against a wide spec-

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 Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science and Biotechnology 1(1), 142-150 ©2007 Global Science Books

trum of disorders which includes many life-threatening di- clerodendron inerme L. growing in Egypt. Zagazig Journal of Pharmaceu-
seases like HIV. Still there are many species of the genus tical Science 5, 49-53
having a potential towards many disorders in their unex- Gabriele L, Rimpler H (1981) Iridoids in Clerodendrum thomsonae Balf. F.,
Verbanaceae. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung C: A Journal of Biosciences 36C,
plored fold.
708-713
Gabriele L, Rimpler H (1983) Distribution of iridoid glycosides in Cleroden-
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT drum species. Phytochemistry 22, 1729-1734
Gao LM, Wei XM, He YQ (2003a) Studies on chemical constituents in leafs of
The authors wish to thank Mr. H. Srinivasa for his help in prepar- Clerodendron fragrans. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 28, 948-951
ing the manuscript. Gao LM, Wei XM, He YQ (2003b) Studies on chemical constituents of Clero-
dendrum bungei. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 28, 1042-1044
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