E TMT SDP 010 12 R1 M Tropical Timber Atlas

Guide
pratique
Tropical Timber Atlas

Éditions Quæ
Éditions Quæ
RD 10
78026 Versailles Cedex
© Éditions Quæ, 2017

e-ISBN : 978-2-7592-2770-9
ISSN : 1952-2770
Copying is not permitted by French intellectual property law, without the permission of owners of rights. Any
breach of this principle, harmful to scientific publishing, will be severely punished. No part of this book may be
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Grands-Augustins, Paris 6e, France.
Technological characteristics and uses
Jean Gérard (coordinator), Daniel Guibal,

Sébastien Paradis and Jean-Claude Cerre
The Tropical Timber Atlas was produced by:
Jean Gérard (project coordination and compilation of data);
Daniel Guibal (data management and iconography);
Sébastien Paradis (development of database and Tropix software);
Jean-Claude Cerre (macro photography design and production);
with the help of: Isabelle Châlon, Marie-France Thévenon, Anne Thibaut, Loïc Brancheriau, Gérard
Gandon, Alban Guyot, Patrick Langbour, Sylvain Lotte, Rémy Marchal, Patrick Martin, Bernard Thibaut
and Michel Vernay,
as well as: Nadine Amusant, Christine Baudassé, Nabila Boutahar, Brigitte Cabantous, Catherine Gérard,
Catherine Méjean, Sylvie Mouras, Nathalie Troalen, Michèle Vialle, Ghislaine Volle, Alba Zaremski, Henri
Baillères, Jacques Beauchêne, Fernand Boyer, Gilles Calchera, Kévin Candelier, Claude Daigremont,
Daniel Fouquet, Philippe Gallet, Soepe Koese, Nicolas Leménager, Luc Martin, Alfredo Napoli, Luc
Pignolet, François Pinta, Jean-Marc Roda, Christian Sales and Pierre Valière.
This work was carried out with support from CIRAD and the ITTO.
Contents
Preface 9
Acknowledgements 11
User guide: general information 13
Wood species 31
Abarco 33 Anzèm / Nténé* 120
Abura 36 Araracanga 123
Acacia mangium 39 Ash 126
Açacu / Sandbox* 42 Asian Black Ebony*
Acajou Cailcédrat 45 / Ébène noire d’Asie 129
African Cordia* Asian Grained Ebony*
/ Cordia d’Afrique 48 / Ébène veinée d’Asie 132
African Ebony* Avodiré 135
/ Ébène d’Afrique 51 Awoura 138
African Mahogany* / Acajou Ayous / Obeche* 141
d’Afrique 54 Azobé / Ekki* 144
African Padauk* Bacuri 147
/ Padouk d’Afrique 57 Balau, Red 150
Afrormosia 60 Balau, Yellow / Bangkirai* 153
Aiélé / African Canarium* 63 Balsa 156
Aiéouéko / Dakama* 66 Balsamo 159
Ako / Antiaris* 69 Basralocus 162
Akossika / Odoko* 72 Batibatra 165
Alan / Alan-Batu* 75 Beech 168
Alep 78 Bété /Mansonia* 171
Almon 81 Bilinga / Opepe* 174
Alumbi 84 Billian 177
Amesclào 87 Bintangor 180
Andira 90 Bitis 183
Andiroba 93 Black Locust 186
Andok 96 Bodioa 189
Andoung 99 Bomanga / Ariella* 192
Angelim 102 Bubinga 195
Angelim rajado / Snakewood* 105 Bungur 198
Angelim vermelho 108 Cambara 201
Angoa 111 Cardeiro 204
Angueuk 114 Caribbean Pine 207
Aniégré / Aningeria* 117 Castanheiro 210
5
Catucaém / Louro faia* 213 Fir 342
Cedar 216 Framiré / Idigbo* 345
Cedro 219 Freijo / Laurel blanco* 348
Cerejeira 222 Fuma / Fromager* 351
Chengal 225 Garapa 354
Cherry Wood 228 Geronggang 357
Chestnut 231 Gerutu 360
Chicha 234 Ghéombi 363
Coconut Wood 237 Giam 366
Congotali 240 Goiabao 369
Copaiba 243 Gombé 372
Coraçao de negro* / Panacoco 246 Gommier 375
Coula 249 Greenheart 378
Couroupita 252 Grenadillo 381
Cryptomeria* / Sugi 255 Guarea, Scented* / Bossé clair 384
Cumaru / Tonka* 258 Guarea, Black* / Bossé foncé 387
Cupiuba / Kabukalli* 261 Guariúba 390
Curupixa 264 Guatambù 393
Dabéma / Dahoma* 267 Haldu 396
Diania 270 Hevea / Rubberwood* 399
Dibétou 273 Iatandza 402
Difou 276 Idéwa 405
Douglas fir 279 Igaganga 408
Douka 282 Ilomba 411
Doussié / Afzelia* 285 Imbuia 414
Duabanga 288 Inga 417
Dukali / Amapa* 291 Ipê 420
Durian 294 Iroko 423
Ébiara / Berlinia* 297 Itaúba 426
Ékaba / Ekop* 300 Izombé 429
Ékoune 303 Jacareúba 432
Émien / Alstonia* 306 Jarrah 435
Essessang / Erimado* 309 Jatobá / Algarrobo* 438
Essia 312 Jelutong 441
Étimoé 315 Jequitiba 444
Eucalyptus grandis 318 Kanda brun 447
European Larch 321 Kanda rose 450
Éveuss 324 Kapokier 453
Éyong / White Sterculia* 327 Kapur 456
Éyoum 330 Karri 459
Faro / Ogea* 333 Kasai 462
Fava amargosa 336 Kauri 465
Faveira 339 Kedondong 468
6 Tropical Timber Atlas

Kékélé 471 Merbau 600
Kelat 474 Merpauh 603
Keledang 477 Mersawa 606
Kembang Semangkok 480 Moabi 609
Kempas 483 Monghinza 612
Keranji 486 Mora 615
Keruing 489 Moral 618
Kondroti / East African Bombax* 492 Morototo 621
Kosipo 495 Movingui / Ayan* 624
Kotibé / Danta* 498 Mubala 627
Koto /Pterygota* 501 Muhuhu 630
Kumbi 504 Muiracatiara 633
Kurokaï / Breu* 507 Muirapiranga 636
Landa 510 Muiratinga 639
Lati 513 Mukulungu 642
Lauan, Red 516 Musizi 645
Limba /Afara* 519 Mutényé 648
Limbali 522 Naga / Okwen* 651
Longhi 525 Nganga 654
Lotofa / Brown Sterculia* 528 Niangon 657
Louro branco 531 Nieuk 660
Louro vermelho /Determa* 534 Niové 663
Macacaúba 537 Nogal 666
Maçaranduba / Bulletwood* 540 Nyatoh 669
Macucu de paca 543 Oak 672
Mahogany 546 Oboto 675
Makoré 549 Ohia 678
Mambodé 552 Okan 681
Mandioqueira 555 Okoumé / Gaboon* 684
Mango / Machang* 558 Olène 687
Manil / Manni* 561 Olon 690
Manniballi 564 Onzabili 693
Maritime Pine 567 Osanga 696
Marupa 570 Ossabel 699
Mecrussé 573 Ossimiale 702
Melancieira 576 Ossoko 705
Melunak 579 Ovèngkol 708
Mengkulang 582 Ovoga 711
Meranti, Dark Red 585 Owui 714
Meranti, Light Red 588 Ozigo 717
Meranti, White 591 Ozouga 720
Meranti, Yellow 594 Padauk Amboina 723
Merawan 597 Pao rosa/ Dina* 726
7
Parapará 729 Simpoh 831
Pashaco / Paricá* 732 Sipo /Utile* 834
Pau amarelo 735 Sougué 837
Pau mulato 738 Spruce 840
Pau roxo / Purpleheart* 741 Sucupira preta 843
Perupok 744 Sumauma 846
Pinho Paraná 747 Suren 849
Pinus kesiya* / Kesiya Pine 750 Sycamore Maple 852
Pinus merkusii* / Merkusii Pine 753 Tachi / Djedoe* 855
Pinus patula* / Patula Pine 756 Tali / Missanda* 858
Piquia 759 Tamboril 861
Piquiarana 762 Tanimbuca / Yellow Sanders* 864
Poplar 765 Tasmanian Oak 867
Preciosa 768 Tatajuba 870
Pulai 771 Tauari 873
Punah 774 Tchitola 876
Pyinkado 777 Teak 879
Quaruba 780 Tento 882
Ramin 783 Tiama / Gedu Nohor* 885
Red Cedar 786 Timborana 888
Rengas 789 Tola / Agba* 891
Resak 792 Tornillo 894
Rosewood, Para 795 Uchy 897
Rosewood, Sonokeling 798 Vêne 900
Rosewood, Tamalan 801 Vésámbata 903
Safukala 804 Virola / Dalli 906
Sandé 807 Wacapou 909
Sapelli /Sapele* 810 Wallaba 912
Sapucaia 813 Walnut 915
Satin, Ceylon 816 Wamara 918
Scots Pine 819 Wamba 921
Sepetir 822 Wengé 924
Seraya, White 825 Yemane 927
Sesendok 828 Zingana / Zebrano* 930
Bibliography 933
Web sites 936
Standards 937
Index of botanical names 939
Common names / Pilot names 962
List of contributors 997
Photos credits 998

Preface
In the mid 1980s, the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) commissioned
the Centre for Tropical Forests (CTFT – CIRAD’s former forestry division) to design and
develop management software to catalogue the technological characteristics of tropical
woods.
The first version of this software was developed using the CTFT’s “Tropical Woods”
database, a compilation of the results of several decades of research in the field of tropical
wood technology. The goal was to provide and make accessible available information
about tropical wood species to operators in the wood industry, as well as to help promote
and develop the commercialisation and use of tropical wood species, including secondary
woods. The tropical wood research team at CTFT-CIRAD made changes to the software
later and enriched it in terms of the number of species described and the number of
characteristics presented. Towards the mid-1990s, the software was transferred from a
DOS to a Windows system and published under the name “Tropix”. The tropical wood
research team and Bio WooEB unit at CIRAD successively published updated versions
of the tool. Version 7.5.1, released in 2015, presents the technological characteristics of
245 species, including 17 temperate species. Today, the software is widely used by wood
industry professionals in France and abroad (http://tropix.cirad.fr/).
Between 1986 and 1990, three authoritative works on tropical wood species were
published using data from Tropix:
• The Tropical Timber Atlas - Volume 1 - Africa (ATIBT, CTFT), published in French
and English in 1986;
• The Tropical Timber Atlas - Volume 2 - Asia-Australia-Oceania (ATIBT, CTFT), pub-
lished in French and English in 1987;
• The Tropical Timber Atlas - Volume 3 - Latin America (ATIBT, ITTO, CTFT), published
in French, English and Spanish in 1990.
These three publications, used on a wide scale by professionals in the tropical wood
industry, are out of print. Industry professionals require a guide on tropical species which
presents updated data and information suited to their needs.
In this context, now is a good time to highlight the value of the data and information in
the 7.5.1. version of Tropix and assemble it in a single volume (in paper and electronic
format) entitled “The Tropical Timber Atlas”, to replace the three documents on wood
species found in Africa, Latin America and Asia/Oceania.
As part of its Trade and Market Transparency programme, the International Tropical Timber
Organization agreed to provide financial support for the design and production of this
new volume via the project: TMT-SPD010/12 Rev.1 (M), entitled: “Preparation of the
publication Tropical Timber Atlas - 1st edition: Technological Characteristics and uses of
273 tropical wood species (and 17 temperate species)”.
The Tropical Timber Atlas includes additional information and 55 new species not
present in the 7.5.1. version of Tropix, for a total of 300 species. The main techno-
logical characteristics and actual or potential uses are presented; the lower heating
power values and thermal conductivity of the wood has been added; a new descrip-
tion of the drying schedules is provided based on Cathild Industrie programmes;
there are illustrations of every species via two photos of backsawn and quartersawn
(or half-quarter sawn), two examples of microphotography (enlarged by 20 and 115)
9
and by a photo of something made using the wood described. The macrophotography
shots are enlargements of the surface of the wood. They are taken using a microscope
equipped with a camera. They show the surface of the natural wood, which has been
sanded and polished beforehand. The × 20 magnification shows a cross section of the
plane of the wood, while the × 115 magnification shows the microscopic structure of
the wood in greater detail.
This atlas is intended to be a reference tool for all operators in the forestry sector in France
and abroad, as well as for research and educational institutions, contractors, architects,
builders and, in general, for all professionals who process and use temperate or tropical
timber or who plan to do so.
Rémy Marchal,
Director of the Biomass, Wood, Energy,
Bioproducts Research Unit (BioWooEB), CIRAD

Acknowledgements
Contributors to the atlas

The preparation and follow-up of the Tropical Timber Atlas, and later the design,
production and publication of this book, would not have been possible without the
participation and major involvement of many stakeholders, researchers and operators in
the wood sector:
• Isabelle Bonjour (Maison de la Forêt et des Bois de Guyane), Jeff Brennan (Brenco
Exotic Woods), Olivier Carouge, Bernard Cassagne and his team (FRM), Marc
Cikankowitz (Cathild Industrie), Franck Créti (Indus Tree Consult), Benoît Demarquez
and his team (TEREA), Jean-François Daures (Agence d’Architecture Vision), Marion
Gérard (Université de Montpellier), Benoît Gommet (France Timber), Emmanuel
Groutel (Wood and Logistic Expert), Paul-Emmanuel Huet (Rougier SA), Rafeek Khan
(Woods Direct International LLC.), Edi Kouassi (SODEFOR, Côte d’Ivoire), Laurent
Peyraud (Henry Timber) and Jean-Yves Riaux for research and the provision of tech-
nical data and information;
• Eudeline Melet (Ministry of Agriculture, Agrifood and Forestry of France, Paris), Li
Qiang (ITTO Secretariat), Ramón Carrillo Arellano (ITTO/OIBT Communications and
Outreach Officer) for project preparation and follow-up;
• Publication teams at Editions Quæ and Laurence Rodriguez at CIRAD-Dist for pro-
duction.
We wish to express our very sincere thanks to them.
Financial and logistical support
This work is the result of the teamwork of CIRAD staff who, for decades, have studied
the characteristics of over 1,200 tropical wood species in their laboratories, carrying out
hundreds of thousands of tests. The frequent collection of information in the field has
supplemented this data to form a knowledge base which is now available in different
forms.
In addition to its role as a collective memory and repository of information to enrich
documents and other material for non-specialists on the quality of tropical timber
(technical sheets and guides, atlas, software, etc.), this knowledge base is a tool for
studying relationships between different timber properties and different uses for forest
products. Today, research and studies carried out by CIRAD’s Biomass, Wood, Energy,
Bioproducts (BioWooEB) Research Unit continue to enrich this knowledge base on the
technological properties and potential uses of a growing number of forest species from
tropical regions on four continents.
The publication of this Tropical Timber Atlas was made possible by the financial support
of the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). This atlas meets the objectives
of the International Tropical Timber Agreement of 2006 (ITTA), in particular by promoting
and supporting research and development for more efficient uses of wood and to increase
the competitive value of wood-based products compared to other materials. In producer
member countries, the agreement encourages increased and more advanced processing
of tropical timber from sustainable sources, to stimulate industrialisation in these countries
and expand job opportunities.
11
The atlas also satisfies the priorities and operational activities of the ITTO Action Plan,
one of the two main objectives of which is to promote the expansion and diversification
of international trade in tropical timber from sustainably managed forests and based on
legal operations.
This project is supported by Agropolis Fondation under the reference ID 1600-023 through
the « Investissements d’avenir » programme (Labex Agro: ANR-10-LABX-0001-01).
The Association technique internationale des bois (ATIBT) also supported the publication
of this atlas both logistically and operationally, in particular by providing the Nomenclature
générale des bois tropicaux, which was updated in 2016. Support for the updating of this
nomenclature was provided by the ITTO, the French Facility for Global Environment
(FEEM) and the French Ministry of Agriculture, Agrifood and Forestry (MAAF). It is used
to update the Harmonized System of the World Customs Organisation. The European
Commission mentions the general Nomenclature of the ATIBT as a reference document
for the implementation of the European Union Timber Regulation (EUTR).
Organisations which contributed to the Tropical Timber Atlas

CIRAD
CIRAD (French Agricultural Research Center for International Development) is a French research
centre that, in association with countries of the South, tackles international issues of agricul-
ture and development. In partnership with these countries, it generates and disseminates new
knowledge to support agricultural development and to inform the debate on the major global
issues concerning agriculture, food, and rural territories. CIRAD has a global network of partners
and regional offices from which it conducts joint operations with stakeholders in more than 90
countries.
The BioWooEB Research Unit (Biomass, wood, energy, bioproducts) aims to develop different
types of timber resources in tropical regions, natural forests, plantations, agroforestry, waste from
agriculture, agri-food and wood industries, stems of palm trees, bamboo, cane etc. This valori-
sation is associated with the development of sustainable and thermally efficient home building
materials for tropical and Mediterranean climates, carbon materials (activated charcoal) to process
waste waster, and processes for converting biomass into energy in southern countries.
CIRAD, 42 rue Scheffer, 75116 Paris, France
www.cirad.fr
ITTO
The ITTO (International Tropical Timber Organization) is an intergovernmental organisation that
promotes the conservation of tropical forest resources and their sustainable management, har-
vesting and trade. Its 59 members represent about 80% of the world’s tropical forests and 90%
of the global tropical timber trade. It is primarily concerned with trade and industry, but pays
considerable attention to the sustainable management of natural resources. It manages its own
programme of projects and other activities, enabling it to quickly test and operationalise its policy
work.
International Organizations Center, Yokohama, 220-0012, Japan
www.itto.int
ATIBT
The ATIBT (Association technique internationale des bois tropicaux) represents the growers, forest
industry professionals and all those involved in the tropical wood sector who are committed to
accompanying the changes needed in the industry. The association was founded in 1951 at the
request of the FAO and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
ATIBT initiatives are based on three key areas in the tropical wood industry: markets, transforma-
tion, and responsible forest management.
ATIBT, Jardin tropical de Paris, 45 bis avenue de la Belle Gabrielle,
94736 Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France
www.atibt.org

User guide:
general information
Names and Commercial Restrictions (CITES)
Common names for species
The common names are those referenced in the Nomenclature Générale des Bois Tropicaux
published by the Association Technique Internationale des Boix Tropicaux (ATIBT) in 2016. This
reference guide is internationally recognised, particularly in Europe, with the implementation
of the European Union Timber Regulation (EUTR).
For certain species, the common name, which is the term most referred to, is accompanied
by a second, frequently used trade name, indicated by an asterisk. For instance, the
following species have been identified with two names: Alan / Alan-Batu*; Anzèm / Nténé*;
Balau,Yellow / Bangkirai*; Catucaém / Louro Faia*; Coraçao de negro* / Panacoco;
Cryptomeria* / Sugi; Dukali / Amapa*; Fuma / Fromager*; Kurokaï / Breu*; Mango / Machang*;
Pashaco / Paricá*; Pinus kesiya* / Kesiya Pine; Pinus merkusii* / Merkusii Pine; Pinus
patula* / Patula Pine.
Family and botanical names
Like the common names, the family and botanical names listed are also referenced in the
Nomenclature Générale des Bois Tropicaux (ATIBT, 2016).
The following abbreviations appear after certain botanical names:
• “spp.” (species pluralis) and “p.p.” (pro parte). In botany, the abbreviation “spp.” means
‘more than one species in the genus’. It can include all species in a given genus, which can
be confusing. Different authors use this abbreviation differently, to designate several spe-
cies within a genus in a non-exhaustive manner, or to designate all species in that genus.
• In this Atlas, the abbreviation “p.p.” is used for types of wood which include several – but
not every – species within a genus;
• “subgen.” (subgenus). In a given genus, several significantly similar species can form a
subgenus. In a subgenus, a wood type can cover all species, several species, or simply
some of these, as per the conditions mentioned above.
CITES (Washington Convention of 2017)
CITES (the Convention on International in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, or
‘the Washington Convention’) is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is
to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten
their survival. Tropical wood is therefore protected by this convention.
Regulated wood species are classified in one of the convention’s three appendices:
• Appendix I includes species threatened with extinction. Trade in specimens of these
species is permitted only in exceptional circumstances;
• Appendix II includes species not necessarily threatened with extinction, but in which
trade must be controlled in order to avoid use incompatible with their survival;
• Appendix III contains species that are protected in at least one country. This country must
ask other CITES parties for assistance in controlling the trade. Changes to Appendix III
follow a distinct procedure from changes to Appendices I and II, as each party is entitled
to make unilateral amendments to it.
The label “no trade restrictions” is applied to species not listed in CITES. For more information,
consult the CITES web site: www.cites.org.

Log description
Diameter
The range of mentioned values corresponds to the diameters of the most frequently exploited
woods. These values must be weighed against MDCL – minimum-diameter cutting limits –
determined by each producer country to ensure acceptable forest sustainability after the rotation
period. MDCL values are generally available from the forestry services of these countries.
Thickness of sapwood
The range of mentioned values corresponds to the most frequently encountered thicknesses
of sapwood.
Buoyancy
Two classes (floatable and non-floatable woods) were defined according to the average density
of green woods (after felling). A third class (‘not applicable’) was established for species in
temperate countries.
Log conservation
Depending on the wood’s natural durability, preservation is low (the wood must be treated),
moderate (treatment recommended) or good. The concept of preservation only applies to
heartwood; sapwood is always considered as non-durable.
Wood description
Colour
Although the colour and appearance of the wood are usually specific to a given species, the
colour is not a constant factor from one tree to another or from one piece of wood to another
of the same species. It can vary according to different parameters and change over time.
Variations in grain gradient (for example, interlocked grain and wavy grain) and moisture
content can alter the perception of colour.
Each species is characterised by a reference colour chosen from among 18 predefined colours:
white, cream white, pinkish white, light yellow, yellow, orange yellow, light brown, brown,
yellow brown, pinkish brown, red brown, dark brown, light red, red, dark red, grey, black and
purple.
The description of the wood colour mentioned in the note under “Wood description”
emphasises the range of variation found, but does not take into account, for example, the
change in the colour of woods exposed to bad weather.
Sapwood
The sapwood can be well-demarcated, poorly demarcated or not demarcated. The rating “n.d.”
is used in cases where no information is available.
Texture
The texture of a wood corresponds to the visual impression given by the size and the
arrangement of the vessels. Three classes of texture are defined: fine, medium and coarse.
Grain and interlocked grain
The grain of the wood is the general alignment of the fibres in relation to the log. The interlocked
grain is due to an alternate incline (in relation to the trunk axis) of the successive layers of the
wood that form during tree growth.
Physical and mechanical properties
The values of the physical and mechanical properties (mean values) are computed from tests
conducted at CIRAD laboratories or obtained from international literature. They must be used
with caution due to the highly variable nature of wood properties. This variability is well-
known by people working in the wood industry. It depends on numerous external or internal
factors: the age of the trees, the position of the wood inside the trunk, wood maturity, and
growth conditions (including soil type, rainfall and climate).

Density
The density or relative density of a solid is the ratio of its mass per unit volume over the mass
per unit volume of water (pure water at 4 °C at atmospheric pressure, i.e. 1,000 kg/m3). It has
no unit.
Indicated density is determined on wood at 12% moisture content. This basic technological
characteristic is the first to be determined when qualifying wood. This property is more or
less closely related to the wood’s main physical and mechanical properties and with certain
working characteristics.
Monnin hardness
Monnin hardness (determined on wood at 12% moisture content) is an important property to
know when the wood is used for flooring (parquets, decking) or any end-use where the wood
will be subject to impacts or punching. It has no unit.
Hardness classification:
• H ≤ 1.5: very soft;
• 1.5 ≤ H ≤ 3: soft;
• 3 ≤ H ≤ 6: medium;
• 6 ≤ H ≤ 9: hard;
• H ≤ 9: very hard;
The method of measurement of Monnin hardness is defined by the French NF B 51-013
standard (1985).
Janka hardness is another characteristic, measured in several countries, using another method.
Sallenave (1971) suggests the following ratio between Monnin hardness and Janka hardness:
Janka hardness (in pounds) = 300 × Monnin hardness.
Fibre saturation point (FSP, in %)
In green wood, part of the water fills, more or less completely, the cellular and intercellular
empty spaces. The draining of this free water occurs without wood shrinkage. Once free water
has completely disappeared, the wood only contains bound water impregnating the cell
walls. When this bound water evaporates during drying, shrinkage occurs and provokes wood
warping.
The fibre saturation point (FSP) corresponds to the moisture content of wood saturated with
bound water. Below this threshold, the wood starts to shrink during drying. The FSP usually
varies between 20 and 40% according to species, but most often, it is around 30%.
Fibre saturation point classification:
• FSP ≤ 25%: low;
• 25% ≤ FSP ≤ 35%: medium;
• FSP ≥ 35%: high.
Coefficient of volumetric shrinkage (Vs, in % by %)
When a piece of wood dries below its fibre saturation point (FSP), its volume decreases. If
it reabsorbs moisture, its volume increases up to the FSP. Above that, the volume no longer
varies. In order to quantify these volume variations, the coefficient of volumetric shrinkage
is used (called Vs) and corresponds to the volumetric shrinkage of a piece of wood when its
moisture content has a variation of 1%.
Classification for the coefficient of volumetric shrinkage:
• Vs ≤ 0.35: small shrinkage;
• 0.35 ≤ Vs ≤ 0.55: medium shrinkage;
• Vs ≤ 0.55: large shrinkage.

Total tangential shrinkage (Ts) (in %) and total radial shrinkage (Rs)
Until the fibre saturation point, the wood does not shrink during drying. Once below this
threshold, however, it is subject to dimensional variations when its moisture content varies.
Shrinkage under the FSP occurs in the wood’s three directions: longitudinal, tangential and
radial.
Longitudinal shrinkage is very small compared to the two others, about some tenths of a
percent, but it can notably influence the dimensional variations of long wood pieces. Few
data are available on this characteristic which is quite difficult to measure in the laboratory.
Total tangential and total radial shrinkages are usually determined to qualify the behaviour of
wood during drying or more generally during moisture variations.
Total tangential shrinkage classification (Ts):
• Ts ≤ 6.5%: small shrinkage;
• 6.5% ≤ Ts ≤ 10%: medium shrinkage;
• Ts ≥ 10%: large shrinkage.
Total radial shrinkage classification (Rs):
• Rs ≤ 3.8%: small shrinkage;
• 3.8 % ≤ Rs ≤ 6.5%: medium shrinkage;
• Rs ≥ 6.5%: large shrinkage.
Ts/Rs ratio
The “Total tangential shrinkage” over “Total radial shrinkage” ratio gives an indication of the
deformation suffered by a piece of wood subjected to humidity variations.
This parameter is of particular importance for non-directional cuts (half-quartered cuts). A Ts/Rs
ratio tending towards a value greater than or equal to 2 indicates that a species is susceptible
to deformation. The more this value tends towards 1, the more stable the wood, whatever the
type of cut.
Thermal conductivity
The thermal conductivity λ (watt per metre and per Kelvin: W/m · K) of a substance is its ability
to conduct heat. The more insulating a substance is, the lower the λ.
The λ values specified in this atlas for each wood species are the result of a campaign to
measure a broad sample of tropical and temperate woods of a wide range of densities.
However this sample does not cover all the species included in the atlas.
Measurements were made in the thermal physics lab of the Heterogeneous Materials Study
Group (GEMH) at the European Ceramics Centre in Limoges, France) using the hot disk method
regulated by the NF EN ISO 22007-2 standard (October 2015). This measurement campaign
revealed that thermal conductivity (λ) is correlated with wood density (D) (Figure 1).
Thermal conductivity λ in relation to density D is therefore expressed in the following equation:
λ = 0,289 D + 0,030.
The λ values specified in this atlas were determined using this model, based on the average
density of each wood species.
Heating value
The heating value (or calorific value) of a substance is defined as the amount of heat released
by its combustion. It is usually measured in kilojoules per kilogram (kJ/kg) or joules per gram
(J/g), sometimes in calories per gram (cal/g) or kilocalories per kilogram (kcal/kg). Two types of
heating value can be defined:
• The higher heating value (HHV) is the amount of heat released by combustion, at con-
stant volume, of 1 kg of an anhydrous substance. Water produced during combustion is
condensed, while the heat released by water condensation (latent heat of vaporisation)
is recovered;

Figure 1. Thermal conductivity in relation to wood density (determined at 12% moisture content).
• The lower heating value (LHV) is the amount of heat released by combustion, at constant
pressure, in open air, of 1 kg of an anhydrous substance. Water produced during com-
bustion is not condensed. Therefore, energy produced by condensation is not recovered.
LHV is the value most commonly used when calculating combustion. It is measured in kJ/kg
of anhydrous wood.
HHV is defined in an experimental (lab) setting using an object called a “bomb calorimeter”.
For wood, the lower heating value (LHV, in kJ/kg) is subtracted from the higher heating value
(HHV) using the following equation:
• Anhydrous LHV = Anhydrous HHV – (212.2 × H)
where H is the hydrogen content (expressed in % by weight) of a given biomass model
regulated by the “Solid biofuels - Determination of calorific value” NF EN 14918 standard
(March 2010).
The LHV specified in this atlas were determined using HHV values measured in a laboratory at
CIRAD. Hydrogen H content is not determined during the experiment. Therefore, an average
H content of 5.85 % was used for the calculation (experience shows that the H value is nearly
identical from one species to another).
Crushing strength (in MPa)
This resistance (called C12) is determined on wood at 12% moisture content, according to the
procedure stipulated in NF B 51-007 standard (September 1985). It corresponds to the load to
be applied parallel to the grain to achieve rupture of a standardized sample.
Crushing strength classification:
• C12 ≤ 45 MPa: low resistance;
• 45 MPa ≤ C12 ≤ 75 MPa: moderate resistance;
• C12 ≥ 75 MPa: high resistance.

Static bending strength (in MPa)
The static bending strength (called B12) is determined on wood at 12% moisture content,
according to the procedure stipulated in standard B 51-008 (November 1987). It corresponds
to the load to be applied to the middle of a standardized sample placed between two supports
to achieve rupture.
Static bending strength classification:
• F12 ≤ 75 MPa: low resistance;
• 75 MPa ≤ F12 ≤ 125 MPa: moderate resistance;
• F12 ≥ 125 MPa: high resistance.
Longitudinal modulus of elasticity (in MPa)
Longitudinal modulus of elasticity (EL) is determined on woods at 12% moisture content and is
a very important property for structural end-uses where pieces of wood usually support static
bending forces in their largest direction, parallel to the fibres. This property characterises the
relationship between load and deflection. It is an indicator of wood stiffness.
Longitudinal modulus of elasticity classification:
• EL ≤ 12,500 MPa: low modulus;
• 12,500 MPa ≤ EL ≤ 18,500 MPa: medium modulus;
• EL ≥ 18,500 MPa: high modulus.
Natural durability and treatability
Except special note concerning sapwood, durability characteristics refer to the heartwood
of mature woods. Sapwood is always considered as non-durable towards biological wood
decaying agents. A wood whose in-service moisture content is less than around 20% is not
prone to fungal attack. Temperatures below around 5°C prevent any fungal propagation. The
same applies for woods under water or placed at high temperatures (around 60°C), that are
never attacked by decay, whatever their natural durability.
Resistance to decay
Resistance towards decay is determined on standardized samples in the presence of fungal
strains, under controlled ambient conditions. These tests last several months.
The NF EN 350 standard, under review when this atlas was published, defines the classes of
natural durability towards wood-decaying fungi:
• Highly durable woods: DC1 (durability class 1, called “class 1”;
• Durable woods: DC2, called “class 2”;
• Moderately durable woods: DC3, called “class 3”;
• Poorly durable woods: DC4, called “class 4”;
• Non-durable woods: DC5, called “class 5”;
Resistance to dry wood insects (Lyctus, furniture beetle, death watch beetle)
Most commercialised tropical woods are not attacked by dry wood insects, provided that they
do not contain sapwood. When the sapwood is not very demarcated, it is advisable to treat the
wood against dry wood insects. Some tropical species are completely attacked in every part of
the wood and require special attention when dry. Sawn woods or end-products are attacked
only when they contain some sapwood and sufficient starch content.
Based on the NF EN 350 standard, a species is classified as sensitive (DC class S, called “class
S”) if it is attacked during laboratory tests. Otherwise, it is considered as durable (DC class D,
called “class D”).
Resistance to termites
Resistance to termites is determined in the same manner as for decay. Standardised samples are
placed with termites. The intensity of termite attack, and consequently the natural resistance of

the woods, is quantified by assessing the depth of the termites’ penetration into the wood. The
NF EN 350 standard defines three classes of natural durability against termites:
• Durable woods: DC class D (durability class D), called “class D”;
• Moderately durable woods: DC class M, called “class M”;
• Sensitive woods: DC class S, called “class S”.
Heartwood treatability
Treatability corresponds to a wood’s ability to be impregnated by a preservative product. The
NF EN 350 standard defines four treatability classes:
• Class 1 – treatable. Sawn wood can be completely and easily impregnated with a treat-
ment under pressure;
• Class 2 – moderately treatable. Complete penetration is usually not possible. However
after a treatment under pressure during two or three hours, lateral penetration of more
than 6 mm can be achieved for softwoods. For hardwoods, a high proportion of the
structure (vessels and rays) can be impregnated;
• Class 3 – poorly treatable. Treatment under pressure for three or four hours cannot
achieve a lateral penetration of more than 3-6 mm;
• Class 4 – non-treatable. Very little preservative product is absorbed, even after a treat-
ment under pressure of 3-4 hours. Very little lateral and longitudinal penetration.
Uses class
The uses class corresponds to the degree of exposure to biological decay agents resulting from
the service situation of a wooden item or structure. This class may change according to the
design or the situation of the structure. It does not systematically define the service life, only
the conditions of a potential biological attack. In a use class, the treatment specifications and
the choice of the species have a direct effect on service life.
Thus, the service life must be interpreted according to the species and exposure severity. it
depends on the wood’s natural durability, but also on numerous others factors: design details
of the structure (risks of water traps, ventilation of wood, etc.), type of maintenance scheduled,
local climate conditions, etc.
The use of a wood whose natural durability is greater than the durability recommended by the
NF EN 460 standard (July 1994) for a given use allows the structure’s service life to be extended.
Conversely, for structural elements with a very short service life (temporary construction),
species with a lower natural durability than the durability mentioned in the EN 460 standard
can be used.
Note It is important to avoid confusion between the “resistance to decay class” and “uses
class”, as the classification tables are different.
Service situations are grouped into use classes (see the NF EN 335 standard of May 2013). Each
class corresponds to a category of uses associated with the same level of biological decay risks.
Use class categories

Use class General use
1 Indoors in dry conditions
2 Indoors or under shelter, not exposed to adverse weather. Water condensation possible
3 Outdoors, not in contact with the ground, exposed to adverse weather. Class 3 can be subdivided
into two classes: 3.1 Brief exposure to dampening - 3.2 Prolonged exposure to dampening
4 Outdoors, in contact with the ground or freshwater
5 Regularly or permanently submerged in salt water
Specificities of Class 5. For concerned species, class 5 membership is indicated separately. A

given species covering class 5 usually also covers class 4, with the exception of a few species
Notice : informations générales 19

that only cover class 3 or class 2 (Basralocus, Garapa, Iroko, Louro vermelho and Sougué).
The European NF EN 460 standard (July 1994) proposes a look-up table between the natural
durability solid woods and their possible uses in a given risk class (see table below). This
standard predates the replacement of “risk class” by “use class” (NF EN 335 of May 2013).
These two concepts are nearly identical.
Natural durability class according to risk class

Risk class covered by Natural durability class
natural durability 1 2 3 4 5
1 Yes(1) Yes Yes Yes Yes
2 Yes Yes Yes Yes but Yes but
3 Yes Yes Yes but Case by case(3) Case by case
4 Yes Yes but(2) No but(4) No(5) No
5 Yes No but No but No No
(1) Yes: natural durability covers the risk class.
(2) Yes but: natural durability normally covers the risk class, but for certain uses, preservation treatment may be recom-
mended.
(3) Case by case: natural durability may be sufficient, but depending on the species of wood, its permeability and end
use, preservation treatment may be required.
(4) No but: preservation treatment is normally recommended, but for certain uses, the natural durability may be sufficient
to cover the risk class.
(5) No: natural durability does not cover the risk class; preservation treatment is necessary.
For class risk 2 to 5, these correspondences are not clearly defined for certain durability levels.
For certain species, use classes are given only as an indication. Corresponding values must be
used with caution and professionalism.
Preservation treatment
This section recommends treatments or precautions for use of species where there is a risk of
dry wood borer attacks and/or temporary or permanent humidification.
Drying
The general behaviour during kiln drying is described and assessed qualitatively. For certain
species, safe practices for ensuring good drying quality are stated.
Risk of deformation
Sawn wood can be subject to 4 types of deformation (figure 2).
Figure 2. Types of wood deformation.

Risk of casehardening
Casehardening corresponds to a blockage of water transfer from the inside to the outside
of a piece of wood due to a change in peripheral wood cell structure. It is often caused by
excessively rapid drying which results in overdrying the surface. It may be accompanied by
the formation of “water pockets” within the wood.
Risk of checking
Checks can appear on the surface or ends of a piece of wood. They can also form inside sawn
wood (internal checks).
Risk of collapse
Collapse is associated with the distortion of wood cells during the first phase of drying. This
defect develops before the wood has reached the fibre saturation point (FSP). It appears in the
form of rippling on the sawn side of the wood or complete deformation of the wood’s surface,
with or without internal checking.
Drying schedules
A drying schedule defines the series of climate conditions that must be followed in the kiln. In
a wood drying schedule, the transition from one climate to the next is determined by the drop
in the wood’s moisture content.
For each species, one of the nine drying schedules presented at the end of this section is
provided as an indication for use in a conditioned hot air dryer.
Each schedule is composed of five successive phases: two pre-heating phases, drying,
conditioning and cooling.
The programmes are defined by five parameters:
• The duration of each phase (in hours);
• The moisture content of the wood (M%), most often measured using electric probes,
similar in principle to a pin moisture meter, inserted in several pieces of wood which
are distributed in the kiln. The drying process can be controlled using an average of the
values recorded by the probes, the highest recorded value, or the lowest value. Probes
indicating outliers can be excluded from the calculation;
• The dry temperature, T (°C) required in the kiln. This must be regulated with sufficient
accuracy to limit variations in temperature around the set point;
• Relative humidity, RH (%);
• The equilibrium moisture content (EMC) (or UGL in German - “U” for wood moisture,
GL for Gleichgewicht) corresponds to the moisture content which a wood tends to have
in stable climatic conditions (temperature and relative air moisture).
A wood drying kiln is controlled by determining either the wood’s equilibrium moisture
content or relative air moisture. Equilibrium moisture content can be deduced from RH and T
by using the Hailwood-Horrobin equation (EMC = f (RH) (T). To do so, a calculation program
is used, or a chart directly, based on these calculations.
The nine drying schedules provided here were designed with Gérard Gandon (Olergie), using
schedules published by Cathild Industrie as reference.
For each species, the drying schedule is given as an indication for woods less than 35 mm
thick. These guidelines must be validated through proper implementation. For woods between
35-55 mm thick, relative air moisture should be increased by 5 % for each drying phase:
for example, 30% for wood that is 27 mm thick and 35% for wood that is 41 mm thick. The
temperature should be lowered by 3 °C for each phase of pre-heating, drying and conditioning.
For wood that is more than 55 mm thick, relative air moisture should be increased by 10% for
each drying phase, and the temperature lowered by 5°C for each phase of pre-heating, drying
and conditioning.

Drying schedule 1
Phases Duration (h) Moisture content T (°C) RH (%) UGL (%)
(%) probes
Pre-heating 1 > 50 60 81 14.0
Pre-heating 2 3 > 50 65 76 12.0
Drying > 50 68 68 10.0
50 – 40 70 63 9.1
40 – 35 70 61 8.7
35 – 30 70 56 7.9
30 - 27 72 50 7.0
27 - 24 72 44 6.3
24 - 21 75 39 5.5
21 - 18 75 34 4.9
18 - 15 75 29 4.3
15 - 12 80 28 3.9
12 - 09 80 24 3.4
09 - 06 80 22 3.2
Conditioning 6 73 (3) (2)
Cooling (1)
Stop (3) (2)
(1) Cooling: until the temperature inside the kiln no longer exceeds external temperature by more than 30 °C.
(2) UGL = final H% × 0.8 to 0.9.
(3) Subtract RH from the UGL determined in (2) and temperature, using the Hailwood-Horrobin equation.
Drying schedule 2
Phases Duration (h) Moisture con- T (°C) RH (%) UGL (%)
tent (%) probes
Pre-heating 1 > 50 58 84 15.0
Pre-heating 2 3 > 50 63 81 13.5
Drying > 50 65 72 11.0
50 - 40 68 68 10.1
40 - 35 68 62 9.0
35 - 30 70 60 8.5
30 - 27 72 54 7.6
27 - 24 72 50 7.0
24 - 21 74 43 6.1
21 - 18 74 36 5.2
18 - 15 75 31 4.5
15 - 12 75 28 4.2
12 - 09 75 25 3.8
09 - 06 75 24 3.6
Cooling (1)
Stop (3) (2)
(2) UGL = final H% × 0.8 to 0.9.

Drying schedule 3
tent (%) probes
Pre-heating 1 > 50 55 84 15.5
Pre-heating 2 3 > 50 57 83 15.0
Drying > 50 60 76 12.5
50 - 40 60 73 11.6
40 - 35 60 69 10.7
35 - 30 60 62 9.5
30 - 27 63 55 8.2
27 - 24 64 50 7.5
24 - 21 65 46 6.9
21 - 18 65 39 6.0
18 - 15 68 32 5.0
15 - 12 70 29 4.5
12 - 09 70 25 4.0
09 - 06 70 24 3.9
Cooling (1)
Stop (3) (2)
(2) UGL = final H% × 0.8 to 0.9.
Drying schedule 4
tent (%) probes
Pre-heating 1 > 50 50 86 16.5
Pre-heating 2 3 > 50 52 85 16.0
Drying > 50 55 82 14.7
50 – 40 55 80 13.8
40 – 35 55 75 12.6
35 – 30 56 73 12.0
30 - 27 58 67 10.5
27 - 24 60 58 8.9
24 - 21 62 50 7.5
21 - 18 64 45 6.8
18 - 15 65 37 5.7
15 - 12 65 34 5.3
12 - 09 65 28 4.5
09 - 06 65 24 4.0
Cooling (1)
Stop (3) (2)
(2) UGL = final H% × 0.8 to 0.9.

Drying schedule 5
Phases Duration (H) Moisture con- T (°C) RH (%) UGL (%)
tent (%) probes
Pre-heating 1 > 50 50 87 17.0
Pre-heating 2 4 > 50 50 86 16.5
Drying > 50 53 83 15.2
50 – 40 53 80 14.1
40 – 35 54 80 13.9
35 – 30 55 75 12.5
30 - 27 57 70 11.0
27 - 24 58 61 9.4
24 - 21 59 51 7.9
21 - 18 60 47 7.3
18 - 15 61 39 6.1
15 - 12 62 35 5.6
12 - 09 62 30 5.0
09 - 06 62 26 4.4
Cooling (1)
Stop (3) (2)
(2) UGL = final H% × 0.8 to 0.9.
Drying schedule 6
tent (%) probes
Pre-heating 1 > 50 50 87 17.0
Pre-heating 2 4 > 50 50 86 16.5
Drying > 50 53 85 15.7
50 – 40 53 82 14.6
40 – 35 54 78 13.4
35 – 30 55 77 12.9
30 - 27 57 73 11.9
27 - 24 58 68 10.7
24 - 21 60 61 9.3
21 - 18 62 52 7.9
18 - 15 64 43 6.6
15 - 12 65 39 6.0
12 - 09 65 31 5.0
09 - 06 65 28 4.5
Cooling (1)
Stop (3) (2)
(2) UGL = final H% × 0.8 to 0.9.

Drying schedule 7
tent (%) probes
Pre-heating 1 > 50 40 86 17.0
Pre-heating 2 4 > 50 43 85 16.5
Drying > 50 45 83 15.7
50 – 40 45 80 14.6
40 – 35 45 77 13.8
35 – 30 45 74 12.9
30 - 27 47 69 11.5
27 - 24 49 61 9.9
24 - 21 50 52 8.4
21 - 18 53 48 7.7
18 - 15 56 41 6.6
15 - 12 59 36 5.9
12 - 09 61 30 5.0
09 - 06 65 29 4.7
Cooling (1)
Stop (3) (2)
(2) UGL = final H% × 0.8 to 0.9.
Drying schedule 8
tent (%) probes
Pre-heating 1 > 50 45 86 17.0
Pre-heating 2 4 > 50 45 85 16.5
Drying > 50 48 84 15.7
50 – 40 48 80.5 14.6
40 – 35 49 77 13.4
35 – 30 50 75 12.9
30 - 27 51 70 11.5
27 - 24 53 62 9.9
24 - 21 54 53 8.4
21 - 18 55 48.5 7.7
18 - 15 55 40 6.6
15 - 12 55 35 5.9
12 - 09 60 30 5.0
09 - 06 60 28 4.7
Cooling (1)
Stop (3) (2)
(1) Cooling: until the temperature inside the kiln no longer exceeds external temperature by more than 30°C.
(2) UGL = final H% × 0.8 to 0.9.

Drying schedule 9
tent (%) probes
Pre-heating 1 > 40 35 87 18.0
Pre-heating 2 6 > 40 38 85 17.0
Drying > 40 41 82 15.7
40 – 35 44 81 15.0
35 – 30 46 80 14.5
30 - 27 48 77 13.5
27 - 24 50 72 12.0
24 - 21 52 63 10.0
21 - 18 54 54 8.5
18 - 15 56 47 7.4
15 - 12 58 41 6.5
12 - 09 60 34 5.6
Cooling (1)
Stop (3) (2)
(2) UGL = final H% × 0.8 to 0.9.
Sawing and machining

Blunting effect
This effect is essentially related to the silica content of wood and its hardness; it determines the
type of tools to be used for sawing and machining.
Sawteeth
Depending on a wood’s blunting effect, ordinary or alloy steel, or stellite-tipped sawteeth
should be used.
Machining tools
The choice of tools is defined according to the wood’s abrasiveness, i.e. its blunting effect. If
there is no problem, normal tools can be used. Otherwise, special tools with high-speed steel
(HSS) or tungsten carbide are recommended.
Some species contain chemical substances which can represent varying degrees of toxicity for
users during processing operations (sawdust during sawing or machining) and which may cause
skin or mucous allergies and in some extreme cases, respiratory disorders. These disorders can
be significantly limited and even avoided by using protective equipment (gloves, masks), and
by fitting efficient aspiration systems (legal requirements).
Suitability for peeling
Usually, species used for peeling are soft to moderately hard. Logs are well-formed and without
defects to achieve a good output. Moreover, the wood must display good behaviour during
drying in order to limit the risks of splitting and veneer deformation.
Suitability for slicing
Woods used for slicing must present specific aesthetic qualities such as: colour, figuring, fine
texture and a ribbon-like appearance.
Assembling
Nailing and screwing
It is important to know whether it is easy or not to drive a nail or screw without the risk of
splitting. Otherwise, pre-boring is recommended.
Moreover, the wood’s ability to hold a nail or a screw is mentioned: good or poor.

Gluing
In the wood industry, gluing – of tropical woods in particular – has made the most progress
since the 1980s. The appearance on the market of new and increasingly effective adhesives
makes it possible to glue any type of wood unconditionally, whatever the characteristics, and
meet growing requirements in terms of water resistance and mechanical strength.
These technological advances improve how tropical woods are used by making it possible to
glue together cuts obtained from secondary species, crooked or small-diameter logs, wood
with significant defects, downgraded wood and sawmill waste.
Products like glue laminated timber are stable and homogenous. The use of gluing techniques
to combine very different species offers new prospects for increasing the use of wood in high
end projects. Gluing wood to other materials is possible.
However gluing can be made difficult by the characteristics of certain species and the need
to respect the code of practice. This applies to the high-density species described in this atlas
(wood with an average density of over 0.80).
Studies carried out by CIRAD have shown that gluing wood with significant defects or seemingly
unfavourable characteristics can yield satisfactory results. However, recommendations must be
followed. The adhesive must be chosen in relation to the end use of the product, the production
system, the time needed for assembling and the desired pressing time.
Commercial grading
Sawn timber appearance grading (temperate woods)
Principle
The criteria generally used to grade wood are the presence and extent of defects (knots, splits,
resin pockets, grain gradient, wanes, biological deterioration, geometric deformations, etc.).
All of these defects are likely to affect the aesthetic properties of the woods and to reduce
the volume of wood that can actually be used. Some of these defects may be authorised, but
will cause a reduction the area or volume of wood used as the basis for calculating the price
(boules), or may require a change of category (downgrading) without modifying the area or
volume (square-edged timber).
Rules
The aspect grading, described in the NF EN 975-1 standard (April 2009) concerns sawn
European Oak and European Beech. The NF EN 975-2 standard (November 2004) concerns
sawn poplar.
The NF EN 1611-1 standard (October 1999) concerns sawn Spruce, Fir, Pine and Douglas Fir.
The NF EN 1611-1/A1 standard (March 2003) adds European Larch to this list, without altering
the grading criteria.
Special case of Western Red Cedar
Published by the Pacific Lumber Inspection Bureau (PLIB, 2003), the Export R-List Grading and
Dressing Rules presents American grading rules regarding the following species: Douglas Fir,
Pacific coast (West coast) Hemlock and true Firs, Sitka Spruce and Red Cedar.
The Canadian grading rules of the NLGA (National Lumber Grades Authority) concern
Canadian timber, and in particular Red Cedar (January 2008).
Sawn timber appearance grading (tropical woods)
Principle
For tropical wood, there are two methods of timber appearance grading:
• grading of the considered part according to the number of “standard” defects that it pres-
ents, relative to its dimensions (the larger the part’s area, the greater the number of defects
tolerated). This is the current grading principle for African square-edged lumber (ATIBT riles,
1999 edition), progressively superseded by SATA (Sciages Avivés Tropicaux Africains) rules.

• clean cut grading. The percentage of rectangular defect-free areas is calculated relative to
the area of the part. We thus obtain a percentage of defects, from which the part choice
is defined.
For SATA rules, a first choice (i) must present a 90% defect-free area. A second choice (ii)
must present a 80% defect-free area and so on and so forth, with a variable number of cuts
depending on the area of the part.
This principle is used by the Malaysia Grading Rules (MGR) and the National Hardwood
Lumber Association rules (NHLA).
Rules
The SATA grading rules were defined in 1976, under the aegis of the Commission of European
Communities, at the instance of the following 5 African states: Cameroon, Congo, Côte
d’Ivoire, Gabon and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The study was entrusted to the
Centre Technique Forestier Tropical in Nogent-sur-Marne (CTFT - French: Centre for Tropical
Forests, that was merged, along with other institutes, with the CIRAD in 1984). These rules were
republished in 1996 in “SATA (“Sciages Avivés Tropicaux Africains”): grading rules”.
The NHLA grading rules were originally drawn up for North American hardwood species. The
current version (2015) also covers tropical species: “Rules for the Measurement & Inspection
of Hardwood & Cypress”. It is available from the NHLA website.
The “Bois guyanais classés” rules (graded Guyanese woods) (1990) were defined for wood used
and processed in French Guiana. They are mainly used on the Guyanese market or exported
to the French West Indies.
The MGR rules were drawn up in 1968, then revised in 1984 and in July 2009. They pertain
to Malaysian species, but may be used for wood from other parts of Asia.
Visual structure grading
In this atlas, visual structure grading of tropical woods and hardwoods is based both on French
standards (NF B 52-001-1 (August 2011), NF B 52-001-1/A1 (April 2013) and NF B 52-001/
A2 (February 2015)) and the European EN 1912 (2012) standard, together with corresponding
national standards. In this atlas, 105 of the species listed are graded for mechanical strength
using visual grading methods according to rules from one or several of these standards.
Fire safety
Two distinct wood properties characterise its fire behaviour: fire resistance and reaction to fire.
Fire resistance is the time during which a material exposed to fire will continue to provide its
initial functions within the structure: mechanical stability for the structure, fire stop or fire break
properties of a door, etc.
Reaction to fire characterizes the production of flames, heat, fumes, particles and drops of
material exposed to fire. Reaction to fire concerns mainly those materials used for floors, walls
and ceilings, that are in contact with individuals.
Information provided in this atlas pertains to reaction to fire.
Conventional French grading
French regulations (conventional grading – Order of 21 November 2002) define six classes of
reaction to fire:
• M0 – non-combustible;
• M1 – non-flammable;
• M2 – poorly flammable;
• M3 – moderately flammable;
• M4 – readily flammable;
• M5 – highly flammable;

In general terms, the grading of untreated solid woods is as follows:
Solid hardwoods:
• thicknesses greater than or equal to 14 mm: M3 – moderately flammable;
• thicknesses less than 14 mm: M4 – readily flammable;
Solid softwoods:
• thicknesses greater than or equal to 18 mm: M3 – moderately flammable;
• thicknesses less than 18 mm: M3 – readily flammable;
Euroclass grading
European standardization (Euroclasses of the NF EN 13501-1 + A1 standard, February 2013)
introduced a new classification based on different test methods.
• A1, A2, B, C, D, E and F for wall and ceiling coverings;
• A1fl, A2fl, Bfl, Cfl, Dfl, Efl and Ffl for floor coverings.
The information provided in this atlas pertains to wall and ceiling coverings.
Within each class, two additional reaction to fire criteria characterize fume product on the one
hand (s0, s1, s2) and the production of incandescent drops and particles on the other hand
(d0, d1, d2).
Considering the properties of the wood species most commonly used in Europe (NF EN
14081-1, April 2016), solid wood is, by convention, classed Ds2 d0 for wall and ceiling
coverings if its density is greater than 0.35. If a wood’s density is less than 0.35, the species is
considered ungraded. This applies to the following species: Balsa, Emien, Essessang, Fromager,
Pashaco, Sumauma.
Any more favourable grading must be justified by testing the species in this atlas. This applies
to Larch and to the following five tropical species found in Latin America and Guyana:
Mandioqueira, Pau roxo, Basralocus, Ipê and Louro vermelho.
End uses
A wood’s potential uses are directly dependent upon its technological properties. The end
uses mentioned in the list are not exhaustive. They cover the most commonly known end
uses which must be validated through proper implementation. Certain uses are given as an
indication only (traditional, regional or historical uses).
Common names
The principal local/common names used in the producing countries are mentioned, along
with the trade names used in the importing countries when they are different from the ATIBT
pilot names.
For each species described, the list of ‘Common names’ is not exhaustive. The result of very
thorough compilation, a nearly exhaustive inventory of these common names is available on
the website of the Forest Products Laboratory in Madison (United States). www.fpl.fs.fed.us/
search/commonname_request.php.

Tropix
Tropix is a software programme developed by the BioWooEB Research Unit (available at tropix.
cirad.fr). It provides access to technological information and the characteristics of 245 wood
species: 228 tropical species and 17 temperate species.
It is one of the applications in CIRAD’s Wood database, which combines the technological
characteristics of more than 1,200 species studied over decades at the CTFT and later CIRAD
wood research laboratories.
For each of the 245 species listed, Tropix presents the following data and information:
• Botanical and common names: origins (illustrated with maps of geographic distribution) and
any trade restrictions (classification in a CITES appendix).
• Log characteristics: appearance, colours and macroscopic structure (illustrated with photos
of the woods and examples of uses).
• Physical and mechanical properties.
• Resistance of woods to biological decay agents (fungi, termites, dry wood borers): treat-
ability, use classes, any recommended preservation treatments depending on the conditions
in which the wood is used.
• Wood behaviour during drying (drying schedule given as an indication only).
• Wood behaviour during sawing and machining, its suitability for peeling and slicing, effec-
tiveness of assembling.
• Commercial grading: sawn timber appearance grading according to current rules and visual
structure grading.
• Principal end uses and potential uses: reaction to fire (according to French and European
standards).
• Comparative tables summarising the main technological characteristics: physical and
mechanical properties, physical and biological stability parameters.
Tropix can also be used to conduct multi-criteria searches for species based on preselected
characteristics or similarities with another species.
Technical descriptions of species can be printed, along with lists of species that match research
criteria selected in a multicriteria search.
The Tropix program is registered with the Agence de protection des programmes (APP) under:
IDDN.FR001.070032.002.S.P.2002.000.30165.
Tropix is also identified with a DOI code : doi:10.18167/74726F706978
U Bein Bridge: the longest teakwood bridge in the world.

It is 1.2 km long and was built in 1849 with timber
reclaimed from a former royal palace (Mandalay, Burma).

Wood species
ABARCO
Abarco
Family Lecythidaceae
Botanical name
Cariniana pyriformis Miers
Continent Latin America
No trade restrictions
Log description
Diameter. 80 to 120 cm
Thickness of sapwood. 5 to 7 cm
Buoyancy. Floats
Log conservation. Moderate (treatment recommended)
Wood description
Reference colour. Brown
Sapwood. Clearly demarcated
Texture. Medium
Grain. Straight or interlocked
Interlocked grain. Slight Flat sawn
Notes. Wood is pink brown, slightly purplish. Occasional
presence of traumatic canals.
Physical and mechanical properties Quarter sawn
Property Mean value

Density(1) 0.68
Monnin hardness(1) 4.5
Coefficient of volumetric shrinkage 0.49 % per %
Total tangential shrinkage (Ts): 6.6 %
Total radial shrinkage (Rs): 4.8 %
T/R anisotropy ratio 1.4
Fibre saturation point 29 %
Thermal conductivity (λ) 0.23 W/(m.K)
Lower heating value -
Crushing strength(1) 61 MPa
Static bending strength(1) 113 MPa
Longitudinal modulus of elasticity(1) 13,720 MPa
(1)
at 12% moisture content, with 1 MPa = 1 N/mm²

Resistance to decay. Class 3 – moderately durable
Resistance to dry wood borers. Class D - durable (sapwood
demarcated, risk limited to sapwood)
Resistance to termites. Class D - durable
Treatability. Class 3 – poorly treatable
Use class covered by natural durability Class 2 - inside or
under cover (dampness possible)
Wood species 33
ABARCO
Against dry wood borer attacks. This wood does not require any preservation treatment
In case of temporary humidification. This wood requires appropriate preservation
treatment
In case of permanent humidification. Use of this wood is not recommended
Drying
Drying rate. Normal to slow
Risk of distortion. Slight risk
Risk of case hardening. No known specific risk
Risk of checking. Slight risk
Risk of collapse. No known specific risk
Suggested drying schedule. Schedule #5 (see explanatory note)
Blunting effect. High
Tooth for sawing. Stellite-tipped
Machining tools. Tungsten carbide
Suitability for peeling. Good
Suitability for slicing. Good
Notes. Fairly difficult to saw because of its silica content.
Assembling
Nailing/screwing. Good but pre-boring necessary
Notes. Abarco tends to split with nailing.
Commercial grading
Sawn timber appearance grading
According to NHLA grading rules (2015)
Possible grading: FAS, Select, Common 1, Common 2, Common 3
Fire safety
Thickness > 14 mm: M3 (moderately flammable)
Thickness < 14 mm: M4 (readily flammable)
Cross sections of Cariniana pyriformis
34 Atlas of Tropical Timber Species

ABARCO
Euroclass grading. D-s2, d0

Default grading for solid wood that meets requirements of European standard
NF EN 14081-1 (April 2016): structural graded timber in vertical uses and ceilings with
minimal mean density of 0.35 and minimal thickness of 22 mm.
Main end uses
• Turned goods • Exterior joinery
• Framing • Interior joinery
• Ship building (planking and deck) • Built-in furniture or mobile item
• Cabinetry (high-end furniture) • House framing
• Veneer for back or face of plywood • Flooring
• Panelling • Sliced veneer
• Glued Laminated
Notes. Abarco can be a substitute for Mahogany (Swietenia p.p.) and African Mahogany
(Khaya p.p.) Filling is required to obtain a good finish.
Common names
Country Local name
Colombia Abarco
Venezuela Bacu
Wood species 35
ABURA
Abura
Family. Rubiaceae
Botanical names
Fleroya ledermannii Y.F. Deng (Syn. Hallea ledermannii)
Fleroya rubrostipulata Y.F. Deng (Syn. Hallea rubrostipulata)
Fleroya stipulosa Y.F. Deng (Syn. Hallea stipulosa)
Continent Africa
Log description
Thickness of sapwood. Not applicable
Buoyancy. Floats
Log conservation. Low (treatment necessary)
Wood description
Reference colour. Light brown
Sapwood. Not demarcated
Texture. Fine
Flat sawn Interlocked grain. Slight
Notes. Possible presence of brittleheart and coloured veins.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.60
(1)

Resistance to decay. Class 5 - non-durable
Resistance to dry wood borers. Class S - susceptible (risk in
all the wood)
Resistance to termites. Class S - susceptible
Treatability. Class 2 - moderately treatable.
Use class covered by natural durability Class 1 - inside (no
risk of dampness)
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard.

ABURA
Against dry wood borer attacks. This wood requires appropriate preservation treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid to normal
Risk of distortion. No risk or very slight risk
Blunting effect. Fairly high
Notes. Blunting effect is variable. Sawdust occasionally irritant.
Assembling
Commercial grading
According to SATA grading rules (1996)
• For the “General Purpose Market”
Possible grading for square-edged timbers: choice i, choice ii, choice iii, choice iv
Possible grading for short-length lumbers: choice i, choice ii
Possible grading for short-length rafters: choice i, choice ii, choice iii
• For the “Special Market”
Possible grading for strips and small boards: choice i, choice ii, choice iii
Possible grading for rafters: choice i, choice ii, choice iii
Cross sections of Fleroya ledermannii
Wood species 37
ABURA
Fire safety
Conventional French
grading
Thickness > 14 mm: M3
(moderately flammable)
Thickness < 14 mm: M4
(readily flammable)
Default grading for solid
wood that meets requirements
of European standard
NF EN 14081-1 (April 2016):
structural graded timber in
vertical uses and ceilings with
minimal mean density of 0.35
and minimal thickness of
22 mm.
Hand-crafted archways chest – Ateliers d’art, Christine and Fouad
Nammour, Fontaine-en-Bray (France).
Main end uses
• Turned goods • Interior joinery
• Cabinetry (high-end furniture) • Built-in furniture or mobile item
• Boxes and crates • Moulding
• Veneer for back or face of plywood • Sliced veneer
• Veneer for interior of plywood • Sculpture
• Panelling • Marquetry
• Glued Laminated
Notes. Resistant to one or several acids
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Subaha
Angola Mivuku, Mivuko
Benin Agbantin
Cameroon Elelom, Elolom
Congo Vuku
Côte d’Ivoire Bahia
France Bahia
Gabon Élélom-n’zam
Ghana Subaha
Equatorial Guinea Elelon
Nigeria Abura
Uganda Nzingu
Central African Republic Oro
Democratic Republic of the Congo Mivuku, Mvuku
Sierra Leone Mboi
Zambia Nzingu

ACACIA MANGIUM
Acacia mangium
Family. Leguminosae (Mimosaceae)
Botanical name
Acacia mangium Willd.
Continent Africa, Latin America, Asia, Oceania
Notes. Native to South-East Asia and Australia, this fast-growing
species has been widely planted throughout the tropical and
subtropical world. Woods presently commercialised are almost
exclusively from plantations.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Medium Flat sawn
Grain. Straight
Interlocked grain. Absent
Notes. Light brown wood, sometimes with olive brown shades. Quarter sawn
Heart rot is common among wood of certain origins.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.52
Lower heating value 18,830 kJ/kg
(1)
Notes. As is frequently observed for many plantation species,
physical and mechanical properties of this wood vary greatly
and depend on origin and tree age.
Resistance to decay. Class 3-4 – moderately to poorly durable
Wood species 39
ACACIA MANGIUM
Resistance to dry wood borers. Class S susceptible (risk in all the wood)
Use class covered by natural durability Class 2 - inside or under cover (dampness
possible)
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Risk of distortion. High risk
Risk of checking. High risk
Blunting effect. Normal
Tooth for sawing. Ordinary or alloy steel
Machining tools. Ordinary
Suitability for slicing. Not recommended or without interest
Notes. Planed surfaces are glossy.
Assembling
Nailing/screwing. Poor
Commercial grading
Different grading rules applied according to the country or continent of origin.
Cross sections of Acacia mangium

ACACIA MANGIUM
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Formwork • Built-in furniture or mobile item
• Boxes and crates • Blockboard
• Panelling • Fibre or particle boards
• Interior joinery • Pulp
Common names
Country Local name
Australia Black wattle, Brown salwood
United States Black wattle, Brown salwood
France Acacia mangium
Indonesia Mangge hutan, Tongke hutan
Malaysia Kayu safoda
Papua New Guinea Arr
United Kingdom Black wattle, Brown salwood
Thailand Kra thin tepa
Wood species 41
AÇACU / SANDBOX*
Açacu / Sandbox*
* Common commercial name
Family. Euphorbiaceae
Botanical name
Hura crepitans L.
Continent Latin America
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Reference colour. Creamy white
Sapwood. Not clearly demarcated
Texture. Coarse
Interlocked grain. Slight
Half-quarter sawn
Notes. Bark contains a sap that is a strong irritant. Colour varies
from cream white to pinkish brown. Presence of tension wood.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.45
(1)

Resistance to decay. Class 5 – non-durable
Resistance to dry wood borers. Class S susceptible (risk in all
the wood)
Treatability. Class 1 – treatable
risk of dampness)
Notes. Very prone to blue stain.

AÇACU / SANDBOX*
In case of temporary humidification. This wood requires appropriate preservation treatment
Drying
Notes. Slow drying is recommended to reduce defects. In which case, wood must be treated
against blue stain.
Notes. Log turning sawing recommended to avoid shakes (tension wood). Fuzzy surface.
Silica content is variable depending on the country of origin.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Cross sections of Hura crepitans
Wood species 43
AÇACU / SANDBOX*

Main end uses
• Matches • Built-in furniture or mobile item
• Formwork • Model building
• Floats • Fibre or particle boards
• Veneer for interior of plywood • Marquetry
• Interior joinery
Notes. Açacu is a possible substitute for Obeche (Triplochiton scleroxylon). Careful sanding
and filling are recommended to obtain a good finish.
Common names
Country Local name
Bolivia Ochoho
Brazil Açacu, Assacu
Colombia Ceiba lechosa
Ecuador Habillo
United States Possumwood
Guyana Sandbox
French Guiana Bois du diable, Sablier
Peru Catahua
Suriname Possum, Possentrie, Ura wood
Venezuela Ceiba habillo, Jabillo

ACAJOU CAILCÉDRAT
Acajou Cailcédrat
Family. Meliaceae
Botanical name
Khaya senegalensis A. Juss.
Continent Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Does not float
Wood description
Reference colour. Red brown
Sapwood. More or less demarcated
Texture. Medium
Grain. Interlocked grain
Notes. Wood pink brown turns to red brown with purple tint. Flat sawn
Lustrous aspect.
Half-quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.78
(1)
Notes. Hardness varies from fairly hard to hard.
Wood species 45
ACAJOU CAILCÉDRAT
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Risks of checking and distortion in presence of highly interlocked grain and tension
wood.
Suitability for peeling. Not recommended or without interest
Notes. Acajou cailcédrat has a tendency to woolliness. Keep sawing tools sharp. A reduced
cutting angle is required during machining in the presence of interlocked grain.
Assembling
Nailing/screwing. Good
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Khaya senegalensis

ACAJOU CAILCÉDRAT

Possible grading for strips and
small boards: choice i, choice ii,
choice iii
Possible grading for rafters:
choice i, choice ii, choice iii
According to French standard NF
B 52-001-1 (2011), strength class
D24 can be provided by visual
grading.
Fire safety
Thickness < 14 mm: M4 (readily
flammable)
Default grading for solid wood that
meets requirements of European
standard NF EN 14081-1 (April
2016): structural graded timber
in vertical uses and ceilings with
minimal mean density of 0.35 and
minimal thickness of 22 mm.
Main end uses
• Turned goods
• Heavy carpentry
• Ship building (planking and deck) Guinean-style djembé – African percussion (Guinea).
• Cabinetry (high-end furniture)
• Stairs (inside)
• Panelling
• Built-in furniture or mobile item
• Flooring
• Sliced veneer
Notes. Resistant to one or several acids
Common names
Country Local name
Benin Abgo, Acajou cailcédrat,
Zunzatin
Côte d’Ivoire Acajou Cailcédrat
Guinea Diala
Guinea-Bissau Bissilom
Mali Acajou bissilom
Senegal Bissilom
Wood species 47
AFRICAN CORDIA* / CORDIA D’AFRIQUE
African Cordia* / Cordia

d’Afrique
Family. Boraginaceae
Botanical names
Cordia africana Lam. (Syn. Cordia abyssinica) (Syn. Cordia holstii)
Cordia millenii Baker
Cordia platythyrsa Baker
Cordia p.p.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Half-quarter sawn
Texture. Medium
Quarter sawn
Notes. Light brown to pale golden brown, sometimes pinkish
brown. Aromatic odour for green wood. Medium to coarse
texture.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.50
(1)

Resistance to decay. Class 3 - moderately durable
Resistance to dry wood borers. Class D - durable (heartwood
durable but sapwood not clearly demarcated)


possible)
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Risk of checking. No risk or very slight risk
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Cordia africana
Wood species 49

Fire safety
Main end uses
• Exterior joinery • Marquetry
Notes. Filling is required to obtain a good finish.
Common names
Country Local name
Germany African cordia
Cameroon Ébais, Ébé
Congo Makobokobo, Mringaringa, Mukumari
Côte d’Ivoire Bon
Ethiopia Awhi, Ekhi
France Cordia d’Afrique
Gabon Ébais, Ébé
Nigeria Omo
Uganda Mukebu
Democratic Republic of Congo Sumba
United Kingdom African cordia

AFRICAN EBONY* / ÉBÈNE D’AFRIQUE
African Ebony* / Ébène

d’Afrique
Family. Ebenaceae
Botanical names
Diospyros crassiflora Hiern
Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst.
Diospyros viridicans Hiern
Diospyros p.p.
Continent. Africa
Only Diospyros from Madagascar are listed in CITES
Appendix ii (logs, sawn wood, veneer sheets).
Notes. Wood often commercialised in small logs of 1 to
1.5 metres long. Other African Diospyros species are not
commercialised due to their light colour (ex.: Diospyros
sanzaminika).
Log description
Buoyancy. Does not float Half-quarter sawn
Log conservation. Good
Wood description
Half-quarter sawn
Reference colour. Black
Texture. Fine
Notes. Logs may present different kinds of defects, especially
small pinholes and heartwood rot. Wood is uniform black to
black brown (Diospyros mespiliformis).
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.90
(1)
Wood species 51
Notes. Properties are very variable according to the species and the origin. As a result,
specific gravity varies from 0.75 to 1.1.
Resistance to decay. Class 1 - very durable
Resistance to dry wood borers. Class D - durable (sapwood demarcated, risk limited to
sapwood)
Treatability. Class 4 – non-treatable
Use class covered by natural durability Class 4 - in ground or fresh water contact
In case of temporary humidification. This wood does not require any preservation
treatment
In case of permanent humidification. This wood does not require any preservation
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Powerful machines are necessary for machining and slicing due to the significant
hardness of wood. Sawdust may cause dermatitis. Sawed veneer sheets are frequently used
in cabinet work.
Cross sections of Diospyros crassiflora

Assembling
Nailing/screwing. Good but pre-
boring necessary
Notes. High specific gravity:
important that gluing be performed
in compliance with the code of
practice and instructions for the
glue used.
Commercial grading
Sawn timber appearance
grading
No conventional grading rules for
this cabinet work species. Sawn
products are graded according to
final uses.
Fire safety
(moderately flammable) Burkinabé sculpture, Montpellier (France).
flammable)
Main end uses
• Turned goods • Tool handles (resilient woods)
• Cabinetry (high-end furniture) • Sawed veneer sheets
• Musical instruments • Sculpture
• Wind instruments • Marquetry
Notes. A preliminary surface treatment with alcohol is recommended for polyester coatings
and undercoats.
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Afrikanisches ebenholz
Benin Cubaga, Ébène
Cameroon Épindé-pindé, Mavini,
Mévini, Ndou
Congo Mopini
France Ébène d’Afrique
Gabon Évila
Equatorial Guinea Ebano
Nigeria Abokpo, Kanran, Nyareti,
Osibin
Central African Republic Bingo, Ngoubou
United Kingdom African ebony
Wood species 53
AFRICAN MAHOGANY* / ACAJOU D’AFRIQUE
African Mahogany* / Acajou

d’Afrique
Family. Meliaceae
Botanical names
Khaya anthotheca C. DC.
Khaya grandifoliola C. DC.
Khaya ivorensis A. Chev. (Syn. Khaya klainei)
Continent Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Flat sawn Sapwood. Clearly demarcated
Texture. Medium
Quarter sawn
Notes. Occasional presence of tension wood and brittleheart.
Wood pink brown to deep red with copper sheen.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.57
(1)
Notes. Khaya grandifoliola is fairly hard. Physical and
mechanical properties of K. ivorensis are lower than other
species.

sapwood)
possible)
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. The African Mahogany cannot be
used without appropriate preservation treatment for end uses under use class 3, except
for certain sections of a structure, such as windows, which are less exposed than others
(entrance doors, shutters, etc.)
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Notes. Risks of distortion may increase in the presence of tension wood or interlocked grain
that is occasionally high.
Notes. Tendency to woolliness (tension wood) in sawing. Risks of tearing (interlocked grain)
in planing. Ribbon-like aspect on quartersawn. Sawdust is an irritant.
Cross sections of Khaya anthotheca
Wood species 55
Assembling
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Coffins • Panelling
• Framing • Exterior joinery
• Ship building (planking and deck) • Interior joinery
• Open boats • Sliced veneer
• Veneer for back or face of plywood • Exterior panelling
Notes. Pores sometimes filled with black deposits. Filling is required to obtain a better finish.
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Khaya mahogani
Angola N’dola, Undia nunu
Benin Kaju
Cameroon Mangona, N’gollon,
Congo N’dola
Côte d’Ivoire Acajou bassam, Acajou blanc, Krala
France Acajou bassam (K. ivorensis), Acajou blanc (K. ivorensis), Acajou d’Afrique
Gabon Zaminguila
Ghana African mahogany, Ahafo, Takoradi mahogany,
Equatorial Guinea Caoba del galon, Zamanguila
Nigeria Akuk, Benin mahogany, Ogwango
Uganda Eri kire, Munyama
Central African Republic Déké
United Kingdom African mahogany, Ahafo, Takoradi mahogany,

AFRICAN PADAUK* / PADOUK D’AFRIQUE
African Padauk* / Padouk

d’Afrique
Family. Leguminosae (Fabaceae)
Botanical names
Pterocarpus osun Craib
Pterocarpus soyauxii Taub.
Pterocarpus tinctorius Welw.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Reference colour. Red
Sapwood. Clearly demarcated Half-quarter sawn
Texture. Coarse
Interlocked grain. Slight Quarter sawn
Notes. Wood bright red becoming purplish brown with light.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.79
(1) at 12% moisture content, with 1 MPa = 1 N/mm²

Wood species 57
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. This species only naturally covers the
use class 5 (wood permanently or regularly submerged in salt water, sea water or brackish
water) for uses in temperate and cold environments. According to the European standard NF
EN 335 of May 2013, performance length might be modified by conditions in which it is used.
In case of temporary humidification. This wood does not require any preservation treatment
In case of permanent humidification. This wood does not require any preservation treatment
Drying
Sawteeth recommended. Stellite-tipped
Notes. Sawdust is an irritant. Sawing and machining requires powerful equipment.
Sometimes difficulties due to interlocked grain.
Assembling
Notes. Pre-boring necessary due to risk of splitting, in particular for small pieces.
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Pterocarpus soyauxii

Possible grading for short-length

rafters: choice i, choice ii, choice iii
Possible grading for strips and small
boards: choice i, choice ii, choice iii
Possible grading for rafters: choice i,
choice ii, choice iii
According to French standard NF B
52-001-1 (2011), strength class D40 Façade of the ministry of water and forests building,
can be provided by visual grading. Libreville (Gabon).
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Turned goods • Industrial or heavy flooring
• Heavy carpentry • Sliced veneer
• Ship building (planking and deck) • Decking
• Shipbuilding (ribs) • Bridges (parts in contact with water or
• Cabinetry (high-end furniture) ground)
• Stairs (inside) • Bridges (parts not in contact with water
or ground)
• Vehicle or container flooring
• Sculpture
• Percussion instruments, xylophones
• Seats
• Exterior joinery
• Hydraulic works (seawater)
• Sleepers
• Flooring
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Padauk
Angola Tacula
Belgium Corail
Cameroon Mbel
Congo Kisésé
France Padouk d’Afrique
Gabon Mbel
Equatorial Guinea Palo rojo
Italy Paduk
Nigeria Osun
Netherlands Padoek
Central African Republic Padouk
Democratic Republic of Congo Mongola, Mukula, N’gula
United Kingdom African padauk, Barwood, Camwood, Padauk
Wood species 59
AFRORMOSIA
Afrormosia
Botanical names
Pericopsis elata Meeuwen (Syn. Afrormosia elata)
Continent. Africa
Afrormosia is listed in CITES Appendix ii for logs, sawn wood
and veneer sheets.
Log description
Wood description
Reference colour. Yellow brown
Texture. Fine
Notes. Logs irregularly shaped. Wood yellow brown with
darker veins, turning dark brown on exposure.
Half-quarter sawn Physical and mechanical properties
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.74
(1)

Resistance to decay. Class 1-2 – very durable to durable
Use class covered by natural durability Class 4 - in ground or
fresh water contact

AFRORMOSIA
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. According to the European standard
NF EN 335 of May 2013, performance length might be modified by conditions in which it is
used.
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Risks of burning in machining. Slight tendency to tearing in planing (interlocked
grain). Sawdust reported to be irritant.
Assembling
Notes. Can stain when gluing.
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Pericopsis elata
Wood species 61
AFRORMOSIA

Possible grading for strips
and small boards: choice i,
Fire safety
Conventional French
grading
(readily flammable)
Euroclass grading. D-s2, d0 Elevated deck – Design by Terrasse Nature, Antony (France).

wood that meets requirements of European standard NF EN 14081-1 (April 2016): structural
graded timber in vertical uses and ceilings with minimal mean density of 0.35 and minimal
thickness of 22 mm.
Main end uses
• Cabinetry (high-end furniture) • Flooring
• Stairs (inside) • Sliced veneer
• Panelling • Decking
• Exterior joinery • Exterior panelling
Notes. Excellent substitute for teck.
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Obang
Congo Obang
Côte d’Ivoire Assaméla
France Assaméla, Oleo pardo
Ghana Afrormosia, Kokrudua
Central African Republic Obang
Democratic Republic of Bohala, Bohélé, Moholé,
the Congo Ole, Olé

AIÉLÉ / AFRICAN CANARIUM*
Aiélé / African Canarium*

Family. Burseraceae
Botanical name
Canarium schweinfurthii Engl.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Reference colour. Pinkish brown
Texture. Coarse
Interlocked grain. Marked
Notes. Light brown slightly pinkish. Possible presence of wind Flat sawn
shakes (internal fractures in wood).
Property Mean value Quarter sawn
Density(1) 0.49
(1)

Resistance to dry wood borers. Class S – susceptible (risk in
all the wood)
Resistance to termites. Class S – susceptible
risk of dampness)
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Prone
to blue stain.
Wood species 63
In case of temporary humidification. Use of this wood is not recommended
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Risk of collapse. Yes
Notes. Must be dried slowly.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Canarium schweinfurthii

Fire safety
Main end uses
• Formwork • Interior joinery
• Boxes and crates • Built-in furniture or mobile item
• Veneer for back or face of plywood • Blockboard
• Veneer for interior of plywood • Sliced veneer
• Panelling
Notes. Can be used as a substitute for Okoumé (Aucoumea klaineana) for plywood.
Common names
Country Local name
Angola M’bili
Cameroon Abel
Congo M’bili
Côte d’Ivoire Aiélé / African Canarium
Gabon Abeul, Ovili
Ghana Bediwunua, Eyere
Equatorial Guinea Abe
Nigeria Elemi
Uganda Mwafu
Central African Republic Gbéri
Democratic Republic of Bidikala, M’bidikala
the Congo
United Kingdom Canarium
Sierra Leone Billi
Wood species 65
AIÉOUÉKO / DAKAMA*
Aiéouéko / Dakama*
Family. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae)
Botanical names
Dimorphandra polyandra Benoist
(Syn. Dimorphandra hohenkerkii)
Dimorphandra p.p.
Continent. Latin America
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Half-quarter sawn
Notes. Logs are frequently irregularly shaped. Frequent
Quarter sawn
brittleheart. Light yellow when sawn, quickly turning light
brown to brown or reddish brown. Grain usually straight but
sometimes slight irregular interlocked grain.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.71
(1)

all the wood)
Resistance to termites. Class M – moderately durable


Use class covered by natural durability Class 2 - inside or under cover (dampness possible)
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Possible presence of internal stresses. Low yield < 30 % (brittleheart).
Assembling
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Cross sections of Dimorphandra polyandra
Wood species 67

meets requirements of European standard
NF EN 14081-1 (April 2016): structural graded
timber in vertical uses and ceilings with minimal
mean density of 0.35 and minimal thickness of
22 mm.
Main end uses
• Framing
• Boxes and crates
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Louro tamaquare
Guyana Dakama
French Guiana Aiéouéko
Suriname Anjama
Front door, Belem (Pará, Brazil).

AKO / ANTIARIS*
Ako / Antiaris*
Family. Moraceae
Botanical names
Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. (Syn. Antiaris africana)
(Syn. Antiaris welwitschii)
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Reference colour. Light yellow
Texture. Medium
Notes. Wood cream white to light yellow.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.47
(1)

all the wood)
risk of dampness)
Wood species 69
AKO / ANTIARIS*
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Risks of end checks with thick material.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections Antiaris toxicaria

AKO / ANTIARIS*
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Veneer for interior of plywood • Fibre or particle boards
• Interior joinery • Marquetry
• Built-in furniture or mobile item • Rolling shutters
Notes. Can be used as a substitute for Limba or Koto.
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Antiaris
Angola Sansama
Benin Guxotin
Cameroon Diolosso
Congo Nioumbou
Côte d’Ivoire Akédé, Ako
Gabon Andoum
Ghana Chenchen, Kyenkyen
Nigeria Ogiovu, Oro
Uganda Kirundu, Mumaka
Central African Republic N’dombou
Democratic Republic of the Congo Bonkongo, Bonkonko
United Kingdom Antiaris
Tanzania Mkuzu, Mlulu
Wood species 71
AKOSSIKA / ODOKO*
Akossika / Odoko*
Family. Achariaceae (Flacourtiaceae)
Botanical names
Scottellia klaineana Pierre (Syn. Scottellia coriacea)
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Half-quarter sawn Interlocked grain. Slight
Notes. Possible presence of grey or dark veins.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.66
(1)

all the wood)
risk of dampness)

AKOSSIKA / ODOKO*
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Risk of case hardening. Yes
Assembling
Notes. Tends to split with nailing.
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Scottellia klaineana
Wood species 73
AKOSSIKA / ODOKO*

According to French standard NF B 52-001-1 (2011), strength class D30 can be provided by
visual grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Framing • Built-in furniture or mobile item
• Cabinetry (high-end furniture) • Moulding
• Stairs (inside) • Flooring
• Glued Laminated
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Odoko
Cameroon Ngobisolo
Côte d’Ivoire Akossika / Odoko
Gabon Bilogh-bi-nkélé
Ghana Koroko, Kruku
Italy Odoko
Liberia Korokon
Nigeria Odoko
Central African Republic Kélembicho
United Kingdom Odoko

ALAN / ALAN-BATU*
Alan / Alan-Batu*
Family. Dipterocarpaceae
Botanical name
Shorea albida Symington
Continent. Asia, Oceania
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Notes. Possible brittleheart. Sometimes presence of white
streaks (resin canals).
Property Mean value

Density(1) 0.80
(1)

Wood species 75
ALAN / ALAN-BATU*
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Resin may clog the tools and may have a blunting effect. Filling is required to obtain
a good finish.
Assembling
Notes. Risk of splitting when nailing. High specific gravity: important that gluing be
performed in compliance with the code of practice and instructions for the glue used.
Commercial grading
According to MGR grading rules (2009)
Possible grading: Prime, Select, Standard, Sound, Serviceable, Utility
Fire safety
Cross sections of Shorea albida

ALAN / ALAN-BATU*

Main end uses
• Ship building (ribs) • Built-in furniture or mobile item
• Vehicle or container flooring • Flooring
• Panelling • Industrial or heavy flooring
Common names
Notes. Alan-Batu is the commercial name for heavy varieties of Shorea albida, Alan-Bunga
the commercial name of lighter ones.
Country Local name
Brunei Alan-batu, Alan-bunga
Malaysia Alan-batu, Alan-bunga, Alan-meraka, Alan-paya, Meraka, Red selangan, Selangan merah
Wood species 77
ALEP
Alep
Family. Irvingiaceae
Botanical names
Desbordesia insignis Pierre (Syn. Desbordesia glaucescens)
(Syn. Desbordesia pierreana)
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Grain. Straight
Flat sawn Notes. Logs must be sawn quickly after felling (cracks during
drying). Wood turns to dark brown with air. Dark veins more or
less numerous.
Quarter sawn Physical and mechanical properties
Property Mean value
Density(1) 1.05
(1)

fresh water contact

ALEP
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. This species naturally covers the use
class 5 (wood permanently or regularly submerged in salt water, sea water or brackish water)
due to its high specific gravity and its hardness. According to the European standard NF EN
335 of May 2013, performance length might be modified by conditions in which it is used.
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Assembling
Notes. Very high specific gravity: important that gluing be performed in compliance with the
code of practice and instructions for the glue used.
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Desbordesia insignis
Wood species 79
ALEP

Fire safety
Main end uses
• Heavy carpentry ground)
• Vehicle or container flooring • Poles
• Decking • Hydraulic works (fresh water)
• Bridges (parts in contact with water or • Sleepers
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Omang
Congo Benga
Gabon Alep
Nigeria Kowo
Democratic Republic of the Congo Benga

ALMON
Almon
Botanical name
Shorea almon Foxw.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Reference colour. Pinkish white
Texture. Medium
Notes. Pink wood more or less dark. Ribbon-like aspect on Half-quarter sawn
quartersawn. Brittleheart. Presence of black holes and white
streaks (resin canals).
Property Mean value

Density(1) 0.60
(1)

all the wood)
Wood species 81
ALMON
treatment
Drying
Notes. Said to be the easiest to dry among all the Lauan species.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Cross sections of Shorea almon

ALMON

Main end uses
• Cigar boxes • Interior joinery
• Veneer for back or face of plywood • Fibre or particle boards
• Panelling • Pulp
Common names
Country Local name
Philippines Almon, Light Red Lauan, White Lauan
Notes. Almon comes from the Philippines. It can also be sold under the name White Lauan
or Light Red Lauan depending on its colour.
Wood species 83
ALUMBI
Alumbi
Botanical names
Julbernardia seretii Troupin (Syn. Berlinia seretii)
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Grain. Straight to entangled
Half-quarter sawn
Notes. Sapwood yellow. Heartwood red-brown, sometimes
with brown or yellow stripes.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.74
(1)

Resistance to decay. Class 4 - poorly durable
all the wood)
Treatability. Class - 3-4 - poorly or not permeable

ALUMBI
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Suitability for peeling. Bad
Notes. Very fine surface after sanding.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Julbernardia seretii
Wood species 85
ALUMBI
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Heavy carpentry • Built-in furniture or mobile item
Common names
Country Local name
Gabon Mbangandourgou
Equatorial Guinea Nfum
Democratic Republic of the Congo Alumbi, Bokoko, Kua, Mubangu

AMESCLÀO
Amesclào
Family. Burseraceae
Botanical names
Tetragastris altissima Swart
Tetragastris panamensis Kuntze
Tetragastris p.p.
Notes. The genus Trattinickia is also commercialised under
the name Amesclào, despite the species of this genus having
different properties than the genus Tetragastris.
Log description
Wood description
Reference colour. Orange yellow
Texture. Fine
Notes. Wood light brown to orangey yellow. Sometimes
frequent small black resinous spots.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.87
(1)

Resistance to decay. Class 2 - durable
Wood species 87
AMESCLÀO

Use class covered by natural durability Class 3 - not in ground contact, outside
Notes. The possible presence of few demarcated sapwood may have an influence on
the expected durability. According to the European standard NF EN 335 of May 2013,
performance length might be modified by conditions in which it is used.
Drying
Notes. Sawing and machining are more or less easy according to the species and the
interlocked grain. Silica content is variable.
Assembling
Notes. Amesclào tends to split with nailing. High specific gravity: important that gluing be
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Tetragastris altissima

AMESCLÀO

In French Guiana, the local name of this species is «Sali». Grading is done according to local
rules «Bois guyanais classés” (1990).
Possible grading: Choice 1, choice 2, choice 3, choice 4
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Heavy carpentry • Interior joinery
• Vehicle or container flooring • Industrial or heavy flooring
• Exterior joinery • Bridges (parts not in contact with water
or ground)
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Amesclào, Breu grande, Breu manga, Breu preto, Breu-sucuruba, Breu vermelho, Morcegueira
Colombia Trementino azucarero
Cuba Palo cochino
Ecuador Copal
Guyana Haiawaballi, Joeliballi-tataroe, Ulu
French Guiana Bois cochon, Encens rouge, Grand moni, Sali
Puerto Rico Masa, Palo de Aceite
Suriname Joeliballi-tataroe, Salie, Tingimoni
Wood species 89
ANDIRA
Andira
Botanical names
Andira coriacea Pulle (Syn. Andira wachenheimi)
Andira inermis DC. (Syn. Andira jamaicensis)
Andira parviflora Ducke
Andira p.p.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Flat sawn
Notes. Pink brown to red brown. Bands of light coloured
Quarter sawn
parenchyma tissue give this wood a distinctive figure. Presence
of internal stresses and wind shakes (internal fractures in the
wood).
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.86
(1)


ANDIRA

Notes. The species Andira coriacea is very resistant to decay (class 1); it naturally covers the
water). According to the European standard NF EN 335 of May 2013, performance length
might be modified by conditions in which it is used.
treatment
treatment
Drying
Notes. It is difficult to obtain a smooth surface in planing because of the alternate bands of
hard and soft wood. Splinters may cause infection.
Assembling
Notes. Tends to split with nailing. High specific gravity: important that gluing be performed
in compliance with the code of practice and instructions for the glue used.
Cross sections of Andira coriacea
Wood species 91
ANDIRA
Commercial grading
grading
According to NHLA grading rules
(2015)
Possible grading: FAS, Select,
Common 1, Common 2,
Common 3
In French Guiana, the local
name of this species is «Saint
Martin Rouge». Grading is done
according to local rules «Bois
guyanais classés” (1990).
Possible grading: Choice 1,
choice 2, choice 3, choice 4
Fire safety
Conventional French grading Traditional bench made of Saint Martin rouge – Organic Collection
– Design by Sous le Fromager, Kourou (French Guiana).
Main end uses
• Turned goods • House framing
• Heavy carpentry • Industrial or heavy flooring
• Cabinetry (high-end furniture) • Sliced veneer
• Vehicle or container flooring • Decking
• Interior joinery or ground)
• Built-in furniture or mobile item • Exterior panelling
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Acapurana, Almendro de rio, Andira, Angelim, Andira uchi
Colombia Congo
Costa Rica Mocha colorado
Ecuador Moton
Guyana Bat seed, Koraro
French Guiana Saint-Martin rouge
Mexico Maquilla
Peru Quinillo colorado
Suriname Roode kabbes
Trinidad and Tobago Angelin
Venezuela Sarrapio montanero

ANDIROBA
Andiroba
Family. Meliaceae
Botanical names
Carapa guianensis Aubl. (Syn. Carapa nicaraguensis)
Carapa procera DC.
Carapa p.p.
Notes. Carapa procera may be found in Africa under the name
“Crabwood”.
Log description
Wood description
Notes. Buoyancy is variable: Andiroba branca (varzea) floats. Quarter sawn
Andiroba vermelha (terra firme) does not float.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.67
(1)

all the wood)
Resistance to termites. Class M – moderately durable
Wood species 93
ANDIROBA
possible)
Drying
Notes. Some difficulties in planing in the presence of interlocked grain.
Assembling
Commercial grading
In French Guiana, the local name of this species is «Carapa». Grading is done according to
local rules «Bois guyanais classés” (1990).
Cross sections of Carapa guianensis

ANDIROBA

According to French standard NF B 52-001-1
(2011), strength class D35 can be provided by
visual grading.
Fire safety
Thickness > 14 mm: M3 (moderately
flammable)
timber in vertical uses and ceilings with
minimal mean density of 0.35 and minimal
thickness of 22 mm.
Main end uses
• Turned goods
• Shingles
• Framing
• Ship building (planking and deck)
• Cabinetry (high-end furniture) Staircase in Carapa for the Yawapa carbet
• Boxes and crates (traditional gazebo-like structure) – Designed
by Laurent Pilaoukou (French Guiana).
• Stairs (inside)
• Veneer for back or face of plywood
• Moulding
• Panelling
• Flooring
• Glued Laminated
• Sliced veneer
• Exterior panelling
• Seats
Notes. This wood is often used as a substitute for Mahogany.
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Andiroba, Andiroba branca, Andiroba vermelha, Andirobeira, Carapa, Nandiroba
Colombia Güino, Masabalo, Mazabalo
Costa Rica Cedro bateo, Cedro macho
Ecuador Figueroa, Tangare,
Guyana Crabwood
French Guiana Carapa
Honduras Bastard mahogany
Panama Cedro bateo
Paraguay Andiroba
Peru Andiroba
Suriname Krappa
Trinidad and Tobago Crappo
Venezuela Carapa, Masabalo
Wood species 95
ANDOK
Andok
Botanical name
Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O’Rorke) Baill.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Thickness of sapwood. n.d.
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Flat sawn
Notes. Sapwood yellow with red stripes. Heartwood pale
green-brown or orange-yellow, can fade to grey-brown.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.93
(1)

all the wood)
Resistance to termites. Class M - moderately durable
Use class covered by natural durability Class 3 - not in
ground contact, outside

ANDOK
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Assembling
Notes. High specific gravity: important that gluing be performed in compliance with the
Commercial grading
Cross sections Irvingia gabonensis
Wood species 97
ANDOK
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Shipbuilding • House framing
• Tool handles (resilient woods) • Industrial or heavy flooring
• Exterior joinery • Decking
Notes. Not present on the international market but widely used for a large range of everyday
objects.
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Bwiba bambale, Ntwa, Pékié, Unyom
Congo Eniok
Côte d’Ivoire Boborou
Gabon Andok
Nigeria Ogwe, Oro
Central African Republic Ebi

ANDOUNG
Andoung
Botanical names
Aphanocalyx hedinii Wieringa (Syn. Monopetalanthus hedinii)
Aphanocalyx heitzii Wieringa (Syn. Monopetalanthus heitzii)
Bikinia coriacea Wieringa (Syn. Monopetalanthus coriacea)
Bikinia durandii Wieringa (Syn. Monopetalanthus durandii)
Bikinia le-testui Wieringa (Syn. Monopetalanthus le-testui)
Bikinia pellegrini Wieringa (Syn. Monopetalanthus pellegrini)
Bikinia p.p.
Continent. Africa
Notes. Wood frequently confused with Ekaba (Tetraberlinia p.p)
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats Flat sawn
Wood description
Quarter sawn
Texture. Medium
Notes. Pink brown to red brown. Possible wind shakes (internal
fractures in wood).
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.59
(1)
Wood species 99
ANDOUNG

Resistance to dry wood borers. Class S - susceptible (risk in all the wood)
Use class covered by natural durability Class 1 - inside (no risk of dampness)
Drying
Notes. High risk of distortion in case of highly interlocked grain.
Notes. Some difficulties in the presence of interlocked grain. Tendency to woolliness.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Bikinia sp.

ANDOUNG

visual grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Framing • Panelling
• Formwork • Exterior joinery
• Boxes and crates • Interior joinery
• Stairs (inside) • Built-in furniture or mobile item
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Ékop-mayo, Zoélé
France N’douma
Gabon Andoung, N’douma
Equatorial Guinea Andjung, Ekop
Bed frames – Gabon Wood Industries, Nkok (Gabon).
Wood species 101

ANGELIM
Angelim
Botanical names
Hymenolobium elatum Ducke
Hymenolobium excelsum Ducke
Hymenolobium petraeum Ducke
Hymenolobium p.p.
Log description
Wood description
Flat sawn Texture. Coarse
Quarter sawn Notes. Yellow brown becoming pinkish brown on exposure.
Fairly important waxen patches more or less frequent.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.80
(1)

all the wood)

ANGELIM
possible)
Notes. Resistance to decay moderate to good according to the species.
treatment
Drying
Notes. Possible sawing and machining difficulties if the waxen patches are numerous. These
patches remain visible after machining.
Assembling
Notes. Tends to end checks when nailing. High specific gravity: important that gluing be
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Hymenolobium excelsum
Wood species 103

ANGELIM

name of this species is Saint
Martin Jaune. Grading is
done according to to local
rules «Bois guyanais classés”
(1990).
According to French
standard NF B 52-001-1
(2011), strength class D40
can be provided by visual
grading.
Fire safety
Conventional French
grading Table for child’s bedroom – Kourou (French Guiana).
Main end uses
• Heavy carpentry • Moulding
• Panelling • Industrial or heavy flooring
• Exterior joinery • Sliced veneer
• Interior joinery • Exterior panelling
Notes. Extensive sanding is needed to obtain a good finish.
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Angelim amarelo, Angelim da mata, Angelim pedra, Angelim rosa, Mirarena, Sapupira amarella
France Angelim
Guyana Koraroballi
French Guiana Saint-Martin gris, Saint-Martin jaune
Suriname Makkakabes, Saandoe

ANGELIM RAJADO / SNAKEWOOD*
Angelim rajado / Snakewood*

Botanical names
Zygia racemosa Barneby & J.W. Grimes
(Syn. Marmaroxylon racemosum)
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Notes. Heartwood with irregular dark brown veins. These veins

are not present in sapwood. Sometimes wavy grain.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 1.03
(1)

all the wood)
Treatability. Class 3 - poorly treatable
Wood species 105

treatment
Drying
Notes. Difficulties due to hardness and interlocked grain.
Assembling
Commercial grading
In Guyana, the local name of this species is «Bois serpent». Grading is done according to
Cross sections of Zygia racemosa

Fire safety
Default grading for solid wood that meets
requirements of European standard NF EN 14081-1
(April 2016): structural graded timber in vertical uses
and ceilings with minimal mean density of 0.35 and
Main end uses
• Turned goods
• Panelling
• Flooring
• Sliced veneer
• Marquetry
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Angelim rajado, Firma, Ingarana,
Ingarana da terra firma
Guyana Snakewood
French Guiana Bois serpent
Suriname Bostamarinde, Sneki oedoe
Electric guitar top in Angelim rajado –

Design by Cosmik Guitare, Lille (France).
Wood species 107

ANGELIM VERMELHO
Angelim vermelho
Botanical name
Dinizia excelsa Ducke
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Notes. Hollow tree very common. Unpleasant odour when
Flat sawn
green or rewetted.
Quarter sawn Property Mean value
Density(1) 1.07
(1)

fresh water contact
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. This
species naturally covers the use class 5 (wood permanently or

ANGELIM VERMELHO
regularly submerged in salt water, sea water or brackish water) due to its high specific gravity
and its hardness. According to the European standard NF EN 335 of May 2013, performance
length might be modified by conditions in which it is used.
Drying
Notes. Kiln drying must be handled slowly and carefully. Air drying prior to kiln drying is
recommended.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Dinizia excelsa
Wood species 109

ANGELIM VERMELHO

According to European
standard EN 1912 (2012)
and associated national
standards (see explanatory
note), strength class D50 can
be provided by visual grading.
Strength class D50 can be also
provided by visual grading
according to French standard
NF B 52-001-1 (2011).
Fire safety
Conventional French
grading
Thickness > 14 mm: M3 Sub-structure of the planking of the Forum Saint-Martin in
(moderately flammable) Perpignan (France).
(readily flammable)
Main end uses
• Heavy carpentry • Bridges (parts in contact with water or
• Ship building (planking and deck) ground)
or ground)
• Poles
• Industrial or heavy flooring
• Sleepers
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Angelim falso, Angelim ferro, Angelim pedra, Angelim vermelho, Faveira preta, Faveira grande,
Gurupa
Guyana Parakwa

ANGOA
Angoa
Family. Vochysiaceae
Botanical name
Erismadelphus exsul Mildbr.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Notes. Sapwood yellowish. Heartwood yellowish to brown,
often with greenish brown marks near the heart.
Property Mean value

Density(1) 0.72
(1)

all the wood)
risk of dampness)
Wood species 111

ANGOA
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Notes. Inclination to twist and cup.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections Erismadelphus exsul

ANGOA
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Veneer for back or face of plywood • Moulding
• Veneer for interior of plywood • House framing
• Panelling • Blockboard
• Interior joinery • Flooring
Notes. Needs filling before polishing.
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Afoé bilobi, Bokokkwanjube
Gabon Angoa, Essang-afane
Wood species 113

ANGUEUK
Angueuk
Family. Olacaceae
Botanical name
Ongokea gore Pierre
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Reference colour. Yellow
Texture. Medium
Flat sawn Notes. Wood pale yellow slightly brownish, darkens with light.
Ribbon-like aspect on quartersawn. Sometimes wavy grain.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.88
(1)

ANGUEUK
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. The possible presence of few
demarcated sapwood may have an influence on the expected durability. According to the
European standard NF EN 335 of May 2013, performance length might be modified by
conditions in which it is used.
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Must be dried on quartersawns to reduce distortion.
Notes. Requires power.
Assembling
Cross sections Ongokea gore
Wood species 115

ANGUEUK
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Vehicle or container flooring • Sliced veneer
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Angueuk, Bwelabako
Congo Sanu
Côte d’Ivoire Kouéro
Gabon Angueuk
Ghana Bodwe
Nigeria Ekuso, Elede
Central African Republic Mobengé
République démocratique du Congo Boléko

ANIÉGRÉ / ANINGERIA*
Aniégré / Aningeria*
Family. Sapotaceae
Botanical names
Chrysophyllum giganteum A. Chev.
(Syn. Gambeyobotrys gigantea)
Pouteria altissima Baehni (Syn. Aningeria altissima)
Pouteria pierrei Baehni (Syn. Aningeria robusta)
Pouteria superba L. Gaut. (Syn. Aningeria superba)
(Syn. Malacantha superba)
Pouteria p.p. (Syn. Aningeria p.p.)
Continent. Africa
Notes. Aniégré is sometimes confused with Longhi
(Chrysophyllum p.p.)
Log description
Buoyancy. Does not float Flat sawn

Wood description Quarter sawn
Texture. Fine
Notes. Wood cream white to pale pink brown, veined, lustrous
aspect. Grain sometimes wavy producing a moiré aspect.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.57
(1)
Wood species 117


Resistance to decay. Class 4-5 – poorly durable to not durable
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Tendency to blue stain, especially in the early stages of air drying.
Notes. Risks of splinters in cross cutting, boring or mortising. Stains well.
Assembling
Cross sections of Pouteria superba

Commercial grading
Possible grading for square-edged
timbers: choice i, choice ii, choice iii,
choice iv
lumbers: choice i, choice ii
Possible grading for short-length rafters:
choice ii, choice iii Flitches prepared for slicing – Tropical wood, Adzopé
Fire safety (Côte d’Ivoire).

Main end uses
• Glued Laminated
Notes. Can be used as a substitute for Merisier. Very prone to blue stain.
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Aningre, Tanganyka nuss
Angola Kali, Mukali
Cameroon Nom abam
Congo Mukali, N’kali
Côte d’Ivoire Aniégré, Aninguéri blanca
Ethiopia Kararo
Ghana Asanfena
Italy Tanganyka noce
Kenya Mukangu, Muna
Nigeria Landojan
Uganda Osan
Central African Republic M’boul
Democratic Republic of Congo Tutu
United Kingdom Aningeria
Wood species 119

ANZÈM / NTÉNÉ*
Anzèm / Nténé*
Botanical name
Copaifera religiosa J. Léonard
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Flat sawn
Notes. Sapwood whitish to pale pink. Heartwood pale pink
brown to reddish brown, copper tinge, with darker veining.
Frequent resin exudation.
Half-quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.58
(1)

all the wood)
risk of dampness)

ANZÈM / NTÉNÉ*
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Copaifera religiosa
Wood species 121

ANZÈM / NTÉNÉ*
Fire safety
Main end uses
Notes. Possible confusion with Anzèm and Mutényé as logs (similar bark) and with
Ghéombi as sawn timber. Substitute for Walnut.
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Anzèm
Congo N’téné
Gabon Anzèm rouge
Equatorial Guinea Andem, Azem
Democratic Republic of Congo Bengi

ARARACANGA
Araracanga
Family. Apocynaceae
Botanical names
Aspidosperma album Benoist
Aspidosperma desmanthum Benth.
Aspidosperma p.p.
Notes. The genus Aspidosperma is also associated with other
woods (Peroba rosa, Quebracho blanco, Carreto, Piquia
marfim). The species Aracacanga presents great variability.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Notes. Heartwood orange light brown sometimes with large
pink veins.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.94
(1)

Wood species 123

ARARACANGA

Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. This species naturally covers the
water). According to the European standard NF EN 335 of May 2013, performance length
Drying
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Aspidosperma album

ARARACANGA
In French Guiana, the local name of this species is Kouamanti Oudou. Grading is done
according to to local rules «Bois guyanais classés” (1990).
Possible grading: choice 1, choice 2, choice 3, choice 4
visual grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Heavy carpentry • Decking
• Ship building (planking and deck) • Bridges (parts in contact with water or
• building (ribs) ground)
• Cabinetry (high-end furniture) • Bridges (parts not in contact with water
or ground)
• Poles
• Flooring
• Sculpture
• Hydraulic works (fresh water)
• Sliced veneer
• Sleepers
Common names
Country Local name
Belize My lady
Bolivia Gavetillo
Brazil Jacamin, Ararauba, Araracanga
Colombia Copachi, Quillo caspi
Guatemala Chichica
Guyana Shibadan
French Guiana Kiantioutiou, Koumanti oudou
Honduras Chapel, Chaperna
Mexico Volador, Pelmax
Panama Alcarreto
Peru Pumaquiro
Suriname Kromanti kopi
Venezuela Nielillo negro
Wood species 125

ASH
Ash
Family. Oleaceae
Botanical names
Fraxinus excelsior L.
Continent. Europe
Log description
Buoyancy. Not applicable
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Grain. Straight
Notes. Creamy white wood when fresh, it turns yellow with
Flat sawn
light. Sometimes wavy grain. Heart of some logs is marked with
veins or black areas.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.68
(1)

all the wood)
risk of dampness)

ASH
treatment
Drying
Notes. Low risk of splits or deformation with natural drying.
Notes. Ash wood has a good aptitude for bending.
Assembling
Notes. Very porous and slightly acidic: to be taken into account when gluing.
Commercial grading
No conventional grading rules for this species. Sawn products are graded according to final
uses.
visual grading.
Cross sections of Fraxinus excelsior
Wood species 127

ASH
Fire safety
flammable)
NF EN 14081-1 (April 2016):
and minimal thickness of 22 mm.
Main end uses
• Arched goods
• Turned goods
• Coffins
• Tool handles (resilient woods)
• Flooring
• Sliced veneer
• Seats
• Cooperage Pays de Bresse wardrobe in cherry wood and ash burr,
18th century – Éric Orsini, Pézenas (France).
Notes. This wood is particularly
renowned for its flexibility
(aptitude for bending) and its
resistance to impacts.
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Esche
Spain Fresno
France Frêne
Italy Frassino
United Kingdom Ash

ASIAN BLACK EBONY* / ÉBÈNE NOIRE D’ASIE
Asian Black Ebony* / Ébène

noire d’Asie
Family. Ebenaceae
Botanical names
Diospyros ebenum J. Koenig
Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.
Diospyros mollis Griff.
Diospyros mun A. Chev.
Diospyros vera A. Chev. (Syn. Diospyros ferrea)
Diospyros p.p.
Notes. Only Diospyros from Madagascar are listed in CITES
Log description
Flat sawn
Wood description
Reference colour. Black Half-quarter sawn
Texture. Fine
Notes. Sapwood yellowish white to pink grey or pale reddish
brown. Heartwood uniform black. Very thin, uniform structure,
wavy bands of parenchyma fibres on horizontal side, highly
decorative.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 1.10
(1)
Wood species 129


sapwood)
treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Machining and sanding dust may cause irritation.
Assembling
Notes. Very high specific gravity and extractive content: important that gluing be performed
Cross sections of Diospyros ebenum

Commercial grading
No conventional grading rules for this cabinet work species. Sawn products are graded
according to final uses.
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Turned goods • Sliced or sawed veneer
• Cabinetry (high-end furniture) • Sculpture
• Musical instruments • Marquetry
Common names
Country Local name
France Ébène noire d’Asie
India Black Ebony, Ebony
Indonesia Kaju hitam
United Kingdom Asian Black Ebony, Ebony, Ebony persimmon
Sri Lanka Ceylon Ebony
Thailand Ma klua
Viet Nam Mun
Wood species 131

ASIAN GRAINED EBONY* / ÉBÈNE VEINÉE D’ASIE
Asian Grained Ebony* /

Ébène veinée d’Asie
Family. Ebenaceae
Botanical names
Diospyros celebica Bakh.
Diospyros marmorata R. Parker
Diospyros rumphii Bakh.
Diospyros p.p.
Only Diospyros from Madagascar are listed in CITES
Log description
Flat sawn Wood description
Reference colour. Dark brown
Quarter sawn Texture. Fine
Notes. Sapwood yellowish white to pink grey or pale reddish
brown. Heartwood black with irregular stripes caused by layers
or veins of varying width. Wide variations possible in colour
combinations for some species. Very thin, uniform structure,
wavy bands of parenchyma fibres on horizontal side, highly
decorative.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 1.20
(1)


sapwood)
treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Machining and sanding dust may cause irritation.
Assembling
Notes. Very high specific gravity and extractive content: important that gluing especially be
Cross sections of Diospyros celebica
Wood species 133

Commercial grading
grading
No conventional grading rules for
this cabinet work species. Sawn
products are graded according to
final uses.
Fire safety
flammable)
of European standard Pair of whales in Macassar Ebony, Éric Orsini, Pézenas (France).
NF EN 14081-1 (April 2016):
structural graded timber in vertical
uses and ceilings with minimal mean density of 0.35 and minimal thickness of 22 mm.
Main end uses
• Turned goods • Sliced or sawed veneer
Common names
Country Local name
France Ébène veinée d’Asie, Ébène de Macassar
India Marblewood
Indonesia Ebony, Kaju hitam
Malaysia Kajol martem, Macassar Ebony
United Kingdom Asian Grained Ebony

AVODIRÉ
Avodiré
Family. Meliaceae
Botanical name
Turraeanthus africana Pellegr.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Notes. Wood cream white or light yellow, lustrous aspect, turns
to golden yellow with light. Moiré or ribbon-like aspect on
Half-quarter sawn
quartersawn.
Density(1) 0.58
(1)

all the wood)
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Prone
to blue stain.
Wood species 135

AVODIRÉ
Drying
Notes. Poor aptitude for peeling (irregularly-shaped logs). Very irritant sawdust; good
ventilation required. Sometimes tearing in planing.
Assembling
Notes. Slight tendency to split when nailing.
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Turraeanthus africana

AVODIRÉ
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Musical instruments • Moulding
Notes. Substitute for sycomore [sycomore maple in US] for furniture.
Common names
Country Local name
Belgium Lusamba
Cameroon Asama
Côte d’Ivoire Avodiré
Ghana Apapaya, Avodire
Liberia Blima-pu
Nigeria Apaya
Democratic Republic of Congo Lusamba, M’fubé
Wood species 137

AWOURA
Awoura
Botanical names
Julbernardia pellegriniana Troupin (Syn. Paraberlinia bifoliolata)
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Half-quarter sawn Notes. Wood highly veined with alternate dark and light
coloured streaks. Sometimes oblique grain.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.77
(1)


AWOURA
treatment
Drying
Notes. Possibility of discolouration during drying.
Notes. Risks of distortion in machining (especially in planing).
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Julbernardia pellegriniana
Wood species 139

AWOURA
Visual structure
grading
According to French
(2011), strength class
D40 can be provided by
visual grading.
Fire safety
Conventional French
grading
(moderately flammable) Sculpture made of Béli (Gabon).
(readily flammable)
Main end uses
• Stairs (inside) • House framing
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Zebrali
Cameroon Ékop-béli
France Zébrali
Gabon Awoura, Béli

AYOUS / OBECHE*
Ayous / Obeche*
Family. Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae)
Botanical name
Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Notes. Black holes, brittleheart, ring shakes and grub holes Flat sawn
in some logs. Yellowish white to light yellow, heartwood
sometimes darker. Ribbon-like aspect on quartersawn. Grain
sometimes irregular.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.38
(1)

all the wood)
risk of dampness)
Wood species 141

AYOUS / OBECHE*
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Poorly to moderately permeable to
preservation treatment. Prone to blue stain and dote.
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Notes. During air drying, it is recommended to use large spacer sticks to allow good air
circulation.
Notes. Tends to crumble when machining end grain and tends to tear in mortising (it is
recommended to keep sharp edges and to reduce the cutting angle). Filling recommended.
Assembling
Notes. Very porous and absorbent: to be taken into account when gluing.
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Triplochiton scleroxylon

AYOUS / OBECHE*
Possible grading for short-

length lumbers: choice i,
choice ii
length rafters: choice i,
According to French
Ceiling of Paris-Charles-de-Gaulle airport in Roissy-en-France (France).
grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Matches • Interior joinery
• Coffins • Built-in furniture or mobile item
• Pencils • Moulding
• Panelling • Sculpture
Notes. Ayous is a subtitute for Poplar for several end-uses: light furniture, panelling etc.
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Abachi
Benin Xwetin
Cameroon Ayous, Ayus
Congo Éguess
Côte d’Ivoire Samba
France Ayous, Samba
Gabon Ayous / Obeche
Ghana Wawa
Equatorial Guinea Ayous, Ayus
Nigeria Arere, Obeche
Central African Republic Bado, M’bado
United Kingdom Ayous, Obeche, Wawa
Wood species 143

AZOBÉ / EKKI*
Azobé / Ekki*
Family. Ochnaceae
Botanical names
Lophira alata Banks (Syn. Lophira procera)
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Reference colour. Dark red
Texture. Coarse
Flat sawn Interlocked grain. Marked
Notes. Dark red to purple brown wood. Intermediate zone
between sapwood and heartwood. White deposits in the pores.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 1.06
(1)

fresh water contact

AZOBÉ / EKKI*
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Transitional wood has a variable
durability. Good resistance to marine borers in temperate water but moderate resistance in
tropical water. This species is thus considered as “moderately durable” for marine borers and
covers the use class 5 only when used in temperate or cold salt water, sea water or brackish
water. According to the European standard NF EN 335 of May 2013, performance length
treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Air drying period recommended (3 to 4 months under shelter) prior to kiln drying.
Drying very difficult for thicknesses > 38 mm.
Notes. Log turning sawing recommended (internal stresses). Some difficulties in planing due
to interlocked grain.
Assembling
Cross sections of Lophira alata
Wood species 145

AZOBÉ / EKKI*
Commercial grading
According to European standard EN 1912 (2012) and associated national standards (see
explanatory note), strength class D70 can be provided by visual grading. Strength class D50
can also be provided by visual grading according to French standard NF B 52-001-1 (2011).
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Stairs (inside) ground)
• Vehicle or container flooring • Bridges (parts not in contact with water
or ground)
• House framing
• Cooperage
• Stakes
• Decking
• Sleepers
• Poles
Notes. In permanent humidification, transition wood must be eliminated. Resistant to one or
several acids.
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Bongossi, Bonkole
Benin Éki
Cameroon Bongossi, Okoka
Congo Bonkolé
Côte d’Ivoire Azobé / Ekki
Gabon Akoga
Ghana Kaku
Equatorial Guinea Akoga
Nigeria Eba, Ekki
Central African Republic Kofyo
United Kingdom Ekki
Sierra Leone Hendui
“Tillac” on the Calais pier – Design by Bois et loisirs
(France).

BACURI
Bacuri
Family. Clusiaceae
Botanical name
Platonia insignis Mart.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Grain. Straight
Notes. Occasional ringshakes in logs.
Half-quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.85 Quarter sawn
(1)

Use class covered by natural durability Class 3 - not in ground
contact, outside
Notes. According to the European standard NF EN 335 of May
2013, performance length might be modified by conditions in
which it is used.
Wood species 147

BACURI
treatment
Drying
Notes. Silica content is variable.
Assembling
Commercial grading
In French Guiana, the local name of this species is «Parcouri». Grading is done according to
Cross sections of Platonia insignis

BACURI
Fire safety
Main end uses
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Bacuri, Bacuriuba, Bacuri-açu, Ubucari
Ecuador Matazama
Guyana Mammea apple, Pakuri
French Guiana Parcouri
Paraguay Bacury
Suriname Goelhart, Pakoeli
Wood species 149

BALAU, RED
Balau, Red
Botanical names
Shorea balangeran Burck
Shorea collina Ridl.
Shorea guiso Blume
Shorea inaequilateralis Symington
Shorea kunstleri King
Shorea ochrophloia Symington
Shorea subgen. Rubroshorea p.p.
Notes. Shorea subgen. Rubroshorea species with specific
gravity between 0.78 and 0.95.
Log description
Flat sawn Log conservation. Moderate (treatment recommended)
Wood description
Quarter sawn
Texture. Medium
Notes. Wood light to dark red brown or purplish red brown to
grey brown. Canals filled with white resin.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.87
(1)
Notes. Specific gravity varies from 0.78 to 0.95. Fairly hard to
hard.

BALAU, RED

sapwood)
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Planed surfaces present a variable lustre. Occasional difficulties due to highly
interlocked grain.
Assembling
Cross sections of Shorea balangeran
Wood species 151

BALAU, RED
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Heavy carpentry • Exterior joinery
• building (ribs) • Flooring
• Boxes and crates • Industrial or heavy flooring
• Vehicle or container flooring or ground)
• Musical instruments • Cooperage
Common names
Country Local name
France Balau red
Indonesia Balangeran, Balau merah, Belangeran
Malaysia Balau laut merah, Balau membatu, Damar laut merah, Empenit-meraka, Membatu, Red balau,
Red selangan batu, Selangan batu merah, Selimbar, Semayur, Sengawan, Seraya sirup, Seri
Philippines Gisok, Guijo
Thailand Chan khah, Chankhau, Makata

BALAU, YELLOW / BANGKIRAI*
Balau, Yellow / Bangkirai*

Botanical names
Shorea glauca King
Shorea laevis Ridl.
Shorea maxwelliana King
Shorea superba Symington
Shorea subgen. Eushorea p.p.
Notes. Shorea subgen. Eushorea. Yellow Balau is usually used
for woods imported from Malaysia, Bangkirai for woods from
Indonesia.
Log description
Flat sawn
Wood description
Reference colour. Yellow brown Quarter sawn
Texture. Medium
Notes. Yellow brown to reddish brown more or less dark. White
resin canals. Sawnwoods may present black holes. This defect is
acceptable if it remains limited and not frequent.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.91
(1)
Wood species 153


Resistance to dry wood borers. Class D - durable (heartwood durable but sapwood not
clearly demarcated)
demarcated sapwood may have an influence on durability. Only Shorea laevis has a good
enough natural durability to allow end-uses under use class 5 (wood permanently or
regularly submerged in salt water, sea water or brackish water). It is due to its high specific
gravity and high silica content. According to the European standard NF EN 335 of May
2013, performance length might be modified by conditions in which it is used.
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Initial air drying is recommended prior to kiln drying.
Notes. Some difficulties due to interlocked grain during planing.
Cross sections of Shorea laevis

Assembling
Nailing/screwing. Good but
pre-boring necessary
Notes. Tends to split with
nailing. High specific gravity:
important that gluing be
performed in compliance
with the code of practice and
instructions for the glue used.
Commercial grading
grading
According to MGR grading
rules (2009)
Sound protection screen, A10 motorway – Châtellerault (France).
Possible grading: Prime,
Select, Standard, Sound,
Serviceable, Utility
explanatory note), strength class D50 can be provided by visual grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Boxes and crates • Bridges (parts not in contact with water
or ground)
• Poles
• Cooperage
• Flooring
• Sleepers
• Decking
Notes. Other possible end-uses: garden furniture.
Common names
Country Local name
India Sal
Indonesia Agelam, Balau, Bangkirai, Benuas, Kedawang, Kumus, Pooti, Selangan batu, Selangan batu kumus
Malaysia Balau, Balau kumus, Balau simantok, Damar laut, Damar laut kumus, Selangan batu, Sengkawang,
Sengkawan darat, Yellow balau
Myanmar Thitya
Philippines Gisok, Malaykal, Yakal
Thailand Ak, Aek, Chan, Pa-Yom dong
Wood species 155

BALSA
Balsa
Family. Malvaceae (Bombacaceae)
Botanical names
Ochroma pyramidale Urb. (Syn. Ochroma lagopus)
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Grain. Straight
Flat sawn Notes. Wood cream white to pink white.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.14
(1)

all the wood)
risk of dampness)
Notes. Impregnation in autoclave not recommended.
Impregnation by soaking satisfactory.

BALSA
Drying
Notes. Kiln drying is preferable to air drying to reduce the defects. Drying must be done slowly.
Notes. Sharp tools are necessary to avoid fuzzy surface.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Specific grading according to uses
Fire safety
Euroclass grading. Ungraded
Average density under 0.35.
Cross sections of Ochroma pyramidale
Wood species 157

BALSA
Main end uses

• Floats
• Insulation
• Model building
• Marquetry
Notes. Filling is required to obtain a good
finish.
Common names
Country Local name
Bolivia Tami
Brazil Pau de balsa
Colombia Lanu
El Salvador Algodon
Ecuador Balsa
Guatemala Lanilla
Honduras Balsa, Guano
Nicaragua Catillo, Gatillo
Peru Balsa, Palo de balsa, Topa
Trinidad and Tobago Bois flot
Venezuela Balso
“Sanctuary” – Design by Pauline Grapa (France).

BALSAMO
Balsamo
Botanical names
Myroxylon balsamum Harms (Syn. Myroxylon toluiferum)
Myroxylon peruiferum L. f.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Notes. Sapwood cream white. Heartwood purplish-red to Flat sawn
reddish brown darkening on exposure, with stripes of lighter
colour. Very fine storeyed structure, perceptible. Sporadic
resinous marks. Pleasant slight scent when sawn.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.95
(1)

fresh water contact
Wood species 159

BALSAMO
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Good results in turnery. Very fine surface obtained after sanding.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Cross sections of Myroxylon balsamum

BALSAMO

Main end uses
• Shipbuilding • Interior joinery
Notes. Sometimes difficulties with finishing caused by resin. Used medicinally and in
perfumery.
Common names
Country Local name
Argentina Incienso, Quina-quina
Belgium Balsam
Brazil Cabreuva, Cabreuva vermelha, Oleo vermelho
Colombia Myroxylon
Ecuador Sandalo
Honduras Balsamo
Mexico Arbol del bálsamo, Bálsamo
Paraguay Incienso
Peru Bálsamo de tolu, Bálsamo de perú, Estoraque, Quina-quina
Wood species 161

BASRALOCUS
Basralocus
Botanical names
Dicorynia guianensis Amshoff
Dicorynia paraensis Benth.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Grain. Straight
Half-quarter sawn Interlocked grain. Absent
Notes. Colour turns bronze brown or purplish brown with air.
Sometimes, presence of internal stresses.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.79
(1)


BASRALOCUS
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Resistance to decay: moderate
to good depending on decay. This species does not cover the use class 4, but it naturally
covers the use class 5 (wood permanently or regularly submerged in salt water, sea water
or brackish water) owing to its high silica content and its high specific gravity. Resistance to
termites ranges from moderately good to good. According to the European standard NF EN
Drying
Notes. Slow drying recommended in order to reduce risks of checking and distorsion. Risks
of casehardening with thick material.
Notes. Must be sawn green in order to reduce blunting effect. Sawing requires power and a
cutting angle of 20° is recommended.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Dicorynia guianensis
Wood species 163

BASRALOCUS

In French Guiana, the local name of this species is «Angélique». Grading is done according
to local rules «Bois guyanais classés” (1990).
explanatory note), strength class D24 can be provided by visual grading. For Basralocus from
French Guiana (known as Angélique locally), strength class D50 can also be provided by
visual grading according to French standard NF B 52-001-1 (2011).
Fire safety
Euroclass grading. C-s1, d0
Grading for solid wood that meets requirements of European standard NF EN 14081-1 (April
2016): structural graded timber in vertical uses and ceilings with a minimal thickness of 22 mm.
Assigned according to procedures of the European standard NF EN 13501-1. Relevant
European grading report N°RA05-0238D prepared by CSTB.
Main end uses
• Turned goods • Built-in furniture or mobile item
• Heavy carpentry • Flooring
• Ship building (planking and deck) • Industrial or heavy flooring
• Veneer for back or face of plywood or ground)
• Vehicle or container flooring • Sculpture
• Panelling • Cooperage
• Exterior joinery • Hydraulic works (seawater)
Notes. Resistant to one or several acids.
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Angelica, Angelica
do para, Tapaiuna,
French Guiana Angélique,
Basralocus,
Suriname Barakaroeballi,
Basralokus
Traditional framework in Basralocus (shingles in Wallaba) –

Kourou (French Guiana).

BATIBATRA
Batibatra
Botanical name
Enterolobium schomburgkii Benth.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Notes. Logs are often clearly curved. Sometimes wavy grain.
Flat sawn
Property Mean value
(1)

fresh water contact
Notes. According to the European standard NF EN 335 of May
2013, performance length might be modified by conditions in
which it is used.
Wood species 165

BATIBATRA
treatment
treatment
Drying
Notes. In order to reduce the risks of casehardening, air drying must be done under cover. A
high level of humidity should be maintained during kiln drying.
Notes. Requires power. Raised grain occurs when planing in presence of interlocked grain.
Sawdust sometimes an irritant.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Enterolobium schomburgkii

BATIBATRA
Fire safety
flammable)
NF EN 14081-1 (April 2016): structural
graded timber in vertical uses and ceilings
with minimal mean density of 0.35 and
Main end uses
• Turned goods
• Heavy carpentry
• Stairs (inside)
• Panelling
• House framing
• Flooring
• Sliced veneer
• Decking
• Bridges (parts in contact with water or
ground)
Section of flooring – Olliwood (Brazil).
• Bridges (parts not in contact with water
or ground)
• Sleepers
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Batibatra, Fava de rosca, Fava orelha de macaco, Fava orelha de negro, Genizero,
Orelha de macaco, Timbauba, Timborana
French Guiana Acacia franc, Bougou bati batra
Suriname Tamaren prokoni
Wood species 167

BEECH
Beech
Family. Fagaceae
Botanical name
Fagus sylvatica L.
Continent. Europe
Notes. Temperate western European species. Found until 60th
northern parallel and up to an altitude of 1,500 metres.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Half-quarter sawn Grain. Straight to wavy
Notes. Light brown wood from cream white to pale pink
Quarter sawn sometimes with reddish areas near the heart. Thin characteristic
silver figure. Sometimes wavy grain.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.71

all the wood)

BEECH
Notes. Red heartwood is not permeable to preservation products.
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. The frequent presence of growth stresses in the logs might complicate sawing (risk of
splits and distortions in boards during sawing). Beech wood has a good aptitude for bending.
Assembling
Notes. Very absorbent wood: to be taken into account when gluing.
Commercial grading
According to French standard NF EN 975-1 (April 2009)
Possible grading for boules: F-BA, F-B1, F-B2, F-B3
Possible grading for selected boards: F-SA, F-S1, F-S2, F-S3
Possible grading for strips and square edged timber: F-F1, F-F2, F-F3
Cross sections of Fagus sylvatica
Wood species 169

BEECH
Possible grading for pre-cut

wood: F-DA, F-D1, F-D2
The letter “R” after the
class indicates “red heart
included”.
note), strength classes D35
and D40 can be provided
by visual grading. Strength
classes D18, D24, D35 and
D40 can be provided by
visual grading according
to French standard NF B Glued laminated timber and interior décor in beech and common
52-001-1/A3 (2016). spruce: Les Woodies, holiday homes and technological showcase
for beech wood construction, Terres de hêtre®; Communauté de
Fire safety communes de la Vôge, vers les rives de la Moselle, Xertigny (France).
Conventional French
grading
Main end uses
• Arched goods • Built-in furniture or mobile item
• Turned goods • Moulding
• Coffins • Flooring
• Boxes and crates • Seats
• Veneer for back or face of plywood • Marquetry
Notes. Beech wood is easy to stain.
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Buche
Spain Haya
France Fayard, Hêtre
Italy Faggio
United Kingdom Beech

BÉTÉ /MANSONIA*
Bété /Mansonia*
Botanical name
Mansonia altissima A. Chev.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Grain. Straight
Interlocked grain. Absent Half-quarter sawn
Notes. Yellowish brown to dark grey brown with purplish
glints. Veins more or less visible.
Property Mean value

Density(1) 0.66
(1)

Wood species 171

BÉTÉ /MANSONIA*
Notes. Although Mansonia displays class 1 durability against decay (very durable) in the NF
EN 350 standard, it should be noted that it is sensible to Coriolus versicolor white rot attacks.
According to the European standard NF EN 335 of May 2013, performance length might be
modified by conditions in which it is used.
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Sawdust is considered allergenic and can have a toxic effect.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Mansonia altissima

BÉTÉ /MANSONIA*

visual grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Turned goods • Glued Laminated
• Shingles • Exterior joinery
• Coffins • Interior joinery
• Framing • Moulding
• Ship building (planking and deck) • Flooring
• Veneer for back or face of plywood • Rolling shutters
• Panelling
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Koul
Congo Guissépa
Côte d’Ivoire Bété
France Bété
Ghana Aprono, Mansonia
Nigeria Ofun
Central African Republic Koul
United Kingdom Mansonia
Wood species 173

BILINGA / OPEPE*
Bilinga / Opepe*
Family. Rubiaceae
Botanical names
Nauclea diderrichii Merr. (Syn. Sarcocephalus diderrichii)
(Syn. Nauclea trillesii). Nauclea gilletii Merr.
Nauclea xanthoxylon Aubrev. (Syn. Sarcocephalus xanthoxylon)
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Flat sawn
Notes. Wood is a perfect golden yellow or slightly moiré
orangey yellow. In interior end-uses, the colour remains stable.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.76
(1)

fresh water contact

BILINGA / OPEPE*
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Bilinga naturally covers the use class
5 (wood permanently or regularly submerged in salt water, sea water or brackish water).
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Difficult to dry due to high interlocked grain. Quartersawn recommended to reduce
defects.
Assembling
Notes. Wood presents slight tendency to split when nailing. Wood is acidic: to be taken into
account when gluing.
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Nauclea diderrichii
Wood species 175

BILINGA / OPEPE*

Fire safety
Main end uses
or ground)
• Panelling
• Poles
• Flooring
• Sleepers
• Sliced veneer
Notes. Risk of splitting in outdoor uses in dry, hot environments. Needs filling before
polishing. Resistant to one or several acids.
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Aloma
Angola Engolo
Benin Opépé
Cameroon Akondoc
Congo Linzi, Mokessé,
N’gulu-maza,
Côte d’Ivoire Badi
Gabon Bilinga
Ghana Kusia
Equatorial Guinea Aloma
Nigeria Opepe
Uganda Kilingi
Central African Republic Kilu
Democratic Republic of N’gulu-maza,
Congo Bonkingu Glued laminated indoor structure at the Mary Queen of the
United Kingdom Opepe Apostles Basilica in Yaoundé (Cameroon)
Sierra Leone Bundui

BILLIAN
Billian
Family. Lauraceae
Botanical name
Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Notes. Sapwood pale yellowish. Heartwood yellow/brown to Flat sawn
reddish yellow/brown, deepening, with greenish tinge, lustrous.
Lemon scent.
Property Mean value

Density(1) 0.93
(1)

fresh water contact
Wood species 177

BILLIAN
Notes. This species naturally covers the use class 5 (wood permanently or regularly
submerged in salt water, sea water or brackish water) due to its hardness and high silica
content. According to the European standard NF EN 335 of May 2013, performance length
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. This species of wood requires strong steaming necessary before slicing.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Eusideroxylon zwageri

BILLIAN
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Shingles • Bridges (parts in contact with water or
or ground)
• Flooring
• Sliced veneer
• Sleepers
• Decking
Notes. Substitute for Greenheart and Azobe (Eki).
Common names
Country Local name
Indonesia Belian, Billian, Onglen, Ulin, Sakan
Philippines Tambulian
Wood species 179

BINTANGOR
Bintangor
Family. Calophyllaceae (Clusiaceae)
Botanical names
Calophyllum ferrugineum Ridl.
Calophyllum inophyllum L.
Calophyllum neo-ebudicum Guillaumin
Calophyllum papuanum Lauterb.
Calophyllum teysmannii Miq.
Calophyllum vitiense Turrill
Calophyllum p.p.
Continent. Asia, Oceania, Madagascar
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Half-quarter sawn Reference colour. Dark red
Texture. Medium
Quarter sawn Grain. Interlocked grain
Notes. Wood dark red to brown red or pinkish brown, with
darker veins.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.74
(1)


BINTANGOR

possible)
Drying
Notes. Risk of end checks. It is recommended to stack the piles in the alignment of spacer
sticks in order to avoid warping.
Notes. Risks of internal stresses. Tendency to woolliness. Filling is recommended to obtain a
good finish.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Calophyllum inophyllum
Wood species 181

BINTANGOR

52-001-1 (2011), strength class D35
can be provided by visual grading.
Fire safety
flammable)
flammable)
Main end uses
• Heavy carpentry
• Formwork
• building (ribs)
• Stairs (inside)
Utility door, CIRAD wood workshop, Montpellier (France).
• Veneer for back or face of
plywood
• Panelling • House framing
• Exterior joinery • Flooring
• Interior joinery • Sliced veneer
Notes. Can be used for high-end furniture if the grain is not highly interlocked.
Common names
Country Local name
Solomon Islands Koila
India Poona, Pumma, Punna, Vumma, Pinnay, Poonnai
Indonesia Bintangur
Magadascar Vintanina
Malaysia Bintangor, Penaga,
Myanmar Sultan champa, Tharapi
New Caledonia Tamanou
Papua New Guinea Calophyllum
Philippines Bansanghal, Vutalau
Sri Lanka Domba-gass
Thailand Kathing, Poon, Tanghon
Vanuatu Tamanou
Viet Nam Cong, Mu-u

BITIS
Bitis
Family. Sapotaceae
Botanical names
Madhuca betis J.F. Macbr.
Madhuca utilis H.J. Lam
Madhuca p.p.
Mimusops elengi L.
Payena leerii Kurz
Payena obscura Burck
Payena p.p.
Notes. This commercial species covers three genera and several
species with properties which vary from one genus or species
to another.
Log description
Wood description
Half-quarter sawn
Texture. Fine
Notes. Sapwood pale yellowish. Heartwood reddish brown to
red/chocolate brown, slightly lustrous. Very thin silver figure.
Silica deposits. Sour smell when fresh.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.85
Fibre saturation point %
(1)
Wood species 183

BITIS

sapwood)
Notes. Variable durability according to the species and genus.
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Important dulling effect due to high silica content.
Assembling
Cross sections of Madhuca longifolia

BITIS
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Tool handles (resilient woods) • Bridges (parts not in contact with water
• Exterior joinery or ground)
• Industrial or heavy flooring • Exterior panelling
Notes. Due to its appearance and properties, Bitis can be a substitute for outdoor species
such as Makore, Moabi, Mukulungu and Greenheart.
Common names
Country Local name
Indonesia Mahua
Malaysia Bitis
Philippines Betis, Maloba
Wood species 185

BLACK LOCUST
Black Locust
Botanical name
Robinia pseudoacacia L.
Continent. North America, Europe
Notes. Black Locust was first found in the eastern United States
and brought to Europe by Jean Robin in the 17thcentury. It is
frequently called “Acacia”, which is a source of confusion.
The name «Acacia» must be used only for woods of the Acacia
genus (tropical species). Some of them, from plantations, are
arriving on the European market today (i.e. Acacia mangium,
see corresponding sheet).
Log description
Flat sawn
Wood description
Quarter sawn Texture. Coarse
Grain. Straight
Notes. Yellow to greenish yellow when freshly cut, heartwood
comes darker and rapidly takes a golden brown shade
sometimes quite dark.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.74


BLACK LOCUST
sapwood)
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. It is the only temperate hardwood
introduced in Europe which naturally covers the use class 4. According to the European
standard NF EN 335 of May 2013, performance length might be modified by conditions in
which it is used.
treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Black Locust has a good aptitude for bending.
Assembling
Notes. Wood prone to splits.
Cross sections of Robinia pseudoacacia
Wood species 187

BLACK LOCUST
Commercial grading
grading
No conventional grading
rules for this species.
Sawn products are graded
Fire safety
Conventional French
grading
(readily flammable)
Default grading for
solid wood that meets
requirements of European Framing at a nursery (wood in direct contact with the ground),
standard NF EN 14081-1 Pépinière Filippi, Mèze (France).
(April 2016): structural
graded timber in vertical
uses and ceilings with minimal mean density of 0.35 and minimal thickness of 22 mm.
Main end uses
• Pit props • Decking
• Shipbuilding • Exterior panelling
• Tool handles (resilient woods) • Marquetry
• Stakes • Hydraulic works (fresh water)
• Sliced veneer
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Falsche akazie, Robinie
Spain Robinia
United States Black locust
France Acacia, Robinier
Italy Robinia
United Kingdom False acacia, Robinia

BODIOA
Bodioa
Family. Rhizophoraceae
Botanical names
Anopyxis klaineana Engl. (Syn. Anopyxis ealaensis)
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Grain. Straight
Notes. Wood light brown with pink or ochre shades. Flat sawn
Sometimes wavy grain.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.89
(1)

all the wood)
risk of dampness)
Notes. Prone to blue stain.
Wood species 189

BODIOA
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Anopyxis klaineana

BODIOA
Fire safety
Main end uses
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Noudougou
Congo Pamiel
Côte d’Ivoire Bodioa
Gabon Évam
Ghana Kokoti
Nigeria Ekiawa, Otutu
Central African Republic Moboma
Democratic Republic of Congo Bobenkusu
Sierra Leone Kpomusi
Wood species 191

BOMANGA / ARIELLA*
Bomanga / Ariella*
Botanical names
Brachystegia laurentii Louis
Brachystegia mildbraedii Harms (Syn. Brachystegia nzang)
Brachystegia zenkeri Harms
Brachystegia p.p.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Flat sawn
Texture. Medium
Quarter sawn
Notes. Sapwood very wide and easily attacked by insects.
Wood light brown, with copper brown veins. Possible wind
shakes (internal fractures in wood).
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.56
(1)
Notes. Wood soft to fairly hard.

BOMANGA / ARIELLA*

possible)
Notes. A preservation treatment is recommended as sawnwoods often contain sapwood.
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Brachystegia laurentii
Wood species 193

BOMANGA / ARIELLA*

visual grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Boxes and crates • House framing
• Stairs (inside) • Blockboard
• Veneer for interior of plywood • Flooring
• Glued Laminated • Cooperage
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Ékop-évène, Ékop-léké
Congo Bomanga
France Ariella, Bomanga
Gabon Nzang, Yegna
Democratic Republic of Bomanga
Congo
United Kingdom Ariella

BUBINGA
Bubinga
Botanical names
Guibourtia demeusei J. Léonard
Guibourtia pellegriniana J. Léonard
Guibourtia tessmannii J. Léonard
Continent. Africa
The 3 Bubinga species are listed in CITES Appendix II
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Grain. Straight or interlocked Half-quarter sawn
Notes. Wood pink or reddish brown, with some fine purplish
red veins. Some brown veins. Sometimes wavy grain. Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.92
(1)
Notes. Hardness varies from hard to very hard.
Wood species 195

BUBINGA
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. According to the European standard NF
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. A period of air drying prior to kiln drying is recommended to avoid defects.
Notes. Care is needed in presence of irregular grain. Very decorative veneers.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Guibourtia tessmannii

BUBINGA

choice ii
According to French
(2011), strength class D40 Bubinga Ravier® crystal door (solid wood and acrylic glass assembly),
can be provided by visual Amstelveen (Netherlands) – Made by Ravier SARL, Domblans (France).
grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Panelling • Seats
• Exterior joinery • Sleepers
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Bubinga, Essingang
Congo Lianu
United States Akume
Gabon Ébana, Kévazingo
Equatorial Guinea Ovèng
Democratic Republic of Congo Waka
Wood species 197

BUNGUR
Bungur
Family. Lythraceae
Botanical name
Lagerstroemia p.p.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Grain. Straight
Flat sawn
Notes. Important risks of logs splitting. Sometimes wood
presents pink or grey shades. Sometimes wavy grain.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.70
(1)

all the wood)

BUNGUR
treatment
Drying
Notes. Risks of cracks in large boards.
Notes. The wavy grain may be problematic for planing and result in fuzzy surfaces.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Cross sections of Lagerstroemia speciosa
Wood species 199

BUNGUR

Main end uses
• Shingles • Interior joinery
• Stairs (inside) • Sculpture
• Vehicle or container flooring • Cooperage
• Panelling
Common names
Country Local name
Cambodia Sralao
India Bangor, Benteak, Jarul, Nandi, Ventaku, Ventak, Venteak, Venthek
Indonesia Bungur
Laos Mai puay
Malaysia Bungor, Kabek
Myanmar Jarul, Pyinma
Philippines Banaba
Thailand Intanin, Salao, Tabek
Viet Nam Bang lang

CAMBARA
Cambara
Botanical names
Erisma nitidum DC.
Erisma uncinatum Warm.
Erisma p.p.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Grain. Straight Flat sawn
Notes. Occasional presence of internal stresses. Wood pink
brown, more or less dark, sometimes with red or purplish Quarter sawn
shades.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.60
(1)

Wood species 201

CAMBARA
possible)
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Assembling
Commercial grading
In French Guiana, the local name of this species is «Jaboty». Grading is done according to
According to European standard EN 1912 (2012) and associated with French standard NF B
52-001-1 (2011), strength class D35 can be provided by visual grading.
Cross sections of Erisma uncinatum

CAMBARA
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Formwork • Moulding
• Panelling • Bridges (parts not in contact with water
• Glued Laminated or ground)
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Cambara, Cedrinho, Jaboty, Quaruba tinga, Quaruba vermelha, Quarubarana
French Guiana Felli kouali, Jaboty, Manonti kouali
Peru Cambara
Suriname Singri-kwari
Venezuela Mureillo
Wood species 203

CARDEIRO
Cardeiro
Botanical name
Scleronema micranthum Ducke
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Grain. Straight
Notes. Frequent presence of traumatic canals.

Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.72
(1)

risk of dampness)

CARDEIRO
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Assembling
Commercial grading
visual grading.
Fire safety
Cross sections of Scleronema micranthum
Wood species 205

CARDEIRO

Main end uses
• Glued Laminated • Blockboard
Notes. Decorative end-uses are not recommended due to frequent traumatic canals.
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Cardeiro, Castanha de paca, Cedrinho, Cedro bravo, Cordeiro
Colombia Castaño, Yolombo

CARIBBEAN PINE
Caribbean Pine
Family. Pinaceae
Botanical name
Pinus caribaea Morelet
Continent. Africa, Latin America, Asia, Oceania
Notes. Native to Central America and the Caribbean, this
fast-growing species has been widely planted throughout
the tropical and subtropical world. Woods presently
commercialised are almost exclusively from plantations.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Fine Flat sawn
Grain. Straight
Notes. Pale yellow to yellow brown wood. When wood has Quarter sawn
a lot of resin there is frequently a reddish brown area forming
a star shape at the heart of the log. This shape is sometimes
considerable.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.58
Notes. Physical and mechanical properties of Caribbean
Pine vary greatly according to the origin and age of the trees.
Specific gravity varies from less then 0.4 to over 0.8.
Wood species 207

CARIBBEAN PINE
sapwood)
possible)
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. However this standard refers
to woods from natural plantings whose durability is higher than that of planted trees,
especially when they are young. Wood is usually used with sapwood, which is permeable to
preservation products.
In case of permanent humidification. This wood requires appropriate preservation treatment
Drying
Sawteeth recommended. Ordinary or alloy steel
Notes. Risks of clogging of saw blades, tools, work surfaces and feeding devices due to
resin.
Assembling
Notes. Resin exudations: to be taken into account when gluing.
Cross sections of Pinus caribaea

CARIBBEAN PINE
Commercial grading
grading
Different grading rules
applied according to the
country or continent of
origin.
note), strength classes C18
and C24 can be provided by
visual grading.
Fire safety
Conventional French
grading
Mesh cladding on Hienghène city hall – By: Les Charpentiers du
Thickness > 18 mm: M3 Nord (New Caledonia).
(readily flammable)
Main end uses
• Heavy carpentry • House framing
• Formwork • Blockboard
• Boxes and crates • Poles
• Panelling • Exterior panelling
Common names
Country Local name
Cuba Pino macho
United States Caribbean pine
France Caribbean Pine
Honduras Pitch pine, Pino veta, Pitchpin
Nicaragua Ocote, Pitchpin
New Caledonia Pinus
French Polynesia Pin de Polynésie
Wood species 209

CASTANHEIRO
Castanheiro
Family. Lecythidaceae
Botanical name
Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Notes. Presence of traumatic canals.

Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.77
(1)

all the wood)

CASTANHEIRO
treatment
Drying
Notes. A period of air drying prior to kiln drying is recommended in order to reduce the
risks of casehardening for thick material.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Cross sections of Bertholletia excelsa
Wood species 211

CASTANHEIRO

Main end uses
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Castanha do Brasil, Castanha do para, Castanheiro
Colombia Castaña, Castana del maranon, Castana del maranhao, Nuez del Brazil
Venezuela Brazil nut, Jubia

CATUCAÉM / LOURO FAIA*
Catucaém / Louro faia*

Family. Proteaceae
Botanical name
Roupala brasiliensis Klotzsch
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Half-quarter sawn
Notes. Sapwood light reddish brown. Heartwood reddish
brown to dark brown. Very characteristic silver figure due to
wide and high rays.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.70
Crushing strength(1) -59 MPa
Static bending strength(1) -103 MPa
Longitudinal modulus of elasticity(1) -15,160 MPa
(1)

Resistance to decay. Class 2-3 - durable to moderately durable
Wood species 213

treatment
In case of permanent humidification. This wood requires appropriate preservation
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Risks of splitting during machining.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Cross sections of Roupala brasiliensis


Main end uses
• Turned goods • Sliced veneer
• Flooring • Marquetry
Notes. Catucaém is popular for turnery and cabinet work due to very marked silver figure.
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Carvalho, Carvalho do brazil, Catucaém, Louro faia
Costa Rica Danto carne
Ecuador Roble
Panama Arbol carne
Venezuela Chaparro
Wood species 215

CEDAR
Cedar
Family. Pinaceae
Botanical name
Cedrus atlantica Manetti
Continent. Europe
Notes. Comes from North Africa. Introduced in France in the
middle of the 19th century. It is used for reforestation across
Southern Europe.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Flat sawn Grain. Straight
Notes. Yellow brown to reddish brown. Cedar’s odour is strong
Quarter sawn and characteristic. It lasts a long time. A thin brown silver figure
is visible with the naked eye on the quartersawn.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.51
(1)


CEDAR
Notes. Use class 3 only covers wood components without sapwood. This species is listed in
the NF EN 350 standard (May 2013). According to the European standard NF EN 335 of May
treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Notes. Small, very hard knots are present in the wood. Cedar yields good results in turnery.
Assembling
Commercial grading
No conventional grading rules. Sawn products are graded according to final uses.
Cross sections of Cedrus atlantica
Wood species 217

CEDAR
Fire safety
(readily flammable)
NF EN 14081-1 (April 2016):
22 mm.
Main end uses Finely crafted Moroccan console table, Vendôme (France).
• Turned goods
• Heavy carpentry
• House framing
• Sliced veneer
• Marquetry
Notes. This wood is interesting for structures requiring a good durability as well as a low
density.
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Atlantische zeder
Spain Cedro del Atlas
France Cèdre de l’Atlas
Italy Cedro dell’Atlante
United Kingdom Atlas cedar

CEDRO
Cedro
Family. Meliaceae
Botanical names
Cedrela angustifolia Moc. & Sessé
Cedrela fissilis Vell.
Cedrela odorata L. (Syn. Cedrela mexicana)
Cedrela fissilis (Bolivia, Brazil) and Cedrela odorata (Brazil,
Bolivia) are listed in CITES Appendix iii for logs, sawn wood and
veneer sheets. In addition, Colombia, Guatemala and Peru have
listed their national populations in Appendix iii.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Flat sawn
Texture. Medium
Grain. Straight
Quarter sawn
Notes. Distinctive cedar scent. Sporadic or sometimes
important resin stains. Colour variable, from pink to red brown.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.46
(1)
Notes. Specific gravity of Cedro varies depending on the
country of origin.
Wood species 219

CEDRO

Notes. The different species of Cedro are listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Part of the
Cedro sold in the world today comes from young plantations often constituted by woods
with properties inferior to the wood in natural forests. These juvenile woods present an
incomplete duraminisation which explains their lower natural durability compared to the
durability of more mature woods. According to the European standard NF EN 335 of May
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Notes. Light wood must be dried at low temperature to prevent risks of collapse.
Notes. The presence of resin may cause the clogging of saw blades. Surface sometimes
fuzzy.
Assembling
Cross sections of Cedrela odorata

CEDRO
Commercial grading
visual grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Cigar boxes • Interior joinery
• Ship building (planking and deck) • House framing
• Cabinetry (high-end furniture) • Fibre or particle boards
• Boxes and crates • Sliced veneer
• Veneer for back or face of plywood • Sculpture
• Musical instruments • Seats
• Glued Laminated
Notes. Mentionned end-uses depend on the specific gravity and on the importance of resin
(especially for furniture and interior joinery).
Common names
Country Local name
Argentina Cedro
Brazil Cedro
Colombia Cedro
French Guiana Cedro, Cedrat
Guyana Red Cedar
Honduras Cedro, Cigarbox
Mexico Cedro
Panama Cedro
Suriname Ceder
Venezuela Cedro
Wood species 221

CEREJEIRA
Cerejeira
Botanical name
Amburana cearensis A.C. Sm.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Flat sawn Notes. Scent of Cerejeira similar to vanilla. Wood sometimes
veined.
Half-quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.59
(1)

all the wood)

CEREJEIRA
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Significant risk of casehardening for thicknesses over 50 mm.
Assembling
Commercial grading
visual grading.
Fire safety
Cross sections of Amburana cearensis
Wood species 223

CEREJEIRA

Main end uses
• Exterior joinery • Sculpture
• Interior joinery • Cooperage
Notes. Filling is recommended.
Common names
Country Local name
Argentina Palo trébol, Roble, Roble criollo, Roble del país, Trébol
Bolivia Roble americano, Soryoko
Brazil Amburana, Cerejeira, Cumaru de cheiro, Imburana
Paraguay Trébol
Peru Ishpingo, Sirioco

CHENGAL
Chengal
Botanical names
Neobalanocarpus heimii P.S. Ashton (Syn. Balanocarpus heimii)
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Notes. Heartwood varies from brown olive to red brown. Flat sawn
Presence of slight resinous areas.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.91
(1)
Notes. Hard wood.
fresh water contact
Wood species 225

CHENGAL
Notes. According to the European standard NF EN 335 of May 2013, performance length
treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Presence of resin can cause clogs in machining.
Assembling
Notes. Presence of resin and hard wood: important that gluing be performed in compliance
with the code of practice and instructions for the glue used.
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Neobalanocarpus heimii

CHENGAL
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Exterior joinery ground)
• Interior joinery • Bridges (parts not in contact with water
or ground)
• Flooring
• Sleepers
• Decking
Common names
Country Local name
Indonesia Penak-bunga, Penak-sabut, Penak-tembaga
Malaysia Chengal
Thailand Takian chan
Wood species 227

CHERRY WOOD
Cherry Wood
Family. Rosaceae
Botanical names
Cerasus avium Moench (Syn. Prunus avium)
Continent. Europe
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Grain. Straight
Flat sawn
Notes. Yellow brown to reddish brown, sometimes veined, the
wood tends to become darker and to have a golden shade with
time. The texture is fine to medium for wild trees and medium
for orchard trees. Sometimes slightly wavy grain.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.60

all the wood)
risk of dampness)

CHERRY WOOD
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Cherry wood has a good aptitude for bending.
Assembling
Notes. Acidic glues may cause a lasting stain of the wood.
Commercial grading
No conventional grading rules apply to Cherry wood. Sawn products are graded according
to final uses.
Fire safety
Cross sections of Cerasus avium
Wood species 229

CHERRY WOOD

Main end uses
• Turned goods
• Sliced veneer
• Sculpture
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Wildkirsche
Spain Cerezo silvestre
France Merisier
Italy Ciliego selvatico
United Kingdom Wild cherry
Dresser in solid Cherry wood, Vailly-sur-Sauldre (France).

CHESTNUT
Chestnut
Family. Fagaceae
Botanical name
Castanea sativa Mill.
Continent. Europe
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Grain. Straight
Notes. Light yellow to yellowish brown.
Flat sawn
Property Mean value
(1)

Durability is linked to the presence of water soluble tannins. It
decreases with the washing of tannins in cases of exposure to
Wood species 231

CHESTNUT
harsh conditions. According to the European standard NF EN 335 of May 2013, performance
treatment
Drying
Notes. Occasional risk of pockets of humidity.
Notes. Wood easy to split (manufacturing of split shingles).
Assembling
Notes. Chestnut wood splits very easily; precautions must be taken for nailing (small nail
diameter, no nails near the ends) and screwing (pre-holes necessary). Nail or screw corrosion
if in contact with humidity due to wood acidity.
Commercial grading
According to French standard NF B53-801 (2013)
Possible grading for boules: C-BA, C-B1, C-B2
Cross sections of Castanea sativa

CHESTNUT
Possible grading for

selected boards: C-SA,
C-S1, C-S2
and square edged timber:
C-FA, C-F1, C-F2, C-F3
standard EN 1912
(2012) and associated
national standards
(see explanatory note),
strength class D24 can
be provided by visual
grading. Strength classes
C18 and C24 can also
grading according to
French standard NF B
Triple-lapped chestnut roof shingles on the home and workshop of Jean-
52-001-1/A3 (2016). Noël Duchemin (‘pêcheur de tons’), Beuzec-Cap-Sizun (France)
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Shingles • Fibre or particle boards
• Coffins • Flooring
• Heavy carpentry • Stakes
• Exterior joinery • Cooperage
Notes. Risk of tannin smudges on woods if not well dried or if processed in a non-protected
area or if no product is used for protection or finish.
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Edelkastanie, Kastanienbaum
Spain Castaño
France Châtaignier
Italy Castagno
United Kingdom Chestnut, Sweet chestnut
Wood species 233

CHICHA
Chicha
Botanical names
Sterculia pruriens K. Schum.
Sterculia rugosa R. Br.
Sterculia speciosa K. Schum.
Sterculia p.p.
Log description
Wood description
Grain. Straight
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.64
(1)

all the wood)
risk of dampness)

CHICHA
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Fuzzy surface. To obtain a good finish, sharp cutters are recommended.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Cross sections of Sterculia pruriens
Wood species 235

CHICHA

Main end uses
• Framing • Blockboard
• Formwork • Fibre or particle boards
• Boxes and crates • Flooring
• Veneer for interior of plywood • Pulp
Common names
Country Local name
Bolivia Mani
Brazil Achicha, Chicha, Tacacazeiro
Colombia Camajura
Cuba Anacaguita
Ecuador Cacao de mote, Sapote, Saput, Zapote
Guyana Maho
French Guiana Kobé
Mexico Bellota, Chiapas
Peru Huarmi-caspi, Zapote silvestre
Puerto Rico Anacaguita
Suriname Jahoballi, Kobehe, Okro-oedoe
Trinidad and Tobago Mahoe
Venezuela Camoruco, Mayagua, Sunsun

COCONUT WOOD
Coconut Wood
Family. Arecaceae
Botanical name
Cocos nucifera L.
Notes. Coconut Tree is a monocotyledon. The material
of the stipe (trunk) is falsely called wood by analogy with
Gymnosperms’ and Angiosperms’ wood. It has neither sapwood
nor heartwood. Only the outlying crown has characteristics
similar to that of wood.
Log description
Wood description
Sapwood. Absent
Flat sawn
Texture. Coarse
Interlocked grain. Absent Flat sawn
Notes. Beige to pinkish beige, punctuated with or criss-crossed
by red-brown to dark brown fibres, whatever the sawing angle.
Proportion of fibre grows from the heart to the outer of the
stem. All this together gives this species a very distinctive brown
red look.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.90
(1)
Notes. Stem with a very soft and fibrous heart with a great
variation of density (along with other properties) from the heart
to the periphery (in a ratio of 1 to 5 for density). The material
giving the best properties is at the periphery of the stem.
Wood species 237

COCONUT WOOD
This peripheral part has the same end-uses as wood. The indicated values are those of the
material taken from this zone.
Treatability. Class 2-3 - poorly to moderately permeable
Notes. Durability and permeability to preservative products vary greatly with density: wood
is denser at the periphery, more durable but less permeable.
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Variable density from the heart (< 0,25), which is unusable, to the periphery (> 1).
Log turning sawing – with taking of the peripheral stocks only – is compulsory to obtain
pieces with homogeneous characteristics. The silica content can be high to very high.
Entangled fibres make it difficult to obtain a quality finish.
Cross sections of Cocos nucifera

COCONUT WOOD
Assembling
Nailing/screwing. Good but
pre-boring necessary
Notes. High specific gravity:
important that gluing be
performed in compliance
with the code of practice and
Commercial grading
grading
Grading according to final
uses.
Fire safety Coconut sheathing on ceiling frame (Pinus caribaea) (New
Caledonia).
Conventional French
grading
Main end uses
• Shingles • Built-in furniture or mobile item
• Insulation • Industrial or heavy flooring
Notes. Only the heart, very soft and very fibrous, can be used for isolation.
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Coqueiro
Spain Cocotero
United States Coconut, Cocowood
France Cocotier
Gabon Mbanga
Indonesia Kelapa
Malaysia Kelapa
Mexico Cocotero
Philippines Niog
Portugal Coqueiro
United Kingdom Coconut
Viet Nam Dua
Wood species 239

CONGOTALI
Congotali
Family. Sapotaceae
Botanical name
Letestua durissima Lecomte
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Notes. Possible presence of wind shakes (internal fractures in
Flat sawn
wood).
Density(1) 1.10
(1)

fresh water contact
species naturally covers the use class 5 (wood permanently

CONGOTALI
or regularly submerged in salt water, sea water or brackish water) due to its high density
and high silica content. According to the European standard NF EN 335 of May 2013,
treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Must be sawn with the highest moisture content possible.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Letestua durissima
Wood species 241

CONGOTALI

Fire safety
Main end uses
• Industrial or heavy flooring or ground)
Notes. This wood can be used as a substitute for Azobé (Lophira alata).
Common names
Country Local name
Congo Congotali
Gabon Kong-afane

COPAIBA
Copaiba
Botanical names
Copaifera duckei Dwyer
Copaifera martii Hayne
Copaifera multijuga Hayne
Copaifera officinalis L.
Copaifera reticulata Ducke
Copaifera p.p.
Notes. Other species are commercialised under the name
Copaiba.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Flat sawn
Wood description
Reference colour. Red brown Quarter sawn
Texture. Medium
Notes. Heartwood varies from pink to red brown with copper-
coloured veins. Resin exudation can occur. Sometimes wavy
grain.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.50
(1)
Wood species 243

COPAIBA

sapwood)
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Notes. Fuzzy surface. Keep sharp tools.
Assembling
Notes. Nail holding variable according to the species.
Cross sections of Copaifera martii

COPAIBA
Commercial grading
visual grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Boxes and crates • Fibre or particle boards
Common names
Country Local name
Argentina Timbo-y-ata
Belize Copaiba
Bolivia Copaibo
Brazil Copahyba, Copaiba, Copaibarana, Pau d’oleo
Colombia Canime
Guyana Balsam, Maram
French Guiana Panchimouti
Panama Cabino blanco, Camiba, Caniva, Cupay
Peru Copaiba
Suriname Hoepelhout, Koepajoewa
Venezuela Aceite, Cabimo
Wood species 245

CORAÇAO DE NEGRO* / PANACOCO
Coraçao de negro* /
Panacoco
Botanical names
Swartzia leiocalycina Benth.
Swartzia panacoco Cowan
Swartzia tomentosa DC.
Swartzia p.p.
Notes. Coraçao de Negro includes all the species with black
heart belonging to the genus Swartzia in South America.
Log description
Flat sawn
Wood description
Quarter sawn Sapwood. Clearly demarcated
Texture. Medium
Notes. Logs have a small diameter with a wide light yellow
sapwood. Heartwood deep dark brown with lighter thin streaks.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 1.20
(1)


sapwood)
treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Coraçao de negro wood must be dried slowly and carefully.
Notes. Difficult to saw due to hardness.
Assembling
Cross sections of Swartzia leiocalycina
Wood species 247

Commercial grading
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Arched goods • Panelling
• Musical instruments • Sliced veneer
• Stringed instruments (bows) • Sculpture
• Wind instruments • Marquetry
Notes. Uses similar to those of Ebony, but end uses are limited by the small size of logs.
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Wamara
Brazil Carrapatinho, Coraçao de negro, Gombeira, Mocacahiba, Panacoco
Guyana Agui, Banya, Wamara
French Guiana Bois perdrix, Ferreol, Panacoco
United Kingdom Ironwood, Wamara
Suriname Gandoe, Ijzerhart, Zwart parelhout

COULA
Coula
Family. Olacaceae
Botanical name
Coula edulis Baill.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Notes. Wood purplish brown, with dark brown veins.
Sometimes wavy grain. Half-quarter sawn

Property Mean value Half-quarter sawn
Density(1) 1.01
(1)

fresh water contact
Wood species 249

COULA
used.
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Coula edulis

COULA

Fire safety
Main end uses
• Industrial or heavy flooring • Poles
• Stakes • Sleepers
Notes. Resistant to one or several acids. Mainly appreciated for its fruits.
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Éwomè, Ewome, Ngouma
Congo Kumunu
Côte d’Ivoire Coula, Attia
Gabon Éhoumé, Noisetier d’Afrique
Nigeria Ivianlegbe
Wood species 251

COUROUPITA
Couroupita
Botanical names
Carapa guianensis Aubl.
Couroupita subsessilis Pilg.
Couroupita p.p.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Flat sawn Grain. Straight or interlocked
Notes. Unpleasant odour when green.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.45
(1)

all the wood)
risk of dampness)

COUROUPITA
treatment
Drying
Notes. Drying must be done slowly in order to reduce distortions.
Notes. Tendency to woolliness. Dust causes coughing. Filling is recommended to obtain a
better finish.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Cross sections of Couroupita guianensis
Wood species 253

COUROUPITA

Main end uses
• Floats • Blockboard
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Castanha de macaco, Couroupita, Macacarecuia
France Couroupita
Guyana Canon ball
French Guiana Boulet de canon
Suriname Boshcalabas

CRYPTOMERIA* / SUGI
Cryptomeria* / Sugi
Family. Taxodiaceae
Botanical name
Cryptomeria japonica D. Don
Continent. Asia-Oceania, Réunion Island
Notes. Cryptomeria japonica is native to Japan; some vast
forest stands are available in the island of Hondo. It also grows
in the southern and central regions of China, and in Korea.
Cryptomeria japonica has been widely used for afforestation
in Taiwan and continental China. Outside its natural range of
distribution, this species was introduced into the Archipelago
of the Azores, and especially on the island of Réunion where
some forest stands have reached maturity and are now being
logged. Production has started.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats Flat sawn

Wood description Half-quarter sawn
Texture. Fine
Grain. Straight
Notes. Light yellow sapwood. Heartwood pinkish brown with
darker shades, sometimes even brown or black.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.38
(1)
Wood species 255

CRYPTOMERIA* / SUGI

sapwood)
Treatability. Class 2(v)-3(v) - poorly to moderately permeable (v = variable)
treatment
treatment
Drying
Notes. According to the tests performed on Cryptomeria from the island of Réunion, this
species dries well up to 70 °C. Collapse could occur at higher temperatures. For 45mm
thickness, drying duration is around 12 days.
Notes. As with most softwoods, Cryptomeria is not recommended for turning.
Cross sections of Cryptomeria japonica

CRYPTOMERIA* / SUGI
Assembling
Nailing/screwing. Good when
specific gravity over 0.35.
Commercial grading
grading
Possible grading (on 2 sides):
G2-0, G2-1, G2-2, G2-3, G2-4
G4-0, G4-1, G4-2, G4-3, G4-4
According to choice criteria
listed in the NF EN 1611-1
standard.
According to French standard Ceiling frame, La Réunion (France).
NF B 52-001-1/A1 (2013),
strength classes C14 and C18
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Cladding • Exterior joinery
• Veneer for interior of plywood • Pallets
• Glued Laminated • Exterior panelling
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Japanische zeder
China Liusan, San-sugi
Spain Criptomeria japonesa
France Cryptomeria
Italy Crittomeria giapponese
Japan Cryptomeria, Sugi
Réunion Island Cryptomeria
United Kingdom Japanese cedar
Taiwan Liusan, San-sugi
Wood species 257

CUMARU / TONKA*
Cumaru / Tonka*
Botanical names
Dipteryx alata Vogel
Dipteryx micrantha Harms
Dipteryx odorata Willd.
(Syn. Coumarouna odorata)
Dipteryx polyphylla Huber
Dipteryx p.p.
Continent.Latin America
Log description
Wood description
Flat sawn Reference colour. Red brown
Texture. Medium
Quarter sawn Grain. Interlocked grain
Notes. Unpleasant wood odour when green. Heartwood varies
from yellow brown to reddish brown with darker thin veins.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 1.07
(1)


CUMARU / TONKA*

used.
treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Drying must be done slowly. Risks of casehardening with thick material.
Notes. Sawing and machining are difficult due to hardness and interlocked grain.
Assembling
Cross sections of Dipteryx odorata
Wood species 259

CUMARU / TONKA*
Commercial grading
In French Guiana, the local name of this species is «Gaiac de Cayenne». Grading is done
according to local rules «Bois guyanais classés” (1990).
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Turned goods • Bridges (parts in contact with water or
• Ship building (planking and deck) • Bridges (parts not in contact with water
or ground)
• Poles
• House framing
• Cooperage
• Stakes
• Sliced veneer
• Sleepers
• Decking
Notes. Slicing: only with the best shaped timber, to obtain very decorative veneers.
Common names
Country Local name
Bolivia Almendrillo
Brazil Champanha, Cumaru, Cumaru
ferro, Cumarurana,
Colombia Sarrapia
Costa Rica Almendro
Guyana Kumaru, Tonka bean
French Guiana Gaïac de Cayenne, Tonka
Honduras Ebo
Peru Charapilla, Shihuahuaco amarillo
Suriname Koemaroe, Tonka
Venezuela Sarrapia
Outdoor staircase in Gaiac de Cayenne, Rémire-

Montjoly (French Guiana).

CUPIUBA / KABUKALLI*
Cupiuba / Kabukalli*
Family. Goupiaceae
Botanical name
Goupia glabra Aubl.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Interlocked grain. Marked but not frequent Flat sawn
Notes. Very unpleasant odour when green. Sometimes,
presence of internal stresses.
Physical and mechanical properties Half-quarter sawn
Property Mean value

Density(1) 0.84
(1)

Wood species 261

Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Resistance to brown cubical rot:
good to very good. Resistance to white rot: moderate.
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Must be dried very slowly.
Notes. Careful polishing is necessary due to interlocked grain.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Goupia glabra


name of this species is
«Goupi». Grading is done
according to local rules
«Bois guyanais classés”
(1990).
According to French
grading for Cupiuba in
French Guiana.
‘Maison de la nature’ (Goupi) – Copeaux and Co, Sinnamary (French
Fire safety Guiana).
Conventional French
grading
Main end uses
• Stairs (inside) • Industrial or heavy flooring
Notes. Its unpleasant odour may limit the use of this timber. For furniture end-uses, filling
and varnishing are necessary.
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Cachaceiro, Copiuva, Cupiuba
Colombia Chaquiro, Saino, Sapino
Guyana Kabukalli, Copi
French Guiana Bois caca, Goupi, Kopie
Peru Capricornia
United Kingdom Kabukalli
Suriname Koepi
Venezuela Congrio blanco
Wood species 263

CURUPIXA
Curupixa
Family. Sapotaceae
Botanical names
Micropholis gardneriana Pierre
Micropholis melinoniana Pierre
Micropholis venulosa Pierre
Micropholis p.p.
Continent.Latin America
Notes. Several species with variable properties are
commercialized under the name Curupixa.
Log description
Wood description
Flat sawn Reference colour. Light brown
Texture. Fine
Quarter sawn Grain. Straight
Notes. Colour variable, yellow brown to grey brown, with
sometimes pink or purplish glints.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.75
(1)

all the wood)

CURUPIXA
Resistance to termites. Class M to class S - moderately durable to susceptible

Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Resistance to fungi variable
according to the species and origins.
treatment
Drying
Notes. Variable silica content according to the species.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Micropholis venulosa
Wood species 265

CURUPIXA
In French Guiana, the local name of this species is «Balata blanc». Grading is done
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Veneer for interior of plywood • Marquetry
• Panelling
Common names
Country Local name
Argentina Ibirá camby
Brazil Abiurana, Bacu mixa, Cubixa, Curupixa, Guajará, Grubixa, Grumixava, Pau de remo,
Rosadinho, Rosadinha, Salgueiro
Guyana Kudi biushi, Moraballi
French Guiana Baaka bouba, Bacouman, Balata blanc, Balata indien, Bouchi apa, Maaka, Mamantin,
Peru Barilla de agua
Suriname Reini lout, Riemhout, Suikerhout

DABÉMA / DAHOMA*
Dabéma / Dahoma*
Botanical names
Piptadeniastrum africanum Brenan (Syn. Piptadenia africana)
Continent.Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Half-quarter sawn
Notes. Wood light brown to golden brown, sometimes ribbon-
like aspect on quartersawn. Ammoniac odour when green or
with rewetted woods.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.70
(1)

Treatability. Class 2 - moderately treatable
Wood species 267

DABÉMA / DAHOMA*
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Resistance to decay: moderate to
good. Heart not resistant.
treatment
Drying
Notes. To reduce distortions, air drying is recommended prior to kiln drying.
Notes. Very irritant sawdust. Quartersawn is recommended in order to reduce the risk of
distortion.
Assembling
Notes. Risk of end checks.
Commercial grading
For the “General Purpose Market”
Cross sections of Piptadeniastrum africanum

DABÉMA / DAHOMA*

For the “Special Market”
visual grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Heavy carpentry • Glued Laminated
• Veneer for back or face of plywood • House framing
• Veneer for interior of plywood • Exterior panelling
Notes. Can be used as a substitute for Oak for some end uses. The unpleasant odour of this
wood when green, or rewetted, must be taken into account based on the type of end use
and the destination.
Common names
Country Local name
Angola N’singa
Benin Glenren
Cameroon Atui
Congo N’singa
Côte d’Ivoire Dabéma / Dahoma
Gabon Toum
Ghana Dahoma
Equatorial Guinea Tom
Liberia Mbeli
Nigeria Agboin, Ekhimi
Uganda Mpewere
Netherlands Bukungu
Central African Republic Mokoungou
Democratic Republic of Congo Bokungu, Likundu
United Kingdom Dahoma
Sierra Leone Guli, Mbele, Mbele-guli
Wood species 269

DIANIA
Diania
Family. Cannabaceae (Ulmaceae)
Botanical names
Celtis adolfi-friderici Engl.
Celtis tessmannii Rendle (Syn. Celtis brieyi)
Celtis p.p.
Continent.Africa
Notes. Diania and Ohia are two different groups of Celtis
species. Sometimes they are grouped together under the name
of African Celtis.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Half-quarter sawn Reference colour. Yellow brown
Texture. Medium
Quarter sawn Grain. Straight or interlocked
Notes. Yellowish white with greenish veins in the innermost
part of the logs. Particularly unpleasant odour when green or
rewetted. Sometimes greenish discoloration in the innermost
part of the logs.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.72
(1)


DIANIA
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Defects can be reduced by top weighting the piles and applying end-coating
products. Drying must be done slowly.
Notes. Possible sawing and machining difficulties if there is interlocked grain. In this case,
special tools are recommended. Sometimes, high silica content for Celtis tessmanii.
Assembling
Cross sections of Celtis adolfi-friderici
Wood species 271

DIANIA
Commercial grading
visual grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Matches • Veneer for interior of plywood
• Turned goods • Panelling
Common names
Country Local name
Benin Bawe
Cameroon Odou vrai
Congo Diania, Édou, Kiliakamba
Côte d’Ivoire Celtis, Lohonfé
Gabon Engo
Ghana Esa-biri, Esa-kokoo, Esa-kosua
Kenya Shiunza
Liberia Lokonfi
Nigeria Dunki, Ita, Ohia, Zuwo
Uganda Ekembe bakaswa, Namanuka
Central African Republic Balzé
Democratic Republic of Bolundé, Diania, Kayombo
Congo

DIBÉTOU
Dibétou
Family. Meliaceae
Botanical names
Lovoa swynnertonii Baker f.
Lovoa trichilioides Harms (Syn. Lovoa klaineana)
Continent.Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Notes. Ring shakes and brittleheart possible in some logs. Flat sawn
Wood yellow brown or grey brown, with black streaks or veins
taking a golden glint. Black deposits in the pores.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.53
(1)

Wood species 273

DIBÉTOU
treatment
Drying
’Suggested drying schedule. Schedule #4 (see explanatory note)
Notes. Difficulties due to interlocked grain in planing (tearing). Tools must be kept sharp.
Ribbon-like aspect on quartersawn. Sawing and machining dust is an irritant.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Lovoa trichilioides

DIBÉTOU
Fire safety
Main end uses
Notes. Although local names include Noyer du Gabon and African Walnut / Noyer
d’Afrique, this species should not be confused with Walnut (Juglans regia), which it
resembles.
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Bibolo
Congo Bosso
Côte d’Ivoire Dibétou
United States Congowood, Tigerwood
France Dibétou, Noyer d’Afrique, Noyer du Gabon
Gabon Éyan
Ghana African walnut, Dubini-biri, Mpengwa
Equatorial Guinea Embero, M’bero, N’vero
Kenya Mukongoro
Nigeria Anamenila, Apopo, Sida
Uganda Mukusu, Nkoba
Central African Republic Boyo kondi
Democratic Republic of Congo Bombulu, Lifaki muindu
United Kingdom African walnut, Tigerwood
Sierra Leone Wnaimei
Wood species 275

DIFOU
Difou
Family. Moraceae
Botanical names
Morus mesozygia Stapf (Syn. Morus lactea)
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Flat sawn
Notes. Difou is similar in appearance to Iroko. The colour
darkens with air and becomes brown.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.84
(1)

fresh water contact

DIFOU
used.
Drying
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Morus mesozygia
Wood species 277

DIFOU

Fire safety
Main end uses
• Shingles • Stakes
• Cabinetry (high-end furniture) • Bridges (parts in contact with water or
or ground)
• Panelling
• Poles
• Sculpture
• Flooring
• Sleepers
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Ossel
Congo Kessé
Côte d’Ivoire Difou
Ghana Wonton
Mozambique Mecobze, Mecodze
Nigeria Aye
Central African Republic Bondé
Democratic Republic of Kankaté
Congo

DOUGLAS FIR
Douglas fir
Family. Pinaceae
Botanical name
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco
Notes. Coming from North West of America, Douglas fir is
often used for reforestation in France and in Europe. Properties
of European planted trees (young and with a rapid growth)
which are mentioned on this sheet differ from those of the
«Oregon pine» (old and slow growth) coming from its original
growing area.
Log description
Wood description
Reference colour. Pinkish brown Half-quarter sawn
Texture. Medium
Grain. Straight Quarter sawn

Notes. Heartwood is pinkish brown with veins. Sapwood has
a wide span and is yellowish in colour. Wood may show resin
pockets, sometimes quite large.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.54
(1)

Resistance to decay. Class 3-5 – moderately durable to not
durable
Wood species 279

DOUGLAS FIR
sapwood)
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Use class 3 only covers wood
components without sapwood. According to the European standard NF EN 335 of May
2013, performance length might be modified by conditions in which it is used. Heartwood is
not permeable to preservative products. Wood is used most of the time with sapwood which
is moderately permeable to preservative products.
Drying
Notes. Risks of clogging of saw blades and tools due to resin pockets.
Assembling
Notes. Wood slightly acidic: nail or screw corrosion if in contact with moisture. Risk of
stains.
Cross sections of Pseudotsuga menziesii

DOUGLAS FIR
Commercial grading
grading
According to French standard
NF EN 1611-1 (October 1999)
G2-0, G2-1, G2-2, G2-3, G2-4
G4-0, G4-1, G4-2, G4-3, G4-4
standard EN 1912 (2012) and
associated national standards
(see explanatory note), strength Temporary micro-architecture display – Forum Bois Construction,
classes C14, C16, C18, C20, Lyon 2016; Built for: France Douglas; Architect: Patriarche & Co
C22, C24, C30 and C35 can (France).
Strength classes C18, C24 and
C30 can be provided by visual
grading according to French
(2011).
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Panelling • Poles
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Douglasie
United States Douglas fir
France Douglas, Pin d’Oregon, Sapin de Douglas
Wood species 281

DOUKA
Douka
Family. Sapotaceae
Botanical name
Tieghemella africana Pierre
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Interlocked grain. Marked but not frequent
Flat sawn Notes. Sapwood whitish to pale pink. Heartwood light pink
brown to dark pink brown or light red. Sometimes, presence of
light veins. Often moiré.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.72
(1)

fresh water contact

DOUKA
due to its high silica content. According to the European standard NF EN 335 of May 2013,
treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. A period of air drying prior to kiln drying is recommended to limit defects related to
drying.
Notes. Very irritant sawdust. Occasional clogging of saw blades.
Assembling
Cross sections of Tieghemella africana
Wood species 283

DOUKA
Commercial grading
visual grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
• building (ribs) • Flooring
• Stairs (inside) • Decking
• Veneer for back or face of plywood • Bridges (parts not in contact with water
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Douka
Congo N’duka
Gabon Douka
Equatorial Guinea Okola

DOUSSIÉ / AFZELIA*
Doussié / Afzelia*
Botanical names
Afzelia africana Sm.
Afzelia bella Harms
Afzelia bipindensis Harms
Afzelia pachyloba Harms
Afzelia quanzensis Welw. (Syn. Afzelia cuanzensis)
(Syn. Intsia cuanzensis)
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Flat sawn
Texture. Coarse
Quarter sawn
Notes. Wood golden brown to light red brown, sometimes with
darker veins. Afzelia bipidensis can often be identified by the
presence of yellow powder at its heart.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.80
(1)

Wood species 285

DOUSSIÉ / AFZELIA*

used.
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Difficulties in extracting moisture from the heart of pieces. Slow drying necessary (3
to 5 months).
Suitability for peeling. Peeling possible for decorative veneer.
Notes. Sawdust is an irritant. Some difficulties due to interlocked grain (tearing).
Assembling
Notes. Tends to split with nailing. Gluing may be difficult due to wood extractives. High
specific gravity: important that gluing be performed in compliance with the code of practice
and instructions for the glue used.
Cross sections of Afzelia bipindensis

DOUSSIÉ / AFZELIA*
Commercial grading
visual grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Shingles • Flooring
• Ship building (planking and deck) • Sliced veneer
• building (ribs) • Decking
or ground)
• Cooperage
• House framing
Notes. Resistant to one or several acids. Yellow powder, sometimes visible in areas near the
heart, contain substances that might hinder varnish drying. Filling is recommended to obtain
a good finish.
Common names
Country Local name Country Local name
Germany Afzelia Mozambique Chanfuta, Mussacossa
Angola N’kokongo, Uvala Nigeria Aligna, Apa, Apa igbo
Benin Kpakpatin, Pakpajide Portugal Chanfuta
Cameroon Doussié, M’banga Democratic Republic of Bolengu
Congo N’kokongo Congo
Côte d’Ivoire Azodau, Lingué United Kingdom Afzelia
Gabon Édoumeuleu Senegal Lingué
Ghana Papao Sierra Leone Kpendei
Guinea-Bissau Pau conta Tanzania Mbembakofi, Mkora
Wood species 287

DUABANGA
Duabanga
Family. Lythraceae (Sonneratiaceae)
Botanical names
Duabanga grandiflora Walp.
Duabanga moluccana Blume
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Flat sawn
Notes. Wood light yellow to light brown.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.50
(1)

all the wood)
risk of dampness)

DUABANGA
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Notes. Surface sometimes fuzzy. Keep sharp tools. Filling is required to obtain a good finish.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Cross sections of Duabanga moluccana
Wood species 289

DUABANGA

Main end uses
• Floats • Fibre or particle boards
Common names
Country Local name
India Lampati ramdala
Indonesia Kalam
Malaysia Magas, Magasawith, Phay-sung, Tagahas
Myanmar Myaukngo
Papua New Guinea Duabanga
Philippines Loktob
Thailand Linkwai, Phay
Viet Nam Phay

DUKALI / AMAPA*
Dukali / Amapa*
Family. Apocynaceae
Botanical name
Parahancornia fasciculata Benoist
Notes. Sandé (white wood Brosimum) is also commercialised
under the name Amapa (or Amapa doce).
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Notes. Cream white. Very thin silver figure.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.52
(1)

all the wood)
risk of dampness)
Wood species 291

DUKALI / AMAPA*
treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Assembling
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Cross sections of Parahancornia fasciculata

DUKALI / AMAPA*

Main end uses
• Matches • Panelling
• Veneer for interior of plywood • Rolling shutters
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Amapa amargoso, Amapazinho
Guyana Dukali
French Guiana Mapa
Peru Naranja podrida
Suriname Mapa
Wood species 293

DURIAN
Durian
Botanical names
Coelostegia griffithii Benth.
Coelostegia p.p.
Durio zibethinus L.
Durio p.p.
Neesia p.p.
Notes. Commercial species include 3 genera and a large
number of botanical species. Properties sometimes variable
between genera or species.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Flat sawn
Wood description
Quarter sawn Sapwood. Not clearly demarcated
Texture. Coarse
Notes. Sapwood whitish, greyish to pale rose. Heartwood pink
rose to grey brown, colour variable according to the species
and genus, darkening to brown with reddish lustre. Marked
silver figure gives wood lustrous aspect. Resin and crystalline
deposits. Typical musk scent.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.62
(1)

DURIAN

treatment
Drying
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Coelostegia griffithii
Wood species 295

DURIAN
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Framing • Veneer for back or face of plywood
• Boxes and crates • Veneer for interior of plywood
• Open boats • Built-in furniture or mobile item
• Stairs (inside) • Blockboard
Common names
Country Local name
Indonesia Durian
Malaysia Apa apa, Bengang, Durian, Durian isa, Punggai
Myanmar Du yin

ÉBIARA / BERLINIA*
Ébiara / Berlinia*
Botanical names
Berlinia bracteosa Benth.
Berlinia confusa Hoyle
Berlinia grandiflora Hutch. & Dalziel
Berlinia p.p.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Flat sawn
Texture. Medium
Quarter sawn
Notes. Presence of purple or dark brown veins. Frequent resin
canals.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.70
Lower heating value 19,460kJ/kg
(1)
Notes. Physical and mechanical properties vary widely
according to the different Ebiara species.
Wood species 297

ÉBIARA / BERLINIA*

possible)
Drying
Notes. To reduce the risk of distortion, quartersawn drying is recommended.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Berlinia bracteosa

ÉBIARA / BERLINIA*

Fire safety
flammable)
standard NF EN 14081-1 (April Small polished, stylised sculpture (Gabon).
Main end uses
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Berlinia
Angola M’possa
Benin Bagbé
Cameroon Abem, Essabem
Congo M’possa
Côte d’Ivoire Melegba, Pocouli
Gabon Ébiara / Berlinia
Ghana Berlinia
Nigeria Ekpogoi
Democratic Republic of M’possa
Congo
United Kingdom Berlinia
Sierra Leone Sarkpei
Wood species 299

ÉKABA / EKOP*
Ékaba / Ekop*
Botanical names
Tetraberlinia bifoliolata Hauman (Syn. Berlinia bifoliolata)
Tetraberlinia longiracemosa Wieringa
Tetraberlinia tubmaniana J. Léonard
Tetraberlinia p.p.
Continent. Africa
Notes. Ekaba is often confused with Andoung.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Flat sawn Reference colour. Pinkish brown
Texture. Medium
Notes. Possible presence of wind shakes (internal fractures in
wood).
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.62
(1)
Notes. T. bifoliolata has lower physical and mechanical
properties than T. tubmaniana.

ÉKABA / EKOP*
Drying
Notes. Risk of discolouration of wood during drying.
Notes. A reduced cutting angle is recommended to reduce the risk of grain tearing in the
presence of interlocked grain.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Tetraberlinia bifoliolata
Wood species 301

ÉKABA / EKOP*

Fire safety
Main end uses
• Veneer for interior of plywood • Blockboard
• Glued Laminated
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Ekop
Cameroon Ékop-ribi
Congo Éko-andoung
Spain Ekaban
France Ékaba / Ekop
Gabon Éko-andoung
Equatorial Guinea Ekop
Liberia Hoh, Sikon
Netherlands Ekop
United Kingdom Tetraberlinia

ÉKOUNE
Ékoune
Family. Myristicaceae
Botanical names
Coelocaryon botryoides Vermoesen
Coelocaryon preussii Warb.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Grain. Straight
Flat sawn
Notes. Sometimes purplish brown veins.
Property Mean value

Density(1) 0.53
(1)

all the wood)
risk of dampness)
Wood species 303

ÉKOUNE
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Coelocaryon preussii

ÉKOUNE

visual grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
Notes. Can be used as a substitute for Okoumé for plywood.
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Nom Éteng
Congo Kikubi-lomba
Gabon Ékoune, Ékun
Equatorial Guinea Ékoune, Ékun
Nigeria Egbenrin
Central African Republic Koloméko
Democratic Republic of Lomba-kumbi
Congo
Wood species 305

ÉMIEN / ALSTONIA*
Émien / Alstonia*
Family. Apocynaceae
Botanical names
Alstonia boonei De Wild.
Alstonia congensis Engl. (Syn. Alstonia gilletii)
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Grain. Straight
Flat sawn
Notes. Frequent brittleheart. Grain sometimes wavy. Frequent
latex canals. Unpleasant odour when green.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.36
(1)
Notes. Properties of Emien are similar to those of Obeche
(Triplochiton scleroxylon).
all the wood)

ÉMIEN / ALSTONIA*
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Notes. The presence of latex may cause the clogging of saw blades.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Alstonia boonei
Wood species 307

ÉMIEN / ALSTONIA*

Fire safety
Main end uses
• Pencils • Built-in furniture or mobile item
• Open boats • Blockboard
• Veneer for interior of plywood
Notes. Can be used as a substitute for Obeche, but yield is often low due to latex canals.
Common names
Country Local name
Benin Afatin
Cameroon Ékouk, Ékuk
Congo Tsongoti
Côte d’Ivoire Abale, Émien
Gabon Ékouk, Ékuk
Ghana Sindru, Sinduro
Equatorial Guinea Ékouk, Ékuk
Nigeria Ahun, Awun
Uganda Mujwa
Central African Republic Mogouga
Democratic Republic of Congo Akuka
United Kingdom Alstonia, Pattern wood, Stoolwood
Sierra Leone Kaiwi

ESSESSANG / ERIMADO*
Essessang / Erimado*
Botanical names
Ricinodendron heudelotii Pierre
(Syn. Ricinodendron africanum)
Schinziophyton rautanenii Radcl.-Sm.
(Syn. Ricinodendron rautanenii)
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Grain. Straight or interlocked Flat sawn
Notes. Sometimes slightly wavy grain.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.26
(1)

all the wood)
risk of dampness)
Wood species 309

treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Notes. Sawing and cutting: pronounced tendency to woolliness. Tools must always be
carefully sharpened.
Assembling
Commercial grading
SATA grading rules are infrequently applied due to specific technological properties and uses
of this species.
Fire safety
Cross sections of Ricinodendron heudelotii


Main end uses
• Floats • Model building
• Veneer for interior of plywood • Moulding
• Insulation • Sculpture
Notes. Quite good finish. Filling is recommended. Possible substitute for Balsa.
Common names
Country Local name
Benin Muawa
Cameroon Essessang, Ézézang
Congo Sanga-sanga
Côte d’Ivoire Eho
France Essessang / Erimado
Gabon Ésésang
Ghana Wama
Equatorial Guinea Nsezang
Mozambique Muawa
Nigeria Erimado
Wood species 311

ESSIA
Essia
Botanical names
Petersianthus macrocarpus Liben (Syn. Combretodendron
africanum) (Syn. Petersia africana)
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Half-quarter sawn Notes. Unpleasant odour when green. Yellowish pink to red
brown with variable aspect. Grain straight or wavy.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.80
(1)

Notes. Wide sapwood sensitive to insect attacks.

ESSIA
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Quartersawn recommended especially for thick dimensions. Kiln drying very
difficult. Drying thin dimensions is recommended.
Notes. Machining more or less easy according to interlocked grain, especially in planing
(tearing).
Assembling
Notes. Risks of splits with thin dimensions. High specific gravity: important that gluing be
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Petersianthus macrocarpus
Wood species 313

ESSIA

Fire safety
Main end uses
• Heavy carpentry
• Sliced veneer
Notes. Mottled, striated, veined or moiré wood are in high demand for decorative sliced
veneer.
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Abing
Côte d’Ivoire Abalé
Congo Minzu
France Abale
Gabon Abin, Abing
Ghana Esia, Essia
Nigeria Owewe
Central African Republic Nossoba
Democratic Republic of Congo Bossoho, Wulo

ÉTIMOÉ
Étimoé
Botanical names
Copaifera mildbraedii Harms
Copaifera salikounda Heckel
Copaifera p.p.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Notes. Presence of resin. Wood often moiré.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.71
(1)
Notes. Copaifera mildbraedii seems to have inferior properties
than C. salikounda.
Wood species 315

ÉTIMOÉ
possible)
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Resin can sometimes clog tools with sawing and machining.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Copaifera salikounda

ÉTIMOÉ

Fire safety
Main end uses
• Stairs (inside) • Moulding
Common names
Country Local name
Benin Akpaflo
Cameroon Essak
Congo Yama
Côte d’Ivoire Étimoé
Gabon Andem-éviné, Anzèm noir
Ghana Entedua
Nigeria Ovbialeke
Central African Republic Bilombi, Yama
Democratic Republic of Congo Bofélélé
Wood species 317

EUCALYPTUS GRANDIS
Eucalyptus grandis
Family. Myrtaceae
Botanical name
Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill
Notes. Native to Australia, Eucalyptus grandis has been planted
in almost all tropical or sub-tropical areas of the world. Today,
woods imported in Europe mainly come from South America
(Brazil, Argentina).
Log description
Wood description
Flat sawn
Texture. Coarse
Quarter sawn
Notes. Pale pink to reddish brown wood.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.65
(1)


EUCALYPTUS GRANDIS
possible)
Notes. Some Eucalyptus grandis sold in the world today comes from young plantations.
Wood often has properties inferior to the wood in natural forests. In particular, juvenile
wood presents an incomplete duraminisation which explains their lower natural durability
compared to the durability of more mature woods.
Drying
Notes. Like almost all Eucalyptus, E.grandis develops growth stresses which create splits or
distortion in the stocks during log sawing. Appropriate sawing techniques must be used: log
sawing turning, symmetrical sawing, first sawing by the heart, production of short length
stocks.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Eucalyptus grandis
Wood species 319

EUCALYPTUS GRANDIS
Fire safety
(readily flammable)
NF EN 14081-1 (April 2016):
22 mm. Hammock stand – Telêmaco Borba (Paraná, Brazil).
Main end uses

• Pit props • Built-in furniture or mobile item
• Framing • House framing
• Panelling • Flooring
• Glued Laminated • Poles
Notes. In Brazil, a high percentage of Eucalyptus grandis production is transformed into
charcoal and used by the iron and steel industry.
Common names
Country Local name
Australia Flooded gum, Kamarere, Rose gum
Brazil Grandis, Eucalyptus grandis
France Grandis, Eucalyptus grandis

EUROPEAN LARCH
European Larch
Family. Pinaceae
Botanical names
Larix decidua Mill. (Syn. Larix europaea)
Continent. Europe
Notes. High altitude species. European Larch is found in the
Alp mountains and Central Europe.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Grain. Straight
Flat sawn
Notes. Heartwood is pinkish brown, with reddish brown veins.
The grain is usually straight but might be oblique (twisted logs).
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.60
(1)

Wood species 321

EUROPEAN LARCH
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Kiln drying of Larch above 70° C prevents problems linked to resin exudation on the
final product.
Notes. Larch sawing is easy but clogging of saw blades due to resin must be taken into
account.
Assembling
Notes. Difficult gluing due to resin. Drying at above 70° C prevents this problem.
Commercial grading
According to French standard NF EN 1611-1 (October 1999) and NF EN 1611- A1 (March
2003)
Cross sections of Larix decidua

EUROPEAN LARCH
Possible grading (on 2 sides): G2-0,

G2-1, G2-2, G2-3, G2-4
Possible grading (on 4 sides): G4-0,
G4-1, G4-2, G4-3, G4-4
According to European standard
EN 1912 (2012) and associated
national standards (see explanatory
note), strength classes C18, C20,
C22, C24, C27 and C30 can be
provided by visual grading. Strength
classes C18, C24 and C27 can
be provided by visual grading
according to French standard NF B
52-001-1 (2011).
Fire safety
flammable)
Grading for wood cladding,
according to procedures of the
European standard NF EN 14915
(December 2013). Assigned Balcony of a mountain chalet, Hautes-Alpes (France).
according to procedures of the
European standard NF EN 13501-1.
Two relevant grading reports No.11/
RC-40 and No.12/RC-44 prepared
by the FCBA. Fields of application
defined in these two reports.
Main end uses
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Larche
Spain Alerce
France Mélèze
Italy Larice
United Kingdom Larch
Wood species 323

ÉVEUSS
Éveuss
Botanical names
Klainedoxa gabonensis Pierre
Klainedoxa trillesii Pierre
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Flat sawn
Notes. Sapwood sometimes very wide, which affects yield with
sawing. Sometimes wavy grain. Presence of light thin veins and
sometimes black veining.
Half-quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 1.06
(1)

fresh water contact

ÉVEUSS
demarcated sapwood may have an influence on the expected durability. According to the
European standard NF EN 335 of May 2013, performance length might be modified by
treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Very slow
Notes. Drying is very difficult.
Notes. Blunting effect due to hardness. No silica. Sawing requires power.
Assembling
Notes. Very high specific gravity: very important that gluing be performed in compliance
Cross sections of Klainedoxa gabonensis
Wood species 325

ÉVEUSS
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Heavy carpentry • Bridges (parts not in contact with water
ground)
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Ngon
Congo Kuma-kuma
Côte d’Ivoire Kroma
Gabon Évès, Éveuss
Ghana Kruma
Equatorial Guinea Eves, Eveuss
Nigeria Odudu
Central African Republic Oboro
Democratic Republic of Congo Ikélé, Kuma-kuma

ÉYONG / WHITE STERCULIA*
Éyong / White Sterculia*

Botanical names
Eribroma oblongum Pierre (Syn. Sterculia oblonga)
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Half-quarter sawn
Notes. Wood cream white to light yellow brown with white
veins. Large silver figure. Oily to the touch. Unpleasant odour
when green.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.74
(1)

all the wood)
Wood species 327


Prone to blue stain.
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Risks of blue stain.
Notes. Risks of tearing in planing. Difficult to obtain a good finish. Filling is recommended.
Assembling
Notes. Risks of cracks in quartersawn boards.
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Eribroma oblongum


Fire safety
Main end uses
• Formwork
• Panelling
• Flooring
• Sliced veneer
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Bongélé, Éyong
Congo Kuil
Côte d’Ivoire Bi
Gabon N’chong, N’zong
Ghana Ohaa
Equatorial Guinea N’chong, N’zong
Nigeria Okoko
Central African Republic Bongo
United Kingdom White sterculia, Yellow
sterculia
Wood species 329

ÉYOUM
Éyoum
Botanical names
Dialium aubrevillei Pellegr.
Dialium bipindense Harms
Dialium dinklagei Harms
Dialium pachyphyllum Harms
Dialium p.p.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Quarter sawn Interlocked grain. Marked
Notes. Light pinkish brown to brown or red brown, sometimes
very dark.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.94
(1)


ÉYOUM

Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Information regarding the natural
durability and preservation treatment requirements correspond to phenomena observed in
most species of the genus. Species of certain origins, in particular Dialium pachyphyllum and
Dialium aubrevillei, show less durability (durability class 3 or 4). According to the European
which it is used.
treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Assembling
Cross sections of Dialium dinklagei
Wood species 331

ÉYOUM
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Turned goods • Decking
• Vehicle or container flooring • Bridges (parts in contact with water or
• Exterior joinery ground)
• House framing • Exterior panelling
• Flooring • Hydraulic works (fresh water)
• Industrial or heavy flooring • Sleepers
• Sliced veneer
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon M’fan, Mfang
Congo Penzi
Côte d’Ivoire Afambéou, Kofina
Gabon Éyoum, Omvong
Guinea-Bissau Pau veludo
Liberia Ciania, Gbelle-flu, Gia kaba
Mozambique Ziba
Democratic Republic of Congo Bongola, Kasudu

FARO / OGEA*
Faro / Ogea*
Botanical names
Daniellia klainei Pierre
Daniellia ogea Rolfe
Daniellia soyauxii Rolfe
Daniellia thurifera Benn.
Daniellia p.p.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Sapwood. Not clearly demarcated Flat sawn
Texture. Coarse
Interlocked grain. Slight Half-quarter sawn
Notes. Possible presence of brittleheart. Sometimes greenish
brown veins in heartwood.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.55
(1)

all the wood)
Wood species 333

FARO / OGEA*

Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Notes. Risks of distortion (especially for flat sawn products). Risks of collapse with thick
material.
Notes. Surface often fuzzy. Assembling and gluing sometimes difficult due to warping of
dried veneers.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Daniellia thurifera

FARO / OGEA*
Possible grading for short-length lumbers:

choice i, choice ii
Possible grading for short-length rafters: choice i,
Possible grading for strips and small boards:
Possible grading for rafters: choice i, choice ii,
choice iii
visual grading.
Fire safety
timber in vertical uses and ceilings with minimal
mean density of 0.35 and minimal thickness of
22 mm.
Main end uses Indoor table – Café Le Piha, Bordeaux
• Boxes and crates (France).
• Blockboard
• Sliced veneer
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Daniellia
Benin Jatin
Cameroon Nsou
Congo Singa n’dola
Côte d’Ivoire Faro / Ogea
Gabon Lonlaviol
Ghana Ogea, Shedua
Equatorial Guinea N’su
Nigeria Oziya
Democratic Republic of Congo Bolengu
United Kingdom Ogea
Sierra Leone Gbessi
Wood species 335

FAVA AMARGOSA
Fava amargosa
Botanical names
Vatairea guianensis Aubl.
Vatairea paraensis Ducke
Vataireopsis speciosa Ducke
Vataireopsis surinamensis Lima
Vatairea p.p.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Notes. Bright yellow when freshly sawn, becoming yellow
brown to dark brown or red brown.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.75
(1)


FAVA AMARGOSA

possible)
treatment
Drying
Notes. Sawdust may cause allergies.
Assembling
Commercial grading
In French Guiana, the local name of this species is «Inkassa». Grading is done according to
Cross sections of Vatairea paraensis
Wood species 337

FAVA AMARGOSA
Fire safety
Main end uses
Notes. It is recommended to prepare surfaces and apply an undercoat, such as filling, before
finishing as this species contains anti-siccatives.
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Angelim amargoso, Aracui, Aracuy, Fava amarela, Fava amargosa, Faveira amarela,
Faveira amargosa, Faveira bolacha
Colombia Guerra, Maqui
France Faveira amargosa
Guyana Arisauro, Bastard purpleheart, Bauwaua
French Guiana Inkassa, Yongo
Honduras Amargo
Panama Amargo
Peru Mari-mari, Marupa del bajo
Suriname Arisoeroe, Gele kabbes, Geli-kabissi

FAVEIRA
Faveira
Botanical names
Parkia multijuga Benth.
Parkia nitida Miq.
Parkia p.p.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Flat sawn
Notes. Sometimes, heartwood presents very large light brown Quarter sawn
veins.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.47
(1)

all the wood)
Wood species 339

FAVEIRA
treatment
Drying
Notes. A moderate drying schedule must be used to reduce the risk of distortion.
Notes. Fuzzy surface.
Assembling
Commercial grading
In French Guiana, the local name of this species is «Dodomissinga». Grading is done
Cross sections of Parkia pendula

FAVEIRA
Fire safety
Main end uses
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Fava arara tucupi, Fava bolota, Faveira, Parica, Visgueiro
Colombia Huarango, Rayo
Ecuador Tangama
Guyana Black manariballi, Ipanai, Uya
French Guiana Dodomissinga, Kouatakaman
Peru Goma pashaco
Suriname Kwatakama
Venezuela Cascaron
Wood species 341

FIR
Fir
Family. Pinaceae
Botanical names
Abies alba Mill. (Syn. Abies pectinata)
Continent. Europe
Notes. A European species, Fir appreciates cool climates with
humid air. In France, Spruce (Picea excelsa) is often falsely
called “Sapin” (Abies alba).
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Notes. Fir wood is creamy white, a little bit dull, sometimes
Quarter sawn slightly reddish-brown. Rings are very visible. Texture is fine to
medium depending on growth speed.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.49
(1)

all the wood)

FIR
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Prone to blue stain. Used with
sapwood. Preservation treatment is therefore imperative.
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Notes. The quality of surface depends on the grain regularity and the possible presence of
knots or areas of compression wood.
Assembling
Notes. Particularly prone to splitting: high risk of splits when nailing.
Commercial grading
According to French standard NF EN 1611-1 (October 1999)
Possible grading (on 2 sides): G2-0, G2-1, G2-2, G2-3, G2-4
Cross sections of Abies alba
Wood species 343

FIR

According to European standard
EN 1912 (2012) and associated
national standards (see
explanatory note), strength classes
C14, C16, C18, C24 and C30 can
Strength classes C18, C24 and
C30, however, can be provided
by visual grading according to
French standard NF B 52-001-1/
A3 (2011).
Fire safety
flammable) Log chalet, Plainfaing (France).
Main end uses
• Shingles • Glued Laminated
• Pit props • Interior joinery
• Musical instruments • Poles
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Tanne
Spain Abete comun
France Spruce
Italy Abete
United Kingdom Fir

FRAMIRÉ / IDIGBO*
Framiré / Idigbo*
Family. Combretaceae
Botanical name
Terminalia ivorensis A. Chev.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Notes. Brittleheart and possible wind shakes. More or less light
Flat sawn
yellow in colour, sometimes with greenish shades. Ribbon-like
aspect due to interlocked grain.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.50
(1)

all the wood)
Wood species 345

FRAMIRÉ / IDIGBO*
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Notes. In machining, risk of tearing due to interlocked grain. Sawdust may cause irritations.
Filling is required to obtain a good finish.
Assembling
Notes. Wood fairly acidic: tendency to stain with gluing.
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Terminalia ivorensis

FRAMIRÉ / IDIGBO*
Fire safety
flammable)
flammable)
standard NF EN 14081-1 (April 2016):
uses and ceilings with minimal mean
density of 0.35 and minimal thickness
of 22 mm.
Main end uses
• Turned goods
• Framing
• Stairs (inside)
• Panelling
• Glued Laminated
• Exterior joinery Door of built-in wardrobe, Teyran (France).
• Moulding
• Flooring
• Sliced veneer
• Seats
• Rolling shutters
Notes. Framire contains yellow tannins that may stain with humidity.
Common names
Country Local name
Benin Idigbo
Cameroon Lidia
Côte d’Ivoire Framiré / Idigbo
Ghana Emeri
Liberia Bajii
Nigeria Black affaira, Idigbo
United Kingdom Idigbo
Sierra Leone Bajii
Wood species 347

FREIJO / LAUREL BLANCO*
Freijo / Laurel blanco*

Family. Boraginaceae
Botanical names
Cordia goeldiana Huber
Cordia trichotoma Arrab.
Cordia p.p.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Flat sawn Texture. Medium
Quarter sawn Notes. Wood grey yellow to grey brown or golden brown
sometimes with darker veins. Large silver figure.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.58
(1)


used.
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Notes. Slight tendency to end checks with sawing.
Notes. Sometimes grain tearing with sawing and machining. Sharp tools are necessary to
avoid woolliness.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Cordia trichotoma
Wood species 349

Fire safety
flammable)
Main end uses
• Framing
• Ship building (planking and
deck)
• Veneer for back or face of
plywood
• Panelling
• Glued Laminated
• Built-in furniture or mobile item Cupboard facade – SARL Fribois, Wambrechies (France).
• Sliced veneer
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Freijo, Frei-jorge
United States Cordia wood, Jenny wood
France Freijo / Laurel blanco
United Kingdom Laurel blanco

FUMA / FROMAGER*
Fuma / Fromager*
Botanical names
Ceiba pentandra Gaertn. (Syn. Bombax pentandrum) (Syn.
Ceiba thonningii)
Continent. Africa
Notes. The species Ceiba pentandra is found in Latin America
under the name “Sumauma”.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Coarse Half-quarter sawn

Quarter sawn
Notes. Logs must be treated, extracted, sawn and dryed as soon
as possible after felling. Some logs are not floatable. Wood
cream white to light yellow, often with greyish veins.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.32
(1)

all the wood)
Wood species 351

FUMA / FROMAGER*

treatment
Drying
Notes. A rather slow drying is recommended due to the important moisture content when
green.
Tooth for sawing. Ordinary or all oy steel
Notes. Fuzzy surface. Keep tools sharp to obtain a better finish.
Assembling
Commercial grading
of this species.
Cross sections of Ceiba pentandra

FUMA / FROMAGER*
Fire safety
Conventional French
grading
(readily flammable)
Main end uses
• Veneer for interior of
plywood
• Insulation
• Built-in furniture or mobile
item Peeling of Fromager – Tropical wood, Adzopé (Côte d’Ivoire).
• Moulding
• Blockboard
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Ceiba
Benin Adjolohutin, Hutin
Cameroon Bouma, Doum
Congo Fuma
Côte d’Ivoire Énia, Fromager
United States Silk cotton-tree
France Fromager
Gabon Odouma
Ghana Ceiba, Onyina
Liberia Ghe
Nigeria Araba, Okha
Netherlands Kakantrie
Central African Republic Gila
Democratic Republic of Fuma
Congo
United Kingdom Ceiba
Sierra Leone Banda, Ngwe
Wood species 353

GARAPA
Garapa
Botanical names
Apuleia leiocarpa J.F. Macbr. (Syn. Apuleia molaris)
Continent
Latin America
Notes. Apuleia leiocarpa var. molaris is found in the
Amazonian forest, mainly in flooded areas. The main species,
Apuleia leiocarpa, is found mainly in the south of Brazil,
notably in the forests on the Atlantic coast, where it grows
easily in cleared areas.
Log description
Wood description
Flat sawn Reference colour. Orange yellow
Texture. Medium
Notes. Lemon yellow becoming light brown with age. Slight
ribbon-like aspect, a bit moiré. Irregular interlocked grain.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.79
(1)


GARAPA

Notes. Garapa is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. The natural durability of this species is
very variable. In some cases, this variability can be observed inside the same piece of wood.
This species cannot be used without appropriate preservation treatment for end-uses under
use class 3. One exception is windows, less exposed than other parts of a structure (entrance
doors, shutters, etc.). This species naturally covers the use class 5 (wood permanently or
regularly submerged in salt water, sea water or brackish water) due to its high silica content.
However, its use is not recommended in the case of strong structural constraints, due to its
medium mechanical properties. It is best suited for end uses like shipbuilding.
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. High silica content makes slicing complicated. The feed rate and cutting angle should
be reduced in machining operations.
Assembling
Cross sections of Apuleia leiocarpa
Wood species 355

GARAPA
Commercial grading
grading
According to NHLA grading
rules (2015)
Common 1, Common 2,
Common 3
Fire safety
Thickness < 14 mm: M4 Veneer on desks and flooring in Garapa, meeting room at City
(readily flammable) Hall, Montpellier (France).
Main end uses
• Shipbuilding (ribs) • Flooring
• Cabinetry (high-end furniture) • Industrial or heavy flooring
• Boxes and crates • Marquetry
• Stairs (inside) • Cooperage
• Vehicle or container flooring • Hydraulic works (seawater)
Notes. Easy finish but filling is recommended.
Common names
Country Local name
Argentina Ibira père
Bolivia Almendrillo, Amarillo
Brazil Amarelao, Barajuba, Ferro, Garapa, Gema-de-ovo, Grapia, Jatai-amarelo, Muirajuba, Muirataua
Colombia Cobre
Paraguay Grapia, Yvira-père
Peru Ana
Venezuela Gateado, Mapurite

GERONGGANG
Geronggang
Family. Hypericaceae
Botanical names
Cratoxylum arborescens Blume
Cratoxylum glaucum Korth.
Cratoxylum p.p.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Notes. Risk of splitting during felling (growth stress).

Brittleheart. Wood red brown to dark red. Lustrous aspect.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.45
(1)

risk of dampness)
Wood species 357

GERONGGANG
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Notes. Wood sometimes has a blunting effect. Surface of some woods rough due to irregular
grain. Veneers tend to tear.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Cross sections of Cratoxylum arborescens

GERONGGANG

Main end uses
Common names
Country Local name
Indonesia Gerunggang, Mapat, Mulu, Sulunus
Malaysia Geronggang, Gonggang, Serungan
Wood species 359

GERUTU
Gerutu
Botanical names
Parashorea densiflora Slooten & Symington
Parashorea lucida Kurz
Parashorea smythiesii Wyatt-Sm.
Parashorea p.p.
Log description
Wood description
Quarter sawn Notes. Wood darkens in light. Presence of solidified white resin
canals.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.68
(1)
Notes. Specific gravity varies from 0.60 to 0.80.
all the wood)

GERUTU

possible)
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Risks of checks with thick material.
Notes. Risk of grain tearing. Keep tools sharp to obtain a good surface.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Parashorea densiflora
Wood species 361

GERUTU
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Arched goods • Panelling
Common names
Country Local name
India Tavoy wood
Indonesia White meranti
Laos Mai hao
Malaysia Gerutu, Gerutu pasir, Heavy white seraya, Meranti gerutu, Meruyun, Urat mata batu,
Urat mata bukit, Urat mata daun kechil
Thailand Khai khieo
Viet Nam Cho-chi
Notes. Use of the name “White Meranti” is recommended for the species of the genus
Shorea subgen. Anthoshorea.

GHÉOMBI
Ghéombi
Botanical name
Sindoropsis letestui J. Léonard (Syn. Copaifera letestui)
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Notes. Wood pink brown with cooper glints, darkening in the Flat sawn
light. Possible presence of wind shakes (internal fractures in
wood). Resin canals, mainly in sapwood.
Property Mean value

Density(1) 0.72
(1)

Wood species 363

GHÉOMBI
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Sometimes clogging of sawblades and tools due to resin. Irregular grain may cause a
fuzzy surface in planing.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Sindoropsis letestui

GHÉOMBI
Fire safety
Main end uses
Notes. Low yield due to resin canals and wide sapwood.
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Lumbandjii
Gabon Ghéombi, Ngom
Wood species 365

GIAM
Giam
Botanical names
Hopea ferrea Laness.
Hopea forbesii Slooten
Hopea helferi Brandis
Hopea nutans Ridl.
Hopea p.p.
Notes. “Giam” includes the Hopea species with high specific
gravity. Hopea species with light specific gravity are grouped
under the name Merawan.
Log description
Flat sawn Log conservation. Good
Wood description
Quarter sawn
Texture. Fine
Notes. Sapwood yellowish white to light brown. Heartwood
yellow brown with an olive green lustre when fresh, darkening
to red/chocolate brown, partly strong purple. Concentric rows
of light-coloured rain.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.89
(1)

GIAM

clearly demarcated)
submerged in salt water, sea water or brackish water) due to its pronounced hardness.
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Assembling
Cross sections of Hopea forbesii
Wood species 367

GIAM
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Shipbuilding or ground)
• Vehicle or container flooring • Exterior panelling
• Industrial or heavy flooring • Cooperage
• Bridges (parts in contact with water or • Hydraulic works (seawater)
ground) • Sleepers
Common names
Country Local name
Cambodia Koki thmor
Laos Khèn hin
Malaysia Giam, Selangan-batu
Myanmar Thingan-net
Thailand Takhian

GOIABAO
Goiabao
Family. Sapotaceae
Botanical name
Chrysophyllum lucentifolium Cronquist
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Physical and mechanical properties Flat sawn
Property Mean value

Density(1) 0.91
Monnin hardness(1) 7.7 Quarter sawn
(1)

all the wood)
risk of dampness)
Against dry wood borer attacks. This wood requires
appropriate preservation treatment
Wood species 369

GOIABAO

treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Assembling
Notes. Tendency to split; pre-boring necessary. High specific gravity: important that gluing
be performed in compliance with the code of practice and instructions for the glue used.
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Cros sections of Chrysophyllum lucentifolium

GOIABAO

thickness of 22 mm.
Main end uses
• Turned goods
• Heavy carpentry
• Panelling
• Flooring
• Sliced veneer
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Abiurana, Abiurana amarela, Abiu casca,
Abiurana goiaba, Goiabao, Goyabao
Veneered interior door – Canoinhas, Santa

Catarina (Brazil).
Wood species 371

GOMBÉ
Gombé
Botanical names
Didelotia africana Baill.
Didelotia brevipaniculata J. Léonard
Didelotia idae Oldeman & al.
Didelotia letouzeyi Pellegr.
Didelotia p.p.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Reference colour. Pink orangey
Texture. Medium
Quarter sawn Interlocked grain. Slight
Notes. Sapwood whitish to yellowish. Wood sometimes pink
orangey with sometimes greenish brown veins.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.64
(1)


GOMBÉ

Notes. Variable resistance to decay, from poor to medium.
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Keep cutters sharp to obtain a good finish in the presence of interlocked grain.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Didelotia idae
Wood species 373

GOMBÉ
• For the “Special

Market”
strips and small boards:
choice i, choice ii,
choice iii
rafters: choice i, choice ii,
choice iii
Fire safety
Conventional French
grading
(moderately flammable) Mouldings – Compagnie des bois du Gabon (CBG), Port-Gentil (Gabon).
(readily flammable)
Main end uses
• Coffins • Panelling
• Framing • Glued Laminated
• Closures and shutters • House framing
• Veneer for interior of plywood • Seats
Notes. Sometimes inappropriately marketed as Naga, Meblo or Andoung. Substitute for
Sapele and Nemesu.
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Ékop-gombé, Gombé
Côte d’Ivoire Broutou, Toubaouaté
Gabon Angok, Towé
Liberia Bondu
Sierra Leone Timba

GOMMIER
Gommier
Family. Burseraceae
Botanical names
Dacryodes excelsa Vahl (Syn. Dacryodes hexandra)
Dacryodes occidentalis Cuatrec.
Dacryodes olivifera Cuatrec.
Dacryodes peruviana H.J. Lam
Dacryodes p.p.
Notes. Often confused with Kurokaï / Breu (Protium p.p.).
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Reference colour. Pinkish white Flat sawn
Texture. Fine
Grain. Interlocked grain Quarter sawn
Notes. Wood cream white or pinkish white. Irregular
interlocked grain.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.61
(1)

all the wood)
Wood species 375

GOMMIER

possible)
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Sawing and machining difficulties due to highly interlocked grain. Fairly high to high
blunting effect due to silica content.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Dacryodes olivifera

GOMMIER
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Shingles • Panelling
Common names
Country Local name
Antilles Gommier, Gommier blanc, Gommier de montagne
Ecuador Anime, Copal
Puerto Rico Tabonuco
Wood species 377

GREENHEART
Greenheart
Family. Lauraceae
Botanical names
Chlorocardium rodiei Rohwer, H.G. Richt. & van der Werff
(Syn. Ocotea rodiei)
Log description
Wood description
Sapwood. Slightly demarcated
Texture. Fine
Grain. Straight
Flat sawn Interlocked grain. Absent
Notes. Sapwood yellow brown to dark olive, with sometimes
irregular darker veins.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.97
(1)

fresh water contact

GREENHEART
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Sawdust may cause allergies.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Chlorocardium rodiei
Wood species 379

GREENHEART

(see explanatory note), strength
classes D50 and D70 can be
provided by visual grading.
Fire safety
(readily flammable)
wood that meets requirements Pergola – Made by Woods Direct International LLC, Perez Art
Museum, Miami (United States).
NF EN 14081-1 (April 2016):
22 mm.
Main end uses
• Turned goods • Bridges (parts not in contact with water
• Heavy carpentry or ground)
• Shipbuilding • Poles
Notes. Though infrequently used in France, Greenheart is one of the most suitable species
for end uses submerged in salt water, sea water or brackish water. Species is resistant to
acids. Greenheart is also used for billiard cues.
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Bibiru, Itauba branca
Guyana Bibiru, Demerara, Greenheart
Suriname Beeberoe, Groenhart, Sipiroe
Venezuela Viruviru
Notes. In Suriname, the name Greenheart is used for Ipê square-edged timber and baulks.

GRENADILLO
Grenadillo
Botanical name
Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr.
Continent. Africa
Grenadillo is listed in CITES Appendix II
Log description
Wood description
Reference colour. Black
Texture. Fine
Grain. Straight
Notes. Light yellow sapwood. Heartwood dark purple-brown
with black streaks. Typical rose scent.
Property Mean value

Density(1) 1.29
(1)

fresh water contact
Wood species 381

GRENADILLO
Notes. This species naturally covers the use class 5 (end uses submerged in salt water, sea
water or brackish water) due to its pronounced hardness. However this characteristic is of
little interest for this precious species.
treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Dalbergia melanoxylon

GRENADILLO
Fire safety
(readily flammable)
NF EN 14081-1 (April 2016):
22 mm.
Clarinet components, Montpellier (France).
Main end uses
• Turned goods
• Musical instruments
• Wind instruments (especially clarinets)
• Sculpture
• Marquetry
Notes. End uses similar to those of Ebony, to which it is sometimes considered superior as
less likely to split.
Common names
Country Local name
South Africa Ebbehout, Driedoring, Mokelete, Sebrahout, Swartdriedoring, Umbambangwe
Ethiopia Zebe, Zobbi
Kenya Kikwaju, Mpingo, Poyi
Mali Farakalay
Mozambique Ebène du Mozambique, Grenadille d’Afrique, Grenadille du Mozambique,
Grenadillo, Pau preto
Uganda Motangu
Democratic Republic of Congo Kafundula
Senegal Dialambame, Ébène
Chad Tabum
Zambia Chinsale, Kasalusalu, Mfwankomo, Mkelete, Mkumudwe, Msalu, Mukelete,
Musonkomo
Zimbabwe Murwiti, Pulupulu
Wood species 383

GUAREA, SCENTED* / BOSSÉ CLAIR
Guarea, Scented* / Bossé

clair
Family. Meliaceae
Botanical names
Guarea cedrata Pellegr.
Guarea laurentii De Wild.
Guarea p.p.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Notes. Irregular or wavy grain. Pinkish brown. Slightly moiré.
G. cedrata has a cedar scent and tends to resin exudations.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.63
(1)



Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Variable durability according to the
species. According to the European standard NF EN 335 of May 2013, performance length
treatment
Drying
Notes. Tendency to resin exudation for G.cedrata with a possible influence on the
appearance of dried timber.
Notes. The silica content of G.cedrata can be high to very high. Sawdust is an irritant.
Assembling
Notes. Gluing G. cedrata may be difficult due to resin exudations.
Cross sections of Guarea cedrata
Wood species 385

Commercial grading
visual grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Cigar boxes • Exterior joinery
• Panelling • Rolling shutters
Notes. Filling is recommended to obtain a better finish. Resin exudations may be an
inconvenient for some uses.
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Bosse, Diambi
Cameroon Ebangbemwa
Côte d’Ivoire Bossé clair
Gabon Ossoung
Ghana Kwabohoro
Nigeria Obobo nofua
Central African Republic N’zombou
Democratic Republic of Bosasa, Diambi
Congo
United Kingdom Scented guarea

GUAREA, BLACK* / BOSSÉ FONCÉ
Guarea, Black* / Bossé foncé

Family. Meliaceae
Botanical name
Guarea thompsonii Sprague & Hutch.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Reference colour. Orange brown
Texture. Fine
Notes. Irregular grain but straighter than Scented Guarea.
Slightly moiré.
Property Mean value

Density(1) 0.68
(1)

Wood species 387

used.
treatment
Drying
Notes. Sawdust is an irritant.
Assembling
Notes. Pre-boring may be necessary due to wood hardness.
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Guarea thompsonii


visual grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Cigar boxes • Exterior joinery
Notes. Filling is recommended to obtain a better finish.
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Bosse, Diambi
Côte d’Ivoire Mutigbanaye
Gabon Ossoung
Ghana Guarea
Kenya Bolon
Nigeria Obobo nekwi
Central African Republic N’zombou
Democratic Republic of Diambi
Congo
United Kingdom Black guarea
Wood species 389

GUARIÚBA
Guariúba
Family. Moraceae
Botanical name
Clarisia racemosa Ruiz & Pav.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Flat sawn
Notes. Yellow wood becoming lustrous brown with light.
Ribbon-like aspect on quartersawn.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.69
(1)


GUARIÚBA
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Risks of end checks during kiln drying.
Notes. Surface of some woods sometimes rough due to interlocked grain. It is advised to
keep tools sharp.
Assembling
Commercial grading
visual grading.
Cross sections of Clarisia racemosa
Wood species 391

GUARIÚBA
Fire safety
flammable)
flammable)
Main end uses
• Heavy carpentry
• Open boats
• Stairs (inside)
• Panelling
• Glued Laminated
• Built-in furniture or mobile item Deck – Ebata Produtos Florestais Ltda,
Bélem (Pará, Brazil).
• Moulding
• House framing
• Flooring
• Sliced veneer
• Bridges (parts not in contact with water or ground)
Notes. Can be used as a substitute for Maple, Birch and Boxwood.
Common names
Country Local name
Bolivia Murure
Brazil Oiticica amarela, Oiticica da mata, Guariúba
Colombia Aji, Guariuba
Ecuador Mata palo, Moral bobo, Pituca
Peru Capinuri, Guariuba, Murere, Turupay amarillo

GUATAMBÙ
Guatambù
Family. Rutaceae
Botanical name
Balfourodendron riedelianum Engl.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Physical and mechanical properties Flat sawn
Property Mean value

Density(1) 0.82
Monnin hardness(1) 7.3 Half-quarter sawn
(1)

all the wood)
Against dry wood borer attacks. This wood requires
appropriate preservation treatment
Wood species 393

GUATAMBÙ

treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Kiln drying must be handled slowly to limit the risk of end checks.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Cross sections of Balfourodendron riedelianum

GUATAMBÙ

Main end uses
• Tool handles (resilient woods) • Sculpture
Notes. Substitute for European Boxwood (Buxus sempervirens).
Common names
Country Local name
Argentina Guatambù
Brazil Guatambù, Pau marfim
Paraguay Guatambù blanco
Wood species 395

HALDU
Haldu
Family. Rubiaceae
Botanical names
Adinauclea fagifolia Ridsdale (Syn. Adina fagifolia)
Haldina cordifolia Ridsdale (Syn. Adina cordifolia)
Pertusadina eurhyncha Ridsdale (Syn. Adina rubescens)
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Flat sawn
Grain. Straight
Quarter sawn Notes. Very wide sapwood. Yellow wood darkening to yellow
brown with age. Lustrous surface.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.70
(1)

all the wood)

HALDU
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Tends to split during air drying.
Notes.Irritant sawdust.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Cross sections of Adinauclea fagifolia
Wood species 397

HALDU

Main end uses
• Cigar boxes • Glued Laminated
• Veneer for back or face of plywood • Cooperage
Notes. Resistant to acids.
Common names
Country Local name
Cambodia Kwao
India Haldu
Indonesia Lasi
Malaysia Meraga
Myanmar Hnaw
Philippines Adina
Sri Lanka Kolon
Thailand Kwao
Viet Nam Gao-vang

HEVEA / RUBBERWOOD*
Hevea / Rubberwood*
Botanical name
Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.
Notes. Native to the Amazonian forest, Hevea was widely
planted in South East Asia and later in Africa. Rubberwood is
the name used in all South East Asia.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Coarse Flat sawn
Notes. Logs must be treated, extracted and sawn as soon as Quarter sawn
possible after felling. Cream white wood becoming light brown.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.65
(1)

all the wood)
Wood species 399

HEVEA / RUBBERWOOD*
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Notes. Careful piling, top weighting of the stacks and end-coating are recommended to
avoid distortions and cracks.
Notes. Presence of internal stresses. Latex tends to clog saw teeth.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Hevea brasiliensis

HEVEA / RUBBERWOOD*
Fire safety
flammable)
flammable)
of 22 mm.
Main end uses
• Framing
• Stairs (inside)
• Panelling
• Glued Laminated
• Moulding
• Blockboard
• Fibre or particle boards Chair in rubber wood blockboard – South East Wood Co Ltd,
• Flooring Klaeng District, Rayong (Thailand).
• Sliced veneer
• Pulp
Notes. Stains well.
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Hevea, Mapalapa, Seringa, Seringueira
United States Rubber wood
France Hévéa
Guyana Hatti
Malaysia Hevea wood
Peru Jeve, Shirenga
United Kingdom Para rubber tree
Thailand Rubber tree
Venezuela Arbol de caucho
Wood species 401

IATANDZA
Iatandza
Botanical names
Albizia angolensis Welw.
Albizia antunesiana Harms
Albizia ferruginea Benth.
Albizzia glaberrima Benth.
Albizia versicolor Welw.
Albizia p.p.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Notes. Heartwood yellow brown to dark red brown, with
golden glints. Grain sometimes very interlocked.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.60
(1)


IATANDZA

Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Risk of distortion in case of highly interlocked grain.
Notes. Irritant sawdust.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Albizia ferruginea
Wood species 403

IATANDZA

visual grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Veneer for interior of plywood • Bridges (parts not in contact with water
• Panelling or ground)

Common names
Country Local name
Angola Zanzangue
Benin Agla nyinfun
Cameroon Évouvous
Congo Sifou-sifou
Côte d’Ivoire Yatandza
France Iatandza
Ghana Aviemfo-samina, Okuro
Mozambique Tanga-Tanga
Nigeria Ayinre-ogo
Uganda Mugavu, Nongo
Democratic Republic of Elongwamba, Okuru
Congo
United Kingdom West African albizia Flooring – by Brenco Exotic Woods (United States).

IDÉWA
Idéwa
Botanical name
Haplormosia monophylla Harms
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Notes. Light yellow sapwood. Heartwood yellowish brown to
Flat sawn
chocolate brown. Thin silver figure.
Density(1) 0.87
(1)

fresh water contact
Notes. This species naturally covers the use class 5 (end uses
submerged in salt water, sea water or brackish water) due to its
Wood species 405

IDÉWA
pronounced hardness. However this characteristic is of little interest for this semi-precious
species.
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Difficulties in machining due to interlocked grain.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Haplormosia monophylla

IDÉWA

Fire safety
(readily flammable)
Default grading for solid Restaurant on the edge of Fernan Vaz lagoon, Omboué (Gabon).
NF EN 14081-1 (April 2016):
22 mm.
Main end uses
Notes. Substitute for Afrormosia and Rosewood.
Common names
Country Local name
Côte d’Ivoire Dinankrohia, Larme
Gabon Idéwa
Liberia Black gum
Nigeria Akoti
Wood species 407

IGAGANGA
Igaganga
Family. Burseraceae
Botanical name
Dacryodes igaganga Aubrév. & Pellegr.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Flat sawn
Notes. Wood yellow to orangey brown, more or less deep.
Sometimes wavy grain.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.61
(1)

all the wood)

IGAGANGA
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Equivalent to Okoumé for peeling. Quite difficult to saw due to silica content.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Dacryodes igaganga
Wood species 409

IGAGANGA
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Glued Laminated • Sliced veneer
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Assas, Bamisa, Beuhago, Boso, Mokoba
Gabon Igaganga
Nigeria Ibagho, Onumu, Orumu

ILOMBA
Ilomba
Botanical names
Pycnanthus angolensis Warb. (Syn. Pycnanthus kombo)
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Grain. Straight
Notes. Possible presence of brittleheart. Strong tendency to Flat sawn
split. Wood pinkish brown to light brown.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.49
(1)

all the wood)
risk of dampness)
Wood species 411

ILOMBA
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Drying very difficult for thicknesses > 54 mm.
Notes. Quartersawn is recommended in order to reduce the risk of distortion during drying.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Pycnanthus angolensis

ILOMBA

visual grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
Common names
Country Local name
Angola Ilomba
Benin Jaja
Cameroon Éteng
Congo Ilomba
Côte d’Ivoire Walélé
Gabon Éteng
Ghana Otie
Equatorial Guinea Calabo
Nigeria Akomu
Central African Republic Gélé
Democratic Republic of Congo Ilomba, Lejonclo, Lifondo, Lolako
United Kingdom Pycnantus
Sierra Leone Kpoyei
Wood species 413

IMBUIA
Imbuia
Family. Lauraceae
Botanical names
Ocotea porosa Barroso (Syn. Phoebe porosa)
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Flat sawn
Notes. Heartwood yellow brown to dark brown with irregular,
thin darker veins. Pleasant scent.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.71
(1)


IMBUIA
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Slow drying recommended.
Notes. Sawdust may cause dermatitis.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Cross sections of Ocotea porosa
Wood species 415

IMBUIA

Main end uses
• Ship building (planking and deck) • Moulding
Notes. Can be used as a substitute for European walnut (Juglans regia). This species is most
often reserved for deluxe end uses.
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Canela, Canela imbuia, Embuia, Imbuia
United States Brazilian walnut
United Kingdom Brazilian walnut

INGA
Inga
Botanical names
Inga alba Willd.
Inga pezizifera Benth.
Inga p.p.
Notes. The genus Inga is composed of a large number of
species with variable properties.
Log description
Wood description
Sapwood. Not demarcated Half-quarter sawn
Texture. Coarse
Notes. Light pinkish brown to red brown. Grain sometimes
wavy.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.66
(1)

all the wood)
Wood species 417

INGA

possible)
Drying
Assembling
Notes. Tendency to woolliness.
Commercial grading
In French Guiana, the local name of this species is Bougouni». Grading is done according to
Cross sections of Inga alba

INGA
Fire safety
Main end uses
Notes. Filling is recommended.
Common names
Country Local name
Argentina Inga
Brazil Inga, Inga-chi-chi, Inga-chi-chica, Ingazeira
Guyana Kurang, Kwari, Kwariye, Kwarye, Maporokon, Yokar
French Guiana Bois pagode, Bougouni, Lebi oueko, Oueko
Inga Shimbillo
Suriname Aboonkini, Prokonie
Venezuela Bunzquillo, Guamo
Wood species 419

IPÊ
Ipê
Family. Bignoniaceae
Botanical names
Handroanthus heptaphyllus Mattos (Syn. Tabebuia heptaphylla)
Handroanthus impetiginosus Mattos (Syn. Tabebuia impetiginosa)
Handroanthus serratifolius S.O. Grose (Syn. Tabebuia serratifolia)
Handroanthus p.p. (Syn. Tabebuia p.p.)
Notes. Woods called Ipê belong actually to Handroanthus
genus. They were previously classified in the Tabebuia genus
(when specific gravity is over 0.85).
Log description
Flat sawn
Wood description
Quarter sawn Texture. Fine
Notes. Some species have a medium texture. Sometimes
yellowish brown to dark olive brown, sometimes with thin
veins. Canals contain a greenish yellow deposit (lapachol).
Property Mean value
Density(1) 1.04
(1)


IPÊ
sapwood)
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Slow kiln drying is recommended to reduce defects, especially with thick boards.
Notes. Sawdust can cause dermatitis. Some difficulties due to interlocked grain.
Assembling
Cross sections of Handroanthus impetiginosa
Wood species 421

IPÊ
Commercial grading
In French Guiana, the local name of this species is “Ebène verte». Grading is done according
visual grading. According to French standard NF B 52-001-1/A2 (2015), strength class D70
can be provided by visual grading for Ipê from French Guiana (locally known as Ébène verte).
Fire safety
Grading for solid wood, according to requirements of European standard NF EN 14081-1
(April 2016): structural graded timber with a minimal thickness of 22 mm. Assigned
according to procedures of the standard NF EN 13501-1. Assigned according to procedures
of the European grading report No. RA05-0238B prepared by CSTB.
Main end uses
• Turned goods • Stakes
or ground)
• Poles
• Moulding
• Sleepers
Notes. Filling is recommended to obtain a good finish.
Common names
Country Local name
Argentina Lapacho
Bolivia Ipé, Lapacho, Tajibo
Brazil Ipê, Ipê roxo, Pau d’arco
Colombia Canaguate, Polvillo, Roble morado
Ecuador Guayacán
Guyana Hakia, Ironwood
French Guiana Ébène verte, Ipé
Paraguay Lapacho negro
Peru Ebano verde, Tahuari
Suriname Groenhart
Trinidad and Tobago Puy, Yellow poui
Decking on the belvedere of Mont Saint-Clair,
Venezuela Acapro, Araguaney, Puy Sète (France).

IROKO
Iroko
Family. Moraceae
Botanical names
Milicia excelsa C.C. Berg (Syn. Chlorophora excelsa)
Milicia regia C.C. Berg (Syn. Chlorophora regia)
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Notes. Yellow brown to more or less dark brown, with golden Flat sawn
glints. Ribbon-like aspect on quartersawn, darker veins on
slab. Possible presence of very hard white calcium carbonate
deposits, sometimes surrounded by a darker colour.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.64
(1)

Wood species 423

IROKO
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. This species naturally covers the
water). Heartwood does not cover use class 4 required for end uses in contact with
permanent humidity (example: contact with ground). On the other hand, this species can
be used outside without any treatment if the construction is well-drained and does not have
a water trap. According to the European standard NF EN 335 of May 2013, performance
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Calcium carbonate deposits in some logs severely damage tools. Very irritant
sawdust. Risk of tearing (interlocked grain).
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Milicia excelsa

IROKO
Possible grading for short-length lumbers: choice i,

choice ii
Possible grading for short-length rafters: choice i,
Possible grading for strips and small boards: choice i,
According to European standard EN 1912 (2012) and
associated national standards (see explanatory note),
strength class D40 can be provided by visual grading.
Strength class D30 can also be provided by visual grading
according to French standard NF B 52-001-1 (2011).
Fire safety
Glued laminated framework,
Thickness > 14 mm: M3 (moderately flammable) Jean-Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre
Thickness < 14 mm: M4 (readily flammable) – Nouméa (New Caledonia).
Main end uses
• Veneer for back or face of plywood • Decking
• Veneer for interior of plywood or ground)
• Glued Laminated
Notes. Filling is recommended. Wood sometimes resistant to wood finish product. Iroko
contains a non-saturated phenolic compound: chlorophorin, a powerful anti-oxidant. Paints
or varnishes free of siccative oil are therefore used for finishing. These synthetic, resin-based
paints and varnishes (such as vynilic paints and polyurethane varnishes) can also be used as
an undercoat.
Common names
Angola Moreira Equatorial Guinea Abang
Belgium Kambala Liberia Semli
Benin Lokotin Mozambique Mufula, Tule
Cameroon Abang Nigeria Rokko
Congo Kambala Central African Republic Bangui
Côte d’Ivoire Iroko Democratic Republic of Kambala, Lusanga,
Gabon Abang, Mandji Congo Mokongo, Moloundou
Ghana Odoum Sierra Leone Semli
Guinea Simmé
Wood species 425

ITAÚBA
Itaúba
Family. Lauraceae
Botanical names
Mezilaurus ita-uba Taub.
Mezilaurus lindaviana Schwake & Mez
Mezilaurus navalium Taub.
Mezilaurus p.p.
Log description
Wood description
Flat sawn Texture. Fine
Grain. Straight
Quarter sawn Notes. Oily aspect. Colour varies from yellow brown to dark
lustrous brown.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.86
(1)


ITAÚBA
demarcated sapwood may have an influence on the expected durability. This species
naturally covers the use class 5 (wood permanently or regularly submerged in salt water,
sea water or brackish water) due to its high specific gravity and its repulsive extract content.
treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Must be dried slowly to reduce defects.
Notes. Difficulties due to interlocked grain.
Assembling
Cross sections of Mezilaurus ita-uba
Wood species 427

ITAÚBA
Commercial grading
grading
According to NHLA
grading rules (2015)
Possible grading: FAS,
Select, Common 1,
Common 2, Common 3
According to French
grading. Deck slabs – Ebata Produtos Florestais Ltda, Bélem (Pará, Brazil).
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Shingles • Flooring
• Shipbuilding (ribs) ground)
or ground)
• Open boats
• Poles
• Stairs (inside)
• Seats
• Panelling
• Sleepers
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Itaúba, Louro Itaúba
French Guiana Taoub, Taoub jaune
Suriname Kaneelhout

IZOMBÉ
Izombé
Family. Ochnaceae
Botanical name
Testulea gabonensis Pellegr.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Notes. Wood yellow brown to orangey yellow.
Half-quarter sawn
Property Mean value
(1)

Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. The
possible presence of few demarcated sapwood may have an
influence on the expected durability. According to the European
Wood species 429

IZOMBÉ

which it is used.
treatment
Drying
Notes. Difficulties possible in planing due to interlocked grain.
Assembling
Notes. Pre-boring sometimes necessary, in particular for small pieces.
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Testulea gabonensis

IZOMBÉ

choice iii
Fire safety
flammable)
NF EN 14081-1 (April 2016):
Classroom furniture – Gorilla In & Out Furniture, Libreville
(Gabon)
22 mm.
Main end uses
• Shipbuilding (ribs) • Moulding
• Exterior joinery • Sculpture
Notes. This wood must be machined with a moisture content inferior to the one usually
indicated for the forecasted end use.
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Roné
Congo N’gwaki
Gabon Aké, Akéwé, Izombé,
N’komi
Wood species 431

JACAREÚBA
Jacareúba
Botanical name
Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Flat sawn
Notes. Heartwood is pink light brown with thin darker veins.
Occasional presence of resin.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.65
(1)


JACAREÚBA
Notes. Poorly to moderately resistant to termites. According to the European standard NF EN

treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. A period of air drying prior to kiln drying is recommended to reduce the risk of
defects.
Notes. Some difficulties with sawing and machining due to interlocked grain. Resin can
sometimes clog tools.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Calophyllum brasiliense
Wood species 433

JACAREÚBA
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Veneer for interior of plywood or ground)
Notes. Filling is recommended to obtain a better finish. Some uses mentioned call for a
slight interlocked grain.
Common names
Country Local name
Argentina Jacareuba
Belize Santa maria
Bolivia Balsa maria
Brazil Cedro do pantano, Guanandi, Jacareúba
Colombia Aceite mario, Aceite cachicamo, Mario
Ecuador Bella maria, Maria
Guyana Kurahara
Honduras Santa maria
Jamaica Santa maria
Peru Alfaro, Jacareuba, Lagarto-caspi
Suriname Kurahara
Venezuela Cachicamo, Palo maria

JARRAH
Jarrah
Family. Myrtaceae
Botanical name
Eucalyptus marginata Donn
Notes. Jarrah commercialised today no longer comes from
primary forests. It only comes from regrowth forests (Australia)
or plantations (South Africa, especially).
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium

Notes. Narrow sapwood. Wood red brown to dark brown,
sometimes interlocked, wavy or curly. Half-quarter sawn

Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.82
(1)
Notes. Physical and mechanical properties of Jarrah vary
greatly according to trees age and growth conditions.
Wood species 435

JARRAH

used. Resistance to termites varies widely depending on the origin of the wood (e.g. natural
forest or plantation).
treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. (Air) drying must be done very slowly. Drying by dehumidification is recommended.
Notes. Sawing and machining difficulties in the presence of interlocked grain. Reducing the
cutting angle to 15° is recommended to avoid tearing.
Assembling
Cross sections of Eucalyptus marginata

JARRAH
Commercial grading
According to MGR grading rules
(2009)
Possible grading: Prime, Select,
Standard, Sound, Serviceable, Utility
According to European standard EN
1912 (2012) and associated national
standards (see explanatory note),
strength class D40 can be provided by
visual grading.
Fire safety
flammable)
flammable)
density of 0.35 and minimal thickness Interior staircase in glued laminated timber – by Les
of 22 mm. Bois du Pacifique, Nouméa (New Caledonia).
Main end uses

or ground)
• Panelling
• Poles
• Glued Laminated
• Moulding
• Flooring
• Sleepers
Common names
Country Local name
Australia Jarrah
Wood species 437

JATOBÁ / ALGARROBO*
Jatobá / Algarrobo*
Botanical names
Hymenaea courbaril L.
Hymenaea intermedia Ducke
Hymenaea oblongifolia Huber (Syn. Hymenaea davisii)
Hymenaea p.p.
Log description
Wood description
Flat sawn
Texture. Medium
Quarter sawn
Notes. Wood has slight internal stresses. Colour can vary from
purple brown or orangey brown to red brown with some veins.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.94
(1)
Notes. Hymenaea intermedia and H. parvifolia are the heaviest
and resistant species.


Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Variable resistance to decay and
termites depending on species. According to the European standard NF EN 335 of May
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Initial air drying under cover is recommended prior to kiln drying. More or less risk
of splits depending on specific gravity.
Assembling
Cross sections of Hymenaea courbaril
Wood species 439

Commercial grading
In French Guiana, the local name of this species is Courbaril». Grading is done according to
visual grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Arched goods • Moulding
• Musical instruments • Exterior panelling
Notes. End uses in permanently humid conditions (water or ground contact) are possible
with species with very good durability.
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Jatai, Jatobá, Jutai, Jutai
açu, Jutai roxo
Colombia Algarrobo
France Courbaril, Jatoba
Guadeloupe Copalier
Guyana Locust
French Guiana Courbaril
Honduras Guapinol
Peru Azucar-huayo, Yutubanco
United Kingdom Locust
Suriname Rode lokus
Venezuela Algarrobo
Office fittings – from Atelier 7 ébénisterie, Eke (Belgium).

JELUTONG
Jelutong
Family. Apocynaceae
Botanical names
Dyera costulata Hook. f.
Dyera polyphylla Steenis
Dyera p.p.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Grain. Straight
Interlocked grain. Absent Half-quarter sawn
Notes. Brittleheart. Wood cream white to light yellow. Frequent

presence of large latex canals.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.45
(1)

all the wood)
risk of dampness)
Wood species 441

JELUTONG
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Notes. Risk of surface checks due to latex canals. Risk of blue stain. Pocket moisture in thick
material.
Notes. Latex may clog saw teeth. Keep tools sharp to obtain a good surface.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Cross sections of Dyera costulata

JELUTONG

Main end uses
Notes. Can be used as a substitute for Obeche and Poplar.
Common names
Country Local name
Indonesia Djelutong, Jelutong, Melabuwai
Malaysia Andjaroetoeng, Jelutong, Jelutong bukit, Jelutong paya, Letoeng, Pantoeng
Wood species 443

JEQUITIBA
Jequitiba
Botanical names
Allantoma integrifolia S.A. Mori
Cariniana estrellensis Kuntze
Cariniana legalis Kuntze (Syn. Cariniana brasiliensis)
Cariniana p.p.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Flat sawn Texture. Fine
Grain. Straight
Quarter sawn Notes. Wood light brown to pinkish brown. Possible presence
of lined up traumatic canals.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.64
(1)

all the wood)

JEQUITIBA
possible)
treatment
Drying
Notes. Blunting effect normal or quite high due to silica content. Tendency to woolliness.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Cariniana estrellensis
Wood species 445

JEQUITIBA
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Glued Laminated
Common names
Country Local name
Bolivia Yesquero
Brazil Estopeiro, Jequitiba, Jequitiba branco, Jequitiba rosa, Jequitiba vermelho

KANDA BRUN
Kanda brun
Family. Lauraceae
Botanical names
Beilschmiedia congolana Robyns & R. Wilczek
Beilschmiedia corbisieri Robyns & R. Wilczek
Beilschmiedia letouzeyi Robyns & R. Wilczek
Beilschmiedia oblongifolia Robyns & R. Wilczek
Beilschmiedia p.p.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Half-quarter sawn
Texture. Medium
Grain. Straight
Quarter sawn
Notes. Heartwood pink brown to red brown, orange-brown,
less often dark brown. Colour is variable depending on the
species.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.67
(1)

Wood species 447

KANDA BRUN

Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. A period of air drying prior to kiln drying is recommended.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Beilschmiedia congolana

KANDA BRUN

visual grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Cabinetry (high-end furniture) • Blockboard
• Exterior joinery • Seats
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Kanda, Kanda brun
Gabon Nkonengu
Central African Republic Bonzale
Democratic Republic of Congo Bonzale
Tanzania Mfimbo
Wood species 449

KANDA ROSE
Kanda rose
Family. Lauraceae
Botanical names
Beilschmiedia gaboonensis Benth. & Hook.
Beilschmiedia grandifolia Robyns & R. Wilczek
Beilschmiedia hutchinsoniana Robyns & R. Wilczek
Beilschmiedia mannii Benth. & Hook.
Beilschmiedia obscura A. Chev.
Beilschmiedia p.p. e)
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Grain. Straight
Quarter sawn Interlocked grain. Absent
Notes. Wood greenish brown to olive brown, or even dark red
brown depending on species.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.71
(1)


KANDA ROSE

Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Beilschmiedia mannii
Wood species 451

KANDA ROSE

visual grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Cabinetry (high-end furniture) • Blockboard
• Exterior joinery • Seats
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Kanda, Kanda rose
Côte d’Ivoire Atiokouo, Bitéhi
Gabon Nkonengu
Democratic Republic of Congo Bonzale
Tanzania Mfimbo

KAPOKIER
Kapokier
Botanical names
Bombax buonopozense P. Beauv. (Syn. Bombax flammeum)
Bombax costatum Pellegr. & Vuillet
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Grain. Straight
Notes. Logs must be treated, extracted, sawn and dried as soon Flat sawn
as possible after felling. Whitish to pinkish gray. Silver figure
medium to large.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.41
(1)

all the wood)
risk of dampness)
Wood species 453

KAPOKIER
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Assembling
Commercial grading
of this species.
Fire safety
Cross sections of Bombax costatum

KAPOKIER
Main end uses

• Matches • Insulation
• Floats • Moulding
Notes. End uses similar to those of Fromager.
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Esodoum
Congo Kapokier
Côte d’Ivoire Kapokier, Oba
Nigeria Kouria
Wood species 455

KAPUR
Kapur
Botanical names
Dryobalanops beccarii Dyer (Syn. Dryobalanops oocarpa)
Dryobalanops fusca Slooten
Dryobalanops lanceolata Burck
Dryobalanops oblongifolia Dyer
Dryobalanops rappa Becc.
Dryobalanops sumatrensis Kosterm.
(Syn. Dryobalanops aromatica)
Dryobalanops p.p.
Log description
Flat sawn
Wood description
Quarter sawn Sapwood. Clearly demarcated
Texture. Medium
Notes. Brittleheart. Wood colour varies from red brown to pink
brown. Camphor smell. Presence of thin resin veins.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.74
(1)


KAPUR
sapwood)
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. After felling, logs are very sensitive
to black holes. Medium resistance to decay in tropical climates. According to the European
which it is used.
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Possible resin exsudation during kiln drying.
Notes. Normal to significant blunting effect.
Assembling
Notes. Possible oxydation in contact with iron. Resin exudations should be taken into
account when gluing.
Cross sections of Dryobalanops oblongifolia
Wood species 457

KAPUR
Commercial grading
grading
rules (2009)
Possible grading: Prime,
Select, Standard, Sound,
Serviceable, Utility
note), strength class D60
Flooring in the Salle des Rencontres of the city council building,
grading. Montpellier, (France).
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Formwork • House framing
Notes. Stains runoff water.
Common names
Country Local name
Indonesia Kapur, Kapur empedu, Kapur kayatan, Kapur singkel, Kapur sintuk, Kapur tanduk, Petanang
Malaysia Borneo camphorwood, Kapur kejatan, Keladan, Paigie, Swamp kapur

KARRI
Karri
Family. Myrtaceae
Botanical name
Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell.
Notes. Karri commercialised today no longer comes from
primary forests. It only comes from regrowth forests (Australia)
or plantations (South Africa, especially).
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Half-quarter sawn
Notes. The range of mentioned diameters corresponds to
Quarter sawn
wood from natural forests. Woods from secondary forests and
plantations are smaller in diameter.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.90
(1)
Notes. Hard wood. Physical and mechanical properties of Karri
vary greatly according to trees age and growth conditions.
Wood species 459

KARRI

used.
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Eucalyptus diversicolor

KARRI

Fire safety
Main end uses
Common names
Country Local name
Australia Karri
Wood species 461

KASAI
Kasai
Family. Sapindaceae
Botanical names
Pometia pinnata J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Syn. Pometia tomentosa)
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Quarter sawn Notes. Wood light red becoming red brown with light. Lustrous
aspect. Sometimes wavy grain. Presence of brownish resin.
Half-quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.72
(1)

all the wood)

KASAI
treatment
Drying
Notes. Some difficulties due to interlocked or wavy grain. Planed surface sometimes rough.
Sawdust is an irritant. Steaming recommended before peeling.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Cross sections of Pometia pinnata
Wood species 463

KASAI

Main end uses
• Veneer for back or face of plywood • Built-in furniture or mobile item
Notes. Can be used for exterior joinery with proper treatment. Filling is recommended to
obtain a better finish.
Common names
Country Local name
Îles Salomon Taun
Indonesia Matoa
Malaysia Kasai, Sibu
Papua New Guinea Taun
Philippines Agupanga, Malugai, Tungaui
Viet Nam Truong

KAURI
Kauri
Family. Araucariaceae
Botanical name
Agathis p.p.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Grain. Straight
Notes. Wood cream white or light yellow, often with pink Half-quarter sawn
reflections, turns golden brown when exposed to air. Moiré
aspect.
Property Mean value

Density(1) 0.53
(1)

risk of dampness)
Wood species 465

KAURI
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Moderate to good amenability to
preservation treatment. Prone to blue stain.
Drying
Notes. Risk of blue stain.
Notes. Planed surfaces are glossy.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Cross sections of Agathis robusta

KAURI

thickness of 22 mm.
Main end uses
• Matches
• Turned goods
• Shingles
• Framing
• Panelling
• Glued Laminated
• Moulding
• Sliced veneer
• Marquetry
• Cooperage
Notes. Similar in aspect to Cherry wood
(Cerasus avium). Stains well.
Interior door – Scierie Mathieu (Société

d’exploitation forestière Pierre Mathieu), Sarraméa
(New Caledonia).
Common names
Country Local name
Australia Kauri
Indonesia Agathis, Damar bindang, Damar kapas, Damar pilau, Damar sigi
Malaysia Bendang, Bindang, Damar minyak, Kauri, Menghilan
New Caledonia Kaori
Papua New Guinea Kauri pine
Philippines Almaciga
Vanuatu Damar miniak
Wood species 467

KEDONDONG
Kedondong
Family. Burseraceae
Botanical names
Canarium euphyllum Kurz
Canarium strictum Roxb.
Canarium p.p.
Dacryodes costata H.J. Lam
Garuga p.p.
Protium p.p.
Santiria p.p.
Notes. Other genera of this family – Scutinanthe and Triomma
– are also commercialised under the name Kedondong.
Log description
Flat sawn
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Quarter sawn Reference colour. Light brown
Texture. Medium
Notes. Variable colour depending on the species. Lustrous
surface. Grain irregular to wavy; sometimes highly interlocked
grain.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.63
(1)

KEDONDONG
Notes. Physical and mechanical properties of Kedondong vary widely depending on the
species.
Drying
Notes. Wood more or less difficult to machine (interlocked grain, fibrous wood). Some
species are siliceous. Canarium and Santiria are the most suitable for peeling.
Assembling
Cross sections of Protium sp.
Wood species 469

KEDONDONG
Commercial grading
visual grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
Common names
Country Local name
Andaman Islands Kedondong, Dhup
India Dhuwhite, Halabalagi, Karivembu, Karrevembu, Karuvembu Kosramba
Indonesia Kenari, Kiharpan, Murtenga, White dhup
Malaysia Kedondong, Upi
Myanmar Thadi
Philippines Dulit, Pili
Thailand Ma-kerm
Viet Nam Cham

KÉKÉLÉ
Kékélé
Family. Ulmaceae
Botanical name
Holoptelea grandis Mildbr.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Notes. Wood cream white to light yellow.

Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.65
(1)

all the wood)
risk of dampness)
Wood species 471

KÉKÉLÉ
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Sometimes difficulties due to interlocked grain.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Holoptelea grandis

KÉKÉLÉ
Fire safety
Main end uses
Common names
Country Local name
Benin Sayo
Cameroon Avep-élé
Congo Mbosso
Côte d’Ivoire Kékélé
Ghana Onakwa
Nigeria Olazo
Uganda Mumuli
Central African Republic Gomboul
Democratic Republic of Congo Nemba-mbobolo
Wood species 473

KELAT
Kelat
Family. Myrtaceae
Botanical name
Syzygium p.p.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Notes. Wood golden brown, greyish brown or brown with pink
Half-quarter sawn
or purplish glints. Irregular or wavy grain. Resin deposits.
Density(1) 0.86
(1)
Notes. Physical and mechanical properties of this wood vary
depending on the species.
all the wood)

KELAT
Notes. Resistance to decay moderate to good according to the species.

treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Top weighting of the piles and end-coating are recommended.
Assembling
Commercial grading
visual grading.
Cross sections of Syzygium gustavioides
Wood species 475

KELAT
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Vehicle or container flooring • Built-in furniture or mobile item
• Musical instruments • Flooring
Common names
Country Local name
India Jaman
Indonesia Jaman, Jambu, Jamun, Meralu, Nir-naval
Malaysia Black kelat, Common kelat, Kelat, Obar
Myanmar Thabye
Papua New Guinea Water gum
Philippines Makasim
Thailand Chomphu
Viet Nam Plong, Tram

KELEDANG
Keledang
Family. Moraceae
Botanical names
Artocarpus anisophyllus Miq.
Artocarpus integer Merr.
Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb.
Artocarpus lanceifolius Roxb.
Artocarpus lowii King
Artocarpus teysmannii Miq.
Artocarpus p.p.
Keledang is the commercial name for heavy varieties
of Artocarpus and Terap the commercial name for light
Artocarpus.
Log description
Wood description
Quarter sawn
Texture. Coarse
Notes. Wood orangey yellow brown darkening to golden
brown. Lustrous and ribbon-like aspect. Frequent white
deposits in the pores.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.80
(1)
Wood species 477

KELEDANG
Notes. Medium hardness.

sapwood)
possible)
treatment
Drying
Notes. Difficulties during sawing due to hard deposits in the pores, interlocked grain and
tension wood. Fibrous surface. Filling is recommended.
Assembling
Cross sections of Artocarpus anisophyllus

KELEDANG
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Matches • Vehicle or container flooring
• Turned goods • Veneer for interior of plywood
• Luxury coffins (in Malaysia) • Panelling
Common names
Country Local name
India Aini, Anjili, Ayini, Pilapalam, Pilava, Plave chetti, Terap
Indonesia Bsang, Keledang babi, Selangking, Tamgang, Terap,
Malaysia Lakuch, Keledang, Pudau, Selangking, Simar Naka
Myanmar Myauklok
Papua New Guinea Kapiag
Philippines Antipolo, Anubing, Kalulot, Malakubi
United Kingdom Jackwood
Thailand Had, Ka-ok, Khanun-pa
Viet Nam Mit-nai
Wood species 479

KEMBANG SEMANGKOK
Kembang Semangkok
Botanical names
Scaphium linearicarpum Pierre
Scaphium macropodum Beumee
Scaphium scaphigerum G. Planch.
Scaphium p.p.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Grain. Straight
Quarter sawn Notes. Wood light yellow to light brown, with large silver
figure.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.67
(1)

all the wood)

KEMBANG SEMANGKOK
possible)
treatment
Drying
Assembling
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Cross sections of Scaphium macropodum
Wood species 481

KEMBANG SEMANGKOK

Main end uses
• Matches • Exterior joinery
Common names
Country Local name
Malaysia Kembang semangkok, Selayar
Myanmar Thitlaung
Thailand Samrong

KEMPAS
Kempas
Botanical name
Koompassia malaccensis Maingay
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Notes. Pink when freshly sawn, weathering to orange-red or Flat sawn
yellow-brown. Frequent concentric layers of phloem.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.88
(1)
Notes. Medium hardness.
all the wood)
Wood species 483

KEMPAS
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. According to this standard, Kempas
treatability is considered low (class 3). However, according to certain bibliographical
sources, this species is easily treatable. According to the European standard NF EN 335 of
May 2013, performance length might be modified by conditions in which it is used.
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Frequent concentric layers of phloem causes uneven drying and may cause wood
damage.
Notes. Similar to drying, concentric layers of phloem may cause sawing damage.
Assembling
Cross sections of Koompassia malaccensis

KEMPAS
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Vehicle or container flooring • Cooperage
• Flooring
Common names
Country Local name
Indonesia Menggeris, Toemaling
Malaysia Impas, Kempas, Mengris
Papua New Guinea Kempas
Thailand Yuan
Wood species 485

KERANJI
Keranji
Botanical names
Dialium cochinchinense Pierre
Dialium indum L.
Dialium platysepalum Baker
Dialium p.p.
Log description
Wood description
Quarter sawn Notes. Sapwood white to yellowish. Heartwood gold/brown
turning browner, lustrous stripes. Yellow/brown deposits in the
vessels. Silver figure fine, yields very fine horizontal stripes.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 1.05
(1)

all the wood)

KERANJI

possible)
treatment
treatment
Drying
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Dialium platysepalum
Wood species 487

KERANJI
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Framing • Tool handles (resilient woods)
Common names
Country Local name
Cambodia Kralanh
Indonesia Keranji
Malaysia Keranji, Kuran, Sepau
Myanmar Taung-kaye
Thailand Kaki-khao, Khleng, Yi-thongbung
Viet Nam Xoay

KERUING
Keruing
Botanical names
Dipterocarpus acutangulus Vesque
Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb.
Dipterocarpus appendiculatus Scheff.
Dipterocarpus baudii Korth.
Dipterocarpus borneensis Slooten
Dipterocarpus caudatus Foxw.
Dipterocarpus costulatus Slooten
Dipterocarpus gracilis Blume (Syn. Dipterocarpus pilosus)
Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Blanco
Dipterocarpus kerrii King
Dipterocarpus verrucosus Foxw
Dipterocarpus p.p.
Log description
Thickness of sapwood. 5 to 7 cm Flat sawn
Quarter sawn
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Notes. Possible wind shakes (internal fractures in wood). Wood
light red to red brown or purplish red brown. Presence of resin.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.79
(1)
Wood species 489

KERUING

sapwood)
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Several species are grouped under
the name Keruing of the genus Dipterocarpus and the natural durability is variable from one
species to another. It is thus recommended to limit use of this wood without preservation
treatment for end uses under use class 2.
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Moisture content very variable especially for the most resinous species. Careful
stacking and end coating are recommended.
Notes. Silica content is variable. Some species are very resinous and tend to clog tools.
Occasional tearing on quartersawn.
Cross sections of Dipterocarpus grandiflorus

KERUING
Assembling
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Panelling
Notes. Plywood for light woods. Resin and shakes may restrict end uses. In Asia, this species
is used for sleepers and poles with a treatment.
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Yang
Andaman Islands Gurjun
Cambodia Chloeuteal, Dau, Thbeng
France Keruing
India Gurjun
Indonesia Keroeing, Keruing
Laos Mai nhang, Mai sat
Malaysia Keruing bajak, Keruing beras, Keruing gaga
Myanmar Kanyin, Yang
Philippines Apitong
United Kingdom Yang
Sri Lanka Hora
Thailand Yang
Viet Nam Dau, Tro
Wood species 491

KONDROTI / EAST AFRICAN BOMBAX*
Kondroti / East African

Bombax*
Botanical names
Rhodognaphalon brevicuspe Roberty (Syn. Bombax brevicuspe)
(Syn. Bombax chevalieri)
Rhodognaphalon schumannianum A. Robyns (Syn. Bombax
rhodognaphalon)
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Half-quarter sawn Reference colour. Light brown
Texture. Coarse
Notes. Heartwood yellowish brown to light red brown with
slightly darker veins.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.46
(1)



Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Notes. A period of air drying prior to kiln drying is recommended to reduce the risk of
defects. Slight tendency to warping on backsawn.
Notes. Surface sometimes fuzzy.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Rhodognaphalon brevicuspe
Wood species 493


Fire safety
Main end uses
Notes. Substitute for Okoumé.
Common names
Country Local name
Benin Kpatin dehun
Cameroon Ovong
Congo N’démo
Côte d’Ivoire Kondroti / East African Bombax
Gabon Alone, Ogumalanga
Ghana Bombax
Mozambique Meguza, Mungusa
Nigeria Awori
United Kingdom East African bombax
Tanzania Mfume

KOSIPO
Kosipo
Family. Meliaceae
Botanical name
Entandrophragma candollei Harms
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Notes. Red brown with purplish glints. Darkens with light. Flat sawn
Deposits of black resin in the pores. Ribbon-like aspect on
quartersawn.
Property Mean value

Density(1) 0.69
(1)

Wood species 495

KOSIPO
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. The French standard NF P
23-305 (December 2014) indicates that this species covers the use class 3.1 for untreated
heartwood. However, in terms of wood-decaying fungi, Kosipo presents the same natural
durability as Sipo, which is used without treatment and without sapwood for use class 3.2. In
practice, Kosipo and Sipo have the same uses for exterior joinery. Kosipo can be considered
as covering the use class 3.2 for untreated heartwood.
Drying
Notes. The drying of backsawn is more difficult and slower with higher risks of distortion.
Well-dried quartersawn is recommended for outdoor uses.
Notes. Sometimes difficulties due to interlocked grain (tearing). High to very high blunting
effect (silica).
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Entandrophragma candollei

KOSIPO
• For the “General Purpose

Market”
Possible grading for square-
edged timbers: choice i,
choice ii, choice iii, choice iv
choice ii
Possible grading for rafters: Triangular structure in Kosipo and posts in Tali – By J.Y. Riaux
choice i, choice ii, choice iii Mindourou (Cameroon).
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Glued Laminated
Notes. The adherence of finishing product may be difficult due to the presence of resin.
Filling is required to obtain a good finish.
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Kosipo-mahogany
Angola Lifuco
Cameroon Atom-assié
Congo Diamuni
Côte d’Ivoire Kosipo
Gabon Étom
Ghana Penkwa-akowaa, Kosipo
Nigeria Heavy sapele, Omu
Central African Republic Bakanga
Democratic Republic of Congo Impompo
United Kingdom Omu
Wood species 497

KOTIBÉ / DANTA*
Kotibé / Danta*
Botanical names
Nesogordonia fouassieri Capuron
Nesogordonia kabingaensis Capuron
Nesogordonia leplaei Capuron
Nesogordonia papaverifera Capuron (Syn. Cistanthera
papaverifera)
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Half-quarter sawn Sapwood. Clearly demarcated
Texture. Fine
Quarter sawn
Notes. Wood light brown to reddish brown. Moiré and ribbon-
like aspect on quartersawn. Sometimes presence of very small
knots.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.76
(1)


KOTIBÉ / DANTA*
Resistance to termites. Class D-M - durable to moderately durable

possible)
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Variable natural resistance to decay
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Risk of casehardening if drying is too fast. A period of air drying prior to kiln drying is
recommended.
Notes. Blunting effect due to hardness. Tends to clog sawteeth when green. Sometimes
difficulties due to interlocked grain.
Assembling
Notes. Pre-boring necessary. Can stain when gluing.
Cross sections of Nesogordonia papaverifera
Wood species 499

KOTIBÉ / DANTA*
Commercial grading
Possible grading for square-edged
timbers: choice i, choice ii, choice iii,
choice iv
Fire safety
flammable)
flammable)
Kitchen flooring – by Brenco Exotic Woods
structural graded timber in vertical (United States).
density of 0.35 and minimal thickness of
22 mm.
Main end uses
• Cabinetry (high-end furniture) • Exterior joinery
• Stairs (inside) • Interior joinery
Common names
Country Local name
Angola Kissinhungo
Cameroon Ovoé, Ovoui
Côte d’Ivoire Kotibé
Gabon Aborbora
Ghana Danta
Nigeria Otutu
Central African Republic Naouya
Democratic Republic of Congo Kondofindo
United Kingdom Danta

KOTO / PTERYGOTA*
Koto / Pterygota*
Botanical names
Pterygota bequaertii De Wild.
Pterygota macrocarpa K. Schum.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Flat sawn
Notes. Wood cream white to light yellow, attractive flecked
aspect on quartersawn. Unpleasant odour when green.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.59
(1)

all the wood)
risk of dampness)
Wood species 501

KOTO / PTERYGOTA*
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Prone to blue stain.
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Risk of discolouration (oxydation) and blue stain during drying.
Notes. Tendency to woolliness in machining. Good finish with filling.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Pterygota macrocarpa

KOTO / PTERYGOTA*

Fire safety
Conventional French
grading
(readily flammable)
Default grading for
solid wood that meets Surfboard using sandwich technology (Koto veneers).
requirements of European
standard NF EN 14081-1
graded timber in vertical uses
and ceilings with minimal
mean density of 0.35 and
Main end uses
• Interior joinery • Seats
• Built-in furniture or mobile item • Marquetry
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Anatolia
Benin Ofete
Cameroon Éfok ayus
Côte d’Ivoire Koto
Gabon Aké
Ghana Awari, Kyere
Nigeria Kefe, Poroposo
Central African Republic Kakendé
Democratic Republic of Ikame
Congo
United Kingdom African pterygota, Pterygota
Wood species 503

KUMBI
Kumbi
Family. Anacardiaceae
Botanical name
Lannea welwitschii Engl.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Flat sawn Notes. Pink gray to pale brown, occasional light brown. Fine
silver figure, barely visible.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.50
(1)

all the wood)
risk of dampness)
Notes. Prone to blue stain and scolytideae.

KUMBI
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Rotary peeling possible at room temperature
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Lannea welwitschii
Wood species 505

KUMBI
Fire safety
Main end uses
Common names
Country Local name
Congo Kumbi
Côte d’Ivoire Loloti
Ghana Kumenini
Nigeria Ekika
Democratic Republic of Congo Kumbi

KUROKAÏ / BREU*
Kurokaï / Breu*
Family. Burseraceae
Botanical name
Protium p.p. (South America)
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Flat sawn
Notes. Wood light brown to pinkish brown.
Property Mean value

Density(1) 0.64
(1)

all the wood)
risk of dampness)
Wood species 507

KUROKAÏ / BREU*
Drying
Risk of casehardening. yes
Notes. Blunting effect quite important due to silica.
Assembling
Commercial grading
In French Guiana, the local name of this species is «Encens». Grading is done according to
Cross sections of Protium hostmannii

KUROKAÏ / BREU*
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Formwork • Panelling
Common names
Country Local name
Bolivia Carano
Brazil Almecega, Aruru, Breu
Colombia Carano, Anime, Currucay
Ecuador Anime blanco
Guyana Haiawa, Porokay, Kurokay, Kurokaï
French Guiana Tinguimoni ; Encens blanc, gris ou rouge
Peru Copal caspi
Suriname Tinguimoni
Venezuela Carano, Anime, Azucarito
Wood species 509

LANDA
Landa
Family. Erythroxylaceae
Botanical name
Erythroxylum mannii Oliv.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Notes. Wood light brown to light red brown darkening with
Half-quarter sawn
light. Small dark pith flecks. Alternate light and dark veins.
Density(1) 0.66
(1)

fresh water contact
Notes. The possible presence of few demarcated sapwood may
have an influence on the expected durability. According to

LANDA
the European standard NF EN 335 of May 2013, performance length might be modified by
treatment
treatment
Drying
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Erythroxylum mannii
Wood species 511

LANDA

Fire safety
Main end uses
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Landa
Congo Lukienzo
Côte d’Ivoire Dabé
Gabon Landa
Democratic Republic of Congo Nkanza
Sierra Leone Bimini

LATI
Lati
Botanical names
Amphimas ferrugineus Pellegr.
Amphimas pterocarpoides Harms
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Grain. Straight
Notes. Cream white to yellow brown. The presence of
parenchyma bands at regular intervals give an aesthetic aspect
to sawnwoods. Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.82
(1)
all the wood)
Wood species 513

LATI
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Sawing may require power. Grain tearing in machining.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Amphimas pterocarpoides

LATI

choice iii
Fire safety
flammable)
Main end uses
• Panelling
• Interior joinery Office wardrobe, CIRAD, Montpellier (France).
• Moulding
• House framing
• Flooring
• Sliced veneer
Notes. Aspect quite similar to Eyong (Eribroma obloma).
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Edzil, Edjin
Congo Muizi
Côte d’Ivoire Lati
Gabon Edzui
Ghana Yaya
Democratic Republic of Congo Bokanga
Wood species 515

LAUAN, RED
Lauan, Red
Botanical names
Shorea agsaboensis W.L. Stern
Shorea negrosensis Foxw.
Shorea polysperma Merr.
Notes. Red Lauan species originate from the Philippines.
Log description
Wood description
Flat sawn
Texture. Medium
Quarter saw
Notes. Wood red brown more or less dark. Slightly lustrous.
Ribbon-like aspect. Visible silver figure. Presence of white lines
(resin canals).
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.65
(1)

LAUAN, RED

possible)
Notes. Black hole quite frequent.
treatment
Drying
Notes. Tendency to tear in planing. Keep tools sharp.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Shorea negrosensis
Wood species 517

LAUAN, RED

visual grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Veneer for interior of plywood • Rolling shutters
• Panelling
Common names
Country Local name
France Lauan red
Philippines Tangile, Red Lauan, Tiaon

LIMBA / AFARA*
Limba / Afara*
Botanical name
Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Notes. Some logs have a black greyish heartwood, more or less
veined (veined Fraké or multicoloured Fraké).
Property Mean value

Density(1) 0.54
(1)

all the wood)
risk of dampness)
Wood species 519

LIMBA / AFARA*
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Treating the wood is sometimes
difficult due to a variable permeability.
Drying
Blunting effect. Variable
Notes. Internal stresses in some logs (usually timber from plantations). Sometimes, blunting
effect quite high.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Terminalia superba

LIMBA / AFARA*

Fire safety
flammable)
flammable)
of 22 mm.
Main end uses
• Coffins
• Framing
• Veneer for back or face of plywood Semi-spiral, suspended staircase (in multi-coloured
• Veneer for interior of plywood Fraké), Saint-Gély-du-Fesc (France).
• Panelling
• Glued Laminated
• Exterior joinery • Blockboard
• Interior joinery • Fibre or particle boards
• Built-in furniture or mobile item • Sliced veneer
• Moulding • Seats
• House framing • Marquetry
Notes. Sawdust may cause allergic reactions during machining.
Common names
Country Local name
Benin Azinii
Cameroon Akom
Congo Limba /Afara
Côte d’Ivoire Fraké
United States Korina
France Limba, Limbo, Noyer du Mayombe, Fraké
Gabon Akom
Ghana Ofram
Equatorial Guinea Akom
Nigeria Afara, White afara
Central African Republic N’ganga
Democratic Republic of Congo Limba /Afara
Sierra Leone Kojagei
Wood species 521

LIMBALI
Limbali
Botanical names
Gilbertiodendron dewevrei J. Léonard (Syn. Macrolobium
dewevrei)
Gilbertiodendron preussii J. Léonard
Gilbertiodendron splendidum J. Léonard
Gilbertiodendron p.p.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Half-quarter sawn Sapwood. Clearly demarcated
Texture. Coarse
Notes. Wood red brown with greenish or copper shades.
Possible internal stresses.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.81
(1)


LIMBALI

Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Good resistance to white rot.
Moderate resistance to brown cubical rot. According to the European standard NF EN 335 of
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Drying must be done slowly to reduce splits.
Notes. Log turning sawing recommended as soon as possible after felling (risks of splitting).
Assembling
Cross sections of Gilbertiodendron dewevrei
Wood species 523

LIMBALI
Commercial grading
grading
According to SATA grading rules
(1996)
• For the “General Purpose
Market”
Possible grading for square-
edged timbers: choice i,
choice ii, choice iii, choice iv
rafters: choice i, choice ii,
choice iii
• For the “Special Market” Floor at the offices of Fibres Industries Bois, Saint Paul,
Possible grading for strips and La Réunion (France).
choice iii
visual grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Ékobem
Congo Épal
Côte d’Ivoire Vaa
Gabon Abeum
Ghana Tetekon
Liberia Sehmeh
Nigeria Ekpagoi eze
Central African Republic Molapa
Democratic Republic of Congo Ditshipi, Ligudu, Limbali

LONGHI
Longhi
Family. Sapotaceae
Botanical names
Chrysophyllum africanum A. DC. (Syn. Gambeya africana)
Chrysophyllum lacourtianum De Wild.
(Syn. Gambeya lacourtiana)
Chrysophyllum perpulchrum Mildbr.
Chrysophyllum subnudum Baker (Syn. Gambeya subnuda)
Chrysophyllum p.p. (Syn. Gambeya p.p.)
Continent. Africa
Notes. The name Longhi covers several species of the genus
Chrysophyllum whose properties and appearance can vary
widely. A distinction is made between red and white longhi.
Possible confusion with Aningeria.
Log description
Buoyancy. Does not float Half-quarter sawn

Texture. Fine
Notes. Wood pinkish brown becoming yellow brown upon
exposure to air.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.75
(1)
Wood species 525

LONGHI

Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Several species, with different
natural durability, are grouped under the name Longhi. Some species and origins can be
used without preservation treatment for end-uses under use class 2. However, commercial
lots are usually constituted by blended species. Consequently, it is advisable to use the less
durable woods as a point of reference.
treatment
Drying
Notes. Kiln drying must be carried out slowly to prevent end checks and fungal
discolourations.
Cross sections of Chrysophyllum lacourtianum

LONGHI
Assembling
Commercial grading
visual grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Glued Laminated • Marquetry
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Abam
Congo Longhi
Côte d’Ivoire Akatio, Anandio, Aninguéri, Aninguéri rouge
Gabon M’bébame
Ghana Akasa
Nigeria Ekpiro, Osan
Democratic Republic of Bopambu
Congo
Wood species 527

LOTOFA / BROWN STERCULIA*
Lotofa / Brown Sterculia*

Botanical name
Sterculia rhinopetala K. Schum.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Half-quarter sawn
Density(1) 0.84
(1)


treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Very irritant sawdust. Some difficulties in planing in the presence of interlocked grain.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Sterculia rhinopetala
Wood species 529


Fire safety
Main end uses
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon N’kanang
Côte d’Ivoire Lotofa / Brown Sterculia
Ghana Wawabima
Nigeria Aye
United Kingdom Brown sterculia

LOURO BRANCO
Louro branco
Family. Lauraceae
Botanical names
Ocotea cymbarum Kunth (Syn. Nectandra elaiophora)
Ocotea guianensis Aubl.
Ocotea oblonga Mez
Ocotea wachenheimii Benoist
Ocotea p.p.
Notes. The pilot name “Louro” includes species of the genera
Ocotea with light wood and light colour.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description Flat sawn
Texture. Medium Quarter sawn
Notes. Light brown to yellowish brown. Pleasant scent.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.54
(1)

all the wood)
Wood species 531

LOURO BRANCO

Notes. Resistance to decay low to high depending on the species. Treatability variable, from
low to good depending on the species.
treatment
Drying
Risk of case hardening. With thick material.
Notes. Kiln drying of wood must be done slowly.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Ocotea guianensis

LOURO BRANCO
In French Guiana, the local name of this species is “Cèdre”. Grading is done according to
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Glued Laminated • Sculpture
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Canelo amarillo, Louro, Louro branco, Louro inhamui
Colombia Amarillo, Laurel
Ecuador Canelo amarillo, Jigua amarillo, Tinchi
Guyana Kereti, Kereti-silberballi, Silverballi
French Guiana Cèdre apici, Cèdre gris, Cèdre noir
Honduras Aguacatillo
Peru Moena amarilla, Moena blanca
Suriname Pisi
Trinidad and Tobago Laurier
Venezuela Laurel
Wood species 533

LOURO VERMELHO / DETERMA*
Louro vermelho / Determa*

Family. Lauraceae
Botanical names
Sextonia rubra van der Werff (Syn. Ocotea rubra)
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Notes. Light wood with pink to red brown shades. Possible
presence of “wind shakes” (internal fractures in wood).
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.66
Longitudinal modulus of elasticity(1) 14,170 Mpa
At 12% moisture content, with 1 MPa = 1 N/mm²

contact with the ground, outside

Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. This species naturally covers
the use class 5 (wood permanently or regularly submerged in salt water, sea water or
brackish water). However, it is not recommended to use it in case of strong mechanical
constraints due to its softness. According to the European standard NF EN 335 of May 2013,
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. High temperature steaming (80 °C) improves drying. Drying thin dimensions (less
than 40 mm) is recommended.
Assembling
Notes. Nail holding variable.
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Sextonia rubra
Wood species 535

In French Guiana, the

local name of this species
is Grignon franc. Grading
is done according to to
local rules «Bois guyanais
classés” (1990).
According to French
grading.
Fire safety
Conventional French Privacy fence, Kourou (French Guiana).
grading
(readily flammable)
according to procedures of the standard NF EN 13501-1. Assigned according to procedures
of the European grading report No. RA05-0238E prepared by CSTB.
Main end uses
• Boxes and crates • Sliced veneer
• Open boats • Bridges (parts not in contact with water
• Veneer for back or face of plywood or ground)
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Gamela, Louro gamela, Louro vermelho
Guyana Baaka, Determa, Red louro, Wanu
French Guiana Grignon franc
United Kingdom Determa
Suriname Teteroma, Wana

MACACAÚBA
Macacaúba
Botanical names
Platymiscium pinnatum Dugand
Platymiscium trinitatis Benth.
Platymiscium ulei Harms
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Half-quarter sawn
Notes. Perfect heartwood has irregular veins. Sometimes wavy Quarter sawn
grain.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.79
Crushing strength(1) 58 Mpa
Static bending strength(1) 125 Mpa
Longitudinal modulus of elasticity(1) 20,490 Mpa
At 12% moisture content, with 1 MPa = 1 N/mm²

Treatability. Class - 3-4 – poorly or not permeable
Wood species 537

MACACAÚBA
Use class covered by natural durability Class 3 - not in contact with the ground, outside
treatment
Drying
Assembling
Commercial grading
In French Guiana, the local name of this species is “Ebène rouge». Grading is done
Cross sections of Platymiscium trinitatis

MACACAÚBA
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Musical instruments • Bridges (parts not in contact with water
• Interior joinery • Sculpture
• Built-in furniture or mobile item • Seats
Notes. Macacauba is often reserved for deluxe end uses.
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Macacaúba, Macacaúba preta, Macacaúba vermelha, Trebol
Costa Rica Nambar
Ecuador Caoba
United States Macawood
French Guiana Beati, Bois de mora
Nicaragua Bastado
Paraguay Trebol
Suriname Doekaliballi, Dukalaballi, Koenatepi
Venezuela Vencola
Wood species 539

MAÇARANDUBA / BULLETWOOD*
Maçaranduba / Bulletwood*
Family. Sapotaceae
Botanical names
Manilkara bidentata A. Chev.
Manilkara Standl. Ducke
Manilkara p.p.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Notes. Wood dark red brown with purplish shades.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 1.10
(1)

fresh water contact

Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. This species covers the use class 5
(wood permanently or regularly submerged in salt water, sea water or brackish water) due to
its high specific gravity and its hardness. However use class 5 coverage can very depending
on the species. According to the European standard NF EN 335 of May 2013, performance
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Manilkara bidentata
Wood species 541

In French Guiana, the local name of this

species is «Balata franc». Grading is done
according to local rules «Bois guyanais
classés” (1990).
Possible grading: Choice 1, choice 2,
choice 3, choice 4
According to European standard EN 1912
(2012) and associated national standards
(see explanatory note), strength class
D50 can be provided by visual grading.
However, strength class D60 can be
provided by visual grading according to
French standard NF B 52-001-1 (2011).
Fire safety Floating decks, Port-Louis (France).

Main end uses

• Arched goods • Sliced veneer
• Shingles • Bridges (parts in contact with water or
• Ship building (planking and deck) • Bridges (parts not in contact with water
or ground)
• Stairs (inside)
• Poles
• Stringed instruments (bows)
• Sculpture
• Hydraulic works (fresh water and
• Built-in furniture or mobile item seawater)
• House framing • Sleepers
• Stakes
Notes. In Brazil, M. elata and M. longifolia are used for pulpwood.
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Maparajuba, Maçaranduba, Paraju
Colombia Balata, Nispero
United States Beefwood, Bullet wood, Bulletwood
Guyana Balata, Beefwood, Bulletwood
French Guiana Balata franc, Balata gomme, Balata rouge, Bois abeille
Panama Nispero
Peru Pamashto, Quinilla colorada
United Kingdom Bulletwood
Suriname Bolletrie
Venezuela Balata, Massarandu

MACUCU DE PACA
Macucu de paca
Botanical name
Aldina heterophylla Benth.
Notes. Macucu de paca is often commercialised blended with
Angelim.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Grain. Interlocked grain Half-quarter sawn
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.88
(1)

fresh water contact
Wood species 543

MACUCU DE PACA
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Assembling
Notes. Pre-boring imperative in case of highly interlocked grain. Risk of end checks. High
specific gravity: important that gluing be performed in compliance with the code of practice
and instructions for the glue used.
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Aldina heterophylla

MACUCU DE PACA
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Heavy carpentry • Stakes
• Exterior joinery • Decking
• Bridges (parts in contact with water or • Exterior panelling
ground) • Hydraulic works (fresh water)
• Bridges (parts not in contact with water • Sleepers
or ground)
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Macucu da catinga, Macucu de paca, Macucu do baixo
Wood species 545

MAHOGANY
Mahogany
Family. Meliaceae
Botanical names
Swietenia humilis Zucc.
Swietenia krukovii Gleason
Swietenia macrophylla King (Syn. Swietenia candollei)
(Syn. Swietenia tessmannii)
Swietenia mahagoni Jacq.
Three species of Mahogany are listed in CITES Appendix ii :
Swietenia humilis (all wood products), Swietenia macrophylla
(Populations of the Neotropics; logs, sawn wood, veneer sheets
and plywood), Swietenia mahagoni (logs, sawn wood and
veneer sheets).
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Flat sawn Wood description
Quarter sawn Texture. Medium
Notes. Sometimes internal stresses.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.60
(1)


MAHOGANY

Notes. Mahogany is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Part of the Mahogany sold in the
world today comes from young plantations often constituted with woods with inferior
properties than the woods from natural forests. In particular, juvenile wood presents an
incomplete duraminisation which explains their lower durability compared to that of more
mature woods.
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Swietenia macrophylla
Wood species 547

MAHOGANY

Fire safety
flammable)
flammable)
of 22 mm.
Main end uses Art Deco style wardrobe – 1928 by René Coulomb
– Éric Orsini, Pézenas (France).
• Arched goods
• Turned goods
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Mahonia
Bolivia Caoba, Mara
Brazil Aguano, Araputanga, Mogno
Colombia Caoba
Cuba Caoba
Spain Caoba
France Acajou d’Amérique, Mogno
Guatemala Chacalte
Haïti Mahogany
Italy Mogano
Mexico Baywood, Zopilote
Peru Aguano, Caoba
Dominican Republic Mahogany
United Kingdom Mahogany
Venezuela Orura

MAKORÉ
Makoré
Family. Sapotaceae
Botanical name
Tieghemella heckelii Pierre
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Notes. Sapwood whitish to pinkish. Heartwood dark pink Flat sawn
brown to dark red brown sometimes with purple shades. Often
moiré.
Property Mean value

Density(1) 0.67
(1)

fresh water contact
Wood species 549

MAKORÉ
due to its high silica content. According to the European standard NF EN 335 of May 2013,
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. A period of air drying prior to kiln drying is recommended to limit defects.
Notes. Very irritant sawdust. Occasional clogging of saw blades.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Tieghemella heckelii

MAKORÉ

visual grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
Common names
Country Local name
Côte d’Ivoire Makoré
Ghana Abacu, Baku
Wood species 551

MAMBODÉ
Mambodé
Botanical names
Detarium macrocarpum Harms
Detarium senegalense J.F. Gmel.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Medium to coarse
Notes. Coppery brown wood with dark brown veins. Resin
exudation is possible.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.66
(1)


MAMBODÉ
Notes. This wood is given as not very sensitive to marine borers.

treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Some difficulties with sawing and machining due to presence of resin. Tools must
always be carefully sharpened.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Detarium macrocarpum
Wood species 553

MAMBODÉ

Fire safety
Main end uses
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Amouk
Côte d’Ivoire Bodo, Boiré
France Mambodé
Gabon Aboranzork, Énouk
Equatorial Guinea Eñuk
Guinea-Bissau Mambodé
Sierra Leone Kapuyai

MANDIOQUEIRA
Mandioqueira
Botanical names
Qualea coerulea Aubl.
Qualea dinizii Ducke
Qualea paraensis Ducke
Qualea rosea Aubl.
Qualea p.p.
Ruizterania albiflora Marc.-Berti (Syn. Qualea albiflora)
Ruizterania retusa Marc.-Berti
Ruizterania p.p.
Log description
Half-quarter sawn
Wood description
Sapwood. Clearly demarcated Quarter sawn
Texture. Medium
Notes. Wood pinkish brown to red brown, sometimes olive
brown. Grain sometimes wavy. Unpleasant odour when green.
Wood from species of Ruizterania are beige grey in colour,
which differentiates them from genus Qualea woods, which are
more pinkish or reddish.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.74
(1)
Wood species 555

MANDIOQUEIRA

sapwood)
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Variable risks of distortion depending on the species. High humidity recommended
during the first stages of drying to reduce defects.
Notes. Some species can be siliceous and present an important blunting effect. In this case,
it is necessary to use adequate tools.
Assembling
Cross sections of Ruizterania albiflora

MANDIOQUEIRA
Commercial grading
According to NHLA grading rules
(2015)
Common 1, Common 2, Common 3
In French Guiana, the local name of
this species is “Gonfolo”. Grading is
done according to local rules «Bois
Possible grading: Choice 1, choice
2, choice 3, choice 4
According to European standard EN
1912 (2012) and associated national
Basralocus sheathing on a ceiling frame in Mandioqueira,
standards (see explanatory note), Gontran Damas secondary school, Cayenne (French Guiana).
strength class D40 can be provided
by visual grading.
Fire safety
(April 2016): structural graded timber in vertical uses and ceilings, with a minimal thickness
of 22 mm. It was assigned according to procedures of the European standard NF EN
13501-1. Assigned according to procedures of the European grading report No. RA05-0238C
prepared by the CSTB.
Main end uses
• Open boats • House framing
• Glued Laminated • Seats
Common names
Country Local name
Bolivia Arenillo
Brazil Mandioqueira, Mandioqueira aspera, Mandioqueira escamosa, Mandioqueira lisa
French Guiana Gonfolo, Gonfolo kouali, Gronfolo
Suriname Berg gronfoeloe, Gronfoeloe
Venezuela Florecillo
Wood species 557

MANGO / MACHANG*
Mango / Machang*
Botanical names
Mangifera foetida Lour.
Mangifera indica L.
Mangifera laurina Blume
Mangifera p.p.
Log description
Wood description
Flat sawn
Texture. Coarse
Grain. Undulating
Quarter sawn
Notes. Wide sapwood. Light brown slightly pink. Heartwood
with grey or dark brown veins in some logs.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.76
(1)
Notes. Physical and mechanical properties of Mango vary
widely depending on the species.
all the wood)

MANGO / MACHANG*

treatment
Drying
Notes. Risk of colouration of wood during drying.
Notes. Occasional presence of tension wood and tendency to woolliness. Careful sanding
and filling are necessary. Veneers quite brittle.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Mangifera foetida
Wood species 559

MANGO / MACHANG*
Fire safety
Conventional French
grading
(readily flammable)
Default grading for
(April 2016): structural graded
timber in vertical uses and
ceilings with minimal mean
density of 0.35 and minimal
thickness of 22 mm.
Main end uses
• Turned goods “Picadilly” seven-drawer chest – Maisons du monde, Lattes (France).
• Heavy carpentry
• Formwork
• Panelling
• Moulding
• Flooring
• Sliced veneer
Notes. Wood with grey or dark brown veins can be used for decorative sliced veneer.
Common names
Country Local name
France Manguier
Îles Salomon Ma-muang-pa
India Mampalagai, Mango, Mangga, Mave, Mavu
Indonesia Membacang
Malaysia Asam, Machang, Sepam
Myanmar Mangowood, Thayet
Pakistan Mango
Papua New Guinea Mango
Philippines Ailai, Asai, Pahutan
United Kingdom Mangowood
Thailand Ma-muang-pa, Pamutan
Viet Nam Xoai

MANIL / MANNI*
Manil / Manni*
Family. Clusiaceae
Botanical name
Symphonia globulifera L. f.
Notes. This species is also found in Asia (Ossol in Gabon).
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Notes. Light brown to yellow brown.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.71
(1)

Wood species 561

MANIL / MANNI*
Notes. Treatability of Manil seems rather easy with oil-type preservation products. It is
difficult with saline-type preservation products.
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Initial air drying under cover is recommended prior to kiln drying. The application of
an end-coating is recommended.
Assembling
Notes. Risk of splitting when nailing.
Commercial grading
visual grading.
Cross sections of Symphonia globulifera

MANIL / MANNI*
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Built-in furniture or mobile item • Cooperage
• Moulding
Common names
Country Local name
Bolivia Azufre, Brea amarilla
Brazil Anani, Canadi, Mani
Colombia Azufre, Machare
Ecuador Machare, Puenga, Zaputi
United States Boarwood
Guyana Manni
French Guiana Manil, Manil marécage
Peru Azufre, Brea-caspi
Suriname Mani, Mataki
Trinidad and Tobago Mangue
Venezuela Mani, Paraman, Peramancillo
Coffee table in Manil marécage, by Copeaux and Co, Sinnamary (French Guiana).
Wood species 563

MANNIBALLI
Manniballi
Family. Clusiaceae
Botanical name
Moronobea coccinea Aubl.
Notes. Manniballi should not be confused with Manil or Manil
marécage (Symphonia globulifera).
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Grain. Straight
Notes. Wood light yellow slightly veined. Grain sometimes
wavy at the periphery of logs.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.90
(1)

fresh water contact

MANNIBALLI
treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Initial air drying under cover is recommended prior to kiln drying. Drying in
moderate conditions and the application of an end-coating are recommended.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Moronobea coccinea
Wood species 565

MANNIBALLI
Fire safety
flammable)
NF EN 14081-1 (April 2016):
Main end uses
• Heavy carpentry
• Built-in furniture or mobile
item Console table in Manniballi – by Dissi, Rémire-Montjoly (French
Guiana).
• Sliced veneer
• Decking
• Bridges (parts in contact with water or ground)
• Sleepers
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Anani da terra firme, Bacuri de anta
Guyana Coronobo, Morombo-rai, Moronobo
French Guiana Manil montagne, Manil peou, Parcouri-manil
Suriname Manniballi, Matakkie

MARITIME PINE
Maritime Pine
Family. Pinaceae
Botanical names
Pinus pinaster Aiton (Syn. Pinus maritima)
Continent. Europe
Notes. Grows naturally in the west part of the Mediterranean
basin. Largely used in plantations (Landes, France).
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Grain. Straight
Flat sawn
Notes. Sapwood is pale yellow. Heartwood is yellow with
reddish brown veins. Strong resin (and turpentine) odour on
green wood. Quarter sawn

Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.55
(1)
Notes. Specific gravity of tapped woods is higher (up to 0.75).
Wood species 567

MARITIME PINE
treatment
Drying
Assembling
Notes. Difficult gluing for woods with high resin content. Drying over 70° practically
eliminates this problem.
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Pinus pinaster

MARITIME PINE
Visual structure
grading
standard EN 1912
(2012) and associated
national standards
(see explanatory
note), strength classes
C18 and C24 can be
provided by visual
grading. However,
strength classes C14,
C28, C24 and C30, can
grading according to
French standard NF B
52-001-1 (2011).
Structured floorboards – designed by Verniland, FP Bois (France).
Fire safety
Main end uses
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Seekiefer
Spain Pino maritimo
France Maritime Pine
Italy Pino marittimo
Portugal Pinhiero bravo
United Kingdom Maritime pine
Wood species 569

MARUPA
Marupa
Family. Simaroubaceae
Botanical names
Simarouba amara Aubl.
Simarouba glauca DC.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Grain. Straight
Notes. Wood cream white to light yellow. Sometimes oily
veins.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.41
(1)

all the wood)
risk of dampness)

MARUPA
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Notes. Marupa is prone to blue stain before and during drying.
Assembling
Commercial grading
In French Guiana, the local name of this species is “Simarouba”. Grading is done according
visual grading.
Cross sections of Simarouba amara
Wood species 571

MARUPA
Fire safety
flammable)
Main end uses Kitchen cupboard, Kourou (French Guiana).
• Matches
• Turned goods
• Stringed instruments (sounding board)
• Panelling
• Moulding
• Blockboard
• Fibre or particle boards
• Sliced veneer
• Marquetry
Common names
Country Local name
Bolivia Chiriuana
Brazil Marupa, Marupauba, Parahyba, Paraiba, Tamanqueira
Colombia Simaruba
Ecuador Cedro amargo, Cuna, Guitarro
Guyana Simarupa
French Guiana Simarouba
Peru Marupa
United Kingdom Bitterwood
Suriname Soemaroeba
Venezuela Cedro blanco, Simarouba

MECRUSSÉ
Mecrussé
Family. Picrodendraceae (Euphorbiaceae)
Botanical name
Androstachys johnsonii Prain
Continent. Africa (including Madagascar)
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Notes. Yellowish white sapwood. Heartwood light brown to
Flat sawn
reddish brown, often with darker veining.
Property Mean value Half-quarter sawn
Density(1) 0.93
Longitudinal modulus of elasticity(1) -
(1)

fresh water contact
Notes. This species naturally covers the use class 5 (wood
permanently or regularly submerged in salt water, sea water or
Wood species 573

MECRUSSÉ
brackish water) due to its pronounced hardness. According to the European standard NF EN
treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Androstachys johnsonii

MECRUSSÉ

Fire safety
Main end uses
• Turned goods ground)
• Flooring or ground)
Notes. Substitute for Muhuhu.
Common names
Country Local name
Magadascar Merana, Ombafo
Mozambique Mecrussé, Mezimbite
Portugal Cimbirre
Zimbabwe Lebombo ironwood
Wood species 575

MELANCIEIRA
Melancieira
Botanical names
Alexa grandiflora Ducke
Alexa imperatricis Baill.
Alexa leiopetala Sandwith
Alexa wachenheimii Benoist
Log description
Wood description
Half-quarter sawn
Texture. Coarse
Quarter sawn
Notes. Wood light yellow to reddish brown.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.76
(1)


MELANCIEIRA
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Drying is very difficult. Kiln drying gives better results than air drying.
Assembling
Notes. Pre-boring sometimes necessary, in particular for heavier woods.
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Alexa imperatricis
Wood species 577

MELANCIEIRA
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Heavy carpentry • Blockboard
• House framing
Notes. Drying problems restrict the use of this timber.
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Fava bolocha, Melancieira, Sucupira-pepino
Guyana Haiariballi
Suriname Nekoe-oedoe

MELUNAK
Melunak
Family. Malvaceae (Tiliaceae)
Botanical names
Pentace burmanica Kurz
Pentace triptera Mast.
Pentace p.p.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Grain. Interlocked grain Flat sawn
Notes. Sapwood more or less distinct depending on the species
and origin, varies from straw-coloured to pale reddish brown.
Quarter sawn
Heartwood gold red brown turning darker in the light. Fine
silver figure, transverse stripes. Zig-zag runs of parenchyma,
moiré on radial side.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.62
(1)

all the wood)
Wood species 579

MELUNAK

possible)
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Assembling
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Cross sections of Pentace burmanica

MELUNAK

Main end uses
Notes. Needs filling before polishing. Possible substitute for Mahogany.
Common names
Country Local name
Cambodia Tassit
Indonesia Pinang
Laos Sisiet
Malaysia Baru-baran, Melunak, Takalis
Myanmar Kashit, Thitka
Thailand Daeng-samaet, Sisiat, Tongsuk
Viet Nam Nghien
Wood species 581

MENGKULANG
Mengkulang
Botanical names
Heritiera javanica Kosterm. (Syn. Tarrietia javanica)
Heritiera simplicifolia Kosterm. (Syn. Tarrietia simplicifolia)
Heritiera sumatrana Kosterm. (Syn. Tarrietia sumatrana)
Heritiera p.p. (Syn. Tarrietia p.p.)
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Half-quarter sawn Notes. Wood colour varies from light pink to red, darkening to
red brown in the light. Clearly visible silver figure.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.68
(1)


MENGKULANG
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Resistance to decay low to moderate
Drying
Notes. Blunting effect normal to high due to silica content. Tendency to tear on quartersawn.
Assembling
Commercial grading
visual grading.
Cross sections of Heritiera simplicifolia
Wood species 583

MENGKULANG
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Glued Laminated
Common names
Country Local name
Cambodia Don chêm
Indonesia Palapi, Teraling
Laos Mai hao, Mai po hao
Malaysia Kembang, Mengkulang
Myanmar Kanzo
Philippines Lumbayau
Thailand Chumprak
Viet Nam Huynh

MERANTI, DARK RED
Meranti, Dark Red

Botanical names
Shorea acuminata Dyer
Shorea argentifolia Symington
Shorea curtisii Dyer
Shorea hemsleyana King
Shorea macrantha Brandis
Shorea ovata Dyer
Shorea pachyphylla Ridl.
Shorea pauciflora King
Shorea platycarpa F. Heim
Shorea platyclados Slooten
Shorea singkawang Burck
Notes. Shorea subgen. Rubroshorea species with a specific
Log description
Diameter. 60 to 120 cm Half-quarter sawn
Log conservation. Moderate (treatment recommended) Quarter sawn
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Notes. Wood pink brown to dark red or purplish brown, with
white resin streaks.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.68
(1)
Wood species 585

MERANTI, DARK RED
Notes. Specific gravity varies from 0.58 to 0.78. Wood soft to fairly hard.
Resistance to decay. Class 2 to Class 4 - durable to poorly durable
sapwood)
possible)
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Durability variable (linked to a
variable mass per unit), depending on the species. Variable treatability.
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Thin sawnwoods must be stacked carefully with the appropriate number of spacer
sticks in order to avoid any risk of distortion.
Cross sections of Shorea curtisii

MERANTI, DARK RED
Notes. Some risks of grain

tearing in the presence of
interlocked grain. Ribbon-like
aspect. Certain woods can have
a high silica content.
Assembling
Commercial grading
grading
rules (2009)
Possible grading: Prime, Select,
Standard, Sound, Serviceable,
Utility
Fire safety
Entrance gate, Tournon (France).
flammable)
Main end uses
• Open boats • Flooring
• Veneer for interior of plywood • Sculpture
• Glued Laminated
Notes. Frequent black holes and brittleheart. White resin canals may detract from the wood’s
visual appearance for certain end uses.
Common names
Country Local name
France Meranti dark red
Indonesia Merah-tua, Meranti bunga, Meranti Ketung, Red Meranti
Malaysia Binatoh, Dark red Meranti, Dark red Seraya, Engbang chenak, Merant bukit, Meranti
bunga sengawan, Meranti daun basar, Nemesu, Oba suluk, Seraya bukit, Seraya daun
Philippines Bataan, Red Lauan, Tanguile
Wood species 587

MERANTI, LIGHT RED
Meranti, Light Red

Botanical names
Shorea dasyphylla Foxw. Shorea parvifolia Dyer
Shorea gysbertsiana Burck Shorea quadrinervis Slooten
Shorea johorensis Foxw. Shorea revoluta P.S. Ashton
Shorea lepidota Blume Shorea sandakanensis
Shorea leprosula Miq. Symington
Shorea leptoclados Symington Shorea smithiana Symington
Shorea macrophylla P.S. Ashton Shorea squamata Benth. &
Shorea macroptera Dyer Hook. f.
Shorea ovalis Blume Shorea teysmanniana Dyer
Shorea palembanica Miq. Shorea subgen. Rubroshorea
Shorea palosapis Merr. p.p.
Notes. Shorea subgen. Rubroshorea species with specific
Log description
Flat sawn Thickness of sapwood. 5 to 8 cm
Buoyancy. Floats
Quarter sawn Wood description
Reference colour. Light red
Texture. Medium
Notes. Frequent brittleheart and black holes. Wood pink
to light red or pink brown. Presence of white resin streaks.
Ribbon-like aspect. Lustrous surface.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.50
(1)

MERANTI, LIGHT RED
Notes. Specific gravity varies from 0.38 to 0.58 (over 0.58 for Dark Red Meranti).
Resistance to decay. Class 2-4 - durable to poorly durable
sapwood)
possible)
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Frequent black holes. Variable
treatability.
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Thin sawnwoods must be stacked carefully with the appropriate number of spacer
sticks in order to avoid any risk of distortion.
Notes. Tendency to woolliness. Keep sharp tools.
Cross sections of Shorea squamata
Wood species 589

MERANTI, LIGHT RED
Assembling
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Main end uses
Notes. Filling is recommended. Presence of white streaks can be inconvenient for certain
end uses. Specific gravity > 0.45 for joinery.
Common names
Country Local name
France Meranti light red
Indonesia Meranti bunga, Meranti merah muda, Red meranti
Malaysia Damar siput, Engkabang, Kawang, Light red meranti, Light red seraya, Meranti hantu,
Meranti kepong, Meranti langgang, Meranti melanthi, Meranti paya, Meranti rambai, Meranti
sangkawang, Meranti tembaya, Meranti tengkawang, Seraya batu, Seraya bunga, Seraya punai
Thailand Chan hoi, Saya khao, Saya lueang
Philippines Mayapis

MERANTI, WHITE
Meranti, White
Botanical names
Shorea agami P.S. Ashton Shorea ochracea Symington
Shorea assamica Dyer Shorea plagata Foxw.
Shorea bracteolata Dyer Shorea polita S. Vidal
Shorea dealbata Foxw. Shorea resinosa Foxw.
Shorea farinosa C.E.C. Fisch. Shorea roxburghii G. Don
Shorea gratissima Dyer (Syn. Shorea floribunda)
Shorea hentonyensis Foxw. Shorea sericeiflora
Shorea hypochra Hance C.E.C.Fisch. & Hutch.
Shorea javanica Koord. & Shorea talura Roxb.
Valeton Shorea subgen. Anthoshorea
Shorea lamellata Foxw.
Log description

Texture. Medium
Notes. Presence of brittleheart in some logs. Wood cream
white becoming yellow brown with age. Ribbon-like aspect on
quartersawn. Grain sometimes highly interlocked.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.72
(1)
Wood species 591

MERANTI, WHITE

Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Presence of black holes. Variable
treatability.
Drying
Notes. High silica content. Tendency to woolliness. Filling is recommended to obtain a good
finish.
Assembling
Notes. Risk of splitting when nailing.
Cross sections of Shorea agami

MERANTI, WHITE
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Stairs (inside) • Interior joinery
• Panelling
Common names
Country Local name
Cambodia Koki phnom
France Meranti white
Indonesia Damar puthi, Damar putih, Meranti putih
Malaysia Kebon tang, Melapi, Meranti jerit, Meranti lapis, Meranti temak, White meranti
Myanmar Makai
Philippines Lauan white, White lauan
Thailand Kabak khao, Kanawang, Pa nong, Pendan, Pha-yom, Sual
Viet Nam Chai
Wood species 593

MERANTI, YELLOW
Meranti, Yellow
Botanical names
Shorea acuminatissima Shorea kalunti Merr.
Symington Shorea longisperma Roxb.
Shorea blumutensis Foxw.
Shorea maxima Symington
Shorea dolichocarpa Slooten
Shorea multiflora Symington
Shorea faguetiana F. Heim
Shorea peltata Symington
Shorea faguetioides P.S.
Ashton Shorea resina-nigra Foxw.
Shorea gibbosa Brandis Shorea subgen. Richetia
Shorea hopeifolia Symington
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Flat sawn
Wood description
Quarter sawn Reference colour. Light yellow
Texture. Medium
Notes. Brittleheart (in large diameter trees). Wood light yellow
or yellow brown with sometimes greenish glints. Darkens in the
air. Sometimes wavy grain.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.54
(1)

MERANTI, YELLOW

Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Resistance to decay low to moderate
depending on the species. Low to moderate treatability. Presence of black holes.
treatment
Drying
Notes. Wood must be carefully stacked to reduce the risk of distortions.
Notes. Some difficulties in machining in the presence of interlocked grain.
Assembling
Cross sections of Shorea faguetiana
Wood species 595

MERANTI, YELLOW
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Panelling
Common names
Country Local name
France Meranti yellow
Indonesia Meranti kuning, Kunyit
Malaysia Lun gajah, Lun kuning, Lun merat, Lun siput, Meranti damar hitam, Meranti kelim,
Meranti telepok, Meranti Yellow, Selangan kacha, Selangan kuning, Seraya kuning,
Seraya Yellow, Yellow meranti, Yellow seraya
Thailand Kalo
Notes. Yellow Meranti generally refers to timber from the peninsular area of Malaysia, while
Yellow Seraya refers to wood from the Sabah-Sarawak region of the country.

MERAWAN
Merawan
Botanical names
Hopea apiculata Symington Hopea odorata Roxb.
Hopea dryobalanoides Miq. Hopea papuana Diels
Hopea griffithii Kurz Hopea pierrei Hance
Hopea lowii Dyer Hopea sangal Korth.
Hopea mengarawan Miq. Hopea sulcata Symington
Hopea nervosa King Hopea p.p.
Notes. Hopea density lower than 0.85. The most dense species
are marketed under the name of Giam.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Flat sawn
Wood description
Reference colour. Yellow brown Quarter sawn
Texture. Medium
Notes. Some logs are not floatable. Yellow brown to chocolate
reddish brown with an occasional dark striping. Texture is fine
to medium.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.70
(1)
Wood species 597

MERAWAN

clearly demarcated)
Notes. Hopea p.p. with a density > 0.85 (Giam) have a better resistance to decay. According
to the European standard NF EN 335 of May 2013, performance length might be modified
by conditions in which it is used.
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Assembling
Notes. Tends to split when nailing or screwing; nails hold poorly.
Cross sections of Hopea sangal

MERAWAN
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Veneer for interior of plywood • Cooperage
Notes. Wood is resistant to acids.
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Merawan
Cambodia Koki
France Merawan
Indonesia Cengal, Merawan, Sengal
Italy Merawan
Malaysia Gagil, Merawan, Selangan, Selangan-Kasha, Sengal
Myanmar Thingan
Papua New Guinea Light hopea
Philippines Manggachapoi, Manggachapui
United Kingdom Merawan
Thailand Takhina, Takien
Viet Nam Sao
Wood species 599

MERBAU
Merbau
Botanical names
Intsia bijuga Kuntze (Syn. Afzelia bijuga) (Syn. Intsia
amboinensis) (Syn. Intsia retusa)
Intsia palembanica Miq. (Syn. Intsia backeri)
Intsia p.p.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Flat sawn Grain. Straight or interlocked
Notes. Wood sometimes orangey brown becoming dark red
Quarter sawn brown or dark brown in the light. Present of yellow sulphur
deposits.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.83
(1)


MERBAU
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. It covers the use class 4, but presents
a variable durability towards marine borers. Its use under sea water is not recommended.
Resistance to termites ranges from moderately good to good. According to the European
which it is used.
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Sawblades tend to clog. Tendency to tear on quartersawn. Silica content is variable.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Intsia bijuga
Wood species 601

MERBAU

According to European standard EN 1912
(2012) and associated national standards (see
explanatory note), strength class D50 can be
provided by visual grading. Strength class
D40 can also be provided by visual grading
according to French standard NF B 52-001-1
(2011).
Fire safety
flammable)
Semi-spiral staircase made in Kohu,
Main end uses Nouméa (New Caledonia).
• Turned goods
• Heavy carpentry
• Sliced veneer
• Decking
• Musical instruments or ground)
• Tool handles (resilient woods) • Sculpture
• Built-in furniture or mobile item • Hydraulic works (fresh water)
• Flooring • Sleepers
Common names
Country Local name
Australia Kwilau
China Kalabau
Fiji Vesi
Indonesia Merbau
Magadascar Hintsy
Malaysia Merbau, Mirabow
New Caledonia Kohu
Papua New Guinea Kwila
Philippines Ipil, Ipil laut
Thailand Lum-paw
Viet Nam Gonuoc

MERPAUH
Merpauh
Botanical names
Swintonia floribunda Griff.
Swintonia penangiana King
Swintonia pierrei Hance
Swintonia schwenckii Teijsm. & Binn.
Swintonia spicifera Hook. f.
Swintonia p.p.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Flat sawn
Texture. Coarse
Grain. Straight
Quarter sawn
Notes. Wood light brown with or without pink to reddish
brown glints. Lustrous surface. Sometimes wavy grain. Presence
of tension wood.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.75
(1)

all the wood)
Wood species 603

MERPAUH

Notes. Moderate to good amenability to preservation treatment.
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Risk of colouration of wood during drying.
Notes. Wood difficult to saw in presence of tension wood. Sap and green timber may cause
irritations. Sometimes, presence of silica.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Swintonia floribunda

MERPAUH
Fire safety
Main end uses
Common names
Country Local name
Cambodia Muom
France Merpauh
India Thayet-kin
Malaysia Merpau
Myanmar Civit taung thayet, Taung-thayet
Pakistan Civit
Viet Nam Muom
Wood species 605

MERSAWA
Mersawa
Botanical names
Anisoptera costata Korth. (Syn. Anisoptera cochinchinensis)
Anisoptera curtisii Dyer
Anisoptera glabra Kurz
Anisoptera laevis Ridl.
Anisoptera marginata Korth.
Anisoptera scaphula Pierre
Anisoptera thurifera Blume
Anisoptera p.p.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Flat sawn Log conservation. Moderate (treatment recommended)
Wood description
Quarter sawn Reference colour. Orange yellow
Texture. Coarse
Notes. Sometimes orangey yellow darkening to golden brown.
Presence of whitish resin streaks.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.63
(1)

MERSAWA

Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Sometimes presence of water pockets.
Notes. Resin exudation in steaming. Tendency to tearing on quartersawn.
Assembling
Cross sections of Anisoptera cochinchinensis
Wood species 607

MERSAWA
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Main end uses
Common names
Country Local name
Cambodia Phdiek
United States Bella rosa
France Ven-ven
Indonesia Mersawa
Laos Mai bak
Malaysia Mersawa, Pengiran
Myanmar Kaunghmu
Papua New Guinea Mersawa
Philippines Palosapis
United Kingdom Krabak
Thailand Krabak, Pik
Viet Nam Ven-ven

MOABI
Moabi
Family. Sapotaceae
Botanical names
Baillonella toxisperma Pierre (Syn. Mimusops djave)
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Notes. Wood pink brown to red brown more or less dark and
Half-quarter sawn
finely veined. Satin-like aspect on quartersawn.
Density(1) 0.87
(1)

fresh water contact
Wood species 609

MOABI
and its high silica content. According to the European standard NF EN 335 of May 2013,
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Initial air drying under cover is recommended prior to kiln drying.
Notes. Dulling effect due to silica content. Machining dust may cause allergies.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Baillonella toxisperma

MOABI

Fire safety
flammable)
Main end uses
• Arched goods
Door in Moabi, posts in Tali, framework in Kosipo, vertical
• Turned goods thin timber cladding in Mukulungu – J.Y. Riaux, Mindourou
• Heavy carpentry (Cameroon).
• Stairs (inside)
• Sliced veneer
• Decking
• Panelling
• Bridges (parts not in contact with water
• Interior joinery • Sculpture
• Built-in furniture or mobile item • Sleepers
• Flooring • Rolling shutters
Common names
Country Local name
Angola Moabi
Cameroon Adjap, Ayap
Congo Dimpampi, Moabi
Gabon Adza, M’foi, Oabé
Equatorial Guinea Adjap, Ayap
Nigeria Oko uku
Democratic Republic of Congo Muamba jaune
United Kingdom African Pearwood
Wood species 611

MONGHINZA
Monghinza
Family. Sapotaceae
Botanical names
Manilkara mabokeensis Aubrév.
Manilkara obovata J.H. Hemsl.
Manilkara p.p.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Half-quarter sawn Grain. Straight
Notes. Sapwood pinkish. Heartwood rich red brown.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.98
(1)

fresh water contact

MONGHINZA
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Manilkara mabokeensis
Wood species 613

MONGHINZA

length rafters: choice i, choice ii,
choice iii
choice iii
Fire safety
flammable)
NF EN 14081-1 (April 2016):
minimal mean density of 0.35 Square-edged timber for export – Entreprise Rougier, Mokabi
and minimal thickness of 22 mm. (Congo).
Main end uses

• Arched goods • Sliced veneer
• Stringed instruments (bows) • Bridges (parts not in contact with water
or ground)
• Flooring
• Sleepers
Notes. Same end uses to those of Bulletwood.
Common names
Country Local name
Côte d’Ivoire Sisina
Gabon Adzacon-aboga
Central African Republic Monghinza, Monginja
United Kingdom African Pearwood

MORA
Mora
Botanical names
Mora excelsa Benth.
Mora paraensis Ducke
Mora p.p.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Interlocked grain. Marked Flat sawn
Notes. Heartwood pinkish brown to red brown with sometimes

thin darker veins.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 1.03
(1)

fresh water contact
Wood species 615

MORA
used.
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Must be dried slowly to reduce the risk of defects.
Notes. Difficult to saw due to hardness and interlocked grain.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Mora excelsa

MORA
Visual structure
grading
According to French
(2011), strength class
D40 can be provided
by visual grading.
Fire safety
Conventional French
grading
(readily flammable)
Euroclass grading.
D-s2, d0
Default grading for
solid wood that Stocked wooden ties – Woods Direct International LLC,
meets requirements New York (United States).
NF EN 14081-1 (April
2016): structural graded
timber in vertical uses
and ceilings with
minimal mean density
of 0.35 and minimal
thickness of 22 mm.
Main end uses
• Turned goods
• Heavy carpentry
• Decking
• Bridges (parts in contact with water or ground)
• Poles
• Sleepers
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Pracuúba, Pracuúba branca, Pracuúba vermelha
Colombia Nato, Nato rojo
Ecuador Nato
Guyana Mora, Morabukea
French Guiana Mora
Panama Alcornoque
Suriname Mora, Moraboekea
Trinidad and Tobago Mora
Venezuela Mora
Wood species 617

MORAL
Moral
Family. Moraceae
Botanical names
Maclura tinctoria D. Don (Syn. Chlorophora tinctoria)
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Flat sawn
Notes. Sapwood greyish white to pale beige. Heartwood
yellow turning golden brown to dark wood. Silver figure fine
and clearly distinct. Interlocked grain produces a fine ribbon
figure on radial surfaces.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.88
(1)

Treatability. Class - 3-4 – poorly or not permeable
fresh water contact

MORAL
used.
treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Machining dust may cause irritation.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Maclura tinctoria
Wood species 619

MORAL
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Turned goods • Flooring
• Vehicle or container flooring • Bridges (parts in contact with water or
• Tool handles (resilient woods) ground)
• Built-in furniture or mobile item • Hydraulic works (fresh water)
• Sleepers
Notes. Risk of oxydation in contact with iron.
Common names
Country Local name
Argentina Tatayiva-saiyu
Bolivia Amarillo
Brazil Amarello, Taiuva
Colombia Dinde, Palo amarillo
Costa Rica Palo de mora
Mexico Barossa, Moral
Trinidad and Tobago Bois d’orange

MOROTOTO
Morototo
Family. Araliaceae
Botanical names
Schefflera angustissima Frodin
Schefflera decaphylla Harms (Syn. Schefflera paraensis)
Schefflera morototoni Maguire, Steyerm. & Frodin (Syn.
Didymopanax morototoni)
Notes. Morototo is sometimes commercialised blended with
Marupa.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Flat sawn
Texture. Medium
Notes. Wood sometimes greyish white to very light brown.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.55
(1)

all the wood)
Wood species 621

MOROTOTO

Drying
Assembling
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Cross sections of Schefflera morototoni

MOROTOTO

Main end uses
• Pencils • Moulding
Common names
Country Local name
Argentina Ambay-guazu
Bolivia Borracho, Guitarrero
Brazil Mandiocai, Marupauba falso, Matatauba, Morototo, Mucututu, Pixixica, Sambacuim
Colombia Pata de galina, Yarumero
Cuba Yagrumo macho
Ecuador Platanillo, Suntuch
Guyana Karohoro
French Guiana Tobitoutou
Honduras Guarumo macho
Panama Pavo
Peru Anonilla, Sacha-uva
Puerto Rico Yagrumo macho
République dominicaine Yagrumo macho
Suriname Kasavehout, Morototo
Venezuela Cafetero, Sun-sun, Tinajero
Wood species 623

MOVINGUI / AYAN*
Movingui / Ayan*
Botanical name
Distemonanthus benthamianus Baill.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Flat sawn
Notes. Lemon-yellow to yellow brown. Some logs present a
highly figured wood. Possible presence of internal stresses and
wind shakes.
Half-quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.73
(1)


MOVINGUI / AYAN*
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Movingui cannot be used without
appropriate preservation treatment for end uses under use class 3, except for some parts of
a work such as windows, which are less exposed than others (entrance doors, shutters, etc.)
This wood is used for exterior joinery in tropical regions. In temperate regions, its use is
limted by its vulnerability to Coriolus versicolor rot.
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Some difficulties due to irregular grain. Filling is recommended to obtain a better
finish.
Assembling
Notes. Pre-boring recommended for large diameter nails due to risk of splitting.
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Distemonanthus benthamianus
Wood species 625

MOVINGUI / AYAN*

choice iii
choice iii
Fire safety
flammable)
of European standard Folding blinds in outdoor, sheltered location – supplies from
NF EN 14081-1 (April 2016): Fibres Industries Bois, La Réunion, France.
Main end uses
• Arched goods • Glued Laminated
Notes. Movingui contains water-soluble yellow extracts that can stain the elements in
contact with wood in moist conditions. Resistant to one or several acids.
Common names
Country Local name
Benin Ayan
Cameroon Éyen
Côte d’Ivoire Barré
Gabon Movingui, Éyen
Ghana Bonsamdua, Ayan
Equatorial Guinea Eyen
Nigeria Ayan, Ayanran
United Kingdom Ayan, Distemonanthus

MUBALA
Mubala
Botanical name
Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Notes. Sapwood pale yellow with occasional brown spots. Flat sawn
Heartwood dark brown with dark coloured veins on the radial
face. Tangential face slightly striped.
Property Mean value

Density(1) 0.95
(1)

fresh water contact
Wood species 627

MUBALA
Against dry wood borer attacks. This wood requires preservation treatment for termites.
treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Logs must be extracted and sawn as soon as possible after felling to limit the risks of
splits and distortions.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Pentaclethra macrophylla

MUBALA

Fire safety
Main end uses
• Pit props • Bridges (parts in contact with water or
or ground)
• Poles
• Cooperage
• Stakes
• Sleepers
• Decking
Common names
Country Local name
Congo Essiri
Côte d’Ivoire Ovala
Democratic Republic of Congo Mubala
Wood species 629

MUHUHU
Muhuhu
Family. Asteraceae
Botanical names
Brachylaena huillensis O. Hoffm. (Syn. Brachylaena hutchinsii)
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Notes. Small diameter logs. Sapwood greyish white.
Flat sawn
Heartwood yellow brown to greenish brown.
Density(1) 0.93
Coefficient of volumetric shrinkage -
Fibre saturation point -
(1)

fresh water contact
species naturally covers the use class 5 (wood permanently

MUHUHU
or regularly submerged in salt water, sea water or brackish water) due to its pronounced
hardness. According to the European standard NF EN 335 of May 2013, performance length
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Brachylaena huillensis
Wood species 631

MUHUHU

Fire safety
Main end uses
• Flooring • Exterior panelling
• Industrial or heavy flooring • Sculpture
ground)
Notes. Formerly used for its distillate (substitute for Santal). Substitute for Mecrussé.
Common names
Country Local name
Kenya Mkalambaki, Mkarambati
Uganda Muhuhu, Mühühü, Mvumo
Tanzania Muhugwe

MUIRACATIARA
Muiracatiara
Botanical names
Astronium fraxinifolium Schott
Astronium graveolens Jacq. (Syn. Astronium gracile)
Astronium lecointei Ducke
Astronium p.p.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine Half-quarter sawn
Notes. Pinkish brown to yellow brown, becoming red brown to Quarter sawn
dark brown, with very irregularly spaced black brown veins.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.80
(1)

Wood species 633

MUIRACATIARA
used.
treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Astronium lecointei

MUIRACATIARA
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Musical instruments • Decking
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Aderno-preto, Baracatiara, Gonçaleiro, Gonçalo-alvez, Guarita, Guaribu-preto,
Mirueira, Muiracatiara, Sanguessugueira
Colombia Gusanero
Ecuador Guasango
Mexico Palo de culebra
Paraguay Urunday-para
Venezuela Gateado
Wood species 635

MUIRAPIRANGA
Muirapiranga
Family. Moraceae
Botanical names
Brosimum rubescens Taub. (Syn. Brosimum lanciferum)
(Syn. Brosimum paraense)
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Flat sawn Notes. Very important and perishable sapwood. Heartwood
often has darker veins.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 1.10
(1)


MUIRAPIRANGA
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Sawing and machining difficulties. Some difficulties due to hardness. Good finish
and beautiful polish.
Assembling
Commercial grading
In French Guiana, the local name of this species is “Satiné”. Grading is done according to
Cross sections of Brosimum rubescens
Wood species 637

MUIRAPIRANGA
Possible grading: Choice 1, choice

2, choice 3, choice 4
Fire safety
flammable)
Main end uses
• Turned goods
• Heavy carpentry
• Stairs (inside)
• Panelling
• Flooring
• Sliced veneer
• Sculpture
• Marquetry Counter of a mini-bar (French Guiana).
Notes. This species is usually
reserved for deluxe end uses.
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Amapa rana, Conduru, Falso pao Brasil, Ipê, Muirapiranga, Pau rainha
Colombia Riu sinu
Spain Palo de oro
Guyana Satinwood
French Guiana Satiné, Satiné rouge, Satiné rubané, Siton paya
Italy Ferolia, Legno satino
United Kingdom Bloodwood, Satinwood
Suriname Doekaliballi, Satijnhout

MUIRATINGA
Muiratinga
Family. Moraceae
Botanical names
Maquira sclerophylla C.C. Berg (Syn. Olmedioperebea
sclerophylla)
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Notes. Wood cream white to light yellow. Unpleasant odour
when green.
Property Mean value

Density(1) 0.47
(1)

all the wood)
risk of dampness)
Wood species 639

MUIRATINGA
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Notes. Fuzzy surface. Very high silica content.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Cross sections of Maquira sclerophylla

MUIRATINGA

Main end uses
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Capinuri, Muiratinga
France Muiratinga
United Kingdom Capomo
Wood species 641

MUKULUNGU
Mukulungu
Family. Sapotaceae
Botanical names
Autranella congolensis A. Chev. (Syn. Mimusops congolensis)
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Notes. Heart of logs tends to split. Wood red brown with darker
Half-quarter sawn
brown veins. Sometimes oblique grain.
Density(1) 0.94
(1)

fresh water contact

MUKULUNGU
and its high silica content. According to the European standard NF EN 335 of May 2013,
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Sawing and machining difficulties. Dust highly irritating for the throat and nose.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Autranella congolensis
Wood species 643

MUKULUNGU

Fire safety
flammable)
flammable)
Main end uses
Belfry and sawtooth cladding in Mukulungu and posts in
• Heavy carpentry
Tali – By J.Y. Riaux, Mindourou (Cameroon).
• Stairs (inside)
• Flooring or ground)
• Sliced veneer • Exterior panelling
• Decking • Cooperage
Common names
Country Local name
Angola Kungulu
Cameroon Élang, Élanzok
Congo Mfua
Gabon Akola
Nigeria Uku
Central African Republic Bouanga
Democratic Republic of Congo Mukulungu

MUSIZI
Musizi
Family. Rhamnaceae
Botanical name
Maesopsis eminii Engl.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Notes. Sapwood white to yellowish. Heartwood bright yellow- Half-quarter sawn
green or green-brown, turns a pale golden brown on exposure.
Stripe or ribbon figure when quartersaw due to interlocked
grain. Large knots near the core.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.52
(1)

all the wood)
risk of dampness)
Wood species 645

MUSIZI
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Maesopsis eminii

MUSIZI
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Glued Laminated • Flooring
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon N’kanguelé
Gabon N’kanguelé
Kenya Musizi
Uganda Musizi
Democratic Republic of Ndunga
Congo
Tanzania Musira
Wood species 647

MUTÉNYÉ
Mutényé
Botanical name
Guibourtia arnoldiana J. Léonard
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Notes. Heartwood yellowish brown to brown presenting a dark
Flat sawn
striping or reddish glints.
Density(1) 0.79
(1)

Resistance to termites. Class D-M - durable to moderately
durable

MUTÉNYÉ
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Some difficulties in planing due to interlocked grain.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Guibourtia arnoldiana
Wood species 649

MUTÉNYÉ
Fire safety
Main end uses
Notes. Can be used as a substitute for Walnut (Juglans regia) for sliced veneer.
Common names
Country Local name
Angola M’penze
Congo Benzi
Democratic Republic of Mbengé, Mutényé
Congo
United Kingdom Olive walnut
Dresser – from Atelier 7 ébénisterie, Eke (Belgium).

NAGA / OKWEN*
Naga / Okwen*
Botanical names
Brachystegia cynometroides Harms
Brachystegia eurycoma Harms
Brachystegia leonensis Burtt Davy & Hutch.
Brachystegia nigerica Hoyle & A.P.D. Jones
Brachystegia p.p.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Reference colour. Light brown Flat sawn
Texture. Medium
Grain. Interlocked grain Quarter sawn
Notes. Heartwood light brown to red brown with purplish
glints. Grain sometimes irregular.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.62
(1)

Wood species 651

NAGA / OKWEN*

Drying
Notes. Drying must be carried out slowly to prevent defects.
Notes. Difficult to obtain good finish due to irregular grain.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Brachystegia leonensis

NAGA / OKWEN*

visual grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Glued Laminated • Marquetry
Notes. Careful sanding and filling are required to obtain a good finish.
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Ékop-naga
Côte d’Ivoire Méblo
France Naga
Gabon Mendou
Liberia Tebako
Nigeria Okwen
United Kingdom Okwen
Sierra Leone Bogdei
Wood species 653

NGANGA
Nganga
Botanical names
Cynometra ananta Hutch. & Dalziel
Cynometra hankei Harms
Cynometra p.p.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Flat sawn
Notes. Pink brown or yellow. Heartwood dark red-brown with
fine markings. Interlocked grain irregular, more or less marked.
Half-quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.96
(1)

fresh water contact

NGANGA
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Cynometra hankei
Wood species 655

NGANGA

Fire safety
Main end uses
Notes. C. hankei gives very attractive sliced veneers. In very damp environments, assembling
of C. hankei with iron components is not advisable due to risks of reciprocal attack between
the wood and the iron.
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Nganga, Ekop-nganga
Equatorial Guinea Nkokom
Democratic Republic of Congo Baraka, Wehu

NIANGON
Niangon
Botanical names
Heritiera densiflora Kosterm. (Syn. Tarrietia densiflora)
Heritiera utilis Sprague (Syn. Tarrietia utilis)
Heritiera p.p. (Syn. Tarretia p.p.)
Continent. Africa
Notes. Genera Tarrietia and Heritiera are synonymous.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Half-quarter sawn
Notes. Wood pink brown to purplish red brown becoming
Quarter sawn
bronze with age. Large and visible silver figure. Wood oily to
the touch.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.70
(1)
Notes. T. utilis has slightly lower properties than T. densiflora.
The latter sometimes has a slightly wavy grain.
Wood species 657

NIANGON

possible)
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Niangon cannot be used without
appropriate preservation treatment for end uses under use class 3, except for some parts of
works such as windows, which are less exposed than others (entrance doors, shutters, etc.)
treatment
Drying
Notes. High risk of distortion for thin sections with highly interlocked grain; initial air drying
prior to kiln drying is then recommended.
Suitability for peeling. Mediocre
Notes. Risk of clogging and overheating of blades and tools. Risk of tearing in machining.
Peeling is not recommended: often irregular logs.
Cross sections of Heritiera densiflora

NIANGON
Assembling
Commercial grading
visual grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
Notes. Species very appreciated for sliced, decorative veneers. Filling is recommended to
obtain a good finish. Resistant to one or several acids.
Common names
Country Local name
Côte d’Ivoire Niangon
Gabon Ogoué
Ghana Niangon, Nyankom
Liberia Whismore
Sierra Leone Yami
Wood species 659

NIEUK
Nieuk
Botanical name
Fillaeopsis discophora Harms
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Notes. Pinkish brown to grey brown with orang brown veins.
Flat sawn Presence of transition wood between the yellowish white
sapwood and coloured heartwood. Logs are often sinuous.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.58
(1)

all the wood)
Notes. Highly variable durability against fungi rot.

NIEUK
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Suitability for peeling. Good for well-shaped logs.
Notes. Nieuk has an unpleasant odour when green.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Fillaeopsis discophora
Wood species 661

NIEUK
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Formwork
Notes. The use of Nieuk presents several difficulties due to interlocked grain or weak
stability. These defects strongly limit the possible end uses of this species, which must be
processed with great respect for codes of practice.
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Éyek
Congo Mouali, Moulala
France Nieuk
Gabon Énoumnoumé, Éyegh, Nieuk, Tfouma
Equatorial Guinea Angocon

NIOVÉ
Niové
Botanical names
Staudtia kamerunensis Warb. (Syn. Staudtia gabonensis) (Syn.
Staudtia stipitata)
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Grain. Straight
Notes. Heartwood orangey yellow brown to red brown with
darker veins. Sometimes oily surface. Sometimes wavy grain.
Property Mean value

Density(1) 0.88
(1)

fresh water contact
Wood species 663

NIOVÉ
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Presence of transition wood with a
lower durability. According to the European standard NF EN 335 of May 2013, performance
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Risk of water pockets. A period of air drying prior to kiln drying is recommended.
Notes. Sawing and machining difficulties.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Staudtia kamerunensis

NIOVÉ

choice iii
grading. Posts for outdoor use in the Netherlands – Compagnie
des bois du Gabon (CBG), Port-Gentil (Gabon).
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Shipbuilding (ribs) • Bridges (parts in contact with water or
or ground)
• Panelling
• Seats
• Sleepers
• Flooring
Notes. Wood colour is often uneven. Resistant to one or several acids.
Common names
Country Local name
Angola Menga-menga
Cameroon M’bonda
Congo Menga-menga
Gabon M’boun, Niové
Equatorial Guinea Bokapi
Nigeria Oropa
Central African Republic Molanga
Democratic Republic of Congo Kamashi, Susumenga
Wood species 665

NOGAL
Nogal
Family. Juglandaceae
Botanical names
Juglans australis Griseb.
Juglans boliviana Dode
Juglans neotropica Diels
Juglans p.p.
Notes. Species present in the subtropical and temperate regions
of Central and South America.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Grain. Straight
Flat sawn
Notes. Sapwood grey white. Heartwood dark grey brown with
pink tinge, sometimes dark brown or reddish brown veins (less
pronounced than European and Asian Juglans).
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.61
(1)


NOGAL

possible)
treatment
Drying
Notes. Veneers dry very slowly.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Juglans neotropica
Wood species 667

NOGAL
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Veneer for back or face of plywood • Marquetry
Notes. Similar to temperate Walnut in terms of uses.
Common names
Country Local name
Argentina Nogal
Colombia Nogal
Ecuador Nogal, Togte
Mexico Nogal
Peru Nogal
Venezuela Nogal

NYATOH
Nyatoh
Family. Sapotaceae
Botanical names
Madhuca burckiana H.J. Lam Palaquium obovatum Engl.
Madhuca malaccensis H.J. Palaquium rostratum Burck
Lam Palaquium xanthochymum
Madhuca motleyana J.F. Pierre
Macbr. Palaquium p.p.
Madhuca p.p. Payena acuminata Pierre
Palaquium burkii H.J. Lam Payena lanceolata Ridl.
Palaquium gutta Burck Payena maingayi C.B. Clarke
(Syn. Palaquium acuminatum)
Payena p.p.
Palaquium hexandrum Baill.
Palaquium maingayi Engl.
Log description
Flat sawn
Texture. Medium
Notes. Dark pink to red brown wood. Sometimes wavy grain.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.57
(1)
Notes. Properties vary depending on the different species.
Wood species 669

NYATOH

sapwood)
Notes. Nyatoh is the generic name for species of the Palaquium genus. Natural durability
is variable from one species to another. It is thus recommended to limit use of this wood
without preservation treatment for end uses under use class 2.
Drying
Notes. Highly variable silica content according to the species. Sawdust may cause
irritations.
Assembling
Cross sections of Palaquium hexandrum

NYATOH
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Main end uses
Common names
Country Local name
India Illupai, Katillupai, Paali, Pala, Pale, Pali, Panchonta,
Indonesia Nyatoh
Italy Nyatoh
Malaysia Mayang, Nyatoh, Riam, Taban
Papua New Guinea Pencil cedar
Netherlands Balam
Philippines Nato
United Kingdom Nyatoh, Padang
Thailand Kha-nunnok
Viet Nam Chay
Wood species 671

OAK
Oak
Family. Fagaceae
Botanical names
Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.
Quercus robur L.
Continent. Europe
Notes. Oak trees are the dominant broad-leaved species of
temperate Europe.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Notes. Light brown wood to straw colour turning darker with
Quarter sawn light. The texture is “medium” but can be “fine” or “coarse”
depending on origin. The pearly white silver figure is large and
clearly visible.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.74
(1)
Notes. Slow-growing oak is less dense than fast-growing
varieties.
Resistance to decay. Class 2-4 - durable to poorly durable

OAK

Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Durability is linked to the presence
of water soluble tannins. It decreases with the washing of tannins in cases of exposure to
harsh conditions. According to the European standard NF EN 335 of May 2013, performance
treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Slicing after steaming.
Assembling
Notes. Gluing must be done with care: wood is dense, slightly acidic, rich in tannins, and
prone to stain. Nail or screw corrosion if in contact with humidity.
Cross sections of Quercus robur
Wood species 673

OAK
Commercial grading
According to French standard NF EN 975-1
(April 2009)
Possible grading for boules: Q-BA, Q-B1,
Q-B2, Q-B3
Possible grading for selected boards: Q-SA,
Q-S1, Q-S2, Q-S3
Possible grading for strips and square edged
timber (sapwood excluded): Q-FA, Q-F1a,
Q-F1b, Q-F2, Q-F3 (for strips and square-
edged timber, x or xx suffixes indicate the
presence and size of sound sapwood)
Possible grading for baulks: Q-PA, Q-P1,
Q-P2
According to European standard EN 1912 The flour store, Cluny Abbey (France).
(2012) and associated national standards
(see explanatory note), strength class D30
can be provided by visual grading. Strength classes D18, D24 and D30, however, can be
provided by visual grading according to French standard NF B 52-001-1/A3 (2011).
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Coffins • Sliced veneer
• Heavy carpentry • Seats
• Cabinetry (high-end furniture) • Marquetry
• Stairs (inside) • Cooperage
• Exterior joinery • Hydraulic works (fresh water)
• Interior joinery • Sleepers
• Moulding
Notes. Risk of tannin smudges on woods if not well dried or if processed in a non-protected
area without any protection or finish.
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Eiche
Spain Roble
France Chêne, Chêne blanc européen
Italy Quercia
United Kingdom Oak

OBOTO
Oboto
Botanical name
Mammea africana Sabine
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Notes. Dark red to purplish red brown wood. Sometimes
frequent small brown resinous spots.
Property Mean value

Density(1) 0.75
(1)

fresh water contact
Wood species 675

OBOTO
Drying
Notes. Must be dried slowly to prevent defects.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Mammea africana

OBOTO

visual grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Framing • Flooring
Notes. Sometimes difficult to paint or varnish due to resin exudations.
Common names
Country Local name
Benin Ologbomodu
Cameroon Abotzok
Congo Libu, M’bossi
Côte d’Ivoire Djimbo
Gabon Ébornzork, Oboto
Ghana Bom pegya
Nigeria Ologbomidu
Central African Republic Bolélé, Bolele
Democratic Republic of Congo Bokoli, Boliki, M’boza
Wood species 677

OHIA
Ohia
Family. Cannabaceae (Ulmaceae)
Botanical names
Celtis gomphophylla Baker
Celtis mildbraedii Engl.
Celtis zenkeri Engl. (Syn. Celtis soyauxii)
Celtis p.p.
Continent. Africa
Notes. Diania and Ohia are two different groups of Celtis
species. Sometimes they are grouped together under the name
of African Celtis.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Half-quarter sawn Reference colour. Creamy white
Texture. Medium
Notes. Uniformly whitish or with uneven greenish-brown veins
in the innermost part of the logs.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.75
(1)

all the wood)

OHIA

treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Defects can be reduced by top weighting the piles and applying end-coating
products. Drying must be done slowly.
Notes. Possible sawing and machining difficulties if there is interlocked grain.
Assembling
Cross sections of Celtis mildbraedii
Wood species 679

OHIA
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Heavy carpentry • Tool handles
Notes. Machining dust is allergenic.
Common names
Country Local name
Benin Bawe
Cameroon Odou
Congo Édou
Côte d’Ivoire Asan, Ba
Ghana Celtis, Esa
Kenya Shiunza
Nigeria Ohia
Uganda Mukokukoma, Namanuka
Democratic Republic of Bolundé, Kayombo,
Congo Liniumbu
Flooring in a public building – by Brenco Exotic

Woods (United States).

OKAN
Okan
Botanical name
Cylicodiscus gabunensis Harms
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Notes. Unpleasant odour when green. Heartwood yellow
Flat sawn
brown becomes red brown on exposure.
Density(1) 0.91
(1)

fresh water contact
Wood species 681

OKAN
and its hardness. According to the European standard NF EN 335 of May 2013, performance
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Difficult to obtain good finish due to sometimes highly interlocked grain. Tendency to
tear on quartersawn.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Cylicodiscus gabunensis

OKAN

choice ii
“Drôle de Carré”, Mallet-Stevens gardens – creation by Bois et Loisirs,
standard EN 1912 (2012) and Croix (France).
strength class D40 can be
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Turned goods ground)
• Flooring • Poles
• Industrial or heavy flooring • Sculpture
• Decking • Hydraulic works (seawater)
Notes. Substitute for Azobe (Eki) and Greenheart.
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Adoum, African greenheart, Bokoka
Congo N’duma
Côte d’Ivoire Bouémon
Gabon Édoum, Oduma
Ghana Adadua, Benya, Denya
Nigeria Okan
Wood species 683

OKOUMÉ / GABOON*
Okoumé / Gaboon*
Family. Burseraceae
Botanical name
Aucoumea klaineana Pierre
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Flat sawn
Notes. More or less dark pinkish white to red brown, darkens
with age. Sometimes lustrous or pearly. The grain can be
slightly wavy.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.44
(1)


OKOUMÉ / GABOON*

Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Notes. Some difficulties in planing due to interlocked grain. Tendency to woolliness. Filling
is required to obtain a good finish.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Aucoumea klaineana
Wood species 685

OKOUMÉ / GABOON*

According to French
grading.
Fire safety
Conventional French
grading
(readily flammable)
Default grading for
solid wood that meets Peeled veneers – Rougier factory in Owendo (Gabon).
(April 2016): structural graded timber in vertical uses and ceilings with minimal mean
density of 0.35 and minimal thickness of 22 mm.
Main end uses
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Mfumu
Congo N’kumi
Gabon Angouma, Okoumé
Equatorial Guinea N’goumi, Okume
United Kingdom Gaboon

OLÈNE
Olène
Botanical name
Irvingia grandifolia Engl.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Grain. Straight
Notes. Sapwood yellow brown. Heartwood with various
shades of brown with a grey lustre.
Property Mean value

Density(1) 0.92
(1)

all the wood)
Wood species 687

OLÈNE
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Dulling effect on cutting edges due to resin cells.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Irvingia grandifolia

OLÈNE
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Tool handles (resilient woods) • Industrial or heavy flooring
Notes. Not in the international market, barely used at a local scale.
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Andongwé, Andok ngoe, Bwibanjoe, Géndo, Ikomkpa, Solia
Congo Liar
Gabon Olène
Nigeria Akhuekhue, Apepere
Central African Republic Sombo
Democratic Republic of Congo Mukessu, Ntesi
Wood species 689

OLON
Olon
Family. Rutaceae
Botanical names
Zanthoxylum heitzii P.G. Waterman (Syn. Fagara heitzii)
Continent. Africa
Notes. Olon is often confused with Olonvogo (Zanthoxylum
gilletii), which is heavier and harder.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Flat sawn
Notes. Heartwood light yellow to greenish yellow. Lustrous
aspect. Slight ribbon-like aspect on quartersawn.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.52
(1)

all the wood)

OLON
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Some difficulties in planing due to interlocked grain. The silica content can be quite
high. Sawdust is an irritant.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Zanthoxylum heitzii
Wood species 691

OLON

Fire safety
Main end uses
Notes. Olon bark has numerous medical applications.
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Bongo
Congo M’banza
Gabon Olon
Equatorial Guinea Olong
Democratic Republic of Kamasumu
Congo

ONZABILI
Onzabili
Botanical names
Antrocaryon klaineanum Pierre
Antrocaryon micraster A. Chev. & Guillaumin
Antrocaryon nannanii De Wild.
Antrocaryon p.p.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Notes. Heartwood pinkish white to light brown. Sometimes Quarter sawn
wavy grain.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.55
(1)

all the wood)
Wood species 693

ONZABILI
treatment
Drying
Notes. Risk of tearing. Filling is required to obtain a good finish.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Antrocaryon klaineanum

ONZABILI

Fire safety
Main end uses
Notes. Substitute for Okoumé (Aucoumea klaineana) and Ilomba (Pycnanthus angolensis).
Common names
Country Local name
Angola N’gongo
Cameroon Angonga
Congo N’gongo
Côte d’Ivoire Akoua
Gabon Onzabili
Ghana Aprokuma
Equatorial Guinea Anguekong
Portugal Mongongo
Central African Republic Gongu
Democratic Republic of Congo Mugongo
Wood species 695

OSANGA
Osanga
Botanical names
Pteleopsis hylodendron Mildbr.
Pteleopsis myrtifolia Engl. & Diels
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Flat sawn
Notes. Yellow brown to greenish grey. Irregular grain.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.80
(1)

fresh water contact

OSANGA
used. This wood is given as not very sensitive to marine borers.
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Pteleopsis hylodendron
Wood species 697

OSANGA

choice iii
Fire safety
flammable)
Default grading for solid Decking around an infinity pool – By Agencement Tiby, supplies
from Fibres Industries Bois, La Réunion, France.
NF EN 14081-1 (April 2016):
Main end uses
• Stairs (inside) • Bridges (parts in contact with water or
• Vehicle or container flooring ground)
• Exterior joinery • Poles
• Interior joinery • Exterior panelling
• House framing • Sleepers
• Flooring
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Sikon
Côte d’Ivoire Koframiré
Democratic Republic of Congo Osanga

OSSABEL
Ossabel
Family. Burseraceae
Botanical name
Dacryodes normandii Aubrév. & Pellegr.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Notes. Sometimes wavy grain.

Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.59
(1)

all the wood)
Wood species 699

OSSABEL
treatment
Drying
Notes. Some difficulties in sawing and machining in the presence of interlocked grain.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Dacryodes normandii

OSSABEL
Fire safety
Main end uses
Common names
Country Local name
Congo Koma
Gabon Ossabel
Wood species 701

OSSIMIALE
Ossimiale
Botanical names
Newtonia leucocarpa G.C.C. Gilbert & Boutique
(Syn. Piptadenia leucocarpa)
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Notes. Sapwood yellowish to light brown. Heartwood silvery
pink to reddish brown, often with wider, dark veins.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.71
(1)

all the wood)

OSSIMIALE
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Very fine surface obtained after sanding.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Newtonia leucocarpa
Wood species 703

OSSIMIALE
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Open boats • Blockboard
• Veneer for back or face of plywood • Pulp
• Vehicle or container flooring • Sculpture
• Veneer for interior of plywood • Cooperage
Notes. Ossimale is similar to Ozigo but has a lower silica content.
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Nom atui
Gabon Ossimiale
Equatorial Guinea Atui, Eseng

OSSOKO
Ossoko
Botanical names
Scyphocephalium ochocoa Warb.
(Syn. Scyphocephalium mannii)
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Flat sawn
Notes. Brown to orange brown, with slight grey veins.
Property Mean value

Density(1) 0.59
(1)

risk of dampness)
Wood species 705

OSSOKO
treatment
Drying
Notes. Peeling is easy but not often done because logs are often crooked and with several
knots.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Scyphocephalium ochocoa

OSSOKO

visual grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Built-in furniture or mobile item • Sculpture
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Akurna, Éboukzok
Gabon N’suku, Ossoko, Sogho, Sorro
Wood species 707

OVÈNGKOL
Ovèngkol
Botanical name
Guibourtia ehie J. Léonard
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Flat sawn Notes. Wood yellow brown to dark brown, with grey to
blackish veins and copper glints. Moiré aspect on quartersawn.
White deposits.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.82
(1)

fresh water contact

OVÈNGKOL
Drying
Notes. Some difficulties due to interlocked grain. Sometimes white efflorescence on
sawnwoods; a wash with warm water can remove it.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Guibourtia ehie
Wood species 709

OVÈNGKOL

According to French
grading.
Fire safety
Conventional French
grading Hanging cupboard – by Atelier 7 ébénisterie, Eke (Belgium).
Main end uses
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon M’bagna, Mbagna
Côte d’Ivoire Amazakoué
United States Mozambique
France Ovèngkol
Gabon Ovangkol, Ovèngkol
Ghana Anokye, Anokyé, Hyedua, Hyeduanini
Equatorial Guinea Palissandro
Nigeria Guibourtia, Kaluk afuon

OVOGA
Ovoga
Family. Anisophylleaceae
Botanical name
Poga oleosa Pierre
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Grain. Straight
Notes. Silver figure on quartersawn due to broad rays. Lustrous
aspect. Grain sometimes slightly wavy.
Property Mean value

Density(1) 0.47
(1)

Wood species 711

OVOGA
Drying
Notes. Slight tendency to warping on backsawn. Drying rate between each board is highly
variable.
Notes. Rays can make polishing difficult.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Poga oleosa

OVOGA
Fire safety
Main end uses
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Angalé
Congo Ohélé
Gabon Ovoga
Equatorial Guinea Afo
Nigeria Enoi
United Kingdom Poga
Wood species 713

OWUI
Owui
Family. Annonaceae
Botanical name
Hexalobus crispiflorus A. Rich.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Grain. Straight
Half-quarter sawn Notes. Sapwood yellowish. Heartwood light yellow to pinkish
or light brown. Lustrous, with some stripy figure on the
quartersawn and backsawn faces.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.55
(1)


OWUI
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Wood difficult to saw due to the uneven shape of the logs.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Hexalobus crispiflorus
Wood species 715

OWUI
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Shipbuilding • Built-in furniture or mobile item
• Open boats • Fibre or particle boards
• Musical instruments • Pulp
Notes. Not present on the international market but widely used for a large range of everyday
objects.
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Chungé, Evota, Leoué, Owé, Pota
Côte d’Ivoire Siéléké
Gabon Owui
Nigeria Lapawe
Central African Republic Mossome

OZIGO
Ozigo
Family. Burseraceae
Botanical names
Dacryodes buettneri H.J. Lam (Syn. Pachylobus buettneri)
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Notes. Wood light brown to pinkish white. Lustrous surface.
Ribbon-like and sometimes moiré aspect on quartersawn.
Property Mean value

Density(1) 0.59
(1)

all the wood)
Wood species 717

OZIGO
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Must be dried slowly. Preliminary air drying recommended.
Notes. Reducing the cutting angle to 15° is recommended. High silica content. Some
difficulties in planing due to interlocked grain. Tendency to woolliness.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Dacryodes buettneri

OZIGO

visual grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Formwork • Panelling
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Assia
Cameroon Assas
Gabon Assia, Ozigo
Equatorial Guinea Assia
Wood species 719

OZOUGA
Ozouga
Family. Humiriaceae
Botanical name
Sacoglottis gabonensis Urb.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Half-quarter sawn Notes. Trunk often crooked. Purplish red to dark wood.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.89
(1)

fresh water contact
Notes. The possible presence of few demarcated sapwood may
have an influence on the expected durability. According to

OZOUGA
the European standard NF EN 335 of May 2013, performance length might be modified by
treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Sacoglottis gabonensis
Wood species 721

OZOUGA

Fire safety
Main end uses
• House framing • Bridges (parts not in contact with water
or ground)
• Flooring
• Sleepers
• Poles
Notes. Difficult to obtain good finish due to interlocked grain.
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Bedwa, Bidou, Bodoua, Édoué, Éloué
Congo Niuka
Côte d’Ivoire Akouapo, Tougbi
Gabon Essoua, Ozouga
Ghana Ozouga
Nigeria Atala, Tala, Ugu
Sierra Leone Kpowuli

PADAUK AMBOINA
Padauk Amboina
Botanical names
Pterocarpus dalbergioides DC.
Pterocarpus indicus Willd. (Syn. Pterocarpus vidalianus)
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Notes. Sapwood straw yellow. Heartwood deep blood-red

with almost black markings, alternatively honey coloured with
reddish black markings, darkening to dark brown, lustrous. Half-quarter sawn
Rose scent.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.70
(1)

Wood species 723

PADAUK AMBOINA
water or brackish water) due to its pronounced hardness. However this characteristic is of
little interest for this precious species. According to the European standard NF EN 335 of
treatment
treatment
Drying
Notes. Blunting effect quite important due to latex and resin deposits.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Pterocarpus indicus

PADAUK AMBOINA
Fire safety
Default grading for solid wood that meets requirements
of European standard NF EN 14081-1 (April 2016):
structural graded timber in vertical uses and ceilings
with minimal mean density of 0.35 and minimal
thickness of 22 mm.
Main end uses
• Turned goods
• Coffins
• Shipbuilding
• Stairs (inside)
• Panelling
• Flooring
• Sliced veneer
• Decking
• Seats Burr Amboina, CIRAD, Montpellier
• Marquetry (France).
Notes. Burrs with dark marking and wavy parenchyma
structure are particularly decorative and appreciated for
cabinet works.
Common names
Country Local name
Andaman Islands Andaman Padauk
India Honne, Venga, Vengai
Indonesia Amboina, Angsana, Linggua, Sonokembang
Malaysia Sena
Myanmar Pashu-Padauk
Papua New Guinea Rosewood
Philippines Manila-Padouk, Narra, Vitali
United Kingdom Padauk amboina
Wood species 725

PAO ROSA / DINA*
Pao rosa / Dina*

Botanical names
Bobgunnia fistuloides J.H. Kirkbr. & Wiersema (Syn. Swartzia
fistuloides)
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Flat sawn Grain. Interlocked grain
Notes. Wood pinkish white to light red, with red brown veins.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 1.02
(1)

fresh water contact

PAO ROSA / DINA*
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Risk of end checks.
Notes. Sawing and machining requires powerful equipment. Sawblades can vibrate and
overheat. Tendency to burn the wood in boring. Sometimes slight woolliness. Sawdust is an
irritant.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Bobgunnia fistuloide
Wood species 727

PAO ROSA / DINA*

choice iii
choice iii
Fire safety
Thickness > 14 mm: M3 Chest of drawers in Pao Rosa (1950-1970) – Éric Orsini,
Pézenas (France).
flammable)
Main end uses
• Cabinetry (high-end furniture) • Resistant to one or several acids
• Percussion instruments • Sculpture
• Tool handles (resilient woods) • Cooperage
Notes. Resistant to several acids.
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Nom nsas
Congo Kisasamba
Côte d’Ivoire Boto
France Pao rosa
Gabon Oken
Mozambique Pau ferro
Nigeria Udoghogho
Central African Republic N’guessa
Democratic Republic of Congo Nsakala
United Kingdom Dina
Zimbabwe Munyii, Mutsonga, Umncaga

PARAPARÁ
Parapará
Family. Bignoniaceae
Botanical name
Jacaranda copaia D. Don
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Grain. Straight
Notes. Evacuation by floatage not recommended: low
Half-quarter sawn
durability, logs tend to sink after a long period in water. Wood
cream white to pinkish white.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.43
(1)

all the wood)
risk of dampness)
Wood species 729

PARAPARÁ
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Notes. For thick material, a treatment is recommended to reduce the risks of blue stain.
Notes. Log turning sawing recommended to avoid shakes caused by internal stresses.
Tendency to woolliness. Keep sharp tools.
Assembling
Commercial grading
visual grading.
Cross sections of Jacaranda copaia

PARAPARÁ
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Matches • Moulding
• Turned goods • Blockboard
• Interior joinery • Pulp
• Built-in furniture or mobile item • Marquetry
Common names
Country Local name
Argentina Caroba, Jacarana, Tarco
Bolivia Tinto blanco
Brazil Caroba, Caroba do mato, Caroba manaca, Jacaranda, Marupa falso, Parapará, Para-para
Colombia Pavito, Chingale, Gualanday
Ecuador Arabisco, Kuiship
Guyana Fotui, Futui, Futi
French Guiana Bois pian, Copaia, Copaya, Yachimambo
Peru Chicharra caspi, Ishtapi
United Kingdom Copaia
Suriname Foeti, Gobaja, Goebaja
Venezuela Gualanday
Wood species 731

PASHACO / PARICÁ*
Pashaco / Paricá*
Botanical names
Schizolobium amazonicum Ducke
Schizolobium parahyba S.F. Blake (Syn. Schizolobium excelsum)
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Flat sawn
Notes. Wood cream white to light yellow, often with greyish
veins.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.35
(1)

all the wood)
risk of dampness)

PASHACO / PARICÁ*
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Notes. Risk of woolliness during drying.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Cross sections of Schizolobium amazonicum
Wood species 733

PASHACO / PARICÁ*
Main end uses

• Matches
• Open boats
• Veneer for back or face
of plywood
• Veneer for interior of
plywood
• Built-in furniture or
mobile item
• Moulding
• Fibre or particle boards
• Pulp
Notes. Used for industrial
plantations, in particular
for plywood and composite Plywood – Floraplac, Paragominas (Pará, Brazil).
panels manufacturing.
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Acurubu, Guapuruvù,
Paricá
Ecuador Pashaco
Mexico Quon
Nicaragua Gavilan
Peru Pino chuncho

PAU AMARELO
Pau amarelo
Family. Rutaceae
Botanical name
Euxylophora paraensis Huber
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Notes. Wood bright yellow becoming yellowish light brown
Flat sawn
with air.
Density(1) 0.81
(1)

fresh water contact
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. The
possible presence of few demarcated sapwood may have an
Wood species 735

PAU AMARELO
influence on the expected durability. According to the European standard NF EN 335 of May
because sapwood is not very demarcated.
Drying
Notes. Risks of checks and casehardening, particularly with thick material.
Notes. Planing and sanding must accommodate the presence of interlocked grain.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Euxylophora paraensis

PAU AMARELO
Fire safety
Main end uses
or ground)
• Panelling
• Sculpture
• Marquetry
• Sleepers
• Flooring
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Amarelao, Amarelo cetim, Amaretao, Muirataua, Pau amarelo, Pau cetim, Pequia cetim
United Kingdom Pao amarello
Wood species 737

PAU MULATO
Pau mulato
Family. Rubiaceae
Botanical name
Calycophyllum spruceanum Benth.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Flat sawn
Notes. Beige grey to uniform yellowish beige. Silver figure very
fine but perceptible.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.83
(1)

all the wood)

PAU MULATO
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Assembling
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Cross sections of Calycophyllum spruceanum
Wood species 739

PAU MULATO

Main end uses
Common names
Country Local name
Argentina Palo banco, Ibira-moroti
Bolivia Gayabochi
Brazil Capirona, Pau mulato, Mulateiro
Ecuador Corusicaa
Paraguay Palo banco
Peru Capirona

PAU ROXO / PURPLEHEART*
Pau roxo / Purpleheart*

Botanical names
Peltogyne catingae Ducke
Peltogyne confertiflora Benth.
Peltogyne lecointei Ducke
Peltogyne maranhensis Huber
Peltogyne paniculata Benth.
Peltogyne porphyrocardia Benth.
Peltogyne pubescens Benth.
Peltogyne venosa Benth.
Peltogyne p.p.
Log description
Flat sawn
Reference colour. Purple
Texture. Medium
Grain. Straight
Notes. Purple wood turns to dark brown with light. Possible
presence of internal stresses.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.87
(1)
Wood species 741


sapwood)
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Resistance to decay varies
from moderate to good. According to the European standard NF EN 335 of May 2013,
Drying
Notes. Sawing and machining requires powerful equipment.
Assembling
Cross sections of Peltogyne venosa

Commercial grading
In French Guiana, the local name of this species is “Amarante”. Grading is done according
to to local rules «Bois guyanais classés” (1990).
visual grading for Pau roxo in French Guiana (Amarante).
Fire safety
according to procedures of the standard NF EN 13501-1. Assigned according to the
procedues of the European grading report No. RA05-0238C prepared by the CSTB
(Scientific and Technical Centre for Building).
Main end uses
• Coffins • Tool handles (resilient woods)
• Ship building (ribs) • Built-in furniture or mobile item
Notes. In the United States, Pao roxo is used to make deluxe coffins.
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Violettholz
Brazil Guarabu, Ipe roxo, Jatobazinho,
Pau roxo, Pau violeta, Roxinho
Colombia Tananeo
United States Amaranth
Guyana Koroborelli, Merawayana,
Purpleheart, Saka
French Guiana Amarante, Bois violet
Mexico Palo de rosa, Palo morado
Panama Nazanero
Suriname Dastan, Kocolorelli, Malako,
Purperhart
Venezuela Morado, Zapatero Decking on a bridge over Comté river (French Guiana).
Wood species 743

PERUPOK
Perupok
Family. Celastraceae
Botanical names
Lophopetalum javanum Turcz.
Lophopetalum multinervium Ridl.
Lophopetalum wightianum Arn.
Lophopetalum p.p.
Log description
Thickness of sapwood. Not demarcated
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Flat sawn
Notes. Sapwood yellow. Heartwood light straw/yellow or pink
Quarter sawn when fresh, light yellow/brown when dry after planing, darker
grain, planed surface lustrous.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.55
(1)

all the wood)

PERUPOK
possible)
Drying
Notes. Very prone to splits.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Cross sections of Lophopetalum torricellense
Wood species 745

PERUPOK

Main end uses
• Built-in furniture or mobile item • Rolling shutters
Common names
Country Local name
India Banati
Indonesia Perupok
Malaysia Perupok
Thailand Song-salung
Viet Nam Songtrang

PINHO PARANÁ
Pinho Paraná
Family. Araucariaceae
Botanical name
Araucaria angustifolia Kuntze
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Grain. Straight
Notes. Frequent purplish pink veins in heartwood.
Flat sawn
Property Mean value
T/R anisotropy ratio 1, 9
(1)

risk of dampness)
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Sapwood
often very important; end-uses under use class 4 possible with an
adequate preservation treatment. Prone to blue stain.
Wood species 747

PINHO PARANÁ
treatment
treatment
Drying
Notes. Darker coloured wood dries slowly. Very prone to cracks and distortions.
Notes. Internal stresses in the wood may cause distortion in machining.
Assembling
Commercial grading
explanatory note), strength classes C16 and C24 can be provided by visual grading.
Cross sections of Araucaria angustifolia

PINHO PARANÁ
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Matches • Moulding
• Cabinetry (high-end furniture) • Fibre or particle boards
• Veneer for interior of plywood • Poles
Common names
Country Local name
Argentina Pino Paraná, Curiy
Brazil Pinho brasileiro, Pinheiro de Paraná, Pinheiro, Pinheiro do Brasil, Pinho Paraná
Chile Araucaria
France Pin Paraná
Paraguay Pino blanco, Pinheiro do Brasil
United Kingdom Araucaria, Chilean pine, Paraná pine
Wood species 749

PINUS KESIYA* / KESIYA PINE
Pinus kesiya* / Kesiya Pine

Family. Pinaceae
Botanical name
Pinus kesiya Royle
Notes. Native to South-East Asia, this fast-growing species has
been widely planted throughout the tropical and subtropical
world. Woods presently commercialised are almost exclusively
from plantations.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Grain. Straight
Quarter sawn Interlocked grain. Absent
Notes. Pinkish white. Numerous resin canals.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.71
(1)
Notes. Physical and mechanical properties vary according to
individual tree’s age and plantation site.
all the wood)


Notes. Sapwood often very important; end-uses under use class 4 possible with an adequate
preservation treatment.
treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Notes. Risks of blue stain and resin exudation. Wood must be sawn quickly.
Notes. Risks of clogging of tools in sawing and machining due to resin.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Pinus kesiya
Wood species 751

Fire safety
Main end uses
• Matches • Glued Laminated
Common names
Country Local name
Cambodia Sral, Srâl
United States Khasi-pine
France Pinus kesiya
India Khasya-pine
Indonesia Tusam
Madagascar Kesica, Pin kesiya, Pinus kesiya
Myanmar Tinyu
Philippines Saleng
United Kingdom Kesiya pine
Thailand Son
Viet Nam Thong

PINUS MERKUSII* / MERKUSII PINE
Pinus merkusii* /
Merkusii Pine
Family. Pinaceae
Botanical name
Pinus merkusii Jungh. & de Vriese
Notes. This species can be found at altitudes between 150 m
and 650 m.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Sapwood. Clearly demarcated Flat sawn
Texture. Medium
Grain. Straight
Quarter sawn
Notes. Wood light brown with dark red veins. Numerous resin
canals.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.73
(1)
Notes. Hardness varies from fairly hard to hard. Physical and
mechanical properties vary according to individual tree’s age
and plantation site.
Wood species 753

Notes. End-uses under use class 4 possible with an adequate preservation treatment.
treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Notes. Risks of blue stain and resin exudation. Wood must be sawn quickly.
Notes. Risks of clogging of tools due to resin.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Pinus merkusii

Fire safety
Main end uses
Common names
Country Local name
Cambodia Srâl
United States Merkus-pine
France Pinus merkusii
Indonesia Tusam
Laos May pek
Myanmar Tenasserim-pine, Tinyu
Philippines Tapulau, Mindoro-pine
United Kingdom Merkus-pine
United Kingdom Merkusii pine
Viet Nam Thong, Kia
Wood species 755

PINUS PATULA* / PATULA PINE
Pinus patula* / Patula Pine

Family. Pinaceae
Botanical name
Pinus patula Schiede
Notes. Native to Mexico, this fast-growing species has been
widely planted throughout the tropical and subtropical world.
Woods presently commercialised are almost exclusively from
plantations.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Flat sawn
Texture. Fine
Notes. Mainly plantation wood. Presence of more or less knots
and resin canals.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.49
(1)
Notes. Physical and mechanical properties vary according to
individual tree’s age and plantation site.

Notes. End-uses under use class 4 possible with an adequate preservation treatment.
treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Pinus patula
Wood species 757

Fire safety
Main end uses
• Glued Laminated • Pulp
Common names
Country Local name
Colombia Pátula, Pino candelabro
France Pinus patula, Pin argenté, Pin du Mexique
Mexico Jelocote, Ocote, Ocote liso, Pin jelecote, Pino
United Kingdom Jelecote pine, Patula pine

PIQUIA
Piquia
Family. Caryocaraceae
Botanical names
Caryocar nuciferum L.
Caryocar villosum Pers.
Caryocar p.p.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Flat sawn
Notes. Sapwood whitish to creamy white. Heartwood Quarter sawn
yellowish white to pale beige.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.81
(1)

Wood species 759

PIQUIA
possible)
treatment
Drying
Notes. Risks of internal stresses releasing during sawing. Woolly surface due to tension
wood.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Caryocar villosum

PIQUIA
Fire safety
Conventional French
grading
(readily flammable)
Default grading for
minimal thickness of 22 mm. Table in Piquia and Electric guitar top in Palm – Design by Cosmik
Guitare, Lille (France).
Main end uses
• Framing
• Heavy carpentry
• Shipbuilding
• House framing
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Piquia
Costa Rica Ajillo
Guyana Pekia
Peru Almendro
Suriname Sawarie
Wood species 761

PIQUIARANA
Piquiarana
Family. Caryocaraceae
Botanical name
Caryocar glabrum Pers.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Notes. Wood yellow brown to light brown. Presence of internal
Half-quarter sawn
stresses.
Density(1) 0.80
(1)

all the wood)
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Wood
not resistant to some cubical rot fungi under tropical climate.

PIQUIARANA
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Must be dried slowly to reduce defects.
Notes. Keep tools sharp to avoid a fuzzy surface due to interlocked grain.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Caryocar glabrum
Wood species 763

PIQUIARANA
In French Guiana, the local name of this species is “Chawari”. Grading is done according to
Strength classes D35 can be provided by visual grading according to French standard NF B
52-001-1 (2011).
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Tool handles (resilient woods) • Exterior panelling
Common names
Country Local name
Bolivia Biqui, Huevo de burro
Brazil Pequi, Piquia, Piquia bravo, Piquia roxo, Piquiarana
Colombia Almendron
Guyana Sawarie
French Guiana Chawari, Kassagnan
Peru Almendra con espinas, Almendro
Suriname Sawari, Sawarie, Sopo oedoe
Venezuela Almendra

POPLAR
Poplar
Family. Salicaceae
Botanical name
Populus p.p.
Notes. Poplars come from the temperate area of the northern
hemisphere. Their growth is rapid; numerous uses; frequently
used in plantations, far from their original growing area. In
these plantations, several cultivars are used (varieties obtained
by culture).
Log description
Wood description
Reference colour. White
Sapwood. Not demarcated Flat sawn
Texture. Fine
Grain. Straight
Interlocked grain. Absent Quarter sawn
Notes. Wood is white, often greyish or very pale brown.

Sapwood poorly to not demarcated depending on species.
Sometimes slightly wavy grain.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.45
(1)

all the wood)
Wood species 765

POPLAR

Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Treatability of heartwood is variable.
treatment
Drying
Notes. Keep tools very sharp to prevent fuzzy surfaces.
Assembling
Notes. Not prone to splits when nailing. Very absorbent when gluing.
Commercial grading
According to French standard NF EN 975-2 (November 2004)
Possible grading for square-edged timber: Choice 1, choice 2, choice 3, choice 4
Cross sections of Populus alba

POPLAR

classes C18, C22, C24 or C27
grading. Strength classes C18 or
C24 can be provided by visual
grading according to French
standard NF B 52-001-1 (2011).
Fire safety
Thickness < 14 mm: M4 (readily Outdoor covering (sheltered) in heat-treated Poplar, regional
flammable) forestry and timber centre, Châlons-en-Champagne (France).

Main end uses
• Veneer for back or face of plywood • Pulp
Notes. The strong tendancy of Poplar to be wooly makes its finish delicate.
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Pappel
Spain Alamo
United States Cottonwood
France Peuplier
Italy Pioppo
United Kingdom Poplar
Wood species 767

PRECIOSA
Preciosa
Family. Lauraceae
Botanical name
Aniba canelilla Mez
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Flat sawn
Notes. Sapwood brownish yellow. Heartwood dark brown or
blackish. Pleasant scent.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 1.12
(1)

fresh water contact

PRECIOSA
treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Assembling
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Cross sections of Aniba canelilla
Wood species 769

PRECIOSA

Main end uses
Notes. Outdoor uses and deluxe indoor uses. This wood is popular for its essential oils.
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Casca preciosa, Casca do maranhão, Canela do maranhão, Louro precioso, Pau precioso,
Preciosa, Precioso

PULAI
Pulai
Family. Apocynaceae
Botanical names
Alstonia pneumatophora Baker
Alstonia scholaris R. Br.
Alstonia spatulata Blume
Alstonia p.p.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Grain. Straight
Notes. Wood cream white to light yellow, aspect slightly Quarter sawn
lustrous. Grain sometimes irregular or oblique. Presence of
latex canals.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.45
(1)

all the wood)
Wood species 771

PULAI
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Notes. Risk of blue stain during drying.
Notes. Keep tools sharp to avoid a fuzzy surface. Filling is recommended to obtain a good
finish.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Alstonia pneumatophora

PULAI
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Panelling
Common names
Country Local name
Australia Milk wood, White cheese wood
India Chatian, Chatiyan, Shaitanwood
Indonesia Pulai, Pulaï, Sepati
Laos Mai tin pet
Malaysia Pulai
Myanmar Letok, Sega, Taun me ok
Papua New Guinea Milk wood, White cheese wood
Philippines Dita, Linog
United Kingdom Pagoda tree, Pattern wood
Sri Lanka Rukattana
Thailand Thia
Viet Nam Mo-cua
Wood species 773

PUNAH
Punah
Family. Tetrameristaceae
Botanical name
Tetramerista glabra Miq.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Flat sawn Notes. Wood light yellow to light brown often with pink glints.
Presence of red and white deposits in the pores. Unpleasant
odour when green. Sometimes oblique grain.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.73
(1)

all the wood)
risk of dampness)

PUNAH
treatment
Drying
Notes. Drying requires care in order to reduce defects (application of end-coating against
cracks and top weighting of the piles).
Notes. In planing, surface tends to be fibrous and requires a careful sanding. Slight gumming
of sawteeth (resin).
Assembling
Notes. Pre-boring necessary for thin material in order to avoid splits when nailing.
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Tetramerista glabra
Wood species 775

PUNAH
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Vehicle or container flooring • Built-in furniture or mobile item
Common names
Country Local name
Indonesia Bang kalis, Paya, Punal
Malaysia Amat, Entuyut, Peda, Ponga, Punah, Punam, Tuyot
United Kingdom Punah

PYINKADO
Pyinkado
Botanical names
Xylia xylocarpa Taub. (Syn. Xylia dolabriformis) (Syn. Xylia kerrii)
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Notes. Sapwood pale yellowish brown to reddish white. Flat sawn
Heartwood reddish brown, partly marked with dark veins.
Growth ring visible. Sometimes oily or resinous flecks.
Property Mean value

Density(1) 0.88
(1)

fresh water contact
Wood species 777

PYINKADO
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Dulling effect caused by mineral deposits and resin. Machining and sanding dust
may cause irritation.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Xylia xylocarpa

PYINKADO
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Flooring • Exterior panelling
Notes. Wood is resistant to acids. Substitute for Greenheart, Azobé (Eki) and Tali.
Common names
Country Local name
Cambodia Sokram
India Irul
Myanmar Pyinkado
Thailand Abura
Viet Nam Cam-xe, Dà-tà
Wood species 779

QUARUBA
Quaruba
Botanical names
Vochysia braceliniae Standl.
Vochysia guatemalensis Donn. Sm. (Syn. Vochysia hondurensis)
Vochysia guianensis Aubl.
Vochysia maxima Ducke
Vochysia tetraphylla DC.
Vochysia tomentosa DC.
Vochysia p.p.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Flat sawn Reference colour. Pinkish white
Texture. Coarse
Notes. Wood pinkish white to pinkish brown. Sometimes lined
up traumatic canals.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.52
(1)

all the wood)

QUARUBA

possible)
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Poorly to moderately resistant to
fungi depending on the species.
Drying
Notes. Must be dried slowly in order to reduce defects, especially collapse with thick board.
Notes. Keep cutters sharp to avoid a fuzzy surface.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Vochysia maxima
Wood species 781

QUARUBA
In French Guiana, the local names of this species are Kouali, Wana Kouali and Moutende
Kouali. Grading is done according to to local rules «Bois guyanais classés” (1990).
Strength classes D24 can be provided by visual grading according to French standard NF B
52-001-1 (2011).
Fire safety
Main end uses
Common names
Country Local name
Belize Yemeri
Bolivia Cambara, Plumero
Brazil Quaruba, Quarabu jasmirana, Quarabu rem, Quarubatinga, Quaricica
Colombia Dormilon, Gomo, Soroga
Ecuador Bella maria, Chimbulla, Laguno
Guyana Iteballi
French Guiana Kouali, Moutendé
Honduras Quaruba
Paraguay Quarabu
Peru Goma amarilla, Quillo, Quillosisa
United Kingdom Yemeri
Suriname Wanakwari, Watrakwari, Wiswiskwari, Kwari
Venezuela Saladillo

RAMIN
Ramin
Family. Thymeleaceae
Botanical names
Gonystylus bancanus Kurz
Gonystylus macrophyllus Airy Shaw
Gonystylus maingayi Hook. f.
Gonystylus p.p.
Species listed in CITES appendix ii (see note)
Notes. All Ramin species (Gonystylus spp.) are listed in CITES
appendix II (all wood products).
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Flat sawn
Texture. Fine
Quarter sawn
Notes. Heart shakes in some logs. Wood cream white to light
yellow. Unpleasant odour when green. Presence of tension
wood.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.66
(1)

all the wood)
Wood species 783

RAMIN

Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Very prone to blue stain.
Drying
Notes. Risks of checks, end checks and blue stain with thick material.
Notes. Risk of splinters in cross cutting.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Gonystylus bancanus

RAMIN
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Interior joinery • Rolling shutters
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Ramin
Fiji Mavota
France Ramin
Îles Salomon Ainunura, Fungunigalo, Latareko, Petata
Indonesia Akenia, Garu buaja, Medang keram, Ramin
Italy Ramin
Malaysia Ahmin, Melawis, Ramin, Ramin batu, Ramin telur
Philippines Lanutan bagio
Wood species 785

RED CEDAR
Red Cedar
Family. Cupressaceae
Botanical name
Thuja plicata Donn
Notes. This species, appreciated for its durability, comes from
the west coast of the United States and from Canada. It is
widely planted and regularly exported. Widely planted in Great
Britain and New Zealand.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Grain. Straight
Half-quarter sawn Notes. The texture for plantation woods is often less fine. Wood
may have numerous small knots.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.38
(1)
Notes. Red Cedar is prone to splitting.

RED CEDAR

components without sapwood. Plantation woods, which are exploited younger, are less
resistant to fungi (Class 3: moderately durable). According to the European standard NF EN
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Use of stellite-tipped saw blades is recommended for sawing green wood. The
presence of chemical corrosive agents has a pronounced blunting effect.
Assembling
Notes. Very prone to splitting: pre-holes are needed for nailing and screwing. For uses in
humid areas and because of wood’s acidity, it is recommended to have stainless nails or
screws.
Cross sections of Thuja plicata
Wood species 787

RED CEDAR
Commercial grading
grading
According to Export R-List
Grading and Dressing Rules
(Pacific Lumber Inspection
Bureau, 2003):
Possible grading: # 2 Better
Clear, # 4 Clear
According to NLGA rules
(National Lumber Grades
Authority, 2014):
Possible grading: Clear Heart,
Grade A, Grade B
Other possible grading: Select
Knotty, Quality Knotty
Visual structure grading Cladding on roof overhang next to a stone-covered wall, Argelès-
sur-Mer (France).
classes C14 and C18 can be
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Open boats • Poles
• Stringed instruments • Sculpture
Notes. Wood used for outside fittings: terrace, play grounds, pool decking etc. Low density
and sensitive to stamping, but offers interesting mechanical properties and durability.
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Riesenlebensbaum
Spain Cedro canadiense
United States Western red cedar
France Red cedar, Cèdre rouge d’Amérique

RENGAS
Rengas
Botanical names
Gluta beccarii Ding Hou
Gluta malayana Ding Hou
Gluta renghas L.
Gluta p.p. (Syn. Melanorrhoea p.p.)
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Flat sawn
Notes. Sapwood white to pale yellow. Heartwood dark reddish Quarter sawn
brown/deep blood red shiny marked with dark, almost black
stripes, darkening on exposure, lustrous. Silica deposits.
Poisonous resin exudation.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.70
(1)

all the wood)
Wood species 789

RENGAS

possible)
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Dulling effect caused by resin and silica.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Gluta sp.

RENGAS
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Stairs (inside) • Seats
• Flooring
Notes. Contains deposits which are allergenic.
Common names
Country Local name
India Gluta
Indonesia Rengas, Tembaga
Magadascar Torotoro
Malaysia Jalang, Kerbau, Rengas
Myanmar Thayet-thitsi
Thailand Rakban
Viet Nam Son
Wood species 791

RESAK
Resak
Botanical names
Cotylelobium burckii Heim Cotylelobium p.p.
Cotylelobium lanceolatum Vatica maingayi Dyer
Craib Vatica mangachapoi Blanco
Cotylelobium melanoxylon Vatica rassak Blume
Pierre Vatica p.p.
Notes. Commercial species gathering 2 genus and a large
number of botanical species. Properties sometimes variable
from one genus or species to another.
Log description
Half-quarter sawn
Wood description
Quarter sawn Sapwood. Not clearly demarcated
Texture. Fine
Notes. Sapwood more or less distinct depending on the
species, whitish to yellowish. Heartwoood pale yellow when
fresh, darkens to deep reddish chocolate brown to brown with
a greenish tinge. Silver figure visible. Resin exudations. Silica
deposits.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.80
Lower heating value 18240 kJ/kg
(1)

RESAK

clearly demarcated)
treatment
treatment
Drying
Assembling
Cross sections of Vatica rassak
Wood species 793

RESAK
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Open boats • House framing
• Glued Laminated • Decking
Notes. Difficulties with finishing caused by resin. Possible substitute for Red Balau and
Giam. Technological properties variable depending on the species.
Common names
Country Local name
Cambodia Chramas
Indonesia Resak
Malaysia Resak
Myanmar Pan-thya
Philippines Narig
Thailand Pau cham
Viet Nam Tâu

ROSEWOOD, PARA
Rosewood, Para
Botanical name
Dalbergia spruceana Benth.
Rosewood Para is listed in CITES Appendix II
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Grain. Undulating
Notes. Sapwood white to pale cream. Heartwood deep rouge
or reddish-brown with black striping or mottling.
Property Mean value

Density(1) 1.04
(1)

fresh water contact
Wood species 795

ROSEWOOD, PARA
treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Good for turning.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Dalbergia spruceana

ROSEWOOD, PARA
Fire safety
Default grading for solid wood that meets requirements of
European standard NF EN 14081-1 (April 2016): structural
graded timber in vertical uses and ceilings with minimal mean
Main end uses
Notes. Top-market applications as with all Dalbergia species.
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Jacaranda, Jacarandá do pará, Saboarana
Portugal Jacaranda preto
United Kingdom Rosewood, Para,
Bassoon –
By Buffet Crampon,
Mantes-la-Ville (France).
Wood species 797

ROSEWOOD, SONOKELING
Rosewood, Sonokeling
Botanical name
Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.
Rosewood Sonokeling is listed in CITES Appendix II
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Flat sawn
Notes. Sapwood light yellowish white. Heartwood dark pink/
violet or purple/brown, turns dark after drying. Regular dark
violet veins. Marked and large silver figure. Pleasant scent
when fresh.
Half-quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.89
(1)

fresh water contact

treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Machining and sanding dust may cause irritation. Marked dulling effect caused by
resin.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Dalbergia latifolia
Wood species 799

Fire safety
Conventional French
grading
(readily flammable)
Euroclass grading.
D-s2, d0
Default grading for
solid wood that
meets requirements
NF EN 14081-1 (April
2016): structural graded
timber in vertical uses
and ceilings with
minimal mean density Fruit bowl in Indian Rosewood (1950s) – Éric Orsini, Pézenas (France).
of 0.35 and minimal
thickness of 22 mm.
Main end uses
• Percussion instruments • Marquetry
• Panelling
Common names
Country Local name
France Palissandre des Indes
India Indian rosewood, Itti, Todagatti
Indonesia Sonokeling
United Kingdom Rosewood, Sonokeling

ROSEWOOD, TAMALAN
Rosewood, Tamalan
Botanical name
Dalbergia oliveri Gamble
Rosewood Tamalan is listed in CITES Appendix II
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Notes. Sapwood greenish white to yellowish grey. Heartwood
dark red or chocolate. Resinous reddish or dark brown deposits.
Property Mean value

Density(1) 1.00
(1)

fresh water contact
Wood species 801

ROSEWOOD, TAMALAN
treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
resin.
Assembling
Notes. Very high specific gravity and high extract content. Gluing be performed in
compliance with the code of practice and instructions for the glue used.
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Dalbergia oliveri

ROSEWOOD, TAMALAN
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Percussion instruments • Marquetry
• Panelling
Common names
Country Local name
Cambodia Neang nuon
Myanmar Tamalan
United Kingdom Rosewood, Tamalan
Thailand Ching chan
Wood species 803

SAFUKALA
Safukala
Family. Burseraceae
Botanical names
Dacryodes heterotricha H.J. Lam
Dacryodes pubescens H.J. Lam (Syn. Pachylobus pubescens)
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Flat sawn
Notes. Can be commercialized blended with Ozigo
(Dacryodes buettneri). Wood pinkish white to light brown.
Possible presence of wind shakes (internal fractures in wood).
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.68
(1)

all the wood)

SAFUKALA
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Difficulties in sawing and machining due to interlocked grain and silica content.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Dacryodes pubescens
Wood species 805

SAFUKALA
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Panelling
Common names
Country Local name
Angola Safoukala, Safucala,
Congo Safoukala, Safucala
Gabon Mouganga
Democratic Republic of Congo Mouguengueri, Mouquenquéri, M’Bidinkala, N’safu-nkala

SANDÉ
Sandé
Family. Moraceae
Botanical names
Brosimum potabile Ducke
Brosimum utile Oken
Brosimum p.p.
Note Sandé refers to light coloured Brosimum species.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Notes. Heartwood varies from greyish white to light brown Quarter sawn
with golden shades. Sometimes, presence of internal stresses.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.69
(1)

all the wood)
Wood species 807

SANDÉ
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Risk of distortion increases with highly interlocked grain. In this case, air drying is
recommended.
Notes. Some difficulties with sawing and machining due to internal stresses (overheating of
sawblades) and highly interlocked grain. Keep sharp tools.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Brosimum utile

SANDÉ
Fire safety
Main end uses
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Amapa, Amapa doce, Arbol vaca, Leiteira
Colombia Arbol vaca, Guaimaro, Lechero, Sande
Costa Rica Palo de vaca
Ecuador Sande
France Sandé
French Guiana Dokali, Takina
Panama Palo de vaca, Sandy
Peru Panguana
United Kingdom Cow tree
Venezuela Marina, Sande, Vaca
Wood species 809

SAPELLI / SAPELE*
Sapelli / Sapele*
Family. Meliaceae
Botanical name
Entandrophragma cylindricum Sprague
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Interlocked grain. Slight to very marked
Flat sawn
Notes. Wood pinkish brown to copper red brown. Cedar scent.
Possible presence of ring shakes and blister grains (longitudinal
fissures in the shape of barley grain on the curved surface of
Quarter sawn round timber, generally concealed by the bark and linked to a
dysfunction in tree growth).
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.69
(1)


SAPELLI / SAPELE*
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Drying of quartersawn products is much slower.
Notes. Prone to tearing in planing (interlocked grain).
Assembling
Notes. Can stain when gluing.
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Entandrophragma cylindricum
Wood species 811

SAPELLI / SAPELE*

Strength class D35 can be
provided by visual grading
according to French standard
NF B 52-001-1 (2011).
Fire safety Benches in Sapelli – Design by J.Y. Riaux, Mindourou (Cameroon).
Conventional French
grading
Main end uses
• Coffins • Exterior joinery
Notes. Light and regular interlocked grain: appreciated for slicing. Highly interlocked grain:
troublesome for some end-uses.
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Sapelli-mahogany
Angola Undianuno
Cameroon Assié, Assié-sapelli, Sapelli
Congo Undianuno
Côte d’Ivoire Aboudikro
Gabon Undianuno
Ghana Penkwa, Sapelewood
Nigeria Sapele
Uganda Muyovu
Central African Republic M’boyo
Democratic Republic of Congo Lifaki
United Kingdom Sapele

SAPUCAIA
Sapucaia
Botanical name
Lecythis p.p.
Notes. Sapucaia groups Lecythis species together. Its properties
can vary from one species to another.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Flat sawn
Density(1) 0.96
(1)

fresh water contact
Notes. Informations given in the «Natural durability» and
«Preservation treatment» parts are relative to the Lecythis
Wood species 813

SAPUCAIA
pisonis species. Some species of the same genus (such as Lecythis idatimon or Lecythis
persistens) are sometimes marketed under the name of SAPUCAIA despite a weak durability
(durability class 3 or 4).
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Must be dried slowly to prevent defects. A period of air drying prior to kiln drying is
recommended.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Lecythis idatimon

SAPUCAIA
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Shipbuilding • Flooring
• Vehicle or container flooring • Hydraulic works (fresh water)
• Tool handles (resilient woods) • Sleepers
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Castanha sapucaia, Sapucaia, Sapucaia vermelha
Colombia Coco cristal, Coco mono
Ecuador Guabillo, Yunjua
Guyana Monkey pot, Tobago, Wadaduri
French Guiana Canari macaque, Kouatapatou, Maho jaune
Peru Machin mango
Suriname Kouatapatoe
Venezuela Coco de mono, Olla de mono
Wood species 815

SATIN, CEYLON
Satin, Ceylon
Family. Rutaceae
Botanical name
Chloroxylon swietenia DC.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Grain. Undulating
Flat sawn
Notes. Sapwood pale yellow. Heartwood golden yellow to
greenish yellow when fresh, sometimes brownish, lustrous.
Characteristic silver figure, long narrow rays in storied pattern,
plain-sawn surfaces have fine cross-hatching.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.98
(1)

fresh water contact

SATIN, CEYLON
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
resin.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Cross sections of Chloroxylon swietenia
Wood species 817

SATIN, CEYLON

Main end uses
Notes. Needs filling before polishing. Difficulties during finishing caused by resin. Very
decorative appearance, popular in cabintery.
Common names
Country Local name
France Citronnier ceylan
India Ceylan, Satin, Satin ceylon
United Kingdom Satin ceylon
Sri Lanka Buruta, Satin wood

SCOTS PINE
Scots Pine
Family. Pinaceae
Botanical name
Pinus sylvestris L.
Continent. Europe
Notes. European species from temperate to very cold areas.
In France, when using the name «Sapin rouge du Nord», one
designates woods with a slow growth coming from Scandinavia
and Russia (after latitude 57° north).
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine to medium. Flat sawn
Grain. Straight
Half-quarter sawn
Notes. From pinkish to reddish brown. Rings form contrasting
veins. Sapwood has a wide span and is yellowish. Shows less
contrasted veins. Texture is fine for slow growing trees.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.55
(1)

Wood species 819

SCOTS PINE

treatment
Drying
Assembling
Notes. Sometimes resin exudations: to be taken into account when gluing.
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Pinus sylvestris

SCOTS PINE

explanatory note), strength classes C14, C16, C22, C24, C27 and C30 can be provided by
visual grading. However, strength classes C14, C18, C24 and C30, can be provided by visual
grading according to French standard NF B 52-001-1 (2011).
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Pit props • Built-in furniture or mobile item
• Coffins • Moulding
• Boxes and crates • Poles
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Fohre, Kiefer
Spain Lapland pine
France Pin de riga, Pin du Nord, Pin Sylvestre
United Kingdom Northern pine, Red pine
Bridge in Scots Pine, treated for use class 4 – Design by Bois et loisirs, Loon-Plage (France).
Wood species 821

SEPETIR
Sepetir
Botanical names
Pseudosindora palustris Symington (Syn. Copaifera palustris)
Sindora leiocarpa Baker
Sindora siamensis Teijsm.
Sindora sumatrana Miq.
Sindora velutina Baker
Sindora p.p.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Notes. Sapwood whitish grey to light brown or beige/pink.
Heartwood light brown to golden brown depending on the
species, darkens on exposure to light. Black stripes. Oily
exudations. Pleasant scent.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.64
(1)


SEPETIR
used.
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Marked dulling effect caused by resin.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Sindora leiocarpa
Wood species 823

SEPETIR
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Veneer for back or face of plywood • Industrial or heavy flooring
Notes. Difficulties with finishing caused by oily exudations. Substitute for Walnut. Oils used
to make pharmaceutical products.
Common names
Country Local name
Cambodia Krakas
Indonesia Sindur
Malaysia Meketil, Petir, Saputi, Sepeteh, Sepetir, Sepetir nin-yaki, Sepetir pay
Philippines Supa
Thailand Krathon, Maka-tea

SERAYA, WHITE
Seraya, White
Botanical names
Parashorea malaanonan Merr.
Parashorea tomentella Meijer
Parashorea p.p.
Shorea contorta S. Vidal (Syn. Pentacme contorta)
Shorea subgen. Pentacme p.p.
Note The common name White Seraya is usually used for
Malaysian species, Bagtikan for species from the Philippines.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Reference colour. Pinkish white Flat sawn

Texture. Coarse
Quarter sawn
Notes. Frequent ring shakes and brittleheart (in large diameter
trees). Wood pinkish white to light yellow or light brown with
pink shades. More or less frequent white lines (resin canals).
Numerous medium size regular rays.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.62
(1)

Wood species 825

SERAYA, WHITE
possible)
Notes. Durability low to moderate. Possible presence of black holes.
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Risk of tearing. Prone to woolliness in edging. Keep sharp tools. Interlocked grain
produces a broad stripe figure on quartersawn.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Parashorea malaanonan

SERAYA, WHITE
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Panelling
Common names
Country Local name
France Seraya white
Indonesia Pendan, Urat mata
Malaysia Belutu, Urat mata, White seraya
Philippines Bagtikan, Lauan malaanonan, White lauan
Wood species 827

SESENDOK
Sesendok
Botanical names
Endospermum diadenum Airy Shaw
Endospermum medullosum L.S. Sm.
Endospermum peltatum Merr.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Half-quarter sawn
Notes. Possible brittleheart. Presence of tension wood in some
logs. Sometimes wavy grain. Lustrous surface.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.45
(1)

all the wood)

SESENDOK
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Notes. The presence of tension wood may cause overheating and blunting of saw blades.
Risks of woolliness, keep sharp edges.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Endospermum medullosum
Wood species 829

SESENDOK
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Panelling
Notes. Can be used for shingles if treated.
Common names
Country Local name
Fiji Kauvula
Îles Salomon Endospermum-sasa, Hongopo
India Bakota
Indonesia Sendok-sendok
Malaysia Ekor, Sesendok, Sendok-sendok, Terbulan
Papua New Guinea Basswood, New guinea basswood
Philippines Gubas

SIMPOH
Simpoh
Family. Dilleniaceae
Botanical names
Dillenia aurea Sm.
Dillenia excelsa Martelli
Dillenia eximia Miq.
Dillenia grandifolia Wall.
Dillenia indica L.
Dillenia ovata Wall.
Dillenia papuana Martelli
Dillenia p.p.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Log conservation. Low (treatment necessary) Flat sawn
Wood description
Quarter sawn
Texture. Medium
Notes. Sapwood light yellowish brown to reddish brown.
Heartwood reddish brown with a violet tinge, darkens to
chocolate brown. Decorative silver figure on quartersawn faces.
Silica deposits.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.71
(1)
Wood species 831

SIMPOH

Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Important dulling effect due to high silica content.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Dillenia papuana

SIMPOH
Fire safety
Main end uses
Notes. Filling is needed. Substitute for Cedro.
Common names
Country Local name
Îles Salomon Simpoh
Indonesia Simpur jangkang
Malaysia Simpoh
Myanmar Zinbyun
Papua New Guinea Dillenia
Wood species 833

SIPO / UTILE*
Sipo / Utile*
Family. Meliaceae
Botanical name
Entandrophragma utile Sprague
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Notes. Wood pinkish brown to red brown slightly purplish with
moiré shades. Ribbon-like aspect on quartersawn. Irregular
Quarter sawn
grain.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.62
(1)
Notes. Hardness varies from soft to fairly hard.

SIPO / UTILE*
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. The French standard NF P
23-305 (December 2014) indicates that this species covers the use class 3.2 for untreated
heartwood.
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Risk of distortion increases with highly interlocked grain, particularly during kiln drying.
Notes. Prone to tearing due to interlocked grain.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Entandrophragma utile
Wood species 835

SIPO / UTILE*

choice iii
choice iii
Fire safety
flammable)
NF EN 14081-1 (April 2016):
and minimal thickness of 22 mm. Semi-spiral, suspended staircase, Argelès-sur-Mer (France).
Main end uses
• Cabinetry (high-end furniture) • Interior joinery
• Glued Laminated • Rolling shutters
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Sipo-mahogany
Angola Kalungi
Cameroon Asseng-assié
Congo Kalungi
Côte d’Ivoire Sipo /Utile
Gabon Assi
Ghana Utile
Equatorial Guinea Sipo / Utile
Nigeria Utile
Uganda Mufumbi
Central African Republic Bokoi
Democratic Republic of Congo Kalungi, Liboyo
United Kingdom Utile

SOUGUÉ
Sougué
Family. Chrysobalanaceae
Botanical names
Parinari excelsa Sabine (Syn. Parinari holstii) (Syn. Parinari
tenuifolia)
Parinari p.p.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Grain. Straight to entangled Flat sawn
Notes. Sapwood pale yellow. Heartwood pale red or chocolate
brown. Sapwood has a scent of honey when freshly sawn, Quarter sawn
which disappears on seasoning. Silica deposits in ray cells.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.89
(1)

Wood species 837

SOUGUÉ
possible)
treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. High silica content causes dulling of tool edges.
Assembling
Cross sections of Parinari excelsa

SOUGUÉ
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Shipbuilding • Flooring
• Vehicle or container flooring • Hydraulic works (seawater)
water or brackish water) but only class 2 for other uses.
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Assila
Côte d’Ivoire Sougué
Liberia Kpar
Nigeria Eshago, Inyi
Uganda Mubura
Senegal Mampata
Tanzania Mula
Wood species 839

SPRUCE
Spruce
Family. Pinaceae
Botanical names
Picea abies H. Karst. (Syn. Picea excelsa)
Continent. Europe
Notes. Spruce comes from cold areas of Europe. Outside of its
natural growing area (temperate areas), its growth is quicker
when planted. Spruce is often erroneously referred to as ‘Sapin’.
‘Sapin blanc du Nord’ is used to speak of Spruce coming from
Scandinavia and Eastern Europe.
Log description
Wood description
Flat sawn Sapwood. Not demarcated
Texture. Fine
Grain. Straight
Quarter sawn
Notes. Creamy white wood with sometimes a thin reddish
coloured heartwood. Narrow and regular rings on woods
coming from cold areas but large and irregular rings on planted
trees from other areas. Resin pockets are rather common.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.45
(1)
Notes. Mechanic properties are directly linked to growing
rings’ width and to the proportion of summer wood inside the
rings. Visual grading of structure woods (EC marking) takes into
account the growth speed of the woods.

SPRUCE

Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Common spruce is poorly durable
and is used with sapwood (not demarcated). Preservation treatment is therefore imperative.
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Notes. For naturally dried woods there can be some resin exudation if the structure is
exposed to heat. Kiln drying of common spruce above 70° C prevents this problem.
Notes. Presence of hard, more or less adhesive, knots.
Assembling
Notes. Strong tendency to split when nailing. Risk of splitting when nailing.
Cross sections of Picea abies
Wood species 841

SPRUCE
Commercial grading
explanatory note), strength classes C14, C16, C18, C24, and C30 can be provided by visual
grading. Strength classes C18, C24 and C30 can be provided by visual grading according to
French standard NF B 52-001-1 (2011).
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Shingles • Panelling
• Coffins • Glued Laminated
• Shipbuilding (mast) • House framing
• Veneer for back or face of plywood • Poles
• Stringed instruments (sounding board) • Pulp
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Fichte
France Épicéa
Italy Abete rosso
United Kingdom Common spruce
Crocodylus niloticus (from the Musée de l’École nationale vétérinaire in Alfort, 1920)
on a three-ply panel base in common spruce – CIRAD library, Montpellier (France).

SUCUPIRA PRETA
Sucupira preta
Botanical names
Bowdichia nitida Benth.
Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth
Bowdichia p.p.
Diplotropis martiusii Benth.
Diplotropis purpurea Amshoff (Syn. Bowdichia guianensis)
(Syn. Diplotropis guianensis)
Diplotropis p.p.
Log description
Wood description Flat sawn
Texture. Medium Quarter sawn
Notes. Wood dark brown to reddish brown with lighter thin veins.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.91
(1)

Wood species 843

SUCUPIRA PRETA

treatment
Drying
Notes. Must be dried slowly to prevent defects. A period of air drying prior to kiln drying is
recommended.
Notes. Sometimes difficulties with sawing and machining due to interlocked grain. Good
finish with filling.
Assembling
Cross sections of Diplotropis martiusii

SUCUPIRA PRETA
Commercial grading
grading
rules (2015)
Common 1, Common 2,
Common 3
name of this species is Coeur
dehors. Grading is done
according to to local rules
(1990).
“Simply” bench made of Coeur Dehors – Design by Sous le
Fire safety Fromager, Kourou (French Guiana).
Conventional French
grading
Main end uses
• Marquetry
Notes. Wood in high demand for deluxe end uses.
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Cutiuba, Macaniba, Sapupira, Sucupira, Sucupira amarela, Sucupira preta
Colombia Arenillo, Zapan negro
Guyana Tatabu
French Guiana Baaka kiabici, Cœur dehors
Peru Chontaquiro, Huasai-caspi
Suriname Zwarte kabbes
Venezuela Alcornoque, Congrio
Wood species 845

SUMAUMA
Sumauma
Botanical names
Ceiba pentandra Gaertn. (Syn. Bombax pentandrum) (Syn.
Ceiba thonningii)
Ceiba samauma K. Schum.
Notes. The species Ceiba pentandra is found in Africa by the
name of “Fuma” or “Fromager”.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Quarter sawn
Notes. Logs must be treated, extracted, sawn and dryed as soon
as possible after felling. Wood cream white to light yellow,
often with greyish veins.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.32
(1)

all the wood)

SUMAUMA

Drying
Notes. A rather slow drying is recommended due to the important moisture content when
green.
Notes. Fuzzy surface. Frequent sharpening recommended.
Assembling
Commercial grading
NHLA grading rules are infrequently applied due to specific technological properties and
uses of this species.
Cross sections of Ceiba pentandra
Wood species 847

SUMAUMA
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Insulation • Pulp
Common names
Country Local name
Bolivia Ceiba, Mapajo, Toborochi
Brazil Paneira, Sumauma, Sumauna
Colombia Bonga, Ceiba
Ecuador Ceiba uchuputu, Guambush
Guyana Kumaka, Silk cotton
French Guiana Fromager, Mahot coton
Peru Ceiba, Huimba
Suriname Kankantrie, Koemaka
Venezuela Ceiba, Ceiba yucca

SUREN
Suren
Family. Meliaceae
Botanical names
Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe
Toona ciliata M. Roem. (Syn. Cedrela toona)
Toona sureni Merr. (Syn. Toona febrifuga)
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Notes. Sapwood pink to grey/white yellowish. Heartwood
brown/red, sometimes dark brown stripes. Visible growth rings. Quarter sawn
Resin exudations. Pleasant scent.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.50
(1)

all the wood)
Wood species 849

SUREN
possible)
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Assembling
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Cross sections of Toona calantas

SUREN

Main end uses
• Cigar boxes • Veneer for interior of plywood
Common names
Country Local name
Australia Red Cedar
Cambodia Chomcha
India Limpagna, Malarveppu, Mandurike Santhanavembu, Toon
Indonesia Suren, Surian
Malaysia Surea-bawang
Myanmar Petsut yetama, Thitkado
Papua New Guinea Red Cedar
Philippines Calantas
Thailand Toon, Yomham
Viet Nam Xoan moc
Wood species 851

SYCAMORE MAPLE
Sycamore Maple
Family. Sapindaceae
Botanical name
Acer pseudoplatanus L.
Continent. Europe
Notes. This species from Western and Central Europe is present
in France up to an altitude of approximately 1500 meters.
Log description
Wood description
Reference colour. White
Texture. Fine
Grain. Straight
Flat sawn
Notes. White wood with slight yellowish shades and sometimes
veins or greenish stains. The silver figure is well visible. Woods
Quarter sawn with wavy grain (e.g. wavy sycamore) are very sought-after for
string instrument making.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.64
(1)

all the wood)

SYCAMORE MAPLE
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Only sapwood is sensitive to dry
wood borer attacks but it is not separate. Wood is used with sapwood and hence must be
treated.
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Kiln drying may stain the wood. To minimise that effect, dry temperatures of 40-45°C
must not be exceeded.
Notes. Sawing and machining can be difficult due to the presence of irregular grain (wavy
sycamore). In this case the feed rate and cutting angle should be reduced.
Assembling
Commercial grading
No conventional grading rules. Sawn products are graded according to final uses.
Cross sections of Acer pseudoplatanus
Wood species 853

SYCAMORE MAPLE

Fire safety
Conventional French
grading
(readily flammable)
Default grading for Back and neck of violon, Montpellier (France).
standard NF EN 14081-1 (April 2016): structural graded timber in vertical uses and ceilings
with minimal mean density of 0.35 and minimal thickness of 22 mm.
Main end uses
• Arched goods • Interior joinery
• Stringed instruments (back and case)
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Bergahorn
Spain Arce blanco
France Érable blanc, Érable sycomore, Sycomore
Italy Acero bianco, Sicomoro
United Kingdom Great maple, Harewood, Sycamore

TACHI / DJEDOE*
Tachi / Djedoe*
Botanical names
Tachigali albiflora Zarucchi & Herend.
Tachigali chrysophylla Zarucchi & Herend.
Tachigali myrmecophilaDucke
Tachigali paniculata Aubl.
Tachigali p.p. (Syn. Sclerolobium p.p.)
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Reference colour. Light brown Half-quarter sawn
Texture. Medium
Grain. Straight or interlocked Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.62
(1)

all the wood)
Wood species 855

TACHI / DJEDOE*
possible)
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Kiln drying must be carried out with caution to prevent checks and internal checking.
Notes. Machining dust is very irritating.
Assembling
Commercial grading
In French Guiana, the local name of this species is “Diaguidia”. Grading is done according
Cross sections of Tachigali paniculata

TACHI / DJEDOE*

visual grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Framing
• Panelling
• Moulding
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Aparaçu, Pacuare, Tachi, Tachigalia, Tachi preto
Ecuador Guabillo, Matapalo
Guyana Kaditiri, Djedoe
French Guiana Cèdre remi, Diaguidia
Suriname Djarkidja, Roode djedoe
Venezuela Congrio, Guamillo
Wood species 857

TALI / MISSANDA*
Tali / Missanda*
Botanical names
Erythrophleum guineense G. Don
Erythrophleum ivorense A. Chev.
Erythrophleum suaveolens Brenan
Erythrophleum p.p.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Quarter sawn Notes. Wood orangey yellow brown to reddish brown. Tali
from East Africa is lighter in colour.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.91
(1)


TALI / MISSANDA*
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Tali must be dried slowly to reduce defects.
Notes. Sawing and machining requires powerful equipment. Some difficulties due to
interlocked grain during planing.
Assembling
Notes. Avoid direct contact with nails, screws and other iron fasteners due to risks of local
chemical degradation of wood and iron, combined with blackish stains. High specific
gravity: important that gluing be performed in compliance with the code of practice and
Cross sections of Erythrophleum ivorense
Wood species 859

TALI / MISSANDA*
Commercial grading
explanatory note), as well as French standard NF B 52-001-1 (2011), strength class D40 can
be also provided by visual grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
or ground)
• Poles
• Stakes
• Decking
• Sleepers
Common names
Country Local name
Cameroon Élone
Congo N’kassa
Côte d’Ivoire Alui, Tali
Gabon Éloun
Ghana Potrodom
Equatorial Guinea Elondo
Guinea-Bissau Mancone
Mozambique Missanda
Nigeria Erun, Sasswood
Democratic Republic of Congo Kassa
United Kingdom Missanda
Senegal Tali / Missanda
Posts in Tali (0.6 m in diametre, 8.5 m in length),
Sierra Leone Gogbei
door in Moabi, framework in Kosipo, vertical
Tanzania Mwavi thin timber cladding in Mukulungu – J.Y. Riaux,
Zambia Muave Mindourou (Cameroon).

TAMBORIL
Tamboril
Botanical names
Enterolobium contortisiliquum Morong
Enterolobium cyclocarpum Griseb.
Enterolobium maximum Ducke
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Notes. Heartwood light brown to brown. Possible presence
of tension wood in Enterolobium cyclocarpum. Presence of Half-quarter sawn
tension wood in Enterolobium cyclocarpum.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.49
(1)

Wood species 861

TAMBORIL
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Notes. Sometimes fuzzy surface and irritant sawdust for the species E. cyclocarpum.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Cross sections of Enterolobium contortisiliquum

TAMBORIL

Main end uses
• Panelling
Common names
Country Local name
Argentina Camba-camby, Oreja de negro, Para, Timbo, Timbo colorado
Brazil Timbauba, Timbauva, Timbo, Tamboril, Timbóuba
Colombia Carito, Orejero
Paraguay Timbo, Timbo colorado
Venezuela Caro-caro
Wood species 863

TANIMBUCA / YELLOW SANDERS*
Tanimbuca / Yellow Sanders*

Botanical names
Buchenavia p.p.
Terminalia amazonia Exell
Terminalia guyanensis Eichler
Terminalia oblonga Steud.
Terminalia p.p.
Log description
Wood description
Flat sawn Reference colour. Yellow brown
Texture. Medium
Notes. Light yellow to yellow brown wood. Sometimes,
presence of reddish veins.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.93
(1)



possible)
Notes. The species Buchenavia tetraphylla (called Gindya udu in Surinam) is reported to
have a higher natural durability than the other Tanimbuca species.
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Buchenavia fanshawei
Wood species 865

In French Guiana, the local name of this species is “Anangossi”. Grading is done according
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Arched goods • Exterior joinery
• Tool handles (resilient woods) • Sliced veneer
Common names
Country Local name
Bolivia Verdolago amarillo
Brazil Carara, Cuiarana, Guarajuba, Jatai-amarello, Loirinho, Mirindiba,
Pau mulato branco, Periquiteira, Tanimbuca, Timburita
Ecuador Guayabillo, Guayabon, Yuyun
Guatemala Naranjo, Volador
Guyana Alasoabo, Coffee mortar, Cokerwood, Fukadi, Naharu, Simia chimi,
Yellow sanders
French Guiana Anangossi, Anangossiti, Angouchy
Honduras Naranjo, Nargusta, Volador
Panama Amarillo
Paraguay Amarillo, Palo amarillo
Peru Chamisa, Rifari, Yacushapana
Suriname Boes’amandra, Bosamandel, Kalebashout
Uruguay Guyabi amarillo
Venezuela Chicharron, Guayabo, Pata de dando amarillo

TASMANIAN OAK
Tasmanian Oak
Family. Myrtaceae
Botanical names
Eucalyptus delegatensis F. Muell. (Syn. Eucalyptus gigantea)
Eucalyptus obliqua L’Hér.
Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell.
Eucalyptus p.p.
Notes. In spite of its pilot name, this species should not be
confused with a real Oak.
Log description
Wood description
Half-quarter sawn
Texture. Coarse
Grain. Straight
Quarter sawn
Notes. Sapwood pale rose. Heartwood light brown to pink
brown depending on the species. Distinct growth rings.
Sometimes latex veins (Kino).
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.80
(1)

Wood species 867

TASMANIAN OAK

possible)
treatment
Drying
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Eucalyptus delegatensis

TASMANIAN OAK
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Glued Laminated • Seats
Notes. Difficulties during finishing caused by resin or tannin exudations.
Common names
Country Local name
Australia Alpin ash, Blue leaf, Messmate, Mountain ash, Tasmanian oak, White gum
Wood species 869

TATAJUBA
Tatajuba
Family. Moraceae
Botanical names
Bagassa guianensis Aubl. (Syn. Bagassa tiliifolia)
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Notes. When freshly cut, heartwood is yellow. It becomes
Flat sawn
yellow brown to dark brown with age.
Density(1) 0.80
(1)

fresh water contact

TATAJUBA
regularly submerged in salt water, sea water or brackish water) due to its high silica content.
Drying
Notes. High risk of distortion in case of highly interlocked grain. During drying, spacer sticks
may stain the wood.
Notes. Sawdust is an irritant. Presence of internal stresses.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Bagassa guianensis
Wood species 871

TATAJUBA

name of this species is
“Bagasse”. Grading is done
according to to local rules
(1990).
Fire safety
Conventional French
grading
(readily flammable)
Default grading for
Wooden structure in Chemin des savanes in Bagasse – by Copeaux
solid wood that meets and Co, Sinnamary (French Guiana).
(April 2016): structural graded timber in vertical uses and ceilings with minimal mean
Main end uses
• Shipbuilding (ribs) • Sliced veneer
• Cabinetry (high-end furniture) • Decking
• Stairs (inside) • Bridges (parts in contact with water or
or ground)
• Sleepers
Notes. Interlocked grain may be troublesome in the use of this wood.
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Amarelao, Bagaceira, Tatajuba
Ecuador Moral
Guyana Cow-wood, Fustic
French Guiana Bagasse, Bois jaune, Kaw oudou, Odoun, Tatajuba
Paraguay Tatagva
United Kingdom Bagasse
Suriname Jawahedan, Kaw-oedoe
Venezuela Mora amarillo

TAUARI
Tauari
Botanical names
Couratari guianensis Aubl.
Couratari macrosperma A.C. Sm.
Couratari multiflora Eyma (Syn. Couratari fagifolia)
Couratari oblongifolia Ducke & R. Knuth
Couratari p.p.
Notes. The name Tauari covers several species of the genus
Couratari whose properties and appearance can vary widely.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Reference colour. Creamy white Flat sawn
Texture. Medium

Notes. Wood cream white, pinkish white or yellowish grey
white depending on the species. Unpleasant odour when green.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.62
(1)

all the wood)
Wood species 873

TAUARI

Notes. Several species, with different natural durability, are grouped under the name
Tauari. Some species and origins could be used without preservation treatment for end-uses
under use class 2. However, commercial lots are usually constituted by different species.
Consequently, it is advisable to use the less durable woods as a point of reference.
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Notes. Must be dried as quickly as possible to prevent blue stain.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Couratari multiflora

TAUARI
In French Guiana, the local name of this

species is Maho cigare. Grading is done
according to to local rules «Bois guyanais
classés” (1990).
Possible grading: Choice 1, choice 2,
choice 3, choice 4
Fire safety
flammable)
flammable)
Main end uses
• Turned goods
• Framing
• Formwork
• Stairs (inside)
• Panelling
• Glued Laminated
• Exterior joinery Diamond carved front entrance door (sheltered),
Teyran (France).
• Moulding
• Blockboard
• Flooring
• Sliced veneer
• Seats
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Imbirema, Tauari
Guyana Kakawalli, Wadara
French Guiana Balata blanc, Couatari, Inguipipa, Maho cigare, Tabari
Suriname Ingipipa
Venezuela Capa de tabaco, Tampipio
Wood species 875

TCHITOLA
Tchitola
Botanical names
Oxystigma oxyphyllum J. Léonard (Syn. Pterygopodium
oxyphyllum)
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Flat sawn
Notes. Heartwood copper red brown with blackish veins.
Blackish resin exudations.
Half-quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.64
(1)


TCHITOLA
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Resin tends to clog tools. Sawdust is an irritant.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Oxystigma oxyphyllum
Wood species 877

TCHITOLA
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Formwork • House framing
Notes. Due to resin exudations, objects made out of Tchitola are often painted. When the
wood has little resin, it can be used as a substitute for Walnut.
Common names
Country Local name
Angola Tola chinfuta
Cameroon Nom sinedon
Congo Kitola, Tchitola
Gabon Émola, M’babou
Nigeria Lolagbola
Democratic Republic of Congo Akwakwa, Tshibudimbu

TEAK
Teak
Family. Lamiaceae (Verbenaceae)
Botanical name
Tectona grandis L. f.
Notes. Native to South-East Asia, this species has been widely
planted throughout the tropical and subtropical world.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Grain. Straight
Flat sawn
Notes. The wood darkens and presents golden glints with age.
Sometimes black brown veins. Oily to the touch.
Half-quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.67
(1)
Notes. The properties of timbers grown in plantation or in
naturel forest are often similar, except for durability.
Wood species 879

TEAK
Notes. The durability of Teak wood from plantation is much lower than that of Teak from
natural forest. It is moderately resistant to fungi and classified as sensible to durable against
termites. This species is listed in the standard NF EN 350 which makes a difference between
Teak from Asia (meaning natural forest) and Teak planted in Asia and other countries; the
first one is classified in the natural durability class 1 towards fungi and in natural durability
class M towards termites; the second is in the natural durability class 1-3 towards fungi
and in natural durability class M-S towards termites. The use class mentioned corresponds
to Teak from natural forest. According to the European standard NF EN 335 of May 2013,
performance length might be modified by conditions in which it is used. This species
naturally covers the use class 5 (wood permanently or regularly submerged in salt water, sea
water or brackish water) due to its high silica content.
treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. The drying rate may vary from one board to another due to the variation of specific
gravity and the important differences of moisture content when green.
Notes. Silica content is variable. Sawdust is an irritant.
Cross sections of Tectona grandis

TEAK
Assembling
Notes. Pre-boring recommended due to a slight tendency to split when nailing. Satisfactory
gluing on surfaces freshly machined or sanded just before application of the adhesive (the
wood contains oleoresins).
Commercial grading
Grading depending on origin of woods and final uses. Grading rules for Teak from Myanmar
depend on quality and geometric criteria for logs, sawn products and veneers. Four grades
of log are defined for sliced veneers and six grades for sawn products (from SG1 to SG6
according to the number of defects).
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Arched goods • Stakes
• Framing • Decking
• Open boats • Bridges (parts not in contact with water
or ground)
• Stairs (inside)
• Poles
• Panelling
• Cooperage
• Rolling shutters
• Flooring
Common names
Germany Java teak, Teak Italy Teck
Brazil Teca Laos May sak
Costa Rica Teca Myanmar Kyun
Spain Teca Panama Teca
France Teck Netherlands Teak
India Sagwan, Teak, Tega, Tekka, United Kingdom Teak
Thekku, Tekku maram Thailand May sak, Teak
Indonesia Jati, Tek Viet Nam Giati
Wood species 881

TENTO
Tento
Botanical names
Ormosia coccinea Jacks.
Ormosia coutinhoi Ducke
Ormosia excelsa Benth.
Ormosia paraensis Ducke
Ormosia p.p.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Quarter sawn Interlocked grain. Marked but not frequent
Notes. Heartwood yellow brown to red brown with fine, light
brown veins.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.77
(1)

TENTO

possible)
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Sometimes difficulties with sawing and machining due to interlocked grain. Surfaces
are slightly fuzzy.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Ormosia coccinea
Wood species 883

TENTO
Fire safety
Main end uses
Notes. Light species can be used for peeling.
Common names
Country Local name
Antilles Caconnier rouge
Brazil Buiucu, Tento
Colombia Chocho, Choco
Guyana Barakaro
French Guiana Agui, Banya, Wamara
Peru Huaryoro
Puerto Rico Palo de matos
Suriname Kokriki
Venezuela Peonia

TIAMA / GEDU NOHOR*
Tiama / Gedu Nohor*

Family. Meliaceae
Botanical names
Entandrophragma angolense C. DC.
Entandrophragma congoense A. Chev.
Entandrophragma excelsum Sprague
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Flat sawn
Texture. Medium
Quarter sawn
Notes. Wood red brown to dark brown with gold shades.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.55
(1)

Wood species 885

TIAMA / GEDU NOHOR*
possible)
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. In planing, if the grain is highly interlocked, a 15° cutting angle is necessary to avoid
tearing.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Entandrophragma angolense

TIAMA / GEDU NOHOR*

Possible grading for strips and small boards:
Possible grading for rafters: choice i, choice ii,
choice iii
visual grading.
Fire safety
flammable)
thickness of 22 mm.
Main end uses
• Framing
• Stairs (inside)
• Panelling
• Exterior joinery Office wardrobe, CIRAD, Montpellier (France).
• Flooring
• Sliced veneer
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Acuminata, Tiama mahogani
Angola Acuminata, Livuite
Cameroon Abeba, Abéba
Congo Kilula
Côte d’Ivoire Tiama
Gabon Abeubègne, Abeubêgne
Ghana Edinam
Equatorial Guinea Dongomanguila
Nigeria Gedu nohor
Uganda Mukusu
Central African Republic Kanga
Democratic Republic of Congo Lifaki, Vovo
United Kingdom Gedu nohor
Wood species 887

TIMBORANA
Timborana
Botanical names
Pseudopiptadenia suaveolens J.W. Grimes
(Syn. Newtonia suaveolens)
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Notes. Wood pinkish brown to red brown or light brown,
sometimes with darker, thin veins. Sometimes wavy grain.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.80
(1)


TIMBORANA
Drying
Assembling
Commercial grading
In French Guiana, the local name of this species is «Alimiao». Grading is done according to
explanatory note) and French standard NF B 52-001-1 (2011), strength class D40 can be
provided by visual grading to Timborana in French Guiana (Alimiao).
Cross sections of Pseudopiptadenia suaveolens
Wood species 889

TIMBORANA
Fire safety
Conventional French
grading
(readily flammable)
Default grading for
Main end uses
Deck components – Ebata Produtos Florestais Ltda,
• Turned goods Bélem (Pará, Brazil).
• Heavy carpentry
• Formwork
• House framing
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Angico, Angico preto, Angico vermelho, Caovi, Cobi, Fava folha fina, Fava de
folha miuda, Parica, Parica branco, Pau-jacare, Timbauba, Timborana
Colombia Golondrino
Ecuador Masenkuanim
Guyana Manari balli
French Guiana Alimiao, Pikimissiki
Suriname Pikin-misiki
Venezuela Yiguire

TOLA / AGBA*
Tola / Agba*
Botanical names
Prioria balsamifera Breteler (Syn. Gossweilerodendron
balsamiferum)
Continent. Africa
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Notes. Possibility of ring shakes or wind shakes in logs. Wood
yellow brown to light brown. Resin exudations. Light peppery Quarter sawn
scent.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.52
(1)

all the wood)
Wood species 891

TOLA / AGBA*
possible)
Drying
Notes. Resin tends to clog tools. Sawdust sometimes irritant.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Priora balsamifera

TOLA / AGBA*

choice iii
Fire safety
flammable)
Vertical enclosure on a low wall without a guard rail, Teyran
of European standard (France).
NF EN 14081-1 (April 2016):
Main end uses
• Glued Laminated • Rolling shutters
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Agba, Tola branca
Angola Tola branca
Cameroon Sinedon
Congo N’tola, Tola, Tola blanc
Gabon Agba, Émolo
Nigeria Agba
Democratic Republic of Congo N’tola, Tola
United Kingdom Agba
Wood species 893

TORNILLO
Tornillo
Botanical name
Cedrelinga cateniformis Ducke
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Notes. Wood light brown with pink or orangey glints.
Flat sawn Sometimes oblique grain.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.51
(1)
Notes. Properties vary depending on origin.
all the wood)

TORNILLO
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Rapid
Notes. Fuzzy surface. Sawdust is an irritant. Filling is recommended to obtain a better finish.
Assembling
Notes. Nail holding variable according to density.
Commercial grading
visual grading.
Cross sections of Cedrelinga cateniformis
Wood species 895

TORNILLO
Fire safety
Conventional French
grading
(readily flammable)
Default grading for
uses and ceilings with
minimal mean density of Kitchen storage element, Montpellier (France).
0.35 and minimal thickness
of 22 mm.
Main end uses
• Glued Laminated • Pulp
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Cedrorana
Colombia Achapo, Cedrorana
Ecuador Chuncho, Seique, Seiqui, Tsaik
French Guiana Don cede
Peru Cedro tornillo, Huayra caspi, Tornillo

UCHY
Uchy
Family. Humiriaceae
Botanical name
Sacoglottis p.p.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Grain. Straight
Notes. Sapwood light reddish brown. Heartwood reddish
brown.
Property Mean value

Density(1) 0.96
(1)

Wood species 897

UCHY
Drying
Drying rate. Normal
Notes. Prone to warp and cup.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Fire safety
Cross sections of Sacoglottis guianensis

UCHY

Main end uses
• Turned goods • Vehicle or container flooring
• Shipbuilding • Industrial or heavy flooring
• Stairs (inside) • Sculpture
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Uchi, Uchy
Guyana Dukuria, Huriki, Sand dukuria
Suriname Bofroe-oedoe
Venezuela Ponsigue montanero
Wood species 899

VÊNE
Vêne
Botanical name
Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir.
Continent. Africa
Vêne is listed in CITES Appendix II
Notes. Vêne is found in Sudano-Guinean dry forests.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Notes. Bark is marked with red streaks and exudes reddish
resin. Heartwood brown yellowish with purple-brown stripes.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.89
(1)

fresh water contact

VÊNE
used.
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Assembling
Notes. High specific gravity and extracts: gluing must be performed in compliance with the
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Pterocarpus erinaceus
Wood species 901

VÊNE

Fire safety
(readily flammable)
Traditional statues, Lomé (Togo).
NF EN 14081-1 (April 2016):
22 mm.
Main end uses
• Shipbuilding (ribs) • Sculpture
• Cabinetry (high-end furniture) • Seats
• Stairs (inside)
Common names
Country Local name
Burkina Faso Goni, Guenin
Guinea Ven
Equatorial Guinea Pau sangue
Guinea-Bissau Pau sangue
Mali Goni, Ven, Vêne
Nigeria Vene, Kosso
Senegal Ven, Vène

VÉSÁMBATA
Vésámbata
Family. Phyllanthaceae (Euphorbiaceae)
Botanical name
Oldfieldia africana Benth. & Hook. f.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Notes. Sapwood pale red. Heartwood red-brown with frequent
Flat sawn
purplish tinge.
Density(1) 0.91
(1)

fresh water contact
Wood species 903

VÉSÁMBATA
treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Oldfieldia africana

VÉSÁMBATA

Fire safety
Main end uses
• Arched goods • Decking
• Turned goods • Bridges (parts in contact with water or
or ground)
• Flooring
• Sleepers
Notes. To be used more widely due to very good technological properties.
Common names
Country Local name
Congo Vésámbata
Côte d’Ivoire Dantoué
Liberia Kpaoli, Pauli
Sierra Leone Kpaoli, Pauli, Turtosa
Wood species 905

VIROLA / DALLI*
Virola / Dalli*
Botanical names
Otoba p.p. (Syn. Dialyanthera p.p.)
Virola michelii Heckel
Virola multicostata Ducke
Virola surinamensis Warb.
Virola p.p.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Notes. Logs must be sawn, stored under water or treated as
soon as possible after felling (very low durability).
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.52
(1)

all the wood)

VIROLA / DALLI*

Treatability. Class 1-2 - moderately treatable to treatable.
treatment
Drying
Notes. Kiln drying must be handled carefully and slowly in order to reduce defects,
especially with thick material.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Virola surinamensis
Wood species 907

VIROLA / DALLI*
In French Guiana, the local name of this species is “Yayamadou”. Grading is done according
According to French standard NF B 52-001-1 (2015), strength class C27 can be provided by
visual grading for Virola in French Guiana (Yayamadou).
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Cigar boxes • Built-in furniture or mobile item
Notes. Substitute for Okoumé and Ilomba in plywood industry.
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Ucuuba, Virola
Colombia Nuanamo, Sebo
Ecuador Chaliviande, Shempo
Guyana Dalli
French Guiana Moulomba, Yayamadou, Yayamadou marécage, Yayamadou montagne
Honduras Banak
Peru Cumala
United Kingdom Dalli
Suriname Baboen, Pintri
Trinidad and Tobago Cajuea
Venezuela Camaticaro, Cuajo, Otivo, Sangrino, Virola

WACAPOU
Wacapou
Botanical names
Vouacapoua americana Aubl.
Vouacapoua macropetala Sandwith
Vouacapoua pallidior Ducke
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Flat sawn
Grain. Straight
Notes. Wood dark brown, with thin light brown lines, which Quarter sawn
produce an attractive aspect. Presence of internal stresses.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.92
(1)

Wood species 909

WACAPOU
due to its high specific gravity and its repulsive extract content. According to the European
which it is used.
treatment
treatment
Drying
Notes. Sawing and machining requires powerful equipment. Veneers quite brittle.
Assembling
Cross sections of Vouacapoua americana

WACAPOU
Commercial grading
grading
rules (2015)
Common 1, Common 2,
Common 3
names of this species are
“Wacapou” and “Wacap”.
Grading is done according
to to local rules «Bois
Saramaca bench (French Guiana).
Fire safety
Conventional French
grading
Main end uses
or ground)
• Stairs (inside)
• Poles
• Panelling
• Marquetry
• Sleepers
• Flooring
Notes. Due to its attractive appearance and low availability in forests, this wood should be
used for decorative end-uses or in small quantities.
Common names
Country Local name
Brazil Acapu, Ritangueira
United States Partridgewood
Guyana Sara, Sarabebeballi, Tatbu
French Guiana Bois perdrix, Bounaati, Épi de blé, Wacapou
United Kingdom Tatbu
Suriname Bruinhart, Wakapoe
Wood species 911

WALLABA
Wallaba
Botanical names
Eperua falcata Aubl.
Eperua jenmanii Oliv.
Eperua rubiginosa Miq.
Eperua p.p.
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Flat sawn
Grain. Straight
Notes. Wood red brown to dark brown with lighter veins.
Quarter sawn Very pronounced internal stresses. Presence of resin veins.
Unpleasant odour when green.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.88
(1)


WALLABA
Notes. This species is listed in the NF EN 350 standard. Natural durability classes and use
class mentioned are those of Eperua falcata. Eperua grandiflora and Eperua rubiginosa have a
poorer durability. According to the European standard NF EN 335 of May 2013, performance
length might be modified by conditions in which it is used. This species naturally covers the
water) due to its high density.
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. A period of air drying prior to kiln drying is recommended to reduce defects.
Notes. Sawing and machining requires powerful equipment. Resin may clog saw teeth of
saws and cutters. Resin exudations are no more problematic on dry wood. Internal stresses
released limits yield with sawing.
Assembling
Cross sections of Eperua rubiginosa
Wood species 913

WALLABA
Commercial grading
grading
rules (2015)
Common 1, Common 2,
Common 3
name of this species is “Wapa”.
Grading is done according
to local rules «Bois guyanais
classés” (1990).
Visual structure grading Shingling – by Woods Direct International, LLC (Jamaica).

grading.
Fire safety
Main end uses
• Shingles ground)
• Built-in furniture or mobile item • Poles
• House framing • Exterior panelling
• Stakes • Hydraulic works (fresh water)
• Decking • Sleepers
Notes. Careful sanding and filling are recommended.
Common names
Country Local name
Argentina Timbo-y-alta
Brazil Apa, Apazeiro, Copahyba, Copaibarana, Espadeira
Guyana Ituri wallaba, Wallaba
French Guiana Bioudou, Wapa
Panama Cabino blanco, Camiba
Suriname Bijlhout, Walaba
Venezuela Palo machete, Uapa

WALNUT
Walnut
Family. Juglandaceae
Botanical name
Juglans regia L.
Continent. Europe
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Medium
Grain. Straight
Notes. Sometimes brown more or less yellow or pinkish brown, Flat sawn
sometimes greyish, often with darker veins.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.66
(1)

Wood species 915

WALNUT
Drying
Assembling
Commercial grading
No conventional grading rules for this species. Sawn products are graded according to final
uses.
Fire safety
Cross sections of Juglans regia

WALNUT
Main end uses

• Turned goods
• Sliced veneer
• Sculpture
• Marquetry
Notes. Walnut is characterised by a
good dimensional stability and a great
transverse cohesion. It is very sought
after for the fabrication of top-range
hunting rifle butts. It has a good aptitude
for bending.
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Nussbaum, Walnuss
Spain Nogal
France Noyer
Italy Noce commune
United Kingdom European walnut, Walnut
Double sideboard, Paris region – 16th century, Manoir

de la Possonnière (birthplace of Pierre de Ronsard),
Couture-sur-Loir (France).
Wood species 917

WAMARA
Wamara
Botanical names
Bocoa prouacensis Aubl. (Syn. Swartzia prouacensis)
Log description
Wood description
Reference colour. Dark brown to black
Texture. Fine
Notes. Sapwood yellowish. Heartwood dark brown or grey-
Flat sawn
black, often with narrow lighter veins on tangential face.
Density(1) 1.22
(1)

fresh water contact

WAMARA
treatment
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Low sawing recovery due to small diameter logs. Good for turning.
Assembling
Notes. Very high specific gravity and high extractive content: important that gluing be
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Bocoa prouacensis
Wood species 919

WAMARA
Fire safety
Conventional French
grading
(readily flammable)
Default grading for
uses and ceilings with
minimal mean density of
0.35 and minimal thickness Wamara cladding on a private home – Durable Wood Products,
of 22 mm. Georgetown (Guyana).
Main end uses

• Turned goods
• Flooring
• Sliced veneer
• Sculpture
• Marquetry
Notes. Precious wood for top market applications, like Ebony.
Common names
Country Local name
Guyana Wamara, Womara
French Guiana Boco
Suriname Zwart parelhout

WAMBA
Wamba
Botanical names
Tessmannia africana Harms.
Tessmannia anomala Harms
Tessmannia lescrauwaetii Harms
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Fine
Notes. Sapwood pale yellow or pink-grey. Heartwood pink,

red-brown or dark brown, with stripes.
Half-quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.87
(1)

fresh water contact
Wood species 921

WAMBA
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Logs must be extracted and sawn as soon as possible after felling to limit the risks of
splits and distortions.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Tessmannia africana

WAMBA

Fire safety
Main end uses
• Shipbuilding ground)
• Stairs (inside) • Exterior panelling
• Exterior joinery • Hydraulic works (fresh water)
• Industrial or heavy flooring • Hydraulic works (seawater)
• Decking
Notes. Resin exudations: to be taken into account when finishing.
Common names
Country Local name
Gabon N’kagha, N’kara
Democratic Republic of Congo Waka, Wamba
Wood species 923

WENGÉ
Wengé
Botanical names
Millettia laurentii De Wild.
Millettia stuhlmannii Taub.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Grain. Straight
Flat sawn Interlocked grain. Absent
Notes. Sometimes brittleheart and grub hole. Wood yellow
when fresh, becoming dark brown to black brown with light.
Half-quarter sawn Presence of alternate light and dark stripes.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.87
(1)
Notes. Hard to very hard.

WENGÉ
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. In general, little risk of distortion, except with thick material.
Notes. Sawing and machining requires powerful equipment. Polishing is difficult. Apply a
finishing wax by preference.
Assembling
Notes. Risk of splitting when nailing. High specific gravity and wood tends to stain: gluing
must be performed in compliance with the code of practice.
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Millettia laurentii
Wood species 925

WENGÉ

Fire safety
flammable)
flammable)
of 22 mm.
Main end uses
• Turned goods
• Panelling
• Built-in furniture or mobile item Parquet flooring of an exhibition gallery
at Parc de la Villette – Paris (France).
• Flooring
• Sliced veneer
• Sculpture
Common names
Country Local name
Germany Panga-panga, Wenge
Cameroon Awoung
Congo Wengé
France Panga-panga, Wengé
Gabon Awong
Mozambique Jambiré
Democratic Republic of Congo Wengé
United Kingdom Panga-panga, Wengé
Tanzania Mpande

YEMANE
Yemane
Family. Lamiaceae (Verbenaceae)
Botanical name
Gmelina arborea Roxb.
Notes. Also called Gmelina, used for reforestation outside its
native area. This species is used very widely in plantations in
Africa.
Log description
Buoyancy. Floats
Wood description
Quarter sawn
Notes. Wood light yellow to light brown with reddish or
brownish veins. Oily to the touch. Presence of knots of variable
sizes.
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.49
(1)
Notes. Properties of plantation timbers and timbers from
natural forests are often similar, provided that planted trees have
reached sufficient maturity.
Wood species 927

YEMANE
Notes. Wood poorly to moderately resistant to rot.
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Gmelina arborea

YEMANE
Fire safety
Main end uses
Common names
Country Local name
Bangladesh Gamar, Gamari, Gomari, Gumbar
France Gmelina
India Gamari, Gambhar, Gomari, Gumari, Gumbar, Gumhar, Gumhu, Khabhari, Sewan
Laos Mai so
Myanmar Mai Saw, Yemane
Nepal Gamari
Thailand Gumari, Saw, So, Sor, So-maeo
Wood species 929

ZINGANA / ZEBRANO*
Zingana / Zebrano*
Botanical names
Microberlinia bisulcata A. Chev.
Microberlinia brazzavillensis A. Chev.
Continent. Africa
Log description
Wood description
Texture. Coarse
Flat sawn
Notes. Wood yellow brown to light brown, with dark brown
veins. Sometimes highly interlocked grain.
Quarter sawn
Property Mean value
Density(1) 0.79
(1)


ZINGANA / ZEBRANO*
treatment
Drying
Drying rate. Slow
Notes. Risk of tearing in the presence of highly interlocked grain.
Assembling
Commercial grading
Cross sections of Microberlinia bisulcata
Wood species 931

ZINGANA / ZEBRANO*
Fire safety
flammable)
flammable)
of 22 mm.
Main end uses
• Turned goods
• Panelling
• House framing
• Sliced veneer
• Marquetry
Common names
Country Local name Indoor restaurant décor – by Brenco Exotic Woods
Germany Zebrano (United States).
Cameroon Allen élé, Amouk
Gabon Zingana / Zebrano
United Kingdom Zebrano, Zebrawood

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Standards
Afnor, 2016. FprEN 350:2016. Durability of wood and wood-based products. Testing and clas-
sification of the durability to biological agents of wood and wood-based materials. Revision
of standard NF EN 350-2 underway, 57 p.
Afnor, 1985. NF B 51-013 (September 1985). Wood – Determination of Monnin hardness,
10 p.
Afnor, 1994. NF EN 460 (July 1994). Durability of wood and wood-based products. Natural
durability of solid wood. Guide of the durability requirements for wood to be used in hazard
classes, 9 p.
Afnor, 1999. NF EN 1611-1 (October 1999). Sawn timber – Appearance grading of softwoods.
Part 1: European spruces, firs, pines and Douglas firs, 8 p.
Afnor, 2003. NF EN 1611-1/A1 (March 2003). Sawn timber – Appearance grading of softwoods.
Part 1: European spruces, firs, pines, Douglas fir and larches, 3 p.
Afnor, 2004. NF EN 975-2 (November 2004). Sawn timber – Appearance grading of hardwoods.
Part 2: Poplar, 8 p.
Afnor, 2009. NF EN 975-1 (April 2009). Sawn timber – Appearance grading of hardwoods.
Part 1: Oak and Beech, 37 p.
Afnor, 2010. NF EN 14918 (March 2010). Solid biofuels – Determination of calorific value,
53 p.
Afnor, 2012. NF EN 1912 (June 2012). Structural timber – Strength classes –Assignment of
visual grades and species, 19 p.
Afnor, 2013. NF EN 335 (May 2013). Durability of wood and wood-based products – Use
classes: definitions, application to solid wood and wood-based products, 15 p.
Afnor, 2013. NF B53-801 (August 2013). Wood – Appearance grading of sawn sweet chestnut
: boules, selected unedged timbers, strips and square-edged timbers, 11 p.
Afnor, 2014. NF EN 23-305 (December 2014). Wooden joinery – Technical specifications for
wooden windows, French windows, external doors and frame sets. 119 p.
Afnor, 2015. NF EN ISO 22007-2 (October 2015). Plastics – Determination of thermal conduc-
tivity and thermal diffusivity. Part 2: transient plane heat source (hot disc), 23 p.
Afnor, 2011. NF B52-001-1 (August 2011). Regulations governing the use of timber in struc-
ture – Visual classification for the use of French softwoods and hardwoods. Part 1: solid
wood, 26 p.
Afnor, 2013. NF B52-001-1/A1 (April 2013). Regulations governing the use of timber in struc-
wood, 9 p.
Afnor, 2015. NF B52-001-1/A2 (February 2015). Regulations governing the use of timber in
structure – Visual classification for the use of French softwoods and hardwoods. Part 1: solid
wood, 6 p.
Afnor, 2016. NF B52-001-1/A3 (June 2016). Regulations governing the use of timber in struc-
wood, 9 p.
Afnor, 2016. NF EN 14081-1 (April 2016). Timber structures – Strength graded structural timber
with rectangular cross section. Part 1: general requirements, 44 p.
Bibliography 937

Index of botanical names

Botanical name(s) Family Continent Pilot name /
Commercial name*
Abies alba Mill. Pinaceae Europe Spruce
Abies pectinata Gilib. (cf. Abies alba) Pinaceae Europe Spruce
Acacia mangium Willd. Leguminosae (Mimosaceae) Africa, Latin Acacia mangium
America, Asia,
Oceania
Acer pseudoplatanus L. Sapindaceae Europe Sycamore Maple
Adina cordifolia Hook. f. Rubiaceae Asia, Oceania Haldu
(cf. Haldina cordifolia)
Adina fagifolia Teijsm. & Binn. Rubiaceae Asia, Oceania Haldu
(cf. Adinauclea fagifolia)
Adina rubescens Hemsl. Rubiaceae Asia, Oceania Haldu
(cf. Pertusadina eurhyncha)
Adinauclea fagifolia Ridsdale Rubiaceae Asia, Oceania Haldu
Afrormosia elata Harms Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Africa Afrormosia
(cf. Pericopsis elata)
Afzelia africana Sm. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Doussié / Afzelia*
Afzelia bella Harms Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Doussié / Afzelia*
Afzelia bijuga A. Gray Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Asia, Océania (+ Merbau
(cf. Intsia bijuga) Madagascar)
Afzelia bipindensis Harms Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Doussié / Afzelia*
Afzelia cuanzensis Oliv. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Doussié / Afzelia*
(cf. A. quanzensis)
Afzelia pachyloba Harms Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Doussié / Afzelia*
Afzelia quanzensis Welw. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Doussié / Afzelia*
Agathis p.p. Araucariaceae Asia, Oceania Kauri
Albizia angolensis Welw. Leguminosae (Mimosaceae) Africa Iatandza
Albizia antunesiana Harms Leguminosae (Mimosaceae) Africa Iatandza
Albizia ferruginea Benth. Leguminosae (Mimosaceae) Africa Iatandza
Albizia p.p. Leguminosae (Mimosaceae) Africa Iatandza
Albizia versicolor Welw. Leguminosae (Mimosaceae) Africa Iatandza
Aldina heterophylla Benth. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Macucu de paca
Alexa grandiflora Ducke Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Melancieira
Alexa imperatricis Baill. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Melancieira
Alexa leiopetala Sandw. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Melancieira
Alexa wachenheimii Benoist Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Melancieira
Allantoma integrifolia S.A.Mori Lecythidaceae Latin America Jequitiba
Alstonia boonei De Wild. Apocynaceae Africa Émien / Alstonia*
Alstonia congensis Engl. Apocynaceae Africa Émien / Alstonia*
Alstonia gilletii De Wild. Apocynaceae Africa Émien / Alstonia*
(cf. A. congensis)
Alstonia p.p. Apocynaceae Asia, Oceania Pulai
Alstonia pneumatophora Baker Apocynaceae Asia, Oceania Pulai
Alstonia scholaris R. Br. Apocynaceae Asia, Oceania Pulai
Alstonia spatulata Blume Apocynaceae Asia, Oceania Pulai
Amburana cearensis A.C. Sm. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Cerejeira
Amphimas ferrugineus Pellegr. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Lati
Amphimas pterocarpoides Harms Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Lati
Andira coriacea Pulle Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Andira
Andira inermis DC. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Andira
Andira jamaicensis Urb. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Andira
(cf. A. inermis)
Appendix 939


Commercial name*
Andira p.p. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Andira
Andira parviflora Ducke Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Andira
Andira wachenheimi Benoist. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Andira
(cf. A. coriacea)
Androstachys johnsonii Prain Picrodendraceae Africa (including Mecrussé
(Euphorbiaceae) Madagascar)
Aniba canelilla (Kunth) Mez Lauraceae Latin America Preciosa
Aningeria altissima Aubrév. & Pellegr. Sapotaceae Africa Aniégré / Aningeria*
(cf. Pouteria altissima)
Aningeria p.p. (cf. Pouteria) Sapotaceae Africa Aniégré / Aningeria*
Aningeria robusta Aubrév. & Pellegr. Sapotaceae Africa Aniégré / Aningeria*
(cf. Pouteria pierrei)
Aningeria superba A. Chev. Sapotaceae Africa Aniégré / Aningeria*
(cf. Pouteria superba)
Anisoptera cochinchinensis Pierre Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Mersawa
(cf. A. costata)
Anisoptera costata Korth. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Mersawa
Anisoptera curtisii Dyer Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Mersawa
Anisoptera glabra Kurz Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Mersawa
Anisoptera laevis Ridl. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Mersawa
Anisoptera marginata Korth. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Mersawa
Anisoptera p.p. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Mersawa
Anisoptera scaphula Pierre Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Mersawa
Anisoptera thurifera Blume Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Mersawa
Anopyxis ealaensis Sprague Rhizophoraceae Africa Bodioa
(cf. A. klaineana)
Anopyxis klaineana Engl. Rhizophoraceae Africa Bodioa
Antiaris africana Engl. (cf. A. toxicaria) Moraceae Africa Ako / Antiaris*
Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. Moraceae Africa Ako / Antiaris*
Antiaris welwitschii Engl. Moraceae Africa Ako / Antiaris*
(cf. A. toxicaria)
Antrocaryon klaineanum Pierre Anacardiaceae Africa Onzabili
Antrocaryon micraster A. Chev. Anacardiaceae Africa Onzabili
Antrocaryon nannanii De Wild. Anacardiaceae Africa Onzabili
Antrocaryon p.p. Anacardiaceae Africa Onzabili
Aphanocalyx hedinii Wieringa Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Andoung
Aphanocalyx heitzii Wieringa Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Andoung
Apuleia leiocarpa J.F. Macbr. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Garapa
Apuleia molaris Spruce Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Garapa
(cf. A.leiocarpa)
Araucaria angustifolia O. Ktze. Araucariaceae Latin America Pinho Paraná
Artocarpus anisophyllus Miq. Moraceae Asia, Oceania Keledang
Artocarpus integer Merr. Moraceae Asia, Oceania Keledang
Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. Moraceae Asia, Oceania Keledang
Artocarpus lanceifolius Roxb. Moraceae Asia, Oceania Keledang
Artocarpus lowii King Moraceae Asia, Oceania Keledang
Artocarpus p.p. Moraceae Asia, Oceania Keledang
Artocarpus teysmannii Miq. Moraceae Asia, Oceania Keledang
Aspidosperma album Benoist Apocynaceae Latin America Araracanga
Aspidosperma desmanthum Apocynaceae Latin America Araracanga
Muell. Arg.
Aspidosperma p.p. Apocynaceae Latin America Araracanga
Astronium fraxinifolium Schott Anacardiaceae Latin America Muiracatiara


Commercial name*
Astronium gracile Engl. Anacardiaceae Latin America Muiracatiara
(cf. A. graveolens)
Astronium graveolens Jacq. Anacardiaceae Latin America Muiracatiara
Astronium lecointei Ducke Anacardiaceae Latin America Muiracatiara
Astronium p.p. Anacardiaceae Latin America Muiracatiara
Aucoumea klaineana Pierre Burseraceae Africa Okoumé / Gaboon*
Autranella congolensis A. Chev. Sapotaceae Africa Mukulungu
Bagassa guianensis Aubl. Moraceae Latin America Tatajuba
Bagassa tiliifolia Benoist. Moraceae Latin America Tatajuba
(cf. B. guianensis)
Baillonella toxisperma Pierre Sapotaceae Africa Moabi
Balanocarpus heimii King Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Chengal
(cf. Neobalanocarpus heimii)
Balfourodendron riedelianum Engl. Rutaceae Latin America Guatambù
Beilschmiedia congolana Robyns Lauraceae Africa Kanda brun
& R. Wilczek
Beilschmiedia corbisieri Robyns Lauraceae Africa Kanda brun
& R. Wilczek
Beilschmiedia gabonensis Benth. Lauraceae Africa Kanda rose
& Hook.
Beilschmiedia grandifolia Robyns Lauraceae Africa Kanda rose
& R. Wilczek
Beilschmiedia hutchinsonia Robyns Lauraceae Africa Kanda rose
& R. Wilczek
Beilschmiedia letouzeyi Robyns Lauraceae Africa Kanda brun
& R. Wilczek
Beilschmiedia mannii Benth. & Hook. Lauraceae Africa Kanda rose
Beilschmiedia oblongifolia Robyns Lauraceae Africa Kanda brun
& R. Wilczek
Beilschmiedia obscura A. Chev. Lauraceae Africa Kanda rose
Beilschmiedia p.p. Lauraceae Africa Kanda brun
Beilschmiedia p.p. Lauraceae Africa Kanda rose
Berlinia bifoliolata Harms Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Ékaba / Ekop*
(cf. Tetraberlinia bifoliolata)
Berlinia bracteosa Benth. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Ébiara / Berlinia*
Berlinia confusa Hoyle Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Ébiara / Berlinia*
Berlinia grandiflora Hutch. & Dalziel Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Ébiara / Berlinia*
Berlinia p.p. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Ébiara / Berlinia*
Berlinia seretii De Wild. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Alumbi
(cf. Julbernardia seretii)
Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K. Lecythidaceae Latin America Castanheiro
Bikinia coriacea Wieringa Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Andoung
Bikinia durandii Wieringa Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Andoung
Bikinia le-testui Wieringa Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Andoung
Bikinia p.p. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Andoung
Bikinia pellegrini Wieringa Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Andoung
Bobgunnia fistuloides J.H. Kirkbr. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Pao rosa / Dina*
& Wiersema
Bocoa prouacensis Aubl. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Wamara
Bombax brevicuspe Sprague Malvaceae (Bombacaceae) Africa Kondroti / East African
(cf. Rhodognaphalon brevicuspe) Bombax*
Bombax buonopozense P. Beauv. Malvaceae (Bombacaceae) Africa Kapokier
Bombax chevalieri Pellegr. Malvaceae (Bombacaceae) Africa Kondroti / East African
(cf. Rhodognaphalon brevicuspe) Bombax*
Appendix 941


Commercial name*
Bombax costatum Pellegr. & Vuillet Malvaceae (Bombacaceae) Africa Kapokier
Bombax flammeum Ulbr. Malvaceae (Bombacaceae) Africa Kapokier
(cf. B. buonopozense)
Bombax pentandrum L. Malvaceae (Bombacaceae) Africa Fuma / Fromager*
(cf. Ceiba pentandra)
Bombax pentandrum L. Malvaceae (Bombacaceae) Latin America Sumauma
(cf. Ceiba pentandra)
Bombax rhodognaphalon K. Malvaceae (Bombacaceae) Africa Kondroti / East African
Schum. (cf. Rhodognaphalon Bombax*
schumannianum)
Bowdichia guianensis Ducke Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Sucupira preta
(cf. Diplotropis purpurea)
Bowdichia nitida Benth. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Sucupira preta
Bowdichia p.p. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Sucupira preta
Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Sucupira preta
Brachylaena huillensis O. Hoffm. Asteraceae Africa Muhuhu
Brachylaena hutchinsii Hutch. Asteraceae Africa Muhuhu
(cf. B. huillensis)
Brachystegia cynometroides Harms Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Naga / Okwen*
Brachystegia eurycoma Harms Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Naga / Okwen*
Brachystegia laurentii Louis. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Bomanga / Ariella*
Brachystegia leonensis Burtt Davy Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Naga / Okwen*
& Hutch.
Brachystegia mildbraedii Harms Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Bomanga / Ariella*
Brachystegia nigerica Hoyle & A.P.D. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Naga / Okwen*
Jones
Brachystegia nzang Pellegr. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Bomanga / Ariella*
(cf. B. mildbraedii)
Brachystegia p.p. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Bomanga / Ariella*
Brachystegia p.p. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Naga / Okwen*
Brachystegia zenkeri Harms Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Bomanga / Ariella*
Brosimum lanciferum Ducke Moraceae Latin America Muirapiranga
(cf. B. rubescens)
Brosimum p.p. Moraceae Latin America Sandé
Brosimum paraense Huber Moraceae Latin America Muirapiranga
(cf. B. rubescens)
Brosimum potabile Ducke Moraceae Latin America Sandé
Brosimum rubescens Taub. Moraceae Latin America Muirapiranga
Brosimum utile Pitt. Moraceae Latin America Sandé
Buchenavia p.p. Combretaceae Latin America Tanimbuca / Yellow
Sanders*
Calophyllum brasiliense Camb. Calophyllaceae (Clusiaceae) Latin America Jacareúba
Calophyllum ferrugineum Ridl. Calophyllaceae (Clusiaceae) Asia, Oceania Bintangor
Calophyllum inophyllum L. Calophyllaceae (Clusiaceae) Asia, Oceania Bintangor
Calophyllum neo-ebudicum Calophyllaceae (Clusiaceae) Asia, Oceania Bintangor
Guillaum.
Calophyllum p.p. Calophyllaceae (Clusiaceae) Asia, Oceania Bintangor
Calophyllum papuanum Lauterb. Calophyllaceae (Clusiaceae) Asia, Oceania Bintangor
Calophyllum teysmannii Miq. Calophyllaceae (Clusiaceae) Asia, Oceania Bintangor
Calophyllum vitiense Turrill Calophyllaceae (Clusiaceae) Asia, Oceania Bintangor
Calycophyllum spruceanum Benth. Rubiaceae Latin America Pau mulato
Canarium euphyllum Kurz Burseraceae Asia, Oceania Kedondong
Canarium p.p. Burseraceae Asia, Oceania Kedondong


Commercial name*
Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. Burseraceae Africa Aiélé / African
Canarium*
Canarium strictum Roxb. Burseraceae Asia, Oceania Kedondong
Carapa guianensis Aubl. Meliaceae Latin America Andiroba
Carapa nicaraguensis C. DC. Meliaceae Latin America Andiroba
(cf. C. guianensis)
Carapa procera DC. Meliaceae Latin America Andiroba
Cariniana brasiliensis Casar. Lecythidaceae Latin America Jequitiba
(cf. C. legalis)
Cariniana estrellensis Kuntze Lecythidaceae Latin America Jequitiba
Cariniana legalis Kuntze Lecythidaceae Latin America Jequitiba
Cariniana p.p. Lecythidaceae Latin America Jequitiba
Cariniana pyriformis Miers Lecythidaceae Latin America Abarco
Caryocar glabrum Pers. Caryocaraceae Latin America Piquiarana
Caryocar nuciferum L. Caryocaraceae Latin America Piquia
Caryocar p.p. Caryocaraceae Latin America Piquia
Caryocar villosum Pers. Caryocaraceae Latin America Piquia
Castanea sativa Mill. Fagaceae Europe Chesnut
Cedrela angustifolia C. DC. Meliaceae Latin America Cedro
Cedrela fissilis Vell. Meliaceae Latin America Cedro
Cedrela mexicana M. Roem. Meliaceae Latin America Cedro
(cf. C. odorata)
Cedrela odorata L. Meliaceae Latin America Cedro
Cedrela toona Roxb. Meliaceae Asia, Oceania Suren
(cf. Toona cialata)
Cedrelinga cateniformis Ducke Leguminosae (Mimosaceae) Latin America Tornillo
Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Manetti Pinaceae Europe Cedar
ex Carrière
Ceiba pentandra Gaertn. Malvaceae (Bombacaceae) Africa Fuma / Fromager*
Ceiba pentandra Gaertn. Malvaceae (Bombacaceae) Latin America Sumauma
Ceiba samauma K. Schum. Malvaceae (Bombacaceae) Latin America Sumauma
Ceiba thonningii A. Chev. Malvaceae (Bombacaceae) Africa Fuma / Fromager*
(cf. C. pentandra)
Celtis adolfi-friderici Rendle Cannabaceae (Ulmaceae) Africa Diania
Celtis brieyi De Wild. Cannabaceae (Ulmaceae) Africa Diania
(cf. C. tessmanii)
Celtis gomphophylla Baker Cannabaceae (Ulmaceae) Africa Ohia
Celtis mildbraedii Engl. Cannabaceae (Ulmaceae) Africa Ohia
Celtis p.p. Cannabaceae (Ulmaceae) Africa Diania
Celtis p.p. Cannabaceae (Ulmaceae) Africa Ohia
Celtis soyauxii Engl. (cf. C. zenkeri) Cannabaceae (Ulmaceae) Africa Ohia
Celtis tessmannii Engl. Cannabaceae (Ulmaceae) Africa Diania
Celtis zenkeri Engl. Cannabaceae (Ulmaceae) Africa Ohia
Cerasus avium (L.) Moench Rosaceae Europe Cherry wood
Chlorocardium rodiei Rohwer, Lauraceae Latin America Greenheart
H.G. Richt. & van der Werff
Chlorophora excelsa Benth. & Hook. Moraceae Africa Iroko
(cf. Milicia excelsa)
Chlorophora regia A. Chev. Moraceae Africa Iroko
(cf. Milicia regia)
Chlorophora tinctoria Gaud. Moraceae Latin America Moral
(cf. Maclura tinctoria)
Chloroxylon swietenia A. DC. Rutaceae Asia, Oceania Satin, Ceylon
Appendix 943


Commercial name*
Chrysophyllum africanum Baker Sapotaceae Africa Longhi
Chrysophyllum giganteum A. Chev. Sapotaceae Africa Aniégré / Aningeria*
Chrysophyllum lacourtianum De Sapotaceae Africa Longhi
Wild.
Chrysophyllum lucentifolium Cronq. Sapotaceae Latin America Goiabao
Chrysophyllum p.p. Sapotaceae Africa Longhi
Chrysophyllum perpulchrum Mildbr. Sapotaceae Africa Longhi
Chrysophyllum subnudum Baker Sapotaceae Africa Longhi
Cistanthera papaverifera A. Chev. Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae) Africa Kotibé / Danta*
(cf. Nesogordonia papaverifera)
Clarisia racemosa Ruiz & Pav. Moraceae Latin America Guariúba
Cocos nucifera L. Arecaceae Africa, Latin Coconut wood
America, Asia,
Oceania
Coelocaryon botryoides Vermoesen Myristicaceae Africa Ékoune
Coelocaryon preussii Warb. Myristicaceae Africa Ékoune
Coelostegia griffithii Benth. Malvaceae (Bombacaceae) Asia, Oceania Durian
Coelostegia p.p. Malvaceae (Bombacaceae) Asia, Oceania Durian
Combretodendron africanum Exell Lecythidaceae Africa Essia
(cf. Petersianthus macrocarpus)
Copaifera duckei Dwyer Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Copaiba
Copaifera letestui Pellegr. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Ghéombi
(cf. Sindoropsis letestui)
Copaifera martii Hayne Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Copaiba
Copaifera mildbraedii Harms Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Étimoé
Copaifera multijuga Hayne Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Copaiba
Copaifera officinalis L. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Copaiba
Copaifera p.p. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Copaiba
Copaifera palustris Dewit Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Asia, Oceania Sepetir
(cf. Pseudosindora palustris)
Copaifera religiosa J. Léonard Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Anzèm / Nténé*
Copaifera reticulata Ducke Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Copaiba
Copaifera salikounda Heckel Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Étimoé
Cordia abyssinica R. Br. Boraginaceae Africa African Cordia* /
(cf. C.africana) Cordia d’Afrique
Cordia africana Lam. Boraginaceae Africa African Cordia* /
Cordia d’Afrique
Cordia goeldiana Huber Boraginaceae Latin America Freijo / Laurel blanco*
Cordia holstii Gürke (cf. C. africana) Boraginaceae Africa African Cordia* /
Cordia d’Afrique
Cordia millenii Baker Boraginaceae Africa African Cordia* /
Cordia d’Afrique
Cordia p.p. Boraginaceae Africa African Cordia* /
Cordia d’Afrique
Cordia p.p. Boraginaceae Latin America Freijo / Laurel blanco*
Cordia platythyrsa Baker Boraginaceae Africa African Cordia* /
Cordia d’Afrique
Cordia trichotoma Arrab. Boraginaceae Latin America Freijo / Laurel blanco*
Cotylelobium burckii Heim Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Resak
Cotylelobium lanceolatum Craib Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Resak
Cotylelobium melanoxylon Pierre Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Resak
Cotylelobium p.p. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Resak
Coula edulis Baill. Olacaceae Africa Coula


Commercial name*
Coumarouna odorata Aubl. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Cumaru / Tonka*
(cf. Dipteryx odorata)
Couratari fagifolia Eyma Lecythidaceae Latin America Tauari
(cf. C. multiflora)
Couratari guianensis Aubl. Lecythidaceae Latin America Tauari
Couratari macrosperma A.C. Sm. Lecythidaceae Latin America Tauari
Couratari multiflora Eyma Lecythidaceae Latin America Tauari
Couratari oblongifolia Ducke Lecythidaceae Latin America Tauari
Couratari p.p. Lecythidaceae Latin America Tauari
Couroupita guianensis Aubl. Lecythidaceae Latin America Couroupita
Couroupita p.p. Lecythidaceae Latin America Couroupita
Couroupita subsessilis Pilg. Lecythidaceae Latin America Couroupita
Cratoxylum arborescens Blume Hypericaeae Asia, Oceania Geronggang
Cratoxylum glaucum Korth. Hypericaeae Asia, Oceania Geronggang
Cratoxylum p.p. Hypericaeae Asia, Oceania Geronggang
Cryptomeria japonica D. Don Taxodiaceae Asia-Oceania, Cryptomeria* / Sugi
Réunion Island
Cylicodiscus gabunensis Harms Leguminosae (Mimosaceae) Africa Okan
Cynometra ananta Hutch. & Dalziel Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Nganga
Cynometra hankei Harms Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Nganga
Cynometra p.p. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Nganga
Dacryodes buettneri H.J. Lam Burseraceae Africa Ozigo
Dacryodes costata H.J. Lam Burseraceae Asia, Oceania Kedondong
Dacryodes excelsa Vahl Burseraceae Latin America Gommier
Dacryodes heterotricha H.J. Lam Burseraceae Africa Safukala
Dacryodes hexandra Griseb. Burseraceae Latin America Gommier
(cf. D. excelsa)
Dacryodes igaganga Aubrév. Burseraceae Africa Igaganga
& Pellegr.
Dacryodes normandii Aubrév. Burseraceae Africa Ossabel
& Pellegr.
Dacryodes occidentalis Cuatrec. Burseraceae Latin America Gommier
Dacryodes olivifera Cuatrec. Burseraceae Latin America Gommier
Dacryodes p.p. Burseraceae Latin America Gommier
Dacryodes peruviana H.J.Lam Burseraceae Latin America Gommier
Dacryodes pubescens H.J. Lam Burseraceae Africa Safukala
Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Asia, Oceania Rosewood,
Sonokeling
Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Africa Grenadillo
Dalbergia oliveri Gamb. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Asia, Oceania Rosewood, Tamalan
Dalbergia spruceana Benth. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Asia, Oceania Rosewood, Para
Daniellia klainei Pierre Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Faro / Ogea*
Daniellia ogea Rolfe Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Faro / Ogea*
Daniellia p.p. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Faro / Ogea*
Daniellia soyauxii Rolfe Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Faro / Ogea*
Daniellia thurifera Benn. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Faro / Ogea*
Desbordesia glaucescens V. T. Irvingiaceae Africa Alep
(cf. D. insignis)
Desbordesia insignis Pierre Irvingiaceae Africa Alep
Desbordesia pierreana V.T. Irvingiaceae Africa Alep
(cf. D. insignis)
Detarium macrocarpum Harms Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Mambodé
Detarium senegalense J.F. Gmel. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Mambodé
Appendix 945


Commercial name*
Dialium aubrevillei Pellegr. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Éyoum
Dialium bipindense Harms Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Éyoum
Dialium cochinchinensis Pierre Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Asia, Oceania Keranji
Dialium dinklagei Harms Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Éyoum
Dialium indum L. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Asia, Oceania Keranji
Dialium p.p. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Éyoum
Dialium p.p. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Asia, Oceania Keranji
Dialium pachyphyllum Harms Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Éyoum
Dialium platysepalum Baker Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Asia, Oceania Keranji
Dialyanthera p.p. (cf. Otoba p.p.) Myristicaceae Latin America Virola / Dalli*
Dicorynia guianensis Amsh. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Basralocus
Dicorynia paraensis Benth. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Basralocus
Didelotia africana Baill. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Gombé
Didelotia brevipaniculata J. Léonard Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Gombé
Didelotia idae Oldeman & Al. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Gombé
Didelotia letouzeyi Pellegr. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Gombé
Didelotia p.p. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Gombé
Didymopanax morototoni Decne. Araliaceae Latin America Morototo
& Planch. (cf. Schefflera morototoni)
Dillenia aurea Sm. Dilleniaceae Asia, Oceania Simpoh
Dillenia excelsa Gilg Dilleniaceae Asia, Oceania Simpoh
Dillenia eximia Miq. Dilleniaceae Asia, Oceania Simpoh
Dillenia grandifolia Wall. Dilleniaceae Asia, Oceania Simpoh
Dillenia indica L. Dilleniaceae Asia, Oceania Simpoh
Dillenia ovata Wall. Dilleniaceae Asia, Oceania Simpoh
Dillenia p.p. Dilleniaceae Asia, Oceania Simpoh
Dillenia papuana Martelli Dilleniaceae Asia, Oceania Simpoh
Dimorphandra hohenkerkii Sprague Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Aiéouéko / Dakama*
& Sandw. (cf. D. polyandra)
Dimorphandra p.p. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Aiéouéko / Dakama*
Dimorphandra polyandra Benoist Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Aiéouéko / Dakama*
Dinizia excelsa Ducke Leguminosae (Mimosaceae) Latin America Angelim vermelho
Diospyros celebica Bakh. Ebenaceae Asia, Oceania Asian Grained Ebony*
/ Ébène veinée d’Asie
Diospyros crassiflora Hiern Ebenaceae Africa African Ebony* /
Ébène d’Afrique
Diospyros ebenum Koen. Ebenaceae Asia, Oceania Asian Black Ebony* /
Ébène noire d’Asie
Diospyros ferrea Willd. (cf. D. vera) Ebenaceae Asia, Oceania Asian Black Ebony* /
Diospyros marmorata Roxb. Ebenaceae Asia, Oceania Asian Grained Ebony*
Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. Ebenaceae Asia, Oceania Asian Black Ebony* /
Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. Ebenaceae Africa African Ebony* /
Ébène d’Afrique
Diospyros mollis Griff. Ebenaceae Asia, Oceania Asian Black Ebony* /
Diospyros mun H. Lec. Ebenaceae Asia, Oceania Asian Black Ebony* /
Diospyros p.p. Ebenaceae Asia, Oceania Asian Black Ebony* /
Diospyros p.p. Ebenaceae Asia, Oceania Asian Grained Ebony*


Commercial name*
Diospyros p.p. Ebenaceae Africa African Ebony* /
Ébène d’Afrique
Diospyros rumphii Bakh. Ebenaceae Asia, Oceania Asian Grained Ebony*
Diospyros vera A. Chev. Ebenaceae Asia, Oceania Asian Black Ebony* /
Diospyros viridicans Hiern Ebenaceae Africa African Ebony* /
Ébène d’Afrique
Diplotropis guianensis Benth. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Sucupira preta
(cf. D. purpurea)
Diplotropis martiusii Benth. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Sucupira preta
Diplotropis p.p. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Sucupira preta
Diplotropis purpurea Amsh. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Sucupira preta
Dipterocarpus acutangulus Vesque Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Keruing
Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Keruing
Dipterocarpus appendiculatus Scheff. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Keruing
Dipterocarpus baudii Korth. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Keruing
Dipterocarpus borneensis Slooten Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Keruing
Dipterocarpus caudatus Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Keruing
Dipterocarpus costulatus Slooten Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Keruing
Dipterocarpus gracilis Blume Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Keruing
Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Blco. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Keruing
Dipterocarpus kerrii King Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Keruing
Dipterocarpus p.p. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Keruing
Dipterocarpus pilosus Roxb. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Keruing
(cf. D. gracilis)
Dipterocarpus verrucosus Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Keruing
Dipteryx alata Vogel Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Cumaru / Tonka*
Dipteryx micrantha Harms Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Cumaru / Tonka*
Dipteryx odorata Willd. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Cumaru / Tonka*
Dipteryx p.p. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Cumaru / Tonka*
Dipteryx polyphylla Huber Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Cumaru / Tonka*
Distemonanthus benthamianus Baill. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Movingui / Ayan*
Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Kapur
(cf. D. sumatrensis)
Dryobalanops beccarii Dyer Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Kapur
Dryobalanops fusca Slooten Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Kapur
Dryobalanops lanceolata Burck Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Kapur
Dryobalanops oblongifolia Dyer Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Kapur
Dryobalanops oocarpa Slooten Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Kapur
(cf. D. beccarii)
Dryobalanops p.p. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Kapur
Dryobalanops rappa Becc. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Kapur
Dryobalanops sumatrensis Kosterm. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Kapur
Duabanga grandiflora Walp. Lythraceae (Sonneratiaceae) Asia, Oceania Duabanga
Duabanga moluccana Blume Lythraceae (Sonneratiaceae) Asia, Oceania Duabanga
Durio p.p. Malvaceae (Bombacaceae) Asia, Oceania Durian
Durio zibethinus L. Malvaceae (Bombacaceae) Asia, Oceania Durian
Dyera costulata Hook. f. Apocynaceae Asia, Oceania Jelutong
Dyera p.p. Apocynaceae Asia, Oceania Jelutong
Dyera polyphylla Steenis Apocynaceae Asia, Oceania Jelutong
Endospermum diadenum Airy Shaw Euphorbiaceae Asia, Oceania Sesendok
Endospermum medullosum L.S. Sm. Euphorbiaceae Asia, Oceania Sesendok
Appendix 947


Commercial name*
Endospermum peltatum Merr. Euphorbiaceae Asia, Oceania Sesendok
Entandrophragma angolense C. DC. Meliaceae Africa Tiama / Gedu Nohor*
Entandrophragma candollei Harms Meliaceae Africa Kosipo
Entandrophragma congoense Meliaceae Africa Tiama / Gedu Nohor*
A. Chev.
Entandrophragma cylindricum Meliaceae Africa Sapelli / Sapele*
Sprague
Entandrophragma excelsum Meliaceae Africa Tiama / Gedu Nohor*
(Dawe & Sprague) Sprague
Entandrophragma utile Sprague Meliaceae Africa Sipo / Utile*
Enterolobium contortisiliquum Leguminosae (Mimosaceae) Latin America Tamboril
Morong
Enterolobium cyclocarpum Griseb. Leguminosae (Mimosaceae) Latin America Tamboril
Enterolobium maximum Ducke Leguminosae (Mimosaceae) Latin America Tamboril
Enterolobium schomburgkii Benth. Leguminosae (Mimosaceae) Latin America Batibatra
Eperua falcata Aubl. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Wallaba
Eperua jenmanii Oliv. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Wallaba
Eperua p.p. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Wallaba
Eperua rubiginosa Miq. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Wallaba
Eribroma oblongum Pierre Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae) Africa Éyong / White
Sterculia*
Erisma nitidum DC. Vochysiaceae Latin America Cambara
Erisma p.p. Vochysiaceae Latin America Cambara
Erisma uncinatum Warm. Vochysiaceae Latin America Cambara
Erismadelphus exsul Mildbr. Vochysiaceae Africa Angoa
Erythrophleum guineense G. Don Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Tali / Missanda*
Erythrophleum ivorense A. Chev. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Tali / Missanda*
Erythrophleum p.p. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Tali / Missanda*
Erythrophleum suaveolens Brenan Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Tali / Missanda*
Erythroxylum mannii Oliv. Erythroxylaceae Africa Landa
Eucalyptus delegatensis F. Muell. Myrtaceae Asia, Oceania Tasmanian Oak
Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell. Myrtaceae Asia, Oceania Karri
Eucalyptus gigantea Dehnh. Myrtaceae Asia, Oceania Tasmanian Oak
(cf. E. delegatensis)
Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill Myrtaceae Asia, Oceania Eucalyptus grandis
Eucalyptus marginata Donn Myrtaceae Asia, Oceania Jarrah
Eucalyptus obliqua L’Hér. Myrtaceae Asia, Oceania Tasmanian Oak
Eucalyptus p.p. Myrtaceae Asia, Oceania Tasmanian Oak
Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. Myrtaceae Asia, Oceania Tasmanian Oak
Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn. Lauraceae Asia, Oceania Billian
Euxylophora paraensis Huber Rutaceae Latin America Pau amarelo
Fagara heitzii Pellegr. Rutaceae Africa Olon
(cf. Zanthoxylum heitzii)
Fagus sylvatica L. Fagaceae Europe Beech
Fillaeopsis discophora Harms Leguminosae (Mimosaceae) Africa Nieuk
Fleroya ledermannii Y.F. Abura Rubiaceae Africa Abura
Fleroya rubrostipulata Y.F. Abura Rubiaceae Africa Abura
Fleroya stipulosa Y.F. Abura Rubiaceae Africa Abura
Fraxinus excelsior L. Oleaceae Europe Ash
Gambeya africana Pierre Sapotaceae Africa Longhi
(cf. Chrysophyllum africana)


Commercial name*
Gambeya lacourtiana Aubrév. Sapotaceae Africa Longhi
& Pellegr. (cf. Chrysophyllum
lacourtiana)
Gambeya p.p. (cf. Chrysophyllum) Sapotaceae Africa Longhi
Gambeya subnuda Pierre Sapotaceae Africa Longhi
(cf. Chrysophyllum subnuda)
Gambeyobotrys gigantea Aubrév. Sapotaceae Africa Aniégré / Aningeria*
(cf. Chrysophyllum giganteum)
Garuga p.p. Burseraceae Asia, Oceania Kedondong
Gilbertiodendron dewevrei J. Léonard Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Limbali
Gilbertiodendron p.p. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Limbali
Gilbertiodendron preussii J. Léonard Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Limbali
Gilbertiodendron splendidum J. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Limbali
Léonard
Gluta beccarii Ding Hou Anacardiaceae Asia, Oceania Rengas
Gluta malayana Ding Hou Anacardiaceae Asia, Oceania Rengas
Gluta p.p. Anacardiaceae Asia, Oceania Rengas
Gluta renghas L. Anacardiaceae Asia, Oceania Rengas
Gmelina arborea Roxb. Lamiaceae (Verbenaceae) Asia, Oceania Yemane
Gonystylus bancanus Kurz Thymeleaceae Asia, Oceania Ramin
Gonystylus macrophyllus Airy Shaw Thymeleaceae Asia, Oceania Ramin
Gonystylus maingayi Hook. f. Thymeleaceae Asia, Oceania Ramin
Gonystylus p.p. Thymeleaceae Asia, Oceania Ramin
Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Tola / Agba*
Harms (cf. Prioria balsamifera)
Goupia glabra Aubl. Goupiaceae Latin America Cupiuba / Kabukalli*
Guarea cedrata Pellegr. Meliaceae Africa Guarea, Scented* /
Bossé clair
Guarea laurentii De Wild. Meliaceae Africa Guarea, Scented* /
Bossé clair
Guarea p.p. Meliaceae Africa Guarea, Scented* /
Bossé clair
Guarea thompsonii Sprague Meliaceae Africa Guarea, Black* /
Bossé foncé
Guibourtia arnoldiana J. Léonard Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Mutényé
Guibourtia demeusei J. Léonard Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Bubinga
Guibourtia ehie J. Léonard Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Ovèngkol
Guibourtia pellegriniana J. Léonard Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Bubinga
Guibourtia tessmannii J. Léonard Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Bubinga
Haldina cordifolia Ridsdale Rubiaceae Asia, Oceania Haldu
Hallea ledermannii J.-F. Leroy Rubiaceae Africa Abura
(cf. Fleroya ledermannii)
Hallea rubrostipulata J.-F. Leroy Rubiaceae Africa Abura
(cf. Fleroya rubrostipulata)
Hallea stipulosa J.-F. Leroy Rubiaceae Africa Abura
(cf. Fleroya stipulosa)
Handroanthus heptaphylla A. Mattos Bignoniaceae Latin America Ipê
Handroanthus impetiginosa A. Mattos Bignoniaceae Latin America Ipê
Handroanthus p.p. Bignoniaceae Latin America Ipê
Handroanthus serratifolia S.O. Ipê Bignoniaceae Latin America Ipê
Haplormosia monophylla Harms Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Africa Idéwa
Heritiera densiflora Kosterm. Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae) Africa Niangon
Heritiera javanica Kosterm. Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae) Asia, Oceania Mengkulang
Appendix 949


Commercial name*
Heritiera p.p. Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae) Asia, Oceania Mengkulang
Heritiera p.p. Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae) Africa Niangon
Heritiera simplicifolia Kosterm. Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae) Asia, Oceania Mengkulang
Heritiera sumatrana Kosterm. Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae) Asia, Oceania Mengkulang
Heritiera utilis Kosterm. Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae) Africa Niangon
Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg. Euphorbiaceae Africa, Latin Hevea / Rubberwood*
America, Asia,
Oceania
Hexalobus crispiflorus A. Rich. Annonaceae Africa Owui
Holoptelea grandis Mildbr. Ulmaceae Africa Kékélé
Hopea apiculata Symington Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Merawan
Hopea dryobalanoides Miq. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Merawan
Hopea ferrea Laness. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Giam
Hopea forbesii Slooten Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Giam
Hopea griffithii Kurz Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Merawan
Hopea helferi Brandis Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Giam
Hopea lowii Dyer Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Merawan
Hopea mengarawan Miq. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Merawan
Hopea nervosa King Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Merawan
Hopea nutans Ridl. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Giam
Hopea odorata Roxb. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Merawan
Hopea p.p. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Giam
Hopea p.p. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Merawan
Hopea papuana Diels Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Merawan
Hopea pierrei Hance Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Merawan
Hopea sangal Korth. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Merawan
Hopea sulcata Symington Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Merawan
Hura crepitans L. Euphorbiaceae Latin America Açacu / Sandbox*
Hymenaea courbaril L. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Jatobá / Algarrobo*
Hymenaea davisii Sandw. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Jatobá / Algarrobo*
(cf. H. oblongifolia)
Hymenaea intermedia Ducke Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Jatobá / Algarrobo*
Hymenaea oblongifolia Huber Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Jatobá / Algarrobo*
Hymenaea p.p. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Jatobá / Algarrobo*
Hymenolobium elatum Ducke Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Angelim
Hymenolobium excelsum Ducke Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Angelim
Hymenolobium p.p. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Angelim
Hymenolobium petraeum Ducke Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Angelim
Inga alba Willd. Leguminosae (Mimosaceae) Latin America Inga
Inga p.p. Leguminosae (Mimosaceae) Latin America Inga
Inga pezizifera Benth. Leguminosae (Mimosaceae) Latin America Inga
Intsia amboinensis Thouars Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Asia, Océania (+ Merbau
(cf. I. bijuga) Madagascar)
Intsia backeri Prain Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Asia, Oceania Merbau
(cf. I. palembanica)
Intsia bijuga Kuntze Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Asia, Océania (+ Merbau
Madagascar)
Intsia cuanzensis Oliv. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Doussié / Afzelia*
(cf. Afzelia quanzensis)
Intsia p.p. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Asia, Oceania Merbau
Intsia palembanica Miq. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Asia, Oceania Merbau
Intsia retusa Kuntze (cf. I. bijuga) Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Asia, Océania (+ Merbau
Madagascar)


Commercial name*
Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte Irvingiaceae Africa Andok
ex O’Rorke) Baill.
Irvingia grandifolia (Engl.) Engl. Irvingiaceae Africa Olène
Jacaranda copaia D. Don Bignoniaceae Latin America Parapará
Juglans australis Griseb. Juglandaceae Latin America Nogal
Juglans boliviana Dode Juglandaceae Latin America Nogal
Juglans neotropica Diels Juglandaceae Latin America Nogal
Juglans p.p. Juglandaceae Latin America Nogal
Juglans regia L. Juglandaceae Europe Walnut
Julbernardia pellegriniana Troupin Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Awoura
Julbernardia seretii Troupin Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Alumbi
Khaya anthotheca C. DC. Meliaceae Africa African Mahogany* /
Acajou d’Afrique
Khaya grandifoliola C. DC. Meliaceae Africa African Mahogany* /
Acajou d’Afrique
Khaya ivorensis A. Chev. Meliaceae Africa African Mahogany* /
Acajou d’Afrique
Khaya klainei Pierre (cf. K. ivorensis) Meliaceae Africa African Mahogany* /
Acajou d’Afrique
Khaya senegalensis A. Juss. Meliaceae Africa Acajou Cailcédrat
Klainedoxa gabonensis Pierre Irvingiaceae Africa Éveuss
Klainedoxa trillesii Pierre Irvingiaceae Africa Éveuss
Koompassia malaccensis Maing. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Asia, Oceania Kempas
Lagerstroemia p.p. Lythraceae Asia, Oceania Bungur
Lannea welwitschii Engl. Anacardiaceae Africa Kumbi
Larix decidua Mill. Pinaceae Europe European Larch
Larix europaea Lam. & A.DC. Pinaceae Europe European Larch
(cf. Larix decidua)
Lecythis p.p. Lecythidaceae Latin America Sapucaia
Letestua durissima Lecomte Sapotaceae Africa Congotali
Lophira alata Banks Ochnaceae Africa Azobé / Ekki*
Lophira procera A. Chev. (cf. L. alata) Ochnaceae Africa Azobé / Ekki*
Lophopetalum javanum Turcz. Celastraceae Asia, Oceania Perupok
Lophopetalum multinervium Ridl. Celastraceae Asia, Oceania Perupok
Lophopetalum p.p. Celastraceae Asia, Oceania Perupok
Lophopetalum wightianum Arn. Celastraceae Asia, Oceania Perupok
Lovoa klaineana Pierre (cf. Lovoa Meliaceae Africa Dibétou
trichilioides)
Lovoa swynnertonii Baker Meliaceae Africa Dibétou
Lovoa trichilioides Harms Meliaceae Africa Dibétou
Maclura tinctoria D. Don Moraceae Latin America Moral
Macrolobium dewevrei De Wild. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Limbali
(cf. Gilbertiodendron dewevrei)
Madhuca betis J.F. Macbr. Sapotaceae Asia, Oceania Bitis
Madhuca burckiana H.J. Lam Sapotaceae Asia, Oceania Nyatoh
Madhuca malaccensis H.J. Lam Sapotaceae Asia, Oceania Nyatoh
Madhuca motleyana J.F. Macbr. Sapotaceae Asia, Oceania Nyatoh
Madhuca p.p. Sapotaceae Asia, Oceania Bitis
Madhuca p.p. Sapotaceae Asia, Oceania Nyatoh
Madhuca utilis H.J. Lam Sapotaceae Asia, Oceania Bitis
Maesopsis eminii Engl. Rhamnaceae Africa Musizi
Malacantha superba Vermoesen Sapotaceae Africa Aniégré / Aningeria*
(cf. Pouteria superba)
Appendix 951


Commercial name*
Mammea africana Sabine Calophyllaceae (Clusiaceae) Africa Oboto
Mangifera foetida Lour. Anacardiaceae Asia, Oceania Mango / Machang*
Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae Asia, Oceania Mango / Machang*
Mangifera laurina Blume Anacardiaceae Asia, Oceania Mango / Machang*
Mangifera p.p. Anacardiaceae Asia, Oceania Mango / Machang*
Manilkara bidentata A. Chev. Sapotaceae Latin America Maçaranduba /
Bulletwood*
Manilkara huberi Ducke Sapotaceae Latin America Maçaranduba /
Bulletwood*
Manilkara mabokeensis Aubrév. Sapotaceae Africa Monghinza
Manilkara obovata J.H. Hemsl. Sapotaceae Africa Monghinza
Manilkara p.p. Sapotaceae Latin America Maçaranduba /
Bulletwood*
Manilkara p.p. Sapotaceae Africa Monghinza
Mansonia altissima A. Chev. Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae) Africa Bété / Mansonia*
Maquira sclerophylla C.C. Muiratinga Moraceae Latin America Muiratinga
Marmaroxylon racemosum Record Leguminosae (Mimosaceae) Latin America Angelim rajado /
(cf. Zygia racemosa) Snakewood*
Melanorrhoea p.p. (cf. Gluta) Anacardiaceae Asia, Oceania Rengas
Mezilaurus itauba Taub. Lauraceae Latin America Itaúba
Mezilaurus lindaviana Schwacke Lauraceae Latin America Itaúba
& Mez
Mezilaurus navalium Taub. Lauraceae Latin America Itaúba
Mezilaurus p.p. Lauraceae Latin America Itaúba
Microberlinia bisulcata A. Chev. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Zingana / Zebrano*
Microberlinia brazzavillensis A. Chev. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Zingana / Zebrano*
Micropholis gardnerianum Pierre Sapotaceae Latin America Curupixa
Micropholis melinoniana Pierre Sapotaceae Latin America Curupixa
Micropholis p.p. Sapotaceae Latin America Curupixa
Micropholis venulosa Pierre Sapotaceae Latin America Curupixa
Milicia excelsa C.C. Muiratinga Moraceae Africa Iroko
Milicia regia C.C. Muiratinga Moraceae Africa Iroko
Millettia laurentii De Wild. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Africa Wengé
Millettia stuhlmannii Taub. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Africa Wengé
Mimusops congolensis De Wild. Sapotaceae Africa Mukulungu
(cf. Autranella congolensis)
Mimusops djave Engl. Sapotaceae Africa Moabi
(cf. Baillonella toxisperma)
Mimusops elengi L. Sapotaceae Asia, Oceania Bitis
Monopetalanthus coriacea Aubrév. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Andoung
(cf. Bikinia coriacea)
Monopetalanthus durandii F. Halle Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Andoung
& Normand (cf. Bikinia durandii)
Monopetalanthus hedinii Pellegr. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Andoung
(cf. Aphanocalyx hedinii)
Monopetalanthus heitzii Pellegr. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Andoung
(cf. Aphanocalyx heitzii)
Monopetalanthus le-testui Pellegr. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Andoung
(cf. Bikinia le-testui)
Monopetalanthus p.p. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Andoung
(cf. Bikinia p.p.)
Monopetalanthus pellegrini Pellegr. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Andoung
(cf. Bikinia pellegrini)
Mora excelsa Benth. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Mora


Commercial name*
Mora p.p. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Mora
Mora paraensis Ducke Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Mora
Moronobea coccinea Aubl. Clusiaceae Latin America Manniballi
Morus lactea Mildbr. Moraceae Africa Difou
(cf. M. mesozygia)
Morus mesozygia Stapf Moraceae Africa Difou
Myroxylon balsamum Harms Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Balsamo
Myroxylon peruiferum L. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Balsamo
Myroxylon toluiferum H.B.K. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Balsamo
(cf. M. balsamum)
Nauclea diderrichii Merr. Rubiaceae Africa Bilinga / Opepe*
Nauclea gilletii Merr. Rubiaceae Africa Bilinga / Opepe*
Nauclea trillesii Merr. Rubiaceae Africa Bilinga / Opepe*
(cf. N. diderrichii)
Nauclea xanthoxylon Aubrév. Rubiaceae Africa Bilinga / Opepe*
Nectandra elaiophora Barb. Rodr. Lauraceae Latin America Louro branco
(cf. Ocotea cymbarum)
Neesia p.p. Malvaceae (Bombacaceae) Asia, Oceania Durian
Neobalanocarpus heimii P.S. Ashton Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Chengal
Nesogordonia fouassieri Capuron Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae) Africa Kotibé / Danta*
Nesogordonia kabingaensis Capuron Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae) Africa Kotibé / Danta*
Nesogordonia leplaei Capuron Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae) Africa Kotibé / Danta*
Nesogordonia papaverifera Capuron Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae) Africa Kotibé / Danta*
Newtonia leucocarpa Gilbert Leguminosae (Mimosaceae) Africa Ossimiale
& Boutique
Newtonia suaveolens Brenan Leguminosae (Mimosaceae) Latin America Timborana
(cf. Pseudopiptadenia suaveolens)
Ochroma lagopus Sw. Malvaceae (Bombacaceae) Latin America Balsa
(cf. O. pyramidale)
Ochroma pyramidale Urb. Malvaceae (Bombacaceae) Latin America Balsa
Ocotea cymbarum Kunth Lauraceae Latin America Louro branco
Ocotea guianensis Aubl. Lauraceae Latin America Louro branco
Ocotea oblonga Mez Lauraceae Latin America Louro branco
Ocotea p.p. Lauraceae Latin America Louro branco
Ocotea porosa Barroso Lauraceae Latin America Imbuia
Ocotea rodiei Mez Lauraceae Latin America Greenheart
(cf. Chlorocardium rodiei)
Ocotea rubra Mez (cf. Sextonia rubra) Lauraceae Latin America Louro vermelho /
Determa*
Ocotea wachenheimii Benoist Lauraceae Latin America Louro branco
Oldfieldia africana Benth. & Hook. Phyllanthaceae Africa Vésámbata
(Euphorbiaceae)
Olmedioperebea sclerophylla Ducke Moraceae Latin America Muiratinga
(cf. Maquira sclerophylla)
Ongokea gore Engl. Olacaceae Africa Angueuk
Ormosia coccinea Jack Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Tento
Ormosia coutinhoi Ducke Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Tento
Ormosia excelsa Benth. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Tento
Ormosia p.p. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Tento
Ormosia paraensis Ducke Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Tento
Otoba p.p. Myristicaceae Latin America Virola / Dalli*
Oxystigma oxyphyllum J. Léonard Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Tchitola
Appendix 953


Commercial name*
Pachylobus buettneri Engl. Burseraceae Latin America Ozigo
(cf. Dacryodes buettneri)
Pachylobus pubescens Engl. Burseraceae Africa Safukala
(cf. Dacryodes pubescens)
Palaquium acuminatum Burck Sapotaceae Asia, Oceania Nyatoh
(cf. P. gutta)
Palaquium burkii H.J. Lam Sapotaceae Asia, Oceania Nyatoh
Palaquium gutta Burck Sapotaceae Asia, Oceania Nyatoh
Palaquium hexandrum Baill. Sapotaceae Asia, Oceania Nyatoh
Palaquium maingayi Engl. Sapotaceae Asia, Oceania Nyatoh
Palaquium obovatum Engl. Sapotaceae Asia, Oceania Nyatoh
Palaquium p.p. Sapotaceae Asia, Oceania Nyatoh
Palaquium rostratum Burck Sapotaceae Asia, Oceania Nyatoh
Palaquium xanthochymum Pierre Sapotaceae Asia, Oceania Nyatoh
Paraberlinia bifoliolata Pellegr. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Awoura
(cf. Julbernardia pellegriniana)
Parahancornia fasciculata Benoist Apocynaceae Latin America Dukali / Amapa*
Parashorea densiflora Slooten Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Gerutu
& Symington
Parashorea lucida Kurz Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Gerutu
Parashorea malaanonan Merr. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Seraya, White
Parashorea p.p. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Gerutu
Parashorea p.p. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Seraya, White
Parashorea smythiesii Wyatt-Smith Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Gerutu
Parashorea tomentella Meijer Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Seraya, White
Parinari excelsa Sabine Chrysobalanaceae Africa Sougué
Parinari holstii Engl. (cf. P. excelsa) Chrysobalanaceae Africa Sougué
Parinari p.p. Chrysobalanaceae Africa Sougué
Parinari tenuifolia A. Chev. Chrysobalanaceae Africa Sougué
(cf. P. excelsa)
Parkia multijuga Benth. Leguminosae (Mimosaceae) Latin America Faveira
Parkia nitida Miq. Leguminosae (Mimosaceae) Latin America Faveira
Parkia p.p. Leguminosae (Mimosaceae) Latin America Faveira
Payena acuminata Pierre Sapotaceae Asia, Oceania Nyatoh
Payena lanceolata Ridl. Sapotaceae Asia, Oceania Nyatoh
Payena leerii Kurz Sapotaceae Asia, Oceania Bitis
Payena maingayi C.B. Clarke Sapotaceae Asia, Oceania Nyatoh
Payena obscura Burck Sapotaceae Asia, Oceania Bitis
Payena p.p. Sapotaceae Asia, Oceania Bitis
Payena p.p. Sapotaceae Asia, Oceania Nyatoh
Peltogyne catingae Ducke Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Pau roxo /
Purpleheart*
Peltogyne confertiflora Benth. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Pau roxo /
Purpleheart*
Peltogyne lecointei Ducke Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Pau roxo /
Purpleheart*
Peltogyne maranhensis Huber Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Pau roxo /
Purpleheart*
Peltogyne p.p. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Pau roxo /
Purpleheart*
Peltogyne paniculata Benth. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Pau roxo /
Purpleheart*
Peltogyne porphyrocardia Benth. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Pau roxo /
Purpleheart*


Commercial name*
Peltogyne pubescens Benth. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Pau roxo /
Purpleheart*
Peltogyne venosa Benth. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Pau roxo /
Purpleheart*
Pentace burmanica Kurz Malvaceae (Tiliaceae) Asia, Oceania Melunak
Pentace p.p. Malvaceae (Tiliaceae) Asia, Oceania Melunak
Pentace triptera Mast. Malvaceae (Tiliaceae) Asia, Oceania Melunak
Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth. Leguminosae (Mimosaceae) Africa Mubala
Pentacme contorta Merr. & Rolfe Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Seraya, White
(cf. Shorea contorta)
Pericopsis elata Meeuwen Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Africa Afrormosia
Pertusadina eurhyncha Ridsdale Rubiaceae Asia, Oceania Haldu
Petersia africana Welw. Lecythidaceae Africa Essia
(cf. Petersianthus macrocarpus)
Petersianthus macrocarpus Liben Lecythidaceae Africa Essia
Phoebe porosa Mez Lauraceae Latin America Imbuia
(cf. Ocotea porosa)
Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. Pinaceae Europe Épicéa
Picea excelsa (Lamb.) Link Pinaceae Europe Spruce
(cf. P. abies)
Pinus caribaea Morelet Pinaceae Africa, Latin Caribbean Pine
America, Asia,
Oceania
Pinus kesiya Royle Pinaceae Africa, Latin Pinus kesiya* / Kesiya
America, Asia, Pine
Oceania
Pinus maritima Mill. Pinaceae Europe Maritime Pine
(cf. Pinus pinaster)
Pinus merkusii Jungh. & de Vriese Pinaceae Asia, Oceania Pinus merkusii* /
Merkusii Pine
Pinus patula Schiede Pinaceae Africa, Latin Pinus patula* / Patula
America, Asia, Pine
Oceania
Pinus pinaster Aiton Pinaceae Europe Maritime Pine
Pinus sylvestris L. Pinaceae Europe Scots Pine
Piptadenia africana Hook. f. Leguminosae (Mimosaceae) Africa Dabéma / Dahoma*
(cf. Piptadeniastrum africanum)
Piptadenia leucocarpa Harms Leguminosae (Mimosaceae) Africa Ossimiale
(cf. Newtonia leucocarpa)
Piptadeniastrum africanum Brenan Leguminosae (Mimosaceae) Africa Dabéma / Dahoma*
Platonia insignis Mart. Clusiaceae Latin America Bacuri
Platymiscium pinnatum Dugand Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Macacaúba
Platymiscium trinitatis Benth. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Macacaúba
Platymiscium ulei Harms Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Macacaúba
Poga oleosa Pierre Anisophylleaceae Africa Ovoga
Pometia pinnata J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. Sapindaceae Asia, Oceania Kasai
Pometia tomentosa Teijsm. & Binn. Sapindaceae Asia, Oceania Kasai
(cf. P. pinnata)
Populus p.p. Salicaceae Europe Poplar
Pouteria altissima Baehni Sapotaceae Africa Aniégré / Aningeria*
Pouteria p.p. Sapotaceae Africa Aniégré / Aningeria*
Pouteria pierrei Baehni Sapotaceae Africa Aniégré / Aningeria*
Pouteria superba L. Gaut. Sapotaceae Africa Aniégré / Aningeria*
Prioria balsamifera Breteler Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Tola / Agba*
Appendix 955


Commercial name*
Protium p.p. Burseraceae Asia, Oceania Kedondong
Protium p.p. Burseraceae Latin America Kurokaï / Breu*
Prunus avium L. (cf. Cerasus avium) Rosaceae Europe Cherry Wood
Pseudopiptadenia suaveolens J.W. Leguminosae (Mimosaceae) Latin America Timborana
Grimes
Pseudosindora palustris Symington Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Asia, Oceania Sepetir
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco Pinaceae Europe Douglas Fir
Pteleopsis hylodendron Mildbr. Combretaceae Africa Osanga
Pteleopsis myrtifolia Engl. Combretaceae Africa Osanga
Pterocarpus dalbergioides DC. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Asia, Oceania Padauk Amboina
Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Africa Vêne
Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Asia, Oceania Padauk Amboina
Pterocarpus osun Craib Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Africa African Padauk /
Padouk d’Afrique
Pterocarpus soyauxii Taub. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Africa African Padauk /
Padouk d’Afrique
Pterocarpus tinctorius Welw. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Africa African Padauk /
Padouk d’Afrique
Pterocarpus vidalianus Rolfe Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Asia, Oceania Padauk Amboina
(cf. P. indicus)
Pterygopodium oxyphyllum Harms Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Tchitola
(cf. Oxystigma oxyphyllum)
Pterygota bequaertii De Wild. Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae) Africa Koto
Pterygota macrocarpa K. Schum. Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae) Africa Koto
Pycnanthus angolensis Warb. Myristicaceae Africa Ilomba
Pycnanthus kombo Warb. Myristicaceae Africa Ilomba
(cf. P. angolensis)
Qualea albiflora Warm. Vochysiaceae Latin America Mandioqueira
(cf. Ruizterania albiflora)
Qualea coerulea Aubl. Vochysiaceae Latin America Mandioqueira
Qualea dinizii Ducke Vochysiaceae Latin America Mandioqueira
Qualea p.p. Vochysiaceae Latin America Mandioqueira
Qualea paraensis Ducke Vochysiaceae Latin America Mandioqueira
Qualea rosea Aubl. Vochysiaceae Latin America Mandioqueira
Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. Fagaceae Europe Oak
Quercus robur L. Fagaceae Europe Oak
Rhodognaphalon brevicuspe Roberty Malvaceae (Bombacaceae) Africa Kondroti / East African
Bombax*
Rhodognaphalon schumannianum Malvaceae (Bombacaceae) Africa Kondroti / East African
Robyns Bombax*
Ricinodendron africanum Muell. Arg. Euphorbiaceae Africa Essessang / Erimado*
(cf. R.heudelotii)
Ricinodendron heudelotii Pierre Euphorbiaceae Africa Essessang / Erimado*
Ricinodendron rautanenii Schinz Euphorbiaceae Africa Essessang / Erimado*
(cf. Schinziophyton rautanenii)
Robinia pseudoacacia L. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Europe Black Locust
Roupala brasiliensis Klotzsch Proteaceae Latin America Catucaém / Louro
faia*
Ruizterania albiflora Marc.-Berti Vochysiaceae Latin America Mandioqueira
Ruizterania p.p. Vochysiaceae Latin America Mandioqueira
Ruizterania retusa Marc.-Berti Vochysiaceae Latin America Mandioqueira
Sacoglottis gabonensis Urb. Humiriaceae Africa Ozouga
Sacoglottis p.p. Humiriaceae Latin America Uchy


Commercial name*
Santiria p.p. Burseraceae Asia, Oceania Kedondong
Sarcocephalus diderrichii De Wild. Rubiaceae Africa Bilinga / Opepe*
(cf. Nauclea diderrichii)
Sarcocephalus xanthoxylon A. Chev. Rubiaceae Africa Bilinga / Opepe*
(cf. Nauclea xanthoxylon)
Scaphium linearicarpum Pierre Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae) Asia, Oceania Kembang Semangkok
Scaphium macropodum Beumee Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae) Asia, Oceania Kembang Semangkok
Scaphium p.p. Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae) Asia, Oceania Kembang Semangkok
Scaphium scaphigerum G. Planch. Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae) Asia, Oceania Kembang Semangkok
Schefflera angustissima Frodin Araliaceae Latin America Morototo
Schefflera decaphylla Harms Araliaceae Latin America Morototo
Schefflera morototoni Maguire, Araliaceae Latin America Morototo
Steyerm. & Frodin
Schefflera paraensis Huber Araliaceae Latin America Morototo
(cf. S. decaphylla)
Schinziophyton rautanenii Sm. Euphorbiaceae Africa Essessang / Erimado*
Schizolobium amazonicum Ducke Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Pashaco / Paricá*
Schizolobium excelsum Vogel Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Pashaco / Paricá*
(cf. S. parahyba)
Schizolobium parahyba Blake Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Pashaco / Paricá*
Sclerolobium p.p. (cf. Tachigali) Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Tachi /Djedoe*
Scleronema micranthum Ducke Malvaceae (Bombacaceae) Latin America Cardeiro
Scottellia coriacea A. Chev. Achariaceae (Flacourtiaceae) Africa Akossika / Odoko*
(cf. S. klaineana)
Scottellia klaineana Pierre Achariaceae (Flacourtiaceae) Africa Akossika / Odoko*
Scyphocephalium mannii Warb. Myristicaceae Africa Ossoko
(cf. S. ochocoa)
Scyphocephalium ochocoa Warb. Myristicaceae Africa Ossoko
Sextonia rubra van der Werff Lauraceae Latin America Louro vermelho /
Determa*
Shorea acuminata Dyer Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Dark Red
Shorea acuminatissima Symington Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Yellow
Shorea agami Ashton Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, White
Shorea agsaboensis W.L. Stern Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Lauan, Red
Shorea albida Symington Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Alan / Alan-Batu*
Shorea almon Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Almon
Shorea argentifolia Symington Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Dark Red
Shorea assamica Dyer Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, White
Shorea balangeran Burck Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Balau, Red
Shorea blumutensis Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Yellow
Shorea bracteolata Dyer Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, White
Shorea collina Ridl. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Balau, Red
Shorea contorta S. Vidal Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Seraya, White
Shorea curtisii Dyer Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Dark Red
Shorea dasyphylla Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Light Red
Shorea dealbata Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, White
Shorea dolichocarpa Slooten Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Yellow
Shorea faguetiana Heim Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Yellow
Shorea faguetioides Ashton Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Yellow
Shorea farinosa C.E.C. Fischer Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, White
Shorea floribunda Kurz Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, White
(cf. S. roxburghii)
Shorea gibbosa Brandis Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Yellow
Appendix 957


Commercial name*
Shorea glauca King Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Balau, Yellow /
Bangkirai*
Shorea gratissima Dyer Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, White
Shorea guiso Blume Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Balau, Red
Shorea gysbertsiana Burck Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Light Red
Shorea hemsleyana King Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Dark Red
Shorea hentonyensis Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, White
Shorea hopeifolia Symington Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Yellow
Shorea hypochra Hance Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, White
Shorea inaequilateralis Symington Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Balau, Red
Shorea javanica Koord. & Valeton Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, White
Shorea johorensis Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Light Red
Shorea kalunti Merr. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Yellow
Shorea kunstleri King Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Balau, Red
Shorea laevis Ridl. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Balau, Yellow /
Bangkirai*
Shorea lamellata Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, White
Shorea lepidota Blume Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Light Red
Shorea leprosula Miq. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Light Red
Shorea leptoclados Symington Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Light Red
Shorea longisperma Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Yellow
Shorea macrantha Brandis Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Dark Red
Shorea macrophylla P.S. Ashton Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Light Red
Shorea macroptera Dyer Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Light Red
Shorea maxima Symington Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Yellow
Shorea maxwelliana King Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Balau, Yellow /
Bangkirai*
Shorea multiflora Symington Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Yellow
Shorea negrosensis Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Lauan, Red
Shorea ochracea Symington Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, White
Shorea ochrophloia Symington Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Balau, Red
Shorea ovalis Blume Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Light Red
Shorea ovata Dyer Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Dark Red
Shorea pachyphylla Ridl. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Dark Red
Shorea palembanica Miq. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Light Red
Shorea palosapis Merr. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Light Red
Shorea parvifolia Dyer Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Light Red
Shorea pauciflora King Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Dark Red
Shorea peltata Symington Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Yellow
Shorea plagata Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, White
Shorea platycarpa Heim. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Dark Red
Shorea platyclados Slooten Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Dark Red
Shorea polita S. Vidal Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, White
Shorea polysperma Merr. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Lauan, Red
Shorea quadrinervis Slooten Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Light Red
Shorea resina-nigra Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Yellow
Shorea resinosa Foxw. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, White
Shorea revoluta Ashton Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Light Red
Shorea roxburghii G. Don Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, White
Shorea sandakanensis Symington Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Light Red
Shorea sericeifolia Fischer & Hutch. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, White
Shorea singkawang Burck Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Dark Red


Commercial name*
Shorea smithiana Symington Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Light Red
Shorea squamata Dyer Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Light Red
Shorea subgen. Anthoshorea p.p. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, White
Shorea subgen. Eushorea p.p. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Balau, Yellow /
Bangkirai*
Shorea subgen. Pentacme p.p. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Seraya, White
Shorea subgen. Richetia p.p. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Yellow
Shorea subgen. Rubroshorea p.p. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Balau, Red
Shorea subgen. Rubroshorea p.p. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Lauan, Red
Shorea subgen. Rubroshorea p.p. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Dark Red
Shorea subgen. Rubroshorea p.p. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Light Red
Shorea superba Symington Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Balau, Yellow /
Bangkirai*
Shorea talura Roxb. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, White
Shorea teysmanniana Dyer Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Meranti, Light Red
Simarouba amara Aubl. Simaroubaceae Latin America Marupa
Simarouba glauca DC. Simaroubaceae Latin America Marupa
Sindora leiocarpa Baker Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Asia, Oceania Sepetir
Sindora p.p. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Asia, Oceania Sepetir
Sindora siamensis Teijsm. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Asia, Oceania Sepetir
Sindora sumatrana Miq. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Asia, Oceania Sepetir
Sindora velutina Baker Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Asia, Oceania Sepetir
Sindoropsis letestui J. Léonard Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Ghéombi
Staudtia gabonensis Warb. Myristicaceae Africa Niové
(cf. S. kamerunensis)
Staudtia kamerunensis Warb. Myristicaceae Africa Niové
Staudtia stipitata Warb. Myristicaceae Africa Niové
(cf. S. kamerunensis)
Sterculia oblonga Mast. Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae) Africa Éyong / White
(cf. Eribroma oblongum) Sterculia*
Sterculia p.p. Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae) Latin America Chicha
Sterculia pruriens K. Schum. Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae) Latin America Chicha
Sterculia rhinopetala K. Schum. Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae) Africa Lotofa / Brown
Sterculia*
Sterculia rugosa R. Br. Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae) Latin America Chicha
Sterculia speciosa K. Schum. Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae) Latin America Chicha
Swartzia fistuloides Harms Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Pao rosa / Dina*
(cf. Bobgunnia fistuloides)
Swartzia leiocalycina Benth. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Coraçao de negro* /
Panacoco
Swartzia p.p. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Coraçao de negro* /
Panacoco
Swartzia panacoco Cowan Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Coraçao de negro* /
Panacoco
Swartzia prouacensis Amsh. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Wamara
(cf. Bocoa prouacensis)
Swartzia tomentosa DC. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Coraçao de negro* /
Panacoco
Swietenia candollei Pitt. Meliaceae Latin America Mahogany
(S. macrophylla)
Swietenia humilis Zucc. Meliaceae Latin America Mahogany
Swietenia krukovii Gleason Meliaceae Latin America Mahogany
Swietenia macrophylla King Meliaceae Latin America Mahogany
Appendix 959


Commercial name*
Swietenia mahagoni Jacq. Meliaceae Latin America Mahogany
Swietenia tessmannii Harms Meliaceae Latin America Mahogany
(cf. S. macrophylla)
Swintonia floribunda Griff. Anacardiaceae Asia, Oceania Merpauh
Swintonia p.p. Anacardiaceae Asia, Oceania Merpauh
Swintonia penangiana King Anacardiaceae Asia, Oceania Merpauh
Swintonia pierrei Hance Anacardiaceae Asia, Oceania Merpauh
Swintonia schwenkii Teijsm. & Binn. Anacardiaceae Asia, Oceania Merpauh
Swintonia spicifera Hook. f. Anacardiaceae Asia, Oceania Merpauh
Symphonia globulifera L. Clusiaceae Latin America Manil / Manni
Syzygium p.p. Myrtaceae Asia, Oceania Kelat
Tabebuia heptaphylla Toledo Bignoniaceae Latin America Ipê
(cf. Handroanthus heptaphylla)
Tabebuia impetiginosa Standl. Bignoniaceae Latin America Ipê
(cf. Handroanthus impetiginosa)
Tabebuia p.p. (cf. Handroanthus) Bignoniaceae Latin America Ipê
Tabebuia serratifolia Nicholson Bignoniaceae Latin America Ipê
(cf. Handroanthus serratifolia)
Tachigali albiflora Zarucchi & Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Tachi /Djedoe*
Herend.
Tachigali chrysophylla Zarucchi Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Tachi /Djedoe*
& Herend.
Tachigali myrmecophylla Ducke Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Tachi /Djedoe*
Tachigali p.p. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Tachi /Djedoe*
Tachigali paniculata Aubl. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Tachi /Djedoe*
Tarrietia densiflora Aubrév. & Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae) Africa Niangon
Normand (cf. Heritiera densiflora)
Tarrietia javanica Blume Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae) Asia, Oceania Mengkulang
(cf. Heritiera javanica)
Tarrietia p.p. (cf. Heritiera) Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae) Asia, Oceania Mengkulang
Tarrietia p.p. (cf. Heritiera) Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae) Africa Niangon
Tarrietia simplicifolia Mast. Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae) Asia, Oceania Mengkulang
(cf. Heritiera simplicifolia)
Tarrietia sumatrana Miq. Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae) Asia, Oceania Mengkulang
(cf. Heritiera sumatrana)
Tarrietia utilis Sprague Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae) Africa Niangon
(cf. Heritiera utilis)
Tectona grandis L. f. Lamiaceae (Verbenaceae) Africa, Latin Teak
America, Asia,
Oceania
Terminalia amazonia Exell Combretaceae Latin America Tanimbuca / Yellow
Sanders*
Terminalia guyanensis Eichl. Combretaceae Latin America Tanimbuca / Yellow
Sanders*
Terminalia ivorensis A. Chev. Combretaceae Africa Framiré / Idigbo*
Terminalia oblonga Steud. Combretaceae Latin America Tanimbuca / Yellow
Sanders*
Terminalia p.p. Combretaceae Latin America Tanimbuca / Yellow
Sanders*
Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels Combretaceae Africa Limba /Afara*
Tessmannia africana Harms Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Wamba
Tessmannia anomala Harms Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Wamba
Tessmannia lescrauwaetii Harms Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Wamba
Testulea gabonensis Pellegr. Ochnaceae Africa Izombé


Commercial name*
Tetraberlinia bifoliolata Hauman Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Ékaba / Ekop*
Tetraberlinia longiracemosa Wieringa Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Ékaba / Ekop*
Tetraberlinia p.p. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Ékaba / Ekop*
Tetraberlinia tubmaniana J. Léonard Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Africa Ékaba / Ekop*
Tetragastris altissima Swart Burseraceae Latin America Amesclào
Tetragastris p.p. Burseraceae Latin America Amesclào
Tetragastris panamensis Kuntze Burseraceae Latin America Amesclào
Tetramerista glabra Miq. Tetrameristaceae Asia, Oceania Punah
Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don Cupressaceae Europe Red Cedar
Tieghemella africana Pierre Sapotaceae Africa Douka
Tieghemella heckelii Pierre Sapotaceae Africa Makoré
Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe Meliaceae Asia, Oceania Suren
Toona ciliata M. Roem. Meliaceae Asia, Oceania Suren
Toona febrifuga M. Roem. Meliaceae Asia, Oceania Suren
(cf. T. sureni)
Toona sureni Merr. Meliaceae Asia, Oceania Suren
Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum. Malvaceae (Sterculiaceae) Africa Ayous / Obeche*
Turraeanthus africana Pellegr. Meliaceae Africa Avodiré
Vatairea guianensis Aubl. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Fava amargosa
Vatairea p.p. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Fava amargosa
Vatairea paraensis Ducke Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Fava amargosa
Vataireopsis speciosa Ducke Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Fava amargosa
Vataireopsis surinamensis Lima Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Latin America Fava amargosa
Vatica maingayi Dyer Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Resak
Vatica mangachapoi Blco. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Resak
Vatica p.p. Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Resak
Vatica rassak Blume Dipterocarpaceae Asia, Oceania Resak
Virola michelii Heckel Myristicaceae Latin America Virola / Dalli*
Virola multicostata Ducke Myristicaceae Latin America Virola / Dalli*
Virola p.p. Myristicaceae Latin America Virola / Dalli*
Virola surinamensis Warb. Myristicaceae Latin America Virola / Dalli*
Vochysia braceliniae Standl. Vochysiaceae Latin America Quaruba
Vochysia guatemalensis Donn. Sm. Vochysiaceae Latin America Quaruba
Vochysia guianensis Aubl. Vochysiaceae Latin America Quaruba
Vochysia hondurensis Sprague Vochysiaceae Latin America Quaruba
(cf. V. guatemalensis)
Vochysia maxima Ducke Vochysiaceae Latin America Quaruba
Vochysia p.p. Vochysiaceae Latin America Quaruba
Vochysia tetraphylla DC. Vochysiaceae Latin America Quaruba
Vochysia tomentosa DC. Vochysiaceae Latin America Quaruba
Vouacapoua americana Aubl. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Wacapou
Vouacapoua macropetala Sandw. Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Wacapou
Vouacapoua pallidior Ducke Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) Latin America Wacapou
Xylia dolabriformis Benth. Leguminosae (Mimosaceae) Asia, Oceania Pyinkado
(cf. X. xylocarpa)
Xylia kerrii Craib & Hutch. Leguminosae (Mimosaceae) Asia, Oceania Pyinkado
(cf. X. xylocarpa)
Xylia xylocarpa Taub. Leguminosae (Mimosaceae) Asia, Oceania Pyinkado
Zanthoxylum heitzii P.G. Waterman Rutaceae Africa Olon
Zygia racemosa Barneby Leguminosae (Mimosaceae) Latin America Angelim rajado /
& J.W. Grimes Snakewood*
Appendix 961

Common names / Pilot names

Common names Pilot name Common names Pilot name
(/commercial name) (/commercial name)
Abachi Ayous Acajou cailcédrat Acajou Cailcédrat
Abacu Makoré Acajou d’Amérique Mahogany
Abale Émien Acapro Ipê
Abale Essia Acapu Wacapou
Abalé Essia Acapurana Andira
Abam Longhi Aceite Copaiba
Abang Iroko Aceite cachicamo Jacareúba
Abarco Abarco Aceite mario Jacareúba
Abe Aiélé / African Canarium* Acero bianco Great Maple
Abeba Tiama / Gedu Nohor* Achapo Tornillo
Abebay Sipo / Utile* Achicha Chicha
Abel Aiélé / African Canarium* Acuminata Tiama / Gedu Nohor*
Abem Ébiara / Berlinia* Acurubu Pashaco / Paricá*
Abete Fir Adadua Okan
Abete comun Fir Aderno-preto Muiracatiara
Abete rosso Spruce Adina Haldu
Abeubègne Tiama / Gedu Nohor* Adjap Moabi
Abeubêgne Tiama / Gedu Nohor* Adjolohutin Fuma / Fromager*
Abeul Aiélé / African Canarium* Adoum Okan
Abeum Limbali Adza Moabi
Abgo Acajou Cailcédrat Adzacon-aboga Monghinza
Abin Essia Aek Balau, Yellow / Bangkirai*
Abing Essia Afambéou Éyoum
Abiu casca Goiabao Afara Limba /Afara*
Abiurana Curupixa Afatin Émien / Alstonia*
Abiurana Goiabao Afo Ovoga
Abiurana amarela Goiabao Afoé bilobi Angoa
Abiurana goiaba Goiabao African cordia African Cordia* / Cordia
d’Afrique
Abokpo African Ebony* / Ébène
d’Afrique African ebony African Ebony* / Ébène
d’Afrique
Aboonkini Inga
African greenheart Okan
Aboranzork Mambodé
Acajou d’Afrique African Mahogany* /
Aborbora Kotibé / Danta* Acajou d’Afrique
Abotzok Oboto African Mahogany African Mahogany* /
Aboudikro Sapelli / Sapele* Acajou d’Afrique
Abura Abura African padauk African Padauk* / Padouk
Deng Pyinkado d’Afrique
Acacia Black Locust African Pearwood Moabi
Acacia franc Batibatra African pearwood Monghinza
Acacia mangium Acacia mangium African pterygota Koto / Pterygota*
Açacu Açacu / Sandbox* African walnut Dibétou
Acajou Bassam African Mahogany* / Afrikanisches ebenholz African Ebony* / Ébène
Acajou d’Afrique d’Afrique
Acajou bissilom Acajou Cailcédrat Afrormosia Afrormosia
Acajou blanc African Mahogany* / Afzelia Doussié / Afzelia*
Acajou d’Afrique Agathis Kauri


Agba Tola / Agba* Alan-batu Alan / Alan-Batu*
Agbantin Abura Alan-bunga Alan / Alan-Batu*
Agboin Dabéma / Dahoma* Alan-meraka Alan / Alan-Batu*
Agelam Balau, Yellow / Bangkirai* Alan-paya Alan / Alan-Batu*
Agla nyinfun Iatandza Alasoabo Tanimbuca / Yellow
Aguacatillo Louro branco Sanders*
Aguano Mahogany Alcarreto Araracanga
Agui Coraçao de negro* / Alcornoque Mora
Panacoco Alcornoque Sucupira preta
Agui Tento Alep Alep
Agupanga Kasai Alerce European Larch
Ahafo African Mahogany* / Alfaro Jacareúba
Acajou d’Afrique
Algarrobo Jatobá / Algarrobo*
Ahmin Ramin
Algodon Balsa
Ahun Émien / Alstonia*
Aligna Doussié / Afzelia*
Aiélé Aiélé / African Canarium*
Alimiao Timborana
Aiéouéko Aiéouéko / Dakama*
Allen élé Zingana
Ailai Mango / Machang*
Almaciga Kauri
Aini Keledang
Ainunura Ramin Almecega Kurokaï / Breu*
Aji Guariúba Almendra Piquiarana
Ajillo Piquia Almendra con espinas Piquiarana
Ak Balau, Yellow / Bangkirai* Almendrillo Cumaru / Tonka*
Akasa Longhi Almendrillo Garapa
Akatio Longhi Almendro Piquia
Aké Izombé Almendro Piquiarana
Aké Koto / Pterygota* Almendro de rio Andira
Akédé Ako / Antiaris* Almendron Piquiarana
Akenia Ramin Almon Almon
Akéwé Izombé Aloma Bilinga / Opepe*
Akhuekhue Olène Alone Kondroti / East African
Ako Ako / Antiaris* Bombax*
Akoga Azobé / Ekki* Alpin ash Tasmanian Oak
Akola Mukulungu Alstonia Émien / Alstonia*
Akom Limba /Afara* Alui Tali / Missanda*
Akomu Ilomba Alumbi Alumbi
Akondoc Bilinga / Opepe* Amapa Dukali / Amapa*
Akossika Akossika / Odoko* Amapa Sandé
Akoti Idéwa Amapa amargoso Dukali / Amapa*
Akoua Onzabili Amapa doce Sandé
Akouapo Ozouga Amapa rana Muirapiranga
Akpaflo Étimoé Amapazinho Dukali / Amapa*
Akuk African Mahogany* / Amarante Pau roxo / Purpleheart*
Acajou d’Afrique Amaranth Pau roxo / Purpleheart*
Akuka Émien / Alstonia* Amarelao Garapa
Akume Bubinga Amarelao Pau amarelo
Akurna Ossoko Amarelao Tatajuba
Akwakwa Tchitola Amarello Moral
Alamo Poplar Amarelo cetim Pau amarelo
Appendix 963


Amargo Fava amargosa Angelim falso Angelim vermelho
Amarillo Garapa Angelim ferro Angelim vermelho
Amarillo Louro branco Angelim pedra Angelim
Amarillo Moral Angelim pedra Angelim vermelho
Amarillo Tanimbuca / Yellow Angelim rajado Angelim rajado /
Sanders* Snakewood*
Amat Punah Angelim rosa Angelim
Amazakoué Ovèngkol Angelim vermelho Angelim vermelho
Ambay-guazu Morototo Angelin Andira
Amboina Padauk Amboina Angélique Basralocus
Amburana Cerejeira Angico Timborana
Amesclào Amesclào Angico vermelho Timborana
Amouk Mambodé Angoa Angoa
Amouk Zingana Angocon Nieuk
Ana Garapa Angok Gombé
Anacaguita Chicha Angonga Onzabili
Anamenila Dibétou Angouchy Tanimbuca / Yellow
Anandio Longhi Sanders*
Anangossi Tanimbuca / Yellow Angouma Okoumé / Gaboon*
Sanders* Angsana Padauk Amboina
Anangossiti Tanimbuca / Yellow Anguekong Onzabili
Sanders* Angueuk Angueuk
Anani Manil / Manni*
Aniégré Aniégré / Aningeria*
Anani da terra firme Manniballi
Anime Gommier
Anatolia Koto / Pterygota*
Anime Kurokaï / Breu*
Andaman padauk Padauk Amboina
Anime blanco Kurokaï / Breu*
Andem Anzem / Nténé*
Aningeria Aniégré / Aningeria*
Andem-éviné Étimoé
Aningre Aniégré / Aningeria*
Andira Andira
Aninguéri Longhi
Andira uchi Andira
Aninguéri blanca Aniégré / Aningeria*
Andiroba Andiroba
Aninguéri rouge Longhi
Andiroba branca Andiroba
Anjama Aiéouéko / Dakama*
Andiroba vermelha Andiroba
Anjili Keledang
Andirobeira Andiroba
Anokye Ovèngkol
Andjaroetoeng Jelutong
Andjung Andoung Anokyé Ovèngkol
Andok Andok Anonilla Morototo
Andok ngoe Olène Antiaris Ako / Antiaris*
Andongwé Olène Antipolo Keledang
Andoum Ako / Antiaris* Anubing Keledang
Andoung Andoung Anzèm Anzem / Nténé*
Angalé Ovoga Anzèm noir Étimoé
Angelica Basralocus Anzèm rouge Anzèm / Nténé*
Angelica do para Basralocus Apa Doussié / Afzelia*
Angelim Andira Apa Wallaba
Angelim Angelim Apa apa Durian
Angelim amarelo Angelim Apa igbo Doussié / Afzelia*
Angelim amargoso Fava amargosa Apapaya Avodiré
Angelim da mata Angelim Aparaçu Tachi / Djedoe*


Apaya Avodiré Assié-sapelli Sapelli / Sapele*
Apazeiro Wallaba Assila Sougué
Apepere Olène Atala Ozouga
Apitong Keruing Atiokouo Kanda rose
Apopo Dibétou Atlantische zeder Cedar
Aprokuma Onzabili Atlas cedar Cedar
Aprono Bété / Mansonia* Atom-assié Kosipo
Araba Fuma / Fromager* Attia Coula
Arabisco Parapará Atui Dabéma / Dahoma*
Aracui Fava amargosa Atui Ossimiale
Aracuy Fava amargosa Aviemfo-samina Iatandza
Araguaney Ipê Avodiré Avodiré
Araputanga Mahogany Awari Koto / Pterygota*
Araracanga Araracanga Awhi African Cordia* / Cordia
Ararauba Araracanga d’Afrique
Araucaria Pinho Paraná Awong Wengé
Arbol carne Catucaém / Louro faia* Awori Kondroti / East African
Bombax*
Arbol de caucho Hevea / Rubberwood*
Awoung Wengé
Arbol del bálsamo Balsamo
Awoura Awoura
Arbol vaca Sandé
Awun Émien / Alstonia*
Arce blanco Great Maple
Ayan Movingui / Ayan*
Arenillo Mandioqueira
Ayanran Movingui / Ayan*
Arenillo Sucupira preta
Ayap Moabi
Arere Ayous / Obeche*
Aye Difou
Ariella Bomanga / Ariella*
Aye Lotofa / Brown Sterculia*
Arisauro Fava amargosa
Arisoeroe Fava amargosa Ayini Keledang
Arr Acacia mangium Ayinre-ogo Iatandza
Aruru Kurokaï / Breu* Ayous Ayous / Obeche*
Asai Mango / Machang* Ayus Ayous / Obeche*
Asam Mango / Machang* Azem Anzem / Nténé*
Asama Avodiré Azinii Limba /Afara*
Asan Ohia Azobé Azobé / Ekki*
Asanfena Aniégré / Aningeria* Azodau Doussié / Afzelia*
Ash Ash Azucar-huayo Jatobá / Algarrobo*
Asian Black Ebony Asian Black Ebony* / Ébène Azucarito Kurokaï / Breu*
noire d’Asie Azufre Manil / Manni*
Asian Grained Ebony Asian Grained Ebony* / Ba Ohia
Baaka Louro vermelho / Determa*
Ébène veinée d’Asie Asian Grained Ebony* /
Ébène veinée d’Asie Baaka bouba Curupixa
Assacu Açacu / Sandbox* Baaka kiabici Sucupira preta
Assaméla Afrormosia Baboen Virola / Dalli*
Assas Igaganga Bacouman Curupixa
Assas Ozigo Bacu Abarco
Asseng-assié Sipo / Utile* Bacu mixa Curupixa
Assi Sipo / Utile* Bacuri Bacuri
Assia Ozigo Bacuri açu Bacuri
Assié Sapelli / Sapele* Bacuri de anta Manniballi
Appendix 965


Bacuriuba Bacuri Bang lang Bungur
Bacury Bacuri Bangkiraï Balau, Yellow / Bangkirai*
Badi Bilinga / Opepe* Bangor Bungur
Bado Ayous / Obeche* Bangui Iroko
Bagaceira Tatajuba Bansanghal Bintangor
Bagasse Tatajuba Banya Coraçao de negro* /
Bagbé Ébiara / Berlinia* Panacoco
Bagtikan Seraya, White Baracatiara Muiracatiara
Bahia Abura Barajuba Garapa
Bajii Framiré / Idigbo* Baraka Nganga
Bakanga Kosipo Barakaro Tento
Bakota Sesendok Barakaroeballi Basralocus
Baku Makoré Barilla de agua Curupixa
Balam Nyatoh Barossa Moral
Balangeran Balau, Red Barré Movingui / Ayan*
Balata Maçaranduba / Baru-baran Melunak
Bulletwood* Barwood African Padauk* / Padouk
Balata blanc Curupixa d’Afrique
Balata blanc Tauari Basralocus Basralocus
Balata franc Maçaranduba / Basralokus Basralocus
Bulletwood* Basswood Sesendok
Balata gomme Maçaranduba / Bastado Macacaúba
Bulletwood* Bastard mahogany Andiroba
Balata indien Curupixa Bastard purpleheart Fava amargosa
Balata rouge Maçaranduba / Bat seed Andira
Bulletwood*
Bataan Meranti, Dark Red
Balau Balau, Yellow / Bangkirai*
Batibatra Batibatra
Balau kumus Balau, Yellow / Bangkirai*
Bauwaua Fava amargosa
Balau laut merah Balau, Red
Bawe Diania
Balau membatu Balau, Red
Baywood Mahogany
Balau merah Balau, Red
Beati Macacaúba
Balau red Balau, Red
Bediwunua Aiélé / African Canarium*
Balau simantok Balau, Yellow / Bangkirai*
Bedwa Ozouga
Balsa Balsa
Beeberoe Greenheart
Balsa maria Jacareúba
Beech Beech
Balsam Balsamo
Beefwood Maçaranduba /
Balsam Copaiba Bulletwood*
Balsamo Balsamo Belangeran Balau, Red
Bálsamo Balsamo Béli Awoura
Bálsamo de perú Balsamo Belian Billian
Bálsamo de tolu Balsamo Bella maria Jacareúba
Balso Balsa Bella maria Quaruba
Balzé Diania Bella rosa Mersawa
Bamisa Igaganga Bellota Chicha
Banaba Bungur Belutu Seraya, White
Banak Virola / Dalli* Bendang Kauri
Banati Perupok Benga Alep
Banda Fuma / Fromager* Bengang Durian
Bang kalis Punah Bengi Anzèm / Nténé*


Benin mahogany African Mahogany* / Blue leaf Tasmanian Oak
Acajou d’Afrique Boarwood Manil / Manni*
Benteak Bungur
Bobenkusu Bodioa
Benuas Balau, Yellow / Bangkirai*
Boborou Andok
Benya Okan
Boco Wamara
Benzi Mutényé
Bodioa Bodioa
Berg gronfoeloe Mandioqueira
Bergahorn Great Maple Bodo Mambodé
Berlinia Ébiara / Berlinia* Bodoua Ozouga
Bété Bété / Mansonia* Bodwe Angueuk
Betis Bitis Boes’amandra Tanimbuca / Yellow
Beuhago Igaganga Sanders*
Bofélélé Étimoé
Bi Éyong / White Sterculia*
Bofroe-oedoe Uchy
Bibiru Greenheart
Bogdei Naga / Okwen*
Bibolo Dibétou
Bohala Afrormosia
Bidikala Aiélé / African Canarium*
Bohélé Afrormosia
Bidou Ozouga
Boiré Mambodé
Bijlhout Wallaba
Bois abeille Maçaranduba /
Bilinga Bilinga / Opepe* Bulletwood*
Billi Aiélé / African Canarium* Bois caca Cupiuba / Kabukalli*
Billian Billian Bois cochon Amesclào
Bilogh-bi-nkélé Akossika / Odoko* Bois d’orange Moral
Bilombi Étimoé Bois de mora Macacaúba
Bimini Landa Bois du diable Açacu / Sandbox*
Binatoh Meranti, Dark Red Bois flot Balsa
Bindang Kauri Bois jaune Tatajuba
Bingo African Ebony* / Ébène Bois pagode Inga
d’Afrique Bois perdrix Coraçao de negro* /
Bintangor Bintangor Panacoco
Bintangur Bintangor Bois perdrix Wacapou
Bioudou Wallaba Bois pian Parapará
Biqui Piquiarana Bois serpent Angelim rajado /
Bissilom Acajou Cailcédrat Snakewood*
Bitehi Kanda rose Bois violet Pau roxo / Purpleheart*
Bitis Bitis Bokanga Lati
Bitterwood Marupa Bokapi Niové
Black afara Framiré / Idigbo* Bokoi Sipo / Utile*
Black Ebony Asian Black Ebony* / Ébène Bokoka Okan
noire d’Asie Bokokkwanjube Angoa
Black guarea Guarea, Black* / Bossé
Bokoko Alumbi
foncé
Black gum Idéwa Bokoli Oboto
Black kelat Kelat Bokungu Dabéma / Dahoma*
Black locust Black Locust Boléko Angueuk
Black Locust Black Locust Bolele Oboto
Black manariballi Faveira Bolélé Oboto
Black wattle Acacia mangium Bolengu Doussié / Afzelia*
Blima-pu Avodiré Bolengu Faro / Ogea*
Bloodwood Muirapiranga Boliki Oboto
Appendix 967


Bolletrie Maçaranduba / Bouémon Okan
Bulletwood* Bougou bati batra Batibatra
Bolon Guarea, Black* / Bossé Bougouni Inga
foncé
Boulet de canon Couroupita
Bolundé Ohia
Bouma Fuma / Fromager*
Bom pegya Oboto
Bounaati Wacapou
Bomanga Bomanga / Ariella*
Boyo kondi Dibétou
Bombax Kondroti / East African
Bombax* Brazil nut Castanheiro
Bombulu Dibétou Brazilian walnut Imbuia
Bon African Cordia* / Cordia Brea amarilla Manil / Manni*
d’Afrique Brea-caspi Manil / Manni*
Bondé Difou Breu Kurokaï / Breu*
Bondu Gombé Breu grande Amesclào
Bonga Sumauma Breu manga Amesclào
Bongélé Éyong / White Sterculia* Breu preto Amesclào
Bongo Éyong / White Sterculia* Breu vermelho Amesclào
Bongo Olon Breu-sucuruba Amesclào
Bongola Éyoum Broutou Gombé
Bongossi Azobé / Ekki* Brown salwood Acacia mangium
Bonkingu Bilinga / Opepe* Brown sterculia Lotofa / Brown Sterculia*
Bonkole Azobé / Ekki* Bruinhart Wacapou
Bonkolé Azobé / Ekki* Bsang Keledang
Bonkongo Ako / Antiaris* Bubinga Bubinga
Bonkonko Ako / Antiaris* Buche Beech
Bonsamdua Movingui / Ayan* Buiucu Tento
Bonzale Kanda brun Bukungu Dabéma / Dahoma*
Bonzale Kanda rose Bullet wood Maçaranduba /
Bopambu Longhi Bulletwood*
Borneo camphorwood Kapur Bulletwood Maçaranduba /
Bulletwood*
Borracho Morototo
Bundui Bilinga / Opepe*
Bosamandel Tanimbuca / Yellow
Sanders* Bungor Bungur
Bosasa Guarea, Scented* / Bossé Bungur Bungur
clair Bunzquillo Inga
Boshcalabas Couroupita Buruta Satin, Ceylon
Boso Igaganga Bwelabako Angueuk
Bosse Guarea, Black* / Bossé
Bwiba bambale Andok
foncé
Bosse Guarea, Scented* / Bossé Bwibanjoe Olène
clair Cabimo Copaiba
Bossé clair Guarea, Scented* / Bossé Cabino blanco Copaiba
clair Cabreuva Balsamo
Bosso Dibétou
Cabreuva vermelha Balsamo
Bossoho Essia
Cacao de mote Chicha
Bostamarinde Angelim rajado /
Snakewood* Cachaceiro Cupiuba / Kabukalli*
Boto Pao rosa / Dina* Cachicamo Jacareúba
Bouanga Mukulungu Caconnier rouge Tento
Bouchi apa Curupixa Cafetero Morototo
Bouemon Okan Cajuea Virola / Dalli*


Calabo Ilomba Carvalho do brazil Catucaém / Louro faia*
Calantas Suren Casca do maranhão Preciosa
Calophyllum Bintangor Casca preciosa Preciosa
Camajura Chicha Cascaron Faveira
Camaticaro Virola / Dalli* Castagno Chestnut
Camba-camby Tamboril Castaña Castanheiro
Cambara Cambara Castana del maranon Castanheiro
Cambara Quaruba Castana do maranhao Castanheiro
Camiba Copaiba Castanha de macaco Couroupita
Camoruco Chicha Castanha de paca Cardeiro
Camwood African Padauk* / Padouk Castanha do brasil Castanheiro
d’Afrique Castanha do para Castanheiro
Cam-xe Pyinkado Castanha sapucaia Sapucaia
Canadi Manil / Manni* Castanheiro Castanheiro
Canaguate Ipê Castaño Cardeiro
Canari macaque Sapucaia Castaño Chestnut
Canarium Aiélé / African Canarium* Catahua Açacu / Sandbox*
Canela Imbuia Catillo Balsa
Canela do maranhão Preciosa Catucaém Catucaém / Louro faia*
Canela imbuia Imbuia Ceder Cedro
Canelo amarillo Louro branco Cedrat Cedro
Canime Copaiba Cèdre Cedar
Caniva Copaiba Cèdre apici Louro branco
Canon ball Couroupita Cèdre de l’Atlas Cedar
Caoba Macacaúba Cèdre gris Louro branco
Caoba Mahogany Cèdre noir Louro branco
Caoba del galon African Mahogany* / Cèdre remi Tachi / Djedoe*
Acajou d’Afrique Cèdre rouge d’amérique Red Cedar
Caovi Timborana Cedrinho Cambara
Capa de tabaco Tauari Cedrinho Cardeiro
Capinuri Guariúba Cedro Cedro
Capinuri Muiratinga
Cedro amargo Marupa
Capirona Pau mulato
Cedro bateo Andiroba
Capomo Muiratinga
Cedro blanco Marupa
Capricornia Cupiuba / Kabukalli*
Cedro bravo Cardeiro
Carano Kurokaï / Breu*
Cedro canadiense Red Cedar
Carapa Andiroba
Cedro del Atlas Cedar
Carara Tanimbuca / Yellow
Cedro dell’ atlante Cedar
Sanders*
Cardeiro Cardeiro Cedro do pantano Jacareúba
Caribbean Pine Caribbean Pine Cedro macho Andiroba
Carito Tamboril Cedro tornillo Tornillo
Caroba Parapará Cedrorana Tornillo
Caroba do mato Parapará Ceiba Fuma / Fromager*
Caroba manaca Parapará Ceiba Sumauma
Caro-caro Tamboril Ceiba habillo Açacu / Sandbox*
Carrapatinho Coraçao de negro* / Ceiba lechosa Açacu / Sandbox*
Panacoco Ceiba uchuputu Sumauma
Carvalho Catucaém / Louro faia* Ceiba yucca Sumauma
Appendix 969


Celtis Diania Chomcha Suren
Cengal Merawan Chomphu Kelat
Cerejeira Cerejeira Chontaquiro Sucupira preta
Cerezo silvestre Cherry Wood Chramas Resak
Ceylon Ebony Asian Black Ebony* / Ébène Chumprak Mengkulang
noire d’Asie Chuncho Tornillo
Chacalte Mahogany Chungé Owui
Chai Meranti, White Ciania Éyoum
Chaliviande Virola / Dalli* Cigarbox Cedro
Cham Kedondong Ciliego selvatico Cherry Wood
Chamisa Tanimbuca / Yellow Cimbirre Mecrussé
Sanders*
Citronnier ceylan Satin, Ceylon
Champanha Cumaru / Tonka*
Civit Merpauh
Chan Balau, Yellow / Bangkirai*
Civit taung thayet Merpauh
Chan hoi Meranti, Light Red
Cobi Timborana
Chan khah Balau, Red
Cobre Garapa
Chanfuta Doussié / Afzelia*
Coco cristal Sapucaia
Chankhau Balau, Red
Coco de mono Sapucaia
Chaparro Catucaém / Louro faia*
Coco mono Sapucaia
Chapel Araracanga
Coconut Coconut Wood
Chaperna Araracanga
Cocotero Coconut Wood
Chaquiro Cupiuba / Kabukalli*
Cocotier Coconut Wood
Charapilla Cumaru / Tonka*
Cocowood Coconut Wood
Châtaignier Chestnut
Cœur dehors Sucupira preta
Chatian Pulai
Coffee mortar Tanimbuca / Yellow
Chatiyan Pulai
Sanders*
Chawari Piquiarana Cokerwood Tanimbuca / Yellow
Chay Nyatoh Sanders*
Chenchen Ako / Antiaris* Common kelat Kelat
Chêne Oak Common spruce Spruce
Chêne blanc europeen Oak Conduru Muirapiranga
Chengal Chengal Cong Bintangor
Chestnut Chestnut Congo Andira
Chiapas Chicha Congotali Congotali
Chicha Chicha Congowood Dibétou
Chicharra caspi Parapará Congrio Sucupira preta
Chicharron Tanimbuca / Yellow Congrio Tachi / Djedoe*
Sanders*
Congrio blanco Cupiuba / Kabukalli*
Chichica Araracanga
Chilean pine Pinho Paraná Copachi Araracanga
Chimbulla Quaruba Copahyba Copaiba
Ching chan Rosewood, Tamalan Copaia Parapará
Chingale Parapará Copaiba Copaiba
Chinsale Grenadillo Copaibarana Copaiba
Chiriuana Marupa Copaibarana Wallaba
Chloeuteal Keruing Copaibo Copaiba
Cho-chi Gerutu Copal Amesclào
Chocho Tento Copal Gommier
Choco Tento Copal caspi Kurokaï / Breu*


Copalier Jatobá / Algarrobo* Dakama Aiéouéko / Dakama*
Copaya Parapará Dalli Virola / Dalli*
Copi Cupiuba / Kabukalli* Damar bindang Kauri
Copiuva Cupiuba / Kabukalli* Damar kapas Kauri
Coqueiro Coconut Wood Damar laut Balau, Yellow / Bangkirai*
Coraçao de negro Coraçao de negro* / Damar laut kumus Balau, Yellow / Bangkirai*
Panacoco Damar laut merah Balau, Red
Corail African Padauk* / Padouk Damar miniak Kauri
d’Afrique
Damar minyak Kauri
Cordeiro Cardeiro
Damar pilau Kauri
Cordia d’afrique African Cordia* / Cordia
d’Afrique Damar puthi Meranti, White
Cordia wood Freijo / Laurel blanco* Damar putih Meranti, White
Coronobo Manniballi Damar sigi Kauri
Corusicaa Pau mulato Damar siput Meranti, Light Red
Cottonwood Poplar Daniellia Faro / Ogea*
Couatari Tauari Danta Kotibé / Danta*
Coula Coula Danto carne Catucaém / Louro faia*
Courbaril Jatobá / Algarrobo* Dantoué Vésámbata
Couroupita Couroupita Dark red meranti Meranti, Dark Red
Cow tree Sandé Dark red seraya Meranti, Dark Red
Cow-wood Tatajuba Dastan Pau roxo / Purpleheart*
Crabwood Andiroba Dà-tà Pyinkado
Crappo Andiroba Dau Keruing
Criptomeria japonesa Cryptomeria* / Sugi Déké African Mahogany* /
Acajou d’Afrique
Crittomeria giapponese Cryptomeria* / Sugi
Demerara Greenheart
Cryptomeria Cryptomeria* / Sugi
Denya Okan
Cuajo Virola / Dalli*
Determa Louro vermelho / Determa*
Cubaga African Ebony* / Ébène
d’Afrique Dhup Kedondong
Cubixa Curupixa Dhuwhite Kedondong
Cuiarana Tanimbuca / Yellow Diaguidia Tachi / Djedoe*
Sanders* Diala Acajou Cailcédrat
Cumala Virola / Dalli* Dialambame Grenadillo
Cumaru Cumaru / Tonka* Diambi Guarea, Black* / Bossé
Cumaru de cheiro Cerejeira foncé
Cumaru ferro Cumaru / Tonka* Diambi Guarea, Scented* / Bossé
clair
Cumarurana Cumaru / Tonka*
Diamuni Kosipo
Cuna Marupa
Diania Diania
Cupay Copaiba Dibétou Dibétou
Cupiuba Cupiuba / Kabukalli* Difou Difou
Curiy Pinho Paraná Dillenia Simpoh
Currucay Kurokaï / Breu* Dimpampi Moabi
Curupixa Curupixa Dina Pao rosa / Dina*
Cutiuba Sucupira preta Dinankrohia Idéwa
Dabé Landa Dinde Moral
Dabéma Dabéma / Dahoma* Diolosso Ako / Antiaris*
Daeng-samaet Melunak Distemonanthus Movingui / Ayan*
Dahoma Dabéma / Dahoma* Dita Pulai
Appendix 971


Ditshipi Limbali Ébène d’Afrique African Ebony* / Ébène
Djarkidja Tachi / Djedoe* d’Afrique
Djedoe Tachi / Djedoe* Ébène de Macassar Asian Grained Ebony* /
Djelutong Jelutong
Ébène du Mozambique Grenadillo
Djimbo Oboto Ebène noire d’Asie Asian Black Ebony* / Ébène
Dodomissinga Faveira noire d’Asie
Doekaliballi Macacaúba Ébène verte Ipê
Doekaliballi Muirapiranga Ebi Andok
Dokali Sandé Ébiara Ébiara / Berlinia*
Domba-gass Bintangor Ebo Cumaru / Tonka*
Don cede Tornillo Ebony Asian Black Ebony* / Ébène
Don chêm Mengkulang noire d’Asie
Ebony Asian Grained Ebony* /
Dongomanguila Tiama / Gedu Nohor* Ébène veinée d’Asie
Dormilon Quaruba Ebony persimmon Asian Black Ebony* / Ébène
Douglas Douglas fir noire d’Asie
Douglas fir Douglas fir Ébornzork Oboto
Douglasie Douglas fir Éboukzok Ossoko
Douka Douka Edelkastanie Chestnut
Doum Fuma / Fromager* Edinam Tiama / Gedu Nohor*
Doussié Doussié / Afzelia* Edjin Lati
Driedoring Grenadillo Edou Diania
Du yin Durian Édoué Ozouga
Dua Coconut Wood Édoum Okan
Duabanga Duabanga Édoumeuleu Doussié / Afzelia*
Dubini-biri Dibétou Edzil Lati
Edzui Lati
Dukalaballi Macacaúba
Egbenrin Ékoune
Dukali Dukali / Amapa*
Éguess Ayous / Obeche*
Dukuria Uchy
Eho Essessang / Erimado*
Dulit Kedondong
Éhoumé Coula
Dunki Diania
Eiche Oak
Durian Durian
Ékaba Ékaba / Ekop*
Durian isa Durian
Ekaban Ékaba / Ekop*
East African Bombax Kondroti / East African
Ekembe bakaswa Diania
Bombax*
Eba Azobé / Ekki* Ekhi African Cordia* / Cordia
d’Afrique
Ébais African Cordia* / Cordia
Ekhimi Dabéma / Dahoma*
d’Afrique
Ébana Bubinga Éki Azobé / Ekki*
Ebangbemwa Guarea, Scented* / Bossé Ekiawa Bodioa
clair Ekika Kumbi
Ebano African Ebony* / Ébène Ekki Azobé / Ekki*
d’Afrique Éko-andoung Ékaba / Ekop*
Ebano verde Ipê
Ékobem Limbali
Ebbehout Grenadillo
Ekop Andoung
Ébé African Cordia* / Cordia
Ekop Ékaba / Ekop*
d’Afrique
Ébène African Ebony* / Ébène Ékop-béli Awoura
d’Afrique Ékop-évène Bomanga / Ariella*
Ébène Grenadillo Ékop-gombé Gombé


Ékop-léké Bomanga / Ariella* Entuyut Punah
Ékop-mayo Andoung Eñuk Mambodé
Ékop-naga Naga / Okwen* Epal Limbali
Ekop-nganga Nganga Épal Limbali
Ékop-ribi Ékaba / Ekop* Épi de blé Wacapou
Ekor Sesendok Épicéa Spruce
Ékouk Émien / Alstonia* Épindé-pindé African Ebony* / Ébène
Ékoune Ékoune d’Afrique
Ekpagoi eze Limbali Érable blanc Great Maple
Ekpiro Longhi Erable sycomore Great Maple
Ekpogoi Ébiara / Berlinia* Eri kire African Mahogany* /
Acajou d’Afrique
Ékuk Émien / Alstonia*
Erimado Essessang / Erimado*
Ékun Ékoune
Erun Tali / Missanda*
Ekuso Angueuk
Esa Ohia
Élang Mukulungu
Esa-biri Diania
Élanzok Mukulungu
Esa-kokoo Diania
Elede Angueuk
Esa-kosua Diania
Elelom Abura
Esche Ash
Élélom-n’zam Abura Eseng Ossimiale
Elelon Abura Ésésang Essessang / Erimado*
Elemi Aiélé / African Canarium* Eshago Sougué
Élolom Abura Esia Essia
Elondo Tali / Missanda* Esodoum Kapokier
Élone Tali / Missanda* Espadeira Wallaba
Elongwamba Iatandza Essabem Ébiara / Berlinia*
Éloué Ozouga Essak Étimoé
Éloun Tali / Missanda* Essang-afane Angoa
Embero Dibétou Essessang Essessang / Erimado*
Embuia Imbuia Essia Essia
Emeri Framiré / Idigbo* Essingang Bubinga
Émien Émien / Alstonia* Essiri Mubala
Émola Tchitola Essoua Ozouga
Émolo Tola / Agba* Estopeiro Jequitiba
Empenit-meraka Balau, Red Estoraque Balsamo
Encens blanc Kurokaï / Breu* Éteng Ilomba
Encens blanc/gris/rouge Kurokaï / Breu* Étimoé Étimoé
Encens rouge Amesclào Étom Kosipo
Endospermum-sasa Sesendok Eucalyptus grandis Eucalyptus grandis
Engbang chenak Meranti, Dark Red European walnut Walnut
Engkabang Meranti, Light Red Évam Bodioa
Engo Diania Évès Éveuss
Engolo Bilinga / Opepe* Éveuss Éveuss
Énia Fuma / Fromager* Évila African Ebony* / Ébène
Eniok Andok d’Afrique
Enoi Ovoga Evota Owui
Énouk Mambodé Évouvous Iatandza
Énoumnoumé Nieuk Ewome Coula
Entedua Étimoé Éwomè Coula
Appendix 973


Éyan Dibétou Framiré Framiré / Idigbo*
Éyegh Nieuk Frassino Ash
Éyek Nieuk Freijo Freijo / Laurel blanco*
Eyen Movingui / Ayan* Frei-jorge Freijo / Laurel blanco*
Éyen Movingui / Ayan* Frêne Ash
Eyere Aiélé / African Canarium* Fresno Ash
Éyong Éyong / White Sterculia* Fromager Fuma / Fromager*
Éyoum Éyoum Fromager Sumauma
Ézézang Essessang / Erimado* Fukadi Tanimbuca / Yellow
Faggio Beech Sanders*
Falsche akazie Black Locust Fuma Fuma / Fromager*
False acacia Black Locust Fungunigalo Ramin
Falso pao brasil Muirapiranga Fustic Tatajuba
Farakalay Grenadillo Futi Parapará
Faro Faro / Ogea* Futui Parapará
Fava amarela Fava amargosa Gaboon Okoumé / Gaboon*
Fava amargosa Fava amargosa Gagil Merawan
Fava arara tucupi Faveira Gaïac de cayenne Cumaru / Tonka*
Fava bolocha Melancieira Gamar Yemane
Fava bolota Faveira Gamari Yemane
Fava de folha miuda Timborana Gambhar Yemane
Fava de rosca Batibatra Gamela Louro vermelho / Determa*
Fava folha fina Timborana Gandoe Coraçao de negro* /
Panacoco
Fava orelha de macaco Batibatra
Gao-vang Haldu
Fava orelha de negro Batibatra
Garapa Garapa
Faveira Faveira
Garu buaja Ramin
Faveira amarela Fava amargosa
Gateado Garapa
Faveira amargosa Fava amargosa
Gateado Muiracatiara
Faveira bolacha Fava amargosa
Gatillo Balsa
Faveira grande Angelim vermelho
Gavetillo Araracanga
Faveira preta Angelim vermelho
Gavilan Pashaco / Paricá*
Fayard Beech
Gayabochi Pau mulato
Felli kouali Cambara
Gbelle-flu Éyoum
Ferolia Muirapiranga
Gbéri Aiélé / African Canarium*
Ferreol Coraçao de negro* /
Gbessi Faro / Ogea*
Panacoco
Ferro Garapa Gedu Nohor Tiama / Gedu Nohor*
Fichte Spruce Gélé Ilomba
Figueroa Andiroba Gele kabbes Fava amargosa
Fir Fir Geli-kabissi Fava amargosa
Firma Angelim rajado / Gema-de-ovo Garapa
Snakewood* Géndo Olène
Flooded gum Eucalyptus grandis Genizero Batibatra
Florecillo Mandioqueira Geronggang Geronggang
Foeti Parapará Gerunggang Geronggang
Fohre Scots Pine Gerutu Gerutu
Fotui Parapará Gerutu pasir Gerutu
Fraké Limba /Afara* Ghe Fuma / Fromager*


Ghéombi Ghéombi Groenhart Greenheart
Gia kaba Éyoum Groenhart Ipê
Giam Giam Gronfoeloe Mandioqueira
Giati Teak Gronfolo Mandioqueira
Gila Fuma / Fromager* Grubixa Curupixa
Gisok Balau, Red Grumixava Curupixa
Gisok Balau, Yellow / Bangkirai* Guabillo Sapucaia
Glenren Dabéma / Dahoma* Guabillo Tachi / Djedoe*
Gluta Rengas Guaimaro Sandé
Gmelina Yemane Guajará Curupixa
Gobaja Parapará Gualanday Parapará
Goebaja Parapará Guambush Sumauma
Goelhart Bacuri Guamillo Tachi / Djedoe*
Gogbei Tali / Missanda* Guamo Inga
Goiabao Goiabao Guanandi Jacareúba
Golondrino Timborana Guano Balsa
Goma amarilla Quaruba Guapinol Jatobá / Algarrobo*
Goma pashaco Faveira Guapuruvù Pashaco / Paricá*
Gomari Yemane Guarabu Pau roxo / Purpleheart*
Gombé Gombé Guarajuba Tanimbuca / Yellow
Gombeira Coraçao de negro* / Sanders*
Panacoco Guarea Guarea, Black* / Bossé
Gomboul Kékélé foncé
Gommier Gommier Guaribu-preto Muiracatiara
Gommier blanc Gommier Guarita Muiracatiara
Gommier de montagne Gommier Guariúba Guariúba
Gomo Quaruba Guarumo macho Morototo
Gonçaleiro Muiracatiara Guasango Muiracatiara
Gonçalo-alvez Muiracatiara Guatambù Guatambù
Gonfolo Mandioqueira Guatambù blanco Guatambù
Gonfolo kouali Mandioqueira Guayabillo Tanimbuca / Yellow
Sanders*
Gonggang Geronggang
Guayabo Tanimbuca / Yellow
Gongu Onzabili Sanders*
Goni Vêne Guayabon Tanimbuca / Yellow
Gonuoc Merbau Sanders*
Goupi Cupiuba / Kabukalli* Guayacán Ipê
Goyabao Goiabao Gubas Sesendok
Grand moni Amesclào Guenin Vêne
Grandis Eucalyptus grandis Guerra Fava amargosa
Grapia Garapa Guibourtia Ovèngkol
Great Maple Great Maple Guijo Balau, Red
Great Maple Great Maple Güino Andiroba
Greenheart Greenheart Guissépa Bété / Mansonia*
Grenadille d’Afrique Grenadillo Guitarrero Morototo
Grenadille du Grenadillo Guitarro Marupa
Mozambique Guli Dabéma / Dahoma*
Grenadillo Grenadillo Gumari Yemane
Grignon franc Louro vermelho / Determa* Gumbar Yemane
Appendix 975


Gumhar Yemane Ibagho Igaganga
Gumhu Yemane Ibirá camby Curupixa
Gurjun Keruing Ibira pere Garapa
Gurupa Angelim vermelho Ibira-moroti Pau mulato
Gusanero Muiracatiara Idéwa Idéwa
Guxotin Ako / Antiaris* Idigbo Framiré / Idigbo*
Guyabi amarillo Tanimbuca / Yellow Igaganga Igaganga
Sanders* Ijzerhart Coraçao de negro* /
Habillo Açacu / Sandbox* Panacoco
Had Keledang Ikame Koto / Pterygota*
Haiariballi Melancieira Ikélé Éveuss
Haiawa Kurokaï / Breu* Ikomkpa Olène
Haiawaballi Amesclào Illupai Nyatoh
Hakia Ipê Ilomba Ilomba
Halabalagi Kedondong Imbirema Tauari
Haldu Haldu Imbuia Imbuia
Harewood Great Maple Imburana Cerejeira
Hatti Hevea / Rubberwood* Impas Kempas
Haya Beech Impompo Kosipo
Heavy african African Mahogany* / Incienso Balsamo
mahogany Acajou d’Afrique Indian rosewood Rosewood, Sonokeling
Heavy sapele Kosipo Inga Inga
Heavy white seraya Gerutu Inga-chi-chi Inga
Hendui Azobé / Ekki* Inga-chi-chica Inga
Hêtre Beech Ingarana Angelim rajado /
Hévéa Hevea / Rubberwood* Snakewood*
Hevea Hevea / Rubberwood* Ingarana da terra firma Angelim rajado /
Hevea wood Hevea / Rubberwood* Snakewood*
Ingazeira Inga
Hintsy Merbau
Ingipipa Tauari
Hnaw Haldu
Inguipipa Tauari
Hoepelhout Copaiba
Inkassa Fava amargosa
Hoh Ékaba / Ekop*
Intanin Bungur
Hongopo Sesendok
Inyi Sougué
Honne Padauk Amboina
Ipanai Faveira
Hora Keruing
Ipé Ipê
Huarango Faveira
Ipê Ipê
Huarmi-caspi Chicha
Ipê Muirapiranga
Huaryoro Tento
Ipe roxo Pau roxo / Purpleheart*
Huasai-caspi Sucupira preta
Ipê roxo Ipê
Huayra caspi Tornillo
Ipil Merbau
Huevo de burro Piquiarana
Ipil laut Merbau
Huimba Sumauma
Iroko Iroko
Huriki Uchy
Ironwood Coraçao de negro* /
Hutin Fuma / Fromager* Panacoco
Huynh Mengkulang Ironwood Ipê
Hyedua Ovèngkol Irul Pyinkado
Hyeduanini Ovèngkol Ishpingo Cerejeira
Iatandza Iatandza Ishtapi Parapará


Ita Diania Jequitiba branco Jequitiba
Itaúba Itaúba Jequitiba rosa Jequitiba
Itauba branca Greenheart Jequitiba vermelho Jequitiba
Iteballi Quaruba Jeve Hevea / Rubberwood*
Itti Rosewood, Sonokeling Jigua amarillo Louro branco
Ituri wallaba Wallaba Joeliballi-tataroe Amesclào
Ivianlegbe Coula Jubia Castanheiro
Izombé Izombé Jutai Jatobá / Algarrobo*
Jabillo Açacu / Sandbox* Jutai açu Jatobá / Algarrobo*
Jaboty Cambara Jutai roxo Jatobá / Algarrobo*
Jacamin Araracanga Kabak khao Meranti, White
Jacarana Parapará Kabek Bungur
Jacaranda Parapará Kabukalli Cupiuba / Kabukalli*
Jacaranda Rosewood, Para Kaditiri Tachi / Djedoe*
Jacarandá do pará Rosewood, Para Kafundula Grenadillo
Jacaranda preto Rosewood, Para Kaiwi Émien / Alstonia*
Jacareuba Jacareúba Kajol martem Asian Grained Ebony* /
Jacareúba Jacareúba Ébène veinée d’Asie
Jackwood Keledang Kaju African Mahogany* /
Acajou d’Afrique
Jahoballi Chicha
Kaju hitam Asian Black Ebony* / Ébène
Jaja Ilomba noire d’Asie
Jalang Rengas Kaju hitam Asian Grained Ebony* /
Jaman Kelat Ébène veinée d’Asie
Jambiré Wengé Kakantrie Fuma / Fromager*
Jambu Kelat Kakawalli Tauari
Jamun Kelat Kakendé Koto / Pterygota*
Japanese cedar Cryptomeria* / Sugi Kaki-khao Keranji
Japanische zeder Cryptomeria* / Sugi Kaku Azobé / Ekki*
Jarrah Jarrah Kalabau Merbau
Jarul Bungur Kalam Duabanga
Jatai Jatobá / Algarrobo* Kalebashout Tanimbuca / Yellow
Jatai-amarello Tanimbuca / Yellow Sanders*
Sanders* Kali Aniégré / Aningeria*
Jatai-amarelo Garapa Kalo Meranti, Yellow
Jati Teak Kaluk afuon Ovèngkol
Jatin Faro / Ogea* Kalulot Keledang
Jatoba Jatobá / Algarrobo* Kalungi Sipo / Utile*
Jatobá Jatobá / Algarrobo* Kamarere Eucalyptus grandis
Jatobazinho Pau roxo / Purpleheart* Kamashi Niové
Java teak Teak Kamasumu Olon
Jawahedan Tatajuba Kambala Iroko
Jelecote pine Pinus patula* / Patula Pine Kanawang Meranti, White
Jelocote Pinus patula* / Patula Pine Kanda Kanda brun
Jelutong Jelutong Kanda Kanda rose
Jelutong bukit Jelutong Kanda brun Kanda brun
Jelutong paya Jelutong Kanda rose Kanda rose
Jenny wood Freijo / Laurel blanco* Kaneelhout Itaúba
Jequitiba Jequitiba Kanga Tiama / Gedu Nohor*
Appendix 977


Kankantrie Sumauma Keladan Kapur
Kankaté Difou Kelapa Coconut Wood
Kanran African Ebony* / Ébène Kelat Kelat
d’Afrique Keledang Keledang
Kanyin Keruing Keledang babi Keledang
Kanzo Mengkulang Kélembicho Akossika / Odoko*
Ka-ok Keledang Kembang Mengkulang
Kaori Kauri Kembang Semangkok Kembang Semangkok
Kapiag Keledang Kempas Kempas
Kapokier Kapokier Kenari Kedondong
Kapur Kapur Keranji Keranji
Kapur empedu Kapur Kerbau Rengas
Kapur kayatan Kapur Kereti Louro branco
Kapur kejatan Kapur Kereti-silverballi Louro branco
Kapur singkel Kapur Keroeing Keruing
Kapur sintuk Kapur Keruing Keruing
Kapur tanduk Kapur Keruing bajak Keruing
Kapuyai Mambodé Keruing beras Keruing
Kararo Aniégré / Aningeria* Keruing gaga Keruing
Karivembu Kedondong Kesica Pinus kesiya* / Kesiya Pine
Karohoro Morototo Kesiya Pine Pinus kesiya* / Kesiya Pine
Karrevembu Kedondong Kessé Difou
Karri Karri Kévazingo Bubinga
Karuvembu Kedondong Khabhari Yemane
Kasai Kasai Khai khieo Gerutu
Kasalusalu Grenadillo Kha-nunnok Nyatoh
Kasavehout Morototo Khanun-pa Keledang
Kashit Melunak Khasi-pine Pinus kesiya* / Kesiya Pine
Kassa Tali / Missanda* Khasya-pine Pinus kesiya* / Kesiya Pine
Kassagnan Piquiarana Khaya mahogani African Mahogany* /
Kastanienbaum Chestnut Acajou d’Afrique
Kasudu Éyoum Khèn hin Giam
Kathing Bintangor Khleng Keranji
Katillupai Nyatoh Khlong Keruing
Kia Pinus merkusii* / Merkusii
Kaunghmu Mersawa
Pine
Kauri Kauri Kiantioutiou Araracanga
Kauri pine Kauri Kiefer Scots Pine
Kauvula Sesendok Kiharpan Kedondong
Kaw oudou Tatajuba Kikubi-lomba Ékoune
Kawang Meranti, Light Red Kikwaju Grenadillo
Kaw-oedoe Tatajuba Kiliakamba Diania
Kayombo Ohia Kilingi Bilinga / Opepe*
Kayu safoda Acacia mangium Kilu Bilinga / Opepe*
Kebon tang Meranti, White Kilula Tiama / Gedu Nohor*
Kedawang Balau, Yellow / Bangkirai* Kirundu Ako / Antiaris*
Kedondong Kedondong Kisasamba Pao rosa / Dina*
Kefe Koto / Pterygota* Kisésé African Padauk* / Padouk
Kékélé Kékélé d’Afrique


Kissinhungo Kotibé / Danta* Kowo Alep
Kitola Tchitola Kpakpatin Doussié / Afzelia*
Kobé Chicha Kpaoli Vésámbata
Kobehe Chicha Kpar Sougué
Kocolorelli Pau roxo / Purpleheart* Kpatin dehun Kondroti / East African
Koemaka Sumauma Bombax*
Koemaroe Cumaru / Tonka* Kpendei Doussié / Afzelia*
Koenatepi Macacaúba Kpomusi Bodioa
Koepajoewa Copaiba Kpowuli Ozouga
Koepi Cupiuba / Kabukalli* Kpoyei Ilomba
Kofina Éyoum Kra thin tepa Acacia mangium
Koframiré Osanga Krabak Mersawa
Kofyo Azobé / Ekki* Krakas Sepetir
Kohu Merbau Krala African Mahogany* /
Acajou d’Afrique
Koila Bintangor
Kralanh Keranji
Kojagei Limba /Afara*
Krappa Andiroba
Koki Merawan
Krathon Sepetir
Koki phnom Meranti, White
Kroma Éveuss
Koki thmor Giam
Kromanti kopi Araracanga
Kokoti Bodioa
Kruku Akossika / Odoko*
Kokriki Tento
Kruma Éveuss
Kokrudua Afrormosia
Kua Alumbi
Koloméko Ékoune
Kudi biushi Curupixa
Kolon Haldu
Kuil Éyong / White Sterculia*
Koma Ossabel
Kuiship Parapará
Kondofindo Kotibé / Danta*
Kumaka Sumauma
Kondroti Kondroti / East African
Kuma-kuma Éveuss
Bombax*
Kong-afane Congotali Kumaru Cumaru / Tonka*
Kopie Cupiuba / Kabukalli* Kumbi Kumbi
Koraro Andira Kumenini Kumbi
Kumunu Coula
Koraroballi Angelim
Kumus Balau, Yellow / Bangkirai*
Korina Limba /Afara*
Kungulu Mukulungu
Koroko Akossika / Odoko*
Kunyit Meranti, Yellow
Korokon Akossika / Odoko*
Kurahara Jacareúba
Kosipo Kosipo
Kuran Keranji
Kosipo-mahogany Kosipo
Kurang Inga
Kosramba Kedondong
Kurokaï Kurokaï / Breu*
Kotibé Kotibé / Danta*
Kurokay Kurokaï / Breu*
Koto Koto / Pterygota*
Kusia Bilinga / Opepe*
Kouali Quaruba
Kwabohoro Guarea, Scented* / Bossé
Kouatakaman Faveira clair
Kouatapatoe Sapucaia Kwao Haldu
Kouatapatou Sapucaia Kwari Inga
Kouéro Angueuk Kwari Quaruba
Koul Bété / Mansonia* Kwariye Inga
Koumanti oudou Araracanga Kwarye Inga
Kouria Kapokier Kwatakama Faveira
Appendix 979


Kwila Merbau Lifaki muindu Dibétou
Kwilau Merbau Lifondo Ilomba
Kyenkyen Ako / Antiaris* Lifuco Kosipo
Kyere Koto / Pterygota* Light hopea Merawan
Kyun Teak Light red lauan Almon
Lagarto-caspi Jacareúba Light red meranti Meranti, Light Red
Laguno Quaruba Light red seraya Meranti, Light Red
Lakuch Keledang Ligudu Limbali
Lampati ramdala Duabanga Likundu Dabéma / Dahoma*
Landa Landa Limba Limba /Afara*
Landojan Aniégré / Aningeria* Limbali Limbali
Lanilla Balsa Limbo Limba /Afara*
Lanu Balsa Limpagna Suren
Lanutan bagio Ramin Linggua Padauk Amboina
Lapacho Ipê Lingué Doussié / Afzelia*
Lapacho negro Ipê Liniumbu Ohia
Lapawe Owui Linkwai Duabanga
Lapland pine Scots Pine Linog Pulai
Larch European Larch Linzi Bilinga / Opepe*
Larche European Larch Liusan Cryptomeria* / Sugi
Larice European Larch Livuite Tiama / Gedu Nohor*
Larme Idéwa Locust Jatobá / Algarrobo*
Lasi Haldu Lohonfé Diania
Latareko Ramin Loirinho Tanimbuca / Yellow
Lati Lati Sanders*
Lokonfi Diania
Lauan malaanonan Seraya, White
Lokotin Iroko
Lauan red Lauan, Red
Loktob Duabanga
Lauan, white Almon
Lauan, white Meranti, White Lolagbola Tchitola
Laurel Louro branco Lolako Ilomba
Laurel blanco Freijo / Laurel blanco* Loloti Kumbi
Laurier Louro branco Lomba-kumbi Ékoune
Lebi oueko Inga Longhi Longhi
Lebombo ironwood Mecrussé Lonlaviol Faro / Ogea*
Lechero Sandé Lotofa Lotofa / Brown Sterculia*
Legno satino Muirapiranga Louro Louro branco
Leiteira Sandé Louro branco Louro branco
Lejonclo Ilomba Louro faia Catucaém / Louro faia*
Leoué Owui Louro gamela Louro vermelho / Determa*
Letoeng Jelutong Louro inhamui Louro branco
Letok Pulai Louro itaúba Itaúba
Lianu Bubinga Louro precioso Preciosa
Liar Olène Louro tamaquare Aiéouéko / Dakama*
Liboyo Sipo / Utile* Louro vermelho Louro vermelho / Determa*
Libu Oboto Lukienzo Landa
Lidia Framiré / Idigbo* Lumbandjii Ghéombi
Lifaki Sapelli / Sapele* Lumbayau Mengkulang
Lifaki Tiama / Gedu Nohor* Lum-paw Merbau


Lun gajah Meranti, Yellow Maho cigare Tauari
Lun kuning Meranti, Yellow Maho jaune Sapucaia
Lun merat Meranti, Yellow Mahoe Chicha
Lun siput Meranti, Yellow Mahogany Mahogany
Lusamba Avodiré Mahonia Mahogany
Lusanga Iroko Mahot coton Sumauma
M’babou Tchitola Mahua Bitis
M’bado Ayous / Obeche* Mai bak Mersawa
M’bagna Ovèngkol Mai hao Gerutu
M’banga Doussié / Afzelia* Mai hao Mengkulang
M’banza Olon Mai nhang Keruing
M’bébame Longhi Mai po hao Mengkulang
M’bero Dibétou Mai puay Bungur
M’bidikala Aiélé / African Canarium* Mai sat Keruing
M’bidinkala Safukala Mai saw Yemane
M’bili Aiélé / African Canarium* Mai so Yemane
M’bonda Niové Mai tin pet Pulai
M’bossi Oboto Makai Meranti, White
M’boul Aniégré / Aningeria* Makasim Kelat
M’boun Niové Makata Balau, Red
M’boyo Sapelli / Sapele* Maka-tea Sepetir
M’boza Oboto Ma-kerm Kedondong
M’fan Éyoum Makkakabes Angelim
M’foi Moabi Makobokobo African Cordia* / Cordia
M’fubé Avodiré d’Afrique
M’penze Mutényé Makoré Makoré
M’possa Ébiara / Berlinia* Malako Pau roxo / Purpleheart*
Ma klua Asian Black Ebony* / Ébène Malakubi Keledang
noire d’Asie Malarveppu Suren
Maaka Curupixa Malaykal Balau, Yellow / Bangkirai*
Macacarecuia Couroupita Maloba Bitis
Macacaúba Macacaúba Malugai Kasai
Macacaúba preta Macacaúba Mamantin Curupixa
Macacaúba vermelha Macacaúba Mambodé Mambodé
Macaniba Sucupira preta Mammea apple Bacuri
Maçaranduba Maçaranduba / Mampalagai Mango / Machang*
Bulletwood*
Mampata Sougué
Macassar ebony Asian Grained Ebony* /
Ébène veinée d’Asie Ma-muang-pa Mango / Machang*
Macawood Macacaúba Manari balli Timborana
Machang Mango / Machang* Mancone Tali / Missanda*
Machare Manil / Manni* Mandiocai Morototo
Machin mango Sapucaia Mandioqueira Mandioqueira
Macucu da catinga Macucu de paca Mandioqueira aspera Mandioqueira
Macucu de paca Macucu de paca Mandioqueira escamosa Mandioqueira
Macucu do baixo Macucu de paca Mandioqueira lisa Mandioqueira
Magas Duabanga Mandji Iroko
Magasawith Duabanga Mandurike Suren
Maho Chicha Mangga Mango / Machang*
Appendix 981


Manggachapoi Merawan Mata palo Guariúba
Manggachapui Merawan Mataki Manil / Manni*
Mangge hutan Acacia mangium Matakkie Manniballi
Mango Mango / Machang* Matapalo Tachi / Djedoe*
Mangona African Mahogany* / Matatauba Morototo
Acajou d’Afrique Matazama Bacuri
Mangowood Mango / Machang* Matoa Kasai
Mangue Manil / Manni* Mave Mango / Machang*
Manguier Mango / Machang* Mavini African Ebony* / Ébène
Mani Chicha d’Afrique
Mani Manil / Manni* Mavota Ramin
Manil Manil / Manni* Mavu Mango / Machang*
Manil marécage Manil / Manni* May pek Pinus merkusii* / Merkusii
Manil montagne Manniballi Pine
May sak Teak
Manil peou Manniballi
Mayagua Chicha
Manila-padouk Padauk Amboina
Mayang Nyatoh
Manni Manil / Manni*
Mayapis Meranti, Light Red
Manniballi Manniballi
Mazabalo Andiroba
Manonti kouali Cambara
Mbagna Ovèngkol
Mansonia Bété / Mansonia*
Mbanga Coconut Wood
Mapa Dukali / Amapa*
Mbangandourgou Alumbi
Mapajo Sumauma
Mbel African Padauk* / Padouk
Mapalapa Hevea / Rubberwood* d’Afrique
Maparajuba Maçaranduba / Mbele Dabéma / Dahoma*
Bulletwood* Mbele-guli Dabéma / Dahoma*
Mapat Geronggang
Mbeli Dabéma / Dahoma*
Maporokon Inga
Mbembakofi Doussié / Afzelia*
Mapurite Garapa
Mbengé Mutényé
Maqui Fava amargosa
Mboi Abura
Maquilla Andira
Mbosso Kékélé
Mara Mahogany
Méblo Naga / Okwen*
Maram Copaiba
Mecobze Difou
Marblewood Asian Grained Ebony* /
Mecodze Difou
Maria Jacareúba Mecrussé Mecrussé
Mari-mari Fava amargosa Medang keram Ramin
Marina Sandé Meguza Kondroti / East African
Bombax*
Mario Jacareúba
Meketil Sepetir
Maritime pine Maritime Pine
Melabuwai Jelutong
Marupa Marupa
Melancieira Melancieira
Marupa del bajo Fava amargosa
Melapi Meranti, White
Marupa falso Parapará
Melawis Ramin
Marupauba Marupa
Melegba Ébiara / Berlinia*
Marupauba falso Morototo
Mélèze European Larch
Masa Amesclào
Masabalo Andiroba Mélèze d’Europe European Larch
Masenkuanim Timborana Melunak Melunak
Massarandu Maçaranduba / Membacang Mango / Machang*
Bulletwood* Membatu Balau, Red


Mendou Naga / Okwen* Merpau Merpauh
Menga-menga Niové Merpauh Merpauh
Menggeris Kempas Mersawa Mersawa
Menghilan Kauri Meruyun Gerutu
Mengkulang Mengkulang Messmate Tasmanian Oak
Mengris Kempas Mévini African Ebony* / Ébène
Meraga Haldu d’Afrique
Merah-tua Meranti, Dark Red Mezimbite Mecrussé
Meraka Alan / Alan-Batu* Mfang Éyoum
Meralu Kelat Mfimbo Kanda brun
Merana Mecrussé Mfimbo Kanda rose
Meranti bukit Meranti, Dark Red Mfua Mukulungu
Meranti bunga Meranti, Dark Red Mfume Kondroti / East African
Bombax*
Meranti bunga Meranti, Light Red
Mfumu Okoumé / Gaboon*
Meranti bunga Meranti, Dark Red
Mfwankomo Grenadillo
sengawan
Meranti damar hitam Meranti, Yellow Milk wood Pulai
Meranti dark red Meranti, Dark Red Mindoro-pine Pinus merkusii* / Merkusii
Pine
Meranti daun basar Meranti, Dark Red
Minzu Essia
Meranti gerutu Gerutu
Mirabow Merbau
Meranti hantu Meranti, Light Red
Mirarena Angelim
Meranti jerit Meranti, White
Mirindiba Tanimbuca / Yellow
Meranti kelim Meranti, Yellow Sanders*
Meranti kepong Meranti, Light Red Mirueira Muiracatiara
Meranti ketung Meranti, Dark Red Missanda Tali / Missanda*
Meranti kuning Meranti, Yellow Mit-nai Keledang
Meranti langgang Meranti, Light Red Mivuko Abura
Meranti lapis Meranti, White Mivuku Abura
Meranti light red Meranti, Light Red Mkalambaki Muhuhu
Meranti melanthi Meranti, Light Red Mkarambati Muhuhu
Meranti merah muda Meranti, Light Red Mkelete Grenadillo
Meranti paya Meranti, Light Red Mkora Doussié / Afzelia*
Meranti putih Meranti, White Mkumudwe Grenadillo
Meranti rambai Meranti, Light Red Mkuzu Ako / Antiaris*
Meranti sangkawang Meranti, Light Red Mlulu Ako / Antiaris*
Meranti telepok Meranti, Yellow Moabi Moabi
Meranti temak Meranti, White Mobengé Angueuk
Meranti tembaga Meranti, Light Red Moboma Bodioa
Meranti tengkawang Meranti, Light Red
Meranti white Meranti, White Mocacahiba Coraçao de negro* /
Panacoco
Meranti yellow Meranti, Yellow
Mocha colorado Andira
Merawan Merawan
Mo-cua Pulai
Merawayana Pau roxo / Purpleheart*
Moena amarilla Louro branco
Merbau Merbau
Moena blanca Louro branco
Merisier Cherry Wood
Mogano Mahogany
Merkusii Pine Pinus merkusii* / Merkusii
Pine Mogno Mahogany
Merkus-pine Pinus merkusii* / Merkusii Mogouga Émien / Alstonia*
Pine Moholé Afrormosia
Appendix 983


Mokelete Grenadillo Msalu Grenadillo
Mokessé Bilinga / Opepe* Muamba jaune Moabi
Mokoba Igaganga Muave Tali / Missanda*
Mokongo Iroko Muawa Essessang / Erimado*
Mokoungou Dabéma / Dahoma* Mubala Mubala
Molanga Niové Mubangu Alumbi
Molapa Limbali
Mubura Sougué
Moloundou Iroko
Mucututu Morototo
Monghinza Monghinza
Mufula Iroko
Monginja Monghinza
Mufumbi Sipo / Utile*
Mongola African Padauk* / Padouk
d’Afrique Mugavu Iatandza
Mongongo Onzabili Mugongo Onzabili
Monkey pot Sapucaia Muhugwe Muhuhu
Mopini African Ebony* / Ébène Muhuhu Muhuhu
d’Afrique Mühühü Muhuhu
Mora Mora
Muiracatiara Muiracatiara
Mora amarillo Tatajuba
Muirajuba Garapa
Moraballi Curupixa
Muirapiranga Muirapiranga
Moraboekea Mora
Morabukea Mora Muirataua Garapa
Morado Pau roxo / Purpleheart* Muirataua Pau amarelo
Moral Moral Muiratinga Muiratinga
Moral Tatajuba Muizi Lati
Moral bobo Guariúba Mujwa Émien / Alstonia*
Morcegueira Amesclào Mukali Aniégré / Aningeria*
Moreira Iroko Mukangu Aniégré / Aningeria*
Morombo-rai Manniballi Mukebu African Cordia* / Cordia
Moronobo Manniballi d’Afrique
Morototo Morototo Mukelete Grenadillo
Mossome Owui Mukessu Olène
Motangu Grenadillo Mukokukoma Ohia
Moton Andira Mukongoro Dibétou
Mouali Nieuk Mukula African Padauk* / Padouk
d’Afrique
Mouganga Safukala
Mukulungu Mukulungu
Mouguengueri Safukala
Mukumari African Cordia* / Cordia
Moulala Nieuk d’Afrique
Moulomba Virola / Dalli* Mukusu Dibétou
Mountain ash Tasmanian Oak Mukusu Tiama / Gedu Nohor*
Mouquenquéri Safukala Mula Sougué
Moutendé Quaruba Mulateiro Pau mulato
Movingui Movingui / Ayan* Mulu Geronggang
Mozambique Ovèngkol Mumaka Ako / Antiaris*
Mpande Wengé Mumuli Kékélé
Mpengwa Dibétou Mun Asian Black Ebony* / Ébène
Mpewere Dabéma / Dahoma* noire d’Asie
Mpingo Grenadillo Muna Aniégré / Aningeria*
Mringaringa African Cordia* / Cordia Mungusa Kondroti / East African
d’Afrique Bombax*


Munyama African Mahogany* / N’kanang Lotofa / Brown Sterculia*
Acajou d’Afrique N’kanguelé Musizi
Munyii Pao rosa / Dina* N’kara Wamba
Muom Merpauh
N’kassa Tali / Missanda*
Mureillo Cambara
N’kokongo Doussié / Afzelia*
Murere Guariúba
N’komi Izombé
Murtenga Kedondong
N’kumi Okoumé / Gaboon*
Murure Guariúba
N’safu-nkala Safukala
Murwiti Grenadillo
N’singa Dabéma / Dahoma*
Musira Musizi
N’su Faro / Ogea*
Musizi Musizi
N’suku Ossoko
Musonkomo Grenadillo
N’téné Anzèm / Nténé*
Mussacossa Doussié / Afzelia*
N’tola Tola / Agba*
Mutényé Mutényé
N’vero Dibétou
Mutigbanaye Guarea, Black* / Bossé
foncé N’zombou Guarea, Scented* / Bossé
Mutsonga Pao rosa / Dina* clair
Mu-u Bintangor N’zong Éyong / White Sterculia*
Muyovu Sapelli / Sapele* Naga Naga / Okwen*
Mvuku Abura Naharu Tanimbuca / Yellow
Sanders*
Mvumo Muhuhu
Namanuka Ohia
Mwafu Aiélé / African Canarium*
Nambar Macacaúba
Mwavi Tali / Missanda*
Nandi Bungur
My lady Araracanga
Nandiroba Andiroba
Myauklok Keledang
Naouya Kotibé / Danta*
Myaukngo Duabanga
Naranja podrida Dukali / Amapa*
Myroxylon Balsamo
Naranjo Tanimbuca / Yellow
N’aoumbou Guarea, Black* / Bossé Sanders*
foncé Nargusta Tanimbuca / Yellow
N’chong Éyong / White Sterculia* Sanders*
N’démo Kondroti / East African Narig Resak
Bombax* Narra Padauk Amboina
N’dola African Mahogany* /
Nato Mora
Acajou d’Afrique
N’dombou Ako / Antiaris* Nato Nyatoh
N’douma Andoung Nato rojo Mora
N’duka Douka Nazanero Pau roxo / Purpleheart*
N’duma Okan Nazareno Pau roxo / Purpleheart*
N’ganga Limba /Afara* Ndou African Ebony* / Ébène
d’Afrique
N’gollon African Mahogany* /
Ndunga Musizi
Acajou d’Afrique
N’gongo Onzabili Neang nuon Rosewood, Tamalan
N’goumi Okoumé / Gaboon* Nekoe-oedoe Melancieira
N’guessa Pao rosa / Dina* Neko-oudou Tento
N’gula African Padauk* / Padouk Nemba-mbobolo Kékélé
d’Afrique Nemesu Meranti, Dark Red
N’gulu-maza Bilinga / Opepe* New guinea basswood Sesendok
N’gwaki Izombé Nfum Alumbi
N’kagha Wamba Nganga Nganga
N’kali Aniégré / Aningeria* Nghien Melunak
Appendix 985


Ngobisolo Akossika / Odoko* Nyatoh Nyatoh
Ngom Ghéombi Nzang Bomanga / Ariella*
Ngon Éveuss Nzingu Abura
Ngoubou African Ebony* / Ébène Oabé Moabi
d’Afrique Oak Oak
Ngouma Coula Oba Kapokier
Ngwe Fuma / Fromager* Oba suluk Meranti, Dark Red
Niangon Niangon Obang Afrormosia
Nielillo negro Araracanga Obar Kelat
Nieuk Nieuk Obeche Ayous / Obeche*
Niog Coconut Wood Obobo nekwi Guarea, Black* / Bossé
Nioumbou Ako / Antiaris* foncé
Niové Niové Obobo nofua Guarea, Scented* / Bossé
Nir-naval Kelat clair
Nispero Maçaranduba / Oboro Éveuss
Bulletwood* Oboto Oboto
Niuka Ozouga Ochoho Açacu / Sandbox*
Nkanza Landa Ocote Caribbean Pine
Nkoba Dibétou Ocote Pinus patula* / Patula Pine
Nkokom Nganga Ocote liso Pinus patula* / Patula Pine
Nkonengu Kanda brun Odoko Akossika / Odoko*
Nkonengu Kanda rose Odou Ohia
Noce commune Walnut Odou vrai Diania
Nogal Nogal Odoum Iroko
Nogal Walnut Odouma Fuma / Fromager*
Nom abam Aniégré / Aningeria* Odoun Tatajuba
Nom atui Ossimiale Odudu Éveuss
Nom éteng Ékoune Oduma Okan
Nom nsas Pao rosa / Dina* Ofete Koto / Pterygota*
Nom sinedon Tchitola Ofram Limba /Afara*
Nongo Iatandza Ofun Bété / Mansonia*
Northern pine Scots Pine Ogea Faro / Ogea*
Nossoba Essia Ogiovu Ako / Antiaris*
Noudougou Bodioa Ogoué Niangon
Noyer Walnut Ogumalanga Kondroti / East African
Noyer d’Afrique Dibétou Bombax*
Noyer du Gabon Dibétou Ogwango African Mahogany* /
Noyer du Mayombe Limba /Afara* Acajou d’Afrique
Nsakala Pao rosa / Dina* Ogwe Andok
Nsezang Essessang / Erimado* Ohaa Éyong / White Sterculia*
Nsou Faro / Ogea* Ohélé Ovoga
Ntesi Olène Ohia Ohia
Ntwa Andok Oiticica amarela Guariúba
Nuanamo Virola / Dalli* Oiticica da mata Guariúba
Nuez del brazil Castanheiro Okan Okan
Nussbaum Walnut Oken Pao rosa / Dina*
Nyankom Niangon Okha Fuma / Fromager*
Nyareti African Ebony* / Ébène Oko uku Moabi
d’Afrique Okoka Azobé / Ekki*


Okoko Éyong / White Sterculia* Ossel Difou
Okola Douka Ossimiale Ossimiale
Okoumé Okoumé / Gaboon* Ossoko Ossoko
Okro-oedoe Chicha Ossoung Guarea, Black* / Bossé
Okume Okoumé / Gaboon* foncé
Okuro Iatandza Ossoung Guarea, Scented* / Bossé
clair
Okuru Iatandza
Osun African Padauk* / Padouk
Okwen Naga / Okwen* d’Afrique
Olazo Kékélé Otie Ilomba
Ole Afrormosia Otivo Virola / Dalli*
Olé Afrormosia Otutu Kotibé / Danta*
Olène Olène Otutu Bodioa
Oleo pardo Afrormosia
Oueko Inga
Oleo vermelho Balsamo
Ovala Mubala
Olive walnut Mutényé
Ovangkol Ovèngkol
Olla de mono Sapucaia
Ovbialeke Étimoé
Ologbomidu Oboto
Ovèng Bubinga
Ologbomodu Oboto
Olon Olon Ovèngkol Ovèngkol
Olong Olon Ovili Aiélé / African Canarium*
Omang Alep Ovoé Kotibé / Danta*
Ombafo Mecrussé Ovoga Ovoga
Omo African Cordia* / Cordia Ovong Kondroti / East African
d’Afrique Bombax*
Omu Kosipo Ovoui Kotibé / Danta*
Omvong Éyoum Owé Owui
Onakwa Kékélé Owewe Essia
Onglen Billian Ozigo Ozigo
Onumu Igaganga Oziya Faro / Ogea*
Onyina Fuma / Fromager* Ozouga Ozouga
Onzabili Onzabili Pa nong Meranti, White
Paali Nyatoh
Opépé Bilinga / Opepe*
Pacuare Tachi / Djedoe*
Opepe Bilinga / Opepe*
Padang Nyatoh
Oreja de negro Tamboril
Padauk African Padauk* / Padouk
Orejero Tamboril d’Afrique
Orelha de macaco Batibatra Padauk Amboina Padauk Amboina
Oro Abura Padoek African Padauk* / Padouk
Oro Ako / Antiaris* d’Afrique
Oro Andok Padouk African Padauk* / Padouk
d’Afrique
Oropa Niové
Padouk d’Afrique African Padauk* / Padouk
Orumu Igaganga d’Afrique
Orura Mahogany Paduk African Padauk* / Padouk
Osan Aniégré / Aningeria* d’Afrique
Osan Longhi Pagoda tree Pulai
Osanga Osanga Pahutan Mango / Machang*
Osibin African Ebony* / Ébène Paigie Kapur
d’Afrique Pakoeli Bacuri
Ossabel Ossabel Pakpajide Doussié / Afzelia*
Appendix 987


Pakuri Bacuri Paraju Maçaranduba /
Pala Nyatoh Bulletwood*
Palapi Mengkulang Parakwa Angelim vermelho
Pale Nyatoh Paraman Manil / Manni*
Pali Nyatoh Paraná pine Pinho Paraná
Palissandre des indes Rosewood, Sonokeling Para-para Parapará
Palissandro Ovèngkol Parapará Parapará
Palo amarillo Moral Parcouri Bacuri
Palo amarillo Tanimbuca / Yellow Parcouri-manil Manniballi
Sanders* Parica Faveira
Palo banco Pau mulato Parica Timborana
Palo cochino Amesclào Paricá Pashaco / Paricá*
Palo de aceite Amesclào Parica branco Timborana
Palo de balsa Balsa Partridgewood Wacapou
Palo de culebra Muiracatiara Pashaco Pashaco / Paricá*
Palo de matos Tento Pashu-padauk Padauk Amboina
Palo de mora Moral Pata de dando amarillo Tanimbuca / Yellow
Palo de oro Muirapiranga Sanders*
Palo de rosa Pau roxo / Purpleheart* Pata de galina Morototo
Palo de vaca Sandé Pattern wood Émien / Alstonia*
Palo machete Wallaba Pattern wood Pulai
Palo maria Jacareúba Pátula Pinus patula* / Patula Pine
Palo morado Pau roxo / Purpleheart* Patula Pine Pinus patula* / Patula Pine
Palo rojo African Padauk* / Padouk Pau amarelo Pau amarelo
d’Afrique Pau cetim Pau amarelo
Palo trébol Cerejeira Pau cham Resak
Palosapis Mersawa Pau conta Doussié / Afzelia*
Pamashto Maçaranduba / Pau d’arco Ipê
Bulletwood* Pau de balsa Balsa
Pamiel Bodioa Pau de remo Curupixa
Pamutan Mango / Machang* Pau ferro Pao rosa / Dina*
Panacoco Coraçao de negro* / Pau marfim Guatambù
Panacoco
Pau mulato Pau mulato
Panchimouti Copaiba
Pau mulato branco Tanimbuca / Yellow
Panchonta Nyatoh Sanders*
Paneira Sumauma Pau precioso Preciosa
Panga-panga Wengé Pau preto Grenadillo
Panguana Sandé Pau rainha Muirapiranga
Pan-thya Resak Pau roxo Pau roxo / Purpleheart*
Pantoeng Jelutong Pau sangue Vêne
Pao amarello Pau amarelo Pau veludo Éyoum
Pau violeta Pau roxo / Purpleheart*
Pao rosa Pao rosa / Dina*
Pau-d’oleo Copaiba
Papao Doussié / Afzelia*
Pau-jacare Timborana
Pappel Poplar
Pauli Vésámbata
Para Tamboril Pavito Parapará
Para rubber tree Hevea / Rubberwood* Pavo Morototo
Parahyba Marupa Paya Punah
Paraiba Marupa Pa-yom dong Balau, Yellow / Bangkirai*


Peda Punah Pinang Melunak
Pekia Piquia Pinheiro Pinho Paraná
Pékié Andok Pinheiro de Parana Pinho Paraná
Pelmax Araracanga Pinheiro de Paraná Pinho Paraná
Penaga Bintangor Pinheiro do brasil Pinho Paraná
Penak-bunga Chengal Pinhiero bravo Maritime Pine
Penak-sabut Chengal Pinho brasileiro Pinho Paraná
Penak-tembaga Chengal Pinho Paraná Pinho Paraná
Pencil cedar Nyatoh Pinnay Bintangor
Pendan Meranti, White Pino Pinus patula* / Patula Pine
Pendan Seraya, White Pino blanco Pinho Paraná
Pengiran Mersawa Pino candelabro Pinus patula* / Patula Pine
Penkwa Sapelli / Sapele* Pino chuncho Pashaco / Paricá*
Penkwa-akowaa Kosipo Pino macho Caribbean Pine
Penzi Éyoum Pino maritimo Maritime Pine
Peonia Tento Pino marittimo Maritime Pine
Pequi Piquiarana Pino Paraná Pinho Paraná
Pequia cetim Pau amarelo Pino veta Caribbean Pine
Peramancillo Manil / Manni* Pintri Virola / Dalli*
Periquiteira Tanimbuca / Yellow Pinus Caribbean Pine
Sanders* Pinus kesiya Pinus kesiya* / Kesiya Pine
Perupok Perupok Pinus merkusii Pinus merkusii* / Merkusii
Petanang Kapur Pine
Petata Ramin Pinus patula Pinus patula* / Patula Pine
Petir Sepetir Pioppo Poplar
Petsut yetama Suren Piquia Piquia
Peuplier Poplar Piquia Piquiarana
Phay Duabanga Piquia bravo Piquiarana
Pha-yom Meranti, White Piquia roxo Piquiarana
Phay-sung Duabanga Piquiarana Piquiarana
Phdiek Mersawa Pisi Louro branco
Pik Mersawa Pitch pine Caribbean Pine
Pikimissiki Timborana Pitchpin Caribbean Pine
Pikin-misiki Timborana Pituca Guariúba
Pilapalam Keledang Pixixica Morototo
Pilava Keledang Platanillo Morototo
Pili Kedondong Plave chetti Keledang
Pin argenté Pinus patula* / Patula Pine Plong Kelat
Pin d’Oregon Douglas fir Plumero Quaruba
Pin de Polynésie Caribbean Pine Pocouli Ébiara / Berlinia*
Pin de riga Scots Pine Poga Ovoga
Pin du mexique Pinus patula* / Patula Pine Polvillo Ipê
Pin du nord Scots Pine Ponga Punah
Pin jelecote Pinus patula* / Patula Pine Ponsigue montanero Uchy
Pin kesiya Pinus kesiya* / Kesiya Pine Poon Bintangor
Pin maritime Maritime Pine Poona Bintangor
Pin paraná Pinho Paraná Poonnai Bintangor
Pin sylvestre Scots Pine Pooti Balau, Yellow / Bangkirai*
Appendix 989


Poplar Poplar Quinilla colorada Maçaranduba /
Porokay Kurokaï / Breu* Bulletwood*
Poroposo Koto / Pterygota* Quinillo colorado Andira
Possentrie Açacu / Sandbox* Quon Pashaco / Paricá*
Possum Açacu / Sandbox* Rakban Rengas
Possumwood Açacu / Sandbox* Ramin Ramin
Pota Owui Ramin batu Ramin
Potrodom Tali / Missanda* Ramin telur Ramin
Poyi Grenadillo Rayo Faveira
Pracuúba Mora Red balau Balau, Red
Pracuúba branca Mora Red Cedar Cedro
Pracuúba vermelha Mora Red Cedar Red Cedar
Preciosa Preciosa Red Cedar Suren
Precioso Preciosa Red lauan Lauan, Red
Prokonie Inga Red lauan Meranti, Dark Red
Pterygota Koto / Pterygota* Red louro Louro vermelho / Determa*
Pudau Keledang Red meranti Meranti, Dark Red
Puenga Manil / Manni* Red meranti Meranti, Light Red
Pulai Pulai Red pine Scots Pine
Pulaï Pulai Red selangan Alan / Alan-Batu*
Pulupulu Grenadillo Red selangan batu Balau, Red
Pumaquiro Araracanga Reini lout Curupixa
Pumma Bintangor Rengas Rengas
Punah Punah Resak Resak
Punal Punah Riam Nyatoh
Punam Punah Riemhout Curupixa
Punggai Durian Riesenlebensbaum Red Cedar
Punna Bintangor Rifari Tanimbuca / Yellow
Sanders*
Purperhart Pau roxo / Purpleheart*
Ritangueira Wacapou
Purpleheart Pau roxo / Purpleheart*
Riu sinu Muirapiranga
Puy Ipê
Robinia Black Locust
Pycnantus Ilomba
Robinie Black Locust
Pyinkado Pyinkado
Robinier Black Locust
Pyinma Bungur
Roble Catucaém / Louro faia*
Quarabu Quaruba
Roble Cerejeira
Quarabu jasmirana Quaruba
Roble Oak
Quarabu rem Quaruba
Quaricica Quaruba Roble americano Cerejeira
Quaruba Quaruba Roble criollo Cerejeira
Quaruba tinga Cambara Roble del pais Cerejeira
Quaruba vermelha Cambara Roble morado Ipê
Quarubarana Cambara Rode lokus Jatobá / Algarrobo*
Quarubatinga Quaruba Rokko Iroko
Quercia Oak Roné Izombé
Quillo Quaruba Roode djedoe Tachi / Djedoe*
Quillo caspi Araracanga Roode kabbes Andira
Quillosisa Quaruba Rosadinha Curupixa
Quina-quina Balsamo Rosadinho Curupixa


Rose gum Eucalyptus grandis Sapelewood Sapelli / Sapele*
Rosewood Padauk Amboina Sapelli Sapelli / Sapele*
Rosewood, para Rosewood, Para Sapelli-mahogany Sapelli / Sapele*
Rosewood, sonokeling Rosewood, Sonokeling Sapin Fir
Rosewood, tamalan Rosewood, Tamalan Sapin de douglas Douglas fir
Roxinho Pau roxo / Purpleheart* Sapino Cupiuba / Kabukalli*
Rubber tree Hevea / Rubberwood* Sapote Chicha
Rubberwood Hevea / Rubberwood* Sapucaia Sapucaia
Rukattana Pulai Sapucaia vermelha Sapucaia
Saandoe Angelim Sapupira Sucupira preta
Sablier Açacu / Sandbox* Sapupira amarella Angelim
Saboarana Rosewood, Para Saput Chicha
Sacha-uva Morototo Saputi Sepetir
Safoukala Safukala Sara Wacapou
Safukala Safukala Sarabebeballi Wacapou
Sagwan Teak Sarkpei Ébiara / Berlinia*
Saino Cupiuba / Kabukalli* Sarrapia Cumaru / Tonka*
Saint martin gris Angelim Sarrapio montanero Andira
Saint martin jaune Angelim Sasswood Tali / Missanda*
Saint martin rouge Andira Satijnhout Muirapiranga
Saka Pau roxo / Purpleheart* Satin Ceylan Satin, Ceylon
Sakan Billian Satin Ceylon Satin, Ceylon
Sal Balau, Yellow / Bangkirai* Satin wood Satin, Ceylon
Saladillo Quaruba Satiné Muirapiranga
Salao Bungur Satiné rouge Muirapiranga
Saleng Pinus kesiya* / Kesiya Pine Satiné rubané Muirapiranga
Salgueiro Curupixa Satinwood Muirapiranga
Sali Amesclào Saw Yemane
Salie Amesclào Sawari Piquiarana
Samba Ayous / Obeche* Sawarie Piquia
Sambacuim Morototo Sawarie Piquiarana
Samrong Kembang Semangkok Saya khao Meranti, Light Red
Sand dukuria Uchy Saya lueang Meranti, Light Red
Sandalo Balsamo Sayo Kékélé
Sandbox Açacu / Sandbox*
Scented guarea Guarea, Scented* / Bossé
Sande Sandé clair
Sandé Sandé Scots Pine Scots Pine
Sandy Sandé Sebo Virola / Dalli*
Sanga-sanga Essessang / Erimado* Sebrahout Grenadillo
Sangrino Virola / Dalli* Seekiefer Maritime Pine
Sanguessugueira Muiracatiara Sega Pulai
Sansama Ako / Antiaris* Sehmeh Limbali
San-sugi Cryptomeria* / Sugi Seique Tornillo
Santa maria Jacareúba Seiqui Tornillo
Santhanavembu Suren Selangan Merawan
Sanu Angueuk Selangan batu Balau, Yellow / Bangkirai*
Sao Merawan Selangan batu kumus Balau, Yellow / Bangkirai*
Sapele Sapelli / Sapele* Selangan batu merah Balau, Red
Appendix 991


Selangan kacha Meranti, Yellow Sida Dibétou
Selangan kuning Meranti, Yellow Siéléké Owui
Selangan merah Alan / Alan-Batu* Sifou-sifou Iatandza
Selangan-batu Giam Sikon Ékaba / Ekop*
Selangan-kasha Merawan Sikon Osanga
Selangking Keledang Silk cotton Sumauma
Selayar Kembang Semangkok Silk cotton-tree Fuma / Fromager*
Selimbar Balau, Red Silverballi Louro branco
Semayur Balau, Red Simar naka Keledang
Semli Iroko Simarouba Marupa
Sena Padauk Amboina Simaruba Marupa
Sendok-sendok Sesendok Simarupa Marupa
Sengal Merawan Simia chimi Tanimbuca / Yellow
Sengawan Balau, Red Sanders*
Sengkawan darat Balau, Yellow / Bangkirai* Simmé Iroko
Simpoh Simpoh
Sengkawang Balau, Yellow / Bangkirai*
Simpur jangkang Simpoh
Sepam Mango / Machang*
Sindru Émien / Alstonia*
Sepati Pulai
Sindur Sepetir
Sepau Keranji
Sinduro Émien / Alstonia*
Sepeteh Sepetir
Sinedon Tola / Agba*
Sepetir Sepetir
Singa n’dola Faro / Ogea*
Sepetir nin-yaki Sepetir
Singri-kwari Cambara
Sepetir pay Sepetir
Sipiroe Greenheart
Seraya batu Meranti, Light Red
Sipo Sipo / Utile*
Seraya bukit Meranti, Dark Red
Sipo-mahogany Sipo / Utile*
Seraya bunga Meranti, Light Red
Sirioco Cerejeira
Seraya daun Meranti, Dark Red
Sisiat Melunak
Seraya kuning Meranti, Yellow
Sisiet Melunak
Seraya punai Meranti, Light Red
Sisina Monghinza
Seraya sirup Balau, Red
Siton paya Muirapiranga
Seraya white Seraya, White
Snakewood Angelim rajado /
Seraya yellow Meranti, Yellow
Snakewood*
Seri Balau, Red Sneki oedoe Angelim rajado /
Seringa Hevea / Rubberwood* Snakewood*
Seringueira Hevea / Rubberwood* So Yemane
Serungan Geronggang Soemaroeba Marupa
Sesendok Sesendok Sogho Ossoko
Sewan Yemane Sokram Pyinkado
Shaitanwood Pulai Solia Olène
Shedua Faro / Ogea* So-maeo Yemane
Shempo Virola / Dalli* Sombo Olène
Shibadan Araracanga Son Pinus kesiya* / Kesiya Pine
Shihuahuaco amarillo Cumaru / Tonka* Son Rengas
Shimbillo Inga Song-salung Perupok
Shirenga Hevea / Rubberwood* Songtrang Perupok
Shiunza Diania Sonokeling Rosewood, Sonokeling
Sibu Kasai Sonokembang Padauk Amboina
Sicomoro Great Maple Sopo oedoe Piquiarana


Sor Yemane Tacula African Padauk* / Padouk
Soroga Quaruba d’Afrique
Sorro Ossoko Taehi preto Tachi / Djedoe*
Soryoko Cerejeira Tagahas Duabanga
Sougué Sougué Tahuari Ipê
Spruce Fir Taiuva Moral
Sral Pinus kesiya* / Kesiya Pine Tajibo Ipê
Sral Pinus merkusii* / Merkusii Takalis Melunak
Pine Takhian Giam
Srâl Pinus merkusii* / Merkusii Takhian Merawan
Pine Takian chan Chengal
Sralao Bungur Takien Merawan
Stoolwood Émien / Alstonia* Takina Sandé
Sual Meranti, White Takoradi mahogany African Mahogany* /
Subaha Abura Acajou d’Afrique
Sucupira Sucupira preta Tala Ozouga
Sucupira amarela Sucupira preta Tali Tali / Missanda*
Sucupira preta Sucupira preta Tamalan Rosewood, Tamalan
Sucupira-pepino Melancieira Tamanou Bintangor
Sugi Cryptomeria* / Sugi Tamanqueira Marupa
Suikerhout Curupixa Tamaren prokoni Batibatra
Sultan champa Bintangor Tamboril Tamboril
Sulunus Geronggang Tambulian Billian
Sumauma Sumauma Tamgang Keledang
Sumauna Sumauma Tami Balsa
Sumba African Cordia* / Cordia Tampipio Tauari
d’Afrique
Tananeo Pau roxo / Purpleheart*
Sunsun Chicha
Tangama Faveira
Sun-sun Morototo
Tanganyka noce Aniégré / Aningeria*
Suntuch Morototo
Tanganyka nuss Aniégré / Aningeria*
Supa Sepetir Tangare Andiroba
Surea-bawang Suren Tanga-tanga Iatandza
Suren Suren Tanghon Bintangor
Surian Suren Tangile Lauan, Red
Susumenga Niové Tanguile Meranti, Dark Red
Swamp kapur Kapur Tanimbuca Tanimbuca / Yellow
Swartdriedoring Grenadillo Sanders*
Sweet chestnut Chestnut Tanne Fir
Sycomore Great Maple Taoub Itaúba
Taban Nyatoh Taoub jaune Itaúba
Tapaiuna Basralocus
Tabari Tauari
Tapulau Pinus merkusii* / Merkusii
Tabek Bungur Pine
Tabonuco Gommier Tarco Parapará
Tabum Grenadillo Tasmanian Oak Tasmanian Oak
Tacacazeiro Chicha Tassit Melunak
Tachi Tachi / Djedoe* Tatabu Sucupira preta
Tachi preto Tachi / Djedoe* Tatagva Tatajuba
Tachigalia Tachi / Djedoe* Tatajuba Tatajuba
Appendix 993


Tatayiva-saiyu Moral Tiama mahogani Tiama / Gedu Nohor*
Tatbu Wacapou Tiaon Lauan, Red
Tâu Resak Tigerwood Dibétou
Tauari Tauari Timba Gombé
Taun Kasai Timbauba Batibatra
Taun me ok Pulai Timbauba Tamboril
Taung-kaye Keranji Timbauba Timborana
Taung-thayet Merpauh Timbauva Tamboril
Tavoy wood Gerutu Timbo Tamboril
Tchitola Tchitola Timbo colorado Tamboril
Teak Teak Timborana Batibatra
Tebako Naga / Okwen* Timborana Timborana
Teca Teak Timbóuba Tamboril
Teck Teak Timbo-y-ata Copaiba
Tega Teak Timburita Tanimbuca / Yellow
Tek Teak Sanders*
Tekka Teak Tinajero Morototo
Tekku maram Teak Tinchi Louro branco
Tembaga Rengas Tingimoni Amesclào
Tenasserim-pine Pinus merkusii* / Merkusii Tinguimoni Kurokaï / Breu*
Pine Tinto blanco Parapará
Tento Tento Tinyu Pinus kesiya* / Kesiya Pine
Teraling Mengkulang Tinyu Pinus merkusii* / Merkusii
Terap Keledang Pine
Tobago Sapucaia
Terbulan Sesendok
Tobitoutou Morototo
Tetekon Limbali
Toborochi Sumauma
Teteroma Louro vermelho / Determa*
Todagatti Rosewood, Sonokeling
Tetraberlinia Ékaba / Ekop*
Toemaling Kempas
Tfouma Nieuk
Togte Nogal
Thabye Kelat
Tola Tola / Agba*
Thadi Kedondong
Tola blanc Tola / Agba*
Tharapi Bintangor
Tola branca Tola / Agba*
Thayet Mango / Machang*
Tola chinfuta Tchitola
Thayet-kin Merpauh
Tom Dabéma / Dahoma*
Thayet-thitsi Rengas
Tongke hutan Acacia mangium
Thbeng Keruing
Tongsuk Melunak
Thekku Teak
Tonka Cumaru / Tonka*
Thia Pulai
Tonka bean Cumaru / Tonka*
Thingan Merawan
Toon Suren
Thingan-net Giam
Topa Balsa
Thitka Melunak
Tornillo Tornillo
Thitkado Suren
Torotoro Rengas
Thitlaung Kembang Semangkok
Toubaouaté Gombé
Thitya Balau, Yellow / Bangkirai*
Tougbi Ozouga
Thong Pinus kesiya* / Kesiya Pine
Toum Dabéma / Dahoma*
Thong Pinus merkusii* / Merkusii
Pine Towé Gombé
Tiama Tiama / Gedu Nohor* Tram Kelat


Trebol Macacaúba Vêne Vêne
Trébol Cerejeira Venga Padauk Amboina
Trementino azucarero Amesclào Vengai Padauk Amboina
Tro Keruing Ventak Bungur
Truong Kasai Ventaku Bungur
Tsaik Tornillo Venteak Bungur
Tshibudimbu Tchitola Venthek Bungur
Tsongoti Émien / Alstonia* Ven-ven Mersawa
Tule Iroko Verdolago amarillo Tanimbuca / Yellow
Tungaui Kasai Sanders*
Turtosa Vésámbata Vésámbata Vésámbata
Turupay amarillo Guariúba Vesi Merbau
Tusam Pinus kesiya* / Kesiya Pine Vintanina Bintangor
Tusam Pinus merkusii* / Merkusii Violettholz Pau roxo / Purpleheart*
Pine Virola Virola / Dalli*
Tutu Aniégré / Aningeria* Viruviru Greenheart
Tuyot Punah Visgueiro Faveira
Uapa Wallaba Vitali Padauk Amboina
Ubucari Bacuri Volador Araracanga
Uchi Uchy Volador Tanimbuca / Yellow
Uchy Uchy Sanders*
Ucuuba Virola / Dalli* Vovo Tiama / Gedu Nohor*
Udoghogho Pao rosa / Dina* Vuku Abura
Ugu Ozouga Vumma Bintangor
Uku Mukulungu Vutalau Bintangor
Ulin Billian Wacapoe Wacapou
Ulu Amesclào Wacapou Wacapou
Umbambangwe Grenadillo Wadaduri Sapucaia
Umncaga Pao rosa / Dina* Wadara Tauari
Undia nunu African Mahogany* / Waka Bubinga
Acajou d’Afrique Waka Wamba
Undianuno Sapelli / Sapele* Walaba Wallaba
Unyom Andok Walélé Ilomba
Upi Kedondong Wallaba Wallaba
Ura wood Açacu / Sandbox* Walnuss Walnut
Urat mata Seraya, White Walnut Walnut
Urat mata batu Gerutu Wama Essessang / Erimado*
Urat mata bukit Gerutu Wamara Coraçao de negro* /
Panacoco
Urat mata daun kechil Gerutu
Wamara Wamara
Urunday-para Muiracatiara Wamba Wamba
Utile Sipo / Utile* Wana Louro vermelho / Determa*
Uvala Doussié / Afzelia* Wanakwari Quaruba
Uya Faveira Wanu Louro vermelho / Determa*
Vaa Limbali Wapa Wallaba
Vaca Sandé Water gum Kelat
Ven Vêne Watrakwari Quaruba
Vencola Macacaúba Wawa Ayous / Obeche*
Vene Vêne Wawabima Lotofa / Brown Sterculia*
Appendix 995


Wehu Nganga Yellow meranti Meranti, Yellow
Wenge Wengé Yellow poui Ipê
Wengé Wengé Yellow sanders Tanimbuca / Yellow
West african albizia Iatandza Sanders*
Yellow seraya Meranti, Yellow
Western red cedar Red Cedar
Yellow sterculia Éyong / White Sterculia*
Whismore Niangon
Yemane Yemane
White afara Limba /Afara*
Yemeri Quaruba
White cheese wood Pulai
Yesquero Jequitiba
White dhup Kedondong
Yiguire Timborana
White gum Tasmanian Oak
Yi-thongbung Keranji
White lauan Almon
Yokar Inga
White lauan Meranti, White
Yolombo Cardeiro
White lauan Seraya, White
Yomham Suren
White meranti Gerutu
Yongo Fava amargosa
White meranti Meranti, White Yuan Kempas
White seraya Gerutu Yunjua Sapucaia
White seraya Seraya, White Yutubanco Jatobá / Algarrobo*
White sterculia Éyong / White Sterculia* Yuyun Tanimbuca / Yellow
Wild cherry Cherry Wood Sanders*
Wildkirsche Cherry Wood Yvira-père Garapa
Wiswiskwari Quaruba Zamanguila African Mahogany* /
Wnaimei Dibétou Acajou d’Afrique
Zaminguila African Mahogany* /
Womara Wamara Acajou d’Afrique
Wonton Difou Zanzangue Iatandza
Wulo Essia Zapan negro Sucupira preta
Xoai Mango / Machang* Zapatero Pau roxo / Purpleheart*
Xoan moc Suren Zapote Chicha
Xoay Keranji Zapote silvestre Chicha
Xwetin Ayous / Obeche* Zaputi Manil / Manni*
Yachimambo Parapará Zebe Grenadillo
Yacushapana Tanimbuca / Yellow Zébrali Awoura
Sanders* Zebrano Zingana
Yagrumo macho Morototo Zebrawood Zingana
Yakal Balau, Yellow / Bangkirai* Ziba Éyoum
Yama Étimoé Zinbyun Simpoh
Yami Niangon Zingana Zingana
Yang Keruing Zobbi Grenadillo
Yarumero Morototo Zoélé Andoung
Yatandza Iatandza Zopilote Mahogany
Yaya Lati Zunzatin Acajou Cailcédrat
Yayamadou Virola / Dalli* Zuwo Diania
Yayamadou marécage Virola / Dalli* Zwart parelhout Coraçao de negro* /
Yayamadou montagne Virola / Dalli* Panacoco
Yegna Bomanga / Ariella* Zwart parelhout Wamara
Yellow balau Balau, Yellow / Bangkirai* Zwarte kabbes Sucupira preta

List of contributors
Amusant Nadine (UMR EcoFoG, CIRAD) Leménager Nicolas (UMR CBGP, CIRAD)
nadine.amusant@cirad.fr nicolas.lemenager@cirad.fr
Baillères Henri (UR BioWooEB, CIRAD) Lotte Sylvain (UR BioWooEB, CIRAD)
henri.bailleres@cirad.fr sylvain.lotte@cirad.fr
Baudassé Christine (DGDRD, CIRAD) Marchal Rémy (UR BioWooEB, CIRAD)
christine.baudasse@cirad.fr remy.marchal@cirad.fr
Beauchêne Jacques (UMR EcoFoG, CIRAD) Martin Luc (UR BioWooEB, CIRAD)
jacques.beauchene@cirad.fr luc.martin@cirad.fr
Boutahar Nabila (UR BioWooEB, CIRAD) Martin Patrick (ATIBT)
nabila.boutahar@cirad.fr patrick.martin@atibt.org
Boyer Fernand (UMR EcoFoG, CIRAD) Méjean Catherine (Agreenium, CIRAD)
catherine.mejean@cirad.fr
Brancheriau Loïc (UR BioWooEB, CIRAD)
loic.brancheriau@cirad.fr Mouras Sylvie (UR BioWooEB, CIRAD)
sylvie.mouras@cirad.fr
Cabantous Brigitte (DRLR, CIRAD)
brigitte.cabantous@cirad.fr Napoli Alfredo (UR BioWooEB, CIRAD)
alfredo.napoli@cirad.fr
Calchera Gilles (DGDRD, CIRAD)
gilles.calchera@cirad.fr Paradis Sébastien (UR BioWooEB, CIRAD)
sebastien.paradis@cirad.fr
Candelier Kévin (UR BioWooEB, CIRAD)
kevin.candelier@cirad.fr Pignolet Luc (UR BioWooEB, CIRAD)
luc.pignolet@cirad.fr
Cerre Jean-Claude
jean-claude.cerre@orange.fr Pinta François (UR BioWooEB, CIRAD)
francois.pinta@cirad.fr
Châlon Isabelle (UR BioWooEB, CIRAD)
isabelle.chalon@cirad.fr Roda Jean-Marc (UR BioWooEB, CIRAD)
jean-marc.roda@cirad.fr
Daigremont Claude (UR BioWooEB, CIRAD)
claudedaigremont@sfr.fr Sales Christian (UR BioWooEB, CIRAD)
salesc@wanadoo.fr
Fouquet Daniel (UR BioWooEB, CIRAD)
daniel.fouquet@hotmail.fr Thévenon Marie-France (UR BioWooEB, CIRAD)
marie-france.thevenon@cirad.fr
Gallet Philippe (UR BioWooEB, CIRAD)
philippe.gallet@cirad.fr Thibaut Anne (UMR EcoFoG, CIRAD)
Gandon Gérard (Société Olergie) Thibaut Bernard (CNRS)
f2g.olergie@wanadoo.fr bernard.thibaut@umontpellier.fr
Gérard Catherine (DIST, CIRAD) Troalen Nathalie (UR BioWooEB, CIRAD)
catherine.gerard@cirad.fr nathalie.troalen@cirad.fr
Gérard Jean (UR BioWooEB, CIRAD) Valière Pierre (UR BioWooEB, CIRAD)
jean.gerard@cirad.fr pierre.valiere@cirad.fr
Guibal Daniel (UR BioWooEB, CIRAD) Vernay Michel (UR BioWooEB, CIRAD)
daniel.guibal@cirad.fr vernay.bois@orange.fr
Guyot Alban (UR BioWooEB, CIRAD Vialle Michèle (UR AIDA, CIRAD)
alban.guyot@cirad.fr michele.vialle@cirad.fr
Koese Soepe (UMR EcoFoG, CIRAD) Volle Ghislaine (UR BioWooEB, CIRAD)
soepe.koese@cirad.fr ghislaine.volle@cirad.fr
Langbour Patrick (UR BioWooEB, CIRAD) Zaremski Alba (UMR AGAP, CIRAD)
patrick.langbour@cirad.fr alba.zaremski@cirad.fr
Appendix 997

Photos credits
Photos of backsawn, quartersawn, half- Bintangor © Claude Daigremont, Jean Gérard,
quarter sawn: CIRAD
© Daniel Guibal, CIRAD
Black Locust © Olivier Filippi, Pépinière
Macrophotography of cross sections: Filippi
© Jean-Claude Cerre Bubinga © Ravier SARL
Photos of examples: Caribbean Pine © Henry Séchet, Scierie de
Abura © Fouad Nammour, Ateliers d’Art Netchaot
Christine et Fouad Nammour Cedar © Clément Auscher
Acajou Cailcédrat © www.percussion- Cherry Wood © Jean-Claude Cerre
africaine.com
Chestnut © Jean-Noël Duchemin
African Ebony* / Ebène d’Afrique © Daniel
Guibal, CIRAD Coconut Wood © Jean Gérard, CIRAD
African Padauk* / Padouk d’Afrique © Jean Cryptomeria* / Sugi © Chambre de Métiers et

Gérard, CIRAD de l’Artisanat de la Réunion
Cumaru / Tonka* © Nicolas Quendez
Afrormosia © Terrasse Nature
Cupiuba / Kabukalli* © Société Copeaux and
Aiéouéko / Dakama* © Franck Créti, Indus
Co
Tree Consult
Douglas fir © Jean-Claude Chazelon
Andira © Société Sous le Fromager
Ébiara /Berlinia* © Daniel Guibal, CIRAD
Andiroba © F. Rives, PAG
Eucalyptus grandis © Franck Créti, Indus Tree
Andoung © Bernard Cassagne, FRM Consult, Daniel Guibal, CIRAD
Angelim © Bruno Clair, CNRS European Larch © Michel Vernay, CIRAD
Angelim rajado / Snakewood* © Cosmik Faro / Ogea* © Emmanuel Groutel, WALE
Guitare, www.cosmikguitare.com
Fir © Patrick Langbour, Cirad
Angelim vermelho © Michel Vernay, CIRAD
Framiré / Idigbo* © Jean Gérard, CIRAD
Aniégré / Aningeria* © Dominique Louppe,
CIRAD Freijo / Laurel blanco* © Franck Dufourny, Sarl
Fribois
Ash © Éric Orsini, Antique dealer / antique
Fuma / Fromager* © Dominique Louppe,
furniture restorer
CIRAD
Asian Grained Ebony* / Ébène veinée d’Asie
Garapa © Daniel Guibal, CIRAD
© Éric Orsini, Antique dealer / antique
furniture restorer Goiabao © Franck Créti, Indus Tree Consult
Awoura © Benoît Demarquez, TEREA Gombé © Emmanuel Groutel, WALE
Ayous / Obeche* © Michel Vernay, CIRAD Greenheart © Wood Direct International
Azobé / Ekki* © Denis Delequeuche Grenadillo © Capucine Carlier, at the
mechanics and civil engineering lab of the
Balau Yellow / Bangkirai* © Michel Vernay, Université de Montpellier
CIRAD
Guariúba © Leônidas Enesto de Souza, Ebata
Balsa © Pauline Grapa Produtos Florestais Ltda
Basralocus © Michel Vernay, CIRAD Hevea /Rubberwood* © Jean Gérard, CIRAD
Batibatra © Jean Ollivier, Olliwood Iatandza © Brenco Exotic Woods
Beech © Jean-François Hamard Idéwa © Emmanuel Groutel, WALE
Bilinga / Opepe* © Jean Uhalde, UBC Ipê © Michel Vernay, CIRAD

Iroko © Jean Gérard, CIRAD Ohia © Brenco Exotic Woods

Itaúba © Leônidas Ernesto de Souza, Ebata Okan © Denis Delequeuche
Produtos Florestais Ltda Okoumé / Gaboon* © Valletoux, Rougier
Izombé © Emmanuel Groutel, WALE Osanga © David Bodelu, Fibres industries bois
Jarrah © Jean Gérard, Daniel Guibal, CIRAD Ovèngkol © Frédéric Gaeremynck, Atelier 7
Jatobá / Algarrobo* © Frédéric Gaeremynck, ébénisterie
Atelier 7 ébénisterie Padauk Amboina © Jean Gérard, CIRAD
Kapur © Daniel Guibal, CIRAD Pao rosa / Dina* © Éric Orsini, Antique dealer
Kauri © Jean Gérard, CIRAD / antique furniture restorer
Kosipo © Jean-Yves Riaux Pashaco / Paricá* © Franck Créti, Indus Tree
Consult
Kotibé / Danta* © Brenco Exotic Woods
Pau roxo / Purpleheart* © Michel Vernay,
Koto / Pterygota* © Jean Desrois, Fluide CIRAD
Curves
Piquia © Cosmik Guitare, www.
Lati © Daniel Guibal, CIRAD cosmikguitare.com
Limba / Afara* © Jean Gérard, Daniel Guibal, Poplar © Manon Lonjon, Valeur Bois
CIRAD
Red Cedar © Jean Gérard, CIRAD
Limbali © David Bodelu, Fibres industries bois
Rosewood Para © Denis Gliksman, Buffet
Louro vermelho / Determa* © Michel Vernay, Crampon
CIRAD
Rosewood Sonokeling © Éric Orsini, Antique
Maçaranduba / Bulletwood* © Michel Vernay, dealer / antique furniture restorer
CIRAD
Sapelli / Sapele* © Jean-Yves Riaux
Mahogany © Éric Orsini, Antique dealer /
antique furniture restorer Scots Pine © Denis Delequeuche
Mandioqueira © Sylvie Mouras, CIRAD Sipo / Utile* © Jean Gérard, CIRAD

Spruce © Daniel Guibal, CIRAD
Mango / Machang* © Daniel Guibal, CIRAD
Sucupira preta © Société Sous le Fromager
Manil / Manni* © Société Copeaux and Co
Sycamore Maple © Daniel Guibal, CIRAD
Manniballi © Société Dissi
Tali / Missanda* © Jean-Yves Riaux
Maritime Pine © FP Bois
Tatajuba © Société Copeaux and Co
Marupa © Hélène Maurel, CIRAD
Tauari © Paul Gérard
Meranti Dark Red © Robert Huiban, Le
Maillon fort Teak © Patrick Mignot
Merbau © Marc Campenet Tiama / Gedu Nohor © Daniel Guibal, CIRAD
Moabi © Jean-Yves Riaux Timborana © Leônidas Ernesto de Souza,
Ebata Produtos Florestais Ltda
Monghinza © Rougier
Tola / Agba* © Paul Gérard
Mora © Woods Direct International
Tornillo © Daniel Guibal, CIRAD
Movingui / Ayan* © David Bodelu, Fibres
industries bois Vène © Kossi Segla, Université de Lomé
Muirapiranga © Michel Vernay, CIRAD Wacapou © Patrick Martin, ATIBT
Mukulungu © Jean-Yves Riaux Wallaba © Woods Direct International
Mutényé © Frédéric Gaeremynck, Atelier 7 Walnut © Jean Gérard, Daniel Guibal, CIRAD
ébénisterie Wamara © Rafeek Khan
Niové © Emmanuel Groutel, WALE Wengé © Jean Gérard, CIRAD
Oak © Daniel Guibal, CIRAD Zingana / Zebrano* © Brenco Exotic Woods
Appendix 999
Editorial coordination: Claire Jourdan-Ruf
Translation support: Emma Morton-Saliou
Layout: Alterego@aniane.net
This atlas presents technical information for professionals who process and use
temperate or tropical timber. It combines the main technical characteristics
of 283 tropical species and 17 species from temperate regions most commonly
used in Europe with their primary uses. Each data sheet is accompanied by two
photos of sawn wood (flat sawn and quarter sawn, or flat sawn and half quarter
sawn), two macro photographs, and for certain species, an illustration of how
the wood can be used.
This publication will be most useful to operators in the wood industry, including
producers (forest managers, operating companies, political decision-makers)
and consumers (importers, traders, processors, purchasers, architects, main
contractors and builders). The Atlas serves as a tool of reference for teaching
and training in the forest and wood sectors in tropical regions. Its purpose is to
promote the most appropriate uses for each species according to its characteristics
and in line with the motto: “the right wood in the right place”.
This book was produced by the Wood team of CIRAD’s BioWooEB Research Unit
with financial support from the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO)
and Agropolis Fondation. It is the product of thirty years of research in wood
technology science, provided by numerous contributors. It was coordinated
using version 7 of Tropix, released by CIRAD.
The Atlas is a joint project, with coordination and data compilation by Jean Gérard
(CIRAD), data management and iconography by Daniel Guibal (CIRAD), database
development and Tropix software by Sébastien Paradis (CIRAD), and macrophotography
design and production by Jean-Claude Cerre, and contributions from 40 authors.
65,99 e
e-ISBN : 978-2-7592-2770-9
ISSN : 1952-2770
Réf. : 02617NUM

E TMT SDP 010 12 R1 M Tropical Timber Atlas

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Guide

Tropical Timber Atlas

© Éditions Quæ, 2017

Jean Gérard (coordinator), Daniel Guibal,

6 Tropical Timber Atlas

8 Tropical Timber Atlas

10 Tropical Timber Atlas

Contributors to the atlas

Organisations which contributed to the Tropical Timber Atlas

12 Tropical Timber Atlas

User guide: general information 13

14 Tropical Timber Atlas

User guide: general information 15

16 Tropical Timber Atlas

User guide: general information 17

18 Tropical Timber Atlas

Use class categories

Specificities of Class 5. For concerned species, class 5 membership is indicated separately. A

Notice : informations générales 19

Natural durability class according to risk class

Figure 2. Types of wood deformation.

20 Tropical Timber Atlas

User guide: general information 21

22 Tropical Timber Atlas

User guide: general information 23

24 Tropical Timber Atlas

User guide: general information 25

Sawing and machining

26 Tropical Timber Atlas

User guide: general information 27

28 Tropical Timber Atlas

User guide: general information 29

U Bein Bridge: the longest teakwood bridge in the world.

30 Tropical Timber Atlas

Property Mean value

Natural durability and treatability

Cross sections of Cariniana pyriformis

34 Atlas of Tropical Timber Species

Euroclass grading. D-s2, d0

Natural durability and treatability

36 Atlas of Tropical Timber Species

Cross sections of Fleroya ledermannii

38 Atlas of Tropical Timber Species

Cross sections of Acacia mangium

40 Atlas of Tropical Timber Species

Natural durability and treatability

42 Atlas of Tropical Timber Species

Cross sections of Hura crepitans

Euroclass grading. D-s2, d0

44 Atlas of Tropical Timber Species

Cross sections of Khaya senegalensis

46 Atlas of Tropical Timber Species

• For the “Special Market”

African Cordia* / Cordia

Natural durability and treatability

48 Atlas of Tropical Timber Species

Resistance to termites. Class D - durable

Cross sections of Cordia africana

• For the “Special Market”

50 Atlas of Tropical Timber Species

African Ebony* / Ébène

Cross sections of Diospyros crassiflora

52 Atlas of Tropical Timber Species