ORCHIDS Magazine September 2013 PDF

ORCHIDS
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THE BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN ORCHID SOCIETY VOL. 82 NO. 9 SEPTEMBER 2013
ORCHIDS
The Bulletin of the American Orchid Society
CONTENTS September 2013 Volume 82 Number 9
RON MCHATTON
Director of Education
rmchatton@aos.org
JOHN wRENCH
Advertising Manager
jwrench@aos.org
EDITORIAL
American Orchid Society
at Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden 528 534 544 551
10901 Old Cutler Road
Coral Gables, Florida 33156 FEATURES
ADVERTISING
John Wrench 534 PAPHIOPEDIUM IN CHINA
American Orchid Society Part VII: Paphiopedium section Barbata
at Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden
10901 Old Cutler Road Holger Perner
Coral Gables, Florida 33156
Email jwrench@aos.org
544 IN SEARCH OF THE STAR OF AFRICA
SUBSCRIPTIONS AND MISSING ISSUES Angraecum stella-africae
Membership Services Department Clare and Johan Hermans
Tel 305-740-2010 Fax 305-740-2011
Email naya@aos.org
551 PARAPHAlAENOPSIS
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Bornean Jewels
Larry Barnes, Mark Chase, Raymond Cloyd, Phillip
Cribb, Calaway Dodson, Alec Pridgeon, Julian Robert Fuchs
Shaw, Yin-Tung Wang, Norris Williams
FORMER EDITORS
556 CATTlEyA CRISPA
Dr. David Lumsden (1932–1940), Dr. Louis O. The Sleeping Giant
Williams (1940–1943), Gordon Dillon (1943–1967; A.A. Chadwick
1970–1973), Merle Reinikka (1968–1969),
Richard Peterson (1973–1984), Stephen R. Batchelor
(1984), Alec Pridgeon, PhD (1984–1988; DEPARTMENTS In Every Issue
1989–1991), Chuck McCartney (1988–1989),
James B. Watson (1991–2013) For the Novice 522
AOS MEMBERSHIP INFORMATION 514
A Scaly Problem
The AOS Education Committee AOS DIRECTORY OF SERVICES 514
AOS NATIONAL VOLUNTEERS 516
Tom’s Monthly Checklist 524
Volume 82, Number 9 September 2013 Orchids (ISSN 1087-1950) is September: the month of entropy PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE 520
published monthly by the American Orchid Society, Inc., at Fairchild Thomas Mirenda
Tropical Botanic Garden Editorial Office: 10901 Old Cutler Road, QUESTIONS AND ANSwERS 518
Coral Gables, Florida 33156 (telephone 305-740-2010; fax 305-740-
2011; email theaos@aos.org; website www.aos.org). ©American Orchid of the Month 526 CALENDAR 568
Orchid Society, Inc. 2013. Printed by Allen Press, 810 East 10th Rossioglossum
Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66044. Subscription price of Orchids is CONTRIBUTIONS 570
$65 a year within the US, $85 Canada and Mexico and $105 for Thomas Mirenda
all other countries. Single copies of current issue cost $6.99 (plus ORCHID MARKETPLACE 572
shipping and handling). Prices are subject to change without notice. Collector’s Item 528
While Orchids endeavors to assure the reliability of its advertising, ORCHIDS CLASSIFIEDS 575
neither Orchids nor the American Orchid Society, Inc. can assume Aerangis distincta
responsibility for any transactions between our advertisers and our Brenda Oviatt and Bill Nerison AD INDEx 575
readers. Periodical postage paid at Miami, FL and additional offices.
POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: American Orchid Society,
Inc., at Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, 10901 Old Cutler Road, Nomenclature Notes 560
SIDEBARS
Coral Gables, FL 33156. The American Orchid Society follows the Amoana (Laeliinae), a New
World Checklist of Selected Plant Families with regard to questions of Mexican Orchid Genus
botanical nomenclature and synonymy in orchid species names and the Species and Natural Hybrids of Aerangis 530
International Orchid Register for hybrid nomenclature and parentage Carlos Leopardi, Germán Carnevali and Eric Brenda Oviatt and Bill Nerison
in editorial. The opinions and recommendations that appear in Orchids Hágsater
regarding the selection and use of specific plant-care products,
including but not limited to pesticides, fungicides and herbicides, An Aerangis Compendium 531
are those of the individual authors, and not those of the American Orchid Evolution 564 A New Book by Isaobyl la Croix
Orchid Society, which neither adopts nor endorses such opinions and Part VIII. Floral Polymorphism and Speciation
recommendations and disclaims all responsibility for them. When
Alejandro Zuluaga
selecting and using such products, readers should seek and obtain the How to Grow Aerangis distincta 532
advice of the manufacturer and of responsible government agencies. Brenda Oviatt and Bill Nerison
Mail date: August 24, 2013. Parting Shot 576
The Pencil Drawings of Pavel Arlt
The 21st WOC in South Africa 549
Ron McHatton
Johan Hermans
How to Grow Paraphalaenopsis 552

Robert Fuchs
FRONT COVER
Printed on 10 percent post-consumer recycled paper. Angraecum stella-africae, the Star of Africa, photographed in situ by Bart Wursten in the Lekgalameetse
Nature Reserve in the Wolkberg Mountains of South Africa
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AmericAn Orchid SOciety ServiceS
A 501(c)(3) Nonprofit Organization Founded in 1921 ron McHatton, PhD (rmchatton@aos.org)
MISSION Chief Operating Officer (305-740-2012)
The mission of the American Orchid Society is to promote and support AOs policy information
the passion for orchids through education, conservation and research Education
Nomenclature
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Orchid information
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514 Orchids sEptEmbEr 2013 www.AOS.Org

Pronunciation guide
the pronunciation of orchid names can be daunting for the novice and experienced grower alike. presented below is a simplified
pronunciation guide specific to the names found in this issue of Orchids magazine. An attempt has been made to represent each
syllable using easily recognized sounds or words separated by hyphens and not standard phonetic symbols. endings such as
–atus or –anum have two commonly encountered pronunciations. represented here the broad “a” (ah) has been used, ah-tus
or ah-num however the alternative endings, -ay-tus and -ay-num, are often heard among American orchid growers.
Aerangis(ay-air-ANG-iss) Eulophia (yew-LOH-fee-ah) Paraphalaenopsis (pair-ah-fayl-en-NOP-

aestivum (eh-STEEV-um) fastuosa (fast-YEW-oh-sah) sis)
Alamania (al-ah-MAN-ee-ah) fuscata (foos-KAH-tah) pardinum (par-DEE-num)
alboviride (al-boh-VEER-ih-dee) gracillima (grah-SILL-ih-mah) patula (pat-YEW-lah)
album (al-BUM) grande (gran-DAY) Perrierangraecum (PAIR-ee-ay-an-GREY-
alcicornis (al-see-KOR-niss) gravenreuthii (grah-ven-RUTH-ee-eye) kum)
Amoana (am-OH-an-ah) Habenaria (hab-en-AIR-ee-ah) Polystachya (pol-ee-STAK-ee-ah)
angolensis (ang-GOH-len-sis) hainanense (HIGH-nan-en-say) primulina (prim-YEW-lee-nah)
Angraecum (an-GREY-kum) hariotiana (hair-ee-OTT-ee-ah-nah) puberulum (pew-BUR-yew-lum)
angustifolium (an-gus-the-FOLL-ee-um) hians (HIGH-ans) pulchella (pull-KEL-ah)
ampliatum (am-PLEE-ay-tum) hildebrandtii (hill-deh-BRANT-ee-eye) punctata (PUNK-tah-tah)
appendiculata (app-en-DIK-yew-lah- hologlottis (hole-loh-GLOT-tiss) purpurata (um) (pur-PUR-ah-tah [um])
tum) humblotii (hum-BLOT-ee-eye) qingyongii (CHING-YONG-ee-eye)
appletonianum (ap-pel-tone-EE-ah-num) hyaloides (high-ah-LOY-des) Renanthera (ren-ANN-ther-ah)
arachnopus (ah-RACK-no-pus) insigne (in-SIG-nee) rhodosticta (row-do-STICK-tah)
articulata (are-TIK-yew-lah-tah) insleayi (ins-LEE-eye) Rhynchostylis (rink-oh-STY-liss)
biloba (bye-LOH-ba) jacksonii (jack-SON-ee-eye) roseovitattata (rose-ee-oh-VEE-tah-tah
Boisduval (Bwa-DUE-val) kienastii (kee-NASS-tee-eye) Rossioglossum (ross-ee-oh-GLOSS-um)
bouarensis (boo-are-en-sis) kirkii (kir-KEE-eye) rostellaris (ross-TELL-air-iss)
boltonii (bohl-TONE-ee-eye) kotschyana (kah-CHEE-ah-nah) rusituensis (rew-sih-TOO-en-sis)
Bonatea (Boh-nah-TEE-ah) krameri (KRAY-merr-ee or KRAY-merr- rutenbergianum (roo-ten-BERG-ee-an-
brachycarpa (brak-ee-KAR-pah) eye) um)
brevilabium (breh-vee-LAY-bee-um) labiata (lah-BEE-ah-tah) Satyrium (say-TEER-ee-um)
burmanicum (burr-MAN-eh-kum) Laelia (LAY-lee-ah) schlieperianum (SCHLEE-perr-ee-ah-
Calanthe (kal-AN-thee) laycockii (lay-KOCK-ee-eye) num)
callosum (kal-OH-sum) labukensis (lah-BOO-ken-sis) seegeri (SEE-gerr-eye)
cardiophora (kar-DEE-oh-for-ah) longicauda (long-EE-kow-dah) serpentilingua (sir-pen-tih-LING-yew-ah)
carnea (KAR-nee-ah) lueddemanniana (lewd-eh-MAN-ee-ah- sinicum (SY-nih-kum)
Catasetum (kat-ah-SEE-tum) ah) somalensis (sow-MAL-en-sis)
Cattleya (KAT-lee-ah) luteoalba (lew-TEE-oh-AL-bah) spiculata (SPIK-yew-lah-tah)
Chamaeangis (kam-ay-ANG-is) macrocentra (mack-roe-SEN-trah) splendida (splen-DEE-dah)
Chamaeanthus (kam-ay-AN-thus) maireae (MY-er-ee) stella-africae (STELL-ah-aff-RIH-kay or
Chirioana (kye-ROE-ah-nah) measuresianum (meh-zuhrs-EE-an-um) aff-RIH-kee)
collum-cygni (KOL-um-SIG-nee) megaphylla (meg-ah-FILL-ah) stelligera (stell-ih-GERR-ah)
concavipetala (kon-kav-ee-PET-ah-lah) microchilum (mye-kro-KYE-lum) Stenoglottis (sten-oh-GLOT-iss)
confusa (kon-FUSE-ah) Microterangis (mye-kro-tehr-ANG-iss) stylosa (STY-loh-sah)
coriacea (kore-ee-AY-cee-ah) modesta (moe-DESS-tah) sukhakulii (soo-kah-KOO-lee-eye)
coursiana (kour-SEE-ah-nah) mooreana (MORE-ee-ah-nah) thomsonii (tom-SON-ee-eye)
crispa (KRIS-pa) monantha (MOWN-an-thah) Ticoglossum (tee-koh-GLOSS-um)
cryptodon (kryp-TOE-don) montana (MAHN-tan-ah) transvaalensis (tranz-VAHL-en-sis)
Cymbidium (sim-BID-ee-um) mossiae (MOSS-ee-eye tridentatum (try-DEN-tah-tum)
Cypripedium (sip-rih-PEED-ee-um) multifolium (mull-tee-FOLL-ee-um) ugandensis (yew-GAN-den-sis)
decaryana (dee-KARE-ee-ah-nah) mystacidii (miss-tah-SID-ee-eye) Vandachostylis (VAN-dah-ko-STY-liss)
Dendrobium (den-DROH-bee-um) Neofinetia (nee-oh-FIN-ay-ah or commonly venustum (VENN-ooh-stum)
denevei (den-EV-ee-eye) nee-oh-FIN-ett-ee-ah) verdickii (vir-DICK-ee-eye)
Devereauxara (dev-ehr-OH-are-ah) nervosa (nerr-VOH-sah) versicolor (verr-sih-KOH-lor)
Diaphananthe (dye-aff-an-AN-thee) Oestlundia (est-LUND-ee-ah) wardii (WARD-ee-eye)
Disa (DEE-zah or DYE-zah) oerstedii (ehr-STED-ee-eye) warneri (WAR-nerr-eye)
Disperis (DISS-per-iss) odontoglossa (oh-don-toe-GLOSS-ah) warscewiczii (var-sheh-VITZ-ee-eye)
Distincta (diss-TINK-tah) oligantha (oh-LIG-an-thah) williamsianum (will-ee-ums-EE-ah-num)
divitiflora (dih-vit-EE-ee-flor-ah) Oncidium (on-SID-ee-um) wolterianum (wohl-TERR-ee-ah-num)
dowiana (dow-EE-an-ah) Oncidiinae (on-SID-ee-ih-nee) ying-xiangii (ING-SHEE-ung-ee-eye)
ellisii (el-LISS-ee-eye) ottoniana (awh-TONE-ee-an-ah) zambesiaca (zam-BEES-ee-ah-kah)
Encyclia (en-SIK-lee-ah) pallidiflora (pahl-id-EE-flor-ah) zeyheriana (ZAY-err-ee-ah-na)
ensata (EN-say-tah) Paphiopedilum (paff-ee-oh-PED-ih-lum)
epipactidea (ep-ee-PACK-tid-ee-ah) Papilionanthe (pap-ee-lee-OH-nan-thee)
www.AOS.Org september 2013 Orchids 515

AmericAn Orchid SOciety nAtiOnAl VOlunteerS
Officers Executive Committee Judging Committee
Sandra Tillisch Svoboda executive_committee@aos.org judging_committee@aos.org
president Sandra Tillisch Svoboda, Chair Harry Gallis, Chair
Thomas Etheridge, Peter Furniss, Jean Marion Allen, Kathy Barrett, Michael Blietz,
Thomas Etheridge Hollebone, Fred Missbach, Chris Rehmann, Max Patsy Boersma, Howard Bronstein, Glenn
Fred Missbach C. Thompson Brown, Judy Cook, Sallie Delahoussaye, José
Vice presidents Exposito, Carlos Fighetti, Aileen Garrison,
Affiliated Societies Committee George Hatfield, Lowell Jacks, C. Todd
Jean Hollebone affiliated_societies@aos.org Kennedy, Terry Kennedy, Julius J. Klehm Jr.,
secretary Lynn Fuller, Chair Joe Lankton, Joe Peterson, Bonnie Riley, Bryon
Manuel Aybar, Rosalie Dixler, Pat Dunn, Mario Rinke, Jennifer Ritchie, Paul Sheetz, Taylor
Peter Furniss Ferrusi, Dot Henley, Robert Henley, Jean Slaughter, James Spatzek, Linda Thorne, Susan
treasurer Hollebone, Candace Hollinger, Betty Kurka, Wedegaertner, Robert Winkley, Janice Yates
Marilyn Lee, Wayne Marine, Norma Raiff,
Max Thompson William Riley, Gladys Roudel, Johnita Turner, Library/Archives Committee
Assistant treasurer Marie-Christine Viallet library_committee@aos.org
John Ingram, Chair
Chris Rehmann Conservation Committee Doris Asher, Christine Chowning, Diana Dunn,
immediate past president conservation_committee@aos.org Robert Fuchs, Gail Furniss, Norito Hasegawa,
David Horak, Chair Ernest Hetherington, Carlos Ossenbach, Francis
Trustees Steven Beckendorf, Hilda Belman, Joseph Dixler, Plimpton, Chris Rehmann, Thomas Sheehan,
2011–2014 Leon Glicenstein, Theodore Green, Aaron Hicks, Marilyn Stark
Jeff Bradley, Russell Clark, Tom Mirenda, John Salventi, Philip Seaton,
Nancy Mountford, Marilyn Shapiro, John Sullivan, Mark Sullivan Membership Committee
June Simpson Advisory Members: Anita Aldrich, Paul Bechtel, membership_committee@aos.org
Phillip Cribb, Robert Gabel, Eric Hágsater, Johan Frank Smith, Chair
Hermans, Alexander Hirtz, Ann Jesup, Saw Lwin, Jeanne Buchanan, Fred Clarke, Lois Dauelsberg,
2012–2015 Laura DeCarlo, Nile S. Dusdieker, Lynn Fuller,
Ned Nash, K.C. Pradhan, William Rhodehamel,
Jeanne Buchanan, Maurice Garvey, Jayme Hennek, Susan Heuer,
Rapee Sagarik, Kiat Tan, Ileana Teran
Mario Ferrusi, Ron Giles, David Janvrin, Wayne Louie, Alexa Noel, Ty
John Ingram, Frank Smith Triplett, Sarah Waddoups, Charles S. Wilkins Jr.,
Development Committee
development_committee@aos.org Colleen Wold, H.W. Zoufaly
2013–2016 Carlos Fighetti, June Simpson
Fred Clarke, Harry Gallis, MD, Nominating Committee
David Toyoshima, Carol Zoltowskit Education Committee nominating_committee@aos.org
education_committee@aos.org George Hatfield, Chair
Honorary Vice Presidents Bev Tall, Chair Jeanne Buchanan, John Ingram, Chris Rehmann,
Roger Brown, Donna Craig, Edward Baenziger, Cynthia Coty, William Ellis, Beverly Tall, Robert Winkley, Carol Zoltowski
Peter R. Furniss, Ernest Hetherington, Steve Fischer, John Fordham, Lynn Fox, Carol
Ann Jesup, Phil Jesup, Thomas Sheehan Klonowski, Ron Midgett, Jeanne Rhinehart, Publications Committee
Louise Roesser, John Stubbings, Sandy publications_committee@aos.org
Stubbings, Gregory Truex Greg Allikas, Chair
Past Presidents
Kathy Barrett, Glen Decker, Harry Gallis,
Albert C. Burrage, F. Eugene Dixon, Wharton
Finance Committee Wesley Higgins, Cynthia Hill, Jean Allen-
Sinkler, Rodney Wilcox Jones, Frederick T.
finance_committee@aos.org Ikeson, Phil Jesup, Tom Oder, Kent Peterson,
Bonham, George W. Butterworth Sr., Frank J.
Peter Furniss, Chair Ken Slump
Lind, Robert M. Scully Sr., G. Ferguson Beall,
Russell Clark, Fred Missbach, Nancy Mountford,
Walter Slagle, Lewis C. Vaughn, Keith Shaffer,
Chris Rehmann, Max Thompson Public relations Committee
Dr. Jonathan W. Williams, Norman B. Merkel,
public_relations_committee@aos.org
Dr. Lawrence L. Vance, Merritt W. Huntington,
governance Committee David Toyoshima, Chair
Raymond McCullough, William E. Farrell, Paul
governance_committee@aos.org Jeanne Buchanan, Fred Clarke, Norman Fang,
B. Moore, Dr. David H. Brown, FL Stevenson,
Mario Ferrusi, Chair Carri Raven-Riemann
Dr. J. Woodson Phillips, Donna Craig, Mary
Tom Etheridge, Harry Gallis, Jean Hollebone,
Davidson Dunnell, Donald E. Herman, Peter R.
Taylor Slaughter research Committee
Furniss, Marvin Gerber, Milton O. Carpenter,
research_committee@aos.org
Roger Brown, Robert J. Griesbach, Art Moore,
Information Technology Committee Carol Zoltowski, Chair
Carlos Fighetti, Chris Rehmann
information_technology_committee Tom Etheridge, R.J. Griesbach, Patricia
@aos.org Harding, Marcia Miller-Hjelle, Nancy
Greg Filter, Chair Mountford, Thomas Sheehan, John Stommel,
Howard Bronstein, Ted Kellogg, Frank Slaughter Cynthia Van Der Wiele, Norris Williams,
Kenneth Wilson, Lawrence Zettler
516 Orchids september 2013 www.AOS.Org

Questions and answers
not get enough light as they are shaded plants aren’t actively growing. Doing so
by those above. Much more importantly, can dramatically stress or even kill the
plants will drip on each other and this is plants. They won’t establish well and can
a surefire way to pass pests and diseases rot easily. Wait until you see good new
from plant to plant — virus, rots and root growth and then repot in a fresh, well
insects. Everything on your bottom shelf drained mix and support with a stake. Keep
can be infected by multiple problems in no your plants out of windy conditions and
time flat. If you have the space, you might water very carefully (slow water stream)
want to reconfigure this system so that until well established.
plants are not directly over other plants.
— Thomas Mirenda (mirendat@si.org).
ORCHIDS OUT OF DOORS

Question I live on a small lot in
suburban South Florida and can grow
orchids outdoors all year. I built the small
shade house in this picture to house our
orchids. Shading it a bit also is a palm
tree on the neighbor’s side of the fence.
According to my light meter, the light
level is just about perfect — more or less
2,000 l.c. depending on the time of day.
I have installed a wireless outdoor temp
and humidity sensor mounted in the shade
house. The shade cloth is fixed on the sides
and back but can be rolled up in the front
when the sun is not shining directly on it.
I put plastic on the top to keep the rain It is true that many of the cane
and there are three small fans that keep dendrobiums will produce small plantlets
the air moving. I plan to buy a Mist King if cut into sections. Each piece of cane
system for humidity control. The misting must have at least one node (old leaf scar)
system comes with a timer and I know we because it’s the tiny undeveloped growth
need to make sure the leaves aren’t wet at bud at this spot that actually produces the
night. My question is how often should the THOSE UGLY CANES plantlet. Lay the sections horizontally on
misting system turn on and for how long Question I grow a number of cane moist potting media or sphagnum moss and
should each “burst” of mist last? — Mark dendrobiums and would like to know keep them moderately shady and humid.
Klinefelter (mklinefelter@hotmail.com). what to do with the canes after they have Depending on the plant, the dormant
Answer Thank you for sending the flowered? From a casual perspective, buds will begin to grow little plants over
images of your new structure.....very after flowering, they just SIT there! The a period of a few months. When the little
nice. In South Florida you may find that remain green so I assume they are still plants have developed roots about two
humidity is not a problem except for the taking up water through their roots but inches long they can be potted up and
drier winter days. There’s no good rule what other function do they have? Can grown on. People who grow cymbidiums
of thumb as to how long your plants I just cut them off? I have seen in some know about sprouting backbulbs and it’s
should be misted and much depends on books that you cut them up into sections effectively the same idea. It’s a good way
air movement, outdoor humidity and and place horizontally on potting medium to propagate new plants for your friends.
the system itself. I would suggest on a to produce little plants. Does this really — Thomas Mirenda (email mirendat@
hot day see how long it takes for water work? — Anonymous si.edu)
droplets to evaporate and use that as a Answer Dendrobiums will often put
guide to figuring out an interval for your out additional flower spikes on older canes.
misting system. It would be great if your Any nodes that have previously bloomed
system allows you to set it differently for won’t bloom again but often lower down
sunny vs. cloudy days or with variation in or uppermost unbloomed nodes might still
temperature. One reason I don’t care much send out a spike, even on an aged cane.
for automatic systems is their inflexibility And, yes the old canes do feed and support
unless you invest in an expensive system. the newer growths. For these reasons they
For instance, what would be good settings should be left on the plant until they are
for a hot summer day may be useless on a no longer green or become truly unsightly.
cloudy day or even a sunny winter day. If your plants are getting too large, or old
What worries me more is that your canes stop flowering or just look really
orchids are stacked on top of each other. bad it’s time to remove them and repot
For a variety of reasons this can be a bad the plant. One word of caution — don’t
situation. First, plants lower down may do this in the fall or winter when your

past, present, Future
Malibu Orchid Society Turns Fifty

by Gerlinde and Georg Stelzner
THE BEGINNING In the spring held in various places

of 1963, Hugo Freed founded the now- and during much of the
prospering Malibu Orchid Society (MOS) 1970s, regular monthly
in Southern California. Hugo, a well- meetings were held in
known orchid hybridizer and lecturer, schools, restaurants
was the general manager of Arthur Freed and the Malibu Civic
Orchid Company, operating since 1946 on Center. Board meetings
Bonsall Drive in Malibu. Hugo’s brother, were held in the homes
Arthur, was the famous Hollywood of members, rotating
producer of film musicals. locations much as we do
Orchid societies today. It was the custom
were relatively rare at the time for the hosts
at that time and the and other MOS members
consensus was that it to prepare refreshments
would be difficult to for these meetings. One 1
organize a viable one of still-living members
in Malibu. However, from that time is Margaret Wilson. While [1] Orchid growers in Malibu are blessed
there were other orchid chatting with Margaret recently, she with a year-round benign climate and
Gerlinde Stelzner societies in Southern related a story about a time when she and most of our members keep their collec-
California that had her husband, Dwight, hosted one of these tions outside
been around for some time and orchids board meetings. Dwight asked Margaret to
were growing in popularity. Furthermore, bake a pie rather than purchase one ready-
the decision to hold the 5th World Orchid made. So, Margaret baked the pie. Not chandelier hanging from the sycamore tree
Conference (WOC) in Long Beach, everyone is cut out to be a baker and after over the table, which was draped to the
California in 1966 had just been announced dinner she noticed that, while the filling floor with all the dinner fineries of crystal,
at the 4th WOC in Singapore in 1963. was gone, no one had touched the crust. a silver centerpiece with orchids and dress
The Southland Orchid Show Committee, Margaret purchased pies for future MOS code to match. Needless to say, they won.
representing all of Southern California’s board meetings. During this time, the MOS also staged
orchid societies at the time, was founded BUILDING THE FAMILY Social fancy holiday banquets at the Saddle
to prepare for that upcoming event. Much events hold societies together because Peak Lodge in Calabasas. Centerpiece
support was going to be needed for the members become part of the “family” contests were one of the highlights of
conference and, because Hugo Freed was and the MOS was no exception. Over those affairs.
already involved in the World Orchid the years, many social functions such as Summer parties were also held at the
Conferences by virtue of his attendance at summer picnics were held on the large estate of longtime members in central
the prior conferences, he was motivated to grounds on the end of Bonsall Drive where Malibu. Those parties always drew
start the Malibu Orchid Society. About a the Freed nursery was then located. Hugo large crowds. Each party had a different
dozen people had been meeting monthly Freed retired in 1974 after managing the elaborate theme. One was a Hawaiian
in Hugo’s office to discuss orchid culture orchid firm for 28 years. The business luau complete with roasted pig and hula
and this group became the nucleus of our was sold in 1978 to Amado Vazquez, and dancers. That affair included a leg contest
new fledgling orchid society. Zuma Canyon Orchids was born. Amado’s for men, won by none other than Amado
There were eight charter members son George was in charge of sales and his Vazquez. Orchid leis were flown in by
including Amado Vazquez, then head wife, Maria Vazquez, ran the laboratory. another member for people to wear for
grower for Freed’s orchid range and later All real orchid nurseries had their own the evening affair. Mai Tais made by Red
to become the founder of Zuma Canyon flasking laboratories in those days — Marsh were always a standard at those
Orchids here in Malibu. Madelaine Fobert, you couldn’t live without one. At some parties. Oh, the good old days.
Hugo Freed’s secretary, served as our point in time, the business was moved Red and Trudi Marsh were very active
membership secretary for 20 years. Talk to its present location, still on Bonsall MOS members and Trudi designed our
about dedication. One can assume that, Drive, but somewhat closer to the ocean. Malibu logo, which was inspired by the
in one way or another, all MOS society The Zuma Canyon facility was used for late Helen Pastushin and still used today.
members visited or contributed to the 5th society picnics in the summer and many Trudi could always be counted on to help
WOC in Long Beach. How often do you interesting parties over the intervening with many show art projects, as well as
get an event like that in your backyard? years. I remember one year, 1986, when making her home available for board
After operating informally for six years, an MOS picnic was held at Zuma Canyon meetings.
the MOS incorporated on June 27, 1969 Orchids with a contest for the best table THE SHOWS AND PUBLIC
listing nine directors. Unfortunately, most setting. One member, who wanted to be EXPOSURE Before orchids became
of those directors have now passed on. sure to be one of the winners (all families a commodity sold in every grocery store
THE EARLY YEARS For the first have someone who will go to any lengths and home improvement center, these
couple of decades, MOS meetings were . . . right?), came early to install a crystal exotic plants were publicized through
520 OrchidS SepTeMber 2013 www.AOS.Org

orchid shows put on by local societies.
One of the earliest in Southern California
was the Santa Barbara International
Orchid Show, established in 1945. Helen
Pastushin, an accomplished orchid grower
and early member of the MOS, designed
the MOS entries for these shows during
the late 1960s and all through the 1970s.
In 1982, Georg and Gerlinde Stelzner
moved to Malibu and joined the MOS. 2
Gerlinde had been designing exhibits for
the San Fernando Valley Orchid Society
for several years and became involved
in similar endeavors for the MOS. Since
1982, Gerlinde has been the chief designer
for MOS displays at several different
orchid shows including the Santa Barbara
show and the shows that used to be held at
the New Otani Hotel and Garden in Los
Angeles.
EVOLUTION In the spring of 1996,
3
the society moved its meetings to the
Pacific Palisades Women’s Club, where [2] the mOs display for the 1992 santa bar-
we still meet. The organization’s monthly bara international Orchid show featuring
meetings have changed very little over
an orchid-adorned working Ferris Wheel.
these 50 years but there have been changes
[3] Our 1996 display, the Art of Orchids, for
in the way the meetings are described and
the 1996 santa barbara international
documented. Some records, provided by
Mary McEdwards, show that for at least Orchid show.
some time in the early 1970s, extensive
notes were taken on the speaker’s lectures. the public and as a profitable fundraiser.
These notes typically ran for several pages For many years, the crowd always enjoyed
of typed script and provided an excellent our display, the orchid divisions available
compilation of practical information on and, of course, the flowers. Unfortunately,
orchid culture and the characteristics of like many events, participation is no longer
different genera. These extensive notes profitable.
provide a fascinating insight into the THE FUTURE The MOS continues
efforts of devoted members during that as a viable society with 50 years under
time. our belt and, we hope, 50 more to come.
Another difference was that in the In general, the very large collections like
early days each newsletter devoted that of Red and Trudi Marsh are gone
considerable space to recording the and, with the advent of readily available
events of the past meeting. During the mass-market plants, there is less emphasis
mid-1980s, the newsletter would list on getting every plant name right. Like
every plant on the prior meeting’s plant all modern specialty clubs, it’s harder to
forum table, who had grown the plant recruit and keep members, but we are a
and occasionally some notes about how family after all and we are adjusting to
it was grown; of course, the results of ever-changing times as we look forward
the judging were included with some into the future. — Gerlinde Stelzner and
eight to ten awards at a typical meeting. her husband Georg have been faithful
Unfortunately, lavish documentation of Malibu Orchid Society members for 30
meetings gradually declined and would be years. She, with the help of her husband
very difficult to recreate today. The only and many other dedicated members, has
difference between today’s meetings and been the chief designer of the MOS award-
those of the past was the introduction of winning show exhibits for this entire time,
a regular culture session, introduced in P.O. Box 1244, Pacific Palisades, CA
1995 by then-president Sherry Hunter. 90272 (www.malibuorchidsociety.org).
Red Marsh gave the first culture session
focusing on staking and repotting. These
culture sessions have proven to be a
popular component of our meetings.
Participating in the Malibu Art Festival
served the MOS as a place for exposure to

for the novice
A Scaly Problem
Prepared by the American Orchid Society Education Committee/Photographs by Greg Allikas
Unlike the pests we have covered

in previous columns, scale can be difficult
to eradicate, especially if left unchecked
for any length of time. while there are a
number of species that affect orchids, the
two most common are Boisduval scale
and soft brown scale. Colonies of either
can become entrenched at the base of a
pseudobulb, under sheaths or in between
the equitant leaves of tolumnias. You
may not notice them until the pests have
done their damage. although scale can be
found on flat surfaces of leaves, the worst
damage is done at the base of pseudobulbs
where they can destroy the eye that would
expand to be the next year’s growth.
plants with tightly clustered pseudobulbs
such as Encyclia are particularly at risk.
if the infestation is severe, all secondary
eyes may be damaged, thus sending the
plant into a downward spiral from which
it cannot recover. 1 2
Female Boisduval scale show up
as round, light-colored patches on
plants whereas the males have a cottony and precision-oriented you are, the first
appearance that can be mistaken for line of treatment is at the door of your
mealybugs or whiteflies. Close examination greenhouse. newly acquired plants
is needed (the insects are less than 1/16 should at the very least be thoroughly
inch [1 mm]) to notice the elongate shape inspected before adding them to your
and three longitudinal ridges. soft brown population of healthy orchid plants.
scale is easily identified by its oval waxy Other steps that some growers take range
brown shell. Females lay eggs under the from giving new plants a prophylactic
protective shells; the eggs then hatch into spray of broad-spectrum insecticide (or
the crawler stage. as crawlers the insects household remedy) to keeping new plants
can move from plant to plant, but only for in quarantine for several weeks. Between
short distances and especially if plants are those two extremes lies the sensible
touching each other. Because the crawlers approach of gently scrubbing new plants
are so small, they can also be distributed with a toothbrush and isopropyl alcohol,
by moving air. while it takes around a paying particular attention to removing
month for a generation of scale insects to dry sheaths from the pseudobulbs just to
mature from egg to adult, the pests can be sure there are no buggers hiding under
have overlapping generations. it is this them. although you should have inspected
continual procreation that makes scale any plant before plunking down your
3
such a formidable pest to eliminate. the money, this second “hands on” treatment
waxy armor coating protects egg-laying gives you another opportunity to evaluate
females from chemical controls. they the plant’s overall health. One caution [1] boisduval scale. the larger, dark brown
are most vulnerable during the crawler about this practice is that you do not want round mass is the female scale insect.
stage. while you may eliminate crawlers to scrub hard enough to break plant tissue, the numerous white rod-like are the
with one treatment, it can take repeated because then you can spread disease. male scale insects.
application of chemicals to completely Other controls are similar to those
[2] Soft brown scale on the underside of a
wipe out scale from your collection. mentioned for aphids and mealybugs.
Phalaenopsis leaf.
as with problems of any sort, early we go up the ladder from relatively low
toxicity to poisonous measures. the main [3] Soft scale infesting the roots of this
detection makes fixing the problem much
easier. this is especially true regarding difference in treating scale is that due orchid.
scale insects. Most scale infestations are to the pest’s overlapping generations,
brought into an orchid collection on other applications must be repeated several
plants. Depending on how dedicated times at 10- to 14-day intervals. this is
522 OrChidS SEPtEmbEr 2013 www.AOS.Org

4
extremely important when treating scale

and three applications of pesticide is the
minimum for effecting control. With the
more benign treatments such as soaps
or household remedies, the battle can be
a long and prolonged one with control
being limited to keeping the scourge at a
nondestructive level.
Orthene WP, malathion, Sevin
(carbaryl) and imidacloprid are all also
used as treatment of scale, with the above
recommendation of repeated applications.
Cygon (dimethoate) used to be the
chemical of choice for treating scale but it
is no longer available to the hobbyist and
it could cause damage to certain orchids.
Should you decide to use pesticides to
treat scale, treat these substances with
the respect they deserve by following
label instructions and wearing protective
clothing. They kill insect pests because
they are poison! 5
A new class of control has become
popular with nursery operators; however, additional insect that we will mention here [4] this cattleya is host to a very well-estab-
because of cost, it may not be practical before we move on to other families of lished colony of boisduval or cottony
for the orchid hobbyist. Growth regulators pest. Whiteflies are related to aphids and scale.
such as Enstar II have been reported mealybugs and treatment is the same for [5] these cattleya buds will be seriously
as effective against scale while having severe infestations. You know you have a damaged by this colony of whiteflies.
minimal toxicity for humans. They work whitefly problem if a white cloud of tiny
by interrupting normal development of insects arises when you touch an orchid
the pests. Splitting the cost among several plant. Yellow sticky traps can provide
orchidists may be a workable solution effective and permanent control against
for obtaining the product to treat a scale whitefly infestations. You can make your and replace when they become covered
outbreak. own by painting 4- × 6-inch (10- × 15-cm) with whiteflies.
Although there are other insects that cardboard cards yellow and coating them Finally, there are biological controls
can be annoying to orchid growers, most with a sticky substance such as mineral oil such as parasitic and predatory insects
are uncommon (orchid blossom midge) or petroleum jelly. (It may be easier to buy that can be used to control scale, aphids,
or large enough to control mechanically them from a garden supply store.) Hang mealybugs and whiteflies. See www.aos.
(roaches, pill bugs). There is one the cards every 6 feet (1.8 m) or so apart org for more in-depth information.

tom’s monthly checklist
September: the month of entropy

By Thomas Mirenda
A very bAsic goAl in the orchid

world is to attempt to make order out
of chaos. collection managers create
and maintain databases so we can know
exactly where each individual plant in
the greenhouses is located. breeders
keep exacting and elaborate records of
their crosses. taxonomists use advanced
molecular technology to place orchid
genera in the order that best reflects their
genetic and evolutionary relationships.
even the average hobbyist is likely to keep
a log of the plants they own and track their
progress over the years with potting and
blooming. the more we know about our
orchids the more organized and methodical
we can be with our collections, right? Why
is it then that things seem to get more catasetums and their relatives are naturally deciduous and it’s important to allow the plants
chaotic and confusing every year? to go dormant as fall approaches. They will sit for months in this state subsisting on the water
call me old-fashioned (and many stored in the pseudobulbs and atmospheric humidity before resuming grow in the spring
people do) but i often find that the massive
quantities of data available, even if very even so, be aware that temperatures and months, it is time to start preparing the
well-organized and highly factual, seem corresponding growth rates are going down indoor growing area for the upcoming
to create even more confusion. there is and water and fertilizer should be adjusted winter season. if you are lucky enough
a constant bombardment of information, accordingly. this seasonal transition should to live in a climate where orchids can be
procedure and regulation for practically be reflected in your cultural efforts. outside year-round, humph! i’m quite
every endeavor and, frankly, while these be cool the fall brings us cooler jealous. the rest of us need to sterilize and
things are supposed to make our lives temperatures, shorter days and longer prepare for the indoor return of orchids for
easier, they ultimately seem to have nights. these environmental shifts are, the winter. check to be sure environmental
the exact opposite effect. Much of this for many orchids, the triggers that induce equipment, heaters, humidifiers, fans, etc.
alarming complexity is generated by the flower spikes. have you ever noticed that are in good working order, and replace
requirements of post 9-11 living and the each of the Cattleya species blooms reliably anything critical that might be ready to
growing, ubiquitous presence of technology the same time every year? how do they conk out. Planning the layout of where your
in our daily lives. these things are not “know” when to do this? to my knowledge, plants should go for the best results based
going away. so, take a breath! i think it none of them have ever looked at a on your microclimates can’t hurt either.
is important at this moment in time to calendar. it is their sensation of day length, hArdy orchids if you’ve been
remember what it was that brought us to temperature differentials and seasonal adventurous enough to plant temperate
orchid growing in the first place: simple rainfall fluctuations that induces flowering orchids in your garden, they are probably
things like beauty, grace, wonder, joy, at such specific times. While some of this starting to look rather sad by this time
fragrance and of course, the fun of it! can be manipulated by growers, most of of year. Many have already retreated
sloWing doWn in this fast-paced us who grow in greenhouses see marked underground for the winter. clear off any
world, orchids remind us about patience and very specific seasonal blooming of our necrotic foliage and try to mark where these
and anticipation; what we call the slow orchids based on these seasonal shifts. Keep little gems are located so that they can be
life. We’ve all seen time-lapse photography an eye out for the beginning of spikes on properly mulched, protected, monitored and
of flowers opening. such images can be many types of orchids this month and next. fed (if necessary) before winter comes.
quite dynamic and dramatic, but this action Arrange your plants so that these emerging chAos When the vicissitudes of
happens at such a slow pace we barely notice spikes have space to elongate unobstructed. modern living and the pressures of your job
it. if you were to do similar timed images Plants that have longer spikes, such as become too much to bear, remember that
of your orchid’s growing progress over the oncidiums and phalaenopsis, can benefit your orchids are there, just steps away in the
summer, you’d see that most new growths from the placement of a guiding stake at this greenhouse, or right there on the windowsill
have now matured and are starting to slow time so they don’t go off on odd awkward and that indeed there are still many simple
down. Dendobium canes, for example, angles. A little attention to this now will pleasures in this world.
should now be reaching their tallest and make for the best presentation when the Thomas Mirenda is the orchid collection
producing a terminal leaf. Pseudobulbous plants ultimately bloom. specialist at the Smithsonian Institution
orchids such as oncidiums, cattleyas and cleAn And coZy and an AOS accredited judge. 3000 Cedar
cymbidiums are still storing nutrients dWellings if your plants had the Lane, Fairfax, Virginia 22031 (email
and bulbs may still fatten considerably. benefit of growing outside over the summer MirendaT@si.edu)
524 Orchids sepTeMBer 2013 www.AOS.Org

genus of the month
Rossioglossum by Thomas Mirenda
Surely You Jest!
With so many Worthy and

compelling orchid genera out there to
delight the species specialists, it will be
many, many years before i have to revisit a
particular genus in this column. But, some
genera are just so fascinating and fantastic,
i sometimes can’t resist wanting to feature
them again. Rossioglossum, often bearing
exceptionally large and colorful flowers
with a remarkable lacquered sheen,
warrants revisitation for a few compelling
reasons, not the least of which being that
a well-bloomed Rossioglossum will never
fail to impress. Back in 2009, i wrote a
short piece about this astounding genus
ArThur T. pinkerS
of spectacular, predominantly mexican to

Central american, Oncidium allies. since
that time, molecular 1
analysis has shown
that the genus has a
few other members that
don’t, at first glance,
conform floristically
to the historical
Thomas Mirenda Rossioglossum norm,
namely large yellow-
and-brown flowers with curved sepals that
remind us of a bouncing jester’s hat. many
JOrge cArlOS
people assign the common name of clown

orchid to members of this lovely genus but
3
i feel that name does them a disservice.
rAncO pupulin
While clowns can be funny, or ridiculous, [1] Rossioglossum grande ‘dene b.’ hcc/
or downright scary, rossioglossums are AOS. grower: carol beule
superb plants with spectacular, impressive 2 [2] Rossioglossum williamsianum flowered in
flowers. there is nothing funny about costa rica
them! surprisingly easy to grow, though nights of 50 F [10 C] on average). this [3] Rossioglossum rawdon Jester ‘Mario
somewhat shy about blooming if their temperature regimen, combined with a
palmieri’ Fcc/AOS (grande × williamsia-
specific needs are not met, it would be winter dry period (remember it’s from
num). This particularly fine example was
exceedingly difficult to find showier a deciduous forest area) make the plant
flowers in the oncidiinae. those with exhibited in guatemala in the winter of
most suitable for those growers able
large yellow-and-brown flowers are to provide year-round cool conditions. 2012. grower: Mario and Silvia palmieri
denizens of upper-elevation deciduous this being said, we can cultivate this
forests from mexico to Panama, those plant successfully through the torrid 3,300 feet [1,000 m]) of Guatemala and
with white or pink flowers are found at Washington, dC, summers, as long as they honduras. this species has flowers that
somewhat more moderate elevations and cool sufficiently during their winter rest. are similar to, if somewhat smaller than,
one species, Rossioglossum ampliatum, We cannot, however, bloom them to their Ros. grande but is equally showy in
is found in warm forests all the way to full potential in our climate. Growers in that it can have up to a dozen or more
Peru. regardless of where they are from, the Pacific northwest, the cool, dry areas blooms of fuller form on a longer spike.
rossioglossums require an unusual and of coastal California, other northern states, Rossioglossum schlieperianum prefers
counterintuitive cultural regimen in order Canada and temperate areas of Europe cooler conditions like Ros. grande but the
to bloom well. should have glorious results. flowers differ in having more of a yellow
Rossioglossum grande, arguably the though Ros. grande is possibly the background color and distinct differences
showiest of the species, is found between most magnificent, all the Rossioglossum in details of its column wings. many
4,600 and 8,800 feet (1,400–2,700 m) in species are deserving of cultivation. find the hybrid Rossioglossum rawdon
mexico and Guatemala. the year-round Growers with warmer conditions will Jester (grande × williamsianum), to be
temperatures at that altitude are quite cool want to try Rossioglossum williamsianum, easier to bloom and more vigorous than
(summer days of 75 F [24 C] and winter which is from lower elevations (under either parent. though the flowers are
526 OrchidS SepTeMber 2013 www.AOS.Org

considerably smaller than those previously
mentioned, Rossioglossum insleayi, from
Mexico, makes a terrific specimen plant.
Its colorful flowers are more recognizably
Oncidium-like.
Two species once included in the
genus Ticoglossum have been found to
actually be embedded within the genus
Rossioglossum. Though the flowers are
much reduced, Rossioglossum krameri,
found from Nicaragua to Panama, has
a lovely shell-pink to cream-white
JAme e. mccullOch
coloration and a very long (up to six month)
blooming period. Unlike most of the other
rossioglossums, Ros. krameri will grow
and bloom in intermediate to even warm
4
conditions. Rossioglossum oerstedii, found
in Costa Rica and Panama at elevations
generally over 6,500 feet (2,000 m), is
a decidedly cool-grower and is rarer in
cultivation but has similar qualities and
perky white-and-yellow flowers. While
they will grow potted, I’ve found that
both prefer dryer basket conditions and
a coarser, well-draining potting mix than
the cooler growers, which seem to like to
be kept on the moist side while in active
growth (spring and summer). All the
rossioglossums prefer to be quite dry in the
frAncO pupulin
frAncO pupulin
winter months. I am a little wistful about
the loss of the genus Ticoglossum.. It was
created to honor the country of Costa Rica 5 6
with what, at the time, was believed to
be an endemic genus. Costa Ricans refer of the flowers is largely dependent on the
to themselves as Ticos, a term that stems size of the specific bee species involved;
from their endemic linguistic propensity to large flowers are pollinated by large
use the diminutive suffix -ico rather than - bees and small flowers by small bees.
ito in common language, i.e., “poquitico” Rossioglossum ampliatum, with its yellow
instead of “poquitito” as you would find in and brown flowers, is clearly a malpighia
the rest of Latin America. mimic, presumably pollinated by a small
While the addition of the previous oil-collecting bee These orchids mimic
two species is rather easy to accept, I the malpighia flowers almost perfectly
need to include one rather controversial to attract the bees by deception, (there
plant here, a plant many of us know and is usually no oil reward in the orchid
love by other names. Commonly known flowers). When one examines Ros.
as the turtle shell orchid, Rossioglossum ampliatum critically, we can see many
ampliatum seems, on first glance, to be far physical similarities to the others in the
different from the rest because the flowers genus, for example the sizable keeled
look so very much like what we think of as pseudobulbs and the panduriform lip.
typical of oncidiums. But, what we have While you may think I am jesting, I am
GreG AllikAs
seen repeatedly in the orchid family is that now convinced that what we once knew
floral characteristics evolve based on the as Oncidium ampliatum is indeed more 7
available pollinators in their environment closely related to Rossioglossum. One of
the most impressively grown specimens [4] Rossioglossum insleayi ‘erin’ hcc/AOs.
and therefore floral convergence happens
frequently among distantly related or even of this outstanding species was actually Grower: Jordan hawley
totally unrelated species. In the Oncidiinae grown on a cork mount. It had massive [5] Rossioglossum krameri, a beautiful cen-
in general, many different genera mimic and beautiful pseudobulbs which, to my tral American species.
flowers in the Malpighiaceae. These large eye, were even more impressive than the [6] Rossioglossum oerstedii, unusual in the
shrubs and trees grow in the same habitats well-flowered spikes! genus for its delicate white flowers
and produce hundreds of thousands of Thomas Mirenda is the orchid collection [7] Rossioglossum ampliatum, perhaps now
yellow-and-brown flowers that offer specialist at the Smithsonian Institution
and an AOS accredited judge. 3000 Cedar the most unusual species in the genus
a nutritious oil as a reward for the
Lane, Fairfax, Virginia 22031 (email with its most Oncidium-like flowers.
pollinators, oil-collecting bees. The size MirendaT@si.edu)

collector’s item
Aerangis distincta
By Brenda Oviatt and Bill Nerison
Images unless otherwise noted by Brenda Oviatt
1
We’ve been groWing AerAngis
for many years now, and have to say that
our favorite thing about them is that there’s
hardly a day of the year that we don’t have
one in spike or bloom in our greenhouse.
They’re nearly all fragrant (to greater and
lesser degrees), and most are relatively
easy to grow once you familiarize yourself
with their needs. When we decided to
write about one, it was difficult to pick a
favorite. We settled on Aerangis distincta
in part because of its wider availability, its
greater tolerance of changing conditions
than other Aerangis (making it easier to
grow well) and because it has one of the
largest flowers of any Aerangis. because
there are frequently other Aerangis (e.g.,
Aerangis splendida) sold that are in fact
Aergs. distincta, we explain the differences
and what to look for.
The genus name Aerangis was first
used by H.g. reichenbach in 1865 and
is greek for air [aer] vessel [angos],
referring to the hollow spur or nectary.
Many species were previously known
as angraecums, but there were enough
differences to warrant a new genus. even
the novice will instantly recognize the
similarities — the primarily white flowers
with long spurs. As with angraecums,
Aerangis are endemic to Africa and
Madagascar (and locale). Aerangis
distincta was described by the late Joyce
Stewart and isobyl la Croix (1987). isobyl
has told us that though it was not formally
described until 1987, “there is a collection
in the Kew herbarium dating from 1892. it
has no flowers and was originally labeled
as Aerangis alcicornis, but it is obviously
Aergs. distincta.”
As of this writing there are 57 Aerangis
species and two natural hybrids. Limited
DnA work is being done and recently all
Microterangis (Chamaeangis) species
were transferred to Aerangis. Chamaeangis 2
(the genus from which Mictroterangis wer
previously transferred) has been merged
with Diaphananthe. We’re not changing been three AoS awards given to Aergs.
all of our tags just yet. distincta and the average flower count
[1] it’s easy to see why the flowers of
There is considerable confusion in per inflorescence is three–four each. Five
Aerangis are likened to “birds in flight.”
Aerangis species, in large part due to flowers on an inflorescence is excellent.
the spur or nectary on Aerangis distincta
improper labeling. Two instances come We’ve had quite a number of people
to mind in reference to Aergs. distincta. it contact us with pictures of their Aergs. is 5–9 inches (13–23 cm) long. Grower:
has been hybridized with Aerangis biloba, splendida, and if memory serves correctly, botanica Ltd.
but this unregistered primary hybrid not a single one has actually been Aergs. [2] A specimen Aerangis distincta demon-
sometimes appears as Aergs. distincta and splendida. Most have been Aergs. strating the modest size and beautiful
not as the hybrid. it is unknown whether distincta. once you have a mature plant fan-shaped arrangement of foliage.
they’ve been mislabeled or if growers and bloom it, the differences between Grower: botanica Ltd.
unknowingly use just the first part of Aergs. splendida and Aergs. distincta are
the hybrid cross name. because of the easy to see, both in the plant and in the
increased flower count and flower size, flowers. Mature plants of Aergs. splendida
there is a “wow” factor for this hybrid that have leaves up to a foot (30 cm) long, and
is lacking in either species. There have though they’ll occasionally branch and

3 4
The Species and Natural Hybrids of Aerangis produce a new plant, it is not as common.
and Country of Origin Mature plants of Aergs. distincta are fan
shaped, will branch and form clumps and
Africa cryptodon are a beautiful sight even out of bloom.
alcicornis decaryana
Their leaves though rarely exceed 6
appendiculata divitiflora
arachnopus ellisii inches (15 cm). Both species have large,
biloba fastuosa similarly sized flowers, the sepals and
bouarensis fuscata petals of Aergs. splendida being more
brachycarpa hyaloides uniform in size, pure white with loose
calantha macrocentra coiling spurs. Aerangis distincta has long
carnea monantha lateral sepals; longer than the dorsal sepal
× chirioana = (biloba × kotschyana) pallidiflora and at least 3/8 inch (1 cm) longer than
collum-cygni pulchella the petals. The sepals, petals and spur are
confusa seegeri almost always tinged with salmon-pink at
coriacea
the tips, and the spur is nearly straight. We
distincta Madagascar and Comoros
gracillima articulata have some plants that are more strongly
gravenreuthii boutonii colored salmon-pink than others; there is
hologlottis modesta some variation, but all are beautiful!
jacksonii mooreana We have specimens of both Aergs.
kirkii rostellaris distincta and Aergs. splendida from Isobyl
kotschyana spiculata la Croix. Because Isobyl and the late
luteoalba var. luteoalba stylosa Joyce Stewart originally described both
luteoalba var. rhodosticta species, we’ve called on Isobyl for expert
maireae Madagascar and Réunion information. We asked her to help us
montana × primulina = (citrata × hyaloides)
provide a key of things to look for to tell
mystacidii punctata
oligantha the difference between them, especially
somalensis São Tomé when looking at an immature, out-of-
splendida flexuosa bloom plant. She replied, “There is a big
stelligera difference in the leaves of the two species.
thomsonii Comoros In Aergs. distincta, the leaves are almost
ugandensis hariotiana triangular in shape, widest at the apex and
verdickii var. rusituensis hildebrandtii with deep lobes diverging from each other.
verdickii var. verdickii humblotii They are olive green and slightly ridged
and usually dotted with black. Aerangis
Madagascar Annobón
splendida has glossy, dark green leaves,
citrata megaphylla
concavipetala not so deeply divided and with the lobes
coursiana rounded. They are widest a bit below the
apex and can grow up to a foot (30 cm)

eric LA crOix
5 6
long or perhaps more, in fact they are not Lake Malawi. The climate is hot in the
[3] the flowers open flat and can be up to 3
too unlike Phalaenopsis leaves.” low-lying areas in the south and temperate
1/2 inches (9 cm) across and are tinged
In our experience reproducing these two in the northern highlands. The altitude
species, we’ve had success with a selfing moderates what would be an otherwise with salmon-pink. Grower: botanica Ltd.
of Aergs. splendida and an outcross of equatorial climate. Between November [4] After just a day or two, the petals begin to
Aergs. distincta. We had good germination and April the temperature is warm with reflex (point backward). they have a light
of the seed of both, but whereas the Aergs. equatorial rains and thunderstorms, with gardenia-like fragrance; strongest after
distincta thrived, the Aergs. splendida the storms reaching their peak severity dark. Grower: botanica Ltd.
stalled out as protocorms. The Aergs. in late March. After March, the rainfall [5] After several days, the petals will be com-
distincta have been replated and some rapidly diminishes and from May to pletely reflexed — very interesting from
are now growing on cork plaques in the September wet mists float from the above. Grower: botanica Ltd
greenhouse. We made many adjustments highlands into the plateaus, with almost no [6] in malawi, Aerangis distincta is found
to the growing media in the lab and finally rainfall during these months. The rains are
growing on tree trunks and small
found something the Aergs. splendida like, slightly later in the north than in the south.
branches in riverine or evergreen forest,
but they are months (if not years) behind In the south, the heaviest rain is usually in
the Aergs. distincta, though both species January and February, while in the north, typically near a river, usually between
germinated about the same time. We March is usually the wettest month. There 3,300 and 5,800 feet (1,000–1,750 m),
mentioned this to Isobyl and she related is variation from year to year of course, but occasionally lower.
similar experience with her seedlings of but this does have an impact on a specific
Aergs. splendida, and we concur that this, plant species like Aerangis distincta
in part, is why Aergs. distincta is more growing in different regions. (and this cannot be said of all Aerangis).
widespread in cultivation. HOPE FOR SURVIVAL In our work Continued efforts in quality propagation,
Aerangis distincta is known only from with rare and endangered angraecoids, it’s correct labeling of species and education
Malawi. Isobyl notes that plants from the always a relief to find one that has been are paramount for species survival. What
northern region of Malawi flower in the grown and reproduced successfully ex situ! can YOU do? Pick a threatened species
wild in March and April, and those from Aerangis distincta is not exactly widely orchid (and there are plenty of them) and
the central and southern regions flower in available, but it can be found for sale work to keep it alive and protected, both
November and December. In cultivation,
these differences persist. In the northern
hemisphere the northern plants still flower An Aerangis Compendium
in the winter (November and December)
and the central and southern plants flower Isobyl la Croix, author extraordinaire, is writing a new book, dedicated to the
in the spring and early summer (May and memory of Joyce Stewart, covering Aerangis. She plans to include information on how
June). Our plants, here in Montana, bloom the species grow in the wild, and have several photographs illustrating each species;
consistently in July and August. showing the whole plant as well as just close-ups of the flowers. The book is currently
Malawi, the home of Aergs. distincta, in the preliminary stages and will be published by Timber Press in October 2014. As
lies between 9 and 18 degrees south this is a “specialty book”, Timber Press will be setting up a dedicated website where
latitude and ranges from 200 to 9,900 feet people can sign up to pre-order it. We thoroughly enjoy Isobyl’s style of writing and
(60–3,000 m) elevation with an average highly recommend her books and articles. If you like Aerangis and want to know more
of 30 inches (90 cm) annual rainfall. A about them, this book will most certainly be a “must-have!” Watch for advertising in
great portion of Malawi is the Great Rift Orchids and the Timber Press website (www.timberpress.com).
Valley, and to the east of the valley is

7
[7] Notice the strongly triangular, deeply lobed leaves of Aerangis distincta. Grower: botanica Ltd.
[8] Aerangis distincta leaves are slightly ridged and usually dotted with black. Grower: botanica Ltd.

in collections and in its native habitat; and Center) for researching AOS awards for us
encourage others to do the same. Share and to Julian Shaw (Registrar; The Royal
pollen, seed and information! Horticultural Society) for providing us
REFERENCES registration information.
la Croix, I. 1987. NAME, Kew Bull. 42: 217
la Croix, I., and E. la Croix. 1997. African Orchids in the Brenda Oviatt is an artist and Bill Nerison
Wild and in Cultivation. Timber Press, Portland, OR. is an architect. They live on the Clark Fork
World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Kew. http:// River in Missoula, Montana (a corner
apps.kew.org/wcsp/home.do
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi.
of paradise) with their daughter Marisa,
son Tristan and an assortment of animals.
Acknowledgments They’ve been growing orchids together for
We’d like to thank Isobyl la Croix for 30 years and in that time have grown in
sharing her wealth of information, insight, many settings. For the last 10 years, their
plant photos, her excellent books and orchid growing has focused on the ex situ
articles and her personal communication propagation of endangered angraecoids
over the years. Thanks also to Marion Allen and the education of hobbyists and
(Chair; The Rocky Mountain Judging growers (website www.botanicaltd.com).
How to Grow Aerangis distincta

CULTURE We tell growers, especially novices, that it’s usually easier to grow
orchids in pots rather than mounted; primarily because mounted ones dry out more
quickly (thereby requiring more consistent care). There are, however, a few plants
that seem best suited to mounts. We feel that Aerangis distincta is one of them. We
grow them both ways and our potted ones never look as healthy or vibrant as the
mounted ones. When we looked at our potted ones recently, we chuckled. They have
the look of plants trying to escape their pots, and this seems to be the case no matter
how free-draining the medium is and how comfortable it seems they should be. Also,
like Phalaenopsis, Aerangis resent water sitting in their crown and this can happen
more easily when they are potted. Good air movement and watering early in the day
can prevent this problem.
LIGHT There is an ideal range of light in which Aergs. distincta will grow and bloom
well. In too low light, they will grow fine, and if you’re content with a beautiful plant
that doesn’t bloom, this will suffice (they are nice to look at even when out of bloom
and that can’t be said for all orchids). Intermediate light levels are best; our best
plants are in an area that ranges from 400 to 900 footcandles, depending upon time of
year. They grow well, bloom well and look good. They are also tolerant of consider-
ably more light but will look less vibrant, often a bit desiccated, and the rich green
leaves tend to yellow. Despite this appearance, often they will continue to bloom
satisfactorily.
TEMPERATURE In our greenhouse, plants get a range of 55 F (13 C) as a low in
the winter and occasionally in excess of 96 F (36 C) in the summer. We’ve not found
Aergs. distincta to be as picky about their temperature range as some of the Aerangis,
which makes them easier to cultivate. As we write this, our outdoor temperatures
have been in the mid–high 90s (35–37 C), with greenhouse temperatures in close
proximity. Our oldest Aergs. distincta is in full bloom and has not suffered the same
bud loss that some Aerangis will with a spike at these temperatures. With increased
temperatures, our humidity also drops nearly to single digits with little effect on these
plants or flowers. We’ve also had the occasional drop to as low as 40 F (4.5 C) with-
out damage, though we’re sure they don’t want this on a regular basis.
WATER/FERTILIZER For those using water high in total dissolved solids, reverse-
osmosis water is preferable, especially for mounted plants. We use half strength or
less fertilizer and a periodic flush with clean water. We rotate fertilizer formulas and
always provide micronutrients. Unlike some Aerangis (i.e., Aerangis verdickii), a
pronounced dormancy does not seem to be required for Aergs. distincta. We’re at 47
degrees north latitude and we experience a slowdown in growth during the winter
months with all plants, but we watch the root tips of Aergs. distincta, and if there is a
visible growing tip, we continue with our regular watering regimen. Aerangis distinc-
ta has a vigorous, midsized root system for an Aerangis, and they must be allowed
to dry between watering. We have a spot where the mounted plants are very happy
and we don’t move them seasonally as with some orchids. They are joined with their
neighbors and seem to like it that way.

Paphiopedilum in China
Part VII: Subgenus Paphiopedilum Section Barbata
by holger Perner
unless otherwise noted images
by holder Perner
Paphiopedilum purpuratum was the first slipper orchid collected in china

534 orchids sePtember 2013 www.AOS.Org
PaPhioPedilum aPPletonianum
(Gower) Rolfe 1896
“Further, our new species has
staminode differences from the former two
species somewhat difficult to describe,
but ascertainable with the kodachrome
camera.” So wrote Jack Fowlie (1987),
when he described a new species,
Paphiopedilum hainanense. The other two
species he referred to were Paphiopedilum
appletonianum and Paphiopedilum
wolterianum, the latter generally, and
most justifiably so, regarded a synonym of
Paph. appletonianum. A couple of weeks
prior to his publication, Fowlie was shown
the Paph. hainanense plant by Harold
Koopowitz, who had brought the potted
specimen along to a meeting of the orchid
digest Publication Committee (Koopowitz
JOHAnn BlAETTlEr
pers. communication; Koopowitz 2011

for further details). Harold had gotten
this plant from Emerson “Doc” Charles,
who had it recently imported via Hong 1
Kong. The plant’s origin was said to be
Hainan, the large tropical Chinese island
in the South China Sea. Harold regarded
the Chinese plant as just a colorful form
of the well-known Paph. appletonianum.
Fowlie agreed, but still asked whether he
could have the specimen. Gladly, Harold
complied; after all, he could get more of
them from Doc Charles. He even provided
a color slide. To his surprise he found
the formal description of Paphiopedilum
hainanense, based on the plant he gave
Fowlie and illustrated with his slide, in
the very next issue of orchid digest. Jack
Fowlie sometimes went to great lengths
in his challenge to be on the forefront of
Paphiopedilum research, indeed. Being
a designated splitter, i.e., someone who
focuses on separating characters and
subsequently recognizes a considerable
number of species in a given group,
he published quite a lot of new taxa.
However, Paph. hainanense is based 2 3
solely on leaves that are more contrasting,
flowers that are more colorful and a origin. Additional synonyms of Paph.
[1] Paphiopedilum appletonianum in the wild
staminode “somewhat” different from appletonianum published in China are
some (but on no account all) specimens on Southwest Hainan, January 2012,
Paphiopedilum tridentatum S.C. Chen, Z.J.
of Paph. appletonianum originating Liu & J.Y. Zhang 2001, Paphiopedilum elevation approximately 3,300 feet (1,000
elsewhere. Leonid Averyanov extensively angustifolium R.F. Guo & Z. J. Liu 2002 m).
studied Paph. appletonianum populations and Paphiopedilum puberulum S.P. Lei & [2] Paphiopedilum appletonianum ‘Pride
in Vietnam (Hainan island lies 200 miles J. Y. Yang 2002. of Chantaburi’ at the All Japan Orchid
[320 km] off the coast of Vietnam) and On Hainan, Paph. appletonianum Society show, Tokyo 2012. Grower: Etaro
could demonstrate a high variability within occurs in the southwest of the central Sekino.
the species (Averyanov et al. 2003), which mountains at altitudes around 3,300 feet [3] Typical Paph. appletonianum from Hainan.
confirms that Paph. hainanense is fully (1,000 m). It grows as a terrestrial in Grower: Hengduan Mts. Biotechnology.
embedded in Paph. appletonianum, and humus-rich soil of primary and secondary
thus nothing but a synonym that is often forests with granitic bedrock and flowers
arbitrarily applied to any more colorful in late winter to early spring. The species
Paph. appletonianum cultivars with is also found in southwestern Guangxi (Fu
nicely marked leaves, regardless of their et al. 2002) and in southeastern Yunnan
www.AOS.Org SEPTEMBEr 2013 OrCHidS 535

much and easily succumb to unfavorable
conditions, to be quickly replaced by
seedlings nearby (see also Kingdon-
Ward’s observation of Paphiopedilum
wardii cited below). Unfortunately, to
my knowledge, no ecological research
has been conducted yet on forest-floor-
dwelling paphiopedilums to confirm or
reject this theory.
As previously noted, Paph.
appletonianum is a rather variable
species that has accumulated a number
of synonyms. The horticultural trade
generally encourages the continuance of
these synonyms. It is obviously better
to sell to a customer several different
specimens of one true species under a
couple of different names than just one
or two plants. And collectors are always
happy to have a broad range of different
strains of a certain plant in their collection,
better so if they happen to have different
4 species names. Consequently, several
of these synonyms will certainly linger
on in horticulture. Aside from some
really exceptionally dark clones of Paph.
appletonianum, which apart from clonal
names certainly don’t deserve scientific
recognition, there is a nearly albinistic
(semialbum) form in cultivation with
tiny dark spots on the petals, as well as a
true album form, Paph. appletonianum f.
album Asher ex Gruss 2000, which is an
attractive and desirable plant.
Paphiopedilum venustum (Wallich ex

Sims) Pfitzer 1888
Until 1820 the horticultural world in
the West only knew about the cypripediums
of Europe, Siberia and North America. But
in 1816 the Danish surgeon and botanist
Nathaniel Wallich, born in Copenhagen in
FIGURE CREDIT
5 1786 and died in London in 1854, while
working in India for the British East India
[4] specimen plant of Paph. appletonianum Company, received a new type of slipper
frequent repotting (every 6–12 months) orchid from the mountains around Sylhet
from the Chinese mainland. Grower:
and extensive flushing of the substrate (today northernmost Bangladesh). He
hengduan mts. biotechnology.
every few weeks to avoid the build-up of was the superintendent of the East India
[5] Close-up of a Paph. appletonianum culti-
waste products and salts helps to keep the Company’s Botanical Garden at Calcutta.
var from hainan Island. Wallich named the plant Cypripedium
plants healthy and can lead to impressive
specimen plants. However, producing venustum without publishing it, and had a
seedlings to renew your stock, either by collection of it in cultivation in Calcutta.
(Liu et al. 2009, Xu et al. 2010), where engaging a laboratory or doing it yourself, In 1819 the nursery of Messrs. Whitley,
it occurs at altitudes from 1,000 to 4,000 is a good policy to ensure its ongoing Brames and Milne at Fulham (today part
feet (300–1,200 m) in forests. The species presence in a collection. It seems to me of South West London, England) imported
is confined to areas with mild winters and that, unlike most Paphiopedilum species living plants from the Botanic Garden in
needs to be kept warmer in winter than living on cliffs and attaining many decades Calcutta. The Royal Botanic Gardens,
most other Chinese paphiopedilums. Like of age, many of those species that live as Kew, purchased a plant in November
such species as Paphiopedilum callosum terrestrials on forest floors seem to have 1891 and flowered it soon after. A quick
(not found in China) it is initially an a rather short life cycle. They rarely form drawing was made while the flower
easy grower but seems to exhaust itself large clumps and might not live to an old still wasn’t fully expanded, and the new
relatively fast after a few flowering seasons age. Unlike their lithophytic and epiphytic species published by John Sims (1820).
and easily declines. Some extra care with cousins they probably don’t “hang on” Today, Curtis’s Botanical Magazine is
536 ORChIDs sEpTEmbER 2013 www.AOS.Org

the oldest horticultural magazine and
still published by Kew; Sims was then
the editor. In the text Sims explains that,
after the drawing was made, the flower
became upright with an erect dorsal
sepal and outstretched petals. There must
have been some excitement about this
new, never-seen-before type of slipper
orchid at Kew — at least the premature
drawing suggests this. The following year,
1821, saw the publication of the second
species, Paphiopedilum insigne, from the
mountains around Sylhet under the name
Cypripedium insigne Wallich ex Lindley.
Again Wallich had provided the specimen,
this time sent by him personally to the
Botanic Garden in Liverpool. William
Cattley, made immortal in the orchid world
by having the genus Cattleya named after
him, received a specimen in flower from
the botanical garden and made it available
to John Lindley, who adopted the name
informally given to it by Wallich and 6
published it in his work on Cattley’s plant
collection, Collecteana Botanica.
Paphiopedilum venustum, together
with Paph. insigne, opened the door for
European horticulturists to the exciting
world of subtropical and tropical slipper
orchids. Interestingly the two species
do occur together in some localities, but
Paph. venustum grows as a terrestrial at
the base of cliffs and Paph. insigne grows
lithophytically higher up on the cliff
(Pradhan 1975). According to Udai C.
Pradhan, at such localities, hybrid swarms
can be observed. Ganesh Mani Pradhan
(Pradhan 1974) had reported in detail
about the distribution and general ecology
of Paph. venustum in northeastern India
and adjacent regions. According to him,
the distribution center of the species is
in the state of Meghalaya, just north of
7
the border with Bangladesh, and south of
Assam. According to Liu et al. (2009), the [6] Paphiopedilum appletonianum can be
populations in China are found in Dingjie spreading petals with their somewhat found in wooded mountain regions in the
County (Dinggye), South Tibet and Motuo widened, round tips are usually more
southwest of Hainan.
County (Medog), southeastern Tibet, or less boldly spotted. From above the
[7] A very good cultivar of the rare Paphiope-
where they grow in humus-rich sites in petal center toward the tips an interesting
thickets and forest margins at altitudes coloration in red tones from pinkish, over dilum appletonianum f. album Asher ex
from 3,600 to 5,250 feet (1,100–1,600 brownish pinkish to orange tones, or Gruss. Grower: Nejboscha Popow.
m). rarely even intensive dark raspberry tones,
Paphiopedilum venustum has vividly gives Paph. venustum a truly unique
tessellated leaves; usually the bright green appearance. Although the whitish dorsal
blotches among the dark green ones are sepal with the green stripes is typical
bordered with whitish margins. This for most paphiopedilums in this section,
makes the mottling quite unique and is and rather invariable in this species, the
otherwise only seen in some specimens flowers otherwise do vary enormously.
of Paph. wardii, and occasionally in a few That makes Paph. venustum quite a
Paphiopedilum sukhakulii (the latter not rewarding collector’s item, and having a
found in China). The flower is absolutely dozen or two of different clones in all their
unmistakable. The venous pouch of variability on your bench is real fun. In the
near morbid charm is its hallmark. The shared greenhouse of Harold Koopowitz
www.AOS.Org sePtember 2013 OrcHids 537

11
12
8 9
13
[8] the markings and coloration of Paph.
venustum are unique. Grower: michiko
mineta.
[9] An excellent specimen plant of Paph. ve-
nustum f. measuresianum presented and
awarded at the All Japan Orchid society
annual show in tokyo 2012. Grower:
michiko mineta.
10 [10] A vividly spotted Paph. venustum.
Grower: harold Koopowitz.
and Norito Hasegawa in California, I saw venustum var. ablum horticulturally).
[11] A very intensely colored Paph. venus-
such a collection of different forms in the Once rare, this attractive white, green and
tum. Grower: Norito hasegawa.
flowering season of Paph. venustum in yellow form is now common in cultivation
late winter and early spring. due to extensive line breeding. The rest of [12] Paphiopedilum venustum ‘Asahina’.
It is not surprising that such variability the remarkable variability within Paph. Grower: Katsuhiro roboshi.
has led to many names over the last two venustum opens a wide field for clonal [13] due to the rich patterns, the albinistic
centuries. Most of these taxa have the rank names, which is important in judging form, Paph. venustum f. measuresianum,
of variety; however, two, Paphiopedilum and further breeding. Interesting brightly is quite attractive.
pardinum (Rchb. f.) Pfitzer 1894 and colored forms with lots of orange can be
Paphiopedilum qingyongii Z.J. Liu & achieved by crossing certain dark forms
L.J. Chen 2010, are synonyms at the with the album form. Growing Paph.
species level. None of the taxa have venustum under cool conditions during
scientific standing because they simply the winter and intermediate to warm
fall within the considerable variability temperatures in the summer is relatively
of Paph. venustum. Only one form straightforward and doesn’t seem to
deserves recognition, Paph. venustum f. require any unusual precautions, at least
measuresianum (hort.) Braem 1998, which not in our nursery in Chengdu, Sichuan.
is the album form (incorrectly called Paph.

Paphiopedilum purpuratum (Lindley)
Stein 1892
This was actually the third
paphiopedilum imported into Europe.
John Lindley first published it in 1837
as a Cypripedium. He had to rely on the
information given to him by the importer
Joseph Knight (1778–1855), proprietor of
Royal Exotic Nursery (later King & Perry),
Chelsea. Knight, who in all likelihood had
imported the plant from Hong Kong, stated
it was from the Malayan archipelago. That
he wasn’t shy of cheating people becomes
apparent when looking into the scandal his
book on Proteaceae caused; it was titled On
the cultivation of plants belonging to the
natural order of Proteeae and published
in 1809. In it a large number of Protea
(sugarbush) species were published under
Knight’s name but based on plant names the 14
eminent Scottish botanist Robert Brown
(1773–1858) introduced in a reading at the
Linnean Society in London earlier in 1809.
When Brown finally published the names
in 1810 he was beaten for the authorship
by Knight. While stealing authorship for
plant names is quite unique and not very
common today, giving false provenance
for newly introduced plants, in particular
orchids, is practiced today as it was in the
olaf gRuss
past. During part of the importation of this

new plant from Hong Kong, it was sold
to the well-established Loddiges Nursery. 15
Here a flowering plant was drawn by the
botanical artist Sarah Ann Drake, who along coastal areas from Hong Kong to
lived in the household of John Lindley. Guangxi in the west and farther into the
Drake’s drawing formed the base for the hinterland of southeastern Yunnan and
publication of Cypripedium purpuratum adjacent northern Vietnam. The species is
in Edward’s Botanical Register in 1837 also reported from Hainan Island, where it
by John Lindley, who only knew the is rare. In 2001 I coauthored Paphiopedilum
drawing and didn’t see any plant material. purpuratum var. hainanense F.Y. Liu
This drawing, printed alongside the et Perner, based on a collection made
description, became the lectotype of the on Hainan. However, the material from
species over 150 years later, because Hainan does not differ sufficiently for
no authentic herbarium material could scientific recognition from that of Paph.
be deposited by Lindley. Because it was purpuratum from other locations and is 16
growing in the compact Crown Colony therefore to be regarded as a synonym
of Hong Kong, it didn’t take long for of Paph. purpuratum. Another synonym
is Paphiopedilum aestivum Z.J. Liu et [14] Paphiopedilum purpuratum was the first
botanists to find this showy slipper orchid.
In 1851 Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach Y. Zhang 2001. Rudolf Jenny recently slipper orchid collected in China.
published it as Cypripedium sinicum, but published a comprehensive treatment of [15] The albinistic form of Paph. purpuratum
soon realized that it was identical with Paph. purpuratum in botanical history is one of the rarest of slipper orchids.
Lindley’s concept of Cyp. purpuratum. (Jenny 2009). [16] The illustration of the type specimen,
He subsequently accepted Lindley’s taxon The habitat range of Paph. published as early as 1837 in Edward’s
as the valid name. In 1892 Berthold Stein purpuratum is quite wide. It grows in the Botanical Register, is the lectotype of
(1847–1899) transferred this, and many shade of forests and bamboo thickets, but Paph. purpuratum.
other species, into the newly established also on exposed mountain slopes and in
genus Paphiopedilum. sunlit areas of forest floors (Barretto et al.
It was long thought that Paph. 2011). It is found on bedrock consisting of
purpuratum was endemic to Hong Kong sandstone, granite or limestone in friable
and directly adjacent parts of the Chinese loam, in leaf litter or in moss at altitudes
mainland. However, today we know that from 100 to 4,900 feet (30-1,500 m). The
the species is distributed in a narrow line plant usually grows as a terrestrial, but
www.AOS.Org sEpTEmBER 2013 oRChids 539

can be also found as a lithophyte, and is
rarely epiphytic in moss at the base of
trees and shrubs. Though this summary
of literature data seems to indicate a
wide range of conditions at the roots of
Paph. purpuratum, I would guess, from
a plant ecologist’s point of view, that the
species should usually be found at a root-
zone pH of around 6, whether it is with
limestone or sandstone bedrock. Like
Paph. venustum it doesn’t seem to be
very complicated in cultivation and does
well with the usual treatment for Chinese
paphiopedilums, with cool winters and
intermediate to warm summers, though,
like Paph. appletonianum it is not always
long-lived. It does best in open shade,
i.e., under light conditions typically
given to mottled-leafed paphiopedilums.
In our greenhouse the plants flower in
August. According to Liu et al. (2009)
the populations in Yunnan and Guangxi 17 18
flower from June to September and in
Guangdong, Hainan and Hong Kong,
from October to January. Generally the
species expresses little variability and
only one form can be justifiably regarded
valid, Paph. purpuratum f. album Gruss
et Koopowitz 2008. However, this album
form is extremely rare and only one
cultivar seems to have ever been found.
Part of it was grown in Taiwan, another
part in Japan. To the best of my knowledge
this cultivar is extinct in cultivation, but
seedlings have been produced by mating
the regular form with the album cultivar.
Most likely, all resulting seedlings will
have fully pigmented flowers, but selfings
or sibling crosses of these seedlings should
result in a certain percentage of albinistic
cultivars. It will take a few years before
we will see whether the albinistic form
can be recreated. 19
[17] Paphiopedilum wardii f. album with
Paphiopedilum wardii Summerhayes the west-southwest, on the eastern slope relatively wide flowers. Grower: masahiro
1932 above the Nam Tsang Hka (Tsiang River),
The last of the great British plant saito.
a tributary of the Mali River in northern
hunters, Francis Kingdon-Ward (1885– 18] Paph. wardii ‘Nishida’. A specimen plant
Myanmar (northern Burma). However, he
1958) is memorialized in the name of this had seen and collected a single flower of
with good flower shape grown by shi-ichi
slipper orchid from northern Myanmar this species at the same site much earlier, Nishita.
(Burma) and adjacent China. In 1911 in late November of 1922, only to lose it [19] A more compact type of Paph. wardii f.
Kingdon-Ward discovered a Cypripedium on the way back to the camp. album. Grower: hengduan mts. biotech-
above the Salween River (Nu Jiang) in In a posthumous publication, Kingdon- nology.
southeastern Tibet, in the area where Ward (Kingdon-Ward 1960:109–116) [20] An interesting semialbum type of Paph.
Tibet and Yunnan border Myanmar. This recalls details of his discovery of Paph. wardii. Grower: tokyo Orchid Nursery.
plant was named Cypripedium wardii wardii. That he had taken a photo of the [21] paph. wardii ‘Nishida’, close-up.
by Rolfe in 1913. In 1931 he managed plant he didn’t mention, but his photo was [22] the large and full flower of Paph. wardii
to introduce a different slipper orchid, later published by Senghas and Schoser
Paphiopedilum wardii, into cultivation in ‘riverside’ demonstrates the direction of
(1965). Kingdon-Ward wrote this:
England. He had collected it on January Japanese line breeding in this species.
1, 1931 (date on the herbarium sheet We had toiled up the long slope
Grower: masahiro saito.
of the type at Royal Botanic Gardens, from the flat valley of the Tsiang,
Kew), just about 100 miles (160 km) to a tributary of the Mali Hka, to the

divide. The last few hundred feet
were steep, and I halted a short
distance below the crest to draw
breath. Staring into the forest, not
looking for anything in particular, I
noticed a number of large scattered
rocks. Suddenly my eyes lit on
a plant with leaves mottled and
blotched like a python, light sea-
green and dark seaweed-green,
from between which sprang an
erect stem ending in a single glossy
flower... I saw only a single flower,
and collected it. Then I tossed it into
the collecting-basket I carried. The
basket was already nearly full, but I
crammed the orchid in. Alas, when
we reached the camp a couple of
hours later nothing remained of it
20 but a tattered and mutilated corolla.
It was torn to shreds, and really
there was nothing left to press. Thus
a promising orchid was lost to my
collection that year. But I never
forgot where it grew.
Kingdon-Ward didn’t give up and

looked for it on subsequent expeditions,
but failed to find the plant again out of
its winter flowering season. Finally, in
winter 1930, on yet another expedition
to northern Myanmar he succeeded in
finding the plant:
Crossing the Mali-Tsiang di-
vide north-east of Hkamti Long
just after Christmas, I went straight
to the spot where the slipper or-
chid grew. To my delight I found
the rocks thickly covered with the
mottled leaves: a large colony had
sprung up where eight years ago I
21 had seen only an early pioneer. You
couldn’t miss them. Many plants
were in bud, a few in flower and
I was able to prepare some good
specimens and complete my earlier
field notes.
Eleven months later, when I passed the

place for the fourth time, on our way back
to Hkamti Long, the colony was flowering
magnificently. I dug up a few dozen plants
and pressed more specimens. The living
plants were packed in moss, in bamboo
baskets, and sewn up in cotton cloth, then
posted to England by sea. They were out of
the ground for two months. Cypripediums
have no pseudobulbs in which to store wa-
ter, so it was no small triumph that several
of them lived to flower at Kew.
Kingdon-Ward returned to the site of
his Paph. wardii colony in 1937. It was
22 December and the plants should have

been in flower or bud, alas he found not a
single one. He concluded that the colony
was extinct and expected the reason to
lie in some changes in the soil or a short
life span (he estimated the colony in total
was about 20 years old at disappearance).
However, he found another colony some
30 miles farther south. In a Gardener’s
Chronicle article (May 1932) Kingdon-
Ward mentioned having found Paph. war-
dii in most of the area west of the Tamai
River and in the river valley itself. After
Kingdon-Ward’s introduction of the plant
into cultivation further collections did
not occur and all specimens in cultiva-
tion came from that single introduction. It
was in 1981 that Fred Tien Pe (Pe 1981),
from Myanmar, announced in the Orchid
Digest the rediscovery of Paph. wardii in
Kachin State, northern Myanmar — the 23
region where Kingdon-Ward had discov-
ered it. Plants from the rediscovery were
offered in the same issue by Ray Rands for
$295. In 1987 Buddy Mark introduced the
paphiopedilums of China in a comprehen-
sive article in Orchid Digest and regarded
Paph. wardii as a questionable Chinese
species that would more likely be intro-
duced into China from Myanmar through
the horticultural trade. However, today it
is listed in the Flora of China volume 25 as
reliably occurring in Lushui County, west-
ern Yunnan. Liu et al. (2010) also report it
from the southerly adjacent area northwest
of Baoshan. Both lie east of the Gaoligong
Mountains and proximally east of the
Salween River. According to informa-
tion from various sources in China, Paph.
wardii is also found west of the Salween
River in the Gaoligong Mountain area,
i.e., directly adjacent to the populations in
Myanmar.
In cultivation, the plant is rather easy,
and will do reasonably well even on a win- 24
dowsill. It dislikes being too dry between
waterings during the active growing sea-
son from late spring to autumn. Such con- Diego, California. Here the fine spotting [23] Paph. wardii of the ‘chocolate’ strain,
ditions readily attract false spider mites. of the petals is replaced by an even choco- bred by Andy philips, Andy’s Orchids.
Similar to Paph. purpuratum, its closest late-brown coloration. In 2007 another in- Grower: hengduan mts. biotechnology.
relative, it requires modest light and the teresting new form, found on the eastern [24] the close relationship to Paph. purpura-
usual cool winter treatment with slightly slopes of the Gaoligong Mountains, above tum is obvious in Paph. wardii f. ying-
reduced watering, followed by interme- the eastern bank of the Salween River in xiangii.
diate to warm summer conditions with western Yunnan, was published as Paph.
ample watering. The best strains derived wardii f. ying-xiangii F.Y. Liu & Z.F. Zhao
from line breeding can be found in Japan 2007. Although the leaves are typical of
today, with large flowers, darker colors Paph. wardii, the flower, with purplish
and broader segments in every subsequent petals and lip, reminds one more of Paph.
generation. The albinistic form, Paph. war- purpuratum and confirms the close rela-
dii f. alboviride (Gruss & Roeth) Braem tionship of the two species. Synonyms of
1998, once rare, is now widely available Paph. wardii are Cypripedium wardianum
through seed propagation. A quite interest- E.W. Cooper 1951 (not to be confused
ing type appeared in seedlings raised by with Cyp. wardii Rolfe 1913), Paphiope-
Andy Philips of Andy’s Orchids in San dilum microchilum Z.J. Liu & S.C. Chen

F. KiNgstON-Ward
26
25
2001, Paphiopedilum burmanicum J. Y.

Zhang & Z.J. Liu 2001, Paphiopedilum
brevilabium Z.J. Liu & J.Y. Zhang 2001
and Paphiopedilum multifolium Z.J. Liu &
J.Y. Zhang 2002.
References
Sims, J. 1820. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, volume 47.
Mark, B. 1987 NAME Orchid Digest, 51(X), PAGE
Flora of China, Vol. 25
Kingston-Ward, 1932. Gardener’s Chronicle, May 1932.
Fowlie, J.A. 1987. NAME, Orchid Digest 51(3), PAGE
Averyanov, L., et al. 2003 FIND REFERENCE
Barretto, G., P.J. Cribb, and S. Gale. 2011. The Wild Or-
chids of Hong Kong. Kota Kinabalu and Hong Kong.
Fu, L.K., T.Q. Chen, K.Y. Lang, T. Hong, Q. Lin, and R. Li.
2002. Higher Plants of China. Volume 13. Qingdao .
Jenny, R. 2009. An Illustrated History of Paphiopedilum
purpuratum. Orchid Digest 73(4):256–265.
Kingdon-Ward, F. 1960. Pilgrimage for Plants. London
. p. 109–116.
Koopowitz, H. 2011. Jack Be Nimble. Orchid Digest
75(3):173.
Liu, Z.J., S.C. Chen, L.J. Chen, and S.P. Lei. 2009. The Ge-
nus Paphiopedilum in China. Science Press, Beijing.
Pe, F.T. 1981. A rediscovery of Paphiopedilum wardii
Summerhayes. Orchid Digest 45(3):98–103.
Pradhan, G.M. 1974. Paphiopedilum venustum (Wall.) 27
Pfitz. Orchid Digest 38(5):195–198.
Pradhan, U.C. 1975. A survey — Paphiopedilum venustum
(Wall.) Pfitz. Orchid Digest 39(6):204–209. [25] the first specimen of Paph. wardii
Senghas, K. and G. Schoser. 1965. Paphiopedilum su- propagating native orchids and marketing
them internationally to mitigate collection discovered and then lost, photographed
kakhulii. Die Orchidee 16:224–236.
Xu, Z.H., H. Jiang, D.P. Ye, and E.D. Liu. 2010. The Wild pressure for the natural populations. November 1922 by F. Kingdon-Ward. [F.
Orchids in Yunnan . Kingdon-Ward]
Perner’s focus is on slipper orchids, which
for the domestic market his laboratory and [26] Paph. wardii wild strain, mass-propa-
Holger Perner is a plant ecologist nursery is also raising the genera Phragmi- gated from seed at hengduan mts.
trained in Germany and living in China pedium and Mexipedium, but his attention biotechnology.
since 2001. He works for the Huanglong has spread to include a wider range of [27] Paph. wardii in its natural habitat in
National Park in Sichuan, southwest China. terrestrial and epiphytic orchids. Besides West Yunnan. illustration from ‘the Wild
Together with his wife, Wenqing, he also propagating species he is an active breeder Orchids of Yunnan’, page 53.
runs a nursery and orchid laboratory in of hybrids, an international orchid judge and
Chengdu. The company is registered with a frequent author. (email holger_perner@
the national Chinese CITES authorities hotmail.com).
and conducts ex-situ orchid conservation
by a proactive approach: artificially mass-

spotlight
In Search of the Star of Africa

By Clare and Johan Hermans/Images by Johan Hermans except where noted
In preparatIon for the 21st World paintings. this area was the origin of many
orchid Conference (WoC) we traveled garden plants now seen in the temperate
to south africa, mainly to discuss the parts of the world, mainly introduced
exciting plans the local organizing team during the middle of the 19th century and
are preparing for the conference and show, into the 20th century; including several
which is to be held in september 2014. Gladiolus, Nerine, Crocosmia, Agapanthus
as a bonus we also had the wonderful and Kniphofia. our main aim was to see
opportunity to explore the exceptional some of the orchids, which are also well-
orchid flora of this part of the world. the represented; many are terrestrials and only
logo of the 21st WoC is Angraecum stella- found in these mountains. although the
africae or the “star of africa,” and what weather had been erratic and our local
could be more appropriate than to go in companions were not optimistic, we were
search of this rare and elusive species. looking forward to seeing many different
the trip took us to the Drakensberg species during the principal flowering
Mountains, one of the floral diversity season of January.
hot spots of the world; its geographical our base was a spacious lodge in the
location and different microclimates offer Lekgalameetse nature reserve in the
a multitude of plants, many of them found Wolkberg mountain range towards the
nowhere else. the Drakensbergs lie about northern end of the Drakensbergs near
125 miles (200 kilometer) inland in parallel tzaneen in the Limpopo province. our
to the east coast of south africa and run local guides and companions included
for almost 620 miles (1,000 kilometer) several of the organizers of the 21st WoC,
2 northeast to southwest. a large part of all very experienced and enthusiastic
the higher massif is a world heritage site orchid people. our lodgings were
[1] Lekgalameetse reserve, polokwane
known as the uKhahlamba–Drakensberg idyllic, surrounded by rich forest and
park. the Zulu name for the range means overlooking an expansive valley. south
south Africa
“barrier of spears” and the afrikaans name african hospitality was immense with
[2] the habitat of Angraecum stella-africae,
of “Drakensberg” or “Dragon Mountains” beautifully cooked meals, prepared by the
Lekgalameetse reserve, polokwane was given by the Dutch early settlers. different members of the team, forming the
south Africa the national park protects the immense perfect background for nocturnal orchid
variety of plant and animal life, the natural reminiscences accompanied by carefully
beauty of the landscape and ancient cave chosen local wines.
544 OrCHIds septemBer 2013 www.AOS.Org

Lekgalameetse means “the place of water,”
which refers to its many rivers. The reserve
is 72.27 square miles (18,718 hectare)
in size and slightly off the beaten track,
although the main tourist attraction of the
Kruger National Park is only a few miles
away. The reserve is popular with birders
and butterfly specialists; more importantly
it is also one of the few known localities
of Angraecum stella-africae, but before
our search for this elusive species began
we explored for some more common local
orchids.
We met up with a group of local
enthusiasts from the Wolkberg Orchid
Society to explore the rich grassland and
mountains of this region; their knowledge
was invaluable in finding a great number
of orchid treasures.
3 Some of the open hillsides at higher
altitude proved a perfect habitat for many
terrestrial orchids. Here were the bright pink
Disa patula var. transvaalensis and the very
common but stunning Satyrium longicauda
which has a color range between pure white
and very dark pink. They often occurred
together with the very unusual Disa
versicolor, a widespread species with bright
pink flower buds opening to red-brown
flowers that go completely brown all too
quickly; it is one of the few orchid species
with flower buds far more attractive than
its blooms. Disperis cardiophora inhabits
the same grassland, it is locally common but
only can be found in montane to subalpine
altitudes in the Eastern Cape, Natal and
Mpumalanga, and it is pollinated by oil-
collecting bees. Habenaria epipactidea
was another interesting find with its strange
flowers; it is quite widespread in southern
and eastern Africa at a variety of elevations.
In the same meadow we also discovered
4 5 many other interesting plant species
including the scarce Aloe thompsoniae.
[3] Disa patula var. transvaalensis, Luneberg The road margins were also rich
orchid habitats; much of the region is now
in the drakensberg near Wakkerstroom,.
occupied by expansive cattle ranges but
mshlangampisa crater.
farmers generally leave a broad strip of land
[4] Satyrium longicauda on the sani pass in
between the roadside and their barbwire
the drakensberg. fencing thereby creating an unintentional
[5] the curious flowers of Habenaria epipac- haven of untouched vegetation, rich in
tidea. orchids and other wildflowers. Natural or
[6] Disperis cardiophora photographed managed fires occasionally sweep through
on the sani pass in the drakensbergs the hills and clear the land of the thick
mountains of south Africa. build-up of parched grass thatch, thereby
clearing the way for new vegetation,
including many orchids.
Members of the genus Eulophia are
key species in this habitat; one of the most
attractive was the vibrant yellow Eulophia
odontoglossa. This cosmopolitan species
occurs in many countries in central and
6 southern Africa and is one of the easier

species to spot, with flower spikes reaching
well above the grasses. Another yellow-
flowered species growing in similar habitat
is Eulophia ensata; its inflorescences are
more congested with flowers at the top
lacking the red-orange marking on the
lip. There are about 40 different eulophias
in southern Africa, with many of them
restricted to just a few localities. One of
the rarest encounters of our trip was a
small colony of Eulophia zeyheriana; it
is only found in a few localities in this
region. This species was found close to
much larger colonies of the more common
and similar Eulophia hians, which is very
widely distributed throughout Africa and
is also found in Madagascar; the main
differences between the two are in the lip
and spur: in E. zeyheriana the spur is very
7 short at 0.079–0.118 inch (2–3 millimeter)
and the lip has fleshy warty ridges whereas
E. hians has a comparatively longer spur
of 0.157–0.256 inch (4–7 millimeter) and
the lip carries distinct toothlike crinkled
lamellae.
One of the great surprises was a
magnificent plant of Bonatea boltonii on
a roadside bank, just feet away from the
busy passing traffic. Spotting orchids from
a fast-moving vehicle is an essential skill to
seeing terrestrial rarities! Bonatea boltonii
is generally found in rocky conditions,
so the roadside plant was a new habitat
for the area. Bonateas are very similar
to Habenaria but have fused lower petal
lobes; lip and sepals at the base form the
stigmatic process and they also carry a tooth
at the front of the spur mouth. Vegetatively
the species of Bonatea are quite different
but once pressed a lot of them look very
similar. The tall flower spikes with their
striking large green and white flowers were
8 9 a marvelous find.
A little farther on was the equally
[7] Bonatea boltonii photographed on the striking and similarly rare pink-flowered
Disa roseovittata again growing on a
road between Wakkerstroom and Nel-
roadside bank. This time there were three
spruit.
plants in full bloom enjoying a rocky
[8] Eulophia odontoglossa growing along the
roadside habitat. The species was described
road to Nelspruit, south Africa. only recently by the famous Douglas
[9] Disa roseovittata is another orchid spe- McMurtry in 2008 and is similar to Disa
cies found among the rich flora along nervosa but has broader floral segments
the road between Wakkerstroom and and a falcate shape to its petals; the type
Nelspruit. specimen came from the same area as the
[10] Eulophia angolensis, dependent on plants we found.
poorly drained wet areas, is threatened In wetter boggy areas near to the
by habitat destruction as swampy land is road we also found some very memorable
swathes of the yellow Eulophia angolensis
drained. photographed near the end of
in full bloom. Its habitat is under threat in
the drakensberg mountains.
some of these parts as the land is drained
for building or road development. It is
a widespread species in Africa and was
10 first described by Reichenbach in 1865

as Cymbidium angolense. With up to 40
flowers on a spike it quickly makes an
impressive plant.
Moving away from the grassland,
we headed for the steeper slopes of the
Drakensberg escarpment. Most of the
slopes of the range have been farmed as
commercial woodlands for many years
but here and there parts of original forest
remained in some of the steeper gullies.
This fairly dense forest is the home of
several unusual epiphytes. On a large tree
trunk overhanging the steep hillside we
were lucky to see Stenoglottis zambesiaca,
in flower so early in the season. This is one
of the more diminutive Stenoglottis species
and is more commonly found on wet rocks
and boulders; several small white-flowered
Streptocarpus candidus were growing
11 nearby. There were also large colonies of
Polystachya ottoniana, which had come
to the end of its flowering season. More
unusual was Polystachya transvaalensis
and the tiny Angraecum chamaeanthus.
Several plants of Aerangis verdickii were
spotted in drier patches of forest but by far
the best colony was seen on a large tree in
a local churchyard; all the main branches
were festooned with plants, the sacred
location plus a sturdy fence had obviously
helped to keep plant collectors at bay!
The steep ravines beckoned, so the
next day we set off from our base in the
Lekgalameetse Reserve to find the elusive
Angraecum stella-africae. We had been
warned that it was not easy to find and
to see it in bloom would be even more
unlikely.
The start of the hike was at an idyllic
spot close to a fairy-tale house of a local
12 naturalist at the end of a long rough track
just about reachable by four-wheel-drive
vehicle. A steep path followed a stream
[11] While we tend to treat Stenoglottis spe- into the ravine and then quickly ascended
cies as semi-terrestrial in cultivation, here into a steep gorge where the unused path
Stenoglottis zambesiaca clearly grows as virtually disappeared. Initially the ascent
an epiphyte on moss-covered trees and was tough but passable, loose small
is often found on wet mossy rocks. boulders were a challenge to avoid falling
[12] Aerangis verdickii grows as an epiphyte over, but higher up the boulders became
in drier areas of upland forest in the much larger and eventually became several
Drakensberg Mountains. meters tall and completely obstructed the
[13] Polystachya ottoniana is often found in
way. Old wooden improvised ladders had
obviously been helpful in the past but had
large colonies. This attractive species is
rotted and had now become a hindrance. So
not uncommon in cultivation.
the only way up was by holding onto small
protrusions or tree stumps and hauling up
the sheer cliff faces and boulders. As the
ascent became steeper the climbing party
also became smaller in number. Several
hours later some managed to reach the top
of the escarpment where the landscape
opened up into a beautiful plateau of rough
13 grassland dotted with rocky outcrops and
www.AOS.Org sepTeMber 2013 OrchiDs 547

14 15
bart wursten
16 17

single trees of the evergreen Englerophytum The resemblance of Angraecum stella-
magalismontanum. This endemic tree is the africae to Angraecum rutenbergianum
main host of Angraecum stella-africae here from Madagascar is undeniable and in some
[14-15] What began as an idyllic spot rapidly
and after some searching we finally found forms they are virtually identical but there
gave way to a steep gorge forged by a few small plants of the orchid nestled are some differences mainly in the fact that
small stream. Small rocks gave way to amongst a matt of mosses and lichens. As Angcm. stella-africae is cleistogamous,
big rocks and then ultimately to large predicted, the plants were not in flower which means that the flower often self-
boulders. For the purpose of perspec- but carried erect maturing seedpods, one pollinates as soon as it opens; this also
tive, you can just make out in [12] part old and brown, the second much fresher explains why it is very rare to find plants
of our small party perched on a boulder and green. in bloom. Isobyl la Croix (1986, p. 277)
to the left of the waterfall in the center of Angraecum stella-africae is a fascinating speculated, from cultivated plants, that
the image. species; it has been known for many years this self-pollination may be connected to
and is reported in the literature in the 1970s air movement but it is more likely that
[16-17] Angraecum stella-africae is the
and ‘80s as Angraecum sp. Joyce Stewart evolution in pollination patterns is at play
only species of Angraecum section
et al. (1982) illustrate it as Angraecum sp. in this instance. The scattered distribution
Perrierangraecum on mainland Africa.
aff. Angcm. rutenbergianum; Stewart also of the species is also intriguing, but if
It strongly resembles Angraecum mentions that plants had been found in one joins the known isolated localities,
rutenbergianum [17] from Madagascar Zimbabwe. The reference to Angraecum almost 930 miles (1,500 kilometer) apart
and some populations are virtually rutenbergianum is very appropriate as in Malawi, Zimbabwe and South Africa,
indistinguishable. The remnant popula- it closely resembles this species from one finds a remarkably straight line lying
tions of Angraecum stella-africae and Madagascar. Angraecum rutenbergianum is parallel with the distribution line of Angcm.
the elevation of its habitat suggests a widespread at high altitudes in Madagascar rutenbergianum in Madagascar. In addition,
common ancestor with Angcm. ruten- and it is a very variable species with many the altitude at which Angcm. stella-africae
bergianum. Angraecum stella-africae forms and sizes of flower and plant. By grows, around 930 feet (1,500 meter),
1983 Isobyl la Croix had also found the is also virtually equal to that of Angcm.
often self-pollinates. Note the dehiscing
same plant in Malawi and Phillip Cribb rutenbergianum, which points toward a
seed capsule below the flower and the
(in la Croix, 1983) took the obvious step of common ancestry. Unfortunately, Angm.
green unripened capsule immediately
describing it as a new species and named it stella-africae is very rare in cultivation and
behind this open flower. the “Star of Africa.” It is the only species in it is not known if it has been propagated
the section Perrierangraecum on mainland from seed.
Africa. Our search for plants in flower was
The 2st World Orchid Conference in South Africa

The next World Orchid Conference (WOC) will be held September 10-14, 2014, in the Sandton area of Johannesburg. The WOC
will celebrate its 21st birthday and we also understand that Tom Sheehan will also be celebrating a significant birthday in Africa.
Although a few African orchid rarities will be in bloom, September is not the perfect time to see wild orchids in the Drakensberg
or Johannesburg areas, but at this time the flowers of Namaqualand, near Cape Town, will be in full bloom and a sight to behold.
There are very regular commuter flights to Cape Town and the WOC organizers will also be offering tours of the excitements of the
Cape scenery, wine and flowers. An alternative is the famous Blue Train for a luxurious and leisurely trip between Pretoria and Cape
Town.
Apart from the World Orchid show and conference there are also many other attractions in and near Johannesburg; several of the
major game parks, including the Kruger, are not that far away.
Johannesburg at an altitude of 5,750 feet (1,750 m) has a pleasant climate with benevolent temperatures, bright days, cool nights
(averages in September are 48.7 F (9.3 C) at night to 73 F (22.8 C) during the day) and a cool breeze.
The show and conference will be held in the world-class Sandton Convention Centre, located in the heart of the upmarket busi-
ness, shopping and hotel district. Sandton has a very relaxed feel, there are hotels of all standards and numerous restaurants to visit
after the lectures have finished. A very efficient high-speed railway goes straight from the international airport to Sandton.
The organizers are planning an impressive show and program of international speakers and seminars. There will be a number of
social events plus the chance to see more of southern Africa on several organized tours.
Installation starts on the afternoon of September 6, 2014. Judging is always a highlight, and a time for orchid connoisseurs to
meet up and share their knowledge; this will take place on Tuesday, September 9. A grand gala dinner is planned for Saturday the
13th.
The last African WOC was in Durban in 1981 and is still fondly remembered; since then South Africa has hosted numerous
other world events including the football and rugby World Cup tournaments, major cricket matches, concerts and other cultural
events. So do not miss the biggest world orchid show!
Registration is now open on the 21st WOC website: www.woc21.org
www.AOS.Org SepTeMber 2013 OrchIdS 549

curtailed by the thick cloud that was swiftly
moving in by midafternoon and started
to envelop the mountain completely. So
we started our descent surrounded by the
mocking shrieks of local baboons echoing
around the now damp and even more
treacherous gorge. The way down was
much quicker but also far more treacherous,
the chance of slipping was greater and some
of our orchid friends passed by at great
speed and at an unplanned trajectory; it
was slightly distracting to see one of the
main organizers of the 21st WOC tumbling
rapidly down the hill. To everyone’s relief
and to the benefit of the next WOC he
came to a sudden standstill amongst some
shrubbery. Apart from some bruised ribs
and egos we reached our lodgings without
a major mishap; it was only later that we
were told that the previous expedition had
entailed some broken bones and far more
dramatic misadventures! It is unlikely
that any of the postconference tours of the
forthcoming WOC will be as treacherous as
this but they may well be as exhilarating.
Clare Hermans is vice-chairman of the

RHS Orchid Committee and responsible for
recording awarded plants.
Johan Hermans is Chairman of the
RHS Orchid Committee and member of the
AOS Conservation Committee.
18
[18] survivors! Finding Angraecum stella-africae not only in situ was every bit worth the trek.

Front left and right are Gerrit van ede and Anthony Grohovaz, two of the 21st WOc orga-
nizers with clare hermans at the back.

Paraphalaenopsis
Bornean Jewels
by robert fuchs/photographs, except as noted, by greg allikas
EndEmic to thE island oF Borneo,

the four species of Paraphalaenopsis
are beautiful, interesting orchids that
contribute many positive characteristics to
their hybrids and are well worth growing
in their own right. due to similarities
in floral structure, the species were
originally included in Phalaenopsis, but
hawkes (1963) transferred the three then-
known species — Phalenopsis denevei,
Phalaenopsis laycockii and Phalaenopsis
serpentilingua — to the new genus
Paraphalaenopsis. hybridizing began
soon after the species were described and
it became evident that, despite their floral
similarities, Paraphalaenopsis did not 1 2
breed with Phalaenopsis and, in fact have
proven to be more closely related to other
genera in the Vandae.
the plants are
morphologically
quite distinct from
Phalaenopsis.
christenson (1998)
summarizes these
four species.
all four have
aos photographic archives
large, pendent to
Robert Fuchs
semierect terete
leaves and produce pseudoumbellate rather
than arched, branched inflorescences
typical of Phalaenopsis. the dutch
botanist Johannes Jacobus (J.J.) smith
first described Paraphalaenopsis denevei 3
in 1925. the species produces clusters
of fragrant, greenish-yellow to tawny
yellow-brown flowers, typically with a the four species of Paraphalaenopsis
lighter picotee on the edges of the sepals [1] Paraphalaenopsis labukensis, from north-
and petals. the inflorescence can carry up
ern borneo described in 1981
to 15 long-lasting 2-inch (5-cm) flowers
[2] Paraphalaenopsis laycockii ‘roman spar-
of heavy substance. Well-grown plants
may have four to six terete, pendent leaves kle’, aM/aos. grower: Joseph romans
up to 30 inches (75 cm) long. [3] Paraphalaenopsis denevei ‘orchidglade’,
Paraphalaenopsis laycockii is ccM/aos grower: Jones & scully
generally similar, with larger, 3-inch [4] Paraphalaenopsis serpentilingua ‘Whis-
(7.5-cm) flowers typically whitish with key hill’, cbr/aos grower: Millicent
aos photographic archives
a pale pink or mauve flush. the flowers brown

are fragrant, although some find the odor
unpleasant. this species is more common white flowers are lightly dotted with
in cultivation than the other three. pink; the distinctive lip is brightly marked
Paraphalaenopsis serpentilingua is with yellow and red and forked at the
the smallest of the species although it is apex, giving the plant its common name,
by no means a small plant. the fragrant “serpent tongue.” 4
www.AOS.Org septeMber 2013 orchids 551

Paraphalaenopsis labukensis is the
largest species in the genus. It’s also the
most recently described. The 2.5-inch
(6.3-cm) purplish-brown flowers are
fragrant of cinnamon, and the sepals and
petals have a lighter, greenish picotee. The
leaves can be up to 6 feet (1.8 m) in length;
even longer in well-cultivated plants.
The first intergeneric hybrid, Pps.
denevei × Vanda sanderiana, called
Paravanda Jawaii was registered in 5 6
1938 by Atherton in Hawaii. Many of the
subsequent hybrids were created in Java,
including a number of primary crosses Paraphalaenopsis serpentilingua
with Vanda and Papilionanthe species brings its color and well-spaced
in the late 1930s and early 1940s. After inflorescence to its hybrids. The white
the hiatus of World War II, additional flowers allow for cleaner, clearer colors
hybrids with other vandaceous genera in the progeny and, while the flowers are
began to appear, many from breeders in smaller than the other species, they are
Singapore. Currently there are more than more evenly arranged on the inflorescence.
30 vandaceous hybrid genera that include Many Paraphalaenopsis hybrids produce
one or more Paraphalaenopsis species. short, crowded inflorescences, so better
Paraphalaenopsis denevei is the spacing of the flowers is a positive effect.
species most widely used by hybridizers Flower longevity is an important
and has many positive characteristics, consideration for new hybrids.
including fuller shape and better substance Unfortunately Pps. laycockii flowers only
than the other species in the genus. Its last a few days compared to the flowers
negative characteristics include a short, of the other species, so crosses with
crowded inflorescence and the overall this species must take that into account.
size of the plant. Most hybridizers look Handsome as they may be, short-lived
for large flower size on compact plants, so hybrid flowers are not generally an
breeding with members of this genus has improvement.
to take into account the size of the leaves. Paraphalaenopsis labukensis is a
parent in several fairly recent and familiar
How to grow hybrids. Many of its progeny have long- 7
lasting flowers of heavy substance.
Paraphalaenopsis Dr. Tim W. Yam (1994) expertly [5] Paraphalaenopsis Kolopaking ‘Crownfox’,
and its hybrids discussed the early years of hybridizing
with Paraphalaenopsis and the many
HCC/AOS (laycockii × serpentilingua)
Grower: R.F. Orchids, Inc.
By Robert Fuchs intergeneric crosses produced using [6] Paraphalaenopsis Kimmy ‘Crownfox’,
The species’ habitats are low-eleva- hybrids in the vandaceous alliance.
AM/AOS (labukensis × denevei) Grower:
tion and equatorial, uniformly moist and His photographs show some beautiful,
R.F. Orchids, Inc.
warm to hot throughout the year with intensely colored flowers (particularly the
[7] Paraphalaenopsis Ponce es Ponce ‘Alice
no distinct dry season. In cultivation, hybrids with Renanthera in the mix), but
most of these hybrids have few — if any Semke’, AM/AOS (labukensis × laycockii)
the species do well under conditions
— progeny. Perhaps some were reluctant Grower: Kurt Semke
recommended for Phalaenopsis: warm
temperatures with minimum night breeders.
temperatures over 60 F (15.6 C), high Digging through hybrid and awards for further breeding (or at least none of
humidity (50% or higher), no dry rest records for these crosses requires some the results were registered). The most
period and bright but indirect, subdued diligence, as some were registered important ones are the primary hybrids
light. Because of their long, pendent and awarded during the period when Paraphalaenopsis Boediardjo (denevei
terete foliage, the species are best grown Paraphalaenopsis was included within × laycockii), Paraphalaenopsis Ponce
in baskets or mounted. Phalaenopsis for registration purposes; es Ponce (labukensis × laycockii) and
The hybrids with other vandaceous e.g., a hybrid genus we know today as Paraphalaenopsis Kimmy (labukensis ×
genera prefer higher light levels, similar Paravanda may be listed in the records denevei). These are the hybrids that form
to light conditions for most Cattleya alas Devereuxara. The two genera were the foundation of current breeding with
liance orchids (about 3,000 footcandles). separated for registrations in mid-2002. these very interesting orchids.
Excellent air circulation is critical for Looking at the list of Paraphalaenopsis These primary hybrids have impressive
these plants; they require regular water- hybrids since Pv. Jawaii was registered awards records from the American
ing but must not remain wet. Basket or in 1938, it’s clear that only a handful Orchid Society and other international
slab culture is best in order to avoid a of these early crosses have been organizations. There have been eight AOS
soggy medium. influential in modern breeding. Most of awards to cultivars of Pps. Boediardjo, six
the hybrids registered were never used awards to Pps. Kimmy and nine awards
552 ORCHIdS SePteMbeR 2013 www.AOS.Org

8 9
10 11

12 13
14 15
to Pps. Ponce es Ponce. However, the hybrids as well. Crossing Pps. Boediardjo Pps. Boediardjo and Pps. labukensis is
issue of plant size and crowded flowers (denevei × laycockii) back to Pps. denevei Paraphalaenopsis Eileen, also a parent of
remains. Paraphalaenopsis, whether gives us Paraphalaenopsis Asean and some notable hybrids.
species or hybrids, are large plants with crossing Pps. Boediardjo back to Pps. Progeny of Pps. Asean have been
often crowded, short inflorescences. laycockii produces Paraphalaenopsis recognized with AOS awards as well.
“Modern” Paraphalaenopsis hybrids Nonito Dolera. Both of these hybrids Paraphalaenopsis Asean crossed
are, for the most part, the progeny of a very appear as parents in other crosses and with Vanda Sagarik Gold (miniatum
few primary and F2 intrageneric hybrids. one cultivar of Pps. Asean has received × curvifolium) is Paravanda Redland
Some breeders have tried crossing the two AOS awards: ‘Robert’s Ruby’ AM/ Stardust. Originally registered as an
species with more recent intergeneric AOS and CCM/AOS. The hybrid of Asconopsis, cultivars of this hybrid have
received two awards from the AOS and one
[8] Paravanda. Redland Sparkler ‘Naranja flowers dusted with rust-red. Grower: R.F. from the South Florida Orchid Society. The
Starburst’ HCC/AOS (Pps. Kolopaking Orchids, Inc. cross of Pps. Asean with Vanda Crownfox
× Vanda Madame Kenny) — 13 yellow [12] Paravanda Crownfox Twinkle ‘Starburst’ Golden Dawn, Paravanda Crownfox Sun
flowers overlaid with red-orange. Grower: AM/AOS (Pps. serpentilingua × Vanda Splash, also has two awards from the
falcata) — 12 creamy-white flowers.
AOS, ‘Orange Crush’ AM/AOS and ‘Pink
R.F. Orchids, Inc.
Glow’ HCC/AOS.
[9] Paravanda Dato Anuar Bashah ‘Chili Pep- Grower: R.F. Orchids, Inc.
Paraphalaenopsis Nonito Dolera is a
per’ AM/AOS (Pps. Lenggeng × Vanda [13] Pararenanthera Redland ‘Crownfox
parent of several intergeneric crosses, one
Dhongchai Pusavat) — 19 red-purple Inferno’ HCC/AOS (Pps. Boediardjo x of which has received AOS flower-quality
flowers on an upright inflorescence. Renanthera storiei) — 18 orange flowers awards to date. Crossed with Vanda Yip
Grower: R.F. Orchids, Inc. with deep red markings. Grower: R.F. Sum Wah, the result is Paravanda Maria
[10] Parastylis Seletar Jewel ‘Crownfox Pink Orchids, Inc. Wood. Two cultivars, ‘Crownfox Plum
Glow’ AM/AOS (Pps. laycockii × Rhy- [14] Paravanda Redland Stardust ‘Crownfox’ Tart’ AM/AOS and ‘Pink Jubilee’ AM/
chostylis coelestis) — 24 flowers on two HCC/AOS (Pps. Asean × Vanda Sagarik AOS, have been awarded under the old
inflorescences, pale pink with a dusting Gold). Grower: R.F. Orchids, Inc. Paravandrum name.
of fine, darker pink spots. Grower: R.F. [15] Paravanda Nadia Butler ‘Paul’s Passion’ Many of the early intergeneric hybrids
HCC/AOS (Pps. laycockii × Vanda Meda
with Paraphalaenopsis used vandas
Orchids, Inc.
or papilionanthes, the so-called terete
[11] Paravanda Marry Lim ‘Crownfox Sunrise’ Arnold) — an excellent arrangement of
vandas. More recent intergeneric hybrids
AM/AOS (Pps. Boediardjo × Vanda rose-pink flowers. Grower: R.F. Orchids,
with smaller-growing vandas (formerly
Fuchs Golden Shiner) — butterscotch Inc. ascocendas, ascocentrums and Neofinetia),
554 ORCHIDS SePTeMBeR 2013 www.AOS.Org

Vandachostylis, and Rhynchostylis have
accomplished several important goals:
the plants are more compact, the range of
flower color has been greatly enlarged and
the arrangement of the inflorescence has
been improved. Examples of these newer
hybrids include Paravanda Nadia Butler
(Pps. laycockii × Vanda Meda Arnold),
Paravanda Dato Anuar Bashah (Pps.
Lenggeng × Vanda Dhongchai Pusavat),
Paravanda Marry Lim (Pps. Boediardjo ×
Vanda Fuchs Golden Shiner), Paravanda
Redland Sparkler (Pps Kolopaking ×
Vanda Madame Kenny), Sweetara Redd
Kitty (Pps. Eileen × Vandachostylis Chili
Padi), Parastylis Seletar Jewel (Pps.
laycockii × Rhy. coelestis) and Paravanda
Crownfox Twinkle (Pps. serpentilingua ×
Vanda falcata).
Crosses with species or hybrids of 16
Renanthera have resulted in spectacular
color, if not significant reduction in the
plant size. Renantheras bring the possibility
of large, branched inflorescences to these
hybrids. An excellent example of this line
of breeding is Pararenanthera Redland
(Pps. Boediardjo x Renanthera storiei).
References
Christenson, E. 1995. Sarcanthine Genera 20: Para-
phalaenopsis. American Orchid Society Bulletin,
64(10):1108–1113.
Yam, T. 1994. Breeding with Paraphalaenopsis. American
Orchid Society Bulletin, 63(12):1358–1365.
Robert Fuchs is president of R.F.

Orchids, Inc., and an AOS accredited judge.
He was president of the 19th World Orchid
Conference held in Miami, Florida. 28100
Southwest 182nd Avenue, Homestead,
Florida 33030 (email info@rforchids.com;
website www.rforchids.com).
Editor’s note: Recent years have 17

seen numerous nomenclatural changes [16] Paravanda Maria Wood ‘Plum Tart’ AM/
in the Orchidaceae. Most recently AOS (Paraphalaenopsis Nonito Dolera ×
Ascocentrum and Neofinetia have been Vanda Yip Sum Wah) — Awarded in the
synonymized with Vanda, Papilionanthe
summer of 2011 with 15 flowers and five
(terete-leaved vandas) recognized as
buds well-displayed on a single inflores-
distinct from Vanda and reaffirmation of
cence. Grower: R.F. Orchids, Inc.
Paraphalaenopsis as a distinct genus.
As a result, complex hybrid genus [17] Another cultivar of Pv. Maria Wood
names have changed significantly. All — ‘Pink Jubilee’ AM/AOS, awarded a
Parafinetia (Paraphalaenopsis × Vanda) year earlier with 16 flowers and two buds,
and Paravandrum (Paraphalaenopsis illustrates the range of color saturation
× Ascocentrum × Vanda) are now some of these hybrids have. Grower: R.F.
simply Paravanda (Paraphalaenopsis Orchids, Inc.
× Vanda). A discussion of the changes [18] Another cultivar of Paravanda Redland
and a complete list of all affected genera Sparkler, ‘Crownfox Orange Crush’
can be found at http://aos.org/Default.
AM/AOS illustrates the high uniformity
aspx?id=689. Also, a complete listing of
and floriferousness of this grex. When
all orchid genera in current use in orchid
awarded there were 14 open flowers
hybrid registration can be found at http://
www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/Plant-science/ and one bud on a single inflorescence.
Plant-registration-forms/orchidgenus. Grower: R.F. Orchids, Inc 18
www.AOS.Org SEPTEMbER 2013 ORChIDS 555

Cattleya crispa
The Sleeping Giant
text And imAges by A. A. chAdwick
One Of the mOst pOpular orchids

of the early 1800s was a charming large-
flowered Cattleya species called Cattleya
crispa. It was prized because it was so free-
flowering and easy to grow at a time when
orchids in general were considered difficult
plants. It had fairly large, attractive flowers
and a lovely fragrance. Best of all, it was
available from commercial orchid houses.
unlike Cattleya labiata and Cattleya
maxima that you could only read about,
with C. crispa, you could actually buy the
plant, put it in your greenhouse, grow it and
enjoy the flowers.
Cattleya crispa
was first imported 1
into england in 1826
by the horticultural no trouble finding and importing C. crispa [1] A typical plant of Cattleya crispa
society of london. It in large numbers and the plant became the with 12 flowers in a 5-inch (12.7-
had been sent to the favorite cattleya of the first generation of centimeter) pot shows why the
society by sir henry orchid growers. species is famous for its abundant
Chamberlayne from Cattleya crispa grows naturally in display of blooms.
rio de Janeiro where the Brazilian state of rio de Janeiro
A. A. Chadwick it grew wild in the local and in southern minas Gerais where crispa flowers in midsummer in the united
mountain areas. It bloomed the year after it is found growing on the branches states and in february and march in its
it was imported in the stove house at the of large trees and sometimes on rock native Brazil.
horticultural society’s Chiswick Garden outcroppings where natural forest still most varieties have white to light
with five beautiful flowers and it was an exists. It likes considerable sun, but its lavender-pink sepals and petals with
immediate sensation. the famous english leaves and pseudobulbs do not normally a lavender lip that is hooked or rolled
botanist, John lindley, wrote a description show any purple tinting. unlike Cattleya under at the tip. the lip can be very dark
of it in volume 14 (t 1172) of the Botanical lobata, (formerly Laelia lobata), which purple at times and there are also pink-lip
Register for 1828. a picture of a red-lip often grows in similar areas, C. crispa is not varieties (horticulturally referred to as
variety by the artist sydenham edwards found on vertical rock faces. It grows from carnea forms). a particularly beautiful
accompanied the description. lindley 2,000 to 4,000 feet (650–1,300 meters) in form is the famous and rare cultivar
described the plant as “Cattleya crispa, areas that receive almost daily mists and ‘Candidissima’. Other well-known cultivars
the curled-petaled Cattleya.” lindley felt rains during the growing season. In the include ‘Buchananiana’, which is larger and
the crisping along the edges of the petals winter, when it is dormant, it is at times better shaped than normal, and which has
and lip was distinct enough and different exposed to low temperatures occasionally a stunning dark purple lip. a painting of
enough to justify making C. crispa a new approaching frost. it by John nugent fitch was pictured in
species. Cattleya crispa is one of the showiest plate 81 of The Orchid Album for 1883.
although C. labiata had been of the Brazilian cattleyas. although it does the cultivar ‘Cauwelaertiae’ had sepals
imported eight years earlier in 1818 to not have flowers as large and well shaped and petals tinged with greenish yellow
much excitement and botanical hype, C. as Brazil’s most famous large-flowered and a predominately yellow lip. the first
labiata was a very rare plant. Only one species — C. labiata, Cattleya warneri plant awarded by the royal horticultural
private grower, William Cattley, plus the and Cattleya purpurata — the flowers are society (rhs) in england in 1872 was, not
Glasgow Botanic Garden, had the few produced in greater numbers so that the surprisingly, given a Certificate of Cultural
C. labiata plants that existed in europe overall effect is often more impressive. Commendation for its great abundance of
and no one knew where to get any more. Cattleya crispa normally has from five to flowers. the rhs also recognized a cultivar
the other known large-flowered Cattleya seven flowers on an inflorescence, but can called ‘superba’ with an award of merit
species, C. maxima, only existed as dried produce as many as 10 flowers on really (1892) and a first Class Certificate (1893);
specimens. there were no live plants at well-grown plants. the flowers are 5–6 ‘superba’ was larger and better shaped than
all. Commercial growers, however, knew inches (12.7–15.2 centimeters) across and ‘Cauwelaertiae’, with a dark crimson-purple
where rio de Janeiro was, and they had last in bloom over three weeks. Cattleya lip. Generally speaking, light-colored forms

come from areas adjacent to the Atlantic
Coast, whereas darker-colored forms come
from areas farther inland.
Cattleya crispa was one of the favorite
orchids used by the first hybridizers, John
Dominy and John Seden of James Veitch
& Sons Ltd., in the early days of orchid
breeding. Dominy is said to have crossed
C. crispa with Cattleya dowiana and
Cattleya mossiae; Seden’s cross between
C. crispa and Cattleya warscewiczii, called
Cattleya (Laeliocattleya) Nysa (1891) was
considered “one of the finest products of
orchid hybridizing.”
As late as 1923, the second president
of the American Orchid Society, Fitz
Eugene Dixon, thought so much of his cross
between Cattleya lueddemanniana and C.
crispa that he named it for his good friend
and orchid authority, John E. Lager. As 2
round flower shape became an overriding
standard for fine cattleya hybrids, however,
C. crispa ceased to be an important parent
for breeding and it has seldom been used
to make cattleya alliance hybrids since the
1950s.
Like so many other Cattleya species,
C. crispa has been the victim of endless
botanical confusion over the past 160
years, which has often led to more than
a little consternation on the part of
horticulturists. Following John Lindley’s
original description of the species in 1828
as a Cattleya, Lindley included the species
as the first entry under Cattleya in his
book, Genera and Species of Orchidaceous
Plants (p. 116) in 1831. Things went well
for a while, and Joseph Paxton included
C. crispa as a Cattleya in his Magazine
of Botany (5:5) in 1836. In 1842, Curtis’s 3
Botanical Magazine published a detailed
description (plate 3910), calling it the
“crisp-flowered cattleya” along with a what plant he was talking about. Warner [2] Although most Cattleya crispa
picture of a stunning five-flowered spike and Williams were much less considerate have white sepals and petals with
of flowers. The Botanical Magazine even of Reichenbach, however, in the second lavender lips, there are also lovely
said that C. crispa “may be among the most volume of their masterpiece, The Orchid carnea forms like the pale pink-lip
beautiful of a highly beautiful genus.” Album, published in 1883 when they variety shown here.
Cattleya crispa was clearly one of described a fine variety of C. crispa in plate [3] Cattleya crispa ‘candidissima’ is
the most popular large-flowered Cattleya 81. They said quite bluntly that they did not one of the rarest and most beauti-
species of the mid-1800s. It was a plant accept the change to Laelia: “We follow ful varieties of the species.
everyone grew and loved, so when botanist the original description of the species of the
Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach lifted it out late Dr. Lindley, by retaining it in Cattleya.”
of the genus Cattleya and put it in Lindley’s It is interesting to note that although he
new genus Laelia in 1853 because it had established the genus Laelia based on eight
eight pollinia instead of the usual four, pollinia, Lindley never described C. crispa
no one paid any attention to the change. as a Laelia in any of his works even though
The plant continued along happily in he said it had eight pollinia. Williams
orchid circles as Cattleya crispa. As late still showed C. crispa under the genus
as 1877, 24 years after Reichenbach made Cattleya in the seventh and last edition of
the change to Laelia, B.S. Williams in The Orchid-Grower’s Manual, published
the fifth edition of his ever-present The in 1894, and the whole horticultural world
Orchid-Grower’s Manual listed the plant knew it only by that name.
as Cattleya crispa so growers would know Unfortunately for everyone, James

Veitch tried to be politically correct when
he published the first volume of his Manual
of Orchidaceous Plants in1887. Veitch
ignored his vast experience growing
the Cattleya species, and accepted the
botanical classification set out by the
reining botanists, George Bentham and
Joseph Hooker, in their Genera Plantarum
for the purpose of his book. Bentham and
Hooker separated Cattleya and Laelia
based on number of pollinia, and Veitch
made no reference to C. crispa under the
genus Cattleya in his book. He included
it only under the genus Laelia. Veitch’s
Manual was considered by many to be the
most authoritative work on orchids in the
1890s and it doomed C. crispa to become
Laelia crispa over the dead bodies of a lot
of knowledgeable horticulturists. The ironic
part of this story is that Veitch himself did
not believe C. crispa belonged in the genus
Laelia. He said in his Manual
“that the two genera (Cattleya and
Laelia) pass into each other by
gradations so small as to render a
separating character difficult, if not
impossible to be found … and it is,
therefore, much to be regretted that the
distinguished authors of the Genera
Plantarum should have thought fit to
still kept them distinct.”
As the world moved into the 20th
century, more prominent botanical orchid
authorities, including the late Carl Withner,
continued to classify the large-flowered
Brazilian species with eight pollinia
such as C. crispa as laelias despite their
overwhelming similarity to the four-
pollinia large-flowered Cattleya species.
In 2000, C. crispa even suffered the brief
indignity of being classified as a species
of Sophronitis, which was unbelievable.
Fortunately, the international nomenclature 4
authorities using DNA analyses have now
[4] One of the finest cattleya crispa forms,
moved the Brazilian laelias in general into more than the great large-flowered C.
the genus Cattleya and the species is now mossiae because it was so easy to grow ‘buchananiana’, was painted by John
firmly C. crispa. and produced such a beautiful head of Nugent Fitch for the 1883 book, The Or-
Cattleya crispa is not as popular in the flowers. It was eclipsed in the mid-1900s chid Album. the cultivar was much larger
United States today as it was in the early by the craze for big, round cattleya hybrids, than normal with a well-shaped solid dark
days of orchid growing in Europe. Many and the species has largely disappeared purple lip
varieties have narrow petals that sometimes from cultivation in most collections. It
reflex, or fold backward, and this is not now waits for a new generation of orchid
considered fashionable in orchid circles. growers who have a broader view of
Because it produces such a grand display beauty than just round flowers to awaken
of flowers, however, this species is still a it from its slumber. — A.A. Chadwick and
lovely orchid and very rewarding to own. his son, Arthur E. Chadwick, are co-authors of
Cattleya crispa today is like a sleeping The Classic Cattleyas that describes the large-
giant — a giant that dominated the early flowered species that make up today’s hybrids. and, at age 16, he worked for the largest cut-
days of orchid growing when cattleyas A.A. Chadwick has been growing orchids since flower cattleya producer in Philadelphia. A
were new to European horticulture and 1943 when, at the age of 13, a friend gave him regular contributor to Orchids, at age 83, he still
people tended to accept nature’s standards a plant of Cattleya trianae. He learned the finer hybridizes cattleyas at his home in Wilmington,
more than their own. In the early 1800s, points of cultivation from the estate growers Delaware (e-mail art@chadwickorchids.com;
C. crispa was pictured and written about near his home in Elkins Park, Pennsylvania Web site www.chadwickorchids.com).

nomenclature notes
Amoana (Laeliinae), a New Mexican Orchid Genus:
A Short History
by Carlos Leopardi, Germán Carnevali and Eric Hágsater
Plant genera often need to 1972, Stern and Carlsward 2009). base of the lateral sepals and absence
be diagnosed by a unique combination Amoana leopardi & Carnevali, as of digitiform processes in the labellum
of characters, rather than by conspicuous proposed by leopardi et al. (2012) based (figure 1 n–o). We can distinguish
morphological features unique for a group on both morphological and molecular Oestlundia from Amoana because the
that are the exception rather than the evidence, is composed of two species, former has the column and the labellum
rule. this is particularly true in orchids, namely Amoana kienastii and Amoana partially fused (through ½ of its length),
where most characters traditionally used latipetala leopardi & Hágsater. this a complex structure of the blade of the lip
to circumscribe genera usually associated genus has cigar-shaped, homoblastic and the absence of digitiform processes
with floral morphology, are highly (showing no differences between juvenile (figure 1 P–Q).
homoplasic. Homoplasic characters evolve and mature plants) pseudobulbs, usually Amoana is a genus endemic to México
independently in different lineages, as did with three leaves at their apices; the (oaxaca) where it grows on oak trees at
the wings of birds and bats. inflorescence is an apical panicle clothed about 1,800 m altitude in the Sierra Madre
Amoana kienastii (rchb.f.) leopardi by tubular, eventually scarious sheaths del Sur. Plants are found in mixed pine–oak
& Carnevali was originally described as 2.5–7cm (1-2.75 inches) long, the area of forests either amidst clouds at the crest of
Epidendrum kienastii by reichenbach f. in which is narrowly triangular-lanceolate mountains or near streams and waterfalls;
1887, based on a plant sent from Mexico and acute, whilst the branches are they seem to require cool, humid growing
to Consul ludwig Kienast-Zölly in subtended by sheaths similar to those of conditions and should never be kept dry for
Hirslanden, Zurich, Switzerland. Initially the peduncle but smaller. floral bracts are long periods, but should be grown in well-
it was placed in section Encyclium by 0.4–1.0 × 0.1–0.3 cm, linear-lanceolate, drained containers. Seed of A. kienastii
lindley, because of the thickened, relatively conspicuous (⅓–½ the length was distributed to growers in Canada, the
cigar-shaped pseudobulbs; though it is of the pedicellate ovary), spreading and United States, australia and South africa
quite distinct from what we consider papyraceous upon drying. the flowers in 1988 in an effort to ensure the survival
Encyclia today, where ovoid pseudobulbs are membranaceous, very showy, usually of this very rare species. though it was
predominate. It was transferred to Encyclia pale rose-pink, and the lip has three dark reported that the seed germinated well, it
Hook. by dressler and Pollard in 1971, and veins (figure 1, C, I); sepals lanceolate, has yet to be reported in cultivation.
has been known as such until recently. acute, 1.6–2.5 × 0.3–0.4 cm; petals linear- the name, Amoana, honors the aMo
Since its discovery, Epidendrum oblanceolate, acute, slightly falcate, 1.6– Herbarium, formerly associated with the
kienastii has been considered a peculiar 2.3× 0.3–0.7 cm wide; lip basally adnate asociación Mexicana de orquideología,
entity and ames (1923) commented, “It to the column (about ⅓ of its length), a.C. according to the International Union
is a very distinct species, quite unlike trilobed, total length 1.6−2.5 cm; lateral for the Conservation of nature criteria,
any other Mexican Epidendrum that I lobes spatulate–oblanceolate, somewhat Amoana kienastii can be considered in
have seen.” dressler and Pollard (1971: falcate, apex truncate and obliquely danger of extinction because it is only
435) stated that Encyclia kienastii (rchb. subacute, 1.1–1.3 × 0.06−0.10 cm wide known from a handful of collections.
f.) dressler & g.e. Pollard was more at its base, 0.3–0.6 cm wide near its apex; Amoana latipetala, a species that can
related to their section Leptophyllum (now midlobe clawed, oblong–obovate, acute, be distinguished by its wider petals (in
Oestlundia W.e. Higgins) than it was to 1.3–1.5 × 0.6–1.1 cm, margins somewhat comparison with those of A. kienastii) is
section Encyclia, where they placed it undulate apically; callus on the claw and only known from the type collection, a
because its flowers superficially resembled base of midlobe, oblong, distantly forming cultivated plant, and may also be in danger
those of Encyclia adenocaula (la llave & two acute, ascending, fingerlike processes of extinction.
lexarza) Schlechter (figure 1 C, l). (figure 1 g–I), midlobe with five keeled
In a phylogenetic analysis of Encyclia veins; column slender, clavate, sharply References
at the sectional level, Higgins et al. (2003) bowed upwards in the middle (figure 1 J– ames, o. 1923. new or noteworthy orchids from Central
america and the Philippine Islands. Schedulae Orchidi-
found that Amoana (Encyclia) kienastii K), about 1 cm long, middle tooth obtuse, anae 5:1–40.
was more closely related to Alamania denticulate and shorter than lateral teeth, Baker, r. 1972. Foliar Anatomy of the Laeliinae (Orchi-
lex. than it was to Encyclia. this was an which are surpassed by the anther. daceae). Phd dissertation, Washington University, St.
louis, Missouri.
interesting finding because Alamania is Based on the description, when dressler, r.l. and g.e. Pollard. 1971. nomenclatural notes
also related to Oestlundia, and all three comparing Amoana with Encyclia, some on the orchidaceae — IV. Phytologia 21:433–439.
genera are mostly centered in Mexico and clear differences are the heteroblastic Higgins, W., C. van den Berg, and M. Whitten. 2003. a
are found at medium to high elevations pseudobulbs, the presence of extravascular Combined Molecular Phylogeny of Encyclia (orchi-
daceae) and relationships within laeliinae. Selbyana
(900 to more than 2,000 m). these genera fiber bundles in the leaves and the absence 24:165–179.
differ dramatically from each other, of digitiform processes in the callus leopardi, C.l., g. Carnevali, and g.a. romero-gonzález.
especially in floral characters (figure 1), of Encyclia (figure 1l). Amoana and 2012. Amoana (orchidaceae, laeliinae), a new genus
and Species from Mexico. Phytotaxa 65:23–45.
but all three lack the extravascular fiber Alamania also have clear differences: Reichenbach, H. 1887. Epidendrum kienastii. Gardeners’
bundles that are found in the mesophyll of the latter has dimorphic stems (separate Chronicle ser. 3 2:126.
leaves of other members of the Encyclia reproductive and vegetative stems), Stern, W. and B.S. Carlsward. 2009. Comparative vegeta-
tive anatomy and systematics of Laeliinae (Orchidaceae).
alliance (such as Prosthechea) and vesicles at the base of sepals, tiny lateral
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 160:21–41.
especially in species of Encyclia (Baker lobes of the labellum, adnation at the
560 OrCHids sEptEmbEr 2013 www.AOS.Org

[1] Amoana and other orchid genera. A–C, flower in lateral and frontal view (C). D–F, column and lip in dorsal (D), lateral (E) and ventral views (F). g–I,
detail of the callus showing the digitiform process in dorsal (g) and lateral views (H–I). J–K, column in lateral (J) and ventral (K) view. L, Encyclia
adenocaula. M–O, Alamania punicea: flower (M), perianth (N) and habit (O). P–Q, Oestlundia luteorosea: flower (P), perianth (Q). drawings A–K by
e. Greenwood (Archive at Ames). drawings M–O by rolando Jiménez (AmO). drawings P–Q by G.c.K. dunsterville (Archive at Ames)

Acknowledgments
We are indebted to Gerardo Salazar
Chávez (MEXU) and Silvia Salas (SERO)
who both allowed access to important
herbarium material. Silvia Hernández
(CICY) helped with the handling of
herbarium specimens. We also thank the
curators of AMES, AMO, CAY, F, GH,
IBUG, INB, K, MEXU, MO, NY, SERO,
US, VEN, and W for access to their
collections. Germán Carnevali thanks the
American Orchid Society for a research
grant awarded to the project “Systematics
and evolution of Encyclia Hook. s.s.
(Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) with emphasis
in Megamexico.” Finally, Carlos Leopardi
thanks CONACyT for scholarship 229634
and the Harvard University Herbaria for
sponsoring a visit to the Orchid Herbarium
of Oakes Ames in May–June 2012.
Carlos Leopardi, born in Venezuela,

is a PhD student at the Centro de
Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C.,
México. His research is currently focused
on the study of the relationships and
macro-evolutionary patterns in the genus
Encyclia. He is interested in taxonomy
of Neotropical orchids, especially the
subtribe Laeliinae (email leopardiverde@
gmail.com).
Germán Carnevali, born in Venezuela,
works at the Herbarium CICY of the Centro
de Investigación Científica de Yucatán,
A.C., México, as a scientific researcher
in the Department of Natural Resources,
working on the taxonomy of Neotropical
orchids. He earned his PhD in 1996 on
the taxonomic revision of Cryptocentrum.
He currently works in the systematics
and phylogeny of selected groups in the
Laeliinae, Oncidiinae and Maxillariinae,
among other taxa (email carneval@cicy.
mx).
Eric Hágsater, born in Mexico City, is a
chemical engineer. He has actively studied
orchids from an early age, specializing in
the genus Epidendrum. He has published
books, numerous articles and Series on
Neotropical orchids (email herbamo@
prodigy.net.mx).

orchid evolution
Part VIII: Floral Polymorphism and Speciation
Floral Variation in Calanthe Drives Reproductive Isolation in Space and Time
BY ALEJANDRO ZULUAGA AND THE MADISON ORCHID RESEARCH GROUP
Continuing with our series of within populations (e.g., plants with slightly
essays on orchid evolution, we now leave different petal shapes, color or size) is
the terrestrial subfamily orchidoideae, and widespread throughout all of life, both plant
turn our attention to one of the several tribes and animal, but can be quite conspicuous
within the large subfamily epidendroideae. within orchid species. herein lays one
Most of these orchids are tropical of the significant difficulties in orchid
epiphytes, but among the so-called “lower taxonomy! on the other hand, whereas
epidendroids” one also may find terrestrial morphological variation makes the study
members native to various temperate and/ of orchids a challenge for taxonomists,
or subtropical parts of the world. this is it offers up a unique opportunity for the
the case for the orchid tribe Arethuseae evolutionary biologists. orchids that are
(figure 1), which includes well-known polymorphic for floral traits are the ideal
Asian and north American genera such as model in which to study the evolution of
Arethusa, Arundina, Calopogon, Bletilla, these traits, and to assess their impact on the
Pleione and Coelogyne. historically, reproductive success of some individuals
taxonomists also placed genera such as compared to others.
Spathoglottis, Phaius and Calanthe in since Darwin first proposed his theory
this tribe as well. however, new evidence of evolution by means of natural selection,
from DnA sequences indicates that these biologists have been fascinated with [1] A red arrow highlights the placement
latter orchids may be distantly related to understanding how floral polymorphism of the orchid tribe Arethuseae within
the core of Arethuseae, even though their within a species comes to be, and more
the evolutionary tree of Orchidaceae.
superficial growth form and leaf and importantly how it is maintained in
Calanthe was originally placed in this
floral morphologies are quite similar. if populations. special attention has been
this pattern of relationships continues to given to color polymorphism, but variation tribe. However, new DNA based evidence
stand as additional data are collected, then may occur in different floral traits such indicates that these orchids may be dis-
Calanthe and its closest allies will likely as overall size, nectar spur length and/or tantly related to the core of Arethuseae,
be classified in their own tribe, Collabieae. fragrance, among others. these floral even though their superficial growth form,
research is ongoing. characters are the main attractants for leaf, and floral morphology are quite
regardless the pollinators, and also allow them to similar.
of exactly where associate through learning the presence
Calanthe fits among (or absence) and quality of the rewards
the branches of being offered by the plant. for this reason, the tendency of pollinators to exclusively
the orchid family stability or only minor variation among visit or entirely avoid certain flowers). to
tree, this genus of flowers of a given species is expected, explain this, imagine a population where
approximately 187 but that is not always the case. scientists flowers of one species display different
species is quickly have not been able to explain fully how colors; these flowers produce fragrance as
gaining popularity a polymorphism is maintained within a lure, but do not produce a nectar reward.
Alejandro Zuluaga if all the flowers were the same color,
among orchid populations, but an evolutionary process
enthusiasts and flower gardeners in warmer called “balancing selection” seems to pollinators would quickly learn to avoid
areas of the country where some species are be the best explanation. in brief, during them. however, with different color morphs
winter-hardy. the genus also has captured balancing selection, floral variation results growing together, it will take a longer time
the attention of botanists who are intrigued as a product of the interaction among many and more visits to different flowers for
by the pollinator deception and the wide selective processes; in orchids, factors individual pollinators to learn to avoid these
range of floral variation exhibited by some such as visitation by different pollinator deceptive orchids. A beautiful example of
of the more common tropical species. since species, pollinator preferences for different evolution in action!
we already considered the topic of orchid morphologies, and differences among unfortunately, there is little empirical
deception in the May issue of Orchids, foraging behavior by pollinators may play a evidence to support this hypothesis. for this
here we give equal attention to one of the role in maintaining the balance of different reason, nicolas Juillet and other researchers
most fascinating aspects of orchid biology floral morphs in a population. conducted a series of experiments and
— the role that floral variation can play in however, in deceptive orchids such as observations on different populations of
the evolution of new species. Calanthe that do not offer a reward — the the tropical terrestrial orchid Calanthe
when biologists talk about variation subject of this article — floral variation sylvatica in the island of La reunion (Juillet
among different individuals of the has been proposed to have a completely et al. 2010, Delle-Vedove et al. 2011). the
same species, they often use the word different purpose. in this case, it is believed goal of their research was to investigate
”polymorphism,” and use the term “morph” that different individuals of the same species patterns of variation among floral characters
informally to refer to individual variants. exhibit different flower-colored morphs as other than color, and to determine their
the occurrence of multiple floral morphs a way to combat pollinator constancy (i.e., correlation with the reproductive success of
564 ORCHIDS SEPTEMBER 2013 www.AOS.Org

island. Three color varieties are known individuals of variety alba were more
(Figure 2). In fact, the names of the species successful at developing fruits, but this may
varieties refer to the color of the floral be the result of a correlation between altitude
morphs: Calanthe sylvatica var. alba bears and pollination success (remember that
white flowers, variety lilacina bears pink variety alba always grows at low elevation
flowers, and variety purpurea bears dark where moths may be more common). In any
purple flowers. event, Juillet and colleagues argued that this
For almost two years these researchers unusual separation of morphs in geographic
studied the patterns of distribution, space and flowering time suggests that each
reproduction and floral variation associated variety has become adapted to ecologically
with the populations of this orchid. In different conditions in the island, and
total, 33 populations were examined from suggest that we may be witnessing the
across the island. The data collected for beginning of the speciation process within
this study are divided into four categories. C. sylvatica as it evolves into two or more
First, they characterized the spatio-temporal new species.
aspects of each population, meaning that This idea of active speciation is
they documented every individual plant’s further supported by analysis of the flower
location, altitude, and flowering time. measurements, in which they found discrete
Second, within each population several differences among the three morphs. In
flowers were chosen on which to carry general, flower parts of variety purpurea
out detailed measurements of every flower are the largest, followed by variety alba
part (i.e., sepal, petal, labellum, and spur and with variety lilacina being the smallest.
length, width, etc.). Additionally, they Some of these differences (e.g., sepal width)
measured how the different color morphs may not be great enough to be perceived
were reflecting the visible light spectrum so by the pollinators, and so may be of little
as to more accurately quantify white, pink biological importance. However, one part
and purple in a mathematical way. Third, of the flower that is especially important
reproductive success was measured by to the hawkmoth pollinators was found
comparing the number of flowers produced to be significantly different — the spur
in each inflorescence to the number of length. In deceptive orchids spur length is
fruits set per inflorescence. Finally, in a important because pollinators insert their
subsequent study they characterized the tongues deeply into the spur searching for
scent composition of the three varieties nectar; this behavior, of course, increases
(Delle-Vedove et al. 2011). the probability of pollinia removal from
As expected, the study of light reflection the flower and subsequent deposition on
showed that each morph has a particular the stigma of a second. Considering the
spectral pattern, and the researchers were significant differences in spur lengths
able to associate each individual plant among the morphs, and with variety alba
with one of three different profiles of light being the longest, it is entirely reasonable
reflection (white, pink, purple). Surprisingly, to speculate that flowers of variety alba
however, Juillet and collaborators found that may be pollinated by a different species
the three color morphs differ in almost of moth. They also observed that both
© F. henze
every trait they examined. In addition, the varieties alba and lilacina tend to grow
researchers found, to their surprise, that in in habitats together with other plants that
most cases each population is composed display similar flower colors and the same
[2] color varieties of Calanthe sylvatica. A.
of plants of only one color morph — a blooming time. Perhaps this helps to explain
C. sylvatica variety alba; B. C. sylvatica
situation unlike that documented among what must be facilitating their pollination
variety lilacina; C. C. sylvatica variety other deceptive orchids, and contrary to the and explain the spatio-temporal separation
purpurea. hypothesis that mixed morph populations of the varieties.
will tend to confuse pollinators forcing Finally, analysis of scent profiles among
them to visit many flowers. Furthermore, morphs produced another unexpected
the plants. Calanthe sylvatica is an orchid populations of each color morph grow at result. Varieties purpurea and lilacina have
characterized by deceptive pollination that different altitudes, and bloom at different different compositions, and flowers of the
also grows in Madagascar, Mauritius and times of the year (i.e., they are separated in white morph may have one or the other
other southeast African countries. It has a time and space). The variety alba is the most scent profile, independent of the population
long floral spur and displays the classic abundant on the island, and is restricted to they come from. Three morphs, but only
hawkmoth-pollination syndrome. At altitudes less than 3,281 feet (1,000 m), two scents! This case of a white flower
least one diurnal hawkmoth in the family whereas varieties pupurea and lilacina grow producing two different odors in a single
Sphingidae has been seen visiting flowers in high-altitude forests above 3,281feet population is unique in orchids, and raises
on La Reunion Island. This orchid is an (1,000 m). So, do these differences add up some intriguing hypotheses. It has been
ideal system for study since it has been in any way to influence the reproductive proposed that orchids on the island of La
long known that C. sylvatica presents success of some morphs over others? The Reunion originated from Madagascar, and
polymorphism in its flower color on the answer is “yes, but . . .” On the one hand, subsequently dispersed to the island where

References
Juillet, N., R. Delle-Vedove, L. Dormont,

B. Schatz, and T. Pailler. 2010. Differen-
tiation in a Tropical Deceptive Orchid:
Colour Polymorphism and Beyond. Plant
Systematics and Evolution 289(3–4):
213–221.
Delle-Vedove, R., N. Juillet, J.M. Bessière,
C. Grison, N. Barthes, T. Pailler, L. Dor-
mont, and B. Schatz. 2011. Colour-Scent
Associations in a Tropical Orchid: Three
Colours but Two Odours. Phytochemistry
72(8):735–742.
Alejandro Zuluaga is a Colombian botanist

who completed his bachelor’s degree at
the Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
He is PhD candidate in Botany at The
University of Wisconsin–Madison, where
he is working with Dr. Ken Cameron and
studying taxonomy and evolution of tropical
aroids. Alejandro has been collecting and
researching the systematics of these plants
for more than six years, especially in his
home country. For his doctoral research he
is focusing on the biology of the Neotropical
genus Monstera, known in the horticultural
world as the swiss cheese plant (email:
zuluagatroch@wisc.edu).
The Madison Orchid Research Group
is supervised by Dr. Ken Cameron and
presently consists of a postdoc and eight
doctoral graduate students from different
laboratories in the Department of Botany
at the University of Wisconsin–Madison:
Rafael Arévalo, Alfonso Doucette, Giovanny
Giraldo, James McDaniel, Matthew Pace,
Stephanie Pimm Lyon, Shude Shi, Brian
Sidoti and Alejandro Zuluaga. All are
conducting advanced research into the
fundamental biology of orchids and/or
© F. henze
tropical monocots (email: kmcameron@

wisc.edu).
they evolved in isolation. Based on the scent [3] Calanthe sylvatica is a highly variable
results, Juillet and collaborators suggest that species. the white-flowered form (variety
variety alba may have evolved twice (once alba) is the most abundant color morph
from an ancestor similar to variety lilacina
on the island of La reunion, where it
and once from variety purpurea) after
is found at lower elevations than the
colonization of the island. Genetic evidence
may be needed to further test this theory. other varieties of this species. research
In any event, this study demonstrates shows that it may be in the process of
what orchid growers have felt all along evolving into a new species.
— variation in color matters. Calanthe
sylvatica offers up an unusual case among unclear. Like most scientific research, this
deceptive orchids in which three different has introduced just as many new questions
color morphs also differ in other floral traits, for study as it has answered.
including scent, and are clearly adapted to
at least two different ecological conditions.
They probably attract different pollinators,
and are in the process of speciation by
reproductive isolation, but their exact
origins and mode of pollination is still

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& Sale, South Coast Botanic Garden, 26300 11–13 — National Capital Orchid Society cvilleorchidsociety.com
Crenshaw Blvd., Palos Verdes Peninsula, CA; “65th Annual Fall Orchid Show & Sale”, 25–27 — Delray Beach Orchid Society Show
Contact: Marla Corey, 310-833-1918; marla- U. S. National Arboretum, 3501 New York “Orchids on the Square”, Old School Square
corey@sbcglobal.net Avenue, NE, Washington DC; Contact: Sandi Gymnasium, 51 N. Swinton Ave., Delray
26–29 — Mayaguez Orchid Society Show, Beach, FL; Contact: Julia Hammer, 561-865-
Smith Piccirillo, 703-764-2747; sswombat@
Mayaguez Mall, 957 Hostos Ave., Mayaguez, 5854; santamom@comcast.net
verizon.net 25–27 — East Everglades Orchid Society An-
PR; Contact: Julio David Rios, 787-872-5895; 11–13 — South Florida Orchid Society “Falling nual Show, 28100 SW 182 Ave., Homestead,
david1156@hotmail.com in Love with Orchids”, University of Miami, FL; Contact: Valerie Leonard, 305-903-0630;
28–29 — Central Ontario Orchid Society Show Bank United Center, 1245 Dauer Drive, Coral valda_900@hotmail.com
and Sale, Cambridge Hespeler Arena, 640 Gables, FL; Contact: Dan Christensen, 954- 26–27 — *Brevard County Orchid Society’s
Ellis Rd., Cambridge, ON, Canada; Contact: 53rd Fall Orchid Fair, Melbourne Auditorium,
252-8116; damorchid@aol.com
Patty Milton, 519-853-5593; k94milton@ 625 E. Hibiscus Blvd., Melbourne, FL; Contact:
12 — *South Florida Orchid Society “Speak- Julie Zepf, 321-777-9837; jfzepf@aol.com
gmail.com ers Day”, University of Miami, Bank United 26–27 — Michiana Orchid Society Fall Show,
28–29 — *Fascination of Orchids International Center, 1245 Dauer Drive, Coral Gables, FL; Holy Cross College, 54515 State Road 933,
Show and Sale, South Coast Plaza Village, Contact: Ellen Hanson, 305-255-3656; sfor- Notre Dame, IN; Contact: Sandy Ohlund, 219-
1631 Sunflower St., Santa Ana, CA; Contact: chid@bellsouth.net 778-4457; sohlund@csinet.net
Roberta Fox, 949-735-2930; roberta@orchid- 26–27 — Windsor Orchid Society Orchid Show,
12–13 — Denver Orchid Society Show & Sale,
central.net Teutonia Club of Windsor, 55 Edinborough St.,
Denver Botanic Gardens - Mitchell Hall, Windsor, ON, Canada; Contact: Ed Cott, 519-
28–29 — Kentucky Orchid Society Show & 1007 York St., Denver, CO; Contact: Shirlee 252-7342; laelia@aol.com
Sale, St. Mathews Episcopal Church, 330 McDaniels, 303-905-7014; shirlee.mcdaniel@ 31–November 3 — Club Peruano Exhibicion
N Hubbards Lane, Louisville, KY; Contact: comcast.net de Orquideas de Moyobamba, Punto Turis-
Peggy Revell, 502-345-8389; pegrevell@ 12–13 — Ft. Pierce Orchid Society Show “Fall- tica de San Juan, Jiron Bolivia/Jiron Iquitos,
insightbb.com Moyobamba, Peru; Contact: Susi Spittler, +51
ing for Orchids”, Ft. Pierce Shrine Club, 4500
14792756; suspi@speedy.com.pe
Oleander Ave., Ft. Pierce, FL; Contact: Bill
OctOber Tozer, 772-465-4674; jbtozer@bellsouth.net
3–6 — Maui County Fair “Orchidland 2013”, 12–13 — Illinois Orchid Society’s “Fall Orchid
War Memorial Gymnasium, 700 Halia Nakoa Odyssey”, Chicago Botanic Gardens, Lake
St., Wailuku, HI; Contact: Bert Akitake, 808- Cook Rd., Glencoe, Il; Contact: Rose Matchen,
250-1585; jakitake@hotmail.com 847-587-6525; goldrosey@att,net
4–5 — Susquehanna Orchid Society Show, 14 — *Fort Lauderdale Annual Orchid Auction,
Ware Center of Millersville University, N. Christ Lutheran Church Parish Hall, 1955 E.
Prince Street, Lancaster, PA; Contact: Cathy Oakland Park Blvd., Fort Lauderdale, FL;
Nowakowski, 717-761-7121; cnowakowski1@ www.flos.org
gmail.com 18–20 — Connecticut Orchid Society Show, Van
5 — *Deep Cut Orchid Society Annual Orchid Welgen’s Garden Center, 51 Valley Road, North
Branford, CT; Contact: Cheryl Mizak, 203-264-
Auction, Presbyterian Church at Shrewsbury,
6096; alcher@millenicom.com
352 Sycamore Ave., Shrewsbury, NJ; Contact: 18–20 — Fall Mid America Orchid Congress
Joan Messander, 732-787-4460; jmesand1@ 2013, Dayton Art Institute, 456 Belmonte Park
verizon.net North, Dayton, OH; Contact: Eric Sauer, 937-
events preceded by an asterisk (*) in this
5 — Central Louisiana Orchid Society Show, 212-0462; eric@rvorchids.com
listing will not be judged by the Ameri-
Kent House Plantation, 3601 Bayou Rapides 19–20 — Eastern Canada Orchid Society Show,
can Orchid society. All announcements of
Hotel Espresso, 1005 rue Guy, Montreal,
Rd., Alexandria, LA; Contact: Andrea Mattison, shows should be sent to naya@aos.org.
Quebec, Canada; Contact: Brian Dunbar, 514-
318-640-0780; amattison@suddenlink.net see a complete calendar at www.aos.org.
684-3904; bcd@videotron.qc.ca

contributions
Philippe Arnold
Wolfgang Bull
Jamie L. Davidson
Harry Gallis, MD
Margaret Harrison
Samson T. Iwatani
Carolyn Pedone and John Rose
Lois Posey
Olga Maria Sosa
Paul J. Wolf
Color Fund/Supplemental Issue – Temporarily
Restricted
Alan D. Alexander
Tom and Margie Barbaree
Alice and Eddie Barrios
Jeanne Buchanan
Mid-America Judging Center
Christine Chowning
Steve Clement
Linda Curle
Howard A. Hill
Chaunie Langland
Bill Matthews
Cheryl Philstrom
Dr. Sandy Schultz
Dr. Birute Anne Vileisis
In Memory of Ms. Betty Broome
Cape Fear Orchid Society
In Memory of Mr. Nathan (Jim) Cope
Mary Jo Gilsdorf
In Memory of Gary Kraus, MD

Mario and Conni Ferrusi
Peter and Gail Furniss
Robert Fuchs and Michael Coronado
Harry Gallis, MD
D. Lowell Jacks – Temporarily Restricted
Phil and Ann Jesup

Join for Two Years
and Receive a $30 Orchid Certificate

ORCHID
ORCHID MARKETPLACE
MARKETPLACE

ORCHID MARKETPLACE

ORCHID
ORCHID MARKETPLACE
MARKETPLACE

ORCHIDS CLASSIFIEDS
SALES SALES SALES
BROWARD ORCHID SUPPLY — we FOR SALE — Orchid Nursery in South
carry fertilizers, fungicides, pesticides, pots, Florida. 50 years in the business. 2.3 acres.
baskets, growing media, tree fern, cork, 8400 sq. ft. modern greenhouses + inventory.
wire goods, labels, pruners and more. For For information contact: Frank@Pulles.com
Coldwell Banker 305-962-6683
our complete product line, visit our website
at browardorchidsupply.com. Call 877-967-
2443 for our catalog or questions regarding NEW VISION ORCHIDS — Special-
izing in phalaenopsis: standards, novelties.
our products. We cater to the hobbyist. WHOLESALE HARDY ORCHIDS — Odontoglossums, intergenerics, lycastes
Bletilla ‘Big Bob’, B. ‘Kate’, and B. ochracea. and vandaceous. Russ Vernon — hybridizer.
Hang your orchid pots anywhere! The amaz- Retailers, Club fund raisers, landscapers, Divisions of select, awarded plants avail-
ing pothanger secures clay pots 4˝ to 10˝ on gardeners, beautiful mass plantings, etc. 72 able. Flasks and plants. Tel.: 765-749-5809.
wood, stucco, aluminum, lattice. Creates more plants/flat only. Call 215 297 5053 www. E-mail: newvisionorchids@aol.com, www.
space for shade house. Plant hangs straight WildOrchidCompany.com newvisionorchids.com.
and is secure in high winds. Order now for
free shipping! www.hangapot.com. Orchid of the Month Club by Elmore
Classified ads are $50 for five lines (45 char-
Orchids. Receive a different orchid with buds
acters/spaces per line) and $12 for each addi-
or bloom spike each month. Start or stop any-
tional line. $25 for first three words in red. $25
time, $29.95/mo. plus $8 shipping. See www. to include logo. The first three words can be in
elmoreorchids.com for other offers, catalog. all caps, if requested.
Tel: 865-966-5294.
For More Information, Contact:
Orchids Advertising Office
jwrench@aos.org
Ad Index
African Violet Magazine ............................567 Dyna-Gro Nutrition Solutions ...................519
American Begonia Society.........................567 Evolution Art Group ..................................525 Corrigenda
American Horticultural Society .................559 Fairchild Tropical Botanic Gardens ...........569
American Orchid Society First Rays, LLC..........................................572 July 2013 — For the Novice, page 390
Advertise ................................................572 Florália ......................................................573 In Carlos Macku’s article on cattleya
Affiliates Societies .................................573 Green Barn Orchid Supplies .....................570 propagation, reference was made to the
AQ Plus ..................................................570 H&R Nurseries ..........................................570 naming of the genus Cattleya to honor
Cattleyas Supplement Issue ...................533 Interior Water Gardens ..............................567 William Cattley. In that reference Mr.
Classified Ads ........................................575 Ironwood Estate Orchids Sale ....................573 Cattley was referred to as Sir William
Digital Orchids.......................................517 J.R. Peters...................................................574
Cattley rather than Mr. William Cattley.
Members’ Meeting .........Inside Front Cover Kelley’s Korner Orchid Supplies ...............519
Membership ...................................567, 571 Kultana Orchids ........................................573 Sir William Cattley implies knight-
Orchid Source Directory ................525, 562 Marble Branch Farms ................................572 hood, an honor Mr. Cattley never re-
Pests and Diseases .................................572 OFE International, Inc. ..............................559 ceived. We regret the failure to replace
Quality Books ........................................574 Orchid Digest .............................................562 the honorary title Sir with the abbrevia-
Supplement issues..................................569 Orchid Review ...........................................571 tion for Mister.
Website...........................................525, 573 OrchidSupply.com .....................................574
American Spirit Outdoor Images .........................................572 August 2013 — Orchids in the Wild,
Magazine................................................563 Purificacion ................................................573
Arcadia Glasshouse, LLC. ............ Back Cover R.F. Orchids ......................................521, 572 Page 488
Audubon Magazine ............ Inside Back Cover rePotme.com .............................................573
Figure 6 is Habenaria monorhiza. In
Australian Orchid Review ..........................521 Rexius Forest By-Products, Inc. ................572
Back To Nature ..........................................574 Ritter’s Tropic 1 Orchids, Inc.....................572 the figure caption it is listed as simply an
Bactra Orchid Benches ..............................574 San Diego Orchid Fair ...............................559 attractive Habenaria species.
Besgrow .....................................................517 Santa Barbara Greenhouses .......................574
Better-Gro ..................................................574 South Florida Orchid Society Show...........519 Page 489
Cattleya-Log .............................................574 Southland Orchid Show Committee ..........525 Figure 9 is most likely Epidendrum
Connecticut Orchid Society .......................573 Southern Burner Co. ..................................572 calanthum rather than Epidendrum
Critter Creek Laboratories .........................574 Taida Orchids .............................................573 arachnoglossum.
Cymbidium Society of America.................559
The American Orchid Society, in congruence with its stated conservation aims and with the full approval of the AOS Trustees, prohibits advertisements for wild-collected orchids and orchid-collecting tours in
the pages of Orchids. By submitting advertisements for orchid species, vendors are thereby asserting that plants advertised are either artificially propagated (from seed or meristem) or are nursery-grown divisions
of legally acquired stock. While Orchids endeavors to assure the reliability of its advertising, neither Orchids nor the American Orchid Society, Inc., can assume responsibility for any transactions between our
advertisers and our readers.

parting shot
The Pencil Drawings of Pavel arlT
Pavel Arlt, an enthusiastic

illustrator and orchid growing
hails from the Czech Republic.
His love of drawing is celebrated
in the beauty of the orchids he il-
lustrates.
Mr. Arlt began drawing or-
chids in 2000 and currently works
exclusively in pencil. Although a
self-taught artist, his pictures have
been presented at many interna-
tional exhibitions including the
2003 European Orchid Congress
in London, the 2005 18th World
Orchid Conference in Dijon, ex-
hibitions in Stuttgart, Prague and
the 11th Ecuador International
Show and Orchid Conference in
Quayaquil in 2012.
His technique is very pre-
cise. He begins with a hard pen-
cil to make an initial sketch and
gradually work his way to darker
shades in order to add contrast to
the picture. His drawings utilize a
minimum of six or more kinds of
pencils gradually superimposed
on each other.

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ORCHIDS

How to Grow Paraphalaenopsis 552

SUBSCRIBE TO ORCHIDS TEL 305-740-2010 EMAIL THEAOS@AOS.ORG WEBSITE WWW.AOS.ORG

514 Orchids sEptEmbEr 2013 www.AOS.Org

Aerangis(ay-air-ANG-iss) Eulophia (yew-LOH-fee-ah) Paraphalaenopsis (pair-ah-fayl-en-NOP-

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ORCHIDS OUT OF DOORS

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Malibu Orchid Society Turns Fifty

THE BEGINNING In the spring held in various places

520 OrchidS SepTeMber 2013 www.AOS.Org

www.AOS.Org september 2013 Orchids 521

Unlike the pests we have covered

522 OrChidS SEPtEmbEr 2013 www.AOS.Org

extremely important when treating scale

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September: the month of entropy

A very bAsic goAl in the orchid

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Rossioglossum by Thomas Mirenda

Surely You Jest!

With so many Worthy and

of spectacular, predominantly mexican to

people assign the common name of clown

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532 Orchids september 2013 www.AOS.Org

How to Grow Aerangis distincta

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Paphiopedilum purpuratum was the first slipper orchid collected in china

pers. communication; Koopowitz 2011

www.AOS.Org SEPTEMBEr 2013 OrCHidS 535

Paphiopedilum venustum (Wallich ex

536 ORChIDs sEpTEmbER 2013 www.AOS.Org

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538 Orchids september 2013 www.AOS.Org

past. During part of the importation of this

www.AOS.Org sEpTEmBER 2013 oRChids 539

540 Orchids september 2013 www.AOS.Org

Kingdon-Ward didn’t give up and

Eleven months later, when I passed the

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542 Orchids september 2013 www.AOS.Org

2001, Paphiopedilum burmanicum J. Y.

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In Search of the Star of Africa

544 OrCHIds septemBer 2013 www.AOS.Org

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546 Orchids september 2013 www.AOS.Org

www.AOS.Org sepTeMber 2013 OrchiDs 547

548 Orchids september 2013 www.AOS.Org

The 2st World Orchid Conference in South Africa

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Clare Hermans is vice-chairman of the

[18] survivors! Finding Angraecum stella-africae not only in situ was every bit worth the trek.

550 Orchids september 2013 www.AOS.Org

EndEmic to thE island oF Borneo,

a pale pink or mauve flush. the flowers brown

www.AOS.Org septeMber 2013 orchids 551