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1. INTRODUCTION
The Chimanimani Trans-Frontier Conservation Area (TFCA), lying on the border of Eastern
Zimbabwe and central Mozambique at around 19o50'S, 33o04'E, has long been known by
biologists as an area of exceptional biodiversity with a number of plant species that are not
found elsewhere (known as endemics). Covering around 4100 km2, the TFCA comprises a
montane massif rising from a forested lowland area and has an altitudinal range from 140 m
along the Rio Mussapa to the peak of Mt Binga at 2436 m on the international border. One of
the main causes of the high levels of plant endemism is that much of the massif consists of
hard, resistant quartzite rocks that give rise to rugged scenery and very nutrient-poor soils.
Over the last 60 years much has been written on the biodiversity of both the mountains and
the associated forested lowlands, particularly for the Zimbabwe side. But with the exception
of the comprehensive paper on the plant ecology by Phipps and Goodier in 1962, and a
detailed account of the Mozambique side by Dutton and Dutton in 1975, until recently much
of this information remained scattered. However, recent project reports have brought together
much of what we know on the botany of the mountains and of the lowland forests
(Timberlake et al. 2016a, 2016b), but not on the vertebrates and invertebrates.
The report outlines the main biodiversity information available and the sources. It is divided
into sections on vegetation, plant species, various vertebrate groups and invertebrates. Our
main knowledge is outlined, i.e. what we know and what we do not know, followed by some
recommendations on the major gaps from the point of view of TFCA management that would
need to be addressed or filled.
2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Full details on the geology, geomorphology, climate and land use history of the TFCA area
are available in Phipps & Goodier (1962), Dutton & Dutton (1975), the Chimanimani TFCA
Management Plan (Ghiurghi, Dondeyne & Bannerman 2010) and in reports arising from the
recent Darwin Initiative and CEPF projects (Timberlake et al. 2016a & 2016b, respectively).
They are not repeated in detail here.
In brief, the TFCA covers 4091 km2 with 815 km2 of that in a Core Zone where no settlement
is permitted. The whole TFCA ranges in altitude from 140‒350 m on the forested footslopes
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 2
and pediments on the eastern Mozambican side along the Rio Mussapa and in the far south at
the Haroni-Rusitu junction area in Zimbabwe, to a montane massif rising to over 2000 m. The
main montane plateau, extending over 530 km2 and which is heavily dissected particularly in
the south, lies at around 1000‒1800 m with over 70% of it in Mozambique and a smaller
portion in Zimbabwe. The Core Zone is formally protected as the Chimanimani National Park
in Zimbabwe and the Chimanimani National Reserve in Mozambique. The Buffer Zone in
Mozambique (it does not seem to be present in Zimbabwe) where settlement and agriculture
are allowed covers 1721 km2.
Rainfall is high in the mountains, possibly up to 3000 mm/year in the wettest places, and is
probably around 1500 mm/year in the forested lowland areas in Mozambique. The
commercial farmland and forestry plantations in Zimbabwe, which lie in a rain-shadow, have
a rainfall of around 1100‒1400 mm/year.
Conservation threats in the Zimbabwe part of the Core Zone are minimal, whilst in the Core
Zone in Mozambique a massive influx of artisanal gold-panners, who have been digging out
many of the stream beds and stream banks over the last 12 years, have led to much concern by
conservationists. In the Buffer Zone in Mozambique there has been a rapid expansion of
forest clearance for subsistence agriculture over the last 25 years, accompanied by greatly
increased settlement and an increased incidence of wildfires. The effects of increased fire
incidence in the montane areas are not clear, but this is certainly having a deleterious effect of
the lowland vegetation. The other conservation threat is the rapid spread of the invasive shrub
Vernonanthura phosphorica, first introduced as a bee-fodder plant by an NGO some 20 years
ago. This is now taking over where lowland forest and woodland has been cleared and burnt;
it has also been found in montane areas above 1000 m altitude.
The main detailed study on the vegetation of the TFCA, although only of the Zimbabwe side,
is the vegetation map by Goodier and Phipps (1962) along with detailed vegetation
descriptions found in their plant ecological study (Phipps & Goodier 1962). In these they
describe 12 vegetation types from the area above 1000 m altitude and map 10 of them, listing
the main defining species and the soil properties. These types were simplified somewhat in
Timberlake et al. (2016b) and the descriptions extended to the Mozambique side (see Annex
2).
However, there are earlier accounts of the vegetation of the broader area in Gomes Pedro and
Barbosa (1955), in the vegetation map of the whole Flora Zambesiaca area (Wild & Barbosa
1968) and in the vegetation map of Africa by Frank White (White 1983). Gomes Pedro &
Barbosa (1955) show the montane vegetation of the Mozambique side as Zona subalpestre
(Complexo 39, with evergreen forest, secondary scrub, drier Widdringtonia forest, Ericaceous
scrub and secondary grassland, amongst others) surrounded by Zona do médio Búzi
(Complexo 30, with various types of mixed and open woodland, but surprisingly not
mentioning any Brachystegia species or Uapaca). The Flora Zambesiaca map (Wild &
Barbosa 1968) is more detailed showing the montane area on both sides of the border as
Themeda‒Exotheca‒Loudetia submontane and montane grassland (Unit 68) with moist
evergreen forest on the lower eastern slopes (unit 1 with Maranthes goetzeniana, Khaya
anthotheca and Erythrophleum guineense) and high rainfall Brachystegia spiciformis
woodland adjacent (unit 21) on the Mozambique side and Brachystegia spiciformis‒
Julbernardia globiflora woodland (unit 23) on the Zimbabwe side. The Africa-wide map by
White (1983) depicts this more simply with Undifferentiated Afromontane vegetation
(grassland and forest, unit 19a) in the montane areas surrounded by Drier Zambezian miombo
woodland (unit 26) on both the Zimbabwe and Mozambique sides. The lowland forests are
not shown. In an earlier study of montane vegetation, White (1978) also mentions an
Ericaceous vegetation belt on the Chimanimanis, similar to that found in Malawi and Nyanga.
Also at this time, a vegetation map was produced by Crook (1956) of the Melsetter (now
Chimanimani District) Intensive Conservation Area in Zimbabwe (essentially the commercial
farming areas). Four types were described covering Closed Evergreen Forest, Short Open
Grassland, Bracken Scrub and two types of Woodland (dense and open).
Much less, however, has been written on the vegetation of the Mozambique side, although
Timberlake et al. (2016a) give a broad description of the forests, swamps and grasslands of
the lowland areas near the Rio Mussapa.
The moist forests of the Chimanimani area on the Zimbabwe side are described in detail by
Müller (1999, 2006), including both higher altitude Afromontane forests and the low altitude
forests of the Rusitu Valley in Zimbabwe. Although the descriptions of the far more extensive
lowland forests on the Mozambique side are less detailed, accounts and species lists can be
found in Müller, Sitoe & Mabunda (2005) and in Monteiro et al. (2011), as well as in an
unpublished chapter in the Visitor's Guide to the Lower Rustiu Valley (BFA 2000).
A systematic vegetation survey covering both montane and lowland vegetation, as well as the
intervening woodland, is not available. Such a vegetation or habitat survey should be carried
out in moderate detail, cover both sides of the border equally, and should be an essential first
step in designating conservation management zones. However there are difficulties as a
number of important vegetation types, such as rock outcrops or riparian forest strips, are so
small that they would not feature on any but a very detailed map of the area. This could be
overcome using an appropriate legend.
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 4
4. PLANT SPECIES
Flowering plants and ferns are perhaps the best recorded and collected group from the
Chimanimani Mountains, especially those for the montane areas above 1200 m altitude. A
comprehensive account of the botany of the mountains synthesising most of the available
information on collecting history, endemics, phytogeography and plant conservation can be
found in Timberlake et al. (2016b). Other important sources of information are Phipps and
Goodier (1962) on plant ecology and Wild (1964) on the endemics, while Goodier and Phipps
(1961) and Wursten, Timberlake and Darbyshire (2017, in press) provide plant checklists of
the upper parts of the TFCA, Timberlake et al. (2016a) gives a list of plants associated with
the low altitude forests in Mozambique, and there is an unpublished checklist from the forests
and woodlands of the Lower Rusitu valley in Zimbabwe (Timberlake 1999).
No plant checklist for the whole TFCA is available, but the updated montane list mentioned
above (Wursten et al. 2017) is now being published. Owing to its pre-publication status and
length it is not given as an Annex here. It lists 977 species (945 of them native) with 71 of
them only known from the Chimanimani Mountains above 1200 m, an endemism level of
7.4% which must be one of the highest for any areas in southern Africa outside of the fynbos
biome in the Cape in South Africa. However, the total number of endemic plant species from
the whole TFCA (both montane and lowland), that is species that are globally not found
elsewhere, is around 87 (see Annex 4).
In the montane areas there appears to be no apparent difference in plant species composition
between the Mozambique and Zimbabwe sides of the mountains, even though the smaller
Zimbabwe side lies in a rainshadow with a possibly lower rainfall. The habitats of particular
interest seem to be equally represented on both sides of the international border.
The checklist prepared for the unpublished Visitor's Guide to the Lower Rusitu Valley
(Timberlake 1999 in BFA 2000), a relatively small part of Zimbabwe and immediately
adjacent parts of Maronga in Mozambique at around 350‒800 m altitude, lists 784 species of
flowering plants and ferns (Annex 3). However, the altitudinal range of this compiled
checklist is not clear as it seems to include some montane endemics otherwise only known
from above 1000 m. The list of plants recently collected from the lowland forests, woodlands,
grassland and swamps of Maronga, Zomba, Mpunga and Mahate communities (Timberlake et
al. 2016a) contains 532 species, but disturbed areas and woodlands were not well covered.
The study by Timberlake et al. (2016b) showed that there are four types of plant endemics in
the TFCA: (a) those confined to the mountains proper, nearly all of them on quartzite rocks or
soils and primarily found above 800‒1000 m, (b) those species primarily found in lowland
forests and grasslands below 600 m, (c) those species only known from adjacent areas on
Umkondo sandstone substrates in Zimbabwe just outside the present TFCA, and (d) near-
endemics that are known from both the main Chimanimani Mountains and adjacent non-
quartzite hills such as Banti, Tsetserra and Rotanda (Table 1). A full list of all these endemics
is given in Annex 4. It is important to recognize that the extent of the montane quartzite
substrate, to which most of the endemics are confined, is only around 530 km2. A number of
other plants of restricted distribution found in the Chimanimanis, but also found on other
mountains further away such as the Vumba, Nyanga, Gorongosa and Serra Choa, are termed
Manica Highland endemics.
Recently, 66 species of restricted distribution have been assessed for their threat status using
the IUCN Red List criteria. Of these just less than half (27) were considered to fall into a
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 5
threat category (Table 2), mostly as the conservations status for plants in the Core Zone was
considered good. The small-scale (and illegal) gold-panning activity there is not a threat to
plants in most cases, although aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates are probably significantly
affected.
As mentioned above, what is missing for plants is a comprehensive checklist for the whole
TFCA. The areas at present inadequately covered are the lowland forests, grasslands and
swamps, and particularly the miombo and similar woodlands at mid-altitude (400‒1000 m).
The population status of many of the restricted-range and endemic species is also
inadequately known ‒ knowledge on which would greatly help the Park/Reserve authorities
better target conservation activities.
5. VERTEBRATES
Compared to plants and vegetation, much less has been written about the vertebrate and
invertebrate wildlife of the mountains. The main published work on wildlife on the
Mozambique side of the Chimanimani TFCA is that by Paul and Elizabeth Dutton (Dutton &
Dutton 1975). In appendices they provide checklists of mammals (including rodents and bats)
compiled by Reay Smithers and José Lobão Tello from museum collections and survey work;
birds, based on a list by Hodgson (1971) with supplementary information from Desmond
Jackson (1973); a list of reptiles and amphibians from Don Broadley; and a list of freshwater
fish compiled by Graham Bell-Cross from museum collections. These checklists apparently
cover the whole Chimanimani area in both Zimbabwe and Mozambique and both montane
habitats and lowland forest, effectively the whole TFCA. A list of just montane species would
probably be significantly shorter.
5.1 Mammals
In the recent past the extensive grasslands and open areas of the Chimanimani Mountains
were renowned for large herds of Eland and Sable antelope. Owing to hunting by the small-
scale miners since the mid-2000s these have now mostly disappeared. Phipps and Goodier
(1962) mention Klipspringer, Eland and Sable antelope as being the main grazers, with
baboons and Rock Hyrax also common. Large mammals used to roam freely across the
border but, according to the Reserve Warden (pers. comm. Nov 2014), the remaining animals
have now moved to more wooded areas at slightly lower altitudes in the east and north east
where there are fewer people. During many weeks of fieldwork in 2014 and 2016, almost no
antelope were seen, although some evidence of small carnivores was noted. A species of
particular interest is the Aardvark or Ant bear (Orycteropus afer), the dug holes of which
provide an unusual habitat across the grasslands, one that is often used by Blue Swallows for
their nests. Numerous Aardvark holes were seen during our survey, but it was not checked if
these were still occupied, either by Aardvarks or Blue Swallows. Surprisingly, the Aardvaak
does not appear on either of the two mammal checklists.
An appendix in Dutton & Dutton (1975) provides a checklist with 67 mammals (including
rodents and bats) compiled by Reay Smithers and José Lobão Tello from museum collections
and survey work (Annex 5). Much of this probably later appeared in the atlas of Mozambique
mammals (Smithers & Tello 1976). It is not clear if this list covers the whole Chimanimani
area and both montane and lowland forest habitats, effectively the whole TFCA, as it states
"existentes nas montanhas de Chimanimani e áreas adjacentes….", but this is probably the
case; a list of species only recorded from upland areas would be significantly shorter.
Dutton & Dutton (1975) provide quite a bit of detail on populations and distribution of larger
mammals obtained during their 1972 survey, both carnivores and herbivores. Part of the
survey was done using aerial reconnaissance, and they include a map (Mapa 1) showing the
distribution of ungulates, indicating that elephant and buffalo were only recorded from the
lowland forests. A total of 14 large mammal species were noted by them during the aerial
survey. Some species that had been historically present were not seen, such as lion (last
recorded in the 1950s), rhinoceros, hippopotamus, zebra and Lichtenstein's Hartebeest. Such
species would now appear to be locally extinct.
A shorter list of 52 mammals recorded from the Lower Rusitu Valley in Zimbabwe is given in
Annex 6, including a fruit bat discovered a long way south of its previously known
distribution (Cotterill 1995). This list was compiled by Fenton Cotterill from sight records
from the area along with specimens from the Natural History Museum in Bulawayo, and was
to have formed part of the unpublished Visitor's Guide (BFA 2000, unpublished). The
nomenclature of the two lists given here differs in some regards, but no attempt has been
made to harmonise them.
5.2 Birds
Apart from plants, there is more information available on the birds of the Chimanimani area
than for any other group. Even so, it is not as comprehensive as might have been expected
with differing levels of detail across the area. The montane area and the lowland forest are
generally covered by different studies.
The first study on birds is perhaps that by Swynnerton, who when living at Chirinda Forest in
Zimbabwe travelled through much of the wider Gazaland area on both sides of the
international border. He also collected a number of plant specimens from Mt Pene in
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 7
Zimbabwe, now on Forestry Commission land just outside the present TFCA. Two papers
were published on the birds of the area and their habitats (Swynnerton 1907, 1908).
A list of 180 bird species found above 600 m altitude in the montane portion on both sides of
the border is given in Dutton & Dutton (1975) based on Hodgson (1971), and was based on
Hodgson's own observations from 1963 to 1967 coupled with earlier records in Swynnerton
(1907, 1908) and Masterson & Child (1959) (Annex 7). The forest avifauna is said to be of
particular interest. This was superseded by a comprehensive and well-annotated checklist by
Beasley (1995) covering 185 species from the c.500 km2 area above 700 m in both
Mozambique and Zimbabwe, including many of his own observations from 1971 to 1989 as
well as those from Jackson (Jackson 1973a, 1973b, 1975) and records in Irwin (1981) (Annex
8). The numerous notes indicate localities of occurrence, status and habitat. Although there
are undoubtedly some more recent additions to this list, it probably reflects well the upland
avifauna. It does not attempt to list species found lower down, which would have greatly
increased the total number.
Lowland forests in the Lower Rusitu Valley have been very well documented (Vernon et al.
1990, Sue Childes & Michael Irwin in BFA 2000). It is said to be the only place in Zimbabwe
where highland, mid-altitude and lowland avifaunas meet and form an ecological continuum.
The first ornithological trip to this area was apparently by R.W. Rawline in 1955, followed by
a number of others in the 1960-70s resulting in unpublished annotated lists. At that stage, the
area was difficult of access on the Zimbabwe side and something of a new frontier. The first
published account was by Macdonald, Dean & Vernon (1974), followed later by Vernon,
Macdonald & Dean (1989, 1990) which lists 233 species. At that time a number of species
were said to be only found in Zimbabwe in this area, such as Vanga Flycatcher, Slender
Bulbul, Angola Pitta, Barred Long-tailed Cuckoo, Lesser Cuckoo, Chestnut-fronted
Helmetshrike, Delegourge's Pigeon, Green Coucal and Eastern Lesser Honeyguide, although
they are often more common in lowland areas of Mozambique further north. In their 1989
publication, Vernon et al. list 72 species of forest bird from this area (49 of which were true
forest species), which they said represents perhaps the richest forest avifauna in southern
Africa. In comparison, only 66 strictly forest species were listed for the more extensive and
attitudinally more diverse Gorongosa Mountain (Oatley & Tinley 1989). Half of the forest
birds are resident while others show seasonal movement from the montane forests at higher
altitudes during the cold season, showing that forest bird populations are neither stable nor
aseasonal, contrary to the accepted wisdom at the time. Changes in annual rainfall are said to
lead to changes in breeding numbers.
The Makurupini forest, at the southern end of the Chimanimani National Park in Zimbabwe,
was said (Vernon et al. 1989) to be a mosaic of primary and secondary forest, felled in
portions for subsistence cultivation in the past but regenerated, while the Vimba forest (Rusitu
Botanic Reserve) was almost entirely secondary. More species and individuals of birds were
found in secondary than in primary forest.
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 8
Peter Mundy (in Childes & Irwin, in BFA 2000) provides a checklist of 262 species from the
Lower Rusitu Valley in Zimbabwe, along with an indication of habitat and status (Annex 9).
Of these, 52 are said to be forest species and 35 are forest edge or thicket species. One species
is Endangered (Taita Falcon), six are Vulnerable (four of them raptors) and eight near-
threatened.
In the broader Chimanimani area three Important Bird Areas (IBAs) have been designated,
two on the Zimbabwe side (Childes & Mundy 1998, 2001, ZW006, ZW007) and a much
larger one in Mozambique (Parker 2001, MZ006). The Chimanimani area lies within an
Endemic Bird Area (Stattersfield et al. 1998), the so-called Eastern Zimbabwe Mountains
EBA, with four biome-restricted species being found in one or other of the IBAs ‒ Southern
Banded Snake-eagle Circaetus fasciolatus, Swynnerton's Robin Swynnertonia swynnertoni,
Blue Swallow Hirundo atrocaerulea and Blue-backed (or Plain-backed) Sunbird Anthreptes
reichenowi.
Of the 186 bird species said to be found in the Chimanimani Mountains IBA (ZW006), there
are three species of global conservation concern ‒ Southern Banded Snake-eagle (NT), Taita
Falcon Falco fasciinucha (VU) and Blue Swallow (NT) ‒ along with two restricted-range
species. Species typical of three separate biomes (Afrotropical Highlands, East African Coast
and Zambezian) are listed, with two species found only in the Eastern Zimbabwe Mountains
EBA ‒ the Chirinda Apalis Apalis chirindensis and the Briar Warbler Prinia robertsii. In the
Haroni‒Rusitu junction and Botanic Reserves IBA (ZW007), 233 species are recorded,
coming again from the three separate biomes. Key species are the Southern Banded Snake-
eagle, Taita Falcon and Blue-backed Sunbird.
In the Mozambique IBA (MZ006), covering around 1740 km2 and ranging from 500‒2436 m,
three restricted-range bird species occur ‒ Swynnerton's Robin (VU), Chirinda Apalis and the
Briar Warbler. The Southern Banded Snake-eagle (NT) and Blue-backed Sunbird are species
of conservation concern and residents of lowland forest, while Swynnerton's Robin (VU) is
found in montane forest and Blue Swallow (NT) in montane grassland. The Taita Flacon
(VU) is probably regular but has only been recorded once. This IBA is said to probably be the
area of greatest avian diversity in Mozambique as it is at the intersection of three biomes and
has such a large altitudinal and habitat range. However, a catastrophic fire in 1994 greatly
affected the lowland forests.
As mentioned above, our knowledge on birds is fairly comprehensive but each of the two
main checklists covers only part of the area ‒ firstly, that above 700 m and secondly, only the
Zimbabwe portion of the lowland forest area (upper altitudinal limit unspecified). Thus the
major gap in our ornithological knowledge is from the forested and woodland areas on the
Mozambique foothills and pediments. Good information is available from Zimbabwe but this
is not mirrored on the Mozambique side, where extensive fieldwork would be required.
Given the proximity of the two areas and the ability of many species to migrate altitudinally
through the seasons, a comprehensive annotated checklist covering the complete
Chimanimani TFCA needs to be produced. This should be annotated in a similar way to
Beasley (1995), including distribution, habitat preference, relative abundance and
conservation status. A major consideration here is that any ecotourism initiatives are likely to
largely depend on birds and birders.
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 9
Broadley compiled a checklist for the Dutton's survey (Dutton & Dutton 1975) based on
earlier records, nearly all of which would have been recorded from the Zimbabwe side of the
massif, probably above 1000 m altitude. This list, which includes Portuguese common names,
gives 62 reptiles and 34 amphibians (Annex 10, nomenclature corrected by Werner Conradie),
including large crocodiles reported from the Rio Mufomodzi below the Mutsarara waterfall
(Martin's Falls). The crocodiles may not be found there now. Two amphibians were of
particular note ‒ Bufo vertebralis grindleyi and Arthrolepis troglodytes ‒ both said to be
endemic to the mountains. However, the Bufo species has been lumped under a much more
widely distributed species, Poyntonophrynus fenoulheti (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Poyntonophrynus_fenoulheti), so now cannot be considered endemic. The other endemic
amphibian, the Cave Squeaker frog Arthroleptis troglodytes, was first found by Don Broadley
in a cave near the Bundi Plain at 1675 m in the western Chimanimanis, and had not been
found since 1962 (ZSL 2016). Its conservation status was assessed as Critically Endangered
on the IUCN Red List (http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/54389/0, accessed April 2017), and
it was considered possibly extinct as no individuals were found despite intensive searching by
specialists in the type locality in 2010 (Harvey et al. 2010). However, in November 2016
scientists from the Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe in Bulawayo announced they had
located and captured four specimens, the first such occurrence since 1962
(https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/04/world/africa/zimbabwe-frog-cave-
squeaker.html?ref=world&_r=0). The new specimens were found under leaf litter, rather than
the sinkhole or cave habitats that had been assumed.
Robert Hopkins (Natural History Museum, Bulawayo) has collected frogs from the Zimbabwe
side of the mountains since 2007 and has found nearly all those listed in Broadley's earlier list
(Annex 11) plus Hemisus marmoratus (Mottled or Marbled-shovel snouted frog). He also has
specimens of many amphibians and some reptiles available for DNA analysis. Hopkins
mentions (pers. comm., April 2017) that some specialists have suggested that the Berg Adder
(Bitis atropos) commonly found in the mountains may be a new subspecies or species.
As part of the planned Visitor's Guide to the Lower Rusitu Valley of Zimbabwe (BFA 2000),
which was unfortunately never completed or published, a brief chapter and checklist was
written by Don Broadley on the herps of the lowland Haroni-Rusitu area in Zimbabwe, which
would effectively cover the forested and wooded lowland Chimanimani footslopes in
Maronga and Zomba. This list (Annex 11) contains 40 reptile and 26 amphibian species, with
one considered endemic to the area ‒ the Flat-lizard Platysaurus ocellatus. There are also six
reptile and three amphibian species with very restricted ranges in Zimbabwe, although they
are probably to be found more widely in suitable habitat in lowland Mozambique. Particular
species of interest are an amphisbaenian ‒ Swynnerton's Worm-lizard Chirindia swynnertonii
‒ which is only known from here in Zimbabwe although it is more widespread in
Mozambique, and the large Gaboon Viper Bitis gabonica.
The herpetofauna of the Chimanimani area is quite diverse, with a good representation of
amphibians. The levels of endemism ‒ one lizard and one frog ‒ are moderately high for its
size. As with the other animal groups, the richness and importance of the lower Rusitu valley
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 10
in Zimbabwe is primarily because its lowland moist forest habitat is very scarce in that
country but much more widespread in Mozambique.
Although some herp collecting trips have been made to the Chimanimani Mountains since the
1970s, no further lists appear to have been published (Werner Conradie, pers. comm. 2017).
Much is already known, but there are some significant gaps. A comprehensive list from all
habitats from mountain peaks to forested lowlands is needed. This could be done primarily
through compilation, although (as with birds) the main gap in coverage is probably the
forested footslopes and woodlands on the Mozambique side.
5.4 Fish
The first published study on the fish of the Chimanimani area was by Graham Bell-Cross of
the Queen Victoria Museum (now National Museums of Zimbabwe in Harare), which lists 49
species (Bell-Cross 1973, and Apendice F in Dutton & Dutton 1975 – see Annex 12). This list
was from the main Busi catchment including the Bundi, Haroni, Rusitu/Lucite and Mussapa
rivers in both countries. A species of Grunter, Chrysichthys hildae, from the Busi was
described as new, and the study also pointed out the danger of introducing alien fish species
such as trout (Oncorhynchus mylissi and Salmo trutta) in the upper reaches.
A much shorter account was written for the Lower Rusitu Valley Visitor's Guide (J.L.
Minshull & B. Marshall in BFA 2000, unpublished) which listed 14 species recorded in the
1950s to 1970s from this part of Zimbabwe, three of which are more typical of mountain
waters. This list is incorporated in an updated version of Bell-Cross one (Annex 13). In their
account it was suggested that in the whole Busi River system (i.e. below the Lucite and
Mussapa, as well as above) 50‒60 fish species are likely to be found.
A new species of tilapia, Chetia brevicauda, was discovered near Dombe, lower down the Rio
Lucite in 1997 (Bills & Weyl 2002).
More recently, Roger Bills (SAIAB, Grahamstown, South Africa) produced a comprehensive
list based on a field survey in the Chimanimani TFCA and Busi River area in
September/October 2002, which gives 63 species, although the list has not yet been published.
He suggests that the region is of great interest with potentially undescribed species in several
families.
Much data on the fishes of the Busi catchment has already been gathered, but there is perhaps
less from the upper montane reaches. It is these areas that have been badly affected by
damage to streams from artisanal gold-panning, as well as the greatly increased siltation
arising from gold mining on the lower reaches, particularly along the Haroni River in
Zimbabwe. What is now needed is the compilation of a comprehensive checklist, indicating
altitude and habitats where each species are found. Many specimens and records are available,
particularly in Bulawayo (NHMZ) and Grahamstown (SAIAB), but have not yet been
systematically brought together.
6. INVERTEBRATES
Although there are many more invertebrate species than vertebrates or plants, unsurprisingly
little has been recorded on them for the Chimanimani area.
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 11
The Dutton's Chimanimani Mountains study (Dutton & Dutton 1975) does not mention
invertebrates at all, but the unpublished Visitor's Guide to the Lower Rusitu Valley (BFA
2000) contains two short chapters on them ‒ one on butterflies by Alan Gardiner and one on
other insects and arthropods by Moira Fitzpatrick.
6.1 Butterflies
Lepidoptera, especially butterflies, are generally fairly well recorded in Zimbabwe, although
surprisingly no list appears to be available for the montane areas (Alan Gardiner and Colin
Congdon, both pers. comm. October 2016).
Despite the large number of endemic plants, some of which appear to be suitable larval food
species, there is just one species of butterfly known to be endemic to the Chimanimani
Mountains ‒ Lepidochrysops barnesii (Lycaenidae) ‒ known only from montane grassland at
1800 m in a small valley on the Zimbabwe side. But five other near-endemic species are
known from montane grasslands or Afromontane forest along the Zimbabwe‒Mozambique
borderlands. Most of Zimbabwe's endemic butterflies are found in montane grassland and
montane forest (Gardiner in BFA 2000).
Much more information is available on the butterflies of the Zimbabwe part of the Lower
Rusitu Valley. Gardiner's unpublished chapter lists 199 species from a relatively small area
(Annex 14, with common names). As he points out, many of them are characteristic of moist
forest (48), some from miombo woodland (15) and some (12 of those listed) are typical of the
East African coastal belt. However, no endemics were noted.
Based on published, but often incomplete, lists available for other Mozambique mountains,
such as Mt Chiperone (56 species, Timberlake et al. 2007), Mt Inago (113 species, Bayliss et
al. 2010), Mt Namuli (126 species above 1200 m, Timberlake et al. 2009) and Mt Mabu (203
species, Timberlake et al. 2012), the butterfly fauna of the montane parts of the Chimanimani
Mountains should be in the order of 150‒200 species, but many more if the lowland forests
are included (300+).
What is now needed is a comprehensive checklist for the whole Chimanimani massif and
TFCA, from mountain peaks and grasslands to lowland forests, miombo woodland and
riparian woodlands. Much of this could be compiled from existing, although unpublished,
records, but the need for a good butterfly survey of the mountains is probably one of the more
important gaps in our biodiversity knowledge. Butterflies are not only reasonable indicators
of ecosystem health, but can also be important for ecotourism. Unlike the case with many
other invertebrate groups (except Odonata), the taxonomy is also fairly robust and good
identification guides are available.
The main information available concerns Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies), the most
obvious insects along rivers and streams within forest. A list of 22 species was given (Annex
15) but is obviously incomplete. Brief notes on some other invertebrates, such as beetles,
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 12
wasps, ants, scorpions and (in particular) spiders, are also given in this chapter. A new species
of spider was described from the area as a result of the 1995 trip (FitzPatrick 2007).
A list of dragonflies could be fairly readily done, in part by collating existing records from
museums and collections, but also by carrying out a good survey of both montane and
lowland stream habitats. Odonata, both the species composition and relative abundance, are
often considered to be good indicators of water quality, an issue of particular significance in
the area now since gold panning activities started in the 2000s. And, as with butterflies, good
identification guides are available for this group, and regional specialists can be found.
Another invertebrate group that is easier to identify and shows speciation across mountains is
freshwater crabs (Daniels & Bayliss 2012). One species has been recorded from the forested
footslopes in the Zomba area (Potamonautes mutariensis), otherwise only known from higher
altitude areas in the Mutare and Nyanga areas of Zimbabwe. Species endemic to the
Chimanimani area are likely to be found.
Obviously, the major gap in our biodiversity knowledge of the Chimanimani area is of all
other invertebrate groups. The major reasons for this are probably the lack of regional
specialists and the "taxonomic impediment", our inability to identify many collected
specimens to species-level or even to genus.
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
8. MAIN FINDINGS
General
1) The main summary documents on biodiversity in the TFCA Core and Buffer Zones are:
Goodier & Phipps (1961), Phipps & Goodier (1962), Wild (1964) and Timberlake et al.
(2016a, 2016b) for plants, Dutton & Dutton (1975) for vertebrates and general ecology,
Beasley (1995) for birds, and the unpublished BFA book on the Lower Rusitu Valley (for
all groups but only for a small area). The annexes to the 2010 TFCA Management Plan
for the Mozambique side (Ghiurghi, Dondeyne & Bannermann 2010) are also a
significant, albeit more general, information source.
2) Unlike the situation in many other conservation areas of south-central Africa, more is
known about plants and plant ecology on the Chimanimani Mountains than about the
vertebrates, probably because of the attractiveness and uniqueness of the flora. Although
the plant information has now, to a significant extent, been consolidated and placed in a
regional context, the same is not true for information on vertebrates, other than perhaps
for birds.
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 13
4) The total number of plant species recorded from the Chimanimani Mountains above an
altitude of 1200 m is 977, of which 71 (7.4%) are believed to be endemic and thus not
found elsewhere. Most of these endemics are confined to quartzite substrates, an area of
only around 530 km2. This is a particularly high level of endemism in southern Africa
outside of the Cape Region, possibly the highest known. Total species number once the
upland woodlands and montane forests are better recorded is likely to be around 1200
taxa.
5) The lowland forest flora, along with that of the miombo woodland, grassland and swamps
on the lower slopes in Mozambique, is much less known. A full checklist is not available
but would probably be in the order of 1000 species, without much overlap with species
found in the montane areas. There are nine known endemics confined to this area of the
TFCA, two of them from forest. The large tree Maranthes goetzeniana, common in these
forests, possibly has its main global population here.
6) Across the montane massif there appears to be no apparent difference in plant species
composition between the Mozambique and Zimbabwe sides, even though the smaller
Zimbabwe side lies in a rain shadow with possibly lower rainfall. The habitats of
particular interest are equally represented on both sides of the international border.
Vertebrates
7) The populations of large mammals appear to have decreased significantly across the
TFCA over the last 40 years, mostly resulting from poaching but possibly in the lower
forested areas also to habitat destruction. The total number of species recorded is around
90, with four of these now probably locally extinct and over 40% are small rodents,
shrews or bats. The number of large antelopes, for which the montane areas were known
in the past, has greatly reduced, but elephants are not uncommon in the lowland forest
area around Mpunga/Moribane.
8) For birds, the TFCA on both sides of the border is regarded internationally as an
Important Bird Area (IBA); that on the Zimbabwe side is considered as two separate
IBAs ‒ one in the mountains and one in the lowland forests. The total number of bird
species recorded above 700 m is 185, while from the lowland areas in Zimbabwe 262 are
recorded, 52 of which are true forest species. The total number of bird species found in
the Chimanimani area ‒ montane and lowland ‒ has not yet been determined, but is
probably over 400. The lowland forests on the Mozambique side have not yet been
surveyed. There are seven globally threatened species present across the mountains.
9) The reptiles and amphibians of the TFCA have been moderately well-recorded, although
the lowland forests in Mozambique are still poorly known. The total species number is
around 68 reptiles and 37 amphibians, with only one endemic lizard from the lowland
part of Zimbabwe and an endemic frog from the montane area.
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 14
10) The freshwater fishes of the upper Buzi catchment probably total around 70 species,
although a full published list is not available. Given the environmental impact of gold-
panning in the TFCA Core Zone, a priority is to look at fishes in fast-flowing upland
streams and to determine their conservation status.
Invertebrates
11) Information on the various invertebrate groups ‒ terrestrial and aquatic ‒ is particularly
weak compared to other areas in Zimbabwe. Surprisingly, no checklist is available for the
butterflies of the montane area, a priority given the potential for range-restricted species
there. The lowland forest area in Zimbabwe with 199 species is much better covered,
although this list should be extended to the much more extensive forested areas in
Mozambique.
12) Our knowledge on Odonata is also surprisingly weak given their ecological indicator
value and the relative ease of identification. A dragonfly survey of the whole TFCA
should be a priority.
13) There is virtually nothing recorded in other invertebrate groups, although their ecological
indicator value given the threats from gold-panning and forest clearance is significant.
16) Nearly all of the important montane habitats (grassland, ericoid scrub, crags,
Afromontane forest) are formally and adequately protected within the TFCA Core Zone;
none are particularly under threat, nor are most of the endemic species there. There is
minor habitat loss owing to small-scale mining activities, and a potentially larger ‒ but
unknown ‒ threat from increased number and extent of wildfires. The spread of alien
invasive species in the montane area is, so far, limited.
17) However, some important habitats (moist forest, semi-deciduous woodland, riverine
woodland fringes, swamps and wetlands) in the Buffer Zone between 150 and 350 m
altitude are under significant threat, habitats that are not found in the Core Zone. In
particular, moist lowland forest on the Chimanimani footslopes in Mozambique is of very
limited occurrence elsewhere, much of it having been cleared in the last 100 years or so
elsewhere (e.g. the Amatongas forest). The main threat is the wide-scale clearance for
fields and settlement, nearly all of it for shifting agriculture and with low agricultural
return. Associated with such clearance is the widespread use of fire, which can spread
through nearby non-agricultural areas and is often followed by invasion of the shrub
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 15
18) Populations of large mammals in the Chimanimani Mountains appear to have decreased
quite significantly over the last 20 years, although no quantitative evidence has been seen.
This is probably related to poaching and disturbance from the large influx of small-scale
miners. It is not known if this has led to any local species extinctions, or whether
populations could recover rapidly if the miners were removed. In addition, it needs to be
recognized that soils and forage quality in the mountains are nutrient-deficient, so large
herbivore populations were probably always lower than in other montane areas such as
Nyanga in Eastern Zimbabwe. Small mammal populations have probably not been
affected so much, although some species are regularly hunted or snared for meat.
19) The elephant population, found primarily in the Moribane area, does not appear to have
been affected by these changes so much, although conflict with cropping is a major issue.
20) The priority gaps or needs in our knowledge on biodiversity across the TFCA that need to
be addressed are:
a) A semi-detailed (e.g. 1: 50,000 scale) vegetation or habitat map of the whole TFCA,
with particular reference to the lowland and mid-altitude areas. This would involve
extensive fieldwork and the use of low-level aerial photography. Such a vegetation
map should form the basic framework for management decision-making as well as
being used to monitor forest loss.
b) A comprehensive plant checklist for the whole TFCA, focussing in particular on the
lowland forests, miombo woodland and swamp grasslands.
c) Describe and better collect plants from the peaks above 2000 m altitude. It is these
species and associations that will most come under threat from climate change as they
will not be able to move to cooler environments.
d) Further detailed knowledge is required on the population status and threats to endemic
species, especially plants in order to help inform management decisions. Of particular
concern is determination of the impact of increased fire frequency on plant
populations and vegetation types such as Ericoid scrub and Afromontane forest.
e) Determination of the population status and present distribution of large mammal
populations, particularly across the upland areas.
f) Compilation of an annotated bird checklist for the whole TFCA. Any fieldwork
required should focus on the lowland forests and woodlands.
g) A butterfly survey and checklist. Fieldwork is needed in montane areas on both sides
of the border, and should also cover the montane forests as well as in the forests and
wetlands at lower altitudes.
h) An Odonata (dragonfly) survey and checklist covering both montane and lowland
areas, in order to help monitor and assess the environmental impacts of mining
activities.
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 16
9. RECOMMENDATIONS
1) Further specific survey and documentation work needs to be done as indicated under
gaps (see under 20 above) in order to provide a scientific and rational basis for
management decisions, especially as regards any threatened habitats and species of
particular interest. Reserve management needs to be better underpinned by scientific
and technical information.
2) Population studies on a comprehensive range of the endemics are required. At present
we know only their distribution, but have limited information on species frequency and
population structure. Plant studies, and those on other biological groups, now need to
move on from the inventory stage to ecological questions and conservation.
3) More attention should be given to assessing the role of ecosystem services provided by
the Chimanimani massif and its vegetation. This would look particularly at water
supplies and their distribution throughout the year.
4) The importance of wetlands in the Buffer Zone needs to be brought out more, not least
in the ecosystem services they provide. Of particular concern is the removal of
riverbank vegetation and pollution of swamp waters.
5) A monitoring programme on forest loss should be initiated on the lowland Mozambique
side. This should be linked to monitoring of the spread of alien invasive species such as
Vernonanthura, as well as to the incidence and distribution of wildfires across the
whiole TFCA.
6) Harmonisation of TFCA management across the international border is required, for
example in control and reduction of wildfires, action addressing small-scale mining
activity and associated traders and trading, poaching, spread of invasive species,
tourism, and possibly also in research.
7) Linked to this could be the development of small field guides on selected biological
groups (e.g. an annotated bird checklist) and basic explanatory texts, both for
ecotourism and for local schools. Numbered trails with guides, as has been done at
Ndzou Camp, should be expanded, particularly in the upland areas.
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Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 26
ANNEX 2. Summarized relationships of Chimanimani plant communities and ecological factors (modified from Phipps & Goodier 1962).
Source: Timberlake et al. (2016b).
Ecological factors
Permanently high
water table soils
Fires occasional
Seasonally high
Moderately hot
Sheltered areas
Medium slope/
Above 1650 m
Below 1500 m
Wind-exposed
Quartzite soils
Level ground/
Rocky slopes,
shallower soil
1350-1650 m
drained soils
Severe fires
Schist soils
deeper soil
Fires rare
Aquatic
crags
areas
fires
A. FOREST
Ai) Dry montane forest × × × × × × × × ×
Aii) Marginal (seral) forest × × × × × × × × ×
B. WOODLAND
Bi) Uapaca kirkiana woodland × × × × × × × ×
Bii) Brachystegia spiciformis woodland × × × × × × ×
Biii) Br. tamarindoides woodland × × × × × × ×
C. SCRUB
Ci) Ericaceous scrub × × × × × × × × ×
Cii) Proteaceous scrub × × × × × × × × × ×
D. GRASSLAND
Di) On quartzite terraces × × × × × × × ×
Dii) On schist slopes × × × × × × ×
Diii) Hydromorphic grasslands × × × × × × ×
E. AQUATIC COMMUNITIES × × ×
F. LITHOPHYTIC COMMUNITIES × × × × × × × ×
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 27
Davalliaceae
Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott h
Dennstaedtiaceae
Blotiella natalensis (Hook.) Tryon h
Microlepia speluncae (L.) T.Moore h
Equisetaceae
Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. h
Grammitidaceae
Grammitis serrulata (Sw.) Sw. (=Xiphopteris serrulata) h
Hymenophyllaceae
Hymenophyllum capense Schrad. (=H. polyanthos var. mossambicense) h
Trichomanes melanotrichum Schlect. (=T. pyxidiferum var. melanotrichum) h
Trichomanes rigidum Sw. h
Lindsaeaceae
Lindsaea ensifolia Sw. h
Lindsaea odorata Roxburgh h
Lomariopsidacea
Bolbitis gemmifera (Hieron.) C.Chr. h
Bolbitis heudelotii (Fée) Alston h
Elaphoglossum acrostichoides (Hook.& Grev.) Schelpe h
Elaphoglossum petiolatum (Sw.) Urb. subsp. salicifolium (Kaulf.) Schelpe h
Lycopodiaceae
Lycopodium carolinianum L. var. carolinianum (=var. affine) h
Lycopodium cernuum L. h
Marattiaceae
Marattia fraxinea J.F.Gmel. var. salicifolia (Schrad.) C.Chr. h
Osmundaceae
Osmunda regalis L. h
Todea barbara (L.) T.Moore h
Polypodiaceae
Microgramma lycopodioides (L.) Copel. h
Microsorium punctatum (L.) Copel. e F
Microsorium scolopendrium (Burm.f.) Copel. (=Phymatodes scolopendria) e F
Platycerium alcicorne Desv. e F
Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farw. h
Psilotaceae
Psilotum nudum (L.) Beauv. h
Schizaeaceae
Anemia simii Tardieu h
Lygodium kerstenii Kuhn h
Selaginellaceae
Selaginella dregei (C.Presl.) Hieron. h
Selaginella kraussiana (Kunze) A.Br. h
Selaginella mittenii Baker h
Thelypteridaceae
Thelypteris confluens (Thunb.) Morton h
Thelypteris dentata (Forssk.) E.St.John var. buchananii Schelpe h
Thelypteris gueinziana (Mett.) Schelpe h
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 29
GYMNOSPERMS
Podocarpaceae
Podocarpus latifolius (Thunb.) Mirb. (=P. milanjianus) t F
Zamiaceae
Encephalartos manikensis (Gilliland) Gilliland (=E. chimanimaniensis) t
MONOCOTYLEDONS
Agavaceae
Dracaena mannii Baker var. nitens (Baker) Baker) (=D. reflexa var. nitens)
Dracaena usambarensis Engl.
Sansevieria conspicua N.E.Br.
Aloaceae
Aloe ballii Reynolds var. ballii
Aloe ballii Reynolds var. makurupiniensis A.Ellert
Aloe hazeliana Reynolds
Aloe swynnertonii Rendle
Amaryllidaceae
Crinum sp. h
Cryptostephanus vansonii I.Verd.
Haemanthus pole-evansii Oberm. h
Anthericaceae
Chlorophytum galpinii (Baker) Kativu (=Anthericum galpinii) h
Chlorophytum blepharophyllum Baker h
Chlorophytum bowkeri Baker h
Chlorophytum brevipes Baker h
Aponogetonaceae
Aponogeton desertorum Spreng. h W
Araceae
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott h C
Culcasia scandens P.Beauv. h
Gonatopus boivinii (Decne.) Engl. h
Xanthosoma mafaffa Schott h
Zamioculcas zamiifolia (Lodd.) Engl.
Arecaceae (Palmae)
Borassus aethiopum Mart. t C
Hyphaene coriacea Gaertn. t C
Phoenix reclinata Jacq. s W
Asparagaceae
Asparagus asparagoides (L.) W.Wight h
Asparagus falcatus L. h
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 30
Dioscoraceae
Dioscorea dumetorum (Kunth) Pax cl Fo
Dioscorea praehensilis Benth. cl W
Dioscorea quartiniana A.Rich. cl W
Eriocaulaceae
Eriocaulon africanum Hochst. h F
Mesanthemum africanum Moldenke h W
Hypoxidaceae
Hypoxis angustifolia Lam. h
Hypoxis villosa L.f. (=H. nyasica) h
Iridaceae
Crocosmia aurea (Hook.) Planch. subsp. aurea h
Dierama pendulum (L.f.) Baker h
Dietes iridioides (L.) Klatt (=D. prolongata) h
Gladiolus sp. h
Lapeirousia erythrantha (Klatt) Baker h
Hyacinthaceae
Albuca angolensis Welw.
Dianella ensifolia (L.) Red.
Dipcadi longifolium (Lindl.) Baker
Gloriosa superba L.
Ledebouria sp.
Ornithogalum ecklonii Fisch.& C.A.Mey. (=Albuca virens)
Urginea sp.
Musaceae
Musa acuminata Colla s C
Orchidaceae
Acamps pachyglossa Rchb.f. e
Aerangis kotschyana (Rchb.f.) Schltr. e
Aerangis mystacidii (Rchb.f.) Schltr. e
Aerangis rusituensis Fibeck & Dare e
Angraecopsis parviflora (Thou.) Schltr e
Angraecum chamaeanthus Schltr. e
Angraecum cultriforme Summerh. e
Angraecum minus Summerh. e
Angraecum pusillum Lindl. e
Ansellia africana Lindl. e
Bolusiella iridifolia (Rolfe) Schltr. subsp. picae P.Cribb e
Bulbophyllum ballii Cribb e
Bulbophyllum elliotti Rolfe e
Bulbophyllum encephalodes Summerh. e
Bulbophyllum fuscum Lindl. var. melinostachym (Schltr.) J.J.Verm. e
Bulbophyllum humblotii Rolfe e
Bulbophyllum longiforum Thou. (Cirrhopetalum umbellatum (Forst.f.) Hook.& Arn.) e
Bulbophyllum maximum (Lindl.) Rchb.f. e
Bulbophyllum platyrhachis Rolfe e
Bulbophyllum sandersonii (Hook.f.) Rchb.f. subsp. sandersonii e
Bulbophyllum scaberulum (Rolfe) Bolus var. scaberulum e
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 32
Poaceae (Gramineae)
Andropogon schirensis A.Rich. h
Aristida junciformis Trin.& Rupr. (=A. pardyi (BKS 1324)) h
Brachiaria scalaris Pilg. h
Danthoniopsis chimanimaniensis (Phipps) Clayton h
Digitaria debilis (Desf.) Willd. h
Digitaria eriantha Steud. (=D. nemoralis) h
Digitaria maitlandii Stapf & C.E.Hubbard h
Digitaria milanjiana (Rendle) Stapf h
Digitaria nitens Rendle h
Digitaria velutina (Forssk.) Beauv. h
Eleusine africana Kenn.-O'Byrne h
Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. h C
Elionurus muticus (Spreng.) Kunth (=E. argenteus) h
Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) R.Br. h
Eragrostis lappula Nees h
Eragrostis mollior R.E.Fr. h
Eragrostis tenuifolia (A.Rich.) Steud. (=E. plana) h
Hyparrhenia diplandra (Hack.) Stapf h
Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. h C
Leersia hexandra Sw. h
Loudetia simplex (Nees) C.E.Hubbard h
Megastachya mucronata (Poir.) Beauv. h
Melinis macrochaeta Stapf & C.E.Hubbard h
Melinis nerviglumis (Franchet) Zizka (=Rhynchelytrum setifolium) h C
Monocymbium ceresiiforme (Nees) Stapf h
Olyra latifolia L. h F
Oplismenus compositus (L.) Beauv. h
Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) Beauv. h
Oryza sativa L. h C
Panicum brevifolium L. h
Panicum dregeanum Nees h
Panicum hymeniochilum Nees (=P. snowdenii) h
Panicum maximum Jacq. h
Panicum monticola Hook.f. h
Panicum nervatum (Franch.) Stapf (=P. subrepandum) h
Panicum peteri Pilg. h
Panicum trichocladum K.Schum. h
Panicum sp. (BKS 1296) h
Panicum sp. (BKS 1284) h
Paspalum scrobiculatum L. (=P. auriculatum) h
Pennisetum polystachion (L.) Schult. subsp. polystachion h C
Perotis patens Gand. h C
Phragmites mauritianus Kunth h W
Pseudoechinolaena polystachya (Kunth) Stapf h
Saccharum officinarum L. h C
Sacciolepis curvata (L.) Chase h
Setaria homonyma (Steud.) Chiov. f C
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 34
DICOTYLEDONS
Acanthaceae
Asystasia gangetica (L.) T.Anderson
Brillantaisia cicatricosa Lindau (=B. subulugurica)
Dyschoriste nagchana (Nees) Bennet (=D. radicans)
Hypoestes aristata (Vahl) Roem.& Schult. h
Justicia betonica L. h
Justicia matammensis (Schweinf.) Oliv. h C
Justicia nyassana Lindau h W
Justicia striata (Klotzsch) Bullock
Justicia tenella (Nees) T.Anderson h C
Phaulopsis imbricata (Forssk.) Sweet
Pseuderanthemum subviscosum (C.B.Clarke) Stapf
Sclerochiton coeruleus (Lindau) S.Moore h W
Thunbergia alata Sims h
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthus hybridus L. h C
Amaranthus spinosus L. h C
Amaranthus thunbergii Moq. h C
Celosia trigyna L.
Centemopsis gracilenta (Hiern) Schinz
Cyathula achyranthoides (Kunth) Moq. h F
Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume var. prostrata (=C. pedicellata) h F
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 35
Cleome monophylla L. h
Caricaceae
Carica papaya L. t C
Caryophyllaceae
Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. h F
Celastraceae
Allocassine laurifolia (Harv.) N.Robson s F
Cassine aethiopica Thunb.
Catha edulis (Vahl) Endl. F
Elaeodendron capense Eckl.& Zeyh. (=Cassine papillosa) t
Hippocratea africana (Willd.) Engl. cl
Hippocratea pallens Oliv. cl F
Hippocratea volkensii Loes. s W
Salacia leptoclada Tul. s F
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium ambrosioides L.
Chrysobalanaceae
Maranthes goetzeniana (Engl.) Prance (=M. glabra) t F
Parinari curatellifolia Benth. t W
Clusiaceae (Guttiferae)
Garcinia kingaensis Engl. s F
Harungana madagascariensis Poir. t W
Hypericum roeperanum A.Rich. s W
Psorospermum febrifugum Spach s W,C
Combretaceae
Combretum coriifolium Engl.& Diels cl F
Combretum molle R.Br. t W
Combretum paniculatum Vent. cl W
Combretum psidioides Welw. t W
Combretum zeyheri Sond. t W
Pteleopsis myrtifolia (C.Laws.) Engl.& Diels t F
Connaraceae
Agelaea heterophylla Gilg cl F
Cnestis natalensis (Krauss) Sond. cl F
Rourea orientalis Baill. (=Byrsocarpus orientalis) s C
Santaloides afzelii (Planch.) Schellenb. cl F
Convolvulaceae
Astripomoea malvacea (Klotzsch) Meeuse var. malvacea h C
Dichondra repens J.R.& G.Forst. h C
Hewittia scandens (Milne) Mabberley (=H. sublobata)
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. h C
Ipomoea pes-tigridis L. var. pes-tigridis
Ipomoea pileata Roxb.
Ipomoea plebeia R.Br. subsp. africana Meeuse
Ipomoea wightii (Wall.) Choisy var. wightii h C
Lepistemon owariense (Beauv.) Hall.f. cl C
Merremia pterygocaulos (Choisy) Hall.f. cl C
Merremia tridentata (L.) Hall.f. subsp. alatipes (Dammer) Verdc.
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 38
Meliaceae
Ekebergia capensis Sparrm. t
Khaya anthotheca (Welw.) C.DC. (=K. nyasica) t F,W
Trichilia emetica Vahl t W,C
Melianthaceae
Bersama abyssinica Fresen. t F
Bersama swynnertonii E.G.Baker t F
Menispermaceae
Cissampelos mucronata A.Rich. cl W
Cissampelos torulosa Harv. cl F
Moraceae
Dorstenia psilurus Welw. h
Ficus bubu Warb. t
Ficus capreifolia Delile s
Ficus craterostoma Mildbr.& Burret
Ficus natalensis Hochst. subsp. natalensis t W
Ficus exasperata Vahl t
Ficus lutea Vahl (=F. vogelii) t
Ficus muelleriana C.C.Berg t F
Ficus sur Forssk. t W
Ficus vallis-choudae Delile t F
Ficus vogeliana (Miq.) Miq. t F
Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C.Berg (=Chlorophora excelsa) t F
Trilepisium madagascariense DC. (=Bosqueia phoberos) t F
Myrsinaceae
Embelia schimperi Vatke s W
Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) Mez t F
Myrtaceae
Eugenia capenss (Eckl.& Zey.) Sond. subsp. nyassensis (Engl.) F.White (=E. bukobensis, s F
E. chirindensis)
Psidium guajava L. t C
Syzygium gerrardii (Hook.f.) Burtt Davy t F
Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC. subsp. guineense t W
Syzygium owariense (Beauv.) Benth. t F
Nymphaeaceae
Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f. var. caerulea (Savigny) Verdc. (=N. caerulea) h W
Ochnaceae
Brackenridgea zanguebarica Oliv. s W
Ochna arborea DC. s F
Ochna atropurpurea DC. s
Ochna mossambicensis Klotzsch s W
Ochna natalitia (Meissner) Walp.
Ochna oconnori Phillips s F
Oleaceae
Schrebera alata (Hochst.) Welw. t W
Onagraceae
Ludwigia abyssinica A.Rich. h W
Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven subsp. octovalvis h C
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 43
Oxalidaceae
Biophytum petersianum Klotzsch h W
Oxalis corniculata L. h C
Oxalis semiloba Sond. subsp. semiloba h W
Passifloraceae
Adenia gummifera (Harv.) Harms var. gummifera cl W
Basanthe triloba (Bolus) de Wilde (=Tryphostemma schinzianum) h W
Pedaliaceae
Sesamum indicum L. h C
Piperaceae
Peperomia rotundifolia (L.) Kunth. cl F
Piper umbellatum L. cl F
Polygalaceae
Polygala gazensis Baker f. s W
Polygala producta N.E.Br. h C
Polygala rehmannii Chod. h W
Polygala uncinatus Meisn. h W
Polygala virgata Thunb. var. decora (Sond.) Harv. s W
Polygonaceae
Persicaria decipiens (R.Br.) K.L.Wilson (=Polygonum salicifolium) h W
Rumex sagittatus Thunb. h W
Primulaceae
Anagallis barbata (P.Taylor) Kupicha h W
Proteaceae
Faurea forficuliflora Baker
Leucospermum saxosum S.Moore
Protea caffra Meisn. subsp. gazensis (Beard) Chisumpa & Brummitt (=P. gazensis)
Protea wentzeliana Engl. (=P. crinita)
Ranunculaceae
Clematis brachiata Thunb. cl W
Clematis viridiflora Bertol. cl W
Ranunculus multifidus Forssk. h C
Rhamnaceae
Gouania longespicata Engl. cl F
Rhizophoraceae
Cassipourea gummiflua Tul. var. verticillata (N.E.Br.) J.Lewis t F
Cassipourea malosana (Baker) Alston (=C. congoensis) t F
Rosaceae
Prunus africana (J.D.Hook.) Kalkman t F
Rubus rigidus J.E.Sm. s W
Rubiaceae
Aidia micrantha (K.Schum.) F.White t F
Anthospermum herbaceum L.f. h W
Anthospermum usambarense K.Schum. s
Aulacocalyx diervilleoides (K.Schum.) Petit t F
Breonadia salicina (Vahl) Hepper & Wood (=Adina microcephala) t F
Canthium inerme (L.f.) Kuntze (=C. ventosum) s F
Canthium ngonii Bridson (=C. pseudoverticillatum) s F
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 44
List of Chimanimani endemic and near-endemic plant species, with indication of which part
it is endemic to and Red List conservation assessment. Source: adapted and updated from
Annex 2 in Timberlake et al. (2016b) and Wursten et al. (2017). Nomenclature is not fuly
compatible with that used in Annex 3.
GYMNOSPERMS
Zamiaceae
Encephalartos chimanimaniensis R.A.Dyer & I.Verd. UMK EN B1ab(i,ii,iv,v)
+2ab(i,ii,iv,v), C1
MONOCOTYLEDONS
Asparagaceae
Asparagus chimanimaniensis Sebsebe E LC
Chlorophytum pygmaeum (Weim.) Kativu subsp. rhodesianum NE
(Rendle) Kativu
Eriospermum mackenii Hook.f. subsp. phippsii (Wild) E
P.C.Perry
Sansevieria pedicellata la Croix E
Asphodelaceae
Aloe ballii Reynolds var. ballii E-low VU D2
Aloe ballii Reynolds var. makurupiniensis A.Ellert E-low VU D2
Aloe hazeliana Reynolds var. hazeliana E LC
Aloe hazeliana Reynolds var. howmanii (Reynolds) S.Carter E LC
Aloe munchii Christian E LC
Aloe musapana Reynolds NE VU D2
Aloe plowesii Reynolds E VU D2
Aloe wildii (Reynolds) Reynolds E LC
Eriocaulaceae
Mesanthemum africanum Moldenke E LC
Iridaceae
Gladiolus juncifolius Goldblatt E
Hesperantha ballii Wild E LC
Orchidaceae
Angraecum chimanimaniense G.Will. E
Disa chimanimaniensis (H.P.Linder) H.P.Linder E
Oligophyton drummondii H.P.Linder & G.Will. E
Schizochilus calcaratus P.J.Cribb & la Croix E
Schizochilus lepidus Summerh. NE
Poaceae
Danthoniopsis chimanimaniensis (J.B.Phipps) Clayton E EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 48
Gesneriaceae
Streptocarpus acicularis I.Darbysh. & Massingue E-low CR B2ab(iii)
Streptocarpus grandis N.E.Br. subsp. septentrionalis Hilliard & NE
B.L.Burtt
Streptocarpus michelmorei B.L.Burtt NE
Streptocarpus montis-bingae Hilliard & B.L.Burtt E DD
Streptocarpus sp. nov. near S. grandis E
Lamiaceae
Aeollanthus viscosus Ryding E LC
Plectranthus caudatus S.Moore NE VU D2
Syncolostemon flabellifolius (S.Moore) A.J.Paton E LC
Syncolostemon oritrephes (Wild) D.F.Otieno E VU D2
Syncolostemon ornatus (S.Moore) D.F.Otieno NE VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
Syncolostemon sp. nov. near S. teucrifolius E
Leguminosae: Papilionoideae
Aeschynomene aphylla Wild E VU D2
Aeschynomene chimanimaniensis Verdc. E LC
Aeschynomene gazensis Baker f. UMK EN B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii)
Aeschynomene grandistipulata Harms E LC
Crotalaria phylicoides Wild E LC
Indigofera chimanimaniensis Schrire UMK EN B2ab(iii)
Indigofera sp. nov. near I. chimanimaniensis E
Kotschya sp. A of FZ UMK
Pearsonia mesopontica Polhill NE LC
Rhynchosia chimanimaniensis Verdc. NE EN B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii)
Rhynchosia stipata Meikle E LC
Tephrosia chimanimaniana Brummitt NE LC
Tephrosia longipes Meisn. var. drummondii (Brummitt) NE
Brummitt
Tephrosia longipes Meisn. var. swynnertonii (Baker f.) UMK
Brummitt
Tephrosia praecana Brummitt UMK VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
Linderniaceae
Crepidorhopalon near C. whytei (= Lindernia flava) E-low
Melastomataceae
Dissotis pulchra A.& R.Fern. E VU D2
Dissotis swynnertonii (Baker f.) A.& R.Fern. E VU D2
Moraceae
Ficus muelleriana C.C.Berg E-low EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
Myricaceae
Morella chimanimaniana Verdc.& Polhill E
Oleaceae
Olea chimanimani Kupicha E LC
Orobanchaceae
Buchnera chimanimaniensis Philcox NE LC
Buchnera subglabra Philcox E VU D2
Passifloraceae
Basananthe parvifolia (Baker f.) W.J.de Wilde UMK
Penaeaceae
Olinia subsp. nov. near O. vanguerioides E
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 50
Peraceae
Clutia punctata Wild E LC
Clutia sessilifolia Radcl.-Sm. E LC
Phyllanthaceae
Phyllanthus bernierianus Müll.Arg. var. glaber Radcl.-Sm. E
Proteaceae
Leucospermum saxosum S.Moore (NE)
Protea enervis Wild E VU D2
Rubiaceae
Empogona sp. nov. near E. congesta E
Oldenlandia cana Bremek. E LC
Otiophora inyangana N.E.Br. subsp. parvifolia (Verdc.) Puff E
Otiophora lanceolata Verdc. E-low VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
Rytigynia sp. D of FZ E
Sericanthe sp. B (Chimanimani taxon) of FZ NE
Rutaceae
Vepris drummondii Mendonça E?-low VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
Santalaceae
Thesium bundiense Hilliard E DD
Thesium chimanimaniense Brenan E LC
Thesium dolichomeres Brenan E LC
Thesium pygmeum Hilliard E LC
Sapotaceae
Synsepalum sp. near S. kaessneri E-low
Scrophulariaceae
Selago anatrichota Hilliard E LC
Thymelaeaceae
Struthiola montana B.Peterson E DD
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 51
Systematic list of mammals recorded from the Chimanimani Mountains and adjacent areas
(source: Dutton & Dutton 1975, based on records from Smithers and José Tello).
Nomenclature not updated or strictly comparable with Annex 6.
Macroscelididae
Petrodromus tetradactylus Musaranho elefante de quatro dedos
Pteropodidae
Rousettus aegyptiacus Morcego frugívoro do Egipto
Epomophorus wahlbergi Morcego frugivoso de Wahlberg
Nycteridae
Nycteris thebaica Morcego orelhudo do Egipto
Nycteris grandis Morcego orelhudo grande
Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum Morcego ferradura gigante
Hipposideridae
Hipposideros caffer Morcego de nariz enfolhado da Cafraria
Molossidae
Tadarida aegyptiaca Morcego de cauda livre do Egipto
Vespertilionidae
Pipistrellus nanus Morcego das bananeiras
Lorisidae
Galago granti Zemur de Grant
Galago crassicaudata Zemur gigante
Cercopithecidae
Cercopithecus aethiops Macaco da Etiopia xMZ
Cercopithecus albogularis Macaco de Samango xM
Papio arsinus Macaco-cao cinzento xMZ
Canidae
Lycaon pictus Mabeco P
Canis adustus Chacal listrado xZ
Mustelidae
Mellivora capensis Ratel
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 52
Viverridae
Nandinia binotata Civeta arbórea
Genetta tigrina Geneta de malhas grandes
Mungos mungo Mangueo listrado
Rhynchogale melleri Mangueo de Meller
Bdeogale crassicauda Mangueo de cauda tufada
Herpestes sanguineus Manguço vermelho de cauda preta
Hyaenidae
Crocuta crocuta Hiena malhada
Felidae
Panthera pardus Leopardo
Panthera leo Leão P
Acinonyx jubatus Chita
Elephantidae
Loxodonta africana Elefante xM
Procaviidae
Procavia capensis Hirax das rochas
Pronolague crassicaudatus Lebre da montanha
Rhinocerotidae
Diceros bicornis Rinoceronte de Zineu P
Equidae
Equus burchelli Zebra de Burchell P
Suidae
Potamochoerus porcus Porco bravo xM
Phacochoerus aethiopicus Facoceiro P
Hippopotamidae
Hippopotamus amphibius Hipopótamo P
Bovidae
Cephalophus natalensis Mangul ou Cabrito vermelho
Cephalophus monticola Cabrito azul xM
Sylvicapra grimmia Cabrito cinzento xMZ
Oreotragus oreotragus Cabrito das pedras ou cabrito saltador xMZ
Kobus ellipsiprymnus Piva, inhacoso ou namedouro
Hippotragus niger Palapala ou palave xM
Hippotragus equinus Matagaiça ou palapala cinzenta
Alcelaphus lichtensteini Gondonga, Nameriga, Ecoe P
Tragelaphus scriptus Imbalala xM
Tragelaphus strepsiceros Cudo
Taurotragus oryx Elande ou Jacaal xMZ
Syncerus caffer Búfalo xM
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 53
Hystricidae
Hystrix africaeaustralis Porco espinho xMZ
Muscardinidae
Graphiurus murinus Arganoz arbóreo
Sciuridae
Heliosciurus refobrachium Esquilo de cauda listrada xM
Paraxerus palliatus Esquilo vermelho da floresta
Subfamily Murinae
Pelomys fallax Rato de dentes canelados
Acomys spinosissimus Rato espinhoso
Lemniscomys griselda Rato uniraiado
Rhabdomys pumilio Rato multistriado
Thamnomys dolichurus Rato da floresta
Leggada minutiodes Rato pigmeu
Praomys natalensis Rato multimamialdo
Aethomys chrysophilus Rato vermelho da savana
Aethomys namaquensis Rato das rochas
Rattus rattus Rato urbano
Subfamily Gerbillinae
Tatera inclusa Gerboa da Gorongosa
INSECTIVORA (insectivores)
Macroscelididae
Petrodromus tetradactylus Four-toed Elephant-shrew
Elephantulus fuscus Short-snouted Elephant-shrew
Elephantulus myurus Rock Elephant-shrew
Soricidae (shrews)
Crocidura sp. Musk Shrew
Myosorex cafer Dark-footed Forest Shrew
Sylvisorex megalura Climbing Shrew
CHIROPTERA (bats)
Megachiroptera (fruit bats)
Epomophorus wahlbergi Peters's Epauletted Fruit Bat
Rousettus aegyptiacus Egyptian Fruit Bat
Myonycteris relicta
PRIMATES
Cercopithecidae
Cercopithecus aethiops Vervet Monkey
Cercopithecus mitis Samango Monkey
Lorisidae
Otolemur crassicaudatus Thick-tailed Bushbaby
Galago moholi Lesser Bushbaby
Galago granti Grant's Night-Ape
RODENTIA (rodents)
Sciuridae (squirrels)
Heliosciurus mutabilis Sun Squirrel
Paraxerus palliatus Red Squirrel
Paraxerus cepapi Tree Squirrel
Gliridae
Graphiurus platyops Rock Dormouse
Graphiurus murinus Woodland Dormouse
Graphiurus parvus Lesser Savanna Dormouse
Bathyergidae (molerats)
Cryptomys hottentotus Common Molerat
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 55
Thryonomyidae (cane-rats)
Thryonomys swinderianus Greater Cane-rat
Thryonomys gregorianus Lesser Cane-rat
Cricetidae (giant rat)
Cricetomys gambianus African Giant Rat
Muridae (rats and mice)
Saccostomus campestris Pouched Mouse
Acomys spinosissimus Spiny Mouse
Dendromus mystacalis Chestnut Climbing Mouse
Mastomys natalensis [M. coucha?] Multimammate Mouse
Mus minutoides Pygmy Mouse
Aethomys chrysophilus Red Veld Rat
Pelomys fallax Groove-toothed Mouse
Tatera leucogaster Bushveld Gerbil
CARNIVORA (carnivores)
Mustelidae
Aonyx capensis Cape Clawless Otter
Mellivora capensis Honey Badger
Ictonyx striatus Striped Polecat
Viverridae (mongooses)
Mungos mungo Banded Mongoose
Rhynchogale melleri Meller's Mongoose
Bdeogale crassicaudata Bushy-tailed Mongoose
Paracynictis selousi Selous's Mongoose
Galerella sanguinea Slender Mongoose
Atilax paludinosus Water Mongoose
Ichneumia albicauda White-tailed Mongoose
Genetta tigrina Large-spotted Genet
Civettictis civetta Civet
Nandina binotata Tree Civet
Felidae
Felis sylvestris African Wild Cat
Felis serval Serval
HYRACOIDEA
Procavidae
Procavia capensis Rock Dassie
Heterohyrax brucei Yellow-spotted Rock Dassie
M = recorded from above 600 m altitude; L = recorded from below 600 m altitude
Some rare birds found below 600 m in evergreen forest (source: D.G. Broadley).
Circaetus fasciolatus Guincho listrado L
Colemba delagorguei Pombo de nuca bronzeado L
Cercococcyx montanus Cuca de longa cauda listrada L
Indicator meliphilus L
Phyllestrephus depilis Toutinegra pequino L
Andropadus importunis Tuta sombria L
Bias musicus Papa-moscas preto e branco L
Prinonops scopifrens Picanço atacador de fronte amarela L
Batis fratum Papa-moscas de peito castanho L
Lamproternis corruscus Estorninho de ventre preto L
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 60
Muscicapidae (flycatchers)
Muscicapta striata Spotted Flycatcher W sv
Muscicapta adusta Dusky Flycatcher E r
Muscicapta caerulescens Blue-grey Flycatcher E r
Myloparus plumbeus Fan-tailed Flycatcher E R
Melaenornis pammelaina Black Flycatcher W
* Bias musicus Black & White Flycatcher E ?r
Batis capensis Cape Batis F wv
Batis molitor Chinspot Batis W
* Batis soror Mozambique Batis W/E
* Batis fratrum Woodwards' Batis E r, nt
Platysteira peltata Black-throated Wattle-eye F/R r, nt
Trochocercus cyanomelas Blue-mantled Crested Flycatcher F r
Trochocercus albonotatus White-tailed Crested Flycatcher F wv
Terpsiphone viridis Paradise Flycatcher R/E sv
Motacillidae (wagtails, pipits)
Motacilla aguimp African Pied Wagtail R
Motacilla clara Long-tailed Wagtail R r
Anthus lineiventris Striped Pipit W
Anthus trivialis Tree Pipit W sv
Macronyx croceus Yellow-throated Longclaw G
Laniidae (shrikes)
Lanius collurio Red-backed Shrike G sv
Malconotidae (bush shrikes)
Laniarius aethiopicus Tropical Boubou W/E R
Dryoscopus cubla Southern Puffback W/E r
Tchagra australis Brown-headed Tchagra W/G
Tchagra senegala Black-crowned Tchagra W/G
Telophorus quadricolor Gorgeous Bush Shrike E r
Malaconotus sulphureopectus Orange-breasted Bush Shrike E r
Malaconotus nigrifrons Black-fronted Bush shrike F r
Malaconotus olivaceus Olive Bush Shrike F ?wv
Malaconotus blachoti Grey-headed Bush Shrike E r
Prionopidae (helmetshrikes)
Prionops plumata White Helmet Shrike W
Prionops retzii Red-billed Helmet Shrike W/E r
* Prionops scopifrons Chestnut-fronted Helmet Shrike F r
Sturnidae (starlings)
Cinnyricinclus leucogaster Amethyst Starling W
* Lamprotornis corruscus Black-bellied Glossy Starling F ?r
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 71
E = endemic; (M) = confirmed for Mozambique side; (p) = probably present in area
Order Crocodylia
Crocodylus niloticus Crocodilo do nilo
Order Squamata
Suborder Sauria
Family Gekkonidae
Hemidactylus tasmani Osga de Tasman (M)
Hemidactylus platycephalus Osga dos inbondeiros
Lygodactylus capensis capensis Osga anã do Cabo
Family Agamidae
Agama armata Agama espinhosa
Agama kirkii Agama das rochas (M)
Agama mossambica Agama de Moçambique (M)
Family Chamaeleonidae
Chamaeleo dilepis dilepis Camaleão comum
Rhampholeon marshalli Camaleão anãi
Family Scincidae
Trachylepis boulengeri Lagarticha de boulengeri
Trachylepis margaritifera Lagarticha multi-colorida (M)
Trachylepis varia Lagarticha variegada (M)
Trachylepis striata Lagarticha comum listrada
Panspis wahlbergii Lagarticha wahlberg
Acontias plumbeus Lagarticha despernada gigante (M)
Family Cordylidae
Matobosaurus validus validus Lagarto escamoso das rochas (M)
Gerrhosaurus flavigularis Lagarto escamoso de garganta amarela (M)
Smaug mossambicus Lagarto de Moçambique de cauda espinhosa
Cordylus rhodesianus Lagarto da Rodésia de cauda espinhosa (M)
Platysaurus ocellatus E Lagarto achatado das rochas (M)
Platysaurus intermedius rhodesianus Lagarto achatado da Rodésia
Chamaesaura macrolepis macrolepis Lagarto escamoso despernado (M)
Family Lacertidae
Nueras ornata Lagarto da areia listrado (p)
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 74
Family Varanidae
Varanus niloticus Varamo da água (p)
Family Amphisbaenidae
Chirindia swynnertoni Lagarto-verme de swynnerton (M)
Suborder Serpentes
Family Typhlopidae
Afrotyphlops mucruso Cobra cega do Zambeze
Family Leptotyphlopidae
Leptotyphlops scutifrons Cobra cega de rosca
Family Boidae
Python natalensis Pitão
Family Colubridae
Lycodonomorphus leleupi mlanjensis Cobra aquática de Milange
Lycodonomorphus rufulus Cobra aquática castanha (M)
Boaedon fulignosus fulignosus Cobra das casas castanha
Lycophidion capense capense
Lycophidion nanus
Gonionotophis capensis capensis Cobra dorso de lima (p)
Natriciteres sylvatica
Pseudaspis cana Cobra toupeira (p)
Duberria rhodesiana Cobra papa-lesmas
Philothamnus hoplogaster Cobra verde Oriente
Philothamnus irregularis irregularis Cobra verde do Ocidente
Prosymna ambigua ambigua Cobra focinho de pá da África Oriental (p)
Amphlorhinus multimaculatus Cobra multimaculada (M)
Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia
Dispholidus typus viridis Cobra das árvores (M)
Thelotornis capensis capensis Cobra trepadoura do Cabo
Psamophylax tritaeniatus Cobra verde do capim
Psammophis sibilans sibilans
Psammophis crucifer (M)
Aparallactus guntherii Cobra papa-eentopeias de Gunther
Aparallactus capensis Cobra papa-centopeias do Cabo
Dasypeltis scabra Cobra papa-ovos (p)
Dasypeltis medici medici Cobra papa-ovos de Medici
Family Elapidae
Naja melanoleuca Cobra de floresta
Dendroaspis augusticeps Mamba verde
Family Viperidae
Atractaspis bibroni Víbora escavadoura
Causus rhombeatus Víbora nocturna
Causus defilippii Víbora nocturna focinhuda (M)
Bitis atropos atropos (M)
Bitis arietans arietans Víbora sopradoura
Bitis gabonica gabonica Víbora do gabão
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 75
AMPHIBIANS
Order Anura
Família Pipidae
Xenopus laevis laevis Rã de garras
Family Bufonidae
Sclerophrys gutturalis Sapo malhado (M)
Sclerophrys pusilla Sapo pequeno malhado
Poyntonophrynus fenoulheti [was considered endemic as Bufo vertebralis
grindleyi, now not] (M)
Mertensophryne anotis (M)
Family Microhylidae
Breviceps adspersus Rã das chuvas do Kalahari
Breviceps mossambicus Rã das chuvas de Moçambique
Family Ranidae
Amietia delalandii Rã (M)
Strongylopus rhodesiana Rã de Gray
Strongylopus fasciatus Rã listrada (M)
Amnirana darlingi Rã de costas douradas
Ptychadena oxyrhynclius Rã de nariz ponteagudo
Ptychadena anchietae Rã rugosa da savanna
Ptychadena porosissima (p)
Ptychadena uzungwensis Rã rugosa da montanha
Ptychadena guibei Rã rugosa de ventre amarelo (p)
Phrynobatrachus natalensis Rã do Natal
Phrynobatrachus acridoides Rã dos charcos tropicais
Phrynobatrachus stewartae
Phrynobatrachus mababiensis Rã dos charcos
Arthroleptis stenodactylus Rã guinchadoura de dedos finos
Arthroleptis troglodytes E Rã guinchadoura troglodita
Arthroleptis xenodactyloides xenodactyolides Rã guinchadoura da floresta
Leptopelis flavomaculatus Rela de manchas amarelas
Leptopelis broadleyi Rela
Kassina senegalensis Rã corredoura do Senegal
Afrixalus brachycnemis brachycnemis Rela
Afrixalus fornasinii fornasinii Rela de fornasni
Hyperolius argus Rela malhada
Hyperolius tuberilinguis Rela verde
Hyperolius inyangae Rela de nariz ponteagudo
Hyperolius swynnertoni swynnertoni Rela de Swynnerton (M)
Hyperolius swynnertoni broadleyi Rela de Broadley
Hyperolius marmoratus taeniatus Rela listrada
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 76
SERPENTES (snakes)
Typhlopidae (blind snakes)
Typhlops mucruso Zambezi Blind-snake
Leptotyphlopidae (worm snakes)
Leptotyphlops incognitus Incognito Worm-snake
Leptotyphlops scutifrons Peters' Worm-snake
Pythonidae (pythons)
Python natalensis Southern African Python
Viperidae (vipers)
Bitis arietans arietans Puffadder
Bitis gabonica Gaboon Viper
Causus defilippii Snouted Nightadder
Causus rhombeatus Rhombic Nightadder
Atractaspididae (stiletto snakes)
Aparallactus guentheri Günthers Centipede-eater
Aparallactus capensis Cape Centipede-eater
Atractaspis bibronii Bibron's Stiletto Snake
Elapidae (elapids)
Dendroaspis angusticeps Green Mamba
Naja melanoleuca Forest Cobra
Colubridae (typical snakes)
Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia Herald Snake
* Dasypeltis medici East African Egg-eater
Dispholidus typus Boomslang
Lamprophis capensis Brown House-snake
Lycophidion capense Cape Wolf-snake
* Lycophidion nanum Dwarf Wolf-snake
Philothamnus angolensis Angolan Green-snake
Philothamnus hoplogaster Eastern Green-snake
Philothamnus semivariegatus Variegated Bush-snake
Psammophis mossambicus Olive Grass Snake
Thelotornis mossambicana Eastern Savanna Vine-snake
CROCODYLIA (crocodiles)
Crocodylus niloticus Nile Crocodile (? waif)
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 78
AMPHIBIA (amphibians)
Bufonidae (toads)
Sclerophrys gutturalis Guttural Toad
Sclerophrys pusilla Flat-back Toad
Microhylidae (rain frogs)
Breviceps mossambicus Mozambique Rain-frog
Ranidae (ranids)
Amnirana darlingi Golden-backed Frog
Phrynobatrachus acridoides Zanzibar Puddle-frog
Phrynobatrachus natalensis Natal Puddle-frog
Phrynobatrachus parvulus Dwarf Puddle-frog
Ptychadena anchietae Plain Grass-frog
* Ptychadena guibei Guibe's Grass-frog
Ptychadena oxyrhynchus Sharp-snouted Grass-frog
Ptychadena uzungwensis Udzungwe Grass-frog
Amietia delalandii Common River Frog
Strongylopus rhodesianus Hewitt's Long-toed Frog
Arthroleptidae (squeakers)
Arthtroleptis stenodactylus Shovel-footed Squeaker
Arthroleptis xenodactyloides Hewitt's Forest Squeaker
Hyperoliidae (tree and reed frogs)
Afrixalus crotalus Rattling Spiny Reed-frog
Afrixalus fornasinii Fornasini's Spiny Reed-frog
* Hyperolius argus Argus Reed-frog
Hyperolius inyangae Sharp-snouted Reed-frog
Hyperolius swynnertoni Swynnerton's Reed-frog
Hyperolius tuberilinguis Tinker Reed-frog
Kassina senegalensis Senegal Running-frog
* Leptopelis broadleyi Broadley's Tree-frog
Leptopelis flavomaculatus Yellow-spotted Tree-frog
Leptopelis mossambicus Mozambique Tree-frog
Hemisotidae (shovel-snouted frogs)
Hemisus marmoratus Marbled Shovel-snouted Frog
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 79
ANGUILLIDAE
Anguilla bengalensis labiata African Mottled Eel
Anguilla mossambica Long-finned Plain Eel
MORMYDAE
Mormyrops anguilloides Cornish Jack
Hippopotamyrus ansorgii Slender Stonebasher low,R,r
Cyphomyrus discorhynchus Zambezi Parrotfish
Gnathoneumus macrolepidotus Bulldog
Mormyrus longirostris Eastern Bottlenose
KNERIIDAE
Kneria auriculata Kneria mo,r
HARACIDAE
Hydrocynus vittatus Tigerfish
Brycinus imberi Imberi
Brycinus lateralis Striped Robber
Micralestes acutidens Silver Robber R,o
DISTICHODONTIDAE
Distichodus mossambicus Nkupe
Distichodus schenga Chessa
CYPRINIDAE
Labeobarbus marequensis Large-scaled Yellowfish R,o
Barbus trimaculatus Threespot Barb
Barbus afrohamiltoni Hamilton's Barb
Barbus autaenia Orange-finned Barb R
Barbus manicensis Yellow Barb
Barbus lineomaculatus Spotted Barb
Barbus viviparus Twinstriped Barb
Barbus barnardi Barnard's Barb
Barbus radiatus Red-eyed Barb
Barbus toppini Toppin's Barb
Varicorhinus pungweensis Pungwe Yellowfish mo,R,p
Labeo cylindricus Striped Mudsucker
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 80
BAGRIDAE
Chrysichthys hildae Hilda's Grunter
Leptoglanis rotundiceps Spotted Catlet
SHILBEIDAE
Eutropius depressirostris Butter Barbel
Schilbe intermedius Silver Barbel low,R
AMPHILIIDAE
Amphilius platychir Mountain Barbel
Amphilius uranoscopus Common Mountain Catfish mo,r
CLARIIDAE
Clarius gariepinus Sharp-toothed Catfish R
MALAPTERURIDAE
Malapterurus electricus Electric Barbel
MOCHOKIDAE
Synodontis zambezensis Brown Squeaker
Chiloglanis pretoriae Limpopo Rock-catlet
CYPRINODONTIDAE
Aplocheilichthys johnstoni Johnston's Top-minnow
CICHLIDAE
Oreochromis placidus Black Tilapia
Oreochromis macrochir Green-headed Tilapia
Oreochromis mossambicus Mozambique Tilapia R,o
Tilapia sparrmanii Banded Tilapia
Tilapia rendalli Red-breasted Tilapia
Astatotilapia calliptera Eastern Dwarf Tilapia low,R,o
GOBIIDAE
Awaous aeneofuscus Small-scaled Goby
Glossogobius giurus Large-scaled Goby
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 81
SUPERFAMILY HESPERIOIDEA
Family Hesperiidae
Subfamily Coeliadinae
Coeliades forestan forestan Striped Policeman
* Coeliades libeon Spotless Policeman
Coeliades pisistratus Two Pip Policeman
Subfamily Pyrginae
Calleagris jamesoni Jameson's Flat (Skipper)
Celaenorrhinus galenus Orange Flat
Eretis melania Dusky Elf
Spialia diomus diomus Diomus Grizzled Skipper
Spialia diomus ferax Diomus Grizzled Skipper
Spialia spio Common Grizzled Skipper
Tagiades flesus Clouded Flat
Subfamily Hesperiinae
Acada biseriata Axehead Skipper
Acleros mackenii Macken's Skipper
Andronymus caesar philander White Dart
Andronymus neander neander Nomad Dart
Borbo borbonica borbonica Olive Haired Swift
Borbo fanta fanta Fanta Swift
Borbo fatuellus fatuellus Long Horned Swift
Borbo holtzi Variable Swift
Borbo lugens Lesser-horned Swift
Fresna nyassae Variegated Acraea Skipper
Gegenes niso Common Hottentot Skipper
* Gorgyra johnstoni Johnston's Skipper
* Metisella orientalis orientalis Eastern Sylph
Parnara naso monasi Water Watchman
Platylesches galesa White-tail Hopper
* Semalea pulvina Silky Dart
Teniorhinus harona Arrowhead Orange (Arrowhead Skipper)
Zenonia zeno Orange-spotted Skipper
Zophopetes dysmephila Palm Tree Nightfighter
SUPERFAMILY PAPILIONOIDEA
Family Papilionidae
Subfamily Papilioninae
Graphium angolanus angolanus Angolan White Lady
Graphium antheus Large Striped Swordtail
Graphium leonidas leonidas Veined Swordtail
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 83
Family Pieridae
Subfamily Coliadinae
Catopsilia florella African Emigrant
Eurema brigitta brigitta Small Grass Yellow
Eurema desjardinsii marshalli Angled Grass Yellow
Eurema desjardinsii marshalli f. regularis Angled Grass Yellow
* Eurema hapale Marsh Grass Yellow
Eurema hecabe solifera f. solifera Common Grass Yellow
* Eurema hecabe solifera f. senegalensis Common Grass Yellow
Subfamily Pierinae
Appias epaphia contracta African Albatross (Diverse White)
* Appias sabina phoebe Albatross White
Belenois aurota aurota Caper (Brown Veined) White
Belenois creona severina African Caper (Common White)
Belenois gidica abyssinica Pointed Caper (African Veined White)
* Belenois thysa thysa False Dotted Border
Colotis celimene amina Magenta Tip
Colotis eris eris Banded Gold Tip
Colotis euippe omphale Round-Winged Orange Tip
Colotis evagore antigone Tiny Orange Tip
Colotis ione Purple Tip
Leptosia alcesta inalcesta African Wood White
Mylothris agathina agathina Eastern Dotted Border
Mylothris rueppellii haemus Rueppell's (Twin) Dotted Border
* Mylothris yulei yulei Yule's Dotted Border
Nepheronia argia mhondana Large Vagrant
Nepheronia thalassina sinalata Blue or Cambridge Vagrant
Pinacopteryx eriphia eriphia Zebra White
Family Nymphalidae
Subfamily Acraeinae
Acraea (Acraea) acrita Angolan Fiery Acraea
Acraea (Acraea) aganice aganice Common Wanderer
Acraea (Acraea) aglaonice Clear Spotted Acraea
Acraea (Acraea) anemosa Broad Bordered Acraea
Acraea (Acraea) caldarena caldarena Black Tip Acraea
* Acraea (Acraea) egina areca Elegant Acraea
Acraea (Acraea) natalica Natal Acraea
Acraea (Acraea) nohara halali Light Red Acraea
Acraea (Acraea) oncaea Window Acraea
* Acraea (Acraea) satis East-coast Acraea
* Acraea (Actinote) cabira Yellow-banded Acraea
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 84
Family Lycaenidae
Subfamily Lipteninae
* Baliochila barnesi Barnes's Buff
* Ornipholidotos peucetia peucetia White Mimic
* Pentila tropicalis tropicalis Spotted Buff
* Teriomima puellaris Two-dotted Buff
Subfamily Miletinae
Lachnocnema bibulus Woolly Legs
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 86
Subfamily Theclinae
Aphnaeus erikssoni Eriksson's Silver Spot
* Axiocerses punicea Rainforest Scarlet
Axiocerses tjoane Eastern Scarlet
Deudorix (Pilodeudorix) caerulea Blue Heart Playboy
Deudorix (Virachola) antalus Brown Playboy
* Deudorix (Virachola) dariaves Black & Orange Playboy
Deudorix (Virachola) dinochares Apricot Playboy
* Deudorix (Virachola) dinomenes Orange Playboy
Deudorix (Virachola) diocles Orange-Barred Playboy
* Deudorix (Virachola) lorisona coffea Coffee Playboy
* Hypolycaena buxtoni buxtoni Buxton's Hairstreak
Hypolycaena phillipus phillipus Common Hairstreak
* Hypolycaena tearei Teare's Hairstreak
Iolaus (Argiolaus) silarus Sapphire
Iolaus (Epamera) australis Eastern Sapphire
Iolaus (Epamera) bakeri Baker's Sapphire
Iolaus (Epamera) mimosae rhodosense Mimosa Sapphire
Iolaus (Epamera) sidus Red-Line Sapphire
Iolaus (Iolaphilus) trimeni Trimen's Sapphire
* Iolaus (Pseudiolaus) poultoni Poulton's Sapphire
Iolaus (Stugeta) bowkeri tearei Bowker's Marbled Sapphire
* Lipaphnaeus aderna spindasoides Bramble False Hairstreak
Spindasis ella Ella's Silverline
Spindasis natalensis Natal Silverline
* Spindasis victoriae Victoria Silverline
Subfamily Polyommatinae
* Anthene kersteni Kersten's Hairtail
* Anthene sheppardi Sheppard's Hairtail
Azanus mirza Pale Babul Blue
Cacyreus lingeus Common Bush Blue
Eicochrysops hippocrates White Tipped Blue
Euchrysops malathana Smoky Bean Cupid
Lampides boeticus Pea Blue
Leptotes brevidentatus Tite's Zebra Blue
Leptotes pirithous pirithous Common Zebra Blue
* Oboronia bueronica Ginger Blue
Zizula hylax Tiny Grass Blue
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 87
Species Notes
Chlorocnemis marshalli Found in forest or thick bush
Ceriagrion glabrum Occurs in dense bush and light forest at pool
Pseudagrion gamblesi Found in reedy verges of fast streams
Pseudagrion hageni Occurring in forest and bush along well shaded
streams
Pseudagrion kersteni very common throughout the continent in all habitats
Enallagma subtile Pools in shade, sometimes forest clearings
Platycypha caligata widespread, along running streams
Phaon iridipennis widespread in woodland
Gomphidia quarrei reedy or wooded margins of streams and nearby
forest clearings
Anax imperator common migrant found in most open localities
Anax speratus flies along running water, widespread species
Tetrathemis polleni found in quiet well-shaded pools in low lying bush or
thin forest
Hadrothemis scabrifrons thick bush, forest or gallery forest
Orthetrum julia in thick forest, widespread
Nesciothemis farinosa open bush and woodland throughout Africa
Hemistigma albipuncta bush, woodland and light forest
Eleathemis quadrigutta only known from Haroni river
Crocothemis sanguinolenta widespread along pools, streams and bush
Trithemis arteriosa widespread and very common throughout Africa
Trithemis kirbyi widespread and common in Africa
Trithemis pluvialis thick bush or forest along streams
Zygonyx natalensis hovers over waterfalls and rapids in thin forest