Snakes of The World A Supplement by Boundy Jeff Wallach

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Snakes of the World: A Supplement
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Snakes of the World
Snakes of the World
A Supplement
Jeff Boundy
First edition published 2021
by CRC Press
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Dedication
To Ken Williams, 1934–2017

Ken is my academic brother, not only in a titular sense by both of us receiving our doctoral
degrees from Douglas Rossman, but via our passion for maintaining a complete compendium
of literature toward a summary of all the world’s snakes, living and extinct.
Contents
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
Novelties�� 3
Nomenclatural Matters............................................................................................................................................................... 5
Papers Covering Museum Collections and/or Types................................................................................................................ 7
Classification................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Classification and List of Genera............................................................................................................................................. 13
Species Accounts by Genus....................................................................................................................................................... 17
Geographical References......................................................................................................................................................... 199
Literature Cited....................................................................................................................................................................... 203
Index.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 269
vii
Introduction
“We found only a few species missing from the book.” had forwarded to me, and I proceeded to “catch up” with new
literature. As with the Wallach, Williams, and Boundy book,
–Uetz, Davison & Ellis, 2014, from their review
Chuck Crumly offered a publishing outlet, and we agreed on
of Wallach, Williams, & Boundy, 2014.
a cutoff date of end of 2019.
That quote from Uetz et al. may be the highest acclaim that Aside from the literature document, Ken had begun sec-
we could have wished for a work documenting (almost) 3783 tions on papers dealing with valid vs. invalid names, papers
snakes with 860,000+ words. The present work is meant to discussing museum collections, species accounts for species for
be used as a companion to that first taxonomic summary of which there were additions or taxonomic changes, and a sum-
all the world’s snakes, both living and fossil, Snakes of the mary of geographical literature. To these I added a summary of
World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species, by Van papers that cover snake classification at the suprageneric level,
Wallach, Ken Williams, and Jeff Boundy. Williams and and a list of genera in each family or subfamily. Because the
Wallach conceived the world snake project during the early alphabetic arrangement by genus is continued from the origi-
1980s, based on shared interests in producing a taxonomic nal book, this latter list is offered as a cross-reference for indi-
summary of snakes that was geographically and temporally viduals wishing to locate each genus in particular families. Ken
complete. Boundy, independently working on a similar sum- was creating accounts for those species for which there were
mary, joined that project in the mid-2000s, and in 2012 a taxonomic changes and/or pertinent biological or distributional
decision was made to use the end of 2012 as a cutoff date data. I have added all recognized species to provide an updated
for new material. We finalized the manuscript during 2013, list of all snake species. In comparison, up to the end of 2012
Van already having secured CRC Press as publisher through there were 651 genera and 3783 species of snakes, and at the
Chuck Crumly. The book was published in April 2014, but end of 2019 there are 685 genera and 4182 species. Within those
Ken had already been caching literature since the first days of totals, the number of extinct (fossil) genera increased from 112
2013. From his seamless efforts, Ken moved forward to work- to 138, and species increased from 274 to 314.
ing on two documents: new species accounts of novel taxa Aside from a half-dozen papers, all of the publications
with new data for existing species, and a new literature cited. cited in the literature are in JB’s possession. That fact limits
Once the “WWB” book was published, he offered that we the geographical sources section of this work due to finan-
three begin work on an addendum. Van declined to partici- cial constraints of buying the many new books that have been
pate, and I began sending Ken PDFs and literature citations recently published.
for a rapidly growing pair of manuscripts that the two of us
planned to eventually publish.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Ken’s work remained on pace through initial diagnoses and
treatments for cancers during 2014–2016, but incarcerations I thank Ken’s widow, Viola (“Vi”) Williams, for her help in
in medical facilities during much of 2017 resulted in little sorrowful times. Van Wallach, Bill Lamar, and Alex Pyron
additional work to the manuscript pair, and Ken passed away provided helpful comments and hard-to-get literature, and I
at home in November of that year. Within a month, his widow, thank everyone who sent PDFs. Lastly, I thank Peter Uetz for
Viola, blessed me with access to his computer from which creating and maintaining his Reptile Database, with which I
I retrieved the last versions, compared them to the latest he was able to compare our respective compilations.
1
Novelties
Our objective is not to introduce new names or combinations

within this work, but in the following cases there is either suf-
ficient evidence to relocate a taxon to another genus, or a need,
based on the genera and their content that we recognize, to do
so. The following represent new combinations or changes to
existing nomenclature:
Bothrops lojanus to Bothrocophias (Viperidae)

Lytorhynchus levitoni to Rhynchocalamus (Colubridae)
Rhinophis grandis vs. R. saffragamus (Uropeltidae)
Sinonatrix yapingi to Trimerodytes (Natricidae)
Trimeresurus gunaleni to Parias (Viperidae)
Trimeresurus yingjiangensis to Popeia (Viperidae)
Sinovipera sichuanensis to Viridovipera (Viperidae)
3
Nomenclatural Matters
CHARINIDAE (2013) proposed a method of screening and standardizing

nomenclatural works, targeting AJH, and H. Kaiser et al.
Quintero-A. & Shear (2016) requested the International Code (2013a) argued further for a standardized procedure for pub-
of Zoological Nomenclature to suppress the family group lishing taxonomic novelties.
name Charinidae Gray due to its homonymy with Charinidae Hoser published several rebuttals (e.g., 2015a, b) to criti-
Quintero-A. (for Charinus, an arthropod). Savage & Crother cisms, but the arguments have ceased for several years pend-
(2017) recommended modification of the family group name ing decision of the ICZN. Case 3601 remains open as of
to Charinaidae, and Pyron (2017) requested to conserve the February 2020. Rather than produce a long list of names pro-
family-group name Charinidae Gray by modifying the arthro- posed by Hoser since 2012, we here refer to the Australasian
pod version to Charinusidae. This Case, 3688, remains open. Journal of Herpetology by issue number, and provide taxa
covered in each:
CALAMARIIDAE, PAREATIDAE,
16: Acrantophis, Anilios, Anomochilus, Atropoides, Boiga,
XENODERMATIDAE
Candoia, Chrysopelea, Cylindrophis, Eryx, Furina,
Savage (2015) provides the rationale for the correct spelling of Hydrophiinae, Malayopython, Pseudonaja
the family names for the type genera Calamaria, Pareas, and 17: Calliophis, Colubroidea families, Dendrelaphis,
Xenodermus, as Calamariidae, Pareidae, and Xenodermidae. Gerrhopilus, Liophidium, Liopholidophis, Suta,
Tropidophiidae, Ungaliophiinae, Uropeltidae, Viperidae
tribes
RAYMOND HOSER PUBLICATIONS
19: Bitis, Bothrops, Causus, Crotalinae
In Wallach et al. (2014), we considered names published by 20: Atractaspis, Atractus, Boulengerina, Chamaelycus,
Raymond Hoser in his journal Australasian Journal of Biology Dendrelaphis, Drysdalia, Gongylosoma, Hapsidophrys,
to be illegitimate (nomina illegitima), and we listed them as Hemachatus, Liopeltis, Lycophidion, Mopanveldophis
such under each taxon to which they pertained. Our rationale, 21: Dasypeltis
that their naming violated the spirit of the International Code 22: Acrochordus
of Zoological Nomenclature, would be confirmed or nullified 23: Acanthophis, Aparallactus, Aspidomorphus, Cacophis,
if ruled upon by the ICZN. Hoser (2013) challenged that his Chrysopelea, Cryptophis, Lycodon, Malayopython,
journal, and therefore his names, is legitimate, and submitted Oligodon, Suta, Xerotyphlops
a request for a ruling on the matter to the ICZN (Case 3601). 30: Demansia, Liasis, Vipera
His specific case was the priority of his name Spracklandus 31: Acanthophis, Achalinus, Candoia, Denisonia,
(2009) over Afronaja Wallach, Wüster & Broadley, which was Loveridgelaps, Salomonelaps, Tropidechis, Xenodermus
published six months later. 33: Aplopeltura, Boiga, Crotalus, Emydocephalus,
Rhodin (2015), with 69 co-signees, argued that Hoser’s Hoplocephalus, Malayopython, Montivipera, Oligodon,
megalomania was initiating a dual taxonomy of names that, Typhlopidae
whether properly published or not, would be ignored by most 35: Boiga, Telescopus
researchers. They requested that the issues of Australasian 36: Bungarus, Calloselasma, Morelia
Journal of Herpetology published to that point be placed on 37: Crotalus, Elachistodon, Suta
the Official List of Rejected Works in Zoology. H. Kaiser 40: Vermicella
5
apers Covering Museum
P
Collections and/or Types
Uetz et al. (2019) provide background from a world perspec- Flores-Villela et al. (2016, Museo de Historia Natural Alfredo
tive on type material in collections, and a link to their file of Dugès).
the type material for all extant reptile species. Ganesh & Asokan (2010, Government Museum, Chennai).
Savage & McDiarmid (2017) evaluate all of Georgio Jan’s García-Díez & González-Fernández (2013, Museo Nacional
nomina, including nomenclatural availability and type material. de Ciencias Naturales).
Vanzolini & Myers (2015) illustrate and discuss the Wied Gonzales & Montaño-F (2005, Museo de Historia Natural
type material in the American Museum of Natural History “Noel Kempff Mercado”).
collection.
Guo et al. (2012a, 2016a, Chengdu Institute of Biology).
The following works cover museum collections:
Hamdan et al. (2013, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade
Andreone & Gavetti (2010, Museo Regionale di Scienze Federal da Bahia).
Naturali di Torino).
Kaya & Özuluğ (2017, Zoology Museum, Istanbul University).
Bauer & Wahlgren (2013, Linck Collection, Naturalenkabinett
Mekinić et al. (2015, Natural History Museum in Split).
Waldenburg).
Mlíkovský et al. (2011, National Museum, Prague).
Ceríaco et al. (2014b, Museu de História Natural da
Universidade do Porto). Moskvitin & Kuranova (2006, Zoological Museum, Tomsk
State University).
Céspedez, J. & Alvarez, B.B. (2005, Universidad Nacional del
Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina [UNNEC]) Nistri (2010, Museo di Storia Naturale, University of Florence).
Conradie et al. (2019, Port Elizabeth Museum). Prudente et al. (2019, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi).
Doria (2010, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale “G. Doria”). Scali (2010, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano).
Dotsenko (2003, National Museum of Natural History, Scrocchi & Kretzchmar (2017, Fundacián Miguel Lillo).
Ukrainian Academy of Sciences). Serna-Botero & Ramírez-Castaño (2017, Museo de Historia
Džukić et al. (2017, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Natural de la Universidad de Caldas).
Stanković,” University of Belgrade). Y. Werner & Shacham (2010, Hebrew University of Jerusalem).
Ferraro & Williams (2006, Museo de La Plata).
7
Classification
The following papers discuss snake classification in a broad Weinell & Brown (2018) use DNA sequence data to produce
phylogenetic sense, and/or at the suprageneric level. a phylogeny of the Lamprophiidae that resolves Philippine
taxa (Cyclocorus, Hologerrhum, Myersophis, Oxyrhabdium)
into a subfamily-level clade that they name Cyclocorinae.
Broad/Basal
Buhoma remains as the sister taxon to the remainder of the
Conrad (2008) presents alternative phylogenies and morpho- family aside from the Prosymninae. Micrelaps resolves as
logical diagnoses of the Squamata, including Serpentes, from the sister taxon to Psammodynastes plus the Lamprophiinae,
the Ophidia basal node through to Macrostomata. and Aparallactus forms a clade with Atractaspis and
Wiens et al. (2012) produce a phylogeny using 44 nuclear Homoroselaps to the exclusion of other Aparallactinae. Due
genes and representatives of then-recognized families, except to this latter arrangement, the authors suggest including the
Xenophidiidae. They find that the Scolecophidia are not Aparallactinae within the Atractaspidinae.
monophyletic. Garberoglio et al. (2019) produce a morphology-based phy-
Pyron et al. (2013) produce a phylogeny using numerous genes logeny that emphasizes relationships of certain pre-Serpentes
of 1262 snake species, establishing a new and subsequently snake taxa.
consistent arrangement of snake families and subfamilies. R.O. Goméz et al. (2019) produce a skeletal-based phylogeny
Palci et al. (2013b) use new osteological data to place hind- of early fossil snakes, focusing on the Madtsoiidae.
limbed Cretaceous snakes in a phylogeny in context with
other stem-group snakes. Madtsoiidae
Scanferla et al. (2013) produce a phylogeny of families, and
Rio & Mannion (2018) produce a phylogeny of the Madtsoiidae
primitive and/or monotypic genera to determine placement of
based on vertebral characters.
†Kataria.
K.T. Smith (2013) discusses classification and familial assign-
ments of some fossil taxa as follows: (1) †Eoanilius europae “Scolecophidia”
is probably a booid; (2) †Calamagras weigeli belongs to the Hedges et al. (2014) construct a molecular-based phylogeny
Ungaliophiinae; (3) †Paraplatyspondylia batesi is prob- of Typhlopidae, from which they erect four subfamilies, and
ably a species of †Platyspondylia; (4) †Ogmophis compactus new genera. They include data for 92 named and 60 yet-to-be
belongs to the Loxocemidae. described species.
Hsiang et al. (2015) discuss snake origins, and present a Pyron & Wallach (2014) produce a DNA sequence-based phy-
revised phylogeny. logeny of the Typhlopidae using 95 species, which conform to
Reeder et al. (2015) use morphological and molecular data to four subfamilies, and a revised arrangement of genera. Their
produce a phylogeny of Squamata that places snakes as sis- taxonomic conclusions are backed by data from internal and
ter taxon to the Mosasauria. Anomalepidiae are paraphyletic external morphology of nearly all recognized species.
with respect to Typhlopidae and Leptotyphlopidae, making Nagy et al. (2015) add genes and taxa to the gene matri-
the Scolecophidia non-monophyletic. These families are sis- ces studied by Hedges et al. (2014) and Pyron & Wallach
ters to remaining snakes, followed by Dinilysia and Najash, (2014), concluding that Antillotyphlops, Cubatyphlops,
with remaining snakes forming two clades. and Sundatyphlops are diagnosable, and that all native
Figueroa et al. (2016) present a ten gene-phylogeny using 1652 Madagascar species are assignable to Madatyphlops.
snake species, resulting in a modified resolution of suprage- Miralles et al. (2018) use 14 nuclear genes to examine relation-
neric snake classification. ships of the Scolecophidia. The resulting phylogeny reveals
Streicher & Wiens (2016) use 1.4 million base pairs from the Scolecophidia to be paraphyletic, with anomalepids
nuclear genes to produce a phylogeny using one or two rep- Liotyphlops and Typhlophis as sister taxa to the Alethinophidia.
resentatives from snake families. The phylogenies reveal
(1) a non-monophyletic Scolecophidia, (2) an association
Uropeltidae
between Aniliidae and Tropidophiidae, (3) and a clade
containing Casarea, Loxocemus, and Xenopeltis with the Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a revised phylogeny and a taxo-
Pythonidae. nomic summary of the Uropeltidae. Pseudotyphlops and
Zheng & Wiens (2016) produce a combination phylogeny Sri Lankan Uropeltis are included in Rhinophis.
based on numerous genes and taxa that is relatively similar to Cyriac & Kodandaramaiah (2017) use DNA sequence data to
the one produced by Wiens et al. (2012). produce a phylogeny of 32 described plus some undescribed
9
10 Snakes of the World
species from all genera of Uropeltidae, which resolve among Hydrophiinae. Within the Dipsadidae are two speciose clades:
four clades. (1) Brachyophidium is nested within Teretrurus, Dipsadinae and Xenodontinae. There are some basal taxa that
and they recommend synonymy of the two genera. (2) All are assigned to the Carphophiinae, and several others that
Sri Lankan genera and species (radiation) are nested within are paraphyletic relative to the named subfamilies (listed
Indian Rhinophis, rendering Rhinophis and Uropeltis non- as subfamily “unnamed” below; e.g., Diadophis, Farancia,
monophyletic as currently recognized. (3) Indian Uropeltis Heterodon, and Thermophis).
includes multiple species.
Homalopsidae
Pythonidae and Boidae
J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a synopsis of the
Pyron et al. (2014b) critique recent Boidae phylogenies, and Homalopsidae, including keys to the genera and species.
propose elevating all subfamilies to family level: Sanziniidae, Quah et al. (2018c) produce an mtDNA sequence-based
Charinidae, Erycidae, Candoiidae, and Boidae s.s. They pro- phylogeny of Homalopsidae that supports previous phylog-
vide a morphological and phylogenetic definition for each, as enies, but includes Raclitia, which recovers as sister taxon to
well as list extant species for each. Erpeton.
Reynolds et al. (2014b) present a DNA sequence-based phy-
logeny of most species of Pythonidae and Boidae. The pytho-
Pareidae
nids arranged into seven clades that correspond to the genera
recognized herein, except for those subsequently argued as Deepak et al. (2018) use data from six genes to evaluate the
valid by Barker et al. (2015), who recommend continued rec- phylogenetic relationship of Xylophis. The three species form
ognition of Apodora and Leiopython (subsumed within Liasis a sister clade to the Pareatidae, and are allocated to a new
and Bothrochilus, respectively, by Reynolds et al.). In addi- subfamily, Xylophiinae, within the pareatids. The latter clade
tion, Reynolds et al. recover Morelia viridis as sister taxon to contains a clade containing Asthenodipsas, and another con-
Antaresia, but they do not recommend reassignment of viri taining Pareas, to which Aplopeltura is the sister taxon.
dis. The boids are arranged into eight clades plus Calabaria.
The four innermost clades correspond to the Boinae, and the
Dipsadidae
other four correspond to the other subfamilies recognized
by Pyron et al. (2014b), with Charininae and Ungaliophiinae Pyron et al. (2015) present a revised phylogeny of the
branching within one of those clades. Dipsadinae. They define the tribes Nothopsini (Nothopsis) and
Barker et al. (2015) review the taxonomy of the Pythonidae, Diaphorolepidini (Diaphorolepis, Emmochliophis, Synophis).
and continue to recognize Apodora and Leiopython based on They (2016a) present a revised phylogeny of the species of the
their distinctive morphologies. Diaphorolepidini.
Barker et al. (2018) review the Pythonidae of Asia, the East Arteaga et al. (2018) present a DNA sequence-based phylog-
Indies, and New Guinea. eny of the Dipsadini, which places Sibynomorphus within
Dipsas.
Reynolds & Henderson (2018) present a synopsis of the living
genera, species, and subspecies of the Superfamily Booidea.
For each taxon, they provide a subheading of taxonomy, type Colubridae
specimen, distribution, and conservation status.
X. Chen et al. (2014) present a phylogeny for Gonyophis
and related taxa, and recommend combining Gonyophis,
Colubroidea Rhadinophis, and Rhynchophis with Gonyosoma.
Pyron et al. (2014a) attempt to resolve several difficult L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015) present a synopsis of the
nodes in basal Caenophidea and Colubroidea. They con- Tantilla clade of the Sonorini (Geagras, Scolecophis, Tantilla,
clude that monophyly of both groups remains uncertain. Tantillita).
Other conclusions are that (1) Homalopsidae is sister taxon Mirza et al. (2016) provide a DNA-sequence based phylogeny
to Lamprophiidae, Elapidae, and Colubridae, (2) relationships of numerous Old World Colubrini that includes an “arid clade”
between Lamprophiidae subfamilies are poorly resolved, comprising Bamanophis, Dolichophis, Eirenis s.l., Hemero
(3) three clades are evident within a broad Colubridae phis, Hemorrhois, Hierophis, Lytorhynchus, Macroprotodon,
(a: Sibynophiinae, Grayiinae, Calamariinae and Colubrinae, Mopanveldophis, Orientocoluber, Platyceps, Spalerosophis,
b: Pseudexenodontinae and Dipsadinae, c: Natricinae). and Wallaceophis, to the exclusion of African (Thelotornis,
Zaher et al. (2019) produce a DNA sequence-based phylogeny Thrasops) and Asian (Coelognathus) forest taxa. Mirza &
of over 1200 caenophidian species using up to 15 genes. They Patel (2018) add Rhynchocalamus and Wallophis to the arid
provide a morphological and temporal basis for their stem clade.
clades. The arrangement in Elapidae is stepwise, although the X. Chen et al. (2017) present a revised phylogeny of the
Australasian and marine taxa are recognized as the subfamily “ratsnakes” (Coronellini plus Lampropeltini). (1) The
Classification 11
placement of Elaphe zoigeensis and Orthriophis taeniurus sequence data. Two primary clades each contain two clades:
leave the respective genera paraphyletic, which the authors (1) Storeria plus Clonophis, Virginia, Seminatrix, Regina
resolve by placing Orthriophis within an expanded Elaphe. alleni, R. rigida, (2) Adelophis, Thamnophis plus Nerodia,
(2) They return Zamenis scalaris to the monotypic Rhinechis, Tropidoclonion, Regina graham, R. septemvittata. Due to
though it remains sister taxon to remaining Zamenis. (3) The paraphyly, the two species of Virginia are recognized as sepa-
species of Lampropeltis are segregated into two clades: the rate genera (Haldea resurrected for V. striatula), and due to
blotched/cross-banded species, and the ringed, tricolor spe- paraphyly and monophyly, Seminatrix and the two Regina of
cies. (4) In order to recognize the Lampropeltini as distinct the first clade are included in a resurrected Liodytes.
from Old World species, the authors revive Coronellini for
Takeuchi et al. (2018) analyze Asian natricids using DNA
both Old and New World species, and recognize five subtribes:
sequence data. Several clades are resolved: (1) Opisthotropis is
Coronellina, Elapheina, Euprepiophina, Oreocryptophina,
sister taxon to European and New World taxa, (2) Sri Lankan
and Lampropeltina.
endemics Aspidura and Haplocercus, and (3) a speciose
Dahn et al. (2018) use sequence data from seven genes to clade in which Macropisthodon rudis (=Pseudagkistrodon),
produce a phylogeny of the Lampropeltini. Species content Trachischium and Hebius for a sister clade to remaining spe-
of previously established genera are confirmed, and evidence cies. In the speciose group, the structure has the African gen-
of multiple species are confirmed or discovered for Arizona, era Afronatrix and Natriciteres as a sister taxon, followed by
Cemophora, Pseudelaphe, Rhinocheilus, and Senticolis. a clade containing Atretium and the Xenochrophis piscator
Cox et al. (2018) present a phylogeny of taxa of Sonorini species group (=Fowlea). The remainder of the clade contains
related to Sonora. They resolve five clades, and elect to refer Balanophis, other Xenochrophis, and other Macropisthodon
these to subgenera, which requires reducing Chilomeniscus mingled among Rhabdophis. The authors recommend com-
and Chionactis to subgenera. bining the latter clade into a broader Rhabdophis.
A.K. Mallik et al. (2019) use a variety of genes to produce a Giri et al. (2019a) produce a DNA sequence-based phylogeny
phylogeny of the Ahaetullinae, which partitions two clades: for some natricids, with a focus on Asian taxa. Their phylog-
(1) Dryophiops (Proahaetulla (Ahaetulla)), and (2) Chrysope eny shows the close relationship of Trimerodytes, Smithophis,
lea and Dendrelaphis. The 11 species evalauated for the latter and Opisthotropis, the distinction of the nuchal-gland clade
form two clades. They also provide a key to the five genera. apart from Rhabdophis, and the paraphyly of Atretium yun
nanensis with Xenochrophis s.s.
Pseudoxyrhophiidae
Ruane et al. (2015) produce a phylogeny sampled from most Elapidae
genera of Malagasy pseudoxyrhophiids that sorts them among
Sanders et al. (2013) provide a phylogeny of viviparous
two clades that correspond to maxillary tooth morphology.
marine Elapidae (i.e., sea snakes) using DNA sequence data
from combined mt- and nDNA from 39 species and 15 gen-
Atractaspididae era. Taxa partition into two primary clades: Emydocephalus
and Aipysurus, and a clade containing the remaining taxa.
Portillo et al. (2018) provide a phylogeny of the Aparallacti- The semi-aquatic and microcephalic genera Ephalophis,
nae, but without Brachyophis or Hypoptophis material. Apar- Hydrelaps, Microcephalophis, and Parahydrophis are sister
allactines are monophyletic minus Micrelaps. There are three taxa to a group referred to as the core Hydrophis group. Due
primary clades: (1) Aparallactus, (2) Chilorhinophis as sister to the paraphyly of this group, in which classically recognized
taxon to Polemon, and (3) Macrelaps-Amblyodipsas-Xenocal genera are scattered among subclades and hierarchies with
amus. Within the latter, Xenocalamus are within Amblyodip Hydrophis, s.s., Sanders et al. elect to recognize this group as
sas, and are hypothesized to bear longer snouts for occurrence an expanded Hydrophis, s.l. See also Ukuwela et al. (2016) for
in arid areas. Also, Amblyodipsas concolor lies without other supporting results.
Amblyodipsas species as sister taxon to Macrelaps. The authors
recommend against taxonomic changes until additional taxa M.S.Y. Lee et al. (2016a) use multiple-gene DNA sequence data
are analyzed. They also found Micrelaps to be unrelated to to produce a phylogeny of more than half of known species of
either the Atractaspidinae or Aparallactinae. Elapidae. Calliophis are sister taxa to all remaining species,
Portillo et al. (2019a) provide a phylogeny of the which form three primary clades: (1) Sinomicrurus and New
Atractaspidinae, Atractaspis and Homoroselaps, confirming World species (Micruroides and Micrurus), (2) Hemibungarus,
the monophyly of both genera as sister taxa. Dendroaspis, and the “cobras” (Aspidelaps, Hemachatus,
Naja s. l., Ophiophagus, and Walterinnesia), (3) Bungarus plus
the Australopapuan genera and all marine species.
Natricidae
J.L. Strickland et al. (2016) present a phylogeny of the
McVay & Carstens (2013) produce a phylogeny of exist- Hydrophiinae, based on mt- and nDNA sequence data, which
ing genera of the Natricid tribe Thamnophiini using DNA does not recommend taxonomic change.
Viperidae Their results include a monophyletic Bothrops that

includes the genera Bothriopsis, Bothropoides, Bothrops,
Stümpel & Joger (2009) summarize the viperid genera Rhinocerophis, with B. pictus as sister taxon to the remain-
Daboia, Macrovipera and Montivipera in SW Asia. ing species. Retention of the four genera would require a new
Guo et al. (2015) produce an mtDNA-based phylogeny for genus for B. pictus.
numerous South Asian pit vipers, which supports recognition Timms et al. (2019) evaluate mtDNA gene sequences
of recently recognized genera: Craspedocephalus, Parias, for most species related to Bothrops, and recover phylog-
Popeia, Trimeresurus and Viridovipera, with Himalayophis enies that support four clades (Bothriopsis, Bothropoides,
and Sinovipera as monotypic. Bothrops, and Rhinocerophis), but would require a new
Alencar et al. (2016) used large DNA datasets to evaluate genus for the sister arrangement of Bothrops lojanus, or B.
relationships of roughly 80% of known species of Viperidae. lojanus and B. pictus.
Classification and List of Genera
The following classification is intended to associate snake “SCOLECOPHIDIA”

genera with their respective families and subfamilies. In the ANOMALEPIDIDAE
case of fossil taxa, the placement is often subjective, and based Anomalepis, Helminthophis, Liotyphlops, Typhlophis
on suggested relationships in original descriptions. The non-
alethinophidian classification is based in part on Garberoglio GERRHOPILIDAE
et al. (2019), Gomez et al. (2019), Hsiang et al. (2015), Miralles Cathetorhinus, Gerrhopilus
(2018), Onary et al. (2017), and Reeder et al. (2015). The
“henophidian” relationships are based in part on Pyron et al. TYPHLOPIDAE
(2014b), Reynolds et al. (2014b), Streicher & Wiens (2016), Afrotyphlopinae
Zheng and Wiens (2016). The colubroidean classification fol- Afrotyphlops, Letheobia, Rhinotyphlops
lows Zaher et al. (2019), but adds the Cyclocorinae of Weinell Asiatyphlopinae
& Brown (2018) as a family to match the hierarchical levels Acutotyphlops, Anilios, Argyrophis, Cyclotyphlops,
of Zaher et al. Grypotyphlops, Indotyphlops, Malayotyphlops,
Ramphotyphlops, Sundatyphlops, Xerotyphlops
OPHIDIA Madatyphlopinae
Incertae sedis Madatyphlops
†Coniophis, †Diablophis, †Eophis, †Herensugea, †Najash, Typhlopinae
†Norisophis, †Parviraptor, †Portugalophis, †Seismophis, Amerotyphlops, Antillotyphlops, Cubatyphlops, Typhlops
†Tetrapodophis
XENOTYPHLOPIDAE
†DINILYSIIDAE Xenotyphlops
†Dinilysia
LEPTOTYPHLOPIDAE
SERPENTES Leptotyphlopinae
Incertae sedis Epacrophis, Leptotyphlops, Myriopholis, Namibiana
†Lunaophis, †Tuscahomaophis, †Vectophis, †Xiaophis Epictinae
Epictia, Habrophallos, Mitophis, Rena, Rhinoguinea,
†ANOMALOPHIIDAE Rhinoleptus, Siagonodon, Tetracheilostoma, Tricheilostoma,
†Anomalophis, †Krebsophis, †Russellophis Trilepida
†LAPPARENTOPHIIDAE ALETHINOPHIDEA
†Lapparentophis, †Pouitella Incerta Sedis
†Cerberophis, †Goinophis
†MADTSOIIDAE
†Adinophis, †Alamitophis, †Eomadtsoia, †Gigantophis, ANOMOCHILIDAE
†Madtsoia, †Menarana, †Nanowana, †Nidophis, Anomochilus
†Patagoniophis, †Platyspondylophis, †Rionegrophis, CYLINDROPHIIDAE
†Sanajeh, †Wonambi, †Yurlunggur Cylindrophis, †Michauxophis
†NIGEROPHIIDAE ANILIIDAE
†Amananulam, †Indophis, †Kelyophis, †Nigerophis, Anilius, †Australophis, †Colombophis, †Eoanilius,
†Nubianophis, †Woutersophis †Hoffstetterella
UROPELTIDAE
†PALAEOPHIIDAE
Melanophidium, Platyplectrurus, Plectrurus,
†Archaeophiinae
Pseudoplectrurus, Rhinophis, Teretrurus, Uropeltis
†Archaeophis
†Palaeophiinae MACROSTOMATA
†Palaeophis, †Pterosphenus BOOIDEA
Incertae Sedis
†SIMOLIOPHIIDAE †Anilioides, †Bavarioboa, †Botrophis, †Cadurcoboa,
†Eupodophis, †Haasiophis, †Mesophis, †Pachyophis, †Calamagras, †Cheilophis, †Chubutophis, †Conantophis,
†Pachyrhachis, †Simoliophis †Coprophis, †Daunophis, †Dawsonophis, †Gaimanophis,
13
†Geringophis, †Hechtophis, †Helagras, †Hordleophis, †Procerophis, †Renenutet, Scaptophis, Tetralepis,

†Huberophis, †Itaboraiophis, †Kataria, †Lithophis, †Texasophis, †Thaumastophis
†Ogmophis, †Ophidioniscus, †Palaelaphis, †Paleryx,
†Paulacoutophis, †Plesiotortrix, †Pollackophis, HOMALOPSIDAE
†Pterygoboa, †Rageophis, †Sanjuanophis, †Tachyophis, Bitia, Brachyorrhos, Calamophis, Cantoria, Cerberus,
†Tallahattaophis, †Titanoboa, †Totlandophis, †Tregophis Dieurostus, Djokoiskandarus, Enhydris, Erpeton, Ferania,
†Waincophis Fordonia, Gerarda, Gyiophis, Heurnia, Homalophis,
Homalopsis, Hypsiscopus, Karnsophis, Kualatahan,
LOXOCEMIDAE Mintonophis, Miralia, Myron, Myrrophis, Phytolopsis,
Loxocemus Pseudoferania, Raclitia, Subsessor, Sumatranus
XENOPELTIDAE PAREIDAE
Cryptophidion, Xenopeltis Pareinae
Aplopeltura, Asthenodipsas, Pareas
PYTHONIDAE
Xylophiinae
Antaresia, Aspidites, Bothrochilus, Leiopython, Liasis,
Xylophis
Malayopython, Morelia, †Palaeopython, Python, Simalia
BOIDAE PSEUDOXENODONTIDAE
Boa, Chilabothrus, Corallus, Epicrates, Eunectes, †Rukwanyoka Plagiopholis, Pseudexenodon
CALABARIIDAE XENODERMIDAE
Calabaria Achalinus, Fimbrios, Parafimbrios, Stoliczkia, Xenodermus
CANDOIIDAE DIPSADIDAE
Candoia Subfamily unnamed
Cercophis, Diadophis, †Dryinoides, Enuliophis, Enulius,
CHARINIDAE Farancia, Heterodon, Lioheterophis, †Paleofarancia,
Charininae †Paleoheterodon, Stichophanes, Thermophis
Charina, Lichanura, †Paraepicrates Carphophiinae
Ungaliophiinae Carphophis, Contia
†Dunnophis, Exiliboa, †Paraplatyspondylia, Dipsadinae
†Paraungaliophis, †Platyspondylia, Ungaliophis Adelphicos, Amastridium, Atractus, Cenaspis,
Chersodromus, Coniophanes, Cryophis, Diaphorolepis,
ERYCIDAE
Dipsas, Emmochliophis, Geophis, Hydromorphus,
†Albaneryx, †Bransateryx, †Cadurceryx, Eryx
Hypsiglena, Imantodes, Leptodeira, Ninia, Nothopsis,
SANZINIIDAE Omoadiphas, Plesiodipsas, Pliocercus, Pseudoleptodeira,
Acrantophis, Sanzinia Rhadinaea, Rhadinella, Rhadinophanes, Sibon, Synophis,
Tantalophis, Tretanorhinus, Trimetopon, Tropidodipsas,
TROPIDOPHIIDAE Urotheca
†Boavus, †Falseryx, †Messelophis, †Rottophis, †Szyndlaria, Xenodontinae
Trachyboa, Tropidophis Alsophis, Amnesteophis, Apostolepis, Arcanumophis,
Arrhyton, Boiruna, Borikenophis, Caateboia,
BOLYERIIDAE
Calamodontophis, Caraiba, Chapinophis, Clelia,
Bolyeria, Casarea
Conophis, Coronelaps, Crisantophis, Cubophis,
XENOPHIDIIDAE Ditaxodon, Drepanoides, Echinanthera, Elapomorphus,
Xenophidion Erythrolamprus, Eutrachelophis, Gomesophis, Haitiophis,
Helicops, Hydrodynastes, Hydrops, Hypsirhynchus, Ialtris,
CAENOPHIDIA Lygophis, Magliophis, Manolepis, Mussurana, Ocyophis,
ACROCHORDIDAE Oxyrhopus, Paraphimophis, Parapostolepis, Phalotris,
Acrochordus Philodryas, Phimophis, Pseudalsophis, Pseudoboa,
Pseudoeryx, Pseudotomodon, Psomophis, Ptychophis,
COLUBROIDEA Rhachidelus, Rodriguesophis, Saphenophis, Schwartzophis,
Incerta Sedis Siphlophis, Sordellina, Tachymenis, Taeniophallus,
†Ameiseophis, Blythia, †Dakotaophis, †Floridaophis, Thamnodynastes, Tomodon, Tropidodryas, Uromacer,
†Headonophis, Micrelaps, Montaspis †Nebraskophis, Xenodon, Xenopholis
Classification and List of Genera 15
CALAMARIIDAE Heteroliodon, Ithycyphus, Langaha, Leioheterodon,

Calamaria, Calamorhabdium, Collorhabdium, Liophidium, Liopholidophis, Lycodryas, Madagascarophis,
Etheridgeum, Macrocalamus, Pseudorabdion, Rabdion Micropisthodon, Pararhadinaea, Parastenophis,
Phisalixella, Pseudoxyrhophus, Thamnosophis
GRAYIIDAE
Grayia PSEUDASPIDIDAE
Psammodynastes, Pseudaspis, Pythonodipsas
SIBYNOPHIIDAE
Scaphiodontophis, Sibynophis PROSYMNIDAE
Prosymna
COLUBRIDAE
Incertae Sedis PSAMMOPHIIDAE
†Chotaophis, †Gansophis, †Proptychophis, †Sardophis, Dipsina, Hemirhagerrhis, Kladirostratus, Malpolon,
†Sivaophis Mimophis, Psammophis, Psammophylax, Rhagerhis,
Ahaetullinae Rhamphiophis, Taphrometopon
Ahaetulla, Chrysopelea, Dendrelaphis, Dryophiops,
Proahaetulla ATRACTASPIDIDAE
Colubrinae Aparallactinae
Aeluroglena, Aprosdokedophis, Archelaphe, Argyrogena, Amblyodipsas, Aparallactus, Brachyophis, Chilorhinophis,
Arizona, Bamanophis, Bogertophis, Boiga, Cemophora, Hypoptophis, Macrelaps, Poecilopholis, Polemon,
Chironius, Coelognathus, Coluber, Colubroelaps, Conopsis, Xenocalamus
Coronella, Crotaphopeltis, Cyclophiops, Dasypeltis,
Atractaspidinae
Dendrophidion, Dipsadoboa, Dispholidus, Dolichophis,
Atractaspis, Homoroselaps
Drymarchon, Drymobius, Drymoluber, Dryocalamus,
Eirenis, Elaphe, Euprepiophis, Ficimia, Geagras,
NATRICIDAE
Gongylosoma, Gonyosoma, Gyalopion, Hapsidophrys,
Adelophis, Afronatrix, Amphiesma, Amphiesmoides,
Hemerophis, Hemorrhois, Hierophis, †Hispanophis,
Anoplohydrus, Aspidura, Atretium, Ceratophallus,
Lampropeltis, Leptodrymus, Leptophis, Liopeltis, Lycodon,
Clonophis, Elapoidis, Fowlea, Haldea, Hebius, Helophis,
Lytorhynchus, Macroprotodon, Masticophis, Mastigodryas,
Herpetoreas, Hydrablabes, Hydraethiops, Iguanognathus
Meizodon, †Miocoluber, Mopanveldophis, Muhtarophis,
(?), Isanophis, Limnophis, Liodytes, Lycognathophis,
Oligodon, Oocatochus, Opheodrys, Oreocalamus,
†Micronatrix, †Mionatrix, Natriciteres, Natrix, †Neonatrix,
Oreocryptophis, Orientocoluber, Orthriophis, Oxybelis,
Nerodia, Opisthotropis, †Palaeonatrix, Paratapinophis,
Palusophis, Pantherophis, †Paracoluber, †Paraoxybelis,
Pseudagkistrodon, Regina, Rhabdophis, Rhabdops,
†Paraxenophis, †Periergophis, Philothamnus, Phrynonax,
Smithophis, Storeria, Thamnophis, Trachischium,
Phyllorhynchus, Pituophis, Platyceps, Pseudelaphe,
Trimerodytes, Tropidoclonion, Tropidonophis, Virginia,
†Pseudocemophora, Pseudoficimia, Ptyas, Rhamnophis,
Xenochrophis
Rhinobothryum, Rhinocheilus, Rhynchocalamus,
Salvadora, Scaphiophis, Scolecophis, Senticolis, Simophis,
ELAPIDAE
Sonora, Spalerosophis, Spilotes, Stegonotus, Stenorrhina,
Acanthophis, Afronaja, Aipysurus, Antaioserpens,
Symphimus, Sympholis, Tantilla, Tantillita, †Tauntonophis,
Aspidelaps, Aspidomorphus, Austrelaps, Boulengerina,
Telescopus, Thelotornis, Thrasops, Toxicodryas,
Brachyurophis, Buhoma, Bungarus, Cacophis,
Trimorphodon, Wallaceophis, Wallophis, Xenelaphis,
Calliophis, Cryptophis, Demansia, Dendroaspis,
Xyelodontophis, Zamenis, †Zelceophis, †Zilantophis
Denisonia, Drysdalia, Echiopsis, Elapognathus,
CYCLOCORIDAE Elapsoidea, Emydocephalus, Ephalophis, Furina,
Cyclocorus, Hologerrhum, Myersophis, Oxyrhabdium Hemachatus, Hemiaspis, Hemibungarus, Hoplocephalus,
Hydrelaps, Hydrophis, †Incongruelaps, Kolpophis,
LAMPROPHIIDAE Laticauda, Loveridgelaps, Microcephalophis,
Boaedon, Bothrolycus, Bothrophthalmus, Chamaelycus, Micropechis, Micruroides, Micrurus, Naja, Notechis,
Dendrolycus, Gonionotophis, Gracililima, Hormonotus, Ogmodon, Ophiophagus, Oxyuranus, Parahydrophis,
Inyoka, Lamprophis, Limaformosa, Lycodonomorphus, Parapistocalamus, Parasuta, Paroplocephalus,
Lycophidion, Mehelya, Pseudoboodon Pseudechis, Pseudohaje, Pseudolaticauda,
Pseudonaja, Rhinoplocephalus, Salomonelaps,
PSEUDOXYRHOPHIIDAE Simoselaps, Sinomicrurus, Suta, Thalassophis,
Alluaudina, Amplorhinus, Brygophis, Compsophis, Toxicocalamus, Tropidechis, Uraeus, Vermicella,
Ditypophis, Dromicodryas, Duberria, Elapotinus, Walterinnesia
VIPERIDAE Crotalinae
Incerta Sedis Agkistrodon, Atropoides, Bothriechis, Bothrocophias,
†Laophis Bothrops, Calloselasma, Cerrophidion, Craspedocephalus,
Crotalus, Deinagkistrodon, Garthius, Gloydius,
Azemiopinae
Himalayophis, Hypnale, Lachesis, Mixcoatlus, Ophryacus,
Azemiops
Ovophis, Parias, Peltopelor, Popeia, Porthidium,
Viperinae Protobothrops, Sistrurus, Trimeresurus, Tropidolaemus,
Atheris, Bitis, Causus, Cerastes, Daboia, Echis, Viridovipera
Eristicophis, Macrovipera, Montatheris, Montivipera,
Proatheris, Pseudocerastes, Vipera
Species Accounts by Genus
ACANTHOPHIS Daudin, 1803 (Elapidae) Achalinus juliani Ziegler, Nguyen, Pham, Nguyen, Pham,
Comments: Maddock et al. (2015) produce a phylogeny of pop- Schingen, Nguyen & Le, 2019b. Zootaxa 4590(2): 253–255,
ulations from seven of the species, based on DNA sequence figs. 2–5.
data. Papuan (A. laevis) populations are sister to Australian Holotype: IEBR A2018.8, a 355 mm male (C.T. Pham, 14 June
populations, which form two clades of three species each. 2014).
Acanthophis antarcticus (Shaw & Nodder, 1802 in 1789–1813) Type locality: “forest of Duc Quang Commune (22°43.084′N,
Acanthophis ceramensis (Günther, 1863) 106°39.653′E, at an elevation of 477 m above sea level), Ha
Distribution: Add Indonesia (Ambon, Bisa, Haruku, Nusa Lang District, Cao Bang Province, northern Vietnam.”
Laut, Obi, Saparua, Selaru, Yamdena), Lang (2013, as Distribution: N Vietnam (Cao Bang), 477–1590 m.
Acanthophis spp.). Achalinus meiguensis Hu & Zhao, 1966
Acanthophis cryptamydros Maddock, Ellis, Doughty, Holotype: Corrected to CIB 008091, Guo et al. (2012a).
Smith & Wüster, 2015. Zootaxa 4007(3): 308–312, figs. 5–8. Distribution: Add China (Yunnan), Ziegler et al. (2019b).
Holotype: WAM 174083, a 482 mm male (R. Ellis, G. Achalinus niger Maki, 1931
Bourke & R. Barrett, 8 March 2014).
Achalinus rufescens Boulenger, 1888
Type locality: “1 km north-west of Theda Station homestead, Distribution: Add China (Guihou), Ziegler et al. (2019b).
Western Australia (14°46′59.10″S, 126°29′22.02″E),” Australia.
Achalinus spinalis W.C.H. Peters, 1869
Distribution: NW Australia (Kimberley region of Western
Australia, including Bigge, Boongaree, Koolan, Molena, and Distribution: Add China (Guizhou, Hunan), J. Wang et al. (2019);
Wulalam Islands). China (Chekiang, Yunnan), Ziegler et al. (2019b); Japan (Ryukyu
Is.: Inokawa, Kametoku, Koshiki), Ziegler et al. (2019b).
Acanthophis hawkei Wells & Wellington, 1985
Achalinus timi Ziegler, Nguyen, Pham, Nguyen, Pham,
Acanthophis laevis Macleay, 1877 Schingen, Nguyen & Le, 2019b. Zootaxa 4590(2): 258–260,
Distribution: Add Papua New Guinea (Manam Island), figs. 6, 7.
Clegg & Jocque (2016). Holotype: IEBR A2018.10, a 178 mm male (A.V. Pham,
Acanthophis praelongus Ramsay, 1877 12 May 2014).
Acanthophis pyrrhus Boulenger, 1898 Type locality: “forest within the Copia Nature Reserve,
Acanthophis rugosus Loveridge, 1948 near Hua Ty Village (21°20.105′N, 103°35.860′E), Co Ma
Commune, Thuan Chau District, Son La Province, northern
Acanthophis wellsi Hoser, 1998
Vietnam,… at an elevation of ca. 1470 m above sea level.”
ACHALINUS W.C.H. Peters, 1869 (Xenodermidae) Distribution: N Vietnam (Son La), 1470 m. Known only from
Achalinus ater Bourret, 1937 the holotype.
Distribution: Add Vietnam (Bac Kan), Teynié et al. (2015). Achalinus werneri Van Denburgh, 1912
Achalinus emilyae Ziegler, Nguyen, Pham, Nguyen, Pham, Achalinus yunkaiensis J. Wang, Li & Wang in J. Wang et al.,
Schingen, Nguyen & Le, 2019b. Zootaxa 4590(2): 260–265, 2019. Zootaxa 4674(4), 474–478, figs. 2, 3.
figs. 8–10. Holotype: SYS R001903, a 343 mm male (J. Wang & H.
Holotype: IEBR 4465, a 415+ mm female (M. van Schingen & Chen, 10 April 2018).
D.K.T. Pham, 5 May 2016). Type locality: “Dawuling Forestry Station (22.27580°N,
111.19524°|E; 1500 m a.s.l.), Maoming City, Guangdong
Type locality: “Dong Son-Ky Thuong Nature Reserve
Province, China.”
(21°10.15′N, 107°9.58′E, at an elevation of 348.5 m above sea
level), Hoanh Bo District, Quang Ninh Province, Vietnam.” Distribution: S China (Guangdong), 900–1600 m.
Distribution: N Vietnam (Bac Giang, Quang Ninh), 349 m. ACRANTOPHIS Jan, 1860 in Jan & Sordelli, 1860–1866
Known from two specimens. (Sanziniidae)
Achalinus formosanus Boulenger, 1908 Acrantophis dumerili Jan, 1860 in Jan & Sordelli, 1860–1866
Achalinus hainanus Huang in Hu, Zhao & Huang, 1975 Comments: mtDNA analysis by Orozco-Terwengel et al.
Achalinus jinggangensis (Zong & Ma, 1983) (2008) suggests the possibility of a new species that mor-
Distribution: Add China (Hunan), J. Wang et al. (2019). phologically resembles A. dumerili, but is paraphyletic with
17
A. madagascariensis. Mezzasalma et al. (2019) describe the Distribution: NE Mexico (Nuevo Leon, E Queretaro, E San
chromosomes. Luis Potosi, S Tamaulipas), 680–1605 m.
Acrantophis madagascariensis (A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, Adelphicos nigrilatum H.M. Smith, 1942
1844) Adelphicos quadrivirgatum Jan, 1862
ACROCHORDUS Hornstedt, 1787 (Acrochordidae) Synonyms: Remove Rhegnops visoninus Cope, 1866, Rhegnops
sargii J.G. Fischer, 1885, Adelphicos newmanorum Taylor, 1950.
Comments: Sanders et al. (2010) evaluate molecular and morpho-
logical data for the three living species, finding A. javanicus to Distribution: Limited to S Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca,
be the sister taxon to the other two. They provide a table of mor- E Tabasco, Veracruz).
phological characters for each species, and discuss divergence Adelphicos sargii J.G. Fischer, 1885. Jahrb. Hamburg. Wiss.
dating, with †A. dehmi. The results confirm that Acrochordus Anst. 2: 92–93. (Rhegnops sargii)
forms a sister group to Colubroidea within Caenophidia. Lectotype: BMNH 1946.1.6.28, an adult female (Sarg).
Acrochordus arafurae McDowell, 1979 Type locality: “Guatemala”; restricted to Volcan Zunil,
†Acrochordus dehmi Hoffstetter, 1964 Suchitepequez, by Smith & Talor (1950).
Acrochordus granulatus (Schneider, 1799) Distribution: Mexico (SE Chiapas), S Guatemala, 500–1550 m.
Distribution: Add West Malaysia (Johor), Voris (2015); West Adelphicos veraepacis Stuart, 1941
Malaysia (Selangor), Voris (2017); Philippines (Calauit, Adelphicos visoninum Cope, 1866. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Guimaras, Negros, Siquijor), Leviton et al. (2018); Indonesia
Philadelphia 8: 128–129. (Rhegnops visoninus)
(Halmahera), Lang (2013); Papua New Guinea (Manus
Island), Clegg & Jocque (2016). Holotype: USNM 24899, female (B. Parsons).
Type locality: “Honduras”; corrected to Belize by Cochran
Acrochordus javanicus Hornstedt, 1787
(1961).
ACUTOTYPHLOPS Wallach, 1995 (Typhlopidae: Distribution: SE Mexico (N Chiapas), N Guatemala, Brelize,
Asiatyphlopinae) N Honduras.
Comments: Hedges et al. (2014), Pyron & Wallach (2014) pro-
†ADINOPHIS Pritchard, McCartney, Krause & Kley, 2014.
vide generic diagnoses.
J. Vert. Paleontol. 34(5): 1081. (†Madtsoiidae)
Acutotyphlops banaorum Wallach, R. Brown, Diesmos &
Type species: †Adinophis fisaka Pritchard, McCartney,
Gee, 2007
Krause & Kley, 2014 by original designation.
Acutotyphlops infralabialis (Waite, 1918) Distribution: Upper Cretaceous of Madagascar.
Acutotyphlops kunuaensis Wallach, 1995
Acutotyphlops solomonis (H.W. Parker, 1939) †Adinophis fisaka Pritchard, McCartney, Krause & Kley,
Acutotyphlops subocularis (Waite, 1897) 2014. J. Vert. Paleontol. 34(5): 1081–1083, fig. 1.
Holotype: UA 9941 (orig. FMNH PR 2577), a posterior trunk
ADELOPHIS Dugès in Cope, 1879 (Natricidae) vertebra.
Comments: This genus remains paraphyletic within Type locality: “Locality MAD93-73, Berivotra Study Area,
Thamnophis, Zaher et al. (2019). Mahajanga Basin, northwestern Madagascar.”
Adelophis copei Dugès in Cope, 1879 Distribution: Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of NW
Adelophis foxi Rossman & Blaney, 1968 Madagascar (Mahajanga).
AELUROGLENA Boulenger, 1898 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)

ADELPHICOS Jan, 1862 (Dipsadidae: Dipsadinae)
Comments: Smith et al. (2001) recommend recognition of Aeluroglena cucullata Boulenger, 1898
A. sargii and A. visoninum as species based on discrete mor- AFRONAJA Wallach, Wüster, & Broadley, 2009 (Elapidae)
phological differences. Previously LaDuc (1996) had proposed
recognition of sargii and newmanorum in an unpublished the- Synonyms: Remove Palaeonaja Hoffstetter, 1939.
sis, which Smith et al. did not reference. All three taxa are Fossil records: Add middle Miocene (Orleanian) of Germany,
variously recognized as distinct species (with increasing fre- Čerňanský et al. (2017, as Naja sp.); Miocene/Pliocene transition
quency), and we refer to them as such herein. (late Turolian) of Greece, Georgialis et al. (2019, as Naja sp.).
Adelphicos daryi Campbell & Ford, 1982 Comments: See under Naja.
Adelphicos ibarrorum Campbell & Brodie, 1988 †Afronaja antiqua (Rage, 1976)
Adelphicos latifasciatum Lynch & H.M. Smith, 1966 Fossil records: Add late Miocene (Vallesian) of Morocco,
Adelphicos newmanorum Taylor, 1950. Univ. Kansas Sci. Blain et al. (2013a).
Bull. 33(11): 443, 445, pl. 4. Afronaja ashei (Wüster & Broadley, 2007)
Holotype: LSUMZ 204, a 310 mm male (M. Newman, 7 May Afronaja crawshayi (Günther, 1894)
1947). † Afronaja depereti (Hoffstetter, 1939)
Type locality: “Xilitla region, San Luis Potosí,” Mexico. † Afronaja iberica (Szyndlar, 1985)
Species Accounts by Genus 19
Afronaja katiensis (Angel, 1922) Afrotyphlops fornasinii (Bianconi, 1849)

Distribution: Add Senegal (Fatick, Kolda, Matam), Mané & Afrotyphlops gierrai (Mocquard, 1897)
Trape (2017); Benin, Trape & Baldé (2014). Distribution: Add Tanzania (Nguru Mtns., Morogoro),
Afronaja mossambica (W.C.H. Peters, 1854) Menegon et al. (2008).
Distribution: Add Angola (Cauando-Cubango), Conradie Afrotyphlops kaimosae (Loveridge, 1935)
et al. (2016b). Afrotyphlops liberiensis (Hallowell, 1848)
Afronaja nigricincta (Bogert, 1940) Comments: Trape & Baldé (2014) note that preliminary
Afronaja nigricollis (J.T. Reinhardt, 1843) molecular data support recognition of this species as distinct
Distribution: Add Mauritania (Gorgol, Nouakchott), Padial from A. punctatus.
(2006); Senegal (Louga, Sedhiou, Ziguinchor), Mané & Afrotyphlops lineolatus (Jan, 1864 in Jan & Sordelli,
Trape (2017); Liberia, Trape & Baldé (2014); Mali (Mopti, S. 1860–1866)
Tombouctou), Trape & Mané (2017); Niger (Tillaberi), Trape & Distribution: Add Mali (Koulikoro, Sikasso), Trape & Mané
Mané (2015); Uganda (Kaabong), D. Hughes et al. (2017b); (2017); Angola (Cuanza Norte), Branch (2018); Angola
Angola (Benguela, Bie, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza Norte, (Bengo, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Lunda Sul, Malanje,
Cuanza Sul, Malanje, Zaire), M.P. Marques et al. (2018). Zaire), M.P. Marques et al. (2018).
Afronaja nubiae (Wüster & Broadley, 2003) Afrotyphlops mucruso (W.C.H. Peters, 1854)
Afronaja pallida (Boulenger, 1896)
Distribution: Add Angola (Lunda Sul), M.P. Marques et al.
† Afronaja robusta (Meylan, 1987)
(2018); Angola (Moxico), Branch (2018).
AFRONATRIX Rossman & Eberle, 1977 (Natricidae) Afrotyphlops nanus (Broadley & Wallach, 2009)
Afronatrix anoscopus (Cope, 1861) Afrotyphlops nigrocandidus (Broadley & Wallach, 2000)
Distribution: Add Liberia (Grand Gedeh), Rödel & Glos (2019). Distribution: Low elevation of 633 m, Lyakurwa (2017).
Afrotyphlops obtusus (W.C.H. Peters, 1865)
AFROTYPHLOPS Broadley & Wallach, 2009 (Typhlopidae: Comments: The DNA sequence-based phylogenies that
Afrotyphlopinae) Hedges et al. (2014) and Pyron & Wallach (2014) produce
Synonyms: Add Megatyphlops Broadley & Wallach, 2009. show that obtusus is the sister taxon to Afrotyphlops, and
Comments: Hedges et al. (2014), Pyron & Wallach (2014) those authors transfer it to Afrotyphlops from Letheobia.
provide generic diagnoses. Afrotyphlops punctatus (Leach in Bowdich, 1819),
Afrotyphlops angolensis (Bocage, 1866) Distribution: Add Mali (Koulikoro), Trape & Mané (2017).
Distribution: Add Gabon (Moyen-Ogooue), Pauwels et al. Upper elevation of 1900 m, Ineich et al. (2015).
(2017a); Angola (Cuanza Norte, Moxico), M.P. Marques et al. Afrotyphlops rondoensis (Loveridge, 1942)
(2018). Afrotyphlops rouxestevae Trape, 2019. Bull. Soc. Herpétol.
Afrotyphlops anomalus (Bocage, 1873) France 169: 32–33, figs. 5–7.
Distribution: Add Angola (Cabinda), M.P. Marques et al. (2018). Holotype: SMF 16639, a 525 mm female, collector unknown.
Afrotyphlops bibronii (A. Smith, 1846 in 1838–1849) Type locality: “Douala (04°03′N/09°42′E) au Cameroun.”
Afrotyphlops blanfordii (Boulenger, 1889) Distribution: SW Cameroon (Littoral). Known only from the
Afrotyphlops brevis (Scortecci, 1929) holotype.
Afrotyphlops chirioi Trape, 2019. Bull. Soc. Herpétol. France Afrotyphlops schlegelii (Bianconi, 1849)
169: 28–32, figs. 1–4. Distribution: Add Angola (Huila), M.P. Marques et al. (2018);
Holotype: MNHN 2006.0536, a 154 mm specimen of Angola (Namibe), Ceríaco et al. (2016).
unknown sex (L. Chirio, 29 January 1996). Afrotyphlops schmidti (Laurent, 1956)
Type locality: “Berbérati (04°15′N/15°47′E) en République Afrotyphlops steinhausi (F. Werner, 1909)
centrafricaine.” Afrotyphlops tanganicanus (Laurent, 1964)
Distribution: SW Central African Republic (Mambere-Kadei, Afrotyphlops usambaricus (Laurent, 1964)
Ombella-M’Poko). Known from two specimens.
Afrotyphlops congestus (A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844) AGKISTRODON Palisot de Beauvois, 1799 (Viperidae:
Distribution: Add Gabon (Ogooue-Lolo), Pauwels et al. (2016a). Crotalinae)
Afrotyphlops decorosus (Buchholz & Peters in W.C.H. Comments: Porras et al. (2013) revise the Mesoamerican spe-
Peters, 1875) cies, and Burbrink & Guiher (2015) revise the United States
Comments: Hedges et al. (2014) transfer decorosus from species. Porras et al. (2013) were unable to assign the following
Letheobia to Afrotyphlops based on its morphological similar- populations to species: Mexico (inland Chiapas, C Veracruz
ity to A. obtusus, which is genetically allied to Afrotyphlops. [=Agkistrodon bilineatus lemosespinali H.M. Smith &
Chiszar, 2001]), C Guatemala (Baja Verapaz, Huehuetenango).
Afrotyphlops elegans (W.C.H. Peters, 1868)
Agkistrodon bilineatus (Günther, 1863) Distribution: NC Mexico (NE Chihuahua, N Coahuila),

Synonyms: Remove Agkistrodon bilineatus russeolus Gloyd, SC USA (C Oklahoma, W & C Texas).
1972 and Agkistrodon bilineatus howardgloydi Conant, 1984. Comments: Elevated to species, based on DNA sequence
Distribution: Pacific side of Mexico (Chiapas, ext. SW data, by Burbrink & Guiher (2015).
Chihuahua, Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco including Maria Madre Agkistrodon piscivorus (Lacépède, 1789)
Island, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, S Oaxaca, Sinaloa, S Synonyms: Remove Agkistrodon piscivorus conanti Gloyd,
Sonora), Guatemala (Escuintla, Quezaltenango, Santa Rosa), 1972.
El Salvador (Cuscatlan, La Libertad, Sonsonate), ext W
Distribution: Remove most of Florida, SE Alabama, and
Honduras (Copan). Arenas-Monroy & Ahumada-Carrillo
S Georgia from the range, to that of A. conanti.
(2015) confirm the presence in central Jalisco, Mexico.
Comments: J.L. Strickland et al. (2014) use molecular data
Comments: Porras et al. (2013) elevate howardgloydi and
to detect two clades, and hypothesize that Florida and Texas
russeolus to species level.
were glacial refugia. Their data suggest extensive, subsequent
Agkistrodon conanti Gloyd, 1972. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington gene flow in the geographic hiatus.
82(1):226–230, fig. 6. (Agkistrodon piscivorus conanti) Agkistrodon russeolus Gloyd, 1972a. Proc. Biol. Soc.
Holotype: USNM 165962, a young adult male (R.P. Elliott, Washington 84(40): 327–330. (Agkistrodon bilineatus russeolus)
J. Wariner & P. Pinnel, 16 July 1966). Holotype, KU 70905, an 850 mm male (J.B. Tulecke, 20 July
Type locality: “‘at edge of Rochelle-Cross Creek Road, about 7 1962).
miles southeast’ of Gainesville, Alachua County, Florida,” USA.
Type locality: “11.7 km. north of Pisté, Yucatán, México.”
Distribution: SE USA (SE Alabama, Florida, S Georgia).
Distribution: Mexico (Campeche, Quintana Roo, Yucatán),
Comments: Elevated to species, based on DNA sequence data, by N Belize (Belize, Orange Walk), 20 m. Add Mexico (Tabasco),
Burbrink & Guiher (2015). See comments under A. piscivorus. Charruau et al. (2014).
Agkistrodon contortrix (Linnaeus, 1766) Comments: Porras et al. (2013) elevate this taxon to species
Synonyms: Remove Agkistrodon mokasen laticinctus level on the basis of morphology, mtDNA sequence data, and
Gloyd & Conant, 1934, Agkistrodon mokeson pictigaster geography.
Gloyd & Conant, 1943. Agkistrodon taylori Burger & Robertson, 1951
Distribution: Remove western part of range (C and W Texas,
C Oklahoma, N Mexico). AHAETULLA Link, 1807 (Colubridae: Ahaetullinae)
Agkistrodon howardgloydi Conant, 1984. Proc. Biol. Soc. Comments: Mohapatra et al. (2017) provide a key to the spe-
Washington 97(1): 135–140, fig. 1. (Agkistrodon bilineatus cies. Deepak et al. (2019) provide an mtDNA sequence-based
howardgloydi) phylogeny of Ahaetulla species that has A. laudankia nested
within A. nasuta.
Holotype, AMNH 125525 a 746 mm male (L.W. Porras & J.C.
Ahaetulla anomala Annandale, 1906. Mem. Asiatic Soc.
Rindfleish, 8 August 1982).
Bengal 1(10): 196. (Dryophis mycterizans anomalus)
Type locality: “0.8 km north of Mirador el Cañon del Tigre,
Holotype: ZSI 15463, a 956 mm male (G. Cummusky).
Parque Nacional Santa Rosa, Provinia Guanacaste, Costa Rica.”
Distribution: S Honduras (Choluteca, Valle), W Nicaragua Type locality: “Rámanád” district, Tamil Nadu, India; modi-
fied to “Santragachi, Howrah district, West Bengal, India” by
(Granada, Leon, Managua, Masaya), NW Costa Rica
Mohapatra et al. (2017).
(Guanacaste), NSL-600 m. McCranie & Gutsche (2016) add
Honduras (Valle: Isla Zacate Grande) to the distribution. Add Distribution: E India (Jharkhand, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, West
Honduras (El Paraíso), McCranie et al. (2014b); Nicaragua Bengal) and S Bangladesh (Khuina).
(Leon), Sunyer et al. (2014). Comments: Mohapatra et al. (2017) revalidate D. m. anoma
Comments: Porras et al. (2013) elevate this taxon to species lus based on morphological differences, and phylogenetic
level on the basis of morphology, mtDNA sequence, and placement using DNA-sequence data.
geography. Ahaeutulla dispar (Günther, 1864)
Agkistrodon laticinctus Gloyd & Conant 1934. Occas. Pap. Ahaetulla fasciolata (J.G. Fischer, 1885)
Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan (283):2–5, figs. 1, 2. (Agkistrodon Ahaetulla fronticincta (Günther, 1858)
mokasen laticinctus) Distribution: Add Myanmar (Tanintharyi), Mulcahy et al. (2018).
Synonyms: Agkistrodon mokeson pictigaster Gloyd & Ahaetulla laudankia Deepak, Narayanan, Sarkar, Dutta &
Conant, 1943. Mohapatra, 2019. J. Nat. Hist. 53: 501–513, figs. 3–5.
Holotype: UMMZ 75599, a 793 mm male (W.A. Bevan & Holotype: ZSI CZRC-6403, a 1237 mm female (M.V. Nair &
R.F. Harvey, Oct. 1933). S.K. Dutta, 15 June v2010).
Type locality: “26 miles northwest of San Antonio, Bexar Type locality: “Bangriposi, Mayurbhanj district, Odisha state
County, Texas,” USA. (22.142167N, 86.520025E),” India.
Distribution: C India (Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan). the Timor Sea reefs, where it apparently no longer occurs.
Ahaetulla mycterizans (Linnaeus, 1758) They provide a revised description.
Distribution: Add Myanmar (Tanintharyi), J.L. Lee et al. (2015). Aipysurus fuscus (Tschudi, 1837)
Ahaetulla nasutus (Lacépède, 1789) Aipysurus laevis Lacépède, 1804
Aipysurus mosaicus Sanders, Rasmussen, Elmberg,
Synonyms: Remove Dryophis mycterizans anomalus Mumpuni, Guinea, Blias, Lee & Fry, 2012
Annandale, 1906. Aipysurus pooleorum L.A. Smith, 1974
Distribution: Add Nepal (Chitwan, Nawalparasi), Pandey Aipysurus tenuis Lönnberg & Andersson, 1913
(2012); Nepal (Parsa), Bhattarai et al. (2018b); India (Arunachal
Pradesh), Purkayastha (2018); Myanmar (Mandalay), Platt †ALAMITOPHIS Albino, 1986 (†Madtsoiidae)
et al. (2018).
†Alamitophis argentinus Albino, 1986
Ahaetulla perroteti (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) †Alamitophis elongatus Albino, 1994
Ahaetulla prasina (F. Boie, 1827) †Alamitophis tingamarra Scanlon, 2005
Distribution: Add Bhutan (Zhemgang), Tshewang & Letro
(2018); Thailand (Rayong, and Koh Chang I.), Chan-ard †ALBANERYX Hoffstetter & Rage, 1972 (Erycidae)
and Makchai (2011); Cambodia (Siem Reap), Geissler et al. †Albaneryx depereti Hoffstetter & Rage, 1972
(2019); Vietnam (Hai Phong: Cat Ba Island), T.Q. Nguyen
†Albaneryx volynicus Zerova, 1989
et al. (2011); Vietnam (Quang Ngai), Nemes et al. (2013);
West Malaysia (Pulau Singa Besar), B.L. Lim et al. (2010); Distribution: Add late Middle Miocene (Astaracian) of NE
West Malaysia (Pulau Tioman), K.K.P. Lim & Lim (1999); Kazakhstan, Ivanov et al. (2019, as cf. volynicus); late Middle
Indonesia (Anambi, Bangka, Batu, Bawean, Kangean, Miocene (Astaracian or Vallesian) of Hungary, Venczel (2011,
Karimunjawa, Mentawai, Natuna, Nias, Panaitan, Sanana, as A. cf. volynicus).
Sangihe, Sebuku, Simeulue, Sula, Ternate, We Islands),
Lang (2013); Philippines (Batan, Bohol, Calauit, Camiguin ALLUAUDINA Mocquard, 1894 (Pseudoxyrhophiidae)
Norte, Camiguin Sur, Leyte, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindoro, Alluaudina bellyi Mocquard, 1894
Sabtang Is.), Leviton et al. (2018); Philippines (Cebu I.), Alluaudina mocquardi Angel, 1939
Supsup et al. (2016); Philippines (Tablas I.), Siler et al. (2012).
Ahaetulla pulverulenta (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, ALSOPHIS Fitzinger, 1843 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae)
1854) Comments: Bochaton et al. (2019) describe and illustrate
Distribution: Add Bangladesh (Rajshahi Division, Naogaon vertebrae of an undescribed Alsophis species from the Late
District), Ahmad et al. (2015a); Bangladesh (Bagerhat District, Pleistocene of Marie-Galante, Guadeloupe Islands.
Khulna), Neumann-Denzau & Denzau (2010). Remove India Alsophis antiguae H.W. Parker, 1933
(Gujarat), Patel & Vyas (2019). Synonyms: Remove Alsophis antiguae sajdaki Henderson,
1990, left there by Wallach et al. (2014) in error.
AIPYSURUS Lacépède, 1804 (Elapidae)
Alsophis antillensis (Schlegel, 1837)
Aipysurus apraefrontalis M.A. Smith, 1926
Fossil records: Late Pleistocene of Marie-Galante, Guadeloupe
Distribution: Add coastal NW Western Australia, Sanders Islands, Bochaton et al. (2019).
et al. (2015).
Alsophis danforthi Cochran, 1938
Comments: Sanders et al. (2015) use mtDNA sequence and Alsophis manselli H.W. Parker, 1933
morphological data to confirm that coastal populations are
resident, rather than vagrants, from the Timor Sea reefs, Alsophis rijgersmaei Cope, 1870
where it apparently no longer occurs. They provide a revised Distribution: Add St. Barthelemy (Ilet Tortue), Questel
description. (2011).
Aipysurus duboisii Bavay, 1869 Alsophis rufiventris (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril,
1854)
Aipysurus eydouxii (Bibron in Gray, 1849) Alsophis sajdaki Henderson, 1990
Distribution: Rasmussen et al. (2014) exclude Australia from Alsophis sanctonum T. Barbour, 1915
the geographic range. Alsophis sibonius Cope, 1879
Aipysurus foliosquama M.A. Smith, 1926
Distribution: Add coastal NW Western Australia, Sanders †AMANANULAM McCartney, Roberts, Tapanila &
et al. (2015). O’Leary, 2018 (Nigerophiidae)
Comments: As with A. apraefrontalis, Sanders et al. (2015) Type species: Amananulam sanogoi McCartney, Roberts,
use mtDNA sequence and morphological data to confirm that Tapanila & O’Leary, 2018, by monotypy.
coastal populations are resident, rather than vagrants, from Distribution: Palaeocene of Mali.
†Amananulam sanogoi McCartney, Roberts, Tapanila & Amerotyphlops amoipira (Rodrigues & Junca, 2002)
O’Leary, 2018. Acta Palaeontol. Polon. 63(2): 214–215, fig. 6. Distribution: Add Brazil (Alagoas, Rio Grande do Norte),
Holotype: CNRST-SUNY 462, a mid-trunk vertebra. P. Brito & Freire (2012); Brazil (N. Maranhao), Graboski et al.
Type locality: “Locality Mali-19, in Northeastern Mali.” (2019); Brazil (Sergipe), Graboski et al. (2015). Upper eleva-
Distribution: Palaeocene of NE Mali. tion of 629 m, Guedes et al. (2014).
Amerotyphlops arenensis Graboski, Filho, Silva, Prudente &
AMASTRIDIUM Cope, 1861 (Dipsadidae: Dipsadinae) Zaher, 2015. Zootaxa 3920(3): 444–447, figs. 1, 2.
Amastridium sapperi (F. Werner, 1903) Holotype: MZUSP 20042, a 191 mm male (G.P. Filho, 19
Distribution: Hansen & Vermilya (2015) report a second record Nov. 2008).
for Queretaro, Mexico, and an upper elevation of 1635 m. Type locality: “the Reserva Ecológica Mata do Pau Ferro
Amastridium veliferum Cope, 1861 (06° 58′12″ S, 35° 42′15″ W; ca. 600 m), municipality of Areia,
state of Paraíba, Brazil.”
Distribution: Add Panama (Panama, Panama Oeste), Ray &
Ruback (2015); Distribution: Brazil (Paraiba), 400–600 m. Add Brazil (Bahia,
Minas Gerais), Graboski et al. (2019); Brazil (Pernambuco),
AMBLYODIPSAS W.C.H. Peters, 1857 (Atractaspididae: Roberto et al. (2018).
Aparallactinae) Amerotyphlops bongersmianus (Vanzolini, 1976)
Comments: See Xenocalamus. Portillo et al. (2018) produce a Distribution: Add Brazil (Alagoas, Maranhão, Santa Catarina,
phylogeny using most of the species, which had A. concolor Tocantins), Graboski et al. (2015); Brazil (Parana), Dainesi
as sister taxon to Macrelaps. They recommend against a taxo- et al. (2019); Brazil (Piauí), Dal Vechio et al. (2013); Brazil
nomic change until additional species can be studied. (Sao Paulo: Moela Island), Abegg et al. (2019); Paraguay
Amblyodipsas concolor (A. Smith, 1849 in 1838–1849) (Boqueron), Cabral & Weiler (2014). Upper elevation of
Amblyodipsas dimidiata (Günther, 1888) 847 m, Guedes et al. (2014).
Amblyodipsas katangensis Witte & Laurent, 1942 Amerotyphlops costaricensis (Jiménez & Savage, 1963)
Amblyodipsas microphthalma (Bianconi, 1852) Amerotyphlops lehneri (Roux, 1926)
Amblyodipsas polylepis (Bocage, 1873) Amerotyphlops microstomus (Cope, 1866)
Distribution: Add Angola (Bengo), M.P. Marques et al. (2018); Amerotyphlops minuisquamus (Dixon & Hendricks, 1979)
Angola (Moxico), Portillo et al. (2018). Distribution: Add Guyana (Potaro-Siparuni), Graboski et al.
Amblyodipsas rodhaini (Witte, 1930) (2015).
Amblyodipsas teitana Broadley, 1971 Amerotyphlops paucisquamus (Dixon & Hendricks, 1979)
Amblyodipsas unicolor (J. T. Reinhardt, 1843) Distribution: Add Brazil (Paraiba), R. França et al. (2012);
Distribution: Add Guinea (Kankan), Portillo et al. (2018); Brazil (Alagoas, Ceara, Maranhão, Rio Grande do Norte),
Ivory Coast (Yamoussoukro), Portillo et al. (2018); Mali Graboski et al. (2015).
(Sikasso), Trape & Mané (2017); Chad (Logone Oriental), Amerotyphlops reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Portillo et al. (2018); South Sudan (Eastern Equatoria), Distribution: Add Brazil (Ceara), Guedes et al. (2014); Brazil
Ullenbruch & Böhme (2017). (Maranhão, Roraima), Graboski et al. (2015).
Amblyodipsas ventrimaculata (Roux, 1907) Comments: Caicedo-Portilla (2011) summarizes data for this
Distribution: Add Angola (Cuando Cubango, Huila), Branch species in Colombia.
(2018); Angola (Moxico), Portillo et al. (2018); South Africa Amerotyphlops stadelmani (K.P. Schmidt, 1936)
(Limpopo), Portillo et al. (2018). Amerotyphlops tasymicris (J.P.R. Thomas, 1974)
†AMEISEOPHIS Holman, 1976 (Colubroidea: incerta sedis) Amerotyphlops tenuis (Salvin, 1860)
Distribution: Add Mexico (Chiapas), A.G. Clause et al. (2016).
†Ameiseophis robinsoni Holman, 1976
Amerotyphlops trinitatus (Richmond, 1965)
AMEROTYPHLOPS Hedges, Marion, Lipp, Marin & Vidal, Amerotyphlops tycherus (Townsend, L.D. Wilson, Ketzler &
2014. Caribbean Herpetol. 49: 43. (Typhlopidae: Typhlopinae) Luque-Montes, 2008)
Type species: Typhlops brongersmianus Vanzolini, 1976 by Distribution: Add Honduras (Olancho), and low elevation of
original designation. 1400 m, McCranie & Valdés-Orellano (2012).
Distribution: S Middle America and much of South America Amerotyphlops yonenagae (Rodrigues, 1991)
east of the Andes. Distribution: Guedes et al. (2014) give the elevation of the
Comments: Hedges et al. (2014), Pyron & Wallach (2014) type locality as 475 m.
provide generic diagnoses. Graboski et al. (2019) use mul-
tiple genes to produce a phylogeny of eight of the species of AMNESTEOPHIS C.W. Myers, 2011 (Dipsadidae:
Amerotyphlops. Xenodontinae)
Amnesteophis melanauchen (Jan, 1863) Anilios diversus (Waite, 1894)

Anilios endoterus (Waite, 1918)
AMPHIESMA A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854 Anilios erycinus (F. Werner, 1901)
(Natricidae) Anilios fossor Shea, 2015. Zootaxa 4033(1): 104–109, figs. 1–3.
Synonyms: Remove Herpetoreas Günther, 1860, Hebius Holotype: NTM R14324, a 245 mm female (J.R. Cole,
Thompson, 1913, Paranatrix Mahendra, 1984. 15 October 1989).
Comments: Guo et al. (2014) present a DNA sequence-based Type locality: “Glen Annie, Ruby Gap Nature Park, Northern
phylogeny that shows Amphiesma stolatum to be paraphyletic Territory, Australia.” Probable coordinates are “23°28′S
with all other species of Amphiesma, the latter of which they 134°58′E, at an altitude of ca 500 m.”
partition into the resurrected genera Hebius and Herpetoreas. Distribution: Central Australia (Northern Territory), 500 m.
Guo et al. present a generic diagnosis, and state that some spe- Known only from the holotype.
cies currently in Hebius may belong in Amphiesma.
Anilios ganei (Aplin, 1998)
Amphiesma stolatum (Linnaeus, 1758) Anilios grypus (Waite, 1918)
Distribution: Add Nepal (Nawalparasi), Pandey et al. (2018); Anilios guentheri (W.C.H. Peters, 1865)
India (Gujarat), Parmar & Tank (2019); India (Madhya Anilios hamatus (Storr, 1981)
Pradesh), Manhas et al. (2018a); Sri Lanka (Sabaragamuwa), Anilios howi (Storr, 1983)
Peabotuwage et al. (2012); Thailand (Chanthaburi), Chan-ard Anilios insperatus Venchi, S. Wilson & Borsboom, 2015.
et al. (2011); Cambodia (Siem Reap), Geissler et al. (2019); Zootaxa 3990(2): 273–275, figs.1–2.
China (Nan Ao Island), Qing et al. (2015); Vietnam (Hai
Holotype: QM J54987, a 97 mm specimen (A. Borsboom,
Phong: Cat Ba Island), T.Q. Nguyen et al. (2011).
19 May 1992).
AMPHIESMOIDES Malnate, 1961 (Natricidae) Type locality: “Warrill View, Department of Primary
Industries Animal Genetic Centre Farm (2749′ S, 15237′ E),”
Amphiesmoides ornaticeps (F. Werner, 1924)
Queensland, Australia.
AMPLORHINUS A. Smith 1847 in 1838–1849 Distribution: Australia (SE Queensland). Known only from
(Pseudoxyrhophiidae) the holotype.
Amplorhinus multimaculatus A. Smith 1847 in 1838–1849 Anilios kimberleyensis (Storr, 1981)
Anilios leptosoma (Robb, 1972)
†ANILIOIDES Auffenberg, 1963 (Booidea: incerta sedis)
Comments: Ellis et al. (2017) provide a revised description,
†Anilioides minuatus Auffenberg, 1963 color photograph of the holotype, and map of known localities.
†Anilioides nebraskensis Holman, 1976
Anilios leucoproctus (Boulenger, 1889)
ANILIOS Gray, 1845 (Typhlopidae: Asiatyphlopinae) Anilios ligatus (W.C.H. Peters, 1879)
Comments: J. Marin et al. (2013) produce phylogenies using Distribution: McNab et al. (2014) discuss new records for
mt- and nDNA sequence data for 27 species. Some species are Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia, and provide a
polyphyletic and/or paraphyletic, and the authors believe that map of known localities.
the number of species in the genus is underestimated by half. Anilios longissimus (Aplin, 1998)
Hedges et al. (2014), Pyron & Wallach (2014) provide generic Anilios margaretae (Storr, 1981)
diagnoses. Shea (2015) discusses the diagnostics of the genus Anilios micromma (Storr, 1981)
Anilios as currently comprised, and concludes that it is diag- Anilios minimus (Kinghorn, 1929)
nosable solely by molecular data. See under Sundatyphlops. Anilios nema (Shea & Horner, 1996)
Anilios affinis (Boulenger, 1889) Anilios nigrescens Gray, 1845
Anilios ammodytes (Montague, 1914) Anilios nigricauda (Boulenger, 1895)
Anilios aspina (Couper, Covacevich & S. Wilson, 1998) Anilios nigroterminatus (H.W. Parker, 1931)
Distribution: Range extension 470 km NW of previous known Anilios obtusifrons Ellis, Doughty, Donnellan, Marin &
sites, Vanderduys (2013). Vidal, 2017. Zootaxa 4323(1): 15–19, figs. 3, 6, 7.
Comments: Vanderduys (2013) describes a third known Holotype: WAM R146400, a 204 mm specimen, stated to be
specimen. both male and female in the original description (D. Algaba &
B. Maryan, 2001).
Anilios australis Gray, 1845
Anilios batillus (Waite, 1894) Type locality: “23 km south of Kalbarri (27°55′19″S;
Anilios bicolor (P. Schmidt in W.C.H. Peters, 1858) 114°09′48″E), Western Australia,” Australia.
Anilios bituberculatus (W.C.H. Peters, 1863) Distribution: Australia (extreme WC Western Australia).
Anilios broomi (Boulenger, 1898) Anilios pilbarensis (Aplin & Donnellan, 1993)
Anilios centralis (Storr, 1984) Anilios pinguis (Waite, 1897)
Anilios chamodracaena (Ingram & Covacevich, 1993) Anilios proximus (Waite, 1893)
Anilios robertsi (Couper, Covacevich & S. Wilson, 1998) Comments: F.J.M. Santos & Reis (2019) provide a revised
Anilios silvia (Ingram & Covacevich, 1993) description and photographs of the holotype. Vanegas-
Anilios splendidus (Aplin, 1998) Guerrero et al. (2019) report and describe second and third
Anilios systenos Ellis, Doughty, Donnellan, Marin & Vidal, known specimens.
2017. Zootaxa 4323(1): 12–15, figs. 3, 5. Anomalepis flavapices J.A. Peters, 1957
Holotype: WAM 114892, a 268 mm male (T. Backshall, 1992). Distribution: Add Peru (Amazonas), Vanegas-Guerrero et al.
Type locality: “15 km east of Geraldton (28°46′S; 114°37′E), (2019).
Western Australia,” Australia. Anomalepis mexicana Jan, 1860 in Jan & Sordelli, 1860–1866
Distribution: Australia (extreme WC Western Australia). Distribution: Add Costa Rica (Puntarenas, San Jose), eleva-
Anilios torresianus Boulenger, 1889. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, tion to 1028 m, Stickel et al. (2017); Panama (Bocas del
series 6, 4(23): 362. (Typhlops torresianus) Toro), González-Carvajal et al. (2018), Panama (Panama
Oeste), Ray & Ruback (2015); Colombia (Bolívar), González-
Syntypes: BMNH 1946.1.11.48–49, a halfgrown specimen
Carvajal et al. (2018).
and 400 mm adult (S. Macfarlane).
Type locality: “Murray Island, Torres Straits,” Queensland, †ANOMALOPHIS Auffenberg, 1959 (†Anomalophiidae)
Australia.
†Anomalophis bolcensis (Massalongo, 1859)
Distribution: S Papua New Guinea and NE Australia.
Comments: Hedges et al. (2014) resurrect this taxon for non- ANOMOCHILUS Berg, 1901 (Anomochilidae)
Sunda populations, which are referred to Sundatyphlops Anomochilus leonardi M.A. Smith, 1940
polygrammicus.
Distribution: Low elevation of 70 m, Yaakob (2003).
Anilios tovelli (Loveridge, 1945)
Anomochilus montana I. Das, Lakim, Lim & Hui, 2008
Anilios troglodytes (Storr, 1981)
Anomochilus weberi (Lidth de Jeude in Weber, 1890)
Anilios unguirostris (W.C.H. Peters, 1867)
Anilios waitii (Boulenger, 1895)
ANOPLOHYDRUS F. Werner, 1909 (Natricidae)
Anilios wiedii (W.C.H. Peters, 1867)
Anilios yampiensis (Storr, 1981) Anoplohydrus aemulans F. Werner, 1909
Anilios yirrikalae (Kinghorn, 1942)
ANTAIOSERPENS Wells & Wellington, 1985 (Elapidae)
Anilios zonula Ellis, 2016. Herpetologica 72(3): 273–276,
figs. 1–2. Comments: Couper et al. (2016) revise the genus as two genet-
ically and morphologically distinct species.
Holotype: WAM 171667, a 187 mm female (V. Kessner, 20 May
2009). Antaioserpens albiceps Boulenger, 1898. Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., Series 7, 2(11): 414. (Pseudelaps albiceps)
Type locality: “Storr Island, Western Australia, Australia,
(15°57′8.71″S, 124°33′49.54″E;…).” Synonyms: Denisonia rostralis De Vis, 1911, Rhynchelaps
fuscicollis Lönnberg & Andersson, 1913.
Distribution: NW Australia (Augustus and Storr Islands,
Kimberley region of Western Australia). Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.17.50, a 160 mm specimen
(R. Broom).
ANILIUS Oken, 1816 (Aniliidae) Type locality: “Port Douglas,” Queensland, Australia.
Anilius scytale (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution: NE Australia (NE Queensland)
Distribution: Add Brazil (Acre), Bernarde et al. (2011b). Antaioserpens warro (De Vis, 1884)
Comments: Natera-Mumaw et al. (2015) elevate A. s. phel Synonyms: Remove Pseudelaps albiceps, Boulenger, 1898,
psorum to species based on morphological differences in Denisonia rostralis De Vis, 1911, Rhynchelaps fuscicollis
Venezuelan specimens, but do not provide a morphological or Lönnberg & Andersson, 1913.
geographical definition of a unique taxon. Distribution: Limited to SC Queensland, Australia.
ANOMALEPIS Jan, 1860 in Jan & Sordelli, 1860–1866
ANTARESIA Wells & Wellington, 1984 (Pythonidae)
(Anomalepididae)
Antaresia childreni (Gray, 1842)
Anomalepis aspinosus Taylor, 1939
Antaresia maculosa (W.C.H. Peters, 1873)
Distribution: Add Peru (Amazonas), González-Carvajal et al. Antaresia perthensis (Stull, 1932)
(2018). Antaresia stimsoni (L.A. Smith, 1985)
Anomalepis colombia Marx, 1953
Distribution: Add Colombia (Antioquia, Quindio), González- ANTILLOTYPHLOPS Hedges, Marion, Lipp, Marin &
Carvajal et al. (2018) and Vanegas-Guerrero et al. (2019). Vidal, 2014. Caribbean Herpetol. 49: 44. (Typhlopidae:
Elevation 599–1700 m. Typhlopinae)
Type species: Typhlops hypomethes Hedges & J.P.R. Thomas, Distribution: Add West Malaysia (Penang), Quah et al. (2013);
1991 by original designation. West Malaysia (Pulau Singa Besar), B.L. Lim et al. (2010);
Distribution: Antillean West Indies. West Malaysia (Terengganu), Sumarli et al. (2015); Philippines
Comments: The validity of Antillotyphlops is affirmed by (Bohol, Leyte, Samar Is.), Leviton et al. (2018); Philippines
Nagy et al. (2015). (Dinagat), Sanguila et al. (2016); Philippines (Luzon), Sy &
Binaday (2016).
Antillotyphlops annae (Breuil, 1999)
Antillotyphlops catapontus (J.P.R. Thomas, 1966)
Antillotyphlops dominicanus (Stejneger, 1904) APOSTOLEPIS Cope, 1862 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae)
Antillotyphlops geotomus (J.P.R. Thomas, 1966) Comments: Nogueira et al. (2012) provide a key to the species
Antillotyphlops granti (Ruthven & Gaige, 1935) groups: dimidiata, dorbignyi, flavotorquata, longicaudata,
Antillotyphlops guadaloupensis (Richmond, 1966) nigroterminata (alternatively nigrolineata group). L.A. Martins
Antillotyphlops hypomethes (Hedges & J.P.R. Thomas, 1991) & Lema (2015) discuss specimens of eight species from south-
Antillotyphlops monastus (J.P.R. Thomas, 1966) western Brazil, from which they create an A. borellii species
Antillotyphlops monensis (K.P. Schmidt, 1926) group. Lema (2016) provides a key to species of the A. dimidi
Antillotyphlops naugus (J.P.R. Thomas, 1966) ata group. Cabral et al. (2017) present a diagnostic synopsis for
all species of Apostolepis. Lema et al. (2017) summarize the
Antillotyphlops platycephalus (A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron,
A. nigroterminata group. Entiauspe-Neto et al. (2019) present
1844)
a synoptic list of currently recognized species, and caution that
Distribution: Add Turks and Caicos Islands (Big Ambergris the piecemeal nature of descriptions of taxa from small series
Cay), Reynolds & Niemiller (2010a). may lead to synonymizations of some once a broad review of
Antillotyphlops richardii (A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844) the genus, using multiple characters, is accomplished.
Apostolepis adhara D.P.F. França, Barbo, Silva, Silva &
APARALLACTUS A. Smith, 1849 in 1838–1849
Zaher, 2018. Zootaxa 4521(4): 540–546, figs. 1–3, 6.
(Atractaspididae: Aparallactinae)
Holotype: CEPB 6554, a 258 mm female (N.J. da Silva and
Comments: Portillo et al. (2018) analyze seven of the species
team).
using DNA sequence data, and conclude that A. capensis, A.
lunulatus and A. modestus are species complexes, with A. Type locality: “the region surrounding the São Salvador
guentheri nested within A. capensis. Hydroelectric Power Plant (12°48′18.96″S, 48°13′11.79″W ca.
120 m above sea level…), municipality of São Salvador do
Aparallactus capensis A. Smith, 1849 in 1838–1849
Tocantins, state of Tocantins, Brazil.”
Distribution: Add Rwanda, Portillo et al. (2018); Mozambique
Distribution: Brazil (S Tocantins), about 120 m. Known from
(Cabo Delgado), Portillo et al. (2018); Angola (Cuando
two specimens from the type locality.
Cubango), Branch (2018).
Apostolepis albicollaris Lema, 2002
Aparallactus guentheri Boulenger, 1895
Distribution: Elevational range of 400–1100 m, Nogueira
Distribution: Add Tanzania (Morogoro), Menegon et al.
et al. (2012).
(2008).
Comments: Nogueira et al. (2012) provide a revised descrip-
Aparallactus jacksonii (Günther, 1888) tion, locality map, and color photograph.
Apostolepis ambinigra (W.C.H. Peters, 1869)
(2008).
Apostolepis ammodites Ferrarezzi, Barbo & Albuquerque,
Aparallactus lineatus (W.C.H. Peters, 1870)
2005
Aparallactus lunulatus (W.C.H. Peters, 1854)
Distribution: Add Brazil (Maranhao), F.M. Santos et al. (2018).
Distribution: Add Chad (Logone Oriental), Portillo et al.
Apostolepis arenarius Rodriguez, 1993
(2018).
Apostolepis assimilis (J.T. Reinhardt, 1861)
Aparallactus modestus (Günther, 1859)
Distribution: Add Brazil (Distrito Federal, Mato Grosso, Mato
Distribution: Add Guinea (Faranah), Portillo et al. (2018);
Grosso do Sul, Santa Catarina), Lema and Renner (2011). Low
Gabon (Ogooue-Lolo), Pauwels et al. (2016a).
elevation of 254 m, Guedes et al. (2014).
Aparallactus moeruensis Witte & Laurent, 1953
Aparallactus niger Boulenger, 1897 Apostolepis barrioi Lema, 1978. Comunic. Museu Ciências
Aparallactus nigriceps (W.C.H. Peters, 1854) PUCRGS 18/19:30–32, figs. 1–4.
Aparallactus turneri Loveridge, 1935 Holotype: MACN 49402, a 390 mm male (G.J. Williner,
Aparallactus werneri Boulenger, 1895 February 1965).
Type locality: “Rio Ipane, Cororo, Paraguai.”
APLOPELTURA A.M.C. Duméril, 1853 (Pareidae: Distribution: SE South America. SE Brazil (Mato Grosso
Pareinae) do Sul, Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo), E Paraguay (Amambay,
Aplopeltura boa (H. Boie, 1828) Concepcion, San Pedro).
Comments: Revalidated from the synonymy of A. dimidiata Neotype locality: “Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Cerrado region
by Cabral et al. (2017), who provide a revised species descrip- of Central Brazil.”
tion. Entiauspe-Neto et al. (2019) argue that it is synonymous Distribution: Add Brazil (Mato Grosso), Loebmann & Lema
with A. dimidiata, being just a sympatric extreme within color (2012); Brazil (Tocantins), Lema and Renner (2012).
pattern variation in the latter. Comments: Loebmann & Lema (2012) provide new mor-
Apostolepis borellii Peracca, 1904 phological data and a map of known localities. Lema (2015)
Distribution: Add Brazil (Mato Grosso), L.A. Martins & describes and illustrates the holotype, now destroyed, and
Lema (2015, as cf. A. borellii). designates a neotype.
Comments: L.A. Martins & Lema (2015) revalidate A. borellii Apostolepis intermedia Koslowski, 1898
on the basis of morphological distinctiveness from A. nigro Distribution: Add Brazil (Mato Grosso), D.P.F. França et al.
terminata. Lema & Renner (2015) provide a species account (2018); Paraguay (San Pedro), and upper elevation of 204 m,
with color photographs and distribution map. Entiauspe et al. (2014).
Apostolepis breviceps Harvey, Gonzales & Scrocchi, 2001 Apostolepis kikoi F.M. Santos, Entiauspe-Neto, Araújo,
Apostolepis cearensis Gomés, 1915 Souza, Lema, Strüssmann & Albuquerque, 2018. Zoologia
Distribution: Add Brazil (Maranhao), F.M. Santos et al. (2018); 35(e26742):2–6, figs. 1–5.
Brazil (Pernambuco), Pedrosa et al. (2014); Brazil (Tocantins), Holotype: MCP 12096, a 288 mm female (Faunal Rescue
Zamprogno et al. (1998) and Lema & Renner (2007). Team, 2000).
Comments: Zamprogno et al. (1998) provide a description, Type locality: “Manso multi-use reservoir and hydroelectrical
color photograph and locality map. power plant – locally known as APM Manso – constructed
Apostolepis cerradoensis Lema, 2003 at the confluence of the rivers Manso and Casca, Chapado
dos Guimarães (15°27′39″S, 55°45′00″W; 811 m.a.s.l.), Mato
Apostolepis christineae Lema, 2002
Grosso, Brazil.”
Distribution: Add Bolivia (Santa Cruz), and elevation range
Distribution: Brazil (Mato Grosso), 811 m. Known only from
of 103–496 m, Entiauspe-Neto & Lema (2015); Brazil (Mato
the type locality.
Grosso do Sul), Ferreira et al. (2017, as A. cf christineae).
Apostolepis lineata Cope, 1887
Apostolepis dimidiata (Jan, 1862)
Apostolepis longicaudata Gomés in Amaral, 1921
Synonyms: Remove Apostolepis barrioi Lema, 1978.
Distribution: Add Brazil (Bahia), D.P.F. França et al. (2018);
Distribution: Add Brazil (Distrito Federal), Lema and
Brazil (Para), F.M. Santos et al. (2018); Brazil (Paraiba),
Renner (2012, as A. cf. dimidiata); Brazil (Mato Grosso),
R. França et al. (2012, as A. cf. longicaudata).
L.A. Martins & Lema (2015); Brazil (Rio de Janeiro),
Cabral et al. (2017); Brazil (Santa Catarina), D.P.F. França Apostolepis mariae Borges-Nojosa, Lima, Bezerra & Harris,
et al. (2018); Paraguay (Alto Parana), Cabral et al. (2017); 2017. Rev. Nordest. Zool. 10(2): 78–82, figs. 1, 2.
Paraguay (Amambay, Central, Guaira), Cabral & Weiler Holotype: CHUFC 3131, a 603 mm female (D.M. Borges-
(2014). Nojosa, 23 November 1997).
Apostolepis dorbignyi (Schlegel, 1837) Type locality: “Maciço de Baturité, Sitio Olho d’água
Apostolepis flavotorquata (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & dos Tangarás, Pacoti Municipality, State of Ceará, Brazil
(04°14′13,7″S/38°54′58,6″W…).”
Duméril, 1854)
Distribution: NE Brazil (Ceara).
Distribution: Add Brazil (Minas Gerais), Silviera (2014);
Brazil (SE Para), D.P.F. França et al. (2018); Brazil (Sao Apostolepis multicincta Harvey, 1999
Paulo), Nogueira et al. (2012). Distribution: Add Argentina (Jujuy), F.B. Gallardo et al. (2017);
Apostolepis freitasi Lema, 2004 Bolivia (Cochabamba), Mendoza-Miranda & Muñoz-S. (2017).
Comments: Lema & Renner (2005, 2007) describe new speci- Apostolepis nelsonjorgei Lema & Renner, 2004
mens (formerly known only from the holotype), and provide a Distribution: Add Brazil (Mato Grosso, Para), D.P.F. França
revised description of the species. et al. (2018).
Apostolepis gaboi Rodrigues, 1993 Apostolepis niceforoi Amaral, 1935
Distribution: Elevation range of 395–405 m, Guedes et al. Apostolepis nigrolineata (W.C.H. Peters, 1869)
(2014). Synonyms: Remove Apostolepis quinquelineata Boulenger,
Comments: Guedes et al. (2018) provide a revised description, 1896, Apostolepis rondoni Amaral, 1925.
color photographs, and distribution map based on the study of Comments: Lema et al. (2017) remove A. quinquelineata and
over thirty additional specimens. A. rondoni from the synonymy based on morphological dif-
Apostolepis goiasensis Prado, 1943 ferences. They present a revised description and diagnosis,
Neotype: MCP 9192, designated by Lema (2015), not color photographs, and a locality map.
described. Apostolepis nigroterminata Boulenger, 1896
Distribution: Add Brazil (Acre), F.M. Santos et al. (2018); tertulianobeau and A. assimilis, but without studying the lat-
Peru (Cuzco, Madre de Dios), Lema & Renner (2015); Peru ter, they make no decision regarding the validity of the for-
(Puno), Llanqui et al. (2019). mer. A member of the assimilis group. Descriptive paper not
Comments: Lema & Renner (2015) provide a species account seen; data based on Uetz et al. (2019 et seq.).
with color photographs and distribution map. Apostolepis thalesdelemai Borges-Nojosa, Lima, Bezerra &
Apostolepis phillipsae Harvey, 1999 Harris, 2017. Rev. Nordest. Zool. 10(2): 82–85, fig. 3.
Distribution: Add Brazil (Mato Grosso), and upper elevation Holotype: CHUFC 2341, a 647 mm female (D.M. Borges-
of 247 m, Colli et al. (2019); Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Nojosa, 4 June 1999).
L.A. Martins & Lema (2015, as A. aff. phillipsi). Type locality: “Planalto da Ibiapaba, Murimbeca local-
Comments: Michels & Bauer (2004) corrected the matronym ity, Ubajara Municipality, State of Ceará, Brazil
to phillipsae. Colli et al. (2019) describe an additional speci- (03°49′14,3″S/40°54′16,8″W…).”
men, and provide a revised species diagnosis. Distribution: NE Brazil (Ceara).
Apostolepis pymi Boulenger, 1903 Apostolepis underwoodi Lema & P. Campbell, 2017. Res.
Distribution: Add Brazil (Goias), Lema and Renner (2012). Rev.: J. Zool. Sci. 5(1): 20–27, figs. 5–13.
Apostolepis quinquelineata Boulenger, 1896. Cat. Snakes Holotype: BMNH 1927.8.1.180, a 382 mm female.
Brit. Mus. 3: 235, plate 10. Type locality: “Buena Vista, Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia
Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.9.59, a 165 mm male (J. Quelch). (17°27′32″S, 63°39′33″W), 398 m OLS.”
Type locality: “Demerara,” Guyana. Distribution: C Bolivia (Santa Cruz).
Distribution: Guyana, N Brazil (Amapa, Amazonas, Roraima). Apostolepis vittata (Cope, 1887)
Comments: Recognized as a species distinct from A. nigrolin Distribution: Lower elevational range of approximately
eata by Nogueira et al. (2012), Lema et al. (2017). 500 m, Lema & Renner (2004).
Apostolepis quirogai Giraudo & Scrocchi, 1998 Comments: Lema & Renner (2004) describe two additional
Apostolepis roncadori Lema 2016. Caderno Pesquisa, Biol. specimens from Mato Grosso, Brazil.
28(1): 2–7, fig. 1.
APROSDOKETOPHIS Wallach, Lanza & Nistri, 2010
Holotype: BMNH 1972.429, a 252 mm male (Xavantina-
(Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Cachimbo Expedition).
Aprosdoketophis andreonei Wallach, Lanza & Nistri, 2010
Type locality: “Serra do Roncador, Mato Grosso, Brazil
(12°51′ S 51°46′ W), at 700 m on the sea level.”
ARCANUMOPHIS Smaga, Ttito & Catenazzi, 2019.
Distribution: C Brazil (E Mato Grosso), 700 m. Known only Zootaxa 4671(1): 132. (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae)
from the holotype.
Type species: Liophis problematicus Myers, 1986, by
Apostolepis rondoni Amaral, 1925. Commissão Linhas monotypy.
Telegr. Estrat. Matto Grosso Amazonas (84): 25.
Distribution: WC South America (Peru).
Holotype: MNRJ.
Comments: Smaga et al. (2019) use two mtDNA genes to
Type locality: no locality given; stated as Rondon, N Mato produce a phylogeny that has L. problematicus as sister
Grosso by Amaral (1977). taxon to other Xenodontines (Erythrolamprus, Lygophis and
Distribution: W Brazil (SW Amazonas, W Mato Grosso, Xenodon).
Rondonia). Arcanumophis problematicus (C.W. Myers, 1986)
Comments: Recognized as a species distinct from A. nigrolin Comments: Smaga et al. (2019) describe and illustrate a sec-
eata by Nogueira et al. (2012), Lema et al. (2017).
ond specimen, collected at 1960 m.
Apostolepis serrana Lema & Renner, 2006
Apostolepis striata Lema, 2004 †ARCHAEOPHIS Massalongo, 1859 (†Palaeophiidae:
Apostolepis tenuis Ruthven, 1927 Archaeophiinae)
Apostolepis tertulianobeui Lema, 2004. Acta Biol. Leopold. †Archaeophis proavus Massalongo, 1859
26(1): [155]. †Archaeophis turkmenicus Tatarinov, 1963
Synonyms: Apostolepis parassimilis Lema & Renner, 2011.
ARCHELAPHE Schulz, Böhme & Tillack, 2011
Holotype: MCN 8535, a 398 mm male. (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Type locality: Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Archelaphe bella (Stanley, 1917)
Distribution: EC Brazil (Bahia, Goias, Minas Gerais, Sao
Paulo). ARGYROGENA F. Werner, 1924 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Comments: H.C. Costa & Bérnils (2015) report that A. ter Comments: S. Das et al. (2019) examine relationships of
tulianobeui and A. parassimilis are based on the same A. fasciolata using cranial morphology and mtDNA sequence
holotype. They reiterate diagnostic characters between A. data, both of which indicate it is a sister taxon to Platyceps.
Argyrogena fasciolata (Shaw, 1802) Arrhyton supernum Hedges & Garrido, 1992
Distribution: Sagadevan et al. (2019) document records from Arrhyton taeniatum Günther, 1858
the SE coast of India. Distribution: Add Cuba (Camaguey: Sabinal Key),
Argyrogena vittacaudata (Blyth, 1854) A. Gonzalez & Iturriaga (2014); Cuba (Mayabeque, Villa
Clara), Amaro-Valdés & Morell-Savall (2017).
ARGYROPHIS Gray, 1845 (Typhlopidae: Asiatyphlopinae)
Arrhyton tanyplectum Schwartz & Garrido, 1981
Synonyms: Asiatyphlops Hedges, Marion, Lipp, Marin & Arrhyton vittatum (Gundlach in W.C.H. Peters, 1861)
Vidal, 2014.
Type species: Argyrophis bicolor Gray 1845, designated by ASPIDELAPS Fitzinger, 1843 (Elapidae)
Stejneger (1907). Aspidelaps lubricus (Laurenti, 1768)
Distribution: SE Asia from N Pakistan to Sumatra and SE Aspidelaps scutatus (A. Smith, 1849 in 1838–1849)
China.
ASPIDITES W.C.H. Peters, 1877 (Pythonidae)
Comments: Hedges et al. (2014), Pyron & Wallach (2014)
provide generic diagnoses. Aspidites melanocephalus (Krefft, 1864)
Aspidites ramsayi (Macleay, 1882)
Argyrophis bothriorhynchus (Günther, 1864)
Argyrophis diardii (Schlegel, 1839 in 1837–1844) ASPIDOMORPHUS Fitzinger, 1843 (Elapidae)
Distribution: Add Nepal (Nawalparasi), Pandey (2012). Aspidomorphus lineaticollis (F. Werner, 1903)
Argyrophis fuscus (A.M.C. Duméril & A.H.A. Duméril, 1851) Aspidomorphus muellerii (Schlegel, 1837)
Argyrophis giadinhensis (Bourret, 1937) Distribution: Add Indonesia (Gag Island), Lang (2013); Papua
Argyrophis hypsobothrius (F. Werner, 1917) New Guinea (Kairiru, New Britain and New Ireland Islands),
Comments: Hedges et al. (2014) assign hypsobothrius to Clegg & Jocque (2016); Papua New Guinea (Oro), O’Shea
Indotyphlops, but Pyron & Wallach (2014) argue that it is et al. (2018b, suppl.).
morphologically assignable to Argyrophis. Aspidomorphus schlegelii (Günther, 1872)
Argyrophis klemmeri (Taylor, 1962) Distribution: Add Papua New Guinea (East Sepik), Kraus (2013);
Argyrophis koshunensis (Oshima, 1916) Papua New Guinea (Sandaun), O’Shea et al. (2018b, suppl.).
Argyrophis muelleri (Schlegel, 1839 in 1837–1844) Elevation range NSL-326 m, O’Shea et al. (2018b, suppl.).
Distribution: Add West Malaysia (Pahang), Zakaria et al.
ASPIDURA Wagler, 1830 (Natricidae)
(2014); West Malaysia (Perak), Hurzaid et al. (2013).
Aspidura brachyorrhos (F. Boie, 1827)
Argyrophis oatesii (Boulenger, 1890)
Aspidura ceylonensis (Günther, 1858)
Argyrophis roxaneae (Wallach, 2001)
Aspidura copii Günther, 1864
Argyrophis siamensis (Günther, 1864)
Aspidura deraniyagalae Gans & Fetcho, 1982
Argyrophis trangensis (Taylor, 1962)
Aspidura desilvai Wickramasinghe, Bandara, Vidanapathi-
ARIZONA Kennicott in Baird, 1859 (Colubridae: rana & Wickramasinghe, 2019. Zootaxa 4559(2): 266–273,
Colubrinae) figs. 2–4, 6, 7.
Comments: E.A. Myers et al. (2017a) provide a DNA-sequence Holotype: NMSL-NH 2019.01.02, a 193 mm male (L.J.M.
based phylogeny with four primary clades: (1) Baja California Wickramasinghe & D.R. Vidanapathirana, 7 July 2018).
(=A. pacata), (2) western, (3) Chihuahuan Desert, (4) Great Type locality: “Riverstone, Knuckles, Matale District, Central
Plains, the last three currently referred to A. elegans. Province, Sri Lanka (07°31′39″ N, 80°44′01″ E, elevation
Arizona elegans Kennicott in Baird, 1859 1420 m).”
Comments: Molecular data studied by E.A. Myers et al. Distribution: Sri Lanka (Central), 995–1700 m.
(2017a) and Dahn et al. (2018) indicate the existence of a west- Aspidura drummondhayi Boulenger, 1904
ern and eastern clade. Aspidura guentheri Ferguson, 1876
Arizona pacata Klauber, 1946 Aspidura ravanai Wickramasinghe, L.J.M., Vidanapathirana,
Comments: Molecular data studied by E.A. Myers et al. Kandambi, Pyron & Wickramasinghe, 2017. Zootaxa 4347(2):
(2017a) and Dahn et al. (2018) confirm the validity as a species. 277, 289–290, fig. 3–5.
†Arizona voorhiesi Parmley & Holman, 1995 Holotype: NMSL-NH 2017.19.01, a 293 mm male (L.J.M.
Wickramasinghe, D.R. Vidanapathirana, S.C. Ariyarathne,
ARRHYTON Günther, 1858 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae) A.W.A. Chanaka, D. Kandambi & M.D.G. Rajeev, 5 February
Arrhyton ainictum Schwartz & Garrido, 1981 2010).
Arrhyton dolichura F. Werner, 1909 Type locality: “Sri Pada upper region, Ratnapura dis-
Arrhyton procerum Hedges & Garrido, 1992 trict, Sabaragamuwa province, Sri Lanka, (06°48′28″N,
Arrhyton redimitum (Cope, 1862) 080°29′23″E, elevation 1,680 m a.s.l.).”
Distribution: S Sri Lanka (Sabraragamuwa), 1650–2000 m. Comments: Menegon et al. (2014) use mtDNA sequence data
Aspidura trachyprocta Cope, 1860 to create a phylogeny of the East African species plus sev-
eral western species. The analysis confirms the monotypy of
Distribution: Add Sri Lanka (Sabaragamuwa), Wickramasinghe
Atheris, and recovers four clades within the eastern species
et al. (2019).
that correspond to tectonic and climatic events.
ASTHENODIPSAS W.C.H. Peters, 1864 (Pareidae: Pareinae) Atheris acuminata Broadley, 1998
Comments: Quah et al. (2019a) review populations related to Atheris anisolepis Mocquard, 1887
A. laevis on Borneo. Atheris barbouri Loveridge, 1930
Asthenodipsas jamilinaisi Quah, Grismer, Lim, Anuar & Atheris broadleyi D. Lawson, 1999
Imbun, 2019a. Zootaxa 4646(3): 508–515, figs. 4, 5. Distribution: Upper elevation of 1398 m, Ineich et al. (2015).
Holotype: SP 4076, a 456 mm male (P.Y. Imbun et al., 14 May Atheris ceratophora F. Werner, 1896
1991). Comments: Using mtDNA sequence data, Menegon et al.
Type locality: “Mount Trusmadi, Tambunan, Sabah, East (2014) identify possible cryptic species within A. ceratophora.
Malaysia (estimated: N 5.552776, E 116.516667, 2612 m a.s.l.).” Atheris chlorechis (Pel, 1851)
Distribution: East Malaysia (Sabah), 1668–2612 m. Distribution: Add Nigeria, Trape & Baldé (2014).
Asthenodipsas laevis (H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827) Atheris desaixi Ashe, 1968
Asthenodipsas lasgalenensis Loredo, Wood, Quah, Anuar, Atheris hirsuta Ernst & Rödel, 2002
Greer, Ahmad & Grismer, 2013. Zootaxa 3664(4): 514–517, Distribution: Add Liberia (Nimba), and upper elevation of
figs. 2, 3. 585 m (Penner et al. (2013).
Holotype: LSUHC 8869, a 529 mm male (L.L. Grismer, Comments: Penner et al. (2013) provide a description of a sec-
P.L. Wood, J.L. Grismer & C.K. Onn, 2 March 2008). ond known specimen.
Type locality: “Bukit Larut, Perak, Malaysia (4° 44.596′ N, Atheris hispida Laurent, 1955
100° 45.537′ E; 1184 m).”
Distribution: Add Uganda (Central), Groen et al. (2019).
Distribution: Highlands of West Malaysia (Pahang, Perak),
Atheris katangensis Witte, 1953
above 800 to at least 2050 m.
Atheris mabuensis Branch & Bayliss, 2009
Comments: See under A. vertebralis. Atheris matildae Menegon, Davenport & Howell, 2011
Asthenodipsas malaccana W.C.H. Peters, 1864 Atheris nitschei Tornier, 1902
Asthenodipsas steubingi Quah, Grismer, Lim, Anuar & Atheris rungweensis Bogert, 1940
Imbun, 2019a. Zootaxa 4646(3): 504–506, figs. 2, 3. Comments: Using mtDNA sequence data, Menegon et al.
Holotype: SP 4679, a 619 mm female (P.Y. Imbun, F.T.Y. Yu & (2014) identify possible cryptic species within A. rungweensis.
Safrie, 25 March 2009). Atheris squamigera (Hallowell, 1855)
Type locality: “Minduk Sirung (Alab-Mahua trail), Crocker Distribution: Add Ghana, Trape & Baldé (2014); South
Range Park, Sabah, East Malaysia (estimated N 5.823240, Sudan (Central Equatoria), Ullenbruch & Böhme (2017);
E 116.347238, 1859 m a.s.l.).” Angola (Bengo), Branch (2018); Angola (Cuanza Norte), M.P.
Distribution: E. Malaysia (Sabah), 971–1859 m. Marques et al. (2018).
Asthenodipsas tropidonota Lidth de Jeude 1923. Zool. Atheris subocularis J.G. Fischer, 1888
Meded. 7: 243. (Amblycephalus tropidonotus)
Lectotype: RMNH 4902b, a 693 mm male (P.J. van Houten), ATRACTASPIS A. Smith, 1849 in 1838–1849
designated by Grossmann & Tillack (2003). (Atractaspididae: Atractaspidinae)
Type locality: “Tapanoeli in Sumatra.” Comments: Portillo et al. (2019a) analyze DNA sequence data
Distribution: Indonesia (W Sumatra: Lampung, Panjang). for 14 of the species. They confirm that there are two clades,
Comments: See under A. vertebralis. characterized by venom gland size and geographic distribu-
tion (Middle East and N Africa vs. Subsaharan).
Asthenodipsas vertebralis (Boulenger, 1900)
Atractaspis andersonii Boulenger, 1905
Synonyms: Remove Amblycephalus tropidonotus Lidth de
Jeude, 1923. Distribution: Add Yemen (Lahi), Portillo et al. (2019a).
Distribution: Populations from Sumatra are now referable to Atractaspis aterrima Günther, 1863
A. tropidonotus according to Loredo et al. (2013). Distribution: Add Mali (Koulikoro), Trape & Mané (2017).
Comments: Molecular and morphological data studied by Atractaspis battersbyi Witte, 1959
Loredo et al. (2013) show that A. vertebralis is comprised of three Atractaspis bibronii A. Smith, 1849 in 1838–1849
species: A. lasgalenensis, A. tropidonotus and A. vertebralis.
Distribution: Add Angola (Benguela), Branch (2018).
ATHERIS Cope, 1862 (Viperidae: Viperinae) Atractaspis boulengeri Mocquard, 1897
Distribution: Add Gabon (Ogooue-Lolo), Portillo et al. Atractaspis watsonii Boulenger, 1908
(2019a); Congo (Niari), Portillo et al. (2019a). Distribution: Add Benin, Trape & Baldé (2014); Niger (Diffa,
Atractaspis branchi Rödel, Kucharzewski, Mahlow, Chirio, Tillaberi, Zinder), Trape & Mané (2015). Low elevation of
Pauwels, Carlino, Sambolah & Glos, 2019. Zoosyst. Evol. 41 m, Trape & Mané (2017).
95(1): 108–114, figs. 1–4.
Holotype: ZMB 88529, a 284 mm female (M.-O. Rödel, ATRACTUS Wagler, 1828 (Dipsadidae: Dipsadinae)
G. Sambola & J. Glos, 6 April 2018). Comments: Passos et al. (2013c) provide a key to Atractus
Type locality: “Liberia, Lofa region, Foya Forest, known from the Guiana Shield. Arteaga et al. (2017) provide
08°01′16.2″N, 010°25′31.4″W, 317 m a.s.l.” a phylogeny for 22 mostly Ecuadorian species using mtDNA
Distribution: S Guinea (Nzerekore), N Liberia (Lofa), 317–486 m. sequence data. Passos et al. (2018a) provide a key to species
of the A. collaris group. Melo-Sampaio et al. (2019) present a
Atractaspis congica W.C.H. Peters, 1877
DNA sequence-based phylogeny of species from the Guiana
Distribution: Add Angola (Benguela, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Shield region. See under Geophis.
Sul, Huila, Uige, Zaire), Branch (2018); Angola (Bie, Cabinda,
Huambo, Lunda Sul, Malanje), M.P. Marques et al. (2018); Atractus aboiporu Melo-Sampaio, Passos, Fouquet,
Angola (Luanda), Portillo et al. (2019a). Prudente & Torres-Carvajal, 2019. Syst. Biodiv. 17(3): 223–225,
figs. 10, 11.
Atractaspis corpulenta (Hallowell, 1854)
Holotype: MPEG 25796, a 298 mm female (U. Galatti,
Distribution: Add Congo (Niari), Portillo et al. (2018). D. Silvano & B. Pimenta, 9 November 2000).
Atractaspis dahomeyensis Bocage, 1887 Type locality: “Serra do Navio, Amapá, Brazil.”
Distribution: Add Mali (Koulikoro), and upper elevation Distribution: N Brazil (Amapa).
of 386 m, Trape & Mané (2017); Chad (Logone Oriental),
Atractus acheronius Passos, Rivas-Fuenmayor & Barrio-
Portillo et al. (2019a).
Amorgós, 2009
Atractaspis duerdeni Gough, 1907
Atractus albuquerquei Cunha & Nascimento, 1983
Distribution: Add South Africa (Northern Cape), Portillo
Distribution: Add Brazil (Amazonas, Minas Gerais), and
et al. (2019a).
upper elevation of 943 m, B.T.M. do Alburquerque et al.
Atractaspis engaddensis Haas, 1950 (2017); Brazil (Tocantins), Passos et al. (2019b). B.T.M. do
Holotype: Y. Werner & Shacham (2010) report that the Alburquerque et al. (2017) map known localities.
un-numbered holotype has been lost from HUJ. Atractus alphoneshogei Cunha & Nascimento, 1983
Distribution: Add Saudi Arabia (Ar-Riyad), Al-Sadoon (1989). Distribution: Remove Colombia, and add elevation range
Atractaspis engdahli Lönnberg & Andersson, 1913 NSL-50 m, Passos et al. (2018a).
Atractaspis fallax W.C.H. Peters, 1867 Comments: In the A. collaris species group, Passos et al.
Atractaspis irregularis (J.T. Reinhardt, 1843) (2013d; 2018a). Passos et al. (2018a) provide a revised descrip-
Distribution: Add Guinea (Faranah), Portillo et al. (2019a). tion, drawing of the holotype, and a locality map.
Atractaspis leleupi Laurent, 1950 Atractus altagratiae Passos & Fernandes, 2008
Atractaspis leucomelas Boulenger, 1895 Atractus alytogrammus Köhler & Kieckbusch, 2014. Zootaxa
Atractaspis magrettii Scortecci, 1928 3872(3):292–295, figs. 1–3.
Atractaspis microlepidota Günther, 1866 Holotype: SMF 88371, a 332 mm male (F. Medem, 9 January
Atractaspis micropholis Günther, 1872 1957).
Distribution: Add Mauritania (Hodh Ech Chargui), Padial Type locality: “the Serrania de la Lindosa (2.46782°,
(2006); Chad, Portillo et al. (2019a). −72.73155°), south of the municipality of San José del
Atractaspis phillipsi Barbour, 1913 Guaviare, department of Guaviare, Colombia.
Atractaspis reticulata Sjöstedt, 1896 Distribution: Colombia (Guaviare). Add Colombia (Meta),
Distribution: Add Nigeria (Plateau), Rödel et al. (2019), 209 m, Angarita-Sierra (2019).
Cameroon (Central), Rödel et al. (2019); Central African Comments: Angarita-Sierra (2019) describes the external
Republic (Sangha-Mbaere), Rödel et al. (2019), Equatorial morphology and hemipenes of a second specimen.
Guinea, Rödel et al. (2019); Gabon (Estuaire), Rödel et al. Atractus andinus Prado, 1944
(2019); Angola (Cuanza Norte), Rödel et al. (2019). Upper Atractus apophis Passos & Lynch, 2010
elevation of 1800 m, Rödel et al. (2019). Rödel et al. (2019) list Atractus atlas Passos, Scanferla, Melo-Sampaio, Brito &
and map known localities. Almendáriz, 2019a. Anais Acad. Brasil. Ciéncias 91(supl. 1):
Comments: Rödel et al. (2019) redescribe the holotype of 3–8, figs. 2–4.
A. reticulata. Holotype: MEPN 14203, a 926+ mm female (A. Almendáriz,
Atractaspis scorteccii Parker, 1949 J. Brito, J. Hurtado & J. Puchaicela, 26 July 2011).
Type locality: Rio Blanco (03°55′2.08″S 78°30′9.81″W, Atractus caxiuana Prudente & Santos-Costa, 2006
ca. 1850 m above sea level…), Paquisha, municipality of Distribution: Add Colombia (Vaupes) and Brazil (Rondonia),
Paquisha, province of Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador.” Passos et al. (2013d).
Distribution: SE Ecuador (Morona-Santiago, Zamora- Comments: Passos et al. (2013d) provide a revised diagnosis
Chinchipe), 1700–2100 m. and species account. In the A. collaris species group, Passos
Atractus atratus Passos & Lynch, 2010 et al. (2013d; 2018a).
Atractus attenuatus C.W. Myers & Schargel, 2006 Atractus cerberus Arteaga, Mebert, Valencia, Cisneros-Heredia,
Atractus avernus Passos, Chiesse, Torres-Carvajal & Savage, Peñafiel, Reyes-Puig, Vieira-Fernandes & Guayasamin, 2017.
2009 ZooKeys 661:105–108, fig. 5.
Atractus ayeush Esqueda-González, 2011. Herpetotropicos Holotype: MZUTI 4330, a 235 mm male (J.L. Vieira-
6(1–2): 36–37, figs. 1, 2. Fernandez and A. Arteaga, 6 November 2015).
Holotype: ULABG 5461, a 218 mm female (L.F. Esqueda-G., Type locality: “Pacoche, province of Manabí, Ecuador
27 December 2002). (S1.06664, W80.88123; 280 m).”
Type locality: “the stream ‘Quebrada La Concepción’, sector 5, Distribution: Ecuador (Manabi). Known only from two speci-
San Felipe, near Finca El Cocorucho, approx. 10°36′95″N mens from the type locality.
and 69°29′62″W. Altitude 1050 m.a.s.l., Municipio Urdaneta, Comments: In the A. iridescens group according to Arteaga
Lara State, Venezuela.” et al. (2017).
Distribution: NW Venezuela (Lara), 1050 m. Known only
Atractus charitoae Silva-Haad, 2004
from the holotype.
Atractus chthonius Passos & Lynch, 2010
Atractus badius (H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827) Atractus clarki Dunn & Bailey, 1939
Distribution: Add Brazil (Amapa), Schargel et al. (2013). Atractus collaris Peracca, 1897
Atractus biseriatus Prado, 1941 Synonyms: Add Leptocalamus limitaneus (Amaral, 1935).
Atractus bocki F. Werner, 1909
Distribution: Add Colombia (Caqueta, Guainia, Vaupes),
Atractus bocourti Boulenger, 1894
Peru (Ucayali), Brazil (Amazonas), and elevation range of
Atractus boimirim Passos, Prudente & Lynch, 2016a. 100–700 m, Passos et al. (2018a).
Herpetol. Monogr. 30, 6–11, figs. 5–9. Comments: In the A. collaris species group, Passos et al.
Holotype: MPEG 17908, a 306 mm male (N. Jorge da Silva (2013d; 2018a). Passos et al. (2018a) synonymize A. limita
and team, between 14 November 1988 and 29 March 1989). neus due to morphological overlap, and provide a revised
Type locality: “Jamari River…, Vila Cachoeira de Samuel description, color photographs, and a locality map for A. col
(08°45′S, 63°27′W, ca. 100 m asl), municipality of Porto laris. They also note that the holotype of L. limitaneus was
Velho, state of Rondônia, Brazil.” not destroyed by fire.
Distribution: Central Brazil (Amazonas, Pará, Rondonia), Atractus crassicaudatus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron &
30–145 m. Duméril, 1854)
Comment: In the Atractus pantostictus group. Distribution: Add Colombia (Meta), Paternina & Capera-M.
Atractus boulengerii Peracca, 1896 (2017).
Atractus caete Passos, Fernandes, Bérnils & Moura-Leite, 2010 Comments: Paternina & Capera-M. (2017) provide a species
account for Colombia.
Atractus careolepis Köhler & Kieckbusch, 2014. Zootaxa
3872(3): 295–297, figs. 4–6. Atractus dapsilis Melo-Sampaio, Passos, Fouquet,
Prudente & Torres-Carvajal, 2019. Syst. Biodiv. 17(3):
Holotype: SMF 68413, a 207 mm male (M. Henning &
216–219, figs. 3–5.
F. Klaaßen, 1 August 1970).
Holotype: MNRJ 14914, a 354 mm male (E.G. Pereira &
Type locality: “the Punta de Betin (approximately 11.2522°,
team, 1 February 2007).
−74.2197°, 15 m asl), municipality of Santa Marta, province
of Magdalena, Colombia.” Type locality: “Platô Teófilo, Flona Saracá-Taquera
(1°42′51.6″S, 56°24′34.0″W), alt. 97 m asl, Oriximiná, Pará,
Distribution: Colombia (Magdalena). Known only from the
Brazil.”
holotype.
Distribution: N Brazil (E Amazonas, W Para), 41–180 m.
Atractus carrioni H.W. Parker, 1930
Atractus darienensis C.W. Myers, 2003
Distribution: Add Peru (Huancabamba, Piura), 1500–2600 m,
Passos et al. (2013b). Atractus depressiocellus C.W. Myers, 2003
Comments: Passos et al. (2013b) present a revised diagnosis Distribution: Add Colombia (Chocó), 100 m, Echavarría-
and morphological variation in the species. In the A. roulei Rentería et al. (2015).
species group, Passos et al. (2013b). Atractus duboisi (Boulenger, 1880)
Atractus duidensis Roze, 1961 Comments: Passos et al. (2017) provide a revised diagnosis
Comment: Passos et al. (2013c) present a redescription and and description, color photographs, and a locality map. They
photographs of the type material. note that numerous records for this species are based on mis-
identifications with A. snethlageae and A. torquatus.
Atractus dunni Savage, 1955
Distribution: Add Ecuador (Carchi, Imbabura, Santo Atractus franciscopaivai Silva-Haad, 2004
Domingo, elevation 1688–2286 m), Arteaga et al. (2017). Comments: The specific epithet was misspelled in Wallach
et al. (2014).
Atractus echidna Passos, Mueses-Cisneros, Lynch &
Fernandes, 2009 Atractus francoi Passos, Fernandes, Bérnils & Moura-Leite,
Atractus ecuadorensis Savage, 1955 2010
Distribution: Elevation 1507 m, Arteaga et al. (2017). Atractus fuliginosus (Hallowell, 1845)
Atractus edioi N.J. Silva, Rodrigues-Silva, Ribeiro, Souza & Distribution: Add Venezuela (Anzoategui, Aragua, Barinas,
Souza, 2005 Carabobo, Cojedes, Miranda, Portuguesa, Vargas, Yaracuy),
Atractus elaps (Günther, 1858) Atractus gaigeae Savage, 1955
Distribution: Add Ecuador (Pastaza), Meneses-Pelayo & Distribution: Add Ecuador (Napo, Orellana, Pastaza,
Passos (2019); Peru (Huanuco, San Martin), Meneses-Pelayo & Sucumbios), and lower elevation of 200 m, Passos et al.
Passos (2019). (2018a). Upper elevation 972 m, Arteaga et al. (2017).
Atractus emigdioi Gonzáles-Sponga, 1971 Comments: In the A. collaris species group, Passos et al.
(2013d; 2018a). Passos et al. (2018a) provide a revised descrip-
Atractus emmeli (Boettger, 1888) tion, color photographs, and a locality map.
Synonyms: Add Atractus boettgeri Boulenger, 1896, Atractus Atractus gigas C.W. Myers & Schargel, 2006
balzani Boulenger, 1898, Atractus taeniatus Griffin, 1916,
Distribution: Add Ecuador (Carchi), Passos et al. (2019a);
Atractus paravertebralis Henle & Ehrl, 1991.
Ecuador (Santo Domingo), Arteaga et al. (2017).
Distribution: Add Bolivia (Cochabamba, Pando, Santa Cruz),
Atractus guentheri (Wucherer, 1861)
Peru (Huanuco), and Brazil (Acre, Rondonia), Passos et al.
Atractus guerreroi C.W. Myers & Donnelly, 2008
(2018b); Low elevation of 90 m, Passos et al. (2019b).
Atractus heliobelluomini Silva-Haad, 2004
Comments: Based on overlapping morphology, Passos et al.
Atractus heyeri Esqueda-González & McDiarmid in
(2018b) synonymize A. balzani with A. emmeli. Passos et al.
Natera-Mumaw et al., 2015. Atlas Serp. Venezuela: 407–411,
(2019b) provide a revised description, locality map, and color
fig. 1.
photographs. They also synonymize A. boettgeri, A. paraver
tebralis and A. taeniatus based on morphology. Holotype: USNM 247764, a 497 mm female (J.B. Heppner,
August 1981).
Atractus eriki Esqueda, La Marca & Bazo, 2005
Type locality: “17 Km SE Parque Nacional Yacambú, estado
Distribution: Add Venezuela (Zulia), and elevation range of
Lara, aproximadamente 1510 m de altitude, coordenades
900–1200 m, Natera-Mumaw et al. (2015)
geográficas 9°42′26″N y 69°34′34″O.”
Atractus erythromelas Boulenger, 1903 Distribution: NW Venezuela (Lara), 1510 m. Known only
Distribution: Add Venezuela (Tachira), Meneses-Pelayo & from the holotype.
Passos (2019). Upper elevation of 2200 m, Natera-Mumaw Atractus hoogmoedi Prudente & Passos, 2010
(2015).
Comments: In the A. collaris species group, Passos et al.
Atractus esepe Arteaga, Mebert, Valencia, Cisneros-Heredia, (2013d; 2018a).
Peñafiel, Reyes-Puig, Vieira-Fernandes & Guayasamin, 2017.
Atractus hostilitractus C.W. Myers, 2003
ZooKeys 661:108–110, fig. 6.
Atractus imperfectus C.W. Myers, 2003
Holotype: MZUTI 3758, a 285 mm male (A. Arteaga,
12 Sept. 2014). Atractus indistinctus Prado, 1940
Type locality: “Caimito, Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador Distribution: Add Colombia (Cesar), Meneses-Pelayo & Passos
(N0.69620, W80.090472; 102 m).” (2019); Venezuela (Merida, Tachira), Meneses-Pelayo & Passos
(2019).
Distribution: Ecuador (Esmeraldas). Known only from two
specimens from the type locality. Atractus insipidus Roze, 1961
Comments: In the A. iridescens group according to Arteaga Distribution: Add Brazil (Rondônia), Bernarde et al. (2012b).
et al. (2017). Elevation corrected to 952 m, Passos et al. (2013c). The type
locality straddles the Venezuela-Brazil border.
Atractus favae (Filippi, 1840)
Comments: Passos et al. (2013c) presented a redescription and
Atractus flammigerus (H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827)
photograph of the holotype.
Distribution: Revised to E Guiana Shield: E Suriname
(Paramaribo, Sipaliwini), French Guiana (Cayenne, Coast, Saint- Atractus iridescens Peracca, 1896
Laurent du Maroni), Brazil (Amapa), NSL-600 m, Passos et al. Distribution: Add Colombia (Cauca), and upper elevation of
(2017). 1251 m, Vera-Pérez et al. (2018);
Ecuador (Carchi, Esmeraldas, Pichincha), Arteaga et al. (2017). Distribution: Add Ecuador (Esmeraldas), 55 m, Cisneros-
Atractus lancinii Roze, 1961 Heredia & Romero (2015).
Atractus lasallei Amaral, 1931 Atractus melanogaster F. Werner, 1916
Atractus latifrons (Günther, 1868) Distribution: Add Colombia (Quindio), Quintero-Ángel et al.
Distribution: Add Bolivia (Beni), Brazil (Roraima), Colombia (2012, as cf A. melanogaster).
(Vaupes), Almeida et al. (2014). Atractus melas Boulenger, 1908
Comments: Almeida et al. (2014) provide a redescription of the Atractus meridensis Esqueda & La Marca, 2005
holotype, and describe variation within this widespread species. Atractus michelae Esqueda & La Marca, 2005
Atractus lehmanni Boettger, 1898 Atractus microrhynchus (Cope, 1868)
Distribution: Low elevation of 1748 m, Arteaga et al. (2017). Distribution: Add Ecuador (Loja, Manabi, elevation to
1545 m), Arteaga et al. (2017).
Atractus longimaculatus Prado, 1940
Atractus loveridgei Amaral, 1930 Atractus mijaresi Esqueda & La Marca, 2005
Atractus macondo Passos, Lynch & Fernandes, 2008 Atractus modestus Boulenger, 1894
Atractus maculatus (Günther, 1858) Distribution: Add Ecuador (Carchi, El Oro, low elevation of
Distribution: Add: Brazil (Pernambuco), Abegg et al. (2017b); 1019 m), Arteaga et al. (2017).
Brazil (Sergipe), Guedes et al. (2014, as A. aff. maculatus). Atractus multicinctus (Jan, 1865 in Jan & Sordelli, 1860–1866)
Atractus major Boulenger, 1894 Distribution: Add Ecuador (Esmeraldas), Arteaga et al. (2017).
Synonyms: Add Atractus arangoi Prado, 1940. Atractus multidentatus Passos, Rivas-Fuenmayor & Barrio-
Distribution: Add Ecuador (Morona-Santiago), Almendáriz Amorgós, 2009
et al. (2014); Ecuador (Orellana, Sucumbios, Zamora- Atractus nasutus Passos, Arredondo, Fernandes & Lynch,
Chinchipe), Arteaga et al. (2017); Ecuador (Pastaza), Schargel 2009
et al. (2013); Peru (Cuzco, Ucayali), Schargel et al. (2013); Atractus natans Hoogmoed & Prudente, 2003.
Bolivia (La Paz), Passos et al. (2018b); Colombia (Caqueta, Distribution: Add Brazil (Marajó Island, Pará), G.M.
Putumayo), Schargel et al. (2013); Venezuela (Bolivar), Rodrigues et al. (2015).
Schargel et al. (2013); Brazil (Acre), Bernarde et al. (2011b);
Brazil (Rondônia), Bernarde et al. (2012b). Atractus nicefori Amaral, 1930
Atractus nigricaudus K.P. Schmidt & Walker, 1943
Comments: Schargel et al. (2013) find that the holotype of
Atractus nigriventris Amaral, 1933
A. arangoi (which is extant, not destroyed as erroneously
stated by Wallach et al., 2014) agrees in all respects with Atractus obesus Marx, 1960
A. major. They provide a revised diagnosis and color photo- Distribution: Add Colombia (Cauca), and elevation range of
graphs of A. major. 1300–2800 m, Vera-Pérez et al. (2018).
Atractus manizalesensis Prado, 1940 Atractus obtusirostris F. Werner, 1916
Distribution: Add Colombia (Risaralda), and increase eleva- Atractus occidentalis Savage, 1955
tion range to 1500–2160 m, Rojas-Morales et al. (2017). Distribution: Add Ecuador (Cotopaxi, Santo Domingo, eleva-
They provide evidence that specimens from Cauca are not tion to 1985 m), Arteaga et al. (2017).
A. manizalesensis. Atractus occipitoalbus (Jan, 1862)
Comments: Rojas-Morales et al. (2017) provide a species Distribution: Add Colombia (Antioquia) and upper eleva-
account, with description, locality map and color photo-
tion of 1280 m, C.M. Marín et al. (2017); Ecuador (Napo,
graphs. The species epithet is misspelled in Wallach et al.
Pastaza, Sucumbios), Amendáriz & Orcés (2004); Bolivia
(2014).
(Cochabamba), Quinteros-Muñoz (2013).
Atractus mariselae Lancini, 1969
Atractus ochrosetrus Esqueda & La Marca, 2005
Atractus marthae Meneses-Pelayo & Passos, 2019. Copeia Atractus oculotemporalis Amaral, 1932
107(2): 251–256, figs. 1–4. Atractus orcesi Savage, 1955
Holotype: UIS R3027, a 306 mm male (E. Meneses-Pelayo, Atractus paisa Passos, Arredondo, Fernandes & Lynch, 2009
23 October 2014). Atractus pamplonensis Amaral, 1935
Type locality: “Colombia, department of Santander, munici- Atractus pantostictus Fernanes & Puorto, 1994
pality of Santa Bárbara, Vereda Esparta, 07°01′5.38″N, Atractus paraguayensis F. Werner, 1924
72°53′43.04″W, ca. 2400 m above sea level.” Type locality: Restricted to Bernal Cué, 25°16′,19.16S,
Distribution: Colombia (Santander), 2220–2400 m. 57°15′24.83W, Cordillera, Paraguay by Cabral and Cacciali
Atractus matthewi Markezich & Barrio-Amorgós, 2004 (2018).
Atractus medusa Passos, Mueses-Cisneros, Lynch & Distribution: Add Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina),
Fernandes, 2009 Entiauspe-Neto & Abegg (2013, who also map all records).
Comments: In the A. paraguayensis species group, Passos Holotype: QCAZ 8713, a 377 mm female (O. Torres-Carvajal,
et al. (2013a). S. Aldás-Alarcó & E.E. Tapia, 25 February 2009).
Atractus paucidens (Mocquard in Despax, 1910) Type locality: “surroundings of Chilmá Bajo on the way to Tres
Distribution: Add Ecuador (El Oro, Santa Elena, Santo Marías waterfall (0°51′53.82″N, 78°2′59.23″W…; 2071 m above
Domingo, elevation 72–1409 m), Arteaga et al. (2017). sea level [asl], Tulcán County, Carchi Province, Ecuador.”
Distribution: Extreme NC Ecuador (Carchi), 2071–2420 m.
Atractus pauciscutatus K.P. Schmidt & Walker, 1943
Atractus peruvianus (Jan, 1862) Comment: In the Atractus paucidens group.
Atractus poeppigi (Jan, 1862) Atractus schach (H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827)
Atractus potschi Fernandes, 1995 Distribution: Limited to the Guiana Shield region of Guyana,
Distribution: Add Brazil (Pernambuco), Roberto et al. (2017). French Guiana and Suriname, see Comments below. The fol-
Comments: Passos et al. (2016b) expand on the diagnosis and lowing Brazilian records of “Atractus schach” represent other
morphological variation based on additional specimens. In species, but we do not know which: add Brazil (Marajó Island),
the A. paraguayensis species group, Passos et al. (2013a). Moreira-Rodrigues et al. (2015); Brazil (Acre), Bernarde et al.
(2011b); Brazil (Rondônia), Bernarde et al. (2012b).
Atractus punctiventris Amaral, 1933
Comments: Melo-Sampaio et al. (2019) present a revised
Holotype: MLS 254, incorrectly stated as destroyed by
diagnosis and description, and restrict the geographic range.
Wallach et al. (2014).
Atractus serranus Amaral, 1930
Distribution: Add Colombia (Boyacá, Casanare), Passos et al.
(2016). Atractus snethlageae Cunha & Nascimento, 1983
Comments: Passos et al. (2016a) present a redescription, and Distribution: Add Ecuador (Morona-Santiago, to 835 m),
illustrate the holotype, and assign it to the A. flammigerus group. Arteaga et al. (2017); Ecuador (Orellana, Pastaza, Sucumbios,
Tungurahua), Schargel et al. (2013); Peru (Amazonas, Cuzco,
Atractus pyroni Arteaga, Mebert, Valencia, Cisneros-Heredia,
Loreto, Madre de Dios, Ucayali), Schargel et al. (2013). Upper
Peñafiel, Reyes-Puig, Vieira-Fernandes & Guayasamin, 2017.
elevation is 1800 m, Schargel et al. (2013).
ZooKeys 661: 111–112, fig. 7.
Comments: Schargel et al. (2013) provide a revised descrip-
Holotype: MZUTI 5107, a 477 mm female (J.L. Vieira- tion and color photographs.
Fernandez and C. Durán, 23 May 2016).
Atractus spinalis Passos, Junior, Recoder, Sena, Dal Vechio,
Type locality: “between Balzapamba and Bilován, province of
H. Pinto, Mendonça, Cassimiro & Rodrigues, 2013a. Pap.
Bolívar, Ecuador (S1.83601, W79.13322; 2026 m).”
Avulsos Zool. 53(6): 77–83, figs. 1–4.
Distribution: Ecuador (Bolivar). Known only from the
Holotype: MZUSP 20760, a 274 mm male (M.T. Rodrigues,
holotype.
M.T. Junior, R.S. Recoder, M.A. de Sena, F. Dal Vechio, H.B.
Comments: In the A. roulei group according to Arteaga et al. de A. Pinto, S.H.S.T. Mendonça & J. Cassimiro, 26 March
(2017). 2011).
Atractus resplendens F. Werner, 1901 Type locality: “Alto do Palácio (19°15′35.5″S, 43°31′55.2″W;
Distribution: Elevation to 1962 m, Arteaga et al. (2017). 1357 m above sea level…), Parque Nacional da Serra do
Atractus reticulatus (Boulenger, 1885) Cipó, municipality of Morro do Pilar, state of Minas Gerais,
Southeastern Brazil.”
Atractus riveroi Roze, 1961
Distribution: SE Brazil (SE Minas Gerais), 1354–1430 m.
Distribution: Add Brazil (Roraima), Fraga et al. (2017);
980–1800 m. Comments: In the A. paraguayensis species group, Passos
et al. (2013a).
Comments: Passos et al. (2013c) present a redescription and
photographs of the type material. Fraga et al. (2017) report Atractus steyermarki Roze, 1958
on the geographic variation and distribution on the basis of Synonyms: Add Atractus guerreroi C.W. Myers & Donnelly,
additional specimens. 2008.
Atractus ronnie Passos, Fernandes & Borges-Nojosa, 2007 Distribution: Elevation range 500–2244 m, Passos et al.
(2013c).
Comments: Ferreira-Silva et al. (2019) provide morphological
data on numerous additional specimens. Comment: Passos et al. (2013c) present a redescription and
photographs.
Atractus roulei Mocquard in Despax, 1910
Atractus stygius Passos, Azevedo, Nogueira, Fernandes &
Distribution: Upper elevation to 3029 m, Arteaga et al. (2017).
Sawaya 2019. Herpetol. Monogr. 33: 17–20, fig. 14.
Comment: In the A. roulei species group, Passos et al. (2013b).
Holotype: MNRJ 26734, a 319+ mm male (Universidade
Atractus sanctaemartae Dunn, 1946 Federal de Mato Grosso team, 2009).
Atractus sanguineus Prado, 1944 Type locality: “Bocaiúva (12°29′50″S, 57°52′30″W; ca.
Atractus savagei Salazar-Valenzuela, Torres-Carvajal & 312 m), Craveri River, municipality of Brasnorte, state of
Passos, 2014. Herpetologica 70(3), 351–357, figs. 1–4. Mato Grosso, Brazil.”
Distribution: C Brazil (Mato Grosso), 200–500 m. Comments: J.C. Murphy et al. (2019b) produce a DNA
Atractus sururucu Prudente & Passos, 2008 sequence based phylogeny of various A. trilineatus popu-
lations in comparison with thirty other Atractus species.
Comments: Passos et al. (2013c) present a redescription and
A. trilineatus is sister taxon to the remaining species, and
photographs of the holotype. In the A. collaris species group,
shows little genetic differentiation between populations from
Passos et al. (2013d; 2018a).
Trinidad and Tobago, and those from the Guianas.
Atractus tamaensis Esqueda & La Marca, 2005
Atractus trivittatus Amaral, 1933
Atractus tamessari Kok, 2006
Atractus turikensis Barros-Blanco, 2000
Distribution: 500–2200 m.
Distribution: Add Colombia (Cesar), and upper elevation of
Comments: Passos et al. (2013c) present a redescription and 2540 m, Montes-Correa et al. (2017).
photographs.
Atractus typhon Passos, Mueses-Cisneros, Lynch &
Atractus taphorni Schargel & García-Pérez, 2002 Fernandes, 2009
Atractus tartarus Passos, Prudente & Lynch, 2016a. Herpetol. Distribution: Add Ecuador (Esmeraldas), and low elevation of
Monographs 30: 11–16, figs. 10–14. 63 m, Arteaga et al. (2017).
Holotype: MNRJ 16511, a 372 mm male (R.S. Bérnils, Atractus univittatus (Jan, 1862)
H. Wogel, & P.S. Abe, 7 February 2008). Atractus variegatus Prado, 1942
Type locality: “Vila Palestina (04°40′S, 47°56′W, ca. Atractus ventrimaculatus Boulenger, 1905
200 m asl), municipality of Rondon do Pará, state of Atractus vertebrolineatus Prado, 1940
Pará, Brazil.” Atractus vertebralis Boulenger, 1904
Distribution: NC Brazil (Maranhao, Pará), 50–400 m. Atractus vittatus Boulenger, 1894
Comment: In the Atractus flammigerus group. Atractus wagleri Prado, 1945
Atractus werneri Peracca, 1912
Atractus thalesdelemai Passos, Fernandes & Zanella, 2005
Atractus zebrinus (Jan, 1862)
Atractus titanicus Passos, Arredondo, Fernandes & Lynch,
Atractus zidoki Gasc & Rodrigues, 1979
2009
Comments: In the A. collaris species group, Passos et al.
Distribution: Add Colombia (Quindio, Risaralda), and upper
(2013d; 2018a).
elevation of 2656 m, Vanegas-Guerrero et al. (2014).
Atractus torquatus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) ATRETIUM Cope, 1861 (Natricidae)
Atractus touzeti Schargel, Lamar, Passos, Valencia, Cisneros- Comments: See under Xenochrophis.
Heredia & Campbell, 2013. Zootaxa 3721(5): 466–469,
Atretium schistosum (Daudin, 1803)
figs. 6, 7.
Atretium yunnanensis Anderson, 1879
Holotype: FHGO 517, an 1195 mm female (P. Pearman,
16 August 1992). ATROPOIDES Werman in Campbell & Brodie, 1992
Type locality: “Cosanga-Archidona road (00°37′S, 77°48′W; (Viperidae: Crotalinae)
2200 m) in the Cordillera de Los Guacamayos, Province of
Atropoides indomitus E.N. Smith & Ferrari-Castro, 2008
Napo, Ecuador.”
Distribution: Add Honduras (El Paraiso), McCranie et al.
Distribution: Ecuador (Napo), 2200 m. Add Ecuador (Pastaza,
(2013a); Honduras (Choluteca, Francisco Morazan), and
1355 m), Arteaga et al. (2017).
upper elevation of 1681 m, Solís et al. (2017b); Medina-Flores
Atractus trefauti Melo-Sampaio, Passos, Fouquet, Prudente & et al. (2016, range extension).
Torres-Carvajal, 2019. Syst. Biodiv. 17(3): 220–223,
Comment: McCranie et al. (2013a) support its distinctness
figs. 6, 7, 9.
from A. occiduus.
Holotype: MNRJ 26709, a 266 mm male (A. Fouquet,
E. Courtois & M. Dewynter, 18 December 2012). Atropoides mexicanus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril,
1854)
Type locality: “Route de l’Est N2, Roura, French Guiana,
(4°29′19.7″N, 52°21′01.4W; 43 m asl).” Distribution: Add Nicaragua (Atlantico Norte, Nueva
Segovia), Sunyer et al. (2014).
Distribution: French Guiana and N Brazil (Amapa, N Para),
43 m. Atropoides nummifer (Rüppell, 1845)
Atractus trihedrurus Amaral, 1926 Atropoides occiduus (Hoge, 1966)
Atractus trilineatus Wagler, 1828 Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, range extension), García-
Padilla (2015).
Distribution: Add Guyana (Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo),
J.C. Murphy et al. (2019b). Upper elevation of 698 m, Arteaga Atropoides olmec (Pérez-Higareda, H.M. Smith & Juliá-
et al. (2017). Zertuche, 1985)
Atropoides picadoi (Dunn, 1939) Distribution: Add Borneo, J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014).
Comments: Alencar et al. (2016), using four mtDNA genes, Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a description
resolve A. picadoi as the sister taxon to Cerrophidion + all and illustrations.
other Atropoides, as had previous studies. The phylogeny of
Zaher et al. (2019) has A. picadoi, instead, as the sister taxon BITIS Gray, 1842 (Viperidae: Viperinae)
to Cerrophidion + Porthidium. Its ambiguous placement ren- Fossil records: Add upper Pliocene of Tanzania, Rage &
ders any of these genera paraphyletic without placing picadoi
Bailon (2011, as Bitis n. sp. or B. olduvaiensis).
in its own genus.
Bitis albanica Hewitt, 1937
†AUSTRALOPHIS Gómez, Báez & Rougier, 2008 (Aniliidae) Bitis arietans (Merrem, 1820)
†Australophis anilioides Gómez, Báez & Rougier, 2008 Distribution: Add Mauritania (Gorgol), Padial (2006); Gabon
AUSTRELAPS Worrell, 1963 (Elapidae) (Nyanga), Pauwels et al. (2017c); Angola (Bengo, Benguela,
Austrelaps labialis (Jan, 1859) Bie, Cuanza Norte, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, Lunda Sul,
Austrelaps ramsayi (Krefft, 1864) Malanje, Zaire), M.P. Marques et al. (2018); Angola (Cauando-
Austrelaps superbus (Günther, 1858) Cubango), Conradie et al. (2016b); Angola (Namibe), Ceríaco
et al. (2016). Crochet et al. (2015) report a southward range
AZEMIOPS Boulenger, 1888 (Viperidae: Azemiopinae) extension to the central coast of Western Sahara.
Comments: Orlov et al. (2013) review the systematics of Azemiops. Comments: Alshammari (2011) evaluates variation in RNA
sequence data between Arabian populations. Barlow et al.
Azemiops feae Boulenger, 1888 (2013), using mt and nuclear DNA sequence data, discover a
Distribution: Myanmar (Tanintharyi), China (Anhui, Fujian, number of clades in southern Africa that corresponded with
Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, hypothetical refugia of the late Pliocene.
SE Xixang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Vietnam (Lai Chau, Lao Cai),
Bitis armata (A. Smith, 1826)
700–2800 m.
Holotype: Number corrected to PEM R6769 by Conradie
Comments: Orlov et al. (2013) provide a species account with
et al. (2019).
a revised diagnosis and color photographs.
Bitis atropos (Linnaeus, 1758)
Azemiops kharini Orlov, Ryabov & T.T. Nguyen, 2013.
Russian J. Jerpetol. 20(2): 119–125, figs. 18–27. Bitis caudalis (A. Smith, 1839 in 1838–1849)
Synonyms: Azemiops albocephala Orlov, Ryabov & T.T. Distribution: Add Angola (Benguela, Huila, Luanda), M.P.
Nguyen, 2013 (nomen nudum). Marques et al. (2018).
Holotype: ZISP 26028, a 759 mm male (N.L. Orlov & S.A. Bitis cornuta (Daudin, 1803)
Ryabov, 12 June 2003). Bitis gabonica (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854)
Type locality: “Tam Dao Mountain, Tam Dao Village, Vinh Distribution: Add Benin, Trape & Baldé (2014); Nigeria
Phuc Province, Vietnam; 900 m a.s.l.” (Gongola), Nneji et al. (2019); Gabon (Moyen-Ogooue,
Distribution: N Vietnam (Bac Thai, Cao Bang, Lang Son, Nyanga), Pauwels et al. (2017c); Angola (Benguela, Malanje),
Vinh Phuc), 600–1800 m. P.S. Oliveira et al. (2016); Angola (Cabinda), Branch (2018);
Angola (Cuanza Norte, Zaire), M.P. Marques et al. (2018);
BAMANOPHIS Schätti & Trape, 2008 (Colubridae: Tanzania (Morogoro), Menegon et al. (2008), Lyakurwa (2017).
Colubrinae) Bitis harenna Gower, Wade, Spawls, Böhme, Buechley,
Bamanophis dorri (Lataste, 1888) Sykes & Colston, 2016b. Zootaxa 4093(1): 43–50, figs.1–7.
Holotype: ZMUC R68255, a 655 mm female (deposited by
†BAVARIOBOA Szyndlar & Schleich, 1993 (Booidea:
S.J. Birket-Smith, date of collection unknown, but possibly
incerta sedis)
1966 or 1967).
†Bavarioboa bachensis Szyndlar & Rage, 2003
Type locality: “Dodola (from maps: 6.98° N, 39.18° E c.
†Bavarioboa crocheti Szyndlar & Rage, 2003
2,400 m elevation), Oromia Region, Ethiopia.”
†Bavarioboa hermi Szyndlar & Schleich, 1993
†Bavarioboa herrlingensis Szyndlar & Rage, 2003 Distribution: Ethiopia (Oromia), 2400 m. Known only from
†Bavarioboa minuta Szyndlar & Rage, 2003 the holotype and a photo voucher.
†Bavarioboa ultima Szyndlar & Rage, 2003 Comments: The holotype was previously identified as B. par
†Bavarioboa vaylatsae Szyndlar & Rage, 2003 viocula by Böhme (1977) as well as others. The describers
consider it a member of the subgenus Macrocerastes.
BITIA Gray, 1842d (Homalopsidae) Bitis heraldica (Bocage, 1889)
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a generic Distribution: Add Angola (Benguela), and upper elevation of
diagnosis. 2302 m, F.M.P. Gonçalves et al. (2019, authors map known local-
Bitia hydroides Gray, 1842 ities); Angola (Cuanza Sul, Zaire), M.P. Marques et al. (2018).
Bitis inornata (A. Smith, 1838 in 1838–1849) Boa constrictor Linnaeus, 1758
Bitis nasicornis (Shaw & Nodder, 1792 in 1789–1813) Synonyms: Remove Boa orophias Linnaeus, 1758, Boa eques
Distribution: Add Sierra Leone & Togo, Trape & Baldé (2014); Eydoux & Souleyet, 1841, Boa diviniloquax mexicana Jan,
Angola (Bengo, Cuanza Sul, Uige), Branch (2018); Angola 1863, Boa ortonii Cope, 1878, Boa constrictor isthmica
(Cuanza Norte), M.P. Marques et al. (2018). Garman, 1883, Epicrates sabogae Barbour, 1906, Constrictor
constrictor sigma H.M. Smith, 1943, †Neurodromicus barbo
†Bitis olduvaiensis Rage, 1973
uri Vanzolini, 1952, †Neurodromicus stanolseni Vanzolini,
Bitis parviocula Böhme, 1977 1952, Constrictor constrictor nebulosa Lazell, 1964, Boa
Comments: Gower et al. (2016b) expand on the description constrictor longicauda Price & Russo, 1991.
through photographs of non-collected specimens. Distribution: Remove Central America, cis-Andean
Bitis peringueyi (Boulenger, 1888) Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, and Lesser Antilles. Add Aruba
Distribution: Add Angola (Namibe), M.P. Marques et al. (introduced), Quick et al. (2005); Colombia (Cesar), Medina-
(2018). Rangel (2011); Colombia (Norte de Santander), Armesto
et al. (2011); Colombia (Santander), E. Ramos and Meza-Joya
Bitis rhinoceros (Schlegel, 1855)
(2018); Ecuador (Manabi), Almendáriz et al. (2012); Brazil
Bitis rubida Branch, 1997
(Acre), Bernarde et al. (2011b); Brazil (Amapa), Sanches et al.
Bitis schneideri (Boettger, 1886)
(2018); Brazil (Ceara), Mesquita et al. (2013); Brazil (Espirito
Bitis worthingtoni Parker, 1932
Santo), Silva-Soares et al. (2011); Brazil (Maranhão), J.P.
Bitis xeropaga Haacke, 1975
Miranda et al. (2012); Brazil (Paraíba), R. França et al. (2012);
Brazil (Piauí), Dal Vechio et al. (2013); Brazil (Rio Grande
BLYTHIA Theobald, 1868 (Colubroidea: incerta sedis) do Norte), Sales et al. (2009); Brazil (Rio de Janeiro: Ilha
Blythia hmuifang Vogel, Lalremsanga & Vanlalhrima, 2017. Grande), C.F.D. Rocha et al. (2018); Brazil (Tocantins), Dal
Zootaxa 4276(4), 570–576, figs. 1–6. Vechio et al. (2016); Paraguay (Presidente Hayes), P. Smith &
Holotype: MZMU 714, a 175 mm male (H.T. Lalremsanga & Atkinson (2017); Paraguay (San Pedro), P. Smith et al. (2016);
Z. Fanai, 14 April 2015). Argentina (Catamarca, Formosa, Jujuy, Santa Fe, Tucuman),
Type locality: “Hmuifang Community forest, Aizawl District, Waller et al. (2012); Argentina (La Rioja), Kass et al. (2018);
Mizoram, India, 23°27′13.5″N; 92°45′09.5″E, elevation Argentina (San Juan), T.A. Martínez et al. (2015).
1,442 m asl.” Fossil records: Add late Pleistocene (Lujanian) of Argentina
Distribution: NE India (Mizoram), 1442–1458 m. (Albino & Brizuela, 2014).
Blythia reticulata Blyth, 1854 Comments: Bushar et al. (2015) used DNA sequence data to sug-
gest that the invasive population in Aruba probably originated
Distribution: Add India (Mizoram) and Bangladesh
from escaped or released snakes from northern South America.
(Chittagong), Vogel et al. (2017).
Reynolds & Henderson (2018) recognize four subspecies.
BOA Linnaeus, 1758 (Boidae) Boa imperator Daudin, 1803. Hist. Nat. Rept. 5: 150–152.
Synonyms: Remove †Pseudoepicrates Auffenberg, 1963. Synonyms: Boa eques Eydoux & Souleyet, 1841, Boa divini
Comments: Hynková et al. (2009) produce an mtDNA-based loquax mexicana Jan, 1863, Boa ortonii Cope, 1878, Boa con
phylogeny for mainland populations that contains a cis- strictor isthmica Garman, 1883, Epicrates sabogae Barbour,
and a trans-Andean clade. Reynolds et al. (2014b) evaluate 1906, Boa constrictor longicauda Price & Russo, 1991.
DNA sequence-data for five subspecies, also resulting in two Syntypes: lost from MNHN.
clades, and they formally recognize B. imperator as a species Type locality: “Mexique, à Carthagène [Bolívar, Colombia],
for the Middle America populations. Card et al. (2016) use et dans le royaume de Choco [Colombia]”; restricted
mtDNA sequence-data that support the mainland species split to Colombian Choco by Dunn and Saxe (1950:161) and
advised by Hynková et al. and Reynolds et al., and establish “Córdoba,” Veracruz, México by Smith and Taylor (1950:347).
a third species, B. sigma, for western Mexico. We recognize Distribution: E Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Hidalgo, E
B. nebulosa and B. orophias as species following Henderson Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi,
& Powell (2009) and Reynolds & Henderson (2018), although Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatan), Belize, Guatemala, Honduras,
previously suggested by Price & Russo (1991). El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama, W Colombia (Antioquia,
†Boa blanchardensis Bochaton & Bailon, 2018. J. Vert. Cauca, Choco, Valle del Cauca), W Ecuador (Manabi), and
Paleontol. 38(1462829): 3–9, figs. 3–6. NW Peru (Cajamarca, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Piura,
Holotype: MEC-A-18.1.1.1, a parabasisphenoid. Tumbes). Add Mexico (Yucatan: Isla Contoy), Noguez &
Ramírez-Bautista (2008); Honduras (Islas Exposición, Garrobo,
Type locality: “‘layer 10’ of Blanchard Cave,” Marie-Galante
Inglesera, El Pacar, Sirena, del Tigre, Zacate Grande), McCranie
Island, French Guadeloupe.
& Gutsche (2016); Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback
Distribution: Late Pleistocene (34,000–15,000 ya) of Marie- (2015); Colombia (Gorgona I.), Urbina-Cardona et al. (2008);
Galante Island, French Guadeloupe. Colombia (Valle del Cauca: Isla Palma), Giraldo et al. (2014).
Comments: Suárez-Atilano et al. (2014) produce a phylogeny Distribution: Angola (Benguela, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza
from genetic data that recognizes two monophyletic lineages: Norte, Cunene, Huila, Moxico, Namibe).
one in Central America, the Yucatan Peninsula, and west- Comments: Marques et al. (2018) recognize angolensis as a
ern Gulf of Mexico states, and one on the Pacific coast of species, and state that ongoing studies will define its taxo-
Mexico (here recognized as B. sigma), with secondary contact nomic status and geographic distribution.
between the two lineages in Oaxaca. Reynolds & Henderson
Boaedon arabicus H.W. Parker, 1930
(2018) recognize two subspecies. See under Boa.
Boaedon capensis A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854
Boa nebulosa Lazell, 1964. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 132(3):
264–266, figs. 4, 5. (Constrictor constrictor nebulosa) Comments: Trape & Mediannikov (2016) list Boaedon men
talis as a species apart from B. capensis, but without comment.
Holotype: MCZ R65493, a 1438 mm female (J.D. Lazell, 30
July 1959). Boaedon erlangeri Sternfeld, 1908
Type locality: “Woodford Hill, Dominica.” Boaedon fuliginosus (H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827)
Distribution: Dominica, West Indies. Synonyms: Remove Alopecion variegatum Bocage, 1867.
Comments: Recognized as a species distinct from Boa con Distribution: Add Morocco (Tiznit), Barnstein et al. (2012);
strictor by Henderson & Powell (2009) and Reynolds & Mauritania (Nouakchott), Padial (2006); Mali (Kayes,
Henderson (2018). Koulikoro, Mopti, Seguo, Sikasso), Trape & Mané (2017);
Tanzania (Morogoro), Menegon et al. (2008), Lyakurwa
Boa orophias Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat. 10: 215.
(2017); Niger (Diffa, Tahoua, Tillaberi, Zinder), Trape &
Holotype: An unnumbered specimen in Museum de Geer col- Mané (2015); Angola (Bengo, Cuando Cubango, Lunda Sul),
lection within the Royal Museum of Stockholm. M.P. Marques et al. (2018, as B. fuliginosus complex). See
Type locality: “Habitat … ”; restricted to Praslin, St. Lucia by comments.
Lazell (1964). Comments: Boaedon fuliginosus is polyphyletic according to
Distribution: St. Lucia, West Indies. the DNA-based phylogeny that Greenbaum et al. (2015) pres-
Comments: Recognized as a species distinct from Boa con ent. Trape & Mediannikov (2016) consider B. fuliginosus to
strictor by Henderson & Powell (2009) and Reynolds & be limited to West Africa, describing at least two new spe-
Henderson (2018). cies from populations from Cameroon, Chad, Central African
Republic and Congo. However, they do not indicate the east-
Boa sigma H.M. Smith, 1943. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. 93(3169):
ern limits of the range, nor do they discuss East African popu-
411–412. (Constrictor constrictor sigma)
lations. See comments under B. variegatus.
Holotype: USNM 46484, a skinned female of approximately
Boaedon geometricus (Schlegel, 1837)
200 cm (E.W. Nelson & E.A. Goldman, 12 May 1897).
Type locality: “María Madre Island, Tres Marías Islands,” Boaedon lineatus A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854
Nayarit, Mexico. Synonyms: Remove Boodon lineatus angolensis Bocage, 1895.
Distribution: W Mexico (SW Chihuahua, Colima, SW Distribution: Add Liberia (Lofa), Rödel & Glos (2019); Mali
Durango, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, (Segou), Trape & Mané (2017). See comments.
W Oaxaca, Sinaloa, Sonora). Add Mexico (Jalisco: San Comments: Trape & Mediannikov (2016) consider B. lin
Pancho I.), Hernández-Salinas et al. (2014); Mexico eatus to be limited to West Africa, describing at least two
(Zacatecas), Bañuelos-Alamillo et al. (2016). Upper elevation new species from eastern populations. However, they do not
of 1420 m, Jacobs (2018). indicate the eastern limits of the range. See comments under
Comments: See under Boa. B. angolensis.
Boaedon littoralis Trape in Trape & Mediannikov, 2016.
BOAEDON A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854 Bull. Soc. Herpétol. France 159: 100–105, figs. 29–32.
(Lamprophiidae) Holotype: MNHN 1964.11, a 1016 mm female (A. Stauch,
Comments: Greenbaum et al. (2015) present a DNA sequence- September 1963).
based phylogeny of populations of six Central African spe- Type locality: “Pointe-Noire (République Populaire de Congo).”
cies. Trape & Mediannikov (2016) present an mtDNA-based Distribution: WC Africa. W Congo (Kouilou) and S Gabon
phylogeny for Central and West African species. (Nyanga).
Boaedon abyssinicus (Mocquard, 1906) Boaedon longilineatus Trape in Trape & Mediannikov, 2016.
Boaedon angolensis Bocage, 1895. Herpétol. Angola Congo: Bull. Soc. Herpétol. France 159: 94–99, figs. 9, 25, 27, 28.
80. (Boodon lineatus angolensis) Holotype: MNHN R2015.0093 (orig. IRD 2521.N), a 913 mm
Syntypes: originally in MBL, most, if not all, destroyed by female (villager, 18 November 2015).
fire. Type locality: “Fieng-bac (09°51′01″N, 15°04′38″E; altitude
Type locality: “Loanda…; Novo Redondo…; Benguella, 326 m) près de Fianga (Tchad, région du Mayo-Kebbi Est),”
Dumbe, Capangombe,” Angola. Chad.
Distribution: WC Africa. Chad (Batha, Mayo-Kebbi Est, Boaedon upembae (Laurent, 1954)
Mayo-Kebbi Ouest) and Cameroon (Far North, North), Comments: Greenbaum et al. (2015) transfer Lycodono
326–366 m. morphus upembae to Boaedon based on phylogenetic
Boaedon maculatus H.W. Parker, 1932 placement using DNA sequence data.
Boaedon olivaceus (A.H.A. Duméril, 1856) Boaedon variegatus Bocage, 1867. J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat.,
Distribution: Add Gabon (Estuaire), Pauwels et al. (2017a); Series 1, 1: 227. (Alopecion variegatum)
DR Congo (Kasai Occidental), Greenbaum et al. (2015). Syntypes: MBL (n = 4), (J. Anchieta), MBL (n = 1), (J.A.
Boaedon paralineatus Trape & Mediannikov, 2016. Bull. Botelho), all probably destroyed by fire.
Soc. Herpétol. France 159: 88–94, figs. 8, 21–24. Type locality: “Benguella e Dombe…..Novo Redondo,”
Holotype: MNHN R2015.0085 (orig. IRD 2069.N), a 748 mm Angola.
male (villager, 22 May 2015). Distribution: W Angola (Benguela, Cuanza Sul, Huambo,
Luanda, Namibe).
Type locality: “Baïbokoum (Tchad, région du Logone Oriental)
devant sa maison (07°44′57″N, 15°41′28″E, altitude 491 m).” Comments: Marques et al. (2018) recognize variegatus as a
species, and state that ongoing studies will define its taxo-
Distribution: C Africa. S Chad (Logone Oriental), Cameroon
nomic status and geographic distribution
and Central African Republic (Bangui, Haut-Mbomou,
Haute-Kotto, Ombella-Mpoko, Ouham-Pende), 491 m. Add Boaedon virgatus (Hallowell, 1854)
Nigeria (Gongola), Nneji et al. (2019). Distribution: Upper elevation of 1772 m, Ineich et al. (2015).
Boaedon perisilvestris Trape & Mediannikov, 2016. Bull.
†BOAVUS Marsh, 1871 (Tropidophiidae)
Soc. Herpétol. France 159: 82–88, figs. 5, 17–20.
†Boavus affinis Brattstrom, 1955
Holotype: MNHN R2015.0083 (orig. IRD TR.4232), a
†Boavus brevis Marsh, 1871
436 mm male (J.-F. Trape, 15 December 2013).
†Boavus idelmani Gilmore, 1938
Type locality: “l’ancien centre ORSTOM de Brazzaville †Boavus occidentalis Marsh, 1871
près de l’ancien bâtiment de la trypanosomiase (04°16′39″S,
15°14′20″E; altitude 398 m),” Congo Brazzaville. BOGERTOPHIS Dowling & Price, 1988 (Colubridae:
Distribution: WC Africa. Cameroon (Adamaoua, Centre), S Colubrinae)
Chad (Logone Oriental), Central African Republic (Bangui, Bogertophis rosaliae (Mocquard, 1899)
Haut-Mbomou, Haute-Kotto, Ouham-Pende, Vakaga), Gabon Bogertophis subocularis (A.E. Brown, 1902)
(Haut-Ogooue), Congo (Brazzaville, Cuvette, Kouilou,
Lekoumou, Plateaux, Pool), 398 m. Add Nigeria (Gongola), BOIGA Fitzinger, 1826 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Nneji et al. (2019); W Congo-Zaire (Equateur), Greenbaum Synonyms: Add Elachistodon J.T. Reinhardt, 1863.
et al. (2017). Boiga andamanensis (Wall, 1909)
Boaedon radfordi Greenbaum, Portillo, Jackson & Kusamba, Boiga angulata (W.C.H. Peters, 1861)
2015. African J. Herpetol. 64(1): 24–29, figs. 3, 4.
Distribution: Add Philippines (Bohol I.), Leviton et al. (2018).
Holotype: UTEP 20995 (orig. EBG 2422), a 553 mm male Comments: Leviton et al. (2018) believe B. angulata is likely
(SVL) (C. Kusamba, W.M. Moninga, M.M. Aristote & a color variant of B. drapiezii.
E. Greenbaum, 7 July 2009).
Boiga barnesii (Günther, 1869)
Type locality: “Shatuma-Abis village, Lendu Plateau,
Orientale Province, D[emocratic]R[epublic of the]C[ongo] Boiga beddomei (Wall, 1909)
(2.01315° N, 30.84066° E, 2000 m).” Distribution: Add India (Gujarat), Patel & Vyas (2019);
Distribution: Democratic Republic of the Congo (Nord Sri Lanka (Sabaragamuwa), Peabotuwage et al. (2012).
Kivu, Oriente, Sud Kivu), Uganda (Southern, Western), Boiga bengkuluensis Orlov, Kudryavtsev, Ryabov &
640–2362 m. Shumakov, 2003
Boaedon subflavus Trape in Trape & Mediannikov, 2016. Boiga bourreti Tillack, Ziegler & Quyet, 2004
Bull. Soc. Herpétol. France 159: 75–82, figs. 6–8, 13–16. Boiga ceylonensis (Günther, 1858)
Holotype: MNHN R2015.0066, a 643 mm male (villager, 29 Distribution: Add Sri Lanka (Sabaragamuwa), Peabotuwage
May 2015). et al. (2012).
Type locality: “village de Kumao (07°36′50″N, 15°36′45″E; Boiga cyanea (Bibron in A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril,
altitude 553 m)…situé à 17 km au sud-ouest de Baibokoum 1854)
(Tchad, region du Logone Oriental).” Distribution: Add Thailand (Rayong, and Koh Chang I.),
Distribution: C Africa. Cameroon (North), Chad (Batha, Chan-ard and Makchai (2011); Cambodia (Siem Reap),
Guera, Chari-Baguirmi, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Geissler et al. (2019); Vietnam (Dien Bien), Dung et al. (2014);
Mayo-Kebbi Est, Mayo-Kebbi Ouest, Ouaddai), Central West Malaysia (Pulau Singa Besar), B.L. Lim et al. (2010).
African Republic (Vakaga), WC Sudan. 553 m. Boiga cynodon (H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827)
Distribution: Add Philippines (Bohol, Calayan, Camiguin Distribution: Add Vietnam (Ha Giang, Ninh Binh, Phu Tho,
Norte, Carabao, Inampulugan, Lubang, Negros, Pan de Quang Binh, Quang Ninh, Thanh Hoa), Ananjeva et al. (2015).
Azucar, Siquijor Is.), Leviton et al. (2018); Philippines (Tablas Comment: Ananjeva et al. (2015) model habitat to predict the
I.), Siler et al. (2012). Remove India (Gujarat), Patel & Vyas potential distribution.
(2019).
Boiga multifasciata (Blyth, 1860)
Boiga dendrophila (F. Boie, 1827) Distribution: Add Bhutan (Punakha) and lower elevation of
Distribution: Add Myanmar (Tanintharyi), J.L. Lee et al. 1200 m, Koirala et al. (2016); Bhutan (Trongsa, Wangdue
(2015); West Malaysia (Kedah), Shahriza et al. (2013); West Phodrang), Tshewang & Letro, 2018).
Malaysia (Pulau Singa Besar), B.L. Lim et al. (2010), West
Boiga multomaculata (F. Boie, 1827)
Malaysia (Terengganu), Sumarli et al. (2015); Philippines
(Calayan, Siargao Is.), Leviton et al. (2018). Distribution: Add Myanmar (Tanintharyi), Mulcahy et al.
(2018); China (Nan Ao Island), Qing et al. (2015); Cambodia
Boiga dightoni (Boulenger, 1894)
(Siem Reap), Geissler et al. (2019); low elevation to 700 m,
Boiga drapiezii (H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827) Chettri et al. (2010).
Distribution: Add Myanmar (Tanintharyi), J.L. Lee et al. Boiga nigriceps (Günther, 1863c)
(2015); West Malaysia (Pahang), Zakaria et al. (2014); West
Distribution: Add West Malaysia (Terengganu), Sumarli et al.
Malaysia (Terengganu), Sumarli et al. (2015); Philippines
(2015); Indonesia (Bali), Vink & Shonleben (2015).
(Luzon Is., Sorsogon Prov., 373 m), Binaday & Lobos (2016);
Philippines (Mindanao I.), Leviton et al. (2018). Boiga nuchalis (Günther, 1875)
Boiga flaviviridis Vogel & Ganesh, 2013. Zootaxa 3637(2): Boiga ochracea (Theobald in Günther, 1868)
159–161, figs. 1, 2. Distribution: Add Bhutan (Trongsa, Wangdue Phodrang),
Holotype: BMNH 1911.9.8.4, an 890+ mm female (presented Tshewang & Letro, 2018).
by F. Wall, 1911). Boiga philippina (W.C.H. Peters, 1867)
Type locality: “Berhampore, state of Orissa, India…, 19°18′ Distribution: Add Philippines (Babuyan Claro I.), Leviton
57″ N 84°47′ 38″ E, 31 m asl.” et al. (2018).
Distribution: E India (Andhra Pradesh, incl. Sriharikota Is., Boiga quincunciata (Wall, 1908)
Orissa), 11–680 m. Add India (Chattisgarh), Khandal et al. Distribution: Add India (West Bengal), and upper elevation of
(2016a); India (Maharashtra), Sharma et al. (2016). 744 m, Ghosh & Mukherjee (2019).
Boiga forsteni (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) Boiga ranawanei Samarawickrama, Samarawickrama
Distribution: Add India (Jharkhand), Chaudhuri et al. (2017). Wijesena & Orlov, 2005. Russ. J. Herpetol. 12(3): 216–219,
Vamdev et al. (2019) map the distribution in India. figs. 1–5, 7, 11, 12, 14.
Boiga fusca (Gray, 1842) Holotype: CMS, number not given, an 899 mm male
Boiga gocool (Gray, 1835 in Gray & Hardwicke, 1830–1835) (V.A.M.P.K. Samarawickrama, 20 October 2004).
Boiga guangxiensis Wen, 1998 Type locality: “Bulawaththa, Gannoruwa Forest, Kandy
Distribution: Add China (Yunnan), Hodges (2018); Vietnam District, Central Province, Sri Lanka…07°17′16″ N
(Binh Phuoc), Neang et al. (2017); Vietnam (Hai Duong), 80°35′36″ E, altitude 640 m a.s.l.”
Ryabov & Orlov (2010); Vietnam (Hai Phong: Cat Ba Island), Distribution: C Sri Lanka.
T.Q. Nguyen et al. (2011); Vietnam (Quang Ngai), Nemes et al. Comments: Vogel & Ganesh (2013) tentatively recognize
(2013); Cambodia (Mondulkiri), Neang et al. (2017). ranawanei for comparative purposes.
Comments: The specific epithet was misspelled in Wallach
et al. (2014). Boiga saengsomi Nutaphand, 1985
Boiga hoeseli Ramadhan, Iskandar & Subasri, 2010 Boiga schultzei Taylor, 1923
Boiga irregularis (Merrem in Bechstein, 1802) Comments: Leviton et al. (2018) believe B. schultzei is likely
a color variant of B. drapiezii.
Distribution: Add Indonesia (Gorong, Haruku, Saparua, Sula,
Ternate, Tidore Islands), Lang (2013); Indonesia (Talaud Boiga siamensis Nutaphand, 1971
Island, introduction), A. Koch et al. (2009); Papua New Distribution: Add Nepal (Chitwan), Pandey et al. (2018);
Guinea (Ambitle, Manam, Rambutyo and Tarawai Islands), Myanmar (Tanintharyi), Mulcahy et al. (2018); Cambodia
Clegg & Jocque (2016); Papua New Guinea (Oro), O’Shea (Siem Reap), Geissler et al. (2019).
et al. (2018b, suppl.). Boiga tanahjampeana Orlov & Ryabov, 2002
Boiga jaspidea (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) Boiga thackerayi Giri, Deepak, Captain, Pawar & Tillack,
Distribution: Add West Malaysia (Terengganu), Sumarli et al. 2019. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 116: 3–7, figs. 1–4.
(2015). Holotype: BNHS 2371, an 1163 mm male (T. Thackeray &
Boiga kraepelini Stejneger, 1902 S. Pawar, 27 July 2016).
Type locality: “near Humbarli, Koyna, Satara district, Borikenophis sancticrucis (Cope, 1862)
Maharashtra, India.” Borikenophis variegatus (K.P. Schmidt, 1926)
Distribution: WC India (Maharashtra). Known only from the
type locality. BOTHRIECHIS W.C.H. Peters, 1859 (Viperidae:
Boiga trigonata (Schneider in Bechstein, 1802) Crotalinae)
Distribution: Add Iran (North Khorasan, Semnan, South Comments: Townsend et al. (2013b) provide an mtDNA-based
Khorasan), Safaei-Mahroo et al. (2015); Nepal (Nawalparasi), phylogeny for ten of the species. They consider specimens
Pandey et al. (2018). from the Sierra de Sulaco, Yoro, Honduras to be unassignable
to recognized species. Mason et al. (2019) produce a multi-
Boiga wallachi I. Das, 1998 gene phylogeny of the eleven species, which they use to deter-
Boiga walli M.A. Smith, 1943 mine the biogeographical patterns of their evolution.
Boiga westermanni (J.T. Reinhardt, 1863) Bothriechis aurifer (Salvin, 1860)
Distribution: Add India (Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh), Vyas Bothriechis bicolor (Bocourt, 1868)
(2013); India (Telangana), Dandge & Tiple (2016, who map
Bothriechis guifarroi Townsend, Medina-Flores, L.D.
known localities); India (Punjab, Uttarakhand), Sharma
Wilson, Jadin & Austin, 2013b. ZooKeys 298: 85–91, figs. 2,
(2014); India (Rajasthan), Khandal et al. (2016b). Mohan et al.
3, 5, 6.
(2018) provide a locality map.
Holotype: UTA R60303, a 734 mm male (E. Aguilar,
Comments: Mohan et al. (2018) using DNA sequence-data,
find Elachistodon westermanni to resolve within Boiga, as A. Contreras, L. Gray, L.A. Herrera-B., M. Medina-Flores,
sister taxon to other Indian species. They transfer E. wester A. Portillo, A. Stubbs & J.H. Townsend, 25 July 2010).
manni to Boiga. Type locality: “La Liberacíon…, 15.5302°N, 87.2939°W
(|DD), 1,015 m elevation, Refugio de Vida Silvestre Texíguat,
Departamento de Atlántida, Honduras.”
BOIRUNA Zaher, 1996 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae)
Distribution: Honduras (Atlantida), 1015–1450 m.
Boiruna maculata (Boulenger, 1896)
Bothriechis lateralis W.C.H. Peters, 1862
Distribution: Add Brazil (Parana), Souza-Filho et al. (2015);
Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), M.B. dos Santos et al. (2012); Distribution: Add Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback
Argentina (San Juan), Laspiur & Nenda (2018). Upper eleva- (2015).
tion of 1898 m, Quinteros-Muñoz (2015). Bothriechis marchi (Barbour & Loveridge, 1929)
Boiruna sertaneja Zaher, 1996 Type locality: Initially stated as probably “El Oro,
Distribution: Add Brazil (Maranhao, Rio Grande do Norte, Municipio de Quimistán in the Sierra del Espíritu Santo to
Sergipe), Guedes et al. (2014). Upper elevation of 1000 m, the northwest of the town of Quimistán,” L.D. Wilson &
Guedes et al. (2014). P. Brito & Gonçalves (2012) document McCranie (1992).
known and new records. Distribution: Add Guatemala (Zacapa), Townsend et al.
(2013b). Remove Honduras (Atlantida) populations to B. gui
BOLYERIA Gray, 1842 (Bolyeriidae) farroi, Townsend et al. (2013b).
Bolyeria multocarinata (H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827) Bothriechis nigroviridis W.C.H. Peters, 1859
Distribution: Add Panama (Bocas del Toro), Doan et al.
BORIKENOPHIS Hedges & Vidal in Hedges, Couloux & (2016).
Vidal, 2009 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae) Comments: Doan et al. (2016) discuss geographic variation.
Borikenophis portoricensis (J.T. Reinhardt & Lütken, 1862) Bothriechis nubestris Doan, Mason, Castoe, Sasa &
Synonyms: Remove Alsophis portoricensis prymnus Parkinson, 2016. Zootaxa 4138(2): 277–278, figs. 4, 5, 7.
Schwartz, 1966. Holotype, UTA R9637, a 911 mm female (P. Seigfried,
Distribution: Add USA (Puerto Rico: Culebrita I.), Torres- October 1973).
Santana (2010). Type locality: “San Isidro de El General, Province of San
Borikenophis prymnus Schwartz, 1966. Stud. Fauna Curaçao José, Costa Rica; approximately 3000 m.”
Caribb. Islands 23(90): 194–198, figs. 45, 53. (Alsophis por Distribution: Costa Rica (Cartago, Limón, San José), 2400–
toricensis prymnus) 3000+ m.
Holotype: MCZ 77226, an 811+ mm male (D.C. Leber & Comments: B. nubestris occupies northern and central parts
A. Schwartz, 13 May 1961). of the Cordillera de Talamanca, populations formerly assigned
Type locality: “Caja de Muertos, Puerto Rico,” USA. to B. nigroviridis.
Distribution: S Puerto Rico, USA. Bothriechis rowleyi (Bogert, 1968)
Comments: Grazziotin et al. (2012) and Zaher et al. (2019) Distribution: Grünwald et al. (2016a) provide additional
recognize prymnus as a species distinct from B. portoricensis. records from Chiapas of this uncommon snake.
Bothriechis schlegelii (Berthold, 1845) BOTHROLYCUS Günther, 1874 (Lamprophiidae)

Distribution: Add Mexico (Oaxaca), Wylie & Grünwald Bothrolycus ater Günther, 1874
(2016); Nicaragua (Boaco), Obando & Sunyer (2016b); Distribution: Upper elevation of 1900 m, Ineich et al. (2015).
Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback (2015); Colombia
(Cesar, Chocó, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, Huila, Magdalena, BOTHROPHTHALMUS W.C.H. Peters, 1863
Meta, Nariño, Risaralda, Valle del Cauca), and increase ele- (Lamprophiidae)
vation to 2970 m, C. Gómez & Buitrago-González (2017); Bothrophthalmus brunneus Günther, 1863
Colombia (Quindio), Quintero-Ángel et al. (2012); Ecuador Bothrophthalmus lineatus (W.C.H. Peters, 1863)
(Azuay, Canar, Cotopaxi, Imbabura, Los Rios, Loja, Santo
Domingo), Valencia et al. (2016). BOTHROPS Wagler in Spix, 1824 (Viperidae: Crotalinae)
Bothriechis supraciliaris (Taylor, 1954) Synonyms: Bothriopsis W.C.H. Peters, 1861, Rhinocerophis
Bothriechis thalassinus Campbell & E.N. Smith, 2000 Garman, 1881, Bothropoides Fenwick, Gutberlet, Evans &
Parkinson, 2009.
Distribution: Add Guatemala (Zacapa), Townsend et al.
(2013b). Distribution: Middle and South America.
Comments: Alencar et al. (2016) resolve a monophyletic
BOTHROCHILUS Fitzinger, 1843 (Pythonidae) Bothrops that includes clades for the genera Bothriopsis,
Comments: See under Leiopython. Barker et al. (2015) reject Bothropoides, Bothrops, Rhinocerophis, with B. pictus as sis-
the synonymy of Leiopython with Bothrocheilus, as proposed ter taxon to the included clades. Retention of the four genera
by Reynolds et al. (2014) as a conservative arrangement, would require a new genus for B. pictus. A similar result is
largely based on observed morphological differences, and obtained by Timms et al. (2019) and Zaher et al. (2019) who
until genetic material is analyzed for four of the species of both recover B. lojanus within Bothrocophias. We combine
Leiopython. the four monophyletic clades, with B. pictus, within Bothrops
Bothrochilus boa (Schlegel, 1837) as recently recognized, and export lojanus to Bothrocophias.
Carrasco et al. (2019) present a DNA-sequence based phylog-
BOTHROCOPHIAS Gutberlet & Campbell, 2001 eny of the Bothropoides clade.
(Viperidae: Crotalinae) Bothrops alcatraz (O.A.V. Marques, Martins & Sazima,
Bothrocophias andianus Amaral, 1923 2002)
Comments: Carrasco et al. (2019), Timms et al. (2019) include Bothrops alternatus A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril,
B. andianus within Bothrocophias. 1854
Bothrocophias campbelli (Freire-Lascano, 1991) Distribution: Add Brazil (Distrito Federal), Carrasco et al.
(2019); Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Ferreira et al. (2017);
Distribution: Add Ecuador (Esmaraldas, Santo Domingo),
Brazil (Marinheiros I., Rio Grande do Sul), Quintela et al.
Valencia et al. (2016).
(2011).
Bothrocophias colombianus (Rendahl & Vestergren, 1940)
Fossil record: Late Pleistocene of Argentina (Albino &
Bothrocophias hyoprora (Amaral, 1935) Brizuela, 2014).
Distribution: Add Brazil (Mato Grosso, Pará), Carvalho et al. Bothrops ammodytoides Leybold, 1873
(2013). Upper elevation of 1200 m, Valencia et al. (2016). L.S.
Oliveira et al. (2018) map known localities. Bothrops asper (Garman, 1884)
Distribution: Add Mexico (Puebla), Saldarriaga-Córdoba
Comment: Carvalho et al. (2013) provide range records and
et al. (2009); Belize (Cayo), Saldarriaga-Córdoba et al. (2009);
describe hemipenial morphology and chromosomes.
Guatemala (Alta Verapaz, Escuintla, Izabal, Quetzaltenango),
Bothrocophias lojana (Parker, 1930) new combination Saldarriaga-Córdoba et al. (2009); Honduras (Copan, Toro),
Distribution: Add Peru (Cajamarca), Carrasco et al. (2016); Saldarriaga-Córdoba et al. (2009); Nicaragua (Rivas), Sunyer
Ecuador (Azuay, El Oro), and elevation range of 600–2900 m, et al. (2014) and Martínez-Fonseca (2016b); Nicaragua
Valencia et al. (2016). (Zelaya), Saldarriaga-Córdoba et al. (2009); Panama (Panama,
Comments: Alencar et al. (2016), Timms et al. (2019) and Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback (2015); Colombia (Antioquia,
Zaher et al. (2019) all resolve Bothrops lojanus within Arauco, Atlantico, Bolivar, Boyaca, Caldas, Cauca, Cesar,
Bothrocophias based DNA sequence data. Chocó, Magdalena, Nariño, Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Valle
del Cauca), Díaz-Ricaurte et al. (2018a); Colombia (Córdoba),
Bothrocophias microphthalmus (Cope, 1875)
Carvajal-Cogollo et al. (2007); Colombia (Norte de Santander),
Distribution: Add Brazil (Rondônia), Bernarde et al. (2012b); Armesto et al. (2011); Ecuador (Manabi), Almendáriz et al.
Peru (Cajamarca, Huanuco, San Martin), Carrasco et al. (2012), Ecuador (Azuay, Bolivar, Carchi, Cotopaxi, El Oro,
(2016); Peru (Puno), Llanqui et al. (2019, as B. cf. microph Esmeraldas, Guayas, Loja, Los Rios, Manabí), Cisneros-
thalmus). Low elevation of 720 m, Valecia et al. (2016). Heredia & Touzet (2004); Ecuador (Canar, Imbabura, Santa
Bothrocophias myersi Gutberlet & Campbell, 2001 Elena, Santo Domingo), Valencia et al. (2016). Farr & Lazcano
(2017) detail records for Tamaulipas, Mexico. Díaz-Ricaurte Bothrops cotiara (Gomés, 1913)
et al. (2018a) detail records for Colombia. Bothrops diporus Cope, 1862
Comments: Saldarriaga-Córdoba et al. (2009) find that mor- Distribution: Add Bolivia (Chuquisaca, Santa Cruz), Carrasco
phological variation partition both geographically and/or eco- et al. (2019); Bolivia (Tarija), Ocampo & Fernandez (2014);
logically. A comparison with mtDNA sequence data finds no Paraguay (Caaguazu, Cordillera), Carrasco et al. (2019).
correspondence with the morphological data. The mtDNA Found in the following departments of Paraguay: Alto
data partition into two clades that diverge northward and Paraguay, Boqueron, Caazapa, Central, Itapua, Paraguari and
southward in Costa Rica. Presidente Hayes according to Cabral & Weiler (2014).
Bothrops atrox (Linnaeus, 1758) Bothrops erythromelas Amaral, 1923
Distribution: Add Colombia (Amazonas, Arauca, Caqueta, Bothrops fonsecai Hoge & Belluomini, 1959
Casanare, Cundinamarca, Guainia, Guaviare, Meta, Bothrops insularis (Amaral, 1922)
Putumayo, Vaupes, Vichada), and upper elevation of 1826 m, Bothrops isabelae Sandner-Montilla, 1979
Quiñones-Betancourt et al. (2018); Ecuador (Sucumbios), Bothrops itapetiningae (Boulenger, 1907)
Valencia et al. (2016); Peru (Cusco, Pasco), Carrasco
Distribution: Add Brazil (Distrito Federal), Carrasco et al.
et al. (2019); Peru (Huanuco), Schlüter et al. (2004); Brazil
(2019).
(Ceara), Guedes et al. (2014); Brazil (Mato Grosso), Carrasco
et al. (2019). Quiñones-Betancourt et al. (2018) detail records Comments: Leão et al. (2014) discuss morphology and variation.
for Colombia. Bothrops jararaca (Wied-Neuwied, 1824)
Comments: The synonym Trigonocephalus colombiensis Distribution: Add Brazil (Rio de Janeiro: Ilha Grande), C.F.D.
Hallowell, 1845 is found in the phylogenies of Alencar et al. Rocha et al. (2018); Paraguay (Canindeyu), Cabral & Weiler
(2016) and Zaher et al. (2019) as a revived Bothrops colom (2014). Upper elevation of 1027 m, Guedes et al. (2014).
biensis. The authors do not provide a rationale for recognizing Bothrops jararacussu Lacerda, 1884
colombiensis. Bill Lamar (pers. comm.) states that the syn- Bothrops jonathani Harvey, 1994
types of colombiensis are bleached to being patternless, and Bothrops lanceolatus (Bonnaterre, 1790)
cannot be arguably associated with a taxonomically distinct Bothrops leucurus Wagler in Spix, 1824
population.
Distribution: Add Brazil (Paraíba), R. França et al. (2012).
Bothrops ayerbei Folleco-Fernández, 2010 Elevation confirmed to 900 m, Guedes et al. (2014).
Comments: Ramírez-Chaves & Solari (2014) argue that Bothrops lutzi (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1915)
B. ayerbei is not a valid name because it was published in an
Distribution: Upper elevation of 847 m, Guedes et al. (2014).
online version of a journal prior to 2011, which is not a valid
Moura et al. (2013b) map known localities.
publication according to the International Code of Zoological
Nomenclature. Bothrops marajoensis Hoge, 1966
Bothrops barnetti Parker, 1938 Bothrops marmoratus V. Silva & Rodrigues, 2008
Comment: Based on a single mtDNA gene, Alencar et al. Comment: Based on two mtDNA genes, Alencar et al. (2016)
(2016) resolve Bothrops barnetti within the Bothropoides resolve Bothrops marmoratus within the Bothropoides clade,
clade. and using additional genes, Carrasco et al. (2019) obtain the
same result.
Bothrops bilineatus (Wied-Neuwied, 1821)
Bothrops mattogrossensis Amaral, 1925
Holotype: AMNH R4006, a 585 mm male (Prince M. du
Wied), according to Vanzolini & Myers (2015). Distribution: Add Bolivia (Potosi), Rivas et al. (2018);
Paraguay (Caaguazu, Central, Concepcion, Itapua, Neembucu,
Distribution: Add Ecuador (Sucumbios), Valencia et al.
Paraguari), Cabral & Weiler (2014).
(2016); Peru (Cusco), and upper elevation of 2000 m, Venegas
et al. (2019); Peru (Huanuco), Schlüter et al. (2004); Peru Bothrops medusa (Sternfeld, 1920)
(Amazonas, San Martin), Carrasco et al. (2019); Peru (Puno), Bothrops monsignifer Timms, Chaparro, Venegas, Salazar-
Llanqui et al. (2019); Brazil (Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Valenzuela, Scrocchi, Cuevas, Leynaud & Carrasco, 2019.
Roraima), Bernarde et al. (2011a); Brazil (Minas Gerais), Zootaxa 4656(1): 102–113, figs. 1, 5–9.
Feio & Caramaschi (2002); Brazil (Pernambuco), Roberto Holotype: MNK 5556, a 1280 mm female (locals, 11 March
et al. (2018). Upper elevation of 1060 m, Moraes et al. (2017). 2017).
Bothrops brazili Hoge, 1954 Type locality: “13 km southwest to Refugio Los Volcanes
Distribution: Add Peru (Cusco, Ucayali), Carrasco et al. (18°11′51.10″S, 63°40′5.95″W; 1658 m above sea level…),
(2019); Ecuador (Orellana, Pastaza), and upper elevation of Cuevas Ecological Center, province of Florida, department of
1000 m, Valencia et al. (2016). Santa Cruz, Bolivia.”
Bothrops caribbaeus (Garman, 1887) Distribution: SE Peru (Puno), W Bolivia (La Paz, Santa Cruz),
Bothrops chloromelas (Boulenger, 1912) 891–2133 m.
Bothrops moojeni Hoge, 1966 Holotype: MZUSP 22228, a 738 mm male (“our team,” 14
Bothrops muriciensis Ferrarezzi & Freire, 2001 May 2013).
Bothrops neuwiedi Wagler in Spix, 1824 Type locality: “Ilha dos Franceses (20°55′36″S, 40°45′15″W),
Distribution: Add Brazil (Tocantins), Dal Vechio et al. (2016). municipality of Itapemirim, Itaoca beach, state of Espírito
F.G.R. França et al. (2012) map the distribution. Santo, Brazil.”
Bothrops oligolepis (F. Werner, 1901) Distribution: Brazil (Ilha dos Franceses, Espírito Santo).
Distribution: Add Peru (Pasco), Carrasco et al. (2019). Bothrops sonene Carrasco, Grazziotin, Farfán, Koch, Ochoa,
Scrocchi, Leynaud & Chaparro, 2019. Zootaxa 4565(3): 310–
Bothrops osbornei Freire-Lascano, 1991
314, figs. 4–6. (Bothrops sonene)
Distribution: Add Ecuador (Santo Domingo), and low eleva-
tion of 400, Valencia et al. (2016). Holotype: MUBI 12319, a 1073 mm female (J.A. Ochoa, 23
April 2013).
Bothrops otavioi Barro, Grazziotin, Sazima, Martins &
Sawaya, 2012 Type locality: “Pampa Juliaca (12°57′46.79″ S, 68°55′22.61″ W;
Bothrops pauloensis Amaral, 1925 206 m above sea level…), Pampas del Heath (Bahuaja-Sonene
National Park), district of Tambopata, province of Tambopata,
Distribution: Add Brazil (Tocantins), Dal Vechio et al. (2016).
department of Madre de Dios, Peru.”
Bothrops pictus (Tschudi, 1845) Distribution: SE Peru (Madre de Dios), 206–210 m.
Comments: Based on mtDNA sequence data, Alencar et al.
Bothrops taeniatus Wagler in Spix, 1824
(2016) resolve B. pictus as the sister taxon to Bothrops
sensu lato, which would require a new genus for B. pictus in Distribution: Add Ecuador (Chimborazo, Pichincha,
order to recognize Bothriopsis, Bothropoides, Bothrops and Sucumbios), Valencia et al. (2016); Peru (Cusco, Junin),
Rhinocerophis. Carrasco et al. (2019); Brazil (Acre), J.R.D. Souza et al. (2013).
Bothrops pirajai Amaral, 1923 Bothrops venezuelensis Sandner-Montilla, 1952
Distribution: elevation modified to 88–835 m, M.A. Freitas †BOTROPHIS Rochebrune, 1880 (Booidea: incerta sedis)
et al. (2014a).
†Botrophis gaudryi Rochebrune, 1880
Comments: M.A. Freitas et al. (2014a) present a description
and distribution map. BOULENGERINA Dollo, 1886 (Elapidae)
Bothrops pubescens (Cope, 1870) Comments: Wüster et al. (2018) produce a DNA sequence-
Distribution: Add Argentina (Corrientes, Entre Rios, based phylogeny, which, combined with morphological data,
Misiones), Carrasco et al. (2019, as B. aff. pubescens); Brazil resolve four species within B. melanoleuca. See under Naja.
(Parana, Santa Catarina), Carrasco et al. (2019, as B. aff. Boulengerina annulata (Buchholz & Peters in W.C.H.
pubescens). Peters, 1876)
Bothrops pulchra (W.C.H. Peters, 1862) Distribution: Add Angola (Lunda Norte), Branch (2018).
Distribution: Add Ecuador (Pichincha, Tungurahua, Zamora- Boulengerina christyi Boulenger, 1904
Chinchipe), Valencia et al. (2016).
Boulengerina guineensis Broadley, Trape, Chirio, Ineich &
Bothrops punctatus (García, 1896) Wüster in Wüster et al., 2018. Zootaxa 4455(1): 79–81, fig. 5.
Distribution: Add Ecuador (Carchi, Santo Domingo), Valencia (Naja [Boulengerina] guineensis)
et al. (2016); Ecuador (Pichincha), Arteaga et al. (2013). Low Holotype: MNHN 1921.0485, a 2220 mm male (P. Chabanaud,
elevation of 0 m, Vera-Pérez et al. (2018). 1919–1921).
Comments: Ospina-L. (2017) provides a species account for Type locality: “N’Zébéla, Macenta Perfecture, Nzérékoré
Colombia. region of forested southeastern Guinea (8° 05′N, 9° 05′W),
Bothrops rhombeatus García, 1896 elev. 490 m.”
Comments: Ramírez-Chaves & Solari (2014) argue that Distribution: W Africa. At least Guinea (Nzerekore), Guinea
B. rhombeatus is a nomen dubium because there is no known Bissau, Sierra Leone (Eastern, Northern, Southern), Liberia
type material, and the original description does not exclude it (Bong, Grand Gedeh, Montserrado, Margibi, Nimba), Ivory
from being B. asper. They recommend assigning a neotype to Coast, Ghana (Eastern, Volta, Western), W Togo.
fix the name to populations as currently recognized.
Boulengerina melanoleuca (Hallowell, 1857)
Bothrops roedingeri Mertens in Titschack, 1942
Synonyms: Remove Naja melanoleuca subfulva Laurent,
Bothrops sanctaecrucis Hoge, 1966 1955), Naja melanoleuca aurata Stucki-Stirn, 1979.
Distribution: Add Bolivia (La Paz) and upper elevation of Distribution: C Africa. At least SE Ghana, S Benin (Kouffo),
1935 m, Miranda-Calle & Aguilar-Kirigin (2011). Nigeria (Ibadan), Cameroon (Central, Est, Sud-Ouest),
Bothrops sazimai Barbo, Gasparini, Almeida, Zaher, Central African Republic, Gabon (Estuaire, Haut-Ogooue,
Grazziotin, Gusmão, Ferrarini & Sawaya, 2016. Zootaxa Moyen-Ogooue, Ngounie, Ogooue-Ivindo, Ogooue-Maritime,
4097(4): 516–521, figs. 2–5. Woleu-Ntem), Congo (Likouala), Democratic Republic of
Congo (Orientale, South Kivu), Angola (Benguela, Cabinda, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Mtwara, Mwanza, Shinyanga,
Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Huambo, Huila, Lunda Norte, Tanga, and Islands of Kagera, Mafia, Zanzibar), Mozambique
Malanje, Namibe). Add Nigeria (Gongola), Nneji et al. (2019); (Gaza, Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Sofala, Tete, Zambezia,
Equatorial Guinea, Gabon (Nyanga), Pauwels et al. (2017a); and Islands of Bazaruto, Inhaca, Portuguesa), Malawi
Angola (Namibe), Ceríaco et al. (2016). Eliminate island of (Central, Northern, Southern), Zambia (Copperbelt, Central,
São Tomé from the range, Ceríaco et al. (2017). Eliminate Eastern, Luapula, Northern, North-Western), Angola (Cuanza
bulk of far West Africa, plus most of eastern and southern Norte, Cuanza Sul, Malanje), E Zimbabwe (Manicaland),
Africa, Wüster et al. (2018). South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal).
Comments: Wüster et al. (2018) restrict the definition and Comments: Wüster et al. (2018) recognize this species as
range after splitting portions into other species: B. guineensis, distinct from B. melanoleuca based on morphological and
B. savannula, B. subfulva. They provide a revised diagnosis, genetic uniqueness. They provide a diagnosis, color photo-
color illustrations, and a map of localities. graphs and map of localities.
Boulengerina multifasciata (F. Werner, 1902)
BRACHYOPHIS Mocquard, 1888 (Atractaspididae:
Boulengerina peroescobari Ceríaco, Marques, Schmiz & Aparallactinae)
Bauer, 2017. Zootaxa 4324(1): 130–132, fig. 4. (Naja
Brachyophis cornii Scortecci, 1932
[Boulengerina] peroescobari)
Brachyophis krameri Lanza, 1966
Holotype: MUHNAC/MB03-001065, a 2080 mm male Brachyophis revoili Mocquard, 1888
(L. Ceríaco, M. Marques & A.C. Sousa, 24 February 2016).
Type locality: “the vicinity of Praia Inhame (0.028636° N, BRACHYORRHOS Kuhl in Schlegel, 1826 (Homalopsidae)
6.523203° E, WGS-84; 17 m above sea level), São Tomé, Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a generic
Republic of São Tomé e Príncipe.” diagnosis and key to the species.
Distribution: Republic of São Tomé e Príncipe (São Tomé), Brachyorrhos albus (Linnaeus, 1758)
17–281 m. Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a description
Boulengerina savannula Broadley, Trape, Chirio & Wüster and illustrations.
in Wüster et al., 2018. Zootaxa 4455(1): 81–83, fig. 7. (Naja Brachyorrhos gastrotaenius (Bleeker, 1860)
[Boulengerina] savannula)
Type locality: Ambon is in error, the correct locality being
Holotype: MNHN 2018.0002, a 2191 mm male (L. Chirio, 31 Buru, J.C. Murphy and Voris (2014).
March 2007). Distribution: limited to the island of Buru, Indonesia, J.C.
Type locality: “Niénié, W Biosphere Reserve, Benin, Murphy and Voris (2014).
11.05920 °N, 2.20488 °E, elevation 272 m.” Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a description
Distribution: W Africa. At least Senegal (Dakar, Fatick, and illustrations of the holotype.
Kolda, Tambacounda, Thies), Gambia, Guinea (Kindia), Ivory Brachyorrhos raffrayi (Sauvage, 1879)
Coast, Ghana (Eastern), E Togo, Benin (Atakora), SW Mali
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a description
(Kayes, Koulikoro, Sikasso), Niger (Niamey), Chad (Logone
and illustrations of the holotype.
Oriental), Nigeria (Kaduna), N Cameroon (Extreme Nord).
Add Senegal (Kedougou), Monasterio et al. (2016); Senegal Brachyorrhos wallacei J.C. Murphy, Mumpuni, Lang,
(Ziguinchor), Mané & Trape (2017); Niger (Niamey), Trape & Gower & Sanders, 2012
Mané (2015). Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a description
Boulengerina subfulva Laurent, 1955. Rev. Zool.-Bot. Afric. and illustrations of the holotype.
51(1–2): 132–135. (Naja melanoleuca subfulva)
BRACHYUROPHIS Günther, 1863 (Elapidae)
Synonyms: Naja melanoleuca aurata Stucki-Stirn, 1979.
Brachyurophis approximans (Glauert, 1954)
Holotype: MRAC 17514, female (Van der Borght, May 1953). Brachyurophis australis (Krefft, 1864)
Type locality: “Lwiro), 1850 m, Terr. de Kabare, Kivu,” Brachyurophis campbelli Kinghorn, 1929. Rec. Australian
Democratic Republic of the Congo. Mus. 17(4): 191, fig. 2. (Rhynchoelaps campbelli)
Distribution: C and S Africa. At least SE Nigeria (Cross Rivers), Synonyms: Rhynchelaps woodjonesii Thomson, 1934.
Cameroon (Nord-Ouest), Chad (Lac), Congo (Likouala),
Central African Republic (Haut-Mbomou, Ombella M’Poko), Holotype: AM R9387, a 140 mm specimen (W.D. Campbell,
South Sudan (Bahr Al Ghazal, Eastern Equatoria), W Ethiopia December 1928).
(Gemu Gofa, Illubabor, Kefa, Shoa), S Somalia (Jubbada Type locality: “Almaden, Queensland,” Australia.
Hoose), Kenya (Central, Coast, Eastern, Nyanza, Rift Valley, Distribution: NE Australia (N Queensland).
Western), Uganda (Central, Eastern, Northern, Western, Comments: Cogger (2014) recognizes B. campbelli as a spe-
and Lake Victoria Islands of Busi, Massambwa, Sanga and cies distinct from B. roperi and B. semifasciatus, stating
Sese), E Democratic Republic of Congo (Katanga, Maniema, that there is no convincing evidence to recognize them as
Oriental, South Kivu), Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania (Arusha, conspecific.
Brachyurophis fasciolatus (Günther, 1872) (2012); Bangladesh (Barisal, Chittagong, Dhaka, Khulna,
Brachyurophis incinctus (Storr, 1968) Mymensingh, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Sylhet), Ahsan & Rahman
Distribution: northward range extension in Queensland, (2017); Myanmar (Tanintharyi), Platt et al. (2018).
Australia, Schembri & Jolly (2017). Bungarus flaviceps J.T. Reinhardt, 1843
Brachyurophis morrisi (Horner, 1998) Distribution: Add West Malaysia (Kedah), Shahriza et al.
(2013); West Malaysia (Pahang), Zakaria et al. (2014).
Brachyurophis roperi (Kinghorn, 1931)
Comments: Zaher et al. (2019) resolve B. flaviceps as sister
Synonyms: Remove Brachyurophis campbelli Kinghorn,
taxon to Sinomicrurus, Micruroides and Micrurus, in a sepa-
1929, Rhynchelaps woodjonesii Thomson, 1934.
rate subfamily from other Bungarus species.
Distribution: Limited to NC Australia (N Northern Territory,
Bungarus lividus Cantor, 1839
N Western Australia).
Distribution: Add Nepal (Parsa), Bhattarai et al. (2018b);
Comments: See under B. campbelli.
Bhutan (Trongsa), Tshewang & Letro, 2018); Bangladesh
Brachyurophis semifasciatus Günther, 1863 (Mymensingh, Rangpur), Ahsan & Rahman (2017).
Bungarus magnimaculatus Wall & Evans, 1901
†BRANSATERYX Hoffstetter & Rage, 1972 (Erycidae)
Distribution: Add Myanmar (Magway), S.N. Nguyen e al.
†Bransateryx vireti Hoffstetter & Rage, 1972
(2017a).
BRYGOPHIS Domergue & Bour, 1988 Bungarus multicinctus Blyth, 1860
(Pseudoxyrhophiidae) Distribution: Add Vietnam (Hai Phong: Cat Ba Island),
Brygophis coulangesi (Domergue, 1988) T.Q. Nguyen et al. (2011).
Bungarus niger Wall, 1908
BUHOMA Ziegler, Vences, Glaw & Böhme, 1997 (Elapidae) Distribution: Add Bangladesh (Chittagong, Dhaka, Khulna,
Comments: Zaher et al. (2019), using DNA sequence data, Mymensingh, Sylhet), Ahsan & Rahman (2017).
resolve Buhoma and Indian Calliophis species in a novel posi- Bungarus persicus Abtin, Nilson, Mobaraki, Hosseini &
tion as sister taxa to all Elapidae. Dehgannejhad, 2014. Russian J. Herpetol. 21(4): 244–247,
Buhoma depressiceps (F. Werner, 1897) figs. 2, 3, 5–10.
Buhoma procterae (Loveridge, 1922) Holotype: ZMGU 3121, a 630 mm female (E. Abtin, 29
Buhoma vauerocegae (Tornier, 1902) September 2013).
Type locality: “north of Sarbaz, Baluchistan, Iran.”
BUNGARUS Daudin, 1803 (Elapidae) Distribution: SE Iran (Sistan and Baluchistan) and SW
Bungarus andamanensis Biswas & Sanyal, 1978 Pakistan (Baluchistan).
Bungarus bungaroides (Cantor, 1839) Bungarus sindanus Boulenger, 1897
Bungarus caeruleus (Schneider, 1801) Distribution: Add Afghanistan (Nangahar, Paktika), and
Distribution: Add Nepal (Parsa), Bhattarai et al. (2018b); upper elevation of 1200 m, Wagner et al. (2016b).
Bhutan (Zhemgang), Tshewang & Letro (2018); Bangladesh Bungarus slowinskii Kuch, Kizirian, Truong, Lawson,
(Barisal, Chittagong, Dhaka, Khulna, Mymensingh, Rajshahi, Donnelly & Krebs, 2005
Rangpur, Sylhet), Ahsan & Rahman (2017); India (Goa), Distribution: Add Thailand (Nan), Smits & Hauser (2019).
Chowdhury & Chaudhuri (2017); India (Gujarat), and low ele-
Bungarus walli Wall, 1907
vation of 37 m, Vyas (2014); India (Nagaland), Yanthungbeni
et al. (2018); India (Odisha), Debata (2017). Distribution: Add Bangladesh (Barisal, Dhaka, Khulna,
Rajshahi, Rangpur), Ahsan & Rahman (2017).
Bungarus candidus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Bungarus wanghaotingi Pope, 1928
Distribution: Add Thailand (Chanthaburi), Chan-ard et al.
(2011); Cambodia (Ratanikiri), S.N. Nguyen et al. (2017a);
Cambodia (Siem Reap), Geissler et al. (2019); Vietnam (Binh CAAETEBOIA Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, R.W. Murphy,
Thuan, Quang Ngai), S.N. Nguyen et al. (2017a). Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae)
Comments: S.N. Nguyen et al. (2017a) examine several Caaeteboia amarali (Wettstein, 1930)
Bungarus specimens from Vietnam that are morphologically
similar to B. magnimaculatus, but based on DNA sequence- CACOPHIS Günther, 1863 (Elapidae)
data are referable to B. candidus.
Cacophis churchilli Wells & Wellington, 1985
Bungarus ceylonicus Günther, 1864 Cacophis harriettae Krefft, 1869
Bungarus fasciatus (Schneider, 1801) Cacophis krefftii Günther, 1863
Distribution: Add India (Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand), Cacophis squamulosus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril,
Srinivasulu et al. (2009); Nepal (Nawalparasi), Pandey 1854)
†CADURCERYX Hoffstetter & Rage, 1972 (Erycidae) Calamaria borneensis Bleeker, 1860
†Cadurceryx filholi Hoffstetter & Rage, 1972 Calamaria brongersmai Inger & Marx, 1965
Calamaria buchi Marx & Inger, 1955
†CADURCOBOA Rage, 1978 (Booidea: incerta sedis) Calamaria butonensis Howard & Gillespie, 2007
†Cadurcoboa insolita Rage, 1978 Calamaria ceramensis Rooij, 1913
Calamaria concolor Orlov, Nguyen, Nguyen, Ananjeva &
CALABARIA Gray, 1858 (Calabariidae) Ho, 2010
Calamaria crassa Lidth de Jeude, 1922
Calabaria reinhardtii (Schlegel, 1848)
Calamaria curta Boulenger, 1896
Distribution: Add Sierra Leone, Trape & Baldé (2014); Gabon Calamaria doederleini Gough, 1902
(Woleu-Ntem), Pauwels et al. (2017b); Angola (Cabinda), M.P.
Marques et al. (2018). Calamaria dominici Ziegler, Tran, Babb, Jones, Moler, Van
Devender & Nguyen, 2019d. Rev. Suisse Zool. 126 (1): 17–23,
†CALAMAGRAS Cope, 1873 (Booidea: incerta sedis) figs. 1–4.
Comments: K.T. Smith (2013) concludes that C. weigeli Holotype: IEBR A2018.1, a 421 mm female (A.V. Tran, 28
belongs to the Ungaliophiidae, and recommends re-examina- May 2017).
tion of the type species, C. murivorus, in order to determine Type locality: “Ta Dung Nature Reserve, Dak Nong Province,
whether or not C. weigeli warrants a new genus. Central Highlands, Vietnam, at an elevation of 1240 m asl.”
†Calamagras angulatus Cope, 1873 Distribution: C Vietnam (Dak Nong), 1240 m. Known only
†Calamagras floridanus Auffenberg, 1963 from the holotype.
†Calamagras gallicus Rage, 1977 Calamaria eiselti Inger & Marx, 1965
†Calamagras murivorus Cope, 1873 Calamaria everetti Boulenger, 1893
†Calamagras platyspondyla Holman, 1976 Calamaria forcarti Inger & Marx, 1965
†Calamagras primus Hecht in McGrew, 1959 Calamaria gervaisii A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril,
†Calamagras turkestanicus Danilov & Averianov, 1999 1854
†Calamagras weigeli Holman, 1972 Distribution: Add Philippines (Camiguin Norte, Masbate
Distribution: Add late Eocene (Chadronian) of USA (North Is.), Leviton et al. (2018); Philippines (Carabao I.), Siler et al.
Dakota), K.T. Smith (2013). (2012).
CALAMARIA H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827 (Calamariidae) Calamaria gialaiensis Ziegler, Nguyen & Nguyen, 2009
Calamaria gimlettii Boulenger, 1905
Calamaria abramovi Orlov, 2009 Calamaria grabowskyi J.G. Fischer, 1885
Calamaria abstrusa Inger & Marx, 1965 Calamaria gracillima Günther, 1872
Calamaria acutirostris Boulenger, 1896 Calamaria griswoldi Loveridge, 1938
Calamaria albiventer (Gray, 1835 in Gray & Hardwicke, Calamaria hilleniusi Inger & Marx, 1965
1830–1835) Calamaria ingeri Grismer, Kaiser & Yaakob, 2004
Distribution: Add Malaysia (Malacca), Quah et al. (2018a). Calamaria javanica Boulenger, 1891
Comments: Quah et al. (2018a) describe a recently collected Calamaria joloensis Taylor, 1922
specimen, and discuss previous records. Calamaria lateralis Mocquard, 1890
Calamaria lautensis Rooij, 1917
Calamaria alidae Boulenger, 1920
Calamaria leucogaster Bleeker, 1860
Calamaria andersoni Yang & Zheng, 2018. Copeia 106(3): Calamaria linnaei H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827
486–488, figs. 2, 3. Calamaria longirostris Howard & Gillespie, 2007
Holotype: SYS R001699, a 351 mm male (J.-H. Yang, 6 May Calamaria lovii Boulenger, 1887
2016). Calamaria lumbricoidea H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827
Type locality: “China, Yunnan Province, Yingjiang County, Distribution: Add Malaysia (Penang), Quah et al. (2019b);
Tongbiguan Town, 24°32′53.30″N, 97°35′59.10″E, approx. Philippines (Biliran I.), Leviton et al. (2018); Philippines
1520 m above sea level.” (Camiguin), Sanguila et al. (2016).
Distribution: SE China (W Yunnan), 1520 m. Known only Calamaria lumholtzii Andersson, 1923
from the holotype. Calamaria margaritophora Bleeker, 1860
Calamaria apraeocularis M.A. Smith, 1927 Calamaria mecheli Schenkel, 1901
Calamaria banggaiensis Koch, Arida, McGuire, Iskandar & Calamaria melanota Jan, 1865 in Jan & Sordelli, 1860–1866
Böhme, 2009 Calamaria modesta A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril,
Calamaria battersbyi Inder & Marx, 1965 1854
Calamaria bicolor A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854 Calamaria muelleri Boulenger, 1896
Calamaria bitorques W.C.H. Peters, 1872 Calamaria nuchalis Boulenger, 1896
Calamaria boesemani Inger & Marx, 1965 Calamaria palavanensis Inger & Marx, 1965
Calamaria pavimentata A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, common ancestor with the remaining Australasian elapids.
1854 On the other hand, Zaher et al. (2019) have Indian species of
Distribution: Add India (Mizoram), Vogel et al. (2017); Calliophis as sister clade to a paraphyletic C. bivirgatus plus
Thailand (Nakhon Si Thammarat), Pauwels & Chan-ard all other Elapidae Calliophis appears to be polyphyletic.
(2016); Vietnam (Bac Giang), Hecht et al. (2013); Vietnam Calliophis beddomei M.A. Smith, 1943
(Quang Ngai), Nemes et al. (2013). Distribution: Low elevation of 420 m, Jins et al. (2014).
Calamaria prakkei Lidth de Jeude, 1893 Comments: Ganesh & Ramanujam (2014) describe a new
Calamaria rebentischi Bleeker, 1860 specimen from type locality.
Calamaria sangi Q.T. Nguyen, Koch & Ziegler, 2010
Calliophis bibroni (Jan, 1863)
Calamaria schlegeli A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854
Calamaria schmidti Marx & Inger, 1955 Comments: Shankar & Ganesh (2009) summarize known
records and add geographical and morphological data for
Calamaria septentrionalis Boulenger, 1890
additional specimens.
Distribution: Add China (Nan Ao Island), Qing et al. (2015);
Vietnam (Bac Giang), Hecht et al. (2013). Calliophis bilineatus W.C.H. Peters, 1881. Monatsb. Preuss.
Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1881: 109. (Callophis bilineatus)
Calamaria suluensis Taylor, 1922
Calamaria sumatrana Edeling, 1870 Holotype: ZMB 10004, a 325 mm specimen (O. Koch)
Calamaria thanhi Ziegler & Le, 2005 Type locality: “Insel Palawan,” Philippines.
Calamaria ulmeri Scackett, 1940 Distribution: Philippines (Balabac, Busuanga, Calauit,
Calamaria virgulata H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827 Culion, Palawan, Sangat Islands), NSL-305 m.
Calamaria yunnanensis Chernov, 1962 Comments: See under C. intestinalis.
CALAMODONTOPHIS Amaral, 1963 (Dipsadidae: Calliophis bivirgatus (F.Boie, 1827)
Xenodontinae) Distribution: Add West Malaysia (Terengganu), Sumarli et al.
Calamodontophis paucidens (Amaral, 1935) (2015).
Calamodontophis ronaldoi Franco, Carvalho & Lema, 2006 Calliophis castoe E.N. Smith, Ogale, Deepak & Giri, 2012
CALAMOPHIS A.B. Meyer, 1874 (Homalopsidae) Calliophis gracilis Gray, 1835 in Gray & Hardwicke,
1830–1835
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a generic
diagnosis and key to the species. Distribution: Add West Malaysia (Pahang), Zakaria et al.
(2014).
Calamophis jobiensis A.B. Meyer, 1874
Calliophis haematoetron E.N. Smith, Manamendra-
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a description.
Arachchi & Somaweera, 2008
Calamophis katesandersae J.C. Murphy, 2012
Calliophis intestinalis (Laurenti, 1768)
and illustrations of the holotype. Synonyms: Remove Callophis intestinalis philippina Günther,
1864, Callophis bilineatus W.C.H. Peters, 1881, Callophis
Calamophis ruuddelangi J.C. Murphy, 2012 intestinalis suluensis Steindachner, 1891.
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a description Distribution: Remove the Philippines.
Comments: Leviton et al. (2014, 2018) recognize three
Calamophis sharonbrooksae J.C. Murphy, 2012 Philippine populations as distinct species: C. bilineatus,
Distribution: Add Papua (Soron Selatan Division), elevation C. philippina and C. suluensis.
∼260 m, O’Shea & H. Kaiser (2016). Calliophis maculiceps (Günther, 1858)
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a description Distribution: Add Thailand (Ranyong, Koh Chang I.), Chan-
and illustrations of the holotype. O’Shea & H. Kaiser (2016) ard and Makchai (2011); Cambodia (Siem Reap), Geissler et al.
describe a third specimen. (2019); West Malaysia (Pulau Singa Besar), B.L. Lim et al.
CALAMORHABDIUM Boettger, 1898 (Calamariidae) (2010).
Calamorhabdium acuticeps Ahl, 1933 Calliophis melanurus (Shaw, 1802)
Calamorhabdium kuekenthali Boettger, 1898 Distribution: Add India (Chhattsghar), Deshmukh et al.
(2018).
CALLIOPHIS Gray, 1835 in Gray & Hardwicke, 1830–1835 Calliophis nigrescens Günther, 1862
(Elapidae)
Calliophis philippina Günther, 1864. Rept. British India:
Comments: Leviton et al. (2014) revise the species of the
349. (Callophis intestinalis philippina)
Philippines. Brown et al. (2018) present an mtDNA sequence-
based phylogeny of southeast Asian Elapidae that has Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.19.22, a 430 mm male (H. Cuming).
Calliophis comprising several clades that share a most recent Type locality: “Philippine Islands.”
Distribution: Philippines (Bohol, Camiguin Sur, Dinagat, Candoia superciliosa (Günther, 1863)
Mindanao, Samar Is.), 5–1433 m. Comments: Reynolds & Henderson (2018) recognize two
Comments: See under C. intestinalis. subspecies.
Calliophis salitan R.M. Brown, Smart, Leviton & E.N.
Smith, 2018. Herpetologica 74(1):93–99, figs. 1, 3–7. CANTORIA Girard, 1858 (Homalopsidae)
Holotype: PNM 9844 (original number RMB 8291), a 997 mm Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a generic diag-
male (J.B. Fernandez, 28 July 2007). nosis. Cantoria annulata was removed to Djokoiskandarus
by J.C. Murphy, 2011.
Type locality: “Mt. Cambinlia, sitio Cambinlia (Sudlon),
Barangay Santiago, Municipality Loreto, Dinagat Islands Cantoria violacea Girard, 1858
Province, Dinagat Island, Mindanao P[leistoce]A[ggregate] Distribution: Add Myanmar (Tanintharyi), Mulcahy et al.
I[sland]C[omplex], Philippines, 195 m elevation (10.3436833°N, (2018). Remove New Guinea.
125.6181167°E.” Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a description.
Distribution: Dinagat Island, Philippines, 195 m. Known only
from the holotype. CARAIBA Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, R.W.Murphy, Moura-
Calliophis suluensis Steindachner, 1891. Sber. Akad. Wiss. Leite & Bonatto, 2009 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae)
Wien, Math.-Nat. Klasse 100(1): 295–296. (Callophis intes Synonyms: Remove Haitiophis Hedges & Vidal in Hedges
tinalis suluensis) et al. (2009).
Syntypes: NMW 27199.1-7 (Meyerink, 1885), 27199.8-16 Comments: Using DNA sequence-data, Krysko et al. (2015)
(Meyerink, 1890). and Zaher et al. (2019) revive Haitiophis for Caraiba ano
mala, despite the sister taxa relationship of anomala and
Type locality: “Sulu-Inseln,” Philippines.
C. andreae, and the resulting monophyletic genera.
Distribution: Philippine Islands (Jolo, Siasi Is.), 31 m.
Caraiba andreae (J.T. Reinhardt & Lütken, 1862)
Comments: See under C. intestinalis.
CALLOSELASMA Cope, 1860 (Viperidae: Crotalinae) CARPHOPHIS Gervais in d’Orbigny, 1843 (Dipsadidae:
Carphophiinae)
Calloselasma rhodostoma (Kuhl, 1824)
Carphophis amoenus (Say, 1825)
Distribution: Add Cambodia (Siem Reap), Geissler et al.
(2019). Carphophis vermis (Kennicott, 1859)
CANDOIA Gray, 1842 (Candoiidae) CASAREA Gray, 1842 (Bolyeriidae)

Candoia aspera (Günther, 1877) Casarea dussumieri (Schlegel, 1837)
Distribution: Add Papua New Guinea (Blupblup, Boisa,
Garove, Kairiru, Manam, Mussau and Wallis Islands), CATHETORHINUS A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844
Clegg & Jocque (2016); Papua New Guinea (Oro), O’Shea (Gerrhopilidae)
et al. (2018b, suppl.). Distribution: Unknown, but Timor, Indonesia seems likely,
Comments: Reynolds & Henderson (2018) recognize two Pyron & Wallach (2014).
subspecies. Comments: Pyron & Wallach (2014) transfer Cathetorhinus
Candoia bibroni (A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844) to the Gerrhopilidae, based on shared features of head scala-
tion. They provide a generic diagnosis.
Candoia carinata (Schneider, 1801)
Cathetorhinus melanocephalus A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron,
Distribution: Add Indonesia (Boano, Gorong, Neira, Yamdena
1844
Islands), Lang (2015); Papua New Guinea (Northern), Kraus
(2013); (Blupblup, Boisa, Kranket, Laing, Tatawai, Umboi
CAUSUS Wagler, 1830 (Viperidae: Viperinae)
and Wallis Islands), Clegg & Jocque (2016).
Comments: Reynolds & Henderson (2018) recognize two Causus bilineatus Boulenger, 1905
subspecies. Distribution: Add Angola (Bengo), Branch (2018); Angola
(Huila), M.P. Marques et al. (2018).
Candoia paulsoni (Stull, 1956)
Distribution: Add Indonesia (Tidore Island), Lang (2013); Causus defilippii (Jan, 1863)
Papua New Guinea (Crown, Long and New Ireland Islands), Causus lichtensteinii (Jan, 1859)
Clegg & Jocque (2016); Papua New Guinea (Oro), O’Shea Causus maculatus (Hallowell, 1842)
et al. (2018b, suppl.). The records for NE Sulawesi are ques- Distribution: Add Niger (Tillaberi), Trape & Mané (2015),
tioned by A. Koch et al. (2009). Gabon (Moyen-Ogooue), Pauwels et al. (2017a); Angola
Comments: Reynolds & Henderson (2018) recognize six (Bengo), Branch (2018); Angola (Cuanza Norte), M.P. Marques
subspecies. et al. (2018).
Causus rasmusseni Broadley, 2014. Arnoldia Zimbabwe Cerastes cerastes (Linnaeus, 1758)
10:343, 348, figs. 1–8. Distribution: Add Morocco (Tata, Tiznit), Damas-Moreira
Holotype: NMZB 10704, a 685 mm female (purchased from et al. (2014); Mauritania (Nouakchott, Tagant), Padial
local resident, 8 October 1990). (2006); Algeria (El Oued), Mouane et al. (2014); Algeria
Type locality: “Ikelenge, Mwililunga District, north-western (Tindouf), Donaire et al. (2000), Libya (Al Wahat, Jabal
Zambia.” al Akhdar, Jafara, Jufra, Marj, Misratah, Murqub, Nuqat
al Khams, Tripoli, Wadi al Hayaa, Wadi al Shath), Bauer
Distribution: Angola (Cauando-Cubango), Zambia (North-
et al. (2017); Libya (Sabha, Tarabulus), Frynta et al. (2000),
Western), 1224 m.
Tunisia (Medenine), Frynta et al. (2000); Mali (Kidal), Trape
Comment: Related to C. rhombeatus (Bradley, 2014). & Mané (2017). Crochet et al. (2015) report a specimen from
Conradie et al. (2016b) discuss the validity of C. rasmusseni SW Western Sahara.
on the basis of a new specimen from Angola.
Comments: Alshammari (2011) evaluates variation in RNA
Causus resimus (W.C.H. Peters, 1862) sequence data between Arabian populations.
Distribution: Add Angola (Bengo, Luanda), M.P. Marques Cerastes gasperettii Leviton & S. Anderson, 1967
et al. (2018); Angola (Cabinda), Branch (2018).
Distribution: Add Saudi Arabia (Ha’il), Alshammari et al.
Causus rhombeatus (Lichtenstein, 1823) (2017); Iran (Ilam), Safaei-Mahroo et al. (2015).
Distribution: Add Zambia (Muchinga), Broadley (2014); Comments: Alshammari (2011) evaluates variation in RNA
Angola (Bengo, Bengeula, Bie, Cabinda ?, Cuando Cubango, sequence data between Arabian populations, which corrobo-
Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, Lunda rates recognition of C. gasperettii as a species distinct from
Sul, Malanje, Zaire), M.P. Marques et al. (2018); Angola C. cerastes.
(Namibe), Ceríaco et al. (2016).
Cerastes vipera (Linnaeus, 1758)
CEMOPHORA Cope, 1860 (Colubridae: Colubrinae) Distribution: Add Mauritania (Nouakchott), Padial (2006);
Algeria (El Oued), Mouane et al. (2014); Algeria (Tindouf),
Comment: Weinell & Austin (2017) present a DNA sequence- Donaire et al. (2000); Libya (Al Wahat, Butnan, Ghat,
based phylogeny. Kufrah, Marj, Misratah, Murzuq, Nalut, Tripoli, Zawiyah),
Cemophora coccinea (Blumenbach, 1788) Bauer et al. (2017); Mali (Kidal), Trape & Mané (2017); Sudan
Cemophora lineri Williams, Brown & L.D. Wilson, 1966. (Northern), Abukashawa et al. (2018). Crochet et al. (2015)
Texas J. Sci. 18(1): 85–87, fig. 1. (Cemophora coccinea lineri) report specimens from intermediate areas of known localities
Holotype: AMNH 75307, a 579+ mm female (E.A.Liner & within Western Sahara.
R. Whitten, 29 June 1963).
Type locality: “34.5 miles S Riviera, Kenedy County, Texas,” CERATOPHALLUS Cope, 1893 (Natricidae)
USA. Comments: Based on DNA sequence data in Takeuchi
Distribution: Extreme SC USA (S Texas). et al. (2018), C. vittatus is paraphyletic with respect to some
Xenochrophis species and Rhabdophis conspicillatus.
Comment: Weinell & Austin (2017) elevate this taxon to species.
Ceratophallus vittatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
CENASPIS Campbell, E.N. Smith & Hall, 2018. J. Herpetol.
52(4): 460. (Dipsadidae: Dipsadinae) Distriution: Introduced into Puerto Rico, USA, Herrera-
Montes et al. (2015).
Type species: Cenaspis aenigma Campbell, Smith & Hall,
2018 by monotypy.
†CERBEROPHIS Longrich, Bhullar & Gauthier, 2012
Distribution: SW Mexico.
(Alethinophidia: incerta sedis)
Cenaspis aenigma Campbell, E.N. Smith & Hall, 2018.
†Cerberophis robustus Longrich, Bhullar & Gauthier, 2012
J. Herpetol. 52(4): 460–462, figs. 1–3.
Holotype: UTA R10544, a 258 mm male (J. Ornelas-Martínez, CERBERUS Cuvier, 1829 (Homalopsidae)
6 July 1976).
Type locality: “‘La Loma,’ located some 20–25 km (by diagnosis.
road) W-NW of Rizo de Oro (sometimes known as Nueva
Cerberus australis (Gray, 1842)
Tenochtitlán), Chiapas, Mexico.”
Distribution: SW Mexico (Chiapas).
and illustrations.
CERASTES Laurenti, 1768 (Viperidae: Viperinae) Cerberus dunsoni J.C. Murphy, Voris & Karns, 2012
Comments: Al-Fares (2014) presents a natural history over- Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a description
view, with an emphasis on C. gasperettii. and illustrations.
Cerastes boehmei Wagner & Wilms, 2010 Cerberus microlepis Boulenger, 1896
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a description Chapinophis xanthocheilus Campbell & E.N. Smith, 1998
and illustrations. Comments: Villatoro-Castañeda & Ariano-Sánchez (2017)
Cerberus rynchops (Schneider, 1799) describe and illustrate a fourth known specimen.
Distribution: Add Myanmar (Tanintharyi), Mulcahy et al.
(2018). CHARINA Gray, 1849 (Charinidae: Charininae)
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a description Charina bottae (Blainville, 1835)
and illustrations. Vyas et al. (2013) comment on the distribu- †Charina prebottae Brattstrom, 1958
tion at the western edge of the range. Charina umbratica Klauber, 1943
Cerberus schneiderii (Schlegel, 1837) †CHEILOPHIS Gilmore, 1938 (Booidea: incerta sedis)
Distribution: Add Thailand (Nakhon Si Thammarat),
†Cheilophis huerfanoensis Gilmore, 1938
Pauwels & Sumontha (2016); West Malaysia (Pulau Singa
Besar), B.L. Lim et al. (2010); Indonesia (Bawean, Madura CHERSODROMUS J.T. Reinhardt, 1861 (Dipsadidae:
Islands), Lang (2013); Indonesia (Salibabu Island), A. Koch Dipsadinae)
et al. (2009); Philippines (Masbate, Siquijor Is.), Leviton et al.
Comments: Canseco-Márquez et al. (2018) revise the genus.
(2018); Philippines (Sibuyan I., Tablas I.), Siler et al. (2012).
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a description Chersodromus australis Canseco-Márquez, Ramírez-
and illustrations of the lectotype. González and Campbell, 2018. Zootaxa 4399(2): 9–11, figs.
6, 7.
CERCOPHIS Fitzinger, 1843 (Dipsadidae: subfamily Holotype: MZFC 17618, a 220 mm female (E.P. Ramos, 27
unnamed) June 1995).
Synonyms: Add Uromacerina Amaral, 1930 Type locality: “San Isidro La Gringa (17°04.591′ N,
Comments: Hoogmoed et al. (2019) find Cercophis auratus 94°03.844′ W; 350 m asl), Municipality of Santa Maria
and Uromacerina ricardinii to represent the same taxon. Chimalapa, Oaxaca, Mexico.”
Cercophis auratus (Schlegel, 1837) Distribution: SE Mexico (NE Oaxaca) at 350 m. Known only
Synonyms: Add Uromacer ricardinii Peracca, 1897. from the holotype.
Distribution: Suriname (Paramaribo), E Brazil (Bahia, Chersodromus liebmanni J.T. Reinhardt, 1861
Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Para, Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Distribution: Add Mexico (SE Puebla) and lower elevation of
Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo), NSL=850 m. 1000 m, Canseco-Márquez et al. (2018).
Comments: Hoogmoed et al. (2019) provide a revised descrip- Comments: Canseco-Márquez et al. (2018) provide a species
tion, color photographs and locality map. account, locality map and color photograph.
Chersodromus nigrum Canseco-Márquez, Ramírez-
CERROPHIDION Campbell & Lamar, 1992 (Viperidae: González and Campbell, 2018. Zootaxa 4399(2): 12, 15, figs.
Crotalinae) 8, 9.
Cerrophidion godmani (Günther, 1863) Holotype: MZFC 17619, a 334 mm male (I.S. Zavaleta, 28
Cerrophidion petlalcalensis López-Luna, Vogt & Torre- May 2005).
Loranca, 1999 Type locality: “Xucayucan (19°53′47.9″ N, 97°28′43.7″
Cerrophidion sasai Jadin, Townsend, Castoe & Campbell, W; 1493 m asl), Municipality of Tlatlauquitepec, Puebla,
2012
Mexico.”
Cerrophidion tzotzilorum (Campbell, 1985)
Distribution: EC Mexico (N Puebla), 1493–1560 m.
Cerrophidion wilsoni Jadin, Townsend, Castoe & Campbell,
2012 Chersodromus rubriventris (Taylor, 1949)
Distribution: Add Nicaragua (Matagalpa, Nueva Segovia), Distribution: Add Mexico (N Hidalgo), and upper elevation of
Fernández et al. (2017); Nicaragua (Jinotega, Nueva Segovia), 1650 m, Canseco-Márquez et al. (2018).
Sunyer et al. (2017). Comments: Canseco-Márquez et al. (2018) provide a species
account, locality map and color photograph.
CHAMAELYCUS Boulenger, 1919 (Lamprophiidae)
CHILABOTHRUS A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844.
Chamaelycus christyi Boulenger, 1919
Erpétol. Gén. 6: 562. (Boidae)
Chamaelycus fasciatus (Günther, 1858)
Chamaelycus parkeri (Angel, 1934) Synonyms: Homalochilus J.G. Fischer, 1856, Piesigaster
Chamaelycus werneri (Mocquard, 1902) Seoane, 1880, †Pseudoepicrates Auffenberg, 1963, Boella
H.M. Smith & Chiszar, 1992.
CHAPINOPHIS Campbell & E.N. Smith, 1998 (Dipsadidae: Type species: Boa inornata Reinhardt 1843 by monotypy.
Xenodontinae) Distribution: West Indies.
Comments: Reynolds et al. (2013) use sequence data from Distribution: Bahamas (Aklins I., Crooked I.).
multiple genes to produce a phylogeny of West Indian boidae. Comments: Reynolds et al. (2018a) use mtDNA sequence
Due to paraphyly of mainland Epicrates with Eunectes, West data to determine relationships among Chilabothrus taxa,
Indian species are assigned to their own genus, for which the which resolve schwartzi as sister taxon to C. argentum, rather
name Chilabothrus is available. than as a population within C. chrysogaster. They provide a
Chilabothrus angulifer Bibron, 1840 in Ramón de la Sagra, revised description of C. schwartzi.
1838–1843 †Chilabothrus stanolseni Vanzolini, 1952. J. Paleontology
Chilabothrus argentum Reynolds, Puente-Rolón, Geneva, 26(3): 455, figs. 6–11. (Neurodromicus stanolseni)
Avila-Rodriguez & Herrmann, 2016. Breviora (549): 14–16, Synonyms: †Neurodromicus barbouri Vanzolini, 1952.
figs. 1, 3–6.
Holotype: MCZ 1977, part, an anterior precloacal vertebra.
Holotype: MCZ R193527, an 1142 mm female (Reynolds,
Type locality: “Thomas Farm, Gilchrist County, Florida,” USA.
Puente-Rolón, Geneva, Avila-Rodriguez & Herrmann, 21
October 2015). Distribution: Early Miocene (Hemingfordian) of Florida,
USA.
Type locality: “the Conception Island Bank, Bahamas.”
Comments: Onary & Hsieu (2018) review the type material of
Distribution: Bahamas (Conception Island Bank), NSL. Neurodromicus stanolseni and its synonym, N. barbouri, and
Chilabothrus chrysogaster (Cope, 1871) reassign all to Chilabothrus.
Synonyms: Remove Epicrates chrysogaster schwartzi Buden, Chilabothrus striatus (J.G. Fisher, 1856)
1975. Distribution: Reynolds et al. (2014a) document a specimen
Distribution: Add Turks and Caicos Islands (Gibbs Cay), from Vieques Island, Puerto Rico, USA, but suspect that it
Reynolds & Niemiller (2010b). Remove Aklins and Crooked may have been released there.
Islands, Reynolds et al. (2018a). Comments: Reynolds & Henderson (2018) recognize three
Comments: See under C. schwartzi. Reynolds & Henderson subspecies.
(2018) recognize two subspecies. Chilabothrus strigilatus (Cope, 1862)
Chilabothrus exsul (Netting & Goin, 1944) Distribution: Add Bahamas (Great Ragged Island),
Distribution: Add Bahamas (Sandy Cay), Krysko et al. (2013). Reynolds & Puente-Rólon (2016).
Chilabothrus fordii (Günther, 1861) Comments: DNA sequence data used by Reynolds et al. (2013)
Comments: Reynolds & Henderson (2018) recognize three support the recognition of two species within C. striatus, and
subspecies. they resurrect H. strigilatus for populations on the Bahamas.
Reynolds & Henderson (2018) recognize five subspecies.
Chilabothrus gracilis J.G. Fischer, 1888
Chilabothrus subflavus (Stejneger, 1901)
Comments: Reynolds & Henderson (2018) recognize two
subspecies.
CHILORHINOPHIS F. Werner, 1907 (Atractaspididae:
Chilabothrus granti Stull, 1933. Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool.
Aparallactinae)
Univ. Michigan (267): 1–2. (Epicrates inornatus granti)
Chilorhinophis butleri F. Werner, 1907
Holotype: MCZ 33847, a male (C. Grant).
Chilorhinophis gerardi Boulenger, 1913
Type locality: “Tortola Island,” British Virgin Islands.
Distribution: All of range of C. monensis except Mona Islands. CHIRONIUS Fitzinger, 1826 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Comments: Rodríguez-Robles et al. (2015) use mtDNA Comments: Hamdan et al. (2017) use DNA sequnce data from
sequence-data to formally recognize C. m. granti and C. m. 16 species of Chironius to produce a phylogeny. The mono-
monensis as separate species. phyly of the genus is supported, and the studied species are
Chilabothrus inornatus (J.T. Reinhardt, 1843) allocated among four primary clades. Torres-Carvajal et al.
(2019) perform a similar analysis using 20 species, resulting
Chilabothrus monensis (Zenneck, 1898)
in a more hierarchical pattern.
Synonyms: Remove Epicrates inornatus granti Stull, 1933.
Chironius bicarinatus (Wied-Neuwied, 1820)
Distribution: Restricted to Puerto Rico (Mona Is.), NSL.
Distribution: Add Brazil (Ceara), Roberto & Loebmann
Comments: See under C. granti. (2016); Brazil (Paraíba), Guedes et al. (2014); Brazil (Mato
Chilabothrus schwartzi Buden, 1975. Herpetologica 31(2): Grosso do Sul), Ferreira et al. (2017); Brazil (Sao Paulo: Ilha
173–174. (Epicrates chrysogaster schwartzi) Anchieta), Cicchi et al. (2009).
Holotype: LSUMZ 27500, a 960 mm female (D.W. Buden, 27 Chironius brazili Hamdan & Fernandes, 2015. Zootaxa
April 1972). 4012(1):107–113, figs. 7–9.
Type locality: “the settlement of Delectable Bay, Acklins Holotype: MNRJ 17480, a 1381 mm male (A.C.A. Lopes,
Island, Bahama Islands.” October 2008).
Type locality: “at RPPN Santuário do Caraça (20°05′, et al. (2019); Brazil (Ceara, Paraíba); Guedes et al. (2014);
43°29′29″W, 1262 m asl), municipality of Catas Altas, state Brazil (Acre), D.P.F. França et al. (2017); Brazil (Mato Grosso
of Minas Gerais, Brazil.” do Sul), Ferreira et al. (2017); Brazil (Paraíba), R. França
Distribution: Brazil (Cerrado biome of Distrito Federal, Goias, et al. (2012); Brazil (Piauí), Dal Vechio et al. (2013); Brazil
Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo), 70–1360 m. (Rondônia), Bernarde et al. (2012b).
Abegg et al. (2016) confirm the occurrence in Rio Grande Comments: Hamdan et al. (2017), using DNA-sequence data,
do Sul. determine that there are likely a northern and southern species
within C. exoletus, and Torres-Carvajal et al. (2019) identify
Chironius carinatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
three putative genetic species within. Sudré et al. (2017) use
Distribution: Add St. Vincent and The Grenadines (St. Vincent), morphological characters to conclude that C. pyrrhopogon is
P. Araújo et al. (2019); Colombia (Cesar), Medina-Rangel correctly placed as a synonym of C. exoletus, and they could
(2011); Colombia (Huila), Moreno-Arias & Quintero-Corzo find no geographic pattern for the morphotype within C. exo
(2015); Colombia (Norte de Santander), Armesto et al. (2011); letus. They also conclude based on morphological variation
Venezuela (Portuguesa), Seijas et al. (2013); Venezuela that the latter is a species complex.
(Aragua, Tachira), P. Araújo et al. (2019); Ecuador (Pastza)
P. Araújo et al. (2019); Peru (Huanuco), Schlüter et al. Chironius flavolineatus (Jan, 1863)
(2004); Guyana (East Berbice-Corentyne, Upper Demerara- Lectotype: Hamdan et al. (2014) report the discovery of one of
Berbice), P. Araújo et al. (2019); Suriname (Brokopondo, Jan’s syntypes that was supposedly destroyed during WW II.
Wanica), P. Araújo et al. (2019); Brazil (Piaui), Guedes et al. The newly discovered lectotype, MSNM R2729, is the same
(2014); Brazil (Acre), Bernarde et al. (2011b); Brazil (Amapa, specimen upon which the lectotype illustration of Dixon et al.
Ceara, Paraiba, Rondonia, Tocantins), P. Araújo et al. (2019). was based.
P. Araújo et al. (2019) list and map known localities. Distribution: Add Brazil (Espirito Santo), Silva-Soares
Chironius challenger Kok, 2010 et al. (2011); Brazil (Maranhão), J.P. Miranda et al. (2012);
Brazil (Distrito Federal, Rio Grande do Norte, Sergipe),
Chironius cochranae Hoge & Romano, 1969. Mem. Inst. Hamdan et al. (2014); Brazil (Piauí), Dal Vechio et al. (2013).
Butantan 35: 93–95, figs. 1, 2. Hamdan & Fernandes (2015) provide a locality map, and state
Holotype: USNM 158103, a 1972+ mm male (E. Dente, 19 the elevational range as 3–1171 m.
July 1965). Comment: Hamdan et al. (2014) redescribe the lectotype.
Type locality: “Agua Preta Utinga (near Belem), State Pará, Hamdan & Fernandes (2015) present a revised diagnosis
Brazil.” and description, including that of the hemipenes and skull.
Distribution: NC South America. E Venezuela, Guyana Hamdan et al. (2017), using DNA-sequence data, recovered
(Barima-Waini, Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Essequibo Islands-West two inland populations as distinct, unnamed species.
Demerara, Potaro-Siparuni, Upper Demerara-Berbice, Chironius flavopictus (F. Werner, 1909)
Upper Takutu-UpperEssequibo), Suriname (Brokopondo,
Distribution: Add Panama (Los Santos), Saenger & Ray (2016);
Marowijne, Nickerie, Sipaliwini), French Guiana (Cayenne),
Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback (2015); Ecuador (Los
N Brazil (Amapa ?, NE Amazonas, Maranhao, N Para), to
Rios, Pichincha, Santo Domingo de Los Tsachilas), Torres-
676 m.
Carvajal et al. (2019).
Comments: Torres-Carvajal et al. (2019) recognize this taxon
(as Chironius cf. cochranae) for Guianan populations of Chironius foveatus Bailey, 1955
C. multiventris. Distribution: Add Brazil (Rio de Janeiro: Ilha Grande), C.F.D.
Rocha et al. (2018).
Chironius diamantina Fernandes & Hamdan, 2014. Zootaxa
Chironius fuscus (Linnaeus, 1758)
3881(6): 564–570, figs. 1–3.
Distribution: Add Ecuador (Orellana, Sucumbios, Zamora-
Holotype: MZUFBA 1657, a 1018 mm female (collector
Chinchipe), Torres-Carvajal et al. (2019); Peru (Huanuco),
unknown, November 2005).
Schlüter et al. (2004); Peru (San Martin), Torres-Carvajal
Type locality: “municipality of Morro de Chapéu (11° 33′ 9″S, et al. (2019); Brazil (Amapa, Mato Grosso, Rondonia), L.P.
41° 9′ 27″W, about 1000 m above sea level…), oriental zone of Nascimento et al. (2013); Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul),
Chapada Diamantina, state of Bahia, Brazil.” Ferreira et al. (2017); Brazil (Santa Catarina), and lower eleva-
Distribution: Brazil (central Bahia), 1000–1310 m. tion to n.s.l., G.A.S. Filho et al. (2012).
Comments: Allied to C. flavolineatus according to Comments: Torres-Carvajal et al. (2019) identify four putative
Fernandes & Hamden (2014). genetic species within C. fuscus.
Chironius exoletus (Linnaeus, 1758) Chironius grandisquamis (W.C.H. Peters, 1868)
Distribution: Add Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback Distribution: Add Nicaragua (Rivas), Guevara et al. (2015);
(2015); Ecuador (Carchi, Orellana, Santo Domingo de los Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback (2015); Colombia
Tsachilas, Sucumbios, Zamora-Chinchipe), Torres-Carvajal (Valle del Cauca: Isla Palma), Giraldo et al. (2014).
Chironius laevicollis (Wied-Neuwied, 1824) Malaysia (Jerejak Island), Quah et al. (2011); West Malaysia
Chironius laurenti Dixon, Wiest & Cei, 1995 (Penang), Quah et al. (2013); West Malaysia (Pulau Tioman),
K.K.P. Lim & Lim (1999); Bangladesh (Rajshahi Division,
Distribution: Add Brazil (Acre), D.B. Miranda et al. (2014),
Naogaon District), Ahmad & Alam (2015).
Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Ferreira et al. (2017).
Chrysopelea paradisi H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827
Chironius leucometapus Dixon, Wiest & Cei, 1995
Distribution: Add Thailand (Krabi: Ko Yung and Phi Phi Don
Chironius maculoventris Dixon, Wiest & Cei, 1995
Is.), Milto (2014); West Malaysia (Pulau Singa Besar), B.L.
Distribution: Add Paraguay (Alto Paraguay), Cabral & Weiler Lim et al. (2010); Philippines (Calayan, Dalupiri, Masbate,
(2014); Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), F.J.M. Santos et al. (2015). Siagao Is.), Leviton et al. (2018); Philippines (Tablas I.),
Chironius monticola Roze, 1952 Siler et al. (2012); Indonesia (Pulau Bangkuru off Sumatra),
Distribution: Add Colombia (Cauca), and upper elevation of Tapley & Muurmans (2016).
3169 m, Vera-Pérez et al. (2018); Ecuador (Carchi), Torres- Chrysopelea pelias (Linnaeus, 1758)
Carvajal et al. (2019); Peru (Cajamarca), Koch et al. (2018);
Chrysopelea rhodopleuron F. Boie, 1827
Peru (Huancabamba), Torres-Carvajal et al. (2019).
Distribution: Add Indonesia (Kei Cecil, Yamdena Islands),
Comments: Torres-Carvajal et al. (2019) identify four putative Lang (2013).
genetic species within C. monticola.
Chrysopelea taprobanica M.A. Smith, 1943
Chironius multiventris K.P. Schmidt & Walker, 1943
Distribution: Add India (Andhra Pradesh), Guptha et al.
Distribution: Add Ecuador (Orellana, Sucumbios), Torres-
(2015); India (Tamil Nadu), and increase elevation range to
Carvajal et al. (2019). Remove Guianan region to C. cochranae.
657 m, S. Narayanan et al. (2017a, as C. cf. taprobanica).
Comments: Torres-Carvajal et al. (2019) identify two puta-
tive genetic species within C. multiventris, with the two being †CHUBUTOPHIS Albino, 1993 (Booidea: incerta sedis)
paraphyletic with C. foveatus and C. laurenti, respectively.
†Chubutophis grandis Albino, 1993
Chironius quadricarinatus (F. Boie, 1827)
Distribution: Add Brazil (Espirito Santo, Parana), Sudré et al. CLELIA Fitzinger, 1826 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae)
(2017); Paraguay (Cordillera), Weiler & Ortega (2016).
Clelia clelia (Daudin, 1803)
Chironius scurrulus (Wagler in Spix, 1824) Distribution: Add Mexico (S Chiapas), Hernández-Ordóñez
Distribution: Add Ecuador (Orellana), Torres-Carvajal et al. et al. (2015); Panama (Panama), Ray & Ruback (2015),
(2019); Ecuador (Zamora-Chinchipe), Almendáriz et al. (2014); Colombia (Amazonas, Arauca, Boyacá, Caldas, Quindío,
Peru (Cusco), Torres-Carvajal et al. (2019); Brazil (Acre), Sucre, Tolima, Vichada), Díaz-Ricaurte et al. (2018b);
Bernarde et al. (2011b); Brazil (Amapa), Torres-Carvajal et al. Colombia (Huila), Moreno-Arias & Quintero-Corzo (2015);
(2019); Brazil (Rondônia), Bernarde et al. (2012b). Colombia (Valle del Cauca: Isla Palma), Giraldo et al. (2014);
Chironius septentrionalis Dixon, Wiest & Cei, 1995 Peru (Cajamarca), Koch et al. (2018); Peru (Puno), Llanqui
Distribution: Add Brazil (Roraima), Moraes et al. (2017). et al. (2019); Brazil (Acre), Bernarde et al. (2011b).
Chironius spixii (Hallowell, 1845) Comments: Arquilla & Lehtinen (2018) report differences in
juvenile color pattern between cis-Andean and trans-Andean
Distribution: Add Colombia (Santander), E. Ramos and Meza-
plus Central American specimens.
Joya (2018).
Clelia equatoriana (Amaral, 1924)
Chironius vincenti (Boulenger, 1891)
Distribution: Add Peru (Cajamarca, Piura), Chávez-Arribasplata
et al. (2016). Upper elevation of 2200 m, Vera-Pérez et al. (2018).
†CHOTAOPHIS Head, 2005 (Colubridae: incerta sedis)
Clelia errabunda Underwood, 1993
†Chotaophis padhriensis Head, 2005
Clelia hussami Morata, Franco & Sanchez, 2003
Clelia langeri Reichle & Embert, 2005
CHRYSOPELEA H. Boie in Schlegel, 1826 (Colubridae:
Ahaetullinae) Clelia plumbea (Wied-Neuwied, 1820)
Distribution: Add Brazil (Piauí, Tocantins), Dal Vechio et al.
Chrysopelea ornata (Shaw, 1802)
(2016); Brazil (Rondônia), Bernarde et al. (2012b).
Distribution: Add Nepal (Nawalparasi), Pandey et al. (2018);
Nepal (Parsa), Bhattarai et al. (2018b); India (Tamil Nadu), Clelia scytalina (Cope, 1867)
Melvinselvan & Nibedita (2016); Myanmar (Ayeyarwady), Distribution: Add Mexico (Michoacan), Pėrez-Hernandez
Platt et al. (2018); Thailand (Chanthaburi), Chan-ard et al. et al. (2015); Grünwald et al. (2016a, range extension in
(2011); Thailand (Khon Kaen), Nurngsomsri et al. (2014); Jalisco, Mexico).
Thailand (Rayong, and Koh Chang I.), Chan-ard and Makchai
(2011); Cambodia (Siem Reap), Geissler et al. (2019); Vietnam CLONOPHIS Cope, 1889 (Natricidae)
(Hai Phong: Cat Ba Island), T.Q. Nguyen et al. (2011); West Clonophis kirtlandi (Kennicott, 1856)
COELOGNATHUS Fitzinger, 1843 (Colubridae: Colubrinae) Coluber constrictor Linnaeus, 1758

Coelognathus enganensis (Vinciguerra, 1892) Distribution: Historical range in Maine, USA, discussed by
Coelognathus erythrurus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Persons & Mays (2017).
Duméril, 1854)
Distribution: Add Philippines (Barit, Basilan, Batan, Bongao, COLUBROELAPS Orlov, Kharin, Ananjeva, Nguyen &
Calayan, Dalupiri, Inampulugan, Masbate, Siquijor Is.) Leviton Nguyen, 2009 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
et al. (2018); Philippines (Romblon, Tablas I.), Sy & Tan (2015a). Colubroelaps nguyenvansangi Orlov, Kharin, Ananjeva,
Comments: Leviton et al. (2018) discuss color pattern variation. Nguyen & Nguyen, 2009
Coelognathus flavolineatus (Schlegel, 1837)
Distribution: Add India (Great Nicobar I., Andaman & COMPSOPHIS Mocquard, 1894 (Pseudoxyrhophiidae)
Nicobars), Harikrishnan et al. (2010, as Coelognathus sp.); Compsophis albiventris Mocquard, 1894
West Malaysia (Pahang), Zakaria et al. (2014). Compsophis boulengerii (Peracca, 1892)
Coelognathus helena (Daudin, 1803) Compsophis fatsibe (Mercurio & Andreone, 2005)
Compsophis infralineatus (Günther, 1882)
Synonyms: Coelognathus helena nigriangularis Mohapatra, Compsophis laphystius (Cadle, 1996)
Schulz, Helfenberger, Hofmann & Dutta, 2016. Russ. J. Compsophis vinckei (Domergue, 1988)
Herpetol. 23(2): 132–137, figs. 15–20, 22, 23, 29. Compsophis zeny (Cadle, 1996)
Holotype: BNHS 3470, a 1386 mm female (S.K. Behera &
P.P. Mohapatra, November, 2007). †CONANTOPHIS Holman & Harrison, 2000 (Booidea:
Type locality: “a limestone cave near Gupteswar Temple, incerta sedis)
Koraput District, Odisha, India, 18°49′17.02″ N 82°10′0.04″ E, †Conantophis alachuaensis Holman & Harrison, 2000
462 m a.s.l.”
Distribution: Add India (Arunachal Pradesh), Purkayastha CONIOPHANES Hallowell in Cope, 1860 (Dipsadidae:
(2018); India (Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Uttarakhand), Dipsadinae)
Mohapatra et al. (2016); Nepal (Nawalparasi), Pandey (2012);
Coniophanes alvarezi Campbell, 1989
Nepal (Parsa), Bhattarai et al. (2018b). Lower elevation range
is NSL, Mohapatra et al. (2016). Distribution: Upper elevation of 2170 m, García-Padilla &
Mata-Silva (2014b).
Comments: Mohapatra et al. (2016) summarize geographic
variation and delineate three subspecies in Indian populations. Coniophanes andresensis Bailey, 1937. Occas. Pap. Mus.
Zool. Univ. Michigan (362): 4–5. (Coniophanes fissidens
Coelognathus philippinus (Griffin, 1909)
andresensis)
Distribution: Add Philippines (Calauit I.), Leviton et al. (2018).
Synonyms: Coniophanes brevifrons Bailey, 1937.
Coelognathus radiatus (F. Boie, 1827)
Holotype: MCZ 31867, a female (J.B. Zetek, 30 April 1931).
Distribution: Add India (Andhra Pradesh, Uttarakhand),
Javed et al. (2010); Nepal (Chitwan), Pandey (2012); Nepal Type locality: “San Andres Island, off the coast of Nicaragua,”
(Bara), Pandey et al. (2018); Nepal (Parsa), Bhattarai et al. Colombia.
(2018b); Bhutan (Trongsa, Wangdue Phodrang), Tshewang & Distribution: Colombia (San Andres Island).
Letro, 2018); Myanmar (Sagaing), Platt et al. (2018); Myanmar Comments: Recognized as a species distinct from C. fissidens
(Tanintharyi), Mulcahy et al. (2018); Thailand (Chanthaburi), by others, including Caicedo-Portillo (2014), who provides a
Chan-ard et al. (2011); Thailand (Rayong, and Koh Chang I.), summary of the species.
Chan-ard and Makchai (2011); Thailand (Tak), Vogel & Han- Coniophanes bipunctatus (Günther, 1858)
Yuen (2010).
Distribution: Add Honduras (Isla Guanaja), Solís et al.
Coelognathus subradiatus (Schlegel, 1837) (2017a); Nicaragua (Atlantico Norte, Rio San Juan), Sunyer
Distribution: Add Timor-Leste (Ataúro Island), H. Kaiser et al. (2014).
et al. (2013b).
Coniophanes dromiciformis (W.C.H. Peters, 1863)
COLLORHABDIUM Smedley, 1932 (Calamariidae) Distribution: Add Ecuador (Manabi), Almendáriz et al.
Collorhabdium williamsoni Smedley, 1932 (2012).
Coniophanes fissidens (Günther, 1858)
†COLOMBOPHIS Hoffstetter & Rage, 1977 (Aniliidae)
Synonyms: Remove Coniophanes brevifrons Bailey, 1937,
†Colombophis portai Hoffstetter & Rage, 1977
Coniophanes fissidens andresensis Bailey, 1937.
†Colombophis spinosus Hsiou, Albino & Ferigolo, 2010
Distribution: Add Honduras (Santa Barbara), McCranie et al.
COLUBER Linnaeus, 1758 (Colubridae: Colubrinae) (2013b); Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback (2015).
Comments: See under Masticophis. Remove Colombia (San Andres Island) to C. andresensis.
Coniophanes imperialis (Baird, 1859) Zacate Grande), McCranie & Gutsche (2016); Nicaragua
Distribution: Add Mexico (Guerrero), Palacios-Aguilar & (Jinotega), Ubeda-Olivas & Sunyer (2015b).
Flores-Villela (2018); Mexico (México, Nuevo León, 360 m), Comments: Schätti & Kucharzewski (2017) discuss the type
Rangel-Patiño et al. (2015), García-Padilla et al. (2016a); material.
Belize (Ambergris Cay), Pavón-Vázquez (2016b). Conophis morai Pérez-Higareda, López-Luna & H.M. Smith,
Coniophanes joanae C.W. Myers, 1966 2002
Distribution: Add Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback Conophis vittatus W.C.H. Peters, 1860
(2015). Distribution: Add Mexico (México), Hernández-Gallegos
Coniophanes lateritius Cope, 1862 et al. (2014).
Distribution: Range extensions and supposed first records for
Michoacán, Suazo-Ortuño et al. (2014), and Sonora, Lara- CONOPSIS Günther, 1858 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Resendiz et al. (2016), Mexico. Palacios-Aguilar et al. (2018) Conopsis acuta (Cope in Ferrari-Pérez, 1886)
confirm the record for Guerrero by the collection of two Conopsis amphisticha (H.M. Smith & Laufe, 1945)
specimens. Conopsis biserialis Taylor & H.M. Smith, 1942
Coniophanes longinquus Cadle, 1989 Distribution: Delete Mexico (Hidalgo), reported in error,
Coniophanes melanocephalus (W.C.H. Peters, 1870) Lemos-Espinal & G.R. Smith (2015). Elevation range 1550–
Distribution: Solano-Zavaleta et al. (2014) discuss known 2800 m, Palacios-Aguilar & Flores-Villela (2018).
localities, add Mexico (Guerrero) to the range, and report an Conopsis lineata (Kennicott in Baird, 1859)
upper elevation of 1540 m. Conopsis megalodon (Taylor & H.M. Smith, 1942)
Coniophanes meridanus K.P. Schmidt & Andrews, 1936 Conopsis nasus (Günther, 1858)
Coniophanes michoacanensis Flores-Villela & H.M. Smith, CONTIA Baird & Girard, 1853 (Dipsadidae: Carphophiinae)
2009
Contia longicaudae Feldman & Hoyer, 2010
Distribution: Calzada-Arciniega & Palacios-Aguilar (2015) Contia tenuis (Baird & Girard, 1852)
document a third locality, in Guerrero, Mexico.
Coniophanes piceivittis Cope, 1870 †COPROPHIS Parris & Holman, 1978 (Booidea: incerta sedis)
Distribution: Add Honduras (El Paraíso, La Paz), McCranie †Coprophis dakotaensis Parris & Holman, 1978
& Gutsche (2013a), McCranie et al. (2014b); Nicaragua
(Atlantico Sur: Great Corn Island), Durso & Norberg (2016). CORALLUS Daudin, 1803 (Boidae)
Coniophanes quinquevittatus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Comments: Henderson (2015) presents a review of the genus,
Duméril, 1854) including a key to the species.
Coniophanes sarae Ponce-Campos & H.M. Smith, 2001 Corallus annulatus (Cope, 1875)
Coniophanes schmidti Bailey, 1937 Distribution: Add Nicaragua (Rio San Juan), Sunyer et al.
Coniophanes taylori Hall, 1951 (2014); Colombia (Narino, Valle del Cauca), Pinto-Erazo &
Distribution: Add Mexico (Oaxaca), Grünwald et al. (2016a). Medina-Rangel (2018). Pinto-Erazo & Medina-Rangel (2018)
list known localities.
Low elevation of 200 m, Palacios-Aguilar & Flores-Villela
(2018). Comments: Henderson (2015) provides a description, color
photographs and a distribution map.
†CONIOPHIS Marsh, 1892 (Ophidia: incerta sedis) Corallus batesii (Gray, 1860)
Distribution: Add late Eocene (Chadronian) of USA (North Comments: Henderson (2015) provides a description, color
Dakota), K.T. Smith (2013, as Coniophis sp., but with some photographs and a distribution map.
doubt as to genus). Corallus blombergi (Rendahl & Vestergen, 1941)
†Coniophis carinatus Hecht in McGrew, 1959 Distribution: Add Colombia (Narino) and Ecuador (Azuay),
†Coniophis cosgriffi Armstrong-Ziegler, 1978 Pinto-Erazo & Medina-Rangel (2018). Pinto-Erazo &
†Coniophis dabiebus Rage & C. Werner, 1999 Medina-Rangel (2018) list known localities.
†Coniophis platycarinatus Hecht in McGrew, 1959
Comments: Henderson (2015) provides a description, color
†Coniophis precedens Marsh, 1892
CONOPHIS W.C.H. Peters, 1860 (Dipsadidae: Corallus caninus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Xenodontinae) Comments: Henderson (2015) provides a description, color
Conophis lineatus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, photographs and a distribution map.
1854) Corallus cookii Gray, 1842
Distribution: Add Mexico (Yucatan: Isla Contoy), Noguez & Comments: Henderson (2015) provides a description, color
Ramírez-Bautista (2008); Honduras (Isla Exposición, Isla photographs and a distribution map.
Corallus cropanii (Hoge, 1954) microsatellite data that reveal a deep divergence between pop-
Comments: Henderson (2015) provides a description, color ulations in eastern and western Poland. Galarza et al. (2015)
photographs and a distribution map. also use mtDNA and microsatellite sequence data to produce
Corallus grenadensis (Barbour, 1914) a rangewide phylogeny that reveals western, central, and east-
ern European clades.
photographs and a distribution map. Coronella girondica (Daudin, 1803)
Corallus hortulanus (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution: Add Spain (Asturias), Meijide (1985); Spain (Isla
Meda Gran), Pedrocchi & Pedrocchi-Rius (1994); Morocco
Distribution: Add Ecuador (Orellana, Sucumbios), Yánez-
(Figuig), Rosado et al. (2016); Morocco (Oujda, Taounate),
Muñoz et al. (2017); Brazil (Alagoas), Guedes et al. (2014);
Mediani et al. (2015b).
Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Ferreira et al. (2017); Brazil
(Paraiba), Sampaio et al. (2018); Brazil (Piauí), Dal Vechio Fossil records: Add upper Pliocene (Villanyian) of Spain,
et al. (2013); Brazil (Rio de Janeiro: Ilha Grande), C.F.D. Rocha Blain (2009); lower Pleistocene (Calabrian) of Spain, Blain
et al. (2018); Brazil (Tocantins), Dal Vechio et al. (2016). et al. (2007).
Comments: Duarte et al. (2015) report six distinct color pattern Comments: X. Santos et al. (2012) produce an mtDNA based
morphs, with some geographic associations, in the Amazon phylogeny that shows distinct clades in SE Spain, N Africa,
basin of Brazil. Henderson (2015) provides a description, SW Iberia, and the remainder of the Iberian Peninsula east-
color photographs and a distribution map. ward to Italy.
†Corallus priscus Rage, 2001 †Coronella miocaenica Venczel, 1998
Corallus ruschenbergerii (Cope, 1875)
CRASPEDOCEPHALUS Kuhl & Hasselt, 1822 (Vipera:
Distribution: Add Colombia (Norte de Santander), Armesto Crotalinae)
et al. (2011); Venezuela (Aragua), Calcaño & Barrio-Amorós
Comments: See comments under Trimeresurus.
(2017).
Craspedocephalus andalesensis (David, Vogel,
Vijayakumar & Vidal, 2006)
Craspedocephalus borneensis (W.C.H. Peters, 1872)
CORONELAPS Lema & Hofstadler-Deiques, 2010 Craspedocephalus brongersmai (Hoge, 1969)
(Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae) Craspedocephalus gramineus (G. Shaw, 1802)
Coronelaps lepidus (J.T. Reinhardt, 1861) Distribution: Chowdhury et al. (2017) confirm the presence in
Distribution: Add Brazil (Ceara), Roberto & Loebmann West Bengal, India.
(2016). Craspedocephalus malabaricus (Jerdon, 1854)
Comments: Lema (2006) redescribes the holotype of Craspedocephalus puniceus Kuhl, 1824
Elapomorphus coronatus. Craspedocephalus rubeus (Malhotra, Thorpe, Mrinalini &
Stuart, 2011)
CORONELLA Laurenti, 1768 (Colubridae: Colubrinae) Craspedocephalus strigatus (Gray, 1842)
Synonyms: Remove Wallophis Werner, 1929. Distribution: Ganesh & Chandramouli (2018) demonstrate
Distribution: Eliminate SW Asia from the range. that the known range is limited to only the Nilgiris of Kerala
Coronella austriaca Laurenti, 1768 and Tamil Nadu at elevations over 1800 m. Published records
from other mountain ranges and localities in the Western and
Distribution: Add Sweden (Åland), Galarza et al. (2015);
Eastern Ghats are in error.
Liechtenstein, Kühnis (2006); Spain (Asturias, Leon), Meijide
(1985); Andorra, Orriols & Fernàndez (2003); Croatia (Cres Craspedocephalus trigonocephalus (Donndorff, 1798)
Island), Bonte (2012); Montenegro, Polović & Čađenović (2013); Craspedocephalus wiroti (Klemmer in Trutnau, 1981)
Serbia, Tomović et al. (2014); Slovakia (Prešov), Pančišin &
Klembara (2003) and Jablonski (2011); Iran (Alborz, Golestan, CRISANTOPHIS Villa, 1971 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae)
Mazandaran, Tehran), Safaei-Mahroo & Ghaffari (2015), Iran Crisantophis nevermanni Dunn, 1937
(West Azerbaijan), Safaei-Mahroo et al. (2015).
Fossil Records: Add Upper Pliocene/Lower Pleistocene of CROTALUS Linnaeus, 1758 (Viperidae: Crotalinae)
Spain, Blain (2009); Middle Pleistocene (Ionian) of Italy, Comments: Wüster & Bérnils (2011) discuss a suggested par-
Delfino (2004, as cf. C. austriaca); Upper Pleistocene tition of Crotalus into multiple genera, based on a published
(Tarantian) of Spain, Barroso-Ruiz and Bailon (2003); Late phylogeny. Bryson et al. (2014) revise the C. triseriatus group.
Pleistocene (post-Tarantian) of Belgium, Blain et al. (2019). Blair & Sánchez-Ramírez (2016) present a phylogeny of all
Comments: X. Santos et al. (2008) use mtDNA sequence data but several Crotalus species, based on sequence data from
to evaluate history of fragmented populations on the Iberian ten DNA genes. M. Davis et al. (2016) use morphometric and
Peninsula. Sztencel-Jabłonka et al. (2015) use mtDNA and molecular data to revise the Crotalus viridis complex. Rubio &
Keyler (2013) discuss the species of the Western USA. Schuett Distribution: WC Mexico (W Jalisco, and the Sierra de Manantlán
et al. (2016a, b) discuss the species of Arizona, USA. in S Jalisco/N Colima), 2009–2515 m. Nayarit was added to the
Crotalus adamanteus Palisot de Beauvois, 1799 distribution by Luja & Grünwald (2015), and Flores-Guerrero &
Sánchez-González (2016) added records for Jalisco.
Crotalus angelensis Klauber, 1963. Trans. San Diego
Nat. Hist. Soc. 13(5): 75–80, figs. 1, 2. (Crotalus mitchellii Comments: A member of the C. triseriatus complex.
angelensis) Crotalus catalinensis Cliff, 1954
Holotype: SDSNH 51994, a 1331 mm male (R. Moran, 22 Crotalus cerastes Hallowell, 1854
March 1963). Crotalus cerberus (Coues in Wheeler, 1875)
Type locality: “about 4 miles southeast of Refugio Bay, at 1500 Comments: Douglas et al. (2016) find five geographically
feet elevation, Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Gulf of California, separated clades from mtDNA sequence data.
Mexico (near 29° 29½′ N, 113° 33′ W).” Crotalus concolor Woodbury, 1929
Distribution: Mexico (Angel de la Guarda I., Baja California).
Crotalus culminatus Klauber, 1952
Comments: Meik et al. (2015), using data from multiple genes,
Distribution: Low elevation of 50 m, Palacios-Aguilar &
recognize angelensis as a species distinct from C. mitchellii.
Flores-Villela (2018). Upper elevation of 1734 m, Peralta-
Crotalus aquilus Klauber, 1952 Fonseca & García-Padilla (2015).
Distribution: Add Mexico (Zacatecas), Carbajal-Márquez Crotalus durissus Linnaeus, 1758
et al. (2015).
Synonyms: Remove Crotalus horridus unicolor Lidth de
Comment: Bryson et al. (2014) present relationships as a part Jeude, 1887, Crotalus pulvis Ditmars, 1905.
of the C. triseriatus complex.
Distribution: Add Colombia (Magdalena), Rueda-Solano &
Crotalus armstrongi J.A. Campbell, 1978. Trans. Kansas Castellanos-Barliza (2010); Colombia (Arauca, Boyacá,
Acad. Sci. 81(4): 365–369, fig. 1. (Crotalus triseriatus Cesar, Vichada), Díaz-Ricaurte et al. (2018c); Brazil (Alagoas,
armstrongi) Sergipe), and upper elevation of 1100 m, Guedes et al. (2014);
Holotype: UTA 6258 (orig. JAC 2874), a 484 mm male Brazil (Distrito Federal), Vanzolini & Calleffo (2002); Brazil
(J.A. Campbell & B.L. Armstrong, 23 July 1976). (Tocantins), Dal Vechio et al. (2016); Bolivia (Potosi), Rivas
Type locality: “Rancho San Francisco, 1.5 mi NW Tapalpa, et al. (2018). Prigioni et al. (2013) detail known records from
Jalisco, Mexico, elevation 2103 m.” Uruguay. Remove Netherlands Antilles (Aruba).
Distribution: WC Mexico (W Jalisco, N Michoacan), 2105 m. Crotalus enyo (Cope, 1861)
Comment: Elevated to species level by Bryson et al. (2014) Crotalus ericsmithi Campbell & Flores-Villela, 2008
as part of the C. triseriatus complex. They discuss a putative Crotalus estebanensis Klauber, 1949
new species from populations in SE Nayarit. Crotalus helleri Meek, 1905
Crotalus atrox Baird & Girard, 1853 Synonyms: Add Crotalus viridis caliginis Klauber, 1949.
Distribution: Add Mexico (Aguascalientes), Quintero-Díaz & Comments: M. Davis et al. (2016) found no mtDNA sequence
Carbajal-Márquez (2017c); Mexico (Jalisco), Villalobos- divergence between the insular C. caliginis and mainland
Juárez & Sigala-Rodríguez (2019). C. helleri.
Comments: Schield et al. (2015) evaluate population struc- Crotalus horridus Linnaeus 1758
ture, and conclude that there is an eastern and western clade,
Comment: Bushar et al. (2014) evaluated genetic structure
with admixture from SE Arizona to W Texas. E.A. Myers
between some NE USA populations at a non-taxonomic level.
et al. (2017a) provide a DNA-sequence based phylogeny of
USA populations, with three primary clades: one west of the Crotalus intermedius Troschel in J.W. Müller, 1865
Continental Divide, and two east of it. Crotalus lannomi Tanner, 1966
Crotalus basiliscus (Cope, 1864) Crotalus lepidus (Kennicott, 1861)
Distribution: Add Mexico (Aguascalientes), Carbajal- Synonyms: Remove Crotalus lepidus morulus Klauber, 1952,
Márquez et al. (2015c). Carbajal-Márquez et al. (2015f) report Crotalus lepidus castaneus Julia-Zertuche & Treviño, 1978.
a second specimen from Zacatecas. Distribution: Remove Mexico (Tamaulipas, = C. morulus).
Crotalus campbelli Bryson, Linkem, Dorcas, Lathrop, Jones, Comment: Bryson et al. (2014) present relationships as a part
Alvarado-Díaz, Grünwald & Murphy, 2014. Zootaxa 3826(3): of the C. triseriatus complex, and remove C. l. morulus as a
486–489, figs. 7, 8. full species.
Holotype, KU 73649 (orig. field number PLC 3216), an adult Crotalus lorenzoensis Radcliff & Maslin, 1975. Copeia
female (P.L. Clifton, 25 October 1962). 10975(3): 490–492. (Crotalus ruber lorenzoensis)
Type locality: “Sierra de Cuale, 9 km N El Teosinte, munici- Holotype: SDSNH 46009, an 838 mm male (Univ. Colorado
pality of Talpa de Allende, state of Jalisco, Mexico.” Museum Exped., 1966).
Type locality: “San Lorenzo Sur Island in the Gulf of Holotype: MZFC 26408, a 468 mm female (J.M. Meik,
California, Baja California Norte, Mexico.” S. Schaack & M.J. Ingrasci, 18 March 2010).
Distribution: Mexico (San Lorenzo Sur I., Baja California). Type locality: “Cabeza de Caballo Island, Municipality de
Comments: Grismer (1999) recognizes this taxon as a species Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico. Coordinates: N 28.971 W
based on morphological distinctiveness and allopatry from 113.479.”
mainland C. ruber. Distribution: Mexico (Cabeza de Caballo I., Baja California).
Crotalus lutosus Klauber, 1930 Crotalus polystictus (Cope, 1865)
Synonyms: Add Crotalus confluentus abyssus Klauber, 1930. Crotalus pricei Van Denburgh, 1895
Comments: M. Davis et al. (2016) found some mtDNA Distribution: Upper elevation of 3305 m, Contreras-Lozano
sequence divergence, but no morphometric differences et al. (2011).
between the C. abyssus and C. lutosus, and recommended Crotalus pusillus Klauber, 1952
that the former be subsumed within the latter. They act as first Distribution: Add Mexico (N Colima), Bryson et al. (2014).
revisors in giving nomenclatural priority to C. lutosus.
Comments: Bryson et al. (2014) present relationships as a part
Crotalus mitchellii (Cope, 1861) of the C. triseriatus complex.
Synonyms: Remove Caudisona pyrrha Cope, 1867, Crotalus Crotalus pyrrhus Cope, 1867. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
goldmani Schmidt, 1922, Crotalus mitchelli aureus Kallert, Philadelphia 18(4): 310. (Caudisona pyrrha)
1927, Crotalus mitchellii muertensis Klauber, 1949, Crotalus
mitchellii angelensis Klauber, 1963. Synonyms: Crotalus goldmani Schmidt, 1922, Crotalus
mitchelli aureus Kallert, 1927, Crotalus mitchellii muertensis
Distribution: Limited to Mexico (Baja California Sur, and
Klauber, 1949.
Carmen, Cerralvo, Espiritu Santo, Monserrate, Partida Sur,
San Jose, Santa Margarita Islands). Holotype: USNM 6606 Cochran (1961) states that the holo-
type was collected by E. Coues in 1870, which is after the
Comments: See under C. pyrrhus.
species was named.
Crotalus molossus Baird & Girard, 1853
Type locality: “Arizona,” USA, more specifically from
Distribution: Upper elevation of 2863 m, Olvera & Badillo Canyon Prieto, Yavapai Co., Cochran (1961).
(2016a)
Distribution: SW USA (W Arizona, S California, S Nevada,
Comments: E.A. Myers et al. (2017a) provide a DNA-sequence SW Utah), NW Mexico (Baja California, including El Muerto,
based phylogeny of mostly USA populations, with three pri- Smith Islands).
mary clades: one on either side of the Continental Divide (the
Comments: Meik et al. (2015), using data from multiple genes,
latter confirming the status of C. ornatus), and a third based
recognize pyrrhus as a species distinct from C. mitchellii, and
on a specimen from SE Durango, Mexico.
find the insular population referred to as muertensis to have
Crotalus morulus Klauber, 1952. Bull. Zool. Soc. San Diego little or no differentiation from mainland C. pyrrhus.
(26): 52 (footnote) (Crotalus lepidus morulus).
Crotalus ravus Cope, 1865
Synonyms: Crotalus lepidus castaneus Julia- Distribution: Upper elevation of 3192 m, Palacios-Aguilar &
Zertuche &Treviño, 1978. Flores-Villela (2018).
Holotype: UMMZ 101376, an adult female (F. Harrison, Comments: Bryson et al. (2014) present relationships as a part
1950). of the C. triseriatus complex.
Type locality: “10 miles northwest of Gómez Farías on the
Crotalus ruber Cope, 1892
trail to La Joya de Salas, Tamaulipas, Mexico, at an altitude
of about 5300 ft.” Synonyms: Remove Crotalus ruber lorenzoensis Radcliff &
Maslin, 1975.
Distribution: NE Mexico (Sierra Madre Oriental in SE
Coahuila, C Nuevo León and SW Tamaulipas). Distribution: Remove San Lorenzo Sur Island, Baja California.
Comments: Elevated to species level based on DNA Comments: See under C. lorenzoensis.
sequence data by Bryson et al. (2014); in the C. triseriatus Crotalus scutulatus (Kennicott, 1861)
complex. Distribution: Fernández-Badillo et al. (2016a) confirm the
Crotalus oreganus Holbrook, 1840 presence of C. scutulatus in México, Mexico.
Crotalus ornatus Hallowell, 1855 Comments: Cardwell et al. (2013) discuss the type material and
Distribution: Add Mexico (Nuevo León), Nevárez-de los its geographic origin. E.A. Myers et al. (2017a) provide a DNA
Reyes et al. (2016a). Low elevation of 691 m, García-Padilla sequence-based phylogeny with three primary clades: those in
et al. (2016). eastern Mexico, which are sister populations to a pair of clades
on either side of the Continental Divide. Schield et al. (2018)
Comments: See under C. molossus.
obtain a similar phylogeny using additional samples, but a
Crotalus polisi Meik, Schaack, Flores-Villela & Streicher, deeper split in southern and eastern Mexican populations that
2018. J. Nat. Hist. 52(13–16): 15–17, fig. 5. correspond to the Mexican Plateau and to the isolated subspecies
salvini. They do not recommend taxonomic changes. Watson Type locality: “Aruba.”
et al. (2019) use morphology to test the potential for species Distribution: Aruba in the Netherlands Antilles.
boundaries, but find that variation is clinal across clades, and Comments: The taxon unicolor is variously recognized as a
they, too, recommend against taxonomic changes. subspecies of C. durissus, or as a species. Zaher et al. (2019)
Crotalus simus Latreille in Sonnini & Latreille, 1801a recognize it as a species that is sister taxon to C. durissus.
Distribution: Add Honduras (El Paraíso), McCranie et al. Crotalus vegrandis Klauber, 1941
(2014b); Nicaragua (Esteli), Sunyer et al. (2014). Crotalus viridis (Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1818)
Crotalus stejnegeri Dunn, 1919 Crotalus willardi Meek, 1906
Crotalus stephensi Klauber, 1930
Comments: Barker, in Schuett et al. (2016a), recommends that
Crotalus tancitarensis Alvarado-Díaz & Campbell, 2004
the five subspecies of C. willardi be elevated to full species
Crotalus thalassoporus Meik, Schaack, Flores-Villela & based on morphological characteristics of each, and probable
Streicher, 2018. J. Nat. Hist. 52(13–16): 18–19, fig. 5. underlying genetic differences between the subspecies.
Holotype: MZFC 26410, a 369 mm male (J.M. Meik, S.
Schaack & M.J. Ingrasci, 19 March 2010). CROTAPHOPELTIS Fitzinger, 1843 (Colubridae:
Type locality: “Piojo Island, Municipality de Ensenada, Baja Colubrinae)
California, Mexico. Coordinates: N 29.018 W 113.465.” Crotaphopeltis barotseensis Broadley, 1968
Distribution: Mexico (Piojo I., Baja California). Distribution: Add Angola (Cuando Cubango), Branch (2018).
Crotalus tigris Kennicott in Baird, 1859 Crotaphopeltis braestrupi J.B. Rasmussen, 1985
Crotaphopeltis degeni (Boulenger, 1906)
Crotalus tlaloci Bryson, Linkem, Dorcas, Lathrop, Jones,
Alvarado-Diaz, Grünwald & Murphy, 2014. Zootaxa 3826(3): Crotaphopeltis hippocrepis (J.T. Reinhardt, 1843)
483–486, fig. 4. Distribution: Add Mali (Koulikoro, Sikasso), Trape & Mané
Holotype: MZFC 3666, an adult female (E. Hernández- (2017).
García, 20 June 1986). Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia (Laurenti, 1768)
Type locality: “‘Los Llanos’ (18°36′N, 99°37′W; 2200– Distribution: Add Mali (Mopti, Segou), Trape & Mané (2017);
2300 m above sea level…), 10 km by road from Taxco to Niger (Dosso, Tillaberi, Zinder), Trape & Mané (2015);
Tetipac, Sierra de Taxco, municipality of Tetipac, state of Angola (Bie, Cauando-Cubango), Conradie et al. (2016b);
Guerrero, Mexico.” Angola (Namibe), Ceríaco et al. (2016); Angola (Bengo,
Distribution: WC Mexico (NC Guerrero, México, W Morelos, Benguela, Cabinda, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene,
E Michoacán), cloud forest, 2000–2400 m. Upper elevation of Huambo, Huila, Lunda Norte, Malanje, Zaire), M.P. Marques
2520 m, Palacios-Aguilar & Flores-Villela (2018). et al. (2018).
Crotaphopeltis tornieri (F. Werner, 1908)
Crotalus totonacus Gloyd & Kaufield, 1940
Distribution: Add Mexico (Hidalgo) and upper elevation of CRYOPHIS Bogert & Duellman, 1963 (Dipsadidae:
1715 m, Frías et al. (2015). Farr et al. (2015) document known Dipsadinae)
records for Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
Cryophis hallbergi Bogert & Duellman, 1963
Comment: Farr et al. (2015) find no morphological data to
support recognition of C. durissus neoleonensis as a taxon. CRYPTOPHIDION Wallach & Jones, 1994 (Xenopeltidae)
Crotalus transversus Taylor, 1944 Cryptophidion annamense Wallach & Jones, 1994
Crotalus triseriatus (Wagler, 1830)
CRYPTOPHIS Worrell, 1961. W. Aust. Nat. 8: 26. (Elapidae)
Synonyms: Remove Crotalus triseriatus armstrongi
Campbell, 1978. Synonyms: Unechis Worrell, 1961.
Distribution: Limited to C Mexico (Mexico, E Michoacan, Type species: Hoplocephalus pallidiceps Günther 1858 by
Morelos, WC Veracruz). original designation.
Comment: Bryson et al. (2014) present relationships as a part Distribution: New Guinea and E Australia.
of the C. triseriatus complex. Comments: Cryptophis is re-recognized apart from the mono-
Crotalus tzabcan Klauber, 1952 typic Rhinoplocephalus, Cogger (2014).
Cryptophis boschmai (Brongersma & Knaap-van Meeuwen,
Crotalus unicolor Lidth de Jeude, 1887. Notes Leyden Mus.
1964)
9: 133–134. (Crotalus horridus unicolor)
Cryptophis incredibilis (Wells & Wellington, 1985)
Synonyms: Crotalus pulvis Ditmars, 1905. Cryptophis nigrescens (Günther, 1862)
Holotype: RMNH 613, a 62 cm specimen (J.R.H. Neervoort Cryptophis nigrostriatus (Krefft, 1964)
van de Poll). Cryptophis pallidiceps (Günther, 1858)
CUBATYPHLOPS Hedges, Marion, Lipp, Marin & Comments: Figueroa et al. (2016), based on DNA sequence
Vidal, 2014. Caribbean Herpetol. 49: 46. (Typhlopidae: data, synonymize Cyclophiops with Ptyas due to paraphyly.
Typhlopinae) Ptyas species arrange in sister clades, each containing one of
Type species: Typhlops biminiensis Richmond, 1955 by origi- the two sampled Cyclophiops taxa. The polyphyly could be
nal designation. resolved by resurrecting Zapyrus Günther, 1864, for the clade
containing C. multicinctus.
Distribution: Cuba, Cayman Islands, and the Bahamas.
Comments: The validity of Cubatyphlops is affirmed by Cyclophiops doriae Boulenger, 1888
Nagy et al. (2015). Synonyms: Add Ablabes hamptoni Boulenger, 1900.
Cubatyphlops anchaurus (J.P.R. Thomas & Hedges, 2007) Distribution: Known only from NE India (Manipur),
Cubatyphlops anousius (J.P.R. Thomas & Hedges, 2007) N Myanmar (Kachin, Mandalay), SE China (SE Yunnan).
Cubatyphlops arator (J.P.R. Thomas & Hedges, 2007) Comments: Meetei et al. (2018) re-examined the holotype of
Cubatyphlops biminiensis (Richmond, 1955) A. hamptoni and conclude that the characters used to distin-
Cubatyphlops caymanensis (Sackett, 1940) guish it are inadequate to separate it from C. doriae. They
Cubatyphlops contorhinus (J.P.R. Thomas & Hedges, 2007) provide a revised description of C. doriae, with a locality map
Cubatyphlops epactius (J.P.R. Thomas, 1968) and color photographs.
Cubatyphlops golyathi (Domínguez & Moreno, 2009) Cyclophiops herminae (Boettger, 1895)
Cubatyphlops notorachius (J.P.R. Thomas & Hedges, 2007) Cyclophiops major (Günther, 1858)
Cubatyphlops paradoxus (J.P.R. Thomas, 1968)
Cubatyphlops perimychus (J.P.R. Thomas & Hedges, 2007) Distribution: Add Vietnam (Ha Giang), Ziegler et al. (2014).
Cubatyphlops satelles (J.P.R. Thomas & Hedges, 2007) Cyclophiops multicinctus (Roux, 1907)
Distribution: Add Thailand (Nan [?], Uttaradit), Hauser
CUBOPHIS Hedges & Vidal in Hedges, Couloux & Vidal, (2018); Laos (Bolikhamxay, Khammouane, Louangphrabang,
2009 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae) Saravan), Hauser (2018); Vietnam (Bac Giang), Hecht et al.
Cubophis brooksi Barbour, 1914. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. (2013); Vietnam (Ha Giang), Ziegler et al. (2014); Vietnam
44(2): 333. (Alsophis brooksi) (Lam Dong, Lang Son), Hauser (2018); Vietnam (Son La),
Syntypes: MCZ 7893 (n = 2), (G. Nelson, March 1912). Pham et al. (2014); upper elevation of 1400 m, Hauser (2018).
Type locality: “Little Swan Island, Caribbean Sea.” Cyclophiops semicarinatus (Hallowell, 1861)
Distribution: Honduras (Swan Is: Little Swan I.). CYCLOPTYPHLOPS Bosch & Ineich, 1994 (Typhlopidae:
Comments: McCranie et al. (2017) and Zaher et al. (2019) rec- Asiatyphlopinae)
ognize the Swan Island population as a species distinct from Comments: Hedges et al. (2014), Pyron & Wallach (2014) pro-
C. cantherigerus. vide generic diagnoses.
Cubophis cantherigerus (Bibron, 1840 in Ramon de la Sagra, Cyclotyphlops deharvengi Bosch & Ineich, 1994
1838–1843)
Synonyms: Remove Alsophis brooksi Barbour, 1914. CYLINDROPHIS Wagler, 1828 (Cylindrophiidae)
Distribution: Add Bahamas (Anguilla Cays, Cay Sal Bank), Comments: Amarasinghe et al. (2015b) revise the con-
Krysko et al. (2015). Remove Swan Islands, to C. brooksi. cept of C. ruffus as consisting of four named species. Their
arrangement leaves unnamed the populations in China, Laos,
Comments: See under C. brooksi.
Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia, Sumatra, and most of Borneo.
Cubophis caymanus (Garman, 1887) Kieckbusch et al. (2018) partially rectify this situation.
Cubophis fuscicaudus (Garman, 1888)
Cylindrophis aruensis Boulenger, 1920
Cubophis ruttyi (Grant, 1940)
Cubophis vudii (Cope, 1862) Distribution: Lang (2013) provides evidence that the species
does not occur on the Aru Islands, and that the only known
CYCLOCORUS A.M.C. Duméril, 1853 (Cyclocoridae) locality is Damar Island, Indonesia.
Cyclocorus lineatus (J.T. Reinhardt, 1843) Cylindrophis boulengeri Roux, 1911
Distribution: Add Philippines (Calayan, Camiguin Norte, Cylindrophis burmanus M.A. Smith, 1943. Fauna Brit. India,
Marinduque Is.), Leviton et al. (2018). Rept. Amphib. 3:97. (Cylindrophis rufus burmanus)
Cyclocorus nuchalis Taylor, 1923 Lectotype: BMNH 1940.3.3.1, a 330 mm specimen (F.J.
Distribution: Add Philippines (Dinagat), Sanguila et al. Meggitt), designated by Amarasinghe et al. (2015b).
(2016). Type locality: lectotype from “Rangoon, [Rangoon Prov.,]
Burma.”
CYCLOPHIOPS Cope, 1888 (Colubridae: Colubrinae) Distribution: Burma (Ayeyarwady, Bago, Kachin, Mandalay,
Fossil records: Early Pleistocene of Japan (Okinawa), Ikeda Rakhaing, Rangoon, Sagaing, Shan, Taninthayi, Tenasserim,
et al. (2016, as Cyclophiops sp.). Yangon).
Comments: Recognized as a species by Amarasinghe et al. Cylindrophis subocularis Kieckbusch, Mecke, Hartmann,
(2015b), who provide a diagnosis and description. Kieckbusch Ehrmantraut, O’Shea & H. Kaiser, 2016. Zootaxa 4093(1):
et al. (2018) provide additional localities. 11–17, figs. 3–5.
Cylindrophis engkariensis Stuebing, 1994 Holotype: RMNH 8785, a 395 mm female (F. Kopstein,
Cylindrophis isolepis Boulenger, 1896 February 1937).
Cylindrophis jodiae Amarasinghe, Campbell, Hallermann, Type locality: “Grabag, Purworejo Regency (formerly
Sidik, Supriatna & Ineich, 2015b. Amphibian & Reptile Koetoardjo), Central Java Provence (Jawa Tengah), Java,
Conservation 9(1): 42–44, figs. 4, 5. Indonesia.”
Holotype: MNHN 1911.0196, a 430 mm specimen Distribution: Indonesia (SC Java). Known for certain only
(P. Eberhardt, prior to 1911). from the type locality.
Type locality: “Annam, Central Vietnam.” Cylindrophis yamdena L.A. Smith & Sidik, 1998
Distribution: SE Asia. Burma (Tanintharyi); Thailand DABOIA Gray, 1842 (Viperidae: Viperinae)
(Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Phang Nga, Phetchaburi, Saraburi);
Vietnam (An Giang, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Ca Mau, Can Tho, †Daboia maghrebiana (Rage, 1976)
Da Nang, Dong Nai, Ho Chi Minh City, Kien Giang, Quang Daboia mauritanica (Gray, 1849)
Binh, Quang Nam, Quang Tri, Tay Ninh, Thua Thien-Hue, Synonyms: Add Vipera lebetina deserti Anderson, 1892.
Vinh Phuc), Hong Kong and probably also SE China popula- Distribution: Add Morocco (Al Hoceima), Mediani et al.
tions of Cylindrophis, Malaysia (Kedah). Add Vietnam (Binh (2015b); Morocco (Marrakech), P. Roux & Slimani (1992);
Phuoc), T.Q. Nguyen et al. (2014). Algeria (Tiaret), Ferrer et al. (2016). Also included is the range
Commenst: May be related to undescribed species in of the former D. deserti: E Tunisia and NW Libya (see com-
Cambodia and Thailand fide Amarasinghe et al. (2015b). ments), to which add Libya (Butnan, Jabal al Gharbi, Jafara,
Kieckbusch et al. (2016, 2018) provide additional localities. Nalut, Tripoli, Zawiyah), Bauer et al. (2017).
Cylindrophis lineatus Blanford, 1881 Comments: Martínez-Freiría et al. (2017a) use mtDNA
Cylindrophis maculatus (Linnaeus, 1758) sequence data to examine paleoecological effects on phylo-
Cylindrophis melanotus Wagler, 1828 in 1828–1833 geography of North African Daboia. The analysis recovers
seven sublineages, six of which occur in western and southern
Distribution: Add Indonesia (Sanana I., Moluccas), Kieckbusch
Morocco. The seventh lineage ranges from eastern Morocco
et al. (2016).
to Libya, and subsumes populations previously referred to as
Cylindrophis opisthorhodus Boulenger, 1897 D. deserti, which they synonymize with D. mauritanica.
Cylindrophis osheai Kieckbusch, Mader, H. Kaiser & Mecke, †Daboia maxima (Szyndlar, 1988)
2018. Zootaxa 4486(3): 237–243, figs. 1–3.
Daboia palaestinae (F. Werner, 1938)
Holotype: RMNH 5460, a 486 mm female (D.S. Hoedt, 1865).
Distribution: Add Turkey (Hatay), Göçmen et al. (2018).
Type locality: “Boano Island, Central Maluku Regency, Comments: Volynchik (2012) finds little microgeographic
northern Maluku Province, Indonesia.” variation in morphology from different habitats in Israel.
Distribution: Indonesia (Maluku: Boano Island).
Daboia russelii (Shaw & Niodder, 1797 in 1789–1813)
Cylindrophis ruffus (Laurenti, 1768) Distribution: Add India (Assam), Sengupta et al. (2019); India
Synonyms: Remove Scytale scheuchzeri Merrem, 1820. (Goa), Trivedi & Desai (2019).
Add Cylindrophis mirzae Amarasinghe, Campbell, †Daboia sarmatica (Chkhikvadze & Lungu in Zerova,
Hallermann, Sidik, Supriatna & Ineich 2015b. Amphibian & Lungu & Chkhikvadze, 1987)
Reptile Conservation 9(1): 44–45, figs. 6, 7. Daboia siamensis (M.A. Smith, 1917)
Holotype, MNHN 3279, a 429 mm specimen (J.F.T. Distribution: Add Cambodia (Oddar Meanchey, Siem Reap),
Eydoux, during the expedition on the vessel La Favorite, Neang et al. (2015).
1829–1832).
Type locality: “Singapore.” †DAKOTAOPHIS Holman, 1976 (Colubroidea: incerta
Distribution: Possibly limited to Indonesia (Java). sedis)
Comments: Amarasinghe et al. (2015) restrict C. ruffus to Java, †Dakotaophis greeni Holman, 1976
and provide a revised diagnosis and description. Kieckbusch
DASYPELTIS Wagler, 1830 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
et al. (2016) review the taxonomic history. They conclude that
Anguis rufa javanica Gray, 1849 is a species inquirenda, and Comments: Saleh & Sarhan (2016) provide an mtDNA-based
that Scytale scheuchzeri is not a synonym of Cylindrophis, phylogeny of nine species of Dasypeltis. Bates & Broadley
but is likely a colubroid snake. They find that characters used (2018) revise the taxonomy of species occurring in northeast-
to distinguish C. mirzae on Singapore are overlapped by val- ern Africa and Arabia.
ues for sympatric and allopatric C. ruffus, and that C. mirzae Dasypeltis abyssina (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril,
is a synonym of the latter. 1854)
Distribution: Elevation range 1800–2450 m, Bates & Broadley Dasypeltis latericia Trape & Mané, 2006
(2018). Dasypeltis loveridgei Mertens, 1954. Zool. Anz. 152(9/10):
Comments: Bates & Broadley (2018) provide a species 213–214. (Dasypeltis scabra loveridgei)
account, with description, color photos, and distribution map. Holotype: SMF 46642, a 663 mm female (W. Metzler, 29
The specific epithet is misspelled in Wallach et al. (2014). October 1952).
Dasypeltis arabica Bates & Broadley, 2018. Indago 34(1):46– Type locality: “Farm Finkenstein bei Windhoek,
52, figs. 27–29. Südwestafrika.”
Holotype: BMNH 1987.2192, a 714 mm female (M. Al-Safadi). Distribution: Namibia, and perhaps adjacent areas.
Type locality: “Sana’a, North Yemen (15°19′N, 44°14′E).” Comments: Elevated to species by Bates & Broadley (2018).
Distribution: W Yemen, Saudi Arabia (Asir), 1300–2300 m. Dasypeltis medici (Bianconi, 1859)
Dasypeltis atra Sternfeld, 1913 Distribution: Add Kenya (Eastern, Nairobi, North Eastern)
Distribution: Add Tanzania (Arusha, Kagera, Kigoma), and Tanzania (Arusha, Dodoma, Manyara), and increase ele-
Bates & Broadley (2018). vation to 2500 m, Bates & Broadley (2018).
Comments: Bates & Broadley (2018) provide a species Comments: Bates & Broadley (2018) provide a species
account, with description, color photos, and distribution map. account, with description, color photos, and distribution map.
Dasypeltis bazi Saleh & Sarhan, 2016. Bull. Soc. Herpetol. Dasypeltis palmarum (Leach in Tuckey, 1818)
France 160: 31–36, figs. 3–5. Dasypeltis parascabra Trape, Mediannikov & Trape, 2012
Holotype: AUZC R09458, a 521 mm female (September Dasypeltis sahelensis Trape & Mané, 2006
2009). Distribution: Add Morocco (Tiznit), Crochet et al. (2015);
Type locality: “Abu-Gandir, Faiyum Governorate, Egypt Niger (Tillaberi), Trape & Mané (2015). Upper elevation of
(29°15′12 N, 30°40′35 E).” 467 m, Trape & Mané (2015). Jiménez-Robles et al. (2017)
Distribution: Egypt (Cairo, Fayoum). Bates & Broadley (2018, document additional localities.
as Dasypeltis cf. bazi) add SE Sudan (Al Bahr Al Ahmar). Dasypeltis scaber (Linnaeus, 1758)
Comments: Bates & Broadley (2018) provide a species Synonyms: Remove Dasypeltis scabra loveridgei Mertens,
account, with description, color photos, and distribution map. 1954.
Dasypeltis confusa Trape & Mané, 2006 Distribution: Add South Sudan (Eastern Equatoria), Bates &
Distribution: Add Ghana, Liberia and Nigeria, Trape & Broadley (2018); Angola (Benguela, Cabinda, Cuando
Baldé (2014); Mali (Sikasso), Trape & Mané (2017); South Cubango, Cuanza Norte, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, Lunda Sul,
Sudan (Central Equatoria, Eastern Equatoria), Ethiopia (no Malanje, Moxico, Zaire), M.P. Marques et al. (2018). Remove
precise locality), Kenya (Rift Valley, Western), Rwanda and Egypt, Saleh & Sarhan (2016), much or all of Namibia,
Uganda (Buikwe, Buliisa, Gulu, Lira, Moyo, Serere), Bates & Bates & Broadley (2018).
Broadley (2018); Angola (Cuando Cubango, Malanje), Branch Comments: Bates & Broadley (2018) provide a species
(2018). Increase elevation to 2044 m, Ineich et al. (2015). account, with description, color photos, and distribution map.
Comments: Bates & Broadley (2018) provide a species Dasypeltis taylori Bates & Broadley, 2018. Indago 34(1):27–
account, with description, color photos, and distribution map. 29, figs. 13, 14.
Dasypeltis crucifera Bates & Broadley, 2018. Indago Holotype: BMNH 1949.2.2.2, a 202 mm male (Colonel R.H.R.
34(1):42–46, figs. 23–25. Taylor, 20 April 1932).
Holotype: ZMB 7631, a 506 mm female (purchased, latter Type locality: “Haud [former British Somaliland, 08°20′N,
1800s). 46°00′E at 2100 ft = 640 m] in northern Somalia.”
Type locality: “Bogos, Eritrea.” See discussion in Bates & Distribution: Djibouti and Somalia (Awdal, Sanaag, Togdheer,
Broadley (2018). Woqooyi Galbeed), 640–1370 m.
Distribution: Eritrea, 600–1417 m.
†DAUNOPHIS Swinton, 1926 (Booidea: incerta sedis)
Dasypeltis fasciata A. Smith, 1849 in 1838–1849
†Daunophis langi Swinton, 1926
Distribution: Add Sierra Leone, Trape & Baldé (2014); Gabon
(Ogooue-Lolo), Pauwels et al. (2016a). †DAWSONOPHIS Holman, 1979 (Booidea: incerta sedis)
Comments: Bates & Broadley (2018) provide a species †Dawsonophis wyomingensis Holman, 1979
account, with description, color photos, and distribution map.
Dasypeltis gansi Trape & Mané, 2006 DEINAGKISTRODON Gloyd, 1979 (Viperidae: Crotalinae)
Distribution: Add Ghana and Ivory Coast, Trape & Baldé Deinagkistrodon acutus (Günther, 1888)
(2014); Mali (Segou), Trape & Mané (2017); Niger (Tillaberi, Distribution: Add Vietnam (Ha Giang), and upper elevation
Zinder), Trape & Mané (2015). of 1640 m, Pham et al. (2017); Vietnam (Yen Bai), Le et al.
Dasypeltis inornata A. Smith, 1849 in 1838–1849 (2018).
DEMANSIA Gray, 1842 (Elapidae) Dendrelaphis flavescens Gaulke, 1994

Demansia angusticeps (Macleay, 1888) Dendrelaphis formosus (F. Boie, 1827)
Demansia calodera Storr, 1978 Distribution: Add Myanmar (Tanintharyi), Mulcahy et al.
Demansia flagellatio Wells & Wellington, 1985 (2018); West Malaysia (Pulau Singa Besar), B.L. Lim et al.
Demansia olivacea (Gray, 1842) (2010); West Malaysia (Pulau Tioman), K.K.P. Lim & Lim
Demansia papuensis (Macleay, 1877) (1999); West Malaysia (Terengganu), Sumarli et al. (2015).
Demansia psammophis (Schlegel, 1837)
Dendrelaphis fuliginosus Griffin, 1909
Demansia quaesitor Shea in Shea & Scanlon, 2007
Demansia reticulata (Gray, 1842) Distribution: Add Philippines (Cebu I.), Leviton et al. (2018).
Demansia rimicola Shea in Shea & Scanlon, 2007 Dendrelaphis gastrostictus (Boulenger, 1894)
Demansia rufescens Storr, 1978 Comments: Rooijen et al. (2015) provide a species account
Demansia shinei Shea in Shea & Scanlon, 2007 with a revised description and color photographs. Rooijen &
Demansia simplex Storr, 1978 Vogel (2016) re-examine four syntypes of D. meeki and con-
Demansia torquata Günther, 1862 firm that they resemble D. gastrostictus.
Demansia vestigiata (De Vis, 1884) Dendrelaphis girii Vogel & Rooijen, 2011
Dendrelaphis grandoculis (Boulenger, 1890)
DENDRELAPHIS Boulenger, 1890 (Colubridae:
Dendrelaphis grismeri Vogel & Rooijen, 2008
Ahaetullinae)
Dendrelaphis haasi Rooijen & Vogel, 2008
Comments: Rooijen et al. (2015) revise the species of Australo-
Papua. Wickramasinghe (2016) provides a key to Sri Lanka
(2018).
species
Dendrelaphis hollinrakei Lazell, 2002
Dendrelaphis andamanensis (J. Anderson, 1871)
Dendrelaphis humayuni Tiwari & Biswas, 1973
Dendrelaphis ashoki Vogel & Rooijen, 2011
Dendrelaphis inornatus Boulenger, 1897
Dendrelaphis bifrenalis (Boulenger, 1890)
Dendrelaphis biloreatus Wall, 1908 Dendrelaphis keiensis Mertens, 1926. Senckenberg. Biol. 6:
277–278. (Dendrophis calligastra keiensis)
Dendrelaphis calligastra (Günther, 1867)
Holotype: SMF 18662, a 1352 mm female (H. Merton & J.
Synonyms: Add Dendrophis salomonis Günther, 1872.
Roux, 29 May 1908).
Remove Dendrophis calligastra keiensis Mertens, 1926.
Distribution: Distribution includes that of D. salomonis: Type locality: “Dulah, Kei-Inseln,” Maluku, Indonesia.
Bougainville and the Solomon Islands. Add Indonesia: Misool Distribution: E Indonesia (Babar, Kei Dulah and Timor Laut
and Yapen Islands), Rooijen et al. (2015); Papua New Guinea Islands). Add Indonesia (Maluku: Kei Besar, Kei Cecil, Kur
(Karkar, Kranket, Manam, Manus, Mussau, New Ireland, Islands), Karin et al. (2018); Indonesia (Dulah, Yamdena
Tarawai and Wallis Islands), Clegg & Jocque (2016); Papua Islands), Lang (2013).
New Guinea (Darnley Island), Rooijen et al. (2015). Remove Comments: Rooijen et al. (2015) elevate this taxon to spe-
Indonesia (Babar Island), Rooijen et al. (2015). cies based on distinct morphology from D. calligastra. They
Comments: Rooijen et al. (2015) discuss the syntypes of provide a species account with revised description and color
Dendrelaphis schlenckeri Ogilby, 1898. They also synonymize photographs.
Dendrophis salomonis, remove D. c. keiensis, and provide a Dendrelaphis kopsteini Vogel & Rooijen, 2007
species account with a revised description and color photo- Dendrelaphis levitoni Rooijen & Vogel, 2012
graphs. Additional morphological data are used by Rooijen & Dendrelaphis lineolatus Hombron & Jacquinot, 1842.
Vogel (2016) to confirm the synonymy of D. salomonis. They Voyage Pole Sud. Zoologie, Atlas: plate 2, fig. 1, and Vol. 3:
designate, describe and illustrate a neotype (ZMB 24024) for 20–21. (Dendrophis lineolata)
D. c. distinguendus, and describe the syntypes of D. salomonis
Synonyms: Dendrophis punctulatus astrostriata A.B. Meyer,
as well as provide photographs of one of them.
1874, Dendrophis punctulatus fasciata A.B. Meyer, 1874,
Dendrelaphis caudolineatus (Gray, 1834 in Gray & Dendrophis elegans Ogilby, 1891.
Hardwicke, 1830–1835)
Holotype: MNHN 5081, unsexed.
Distribution: Add Indonesia (Pulau Bangkuru off Sumatra),
Tapley & Muurmans (2016). Patel et al. (2019) discuss the Type locality: “Nouvelle-Guinée.”
veracity of India records. Distribution: E Indonesia (Papua, and Misool, Salawati and
Yapen Islands), Papua New Guinea (the precise distribution is
Dendrelaphis caudolineolatus (Günther, 1869)
not detailed by Rooijen et al., 2015).
Dendrelaphis chairecacos (F. Boie, 1827)
Comments: Rooijen et al. (2015) revalidate this taxon based on
Dendrelaphis cyanochloris (Wall, 1921)
morphological distinctiveness from D. punctulatus. They des-
Distribution: Add Bhutan (Trongsa), Tshewang & Letro, ignate neotypes for Dendrophis punctulatus astrostriata A.B.
2018); Laos (Champasak), Teynié et al. (2004); West Malaysia Meyer, 1874 and D. p. fasciata A.B. Meyer, 1874, and provide
(Terengganu), Sumarli et al. (2015). a species account with a description and color photographs.
Dendrelaphis lorentzii (Lidth de Jeude, 2011) Dendrelaphis pictus (Gmelin, 1789)

Distribution: Rooijen et al. (2015) add E Indonesia (Bivak and Distribution: Add Myanmar (Bago, Rakhine, Sagaing), Platt
Salawati Islands, Papua), and New Guinea (Normanby Island, et al. (2018); Myanmar (Tanintharyi), Mulcahy et al. (2018);
Milne Bay). Cambodia (Siem Reap), Geissler et al. (2019); Vietnam (Hoa
Comments: Rooijen et al. (2015) provide a species account Binh), Nguyen et al. (2018); West Malaysia (Jerejak Island),
with a revised description and color photographs. Quah et al. (2011); West Malaysia (Kedah), Shahriza et al.
(2013); West Malaysia (Pulau Singa Besar), B.L. Lim et al.
Dendrelaphis luzonensis Leviton, 1961
(2010).
Distribution: Add Philippines (Marinduque I.), Leviton et al.
(2018). Dendrelaphis proarchos (Wall, 1909)
Distribution: Add India (Arunachal Pradesh), Purkayastha
Dendrelaphis macrops Günther, 1877. Proc. Zool. Soc. (2018).
London 1877: 131, fig. 2. (Dendrophis macrops)
Dendrelaphis punctulatus (Gray in King, 1827)
Synonyms: Dendrophis breviceps Macleay, 1877, Dendrophis
papuae Ogilby, 1891. Synonyms: Add Dendrophis fuscus Jan, 1863. Remove
Dendrophis lineolata Hombron & Jacquinot, 1842,
Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.23.42, an 1145 mm male (G. Brown).
Dendrophis striolatus Peters, 1867, Dendrophis punctulatus
Type locality: “Duke-of-York Island,” East New Britain Distr., astrostriata A.B. Meyer, 1874, Dendrophis punctulatus fas
Papua New Guinea. ciata A.B. Meyer, 1874, Dendrophis macrops Günther, 1877,
Distribution: E Indonesia (Papua, including Numfor Island), Dendrophis breviceps Macleay, 1877, Dendrophis elegans
Papua New Guinea (East New Britain, East Sepik, Madang, Ogilby, 1891, Dendrophis papuae Ogilby, 1891.
Western, including Daru and Duke of York Islands). Add Papua Distribution: Restricted to Australia according to Rooijen
New Guinea (Kairiru and Mioko Islands), Clegg & Jocque et al. (2015) through revalidation of other taxa to New Guinea
(2016). populations.
Comments: Rooijen et al. (2015) determine that Dendrophis Comments: Rooijen et al. (2015) discuss the syntypes of
macrops Günther, 1877 has temporal priority over D. breviceps D. bilorealis Macleay, 1884, and provide a species account
Macleay, 1877. They revalidate this species from D. punctu with a revised description and color photographs.
latus based on morphological distinctiveness, and provide a
Dendrelaphis schokari (Kuhl, 1820)
species account with a description and color photographs.
Distribution: Add Sri Lanka (Sabaragamuwa), Peabotuwage
Dendrelaphis marenae Vogel & Rooijen, 2008 et al. (2012).
Distribution: Add Indonesia (Sula Islands), Lang (2013);
Dendrelaphis sinharajensis Wickramasinghe, 2016. Zootaxa
Philippines (Carabao I., Tablas I.), Siler et al. (2012);
4162(3): 506–510, figs. 2–7.
Philippines (Cagayan Sulu, Guimaras, Jolo, Marinduque,
Siagao Is.), Leviton et al. (2018). Holotype: NMSL 2016.06.01, a 995 mm female (L.J.M.
Wickramasinghe).
Dendrelaphis modestus Boulenger, 1894
Type locality: “Mideripitiya, Sinharaja Forest, Deniyaya,
Distribution: Add Indonesia (Bisa, Kasiruta, Tidore Islands),
Matara District, Southern Province (N 06° 21′ 24.72″, E 080°
Lang (2013).
29′ 21.63″), 285 m,” Sri Lanka.
Dendrelaphis ngansonensis (Bourret, 1935) Distribution: Sri Lanka (Southern, Sabaragamuwa), 285 m.
Distribution: Add Cambodia (Pursat), Neang et al. (2015);
Comments: Wickramasinghe (2016) tentatively assigns sinha
Vietnam (Dien Bien), Dung et al. (2014); Vietnam (Hai Phong:
rajensis to Dendrelaphis.
Cat Ba Island), T.Q. Nguyen et al. (2011); Vietnam (Quang
Ngai), Nemes et al. (2013). Dendrelaphis striatus (Cohn, 1905)
Dendrelaphis nigroserratus Vogel, Rooijen & Hauser, 2012
(2018).
Dendrelaphis oliveri (Taylor, 1950)
Dendrelaphis striolatus W.C.H. Peters, 1867. Monatsb.
Dendrelaphis papuensis Boulenger, 1895
Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1867: 25. (Dendrophis striolatus)
Distribution: Limited to the Trobriand Islands, Milne Bay
Holotype: ZMB 5450, an 884 mm male (collection of C.
Province, Papua New Guinea according to Rooijen et al.
Semper).
(2015), who discount mainland New Guinea records.
Comments: Rooijen et al. (2015) provide a species account Type locality: “Pelew [=Palau]-Inseln.”
with a revised description and color photographs. Distribution: Palau (Babelthuap, Koror, Ngeaur,
Ngerekebesang, Ngerukeuid and Ngermalk Islands).
Dendrelaphis philippinensis (Günther, 1879)
Comments: Rooijen et al. (2015) revalidate this species from
Distribution: Leviton et al. (2018) could find no basis for the
D. punctulatus based on morphological distinctiveness,
inclusion of the following Philippine islands in the distribu-
and provide a species account with a description and color
tion: Camiguin, Dinagat, Siquijor, Surigao.
photographs.
Dendrelaphis subocularis (Boulenger, 1888) Rodrigues et al. (2015); Brazil (Rondônia), Bernarde et al.
Dendrelaphis terrificus (W.C.H. Peters, 1872) (2012b).
Dendrelaphis tristis (Daudin, 1803) Dendrophidion graciliverpa Cadle, 2012
Distribution: Add India (Uttarakhand), Joshi et al. (2019); Dendrophidion nuchale (W.C.H. Peters, 1863)
Nepal (Bara), Pandey et al. (2018); Nepal (Parsa), Bhattarai Dendrophidion paucicarinatum (Cope, 1894)
et al. (2018b). Dendrophidion percarinatum (Cope, 1894)
Dendrelaphis underwoodi Rooijen & Vogel, 2008 Distribution: Add Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback
Dendrelaphis walli Vogel & Rooijen, 2011 (2015); Colombia (Huila), Moreno-Arias & Quintero-Corzo
(2015).
DENDROASPIS Schlegel, 1848 (Elapidae)
Dendrophidion prolixum Cadle, 2012
Dendroaspis angusticeps (A. Smith, 1849 in 1838–1849) Dendrophidion rufiterminorum Cadle & Savage, 2012
Dendroaspis intermedia Günther, 1865 Dendrophidion vinitor H.M. Smith, 1941
Dendroaspis jamesoni (Traill, 1843)
Distribution: Add Gabon (Estuaire), Pauwels et al. (2017b); DENISONIA Krefft, 1869 (Elapidae)
Angola (Bengo, Cuanza Sul), Branch (2018); Angola Denisonia devisi Waite & Longman, 1920
(Cabinda, Cuanza Norte, Huambo, Luanda, Malanje, Zaire), Denisonia maculata (Steindachner, 1867)
M.P. Marques et al. (2018). Ceríaco et al. (2018) provide evi-
dence that the species does not occur on São Tomé. †DIABLOPHIS Caldwell, Nydam, Palci and Apesteguía,
Dendroaspis polylepis Günther, 1864 2015. Nature Communic. 6(5996): 2–3. (Ophidia: incerta
Distribution: Add Angola (Cauando-Cubango), Conradie sedis)
et al. (2016b); Angola (Bie, Huila, Lunda Norte, Malanje, Type species: Parviraptor gilmorei, Evans 1996 by monotypy.
Zaire), M.P. Marques et al. (2018); Mozambique (Inhambane), Distribution: Upper Jurassic of Colorado, USA.
Jacobsen et al. (2010).
†Diablophis gilmorei Evans, 1996. Northern Arizona Mus.
Dendroaspis viridis (Hallowell, 1844) Bull 60. (Parviraptor gilmorei)
Holotype: LACM 4684/140572, a right maxilla, right man-
DENDROLYCUS Laurent, 1956 (Lamprophiidae) dible, and axis vertebra, as restricted by Caldwell et al. (2015).
Dendrolycus elapoides (Günther, 1874) Type locality: Fruita locality, Mesa Co., Colorado, USA.
Distribution: Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) of Colorado,
DENDROPHIDION Fitzinger, 1843 (Colubridae: USA.
Colubrinae)
Comments: Originally described as an anguimorph lizard.
Dendrophidion apharocybe Cadle, 2012
Distribution: Add Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback DIADOPHIS Baird & Girard, 1853 (Dipsadidae: subfamily
(2015). unnamed)
Dendrophidion atlantica Freire, Caramaschi & Gonçalves, †Diadophis elinorae Auffenberg, 1963
2010 Diadophis punctatus (Linnaeus, 1766)
Distribution: Add Brazil (Paraiba), Barbosa et al. (2019);
Brazil (Pernambuco), Nacimento & Santos (2016). DIAPHOROLEPIS Jan, 1863 (Dipsadidae: Dipsadinae)
Dendrophidion bivittatum (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Comments: Pyron et al. (2015) place Diaphorolepis in a new
Duméril, 1854) tribe (Diaphorolepidini) with Emmochliophis and Synophis.
Distribution: Add Colombia (Huila), Moreno-Arias & Diaphorolepis laevis F. Werner, 1923
Quintero-Corzo (2015). Comments: Pyron et al. (2015) provide a revised description
Dendrophidion boshelli Dunn, 1944 of the holotype, from which this taxon remains known.
Dendrophidion brunneum (Günther, 1858) Diaphorolepis wagneri Jan, 1863
Distribution: Add Ecuador (Esmeraldas), Torres-Carvajal Type locality: restricted to “Milpé, Pichincha province,
et al. (2019); Peru (Lambayeque), Venegas (2005). Ecuador (0.035, −78.87; 1076 m),” by Pyron et al. (2015).
Dendrophidion clarkii Dunn, 1933 Distribution: Upper elevation of 1600 m, Vera-Pérez et al.
Distribution: Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback (2015). (2018).
Comments: Pyron et al. (2015) provide a species account
Dendrophidion crybelum Cadle, 2012
(description and map of localities).
Dendrophidion dendrophis (Schlegel, 1837)
Distribution: Add Ecuador (Zamora-Chinchipe), Torres- DIEUROSTUS Berg, 1901 (Homalopsidae)
Carvajal et al. (2019); Bolivia (La Paz), Cortez-Fernandez Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a generic
(2005, new for Bolivia); Brazil (Marajo I., Para), G.M. diagnosis.
Dieurostus dussumierii (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Holotype: PEM R21122, a 1084 mm male (K.A. Tolley, S.P.
Duméril, 1854) Loader, W. Conradie, G.B. Bittencourt-Silva, M. Menegon,
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a description, H.M. Engelbrecht & C. Nanvonamuquitxo, 21 November
and suggest that the synonym Hypsirhina malabarica may be 2014).
a valid species. Type locality: “Mt Mabu Forest Base Camp (16°17′10.4″S,
36°24′00.2″E, 919 m above sea level ∼a.s.l.), Zambezia
†DINILYSIA Woodward, 1901 (Dinilysiidae) Province, Mozambique.”
†Dinilysia patagonica Woodward, 1901 Distribution: N Mozambique (Zambezia), 919–1644 m.
Fossil Record: Scanferla & Canale (2007) describe a speci- Dipsadoboa shrevei (Loveridge, 1932)
men from the early Campanian, being the youngest record for Synonyms: Remove Crotaphopeltis hotamboiea kageleri
the species. Üthmöller, 1939.
Comments: Palci & Caldwell (2014) conclude that the spe- Distribution: C Africa. S Democratic Republic of the Congo
cies lacks a crista circumfenestralis, the ambiguous presence (Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Katanga, Kinshasa, Sud-Kivu),
thereof having produced marginal conflicts in its phylogenetic Zambia (Central, Copperbelt, Luapula, Northern, North-
position. Western, Western), E Angola (Bie, Huambo, Moxico).
Dipsadoboa underwoodi J.B. Rasmussen, 1993
DIPSADOBOA Günther, 1858 (Colubridae: Colubrinae) Distribution: Add Liberia, Trape & Baldé (2014); Gabon
Comments: Branch et al. (2019c) use DNA sequence data to (Estuaire), Pauwels et al. (2016b), Gabon (Haut-Ogooue), Tarn
produce a phylogeny of nine of the species. et al. (2018a); Gabon (Ogooué-Ivindo), Carlino & Pauwels
Dipsadoboa aulica (Günther, 1864) (2015); Congo (Niari), Branch et al. (2019c).
Dipsadoboa duchesnii (Boulenger, 1901) Dipsadoboa unicolor Günther, 1858
Synonyms: Add Dipsadomorphus brevirostris Sternfeld, 1908. Dipsadoboa viridis (W.C.H. Peters, 1869)
Distribution: Add Gabon (Ogooué-Ivindo), Carlino & Pauwels Distribution: Add Gabon (Haut-Ogooue), Tarn et al. (2018b).
(2015). Dipsadoboa weileri (Lindholm, 1905)
Comments: Trape & Baldé (2014) note that two of the syn- Distribution: Add Senegal (Kedougou, as D. aff. weileri),
types of D. brevirostris are specimens of D. duchesnii, and Monasterio et al. (2016); Nigeria (Cross River), Branch et al.
the third has characteristics similar to those of both D. duch (2019c). Upper elevation of 2044 m, Ineich et al. (2015).
esnii and D. guineensis. In addition, specimens assignable to Comments: Trape & Baldé (2014) note that Guinea specimens
D. guineensis are not known from the geographic range of are a species distinct from D. weileri based on habitat and
D. duchesnii. They recommend synonymizing D. brevirostris coloration, but there are no clear differences in scalation.
with D. duchesnii, and recognizing D. guineensis for West
African populations. Dipsadoboa werneri (Boulenger, 1897)
Dipsadoboa flavida (Broadley & Stevens, 1971)
(2008), Lyakurwa (2017).
Dipsadoboa guineensis Chabanaud, 1920. Bull. Comité
Études Hist. Scient. Afrique Occid. Franç. 4: 491–492.
(Leptodira guineensis) DIPSAS Laurent, 1768 (Dipsadidae: Dipsadinae)
Syntypes: MNHN, lost according to Trape & Baldé (2014). Synonyms: Add Sibynomorphus Fitzinger, 1843, Anholodon
A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854, Cochliophagus
Type locality: “Diéké (cercle de N’Zèrékoré),” Guinea. A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854, Pseudopareas
Distribution: West Africa: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Boulenger, 1896.
Ivory Coast and Ghana. Comments: Arteaga et al. (2018) use DNA sequence-data
Dipsadoboa kageleri Uthmöller, 1939. Zool. Anz. 125(5/6): to produce a phylogeny using 58% of known Dipsadini spe-
108–112. (Crotaphopeltis hotamboiea kageleri) cies. Their results place Sibynomorphus as a new synonym of
Holotype: ZSM 254/1937, a 615 mm male (W. Uthmöller, Dipsas.
1937). Dipsas albifrons (Sauvage, 1884)
Type locality: “‘Sanya’, Tanzania.” Distribution: Add Brazil (S Bahia), I.R. Dias et al. (2018);
Distribution: E Tanzania (Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Lindi), Brazil (SE Minas Gerais), and upper elevation of 1020 m,
1526–1840 m. Silveira et al. (2018); Brazil (Rio de Janeiro: Ilha Grande),
Comments: Branch et al. (2019c) discover that populations C.F.D. Rocha et al. (2018). Silveira et al. (2018) provide a map
from N Tanzania are sister taxon to a group of species that of known localities.
includes D. shrevei, and elevate the former to species level. Dipsas alternans (Fischer, 1885)
Dipsadoboa montisilva Branch, Conradie & Tolley in Branch Distribution: Add Brazil (Rio de Janeiro: Ilha Grande), C.F.D.
et al., 2019c. Zootaxa 4646(3): 551–554, fig. 3. Rocha et al. (2018).
Dipsas andiana (Boulenger, 1896) Dipsas ellipsifera (Boulenger, 1898)

Distribution: Add Ecuador (Cañar, Cotopaxi, El Oro), and Distribiton: Add Ecuador (Carchi), Arteaga et al. (2018).
low elevation of 7 m, Arteaga et al. (2018); Ecuador (Manabi), Dipsas gaigeae (Oliver, 1937)
Almendáriz et al. (2012).
Distribution: Add Mexico (Guerrero), Palacios-Aguilar &
Dipsas articulata (Cope, 1868) Flores-Villela (2018).
Distribution: Add Nicaragua (Rio San Juan), and low eleva- Dipsas georgejetti Arteaga, Salazar-Valenzuela, Mebert,
tion of 10 m, Sunyer et al. (2014); Panama (Coclé, Panama), Peñafiel, Aguiar, Sánchez-Nivicela, Pyron, Colston, Cineros-
Vecchiet et al. (2014). Heredia, Yánez-Muñoz, Venegas, Guayasamin & Torres-
Dipsas baliomela Harvey, 2009 Carvajal, 2018. ZooKeys 766:110–111, figs. 1, 11, 12.
Dipsas bicolor (Günther, 1895 in 1885–1902) Holotype: MZUTI 5411, a 402 mm male (M. Costales, 31
Dipsas bobridgleyi Arteaga, Salazar-Valenzuela, Mebert, August 2017).
Peñafiel, Aguiar, Sánchez-Nivicela, Pyron, Colston, Cineros- Type locality: “Cabuyal, province of Manabí, Ecuador
Heredia, Yánez-Muñoz, Venegas, Guayasamin & Torres- (S0.19698, W80.29059; 15 m).”
Carvajal, 2018. ZooKeys 766:108–109, figs. 1, 9, 10.
Distribution: Ecuador (Guayas, Manabi), 5–317 m.
Holotype: MZUTI 5417, a 533 mm male (M. Hollanders,
Dipsas gracilis (Boulenger, 1902)
1 August 2017).
Distribution: Add Ecuador (Cañar, Santo Domingo), and
Type locality: “Reserva Buenaventura, province of El Oro,
elevation range of 14–1638 m, Arteaga et al. (2018); Ecuador
Ecuador (S3.65467, W79.76794; 524 m).” (Manabi), Almendáriz et al. (2012).
Distribution: Ecuador (Azuay, El Oro), Peru (Tumbes),
Dipsas inaequifasciata (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril,
39–572 m.
1854)
Dipsas brevifacies (Cope, 1866) Dipsas incerta (Jan, 1863)
Dipsas bucephala (Shaw, 1802) Dipsas indica Laurenti, 1768)
Synonyms: Remove Leptognathus cisticeps Boettger, 1885. Distribution: Add Ecuador (Orellana), and upper elevation
Distribution: Limited to SE Brazil (Bahia, Espirito Santo, of 1355 m, Arteaga et al. (2018), Brazil (Rio de Janeiro: Ilha
Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo), N Argentina (Misiones), Grande), C.F.D. Rocha et al. (2018); Brazil (Roraima), Moraes
and E Paraguay (Alto Parana, Canindeyu, Itapua, Misiones). et al. (2017).
Add Brazil (Mato Grosso), M.C. Silva et al. (2015); Brazil Dipsas jamespetersi Arteaga, Salazar-Valenzuela, Mebert,
(Parana), Dainesi et al. (2019). Peñafiel, Aguiar, Sánchez-Nivicela, Pyron, Colston, Cineros-
Comments: See under D. cisticeps. Heredia, Yánez-Muñoz, Venegas, Guayasamin & Torres-
Dipsas catesbeji (Seetzen, 1796) Carvajal, 2018. ZooKeys 766: 96. Substitute name for
Distribution: Add Ecuador (Orellana, Sucumbios), and upper Sibynomorphus petersi Orcés-V. & Almendáriz, 1989.
elevation of 1476 m, Arteaga et al. (2018), Brazil (Amapa), Synonyms: Sibynomorphus petersi Orcés-V. & Almendáriz,
Pedroso-Santos et al. (2019); Brazil (Roraima), Moraes et al. 1989.
(2017). Distribution: Upper elevation of 3148 m, Arteaga et al. (2018).
Dipsas chaparensis R.P. Reynolds & Foster, 1992 Dipsas klebbai Arteaga, Salazar-Valenzuela, Mebert,
Dipsas cisticeps Boettger, 1885. Z. Naturwiss. 58: 237–238. Peñafiel, Aguiar, Sánchez-Nivicela, Pyron, Colston, Cineros-
(Leptognathus [Dipsadomorus] cisticeps) Heredia, Yánez-Muñoz, Venegas, Guayasamin, & Torres-
Holotype: unlocated according to Uetz et al. (2019), a 605 mm Carvajal, 2018. ZooKeys 766: 120–124, figs. 1, 15, 16.
specimen. Holotype: MZUTI 5412, an 870 mm male (P. Torres, 28 April
Type locality: “Paraguay, Amer. Merid.” 2016).
Distribution: E Bolivia (Cochabamba, Santa Cruz), S Type locality: “Pacto Sumaco, province of Napo, Ecuador
Paraguay (Central, Paraguari). Add Brazil (Mato Grosso do (S0.66377, W77.59895; 1556 m).”
Sul), Ferreira et al. (2017); Paraguay (San Pedro), Atkinson Distribution: Ecuador (Napo, Sucumbios), 1182–2110 m.
et al. (2017). Dipsas latifrontalis Boulenger, 1905. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
Comments: Cacciali et al. (2016b) conclude that D. cisticeps Series 7, 15(90): 561. (Leptognathus latifrontalis)
and D. bucephalus are not subspecies, based on the very dif- Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.20.98, an 800 mm female (Briceño).
ferent color patterns and the wide hiatus in their ranges, and
Type locality: “Aricaqua, 1000 m. altitude,” Mérida, Venezuela.
they recognize both as species.
Distribution: Colombia, W Venezuela (Barinas, Merida),
Dipsas copei (Günther, 1872)
1000–1400 m.
Dipsas elegans (Boulenger, 1896)
Comments: Resurrected from the synonymy of D. peruana
Distribution: Add Ecuador (Santo Domingo), and upper eleva- by Arteaga et al. (2018) based on distinctive color pattern and
tion of 2579 m, Arteaga et al. (2018). DNA-based phylogenetic placement.
Dipsas lavillai Scrocchi, Porto & Rey, 1993 Synonyms: Remove Leptognathus latifrontalis Boulenger,
Dipsas maxillaris (F. Werner, 1909) 1905, Leptognathis palmeri Boulenger, 1912, Leptognathus
Dipsas mikanii (Schlegel, 1843) latifasciatus Boulenger, 1913.
Distribution: Add Brazil (Ceara), Guedes et al. (2014); Brazil Distribution: Limited to Peru (Amazonas, Cuzco, Huanuco,
(Mato Grosso do Sul), Ferreira et al. (2017); Brazil (Paraiba), Pasco, Puno, San Martin), 1502–2670 m; Add Peru
R. França et al. (2012); Brazil (Piauí), Dal Vechio et al. (2013); (Cajamarca), Koch et al. (2018).
Brazil (Tocantins), Dal Vechio et al. (2016). Dipsas petersi Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1975
Comments: M.A. Freitas et al. (2014b) report the rediscovery Dipsas praeornata (F. Werner, 1909)
of S. m. septentrionalis and add Pará to its range. Dipsas pratti (Boulenger, 1897)
Dipsas neivai Amaral, 1926 Dipsas sanctijoannis (Boulenger, 1911)
Dipsas neuwiedi (Ihering, 1011) Dipsas sazimai Fernandes, Marques & Argólo, 2010
Distribution: Add Brazil (Alagoas), Parnazio & Vrcibradic Distribution: Add Brazil (Alagoas, Pernambuco), Roberto
(2018); Brazil (Paraiba), R. França et al. (2012, as S. cf. et al. (2014).
neuwiedi); Brazil (Sergipe), Andrade et al. (2019); Brazil Dipsas schunkii (Boulenger, 1908)
(Paraíba), and upper elevation of 1030 m, Guedes et al. (2014).
Dipsas temporalis (F. Werner, 1909)
Andrade et al. (2019) list and map known localities.
Distribution: Add Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback
Dipsas nicholsi (Dunn, 1933) (2015); Colombia (Cauca), and upper elevation of 1141 m,
Dipsas oligozonata (Orcés-V. & Almendáriz, 1989) Vera-Pérez et al. (2018); Ecuador (Imbabura), Arteaga et al.
Distribution: Upper elevation of 2891 m, Arteaga et al. (2018). (2018).
Dipsas oneilli (Rossman & J.P.R. Thomas, 1979) Dipsas tenuissima Taylor, 1954
Distribution: Upper elevation of 1127 m, Ryan et al. (2015).
Dipsas oreas (Cope, 1868)
Dipsas trinitatis H.W. Parker, 1926
Distribution: Add Ecuador (Pichincha), Amendáriz & Orcés
(2004), Ecuador (Azuay), Almendáriz (2007); Ecuador (El Distribution: Upper elevation of 300 m, J.C. Murphy &
Oro), and upper elevation of 524 m, Arteaga et al. (2018). Rutherford (2014).
Dipsas turgida (Cope, 1868)
Dipsas oswaldobaezi Arteaga, Salazar-Valenzuela, Mebert,
Peñafiel, Aguiar, Sánchez-Nivicela, Pyron, Colston, Cineros- Distribution: Add Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Ferreira et al.
Heredia, Yánez-Muñoz, Venegas, Guayasamin & Torres- (2017); Paraguay (Misiones, Neembucu), Cabral & Weiler
Carvajal, 2018. ZooKeys 766: 117–119, figs. 1, 13, 14. (2014).
Holotype: QCAZ 10369, a 362 mm female (S. Aldás & Dipsas vaga (Jan, 1863)
G. Zapata, 3 March 2010). Dipsas vagrans (Dunn, 1923)
Type locality: “Quebrada El Faique, province of Loja, Ecuador Distribution: Add Peru (Amazonas), and elevation range of
(|S4.17889, W80.04226; 1004 m).” 487–1326 m, Koch et al. (2018); Peru (San Martin), low eleva-
Distribution: Ecuador (El Oro, Loja), Peru (Piura), 32–1289 m. tion of 316 m, Arteaga et al. (2018).
Dipsas variegata (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854a)
Dipsas pakaraima MacCulloch & Lathrop, 2004
Distribution: Add Trinidad & Tabago (Trinidad), J.C.
Dipsas palmeri (Boulenger, 1912). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Murphy & Rutherford (2014); Ecuador (Napo), Arteaga et al.
Series 8, 10(58): 422. (Leptognathis palmeri) (2018); Brazil (Pernambuco), E.G. Dias et al. (2019); Brazil
Synonyms: Leptognathus latifasciatus Boulenger, 1913. (Rondônia), Bernarde et al. (2012b) and Ferrão et al. (2012).
Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.20.77, a 950 mm male (M.G. Remove Panama, Cadle & C.W. Myers, 2003.
Palmer) Comments: Murphy & Rutherford describe differences
Type locality: “El Topo, Rio Pastaza, E. Ecuador, 4200 feet.” between this species and D. trinitatis on Trinidad.
Distribution: Ecuador (Morona Santiago, Pastaza, Tungurahua, Dipsas ventrimaculata (Boulenger, 1885)
Zamoro Chinchipe), Peru (Cajamarca), 1211–2282 m. Distribution: Add Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Ferreira et al.
Comments: Ressurrected from the synonymy of D. peruana (2017); Brazil (Marinheiros I., Rio Grande do Sul), Quintela
by Arteaga et al. (2018) based on distinctive color pattern and et al. (2011); Paraguay (Canindeyu), Cacciali et al. (2015b);
DNA-based phylogenetic placement. Paraguay (Paraguari), Cabral & Weiler (2014).
Dipsas pavonina Schlegel, 1837 Dipsas vermiculata J.A. Peters, 1960
Distribution: Add Ecuador (Zamora-Chinchipe), Almendáriz Distribution: Add Ecuador (Zamora Chinchipe), and upper
et al. (2014); increase elevation to 981 m, Arteaga et al. (2018), elevation of 1476 m, Arteaga et al. (2018).
Brazil (Roraima), Moraes et al. (2017). Dipsas viguieri (Bocourt, 1884)
Dipsas williamsi (Carrillo de Espinoza, 1974)
Dipsas peruana (Boettger, 1898)
DIPSINA Jan, 1863 (Psammophiidae) Dolichophis gyarosensis (Mertens, 1968)

Dipsina multimaculata (A. Smith, 1847 in 1838–1849) Dolichophis jugularis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms: Add Dolichophis jugularis cypriacus Zinner,
DISPHOLIDUS Durvernoy, 1832 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
2018 (nomen nudum).
Dispholidus typus (A. Smith, 1828) Distribution: Add Greece (Halki I.), Cattaneo (2018); Greece
Distribution: Add Angola (Benguela, Bie, Cuanza Norte, (Kastellorizo I.), Paysant (1999) and Kakaentzis et al. (2018);
Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, Lunda Sul, Turkey (Burdur), Ege et al. (2015); Turkey (Aydin, Bitlis,
Malanje, Zaire), M.P. Marques et al. (2018). Erzincan, Hatay, Kahramanmaraş, Karaman, Mersin, Nigde,
Osmaniye, Sanliurfa, Siirt), Göçmen et al. (2013); Iraq
DITAXODON Hoge, 1958 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae) (Diyalah, Najaf), Abbas-Rhadi et al. (2017); Iran (Alborz,
Ditaxodon taeniatus (Hensel, 1868) Ardabil, East Azerbaijan, Gilan, Golestan, Hamedan, Ilam,
Isfahan, Khorasan Razavi, Kermanshah, Kordestan, Lorestan,
DITYPOPHIS Günther, 1881 (Pseudoxyrhophiidae) Markazi, Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Qazvin, Semnan,
Ditypophis vivax Günther, 1881 Tehran, West Azerbaijan, Zanjan), Safaei-Mahroo et al.
Comments: Using DNA barcoding, Vasconcelos et al. (2016) (2015). Iran (Kermanshah), Sadeghi et al. (2014b). Göçmen
find some intraspecific pairwise distance between specimens et al. (2013) map known localities in Turkey.
(mean 1.54). Dolichophis mesopotamicus Afrasiab, Mohammad &
Hussein, 2016. J. Biodivers. Environ. Sci. 8(4): 16–17, fig. 1.
DJOKOISKANDARUS J.C. Murphy, 2011. Raffles Bull.
Holotype: IMN 435, a 117 cm male.
Zool. 59(2): 233. (Homalopsidae)
Type locality: “Tarmyah north of Baghdad,” Iraq.
Type species: Cantoria annulata Jong, 1926 by monotypy.
Distribution: NC Iraq (Al-Sulaimaniyah, Baghdad, Diyala),
Distribution: S coast of New Guinea.
45–900 m.
Comments: Molecular data remain unavailable to test the
Comments: A weakly defined species, probably a synonym of
relationship of Djokoiskandarus apart from Cantoria, but the
D. jugularis.
genus is generally recognized, i.e., Zaher et al. (2019).
Dolichophis schmidti (Nikolsky, 1909)
Djokoiskandarus annulatus (Jong, 1926)
Distribution: Add Turkey (Aksaray, Akşehir, Diyarbakir,
Igdir, Isparta, Kahramanmaraş, Kayseri, Mardin, Muş,
and illustrations.
Sanliurfa, Siirt), Göçmen et al. (2013); Iraq (Najaf), and low
elevation of 22 m, Abbas-Rhadi et al. (2017); Iran (Alborz,
DOLICHOPHIS Gistel, 1868 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Ardabil, East Azerbaijan, Gilan, Golestan, Khorasan Razavi,
Fossil records: Add Late Miocene (Messinian), Georgialis Khuzestan, Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Qazvin, Semnan,
et al. (2017, as cf. Dolichophis sp.). Tehran, West Azerbaijan, Zanjan), Safaei-Mahroo et al.
Dolichophis caspius (Gmelin, 1789) (2015). Göçmen et al. (2013) map known localities in Turkey.
Distribution: Add Romania (Dolj), Lazăr et al. (2005);
Romania (Giurgiu, Olt), Covaciu-Marcov & David (2010), DREPANOIDES Dunn, 1928 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae)
Iftime & Iftime (2008); Romania (Teleorman), Iftime & Drepanoides anomalus (Jan, 1863)
Iftime (2016); Bulgaria (Sofia Region), Popgeorgiev et al. Distribution: Add Peru (Huanuco), Schlüter et al. (2004);
(2014); Greece (Agathonisi, Fourni, Kalymnos, Kos, Nisyros Brazil (Acre), Bernarde et al. (2011b).
and Patmos Islands), Cattaneo (2018); Greece (Kefallinia),
M.J. Wilson (2006); Turkey (Afyon), Eser & Erismis (2014); DROMICODRYAS Boulenger, 1893 (Pseudoxyrhophiidae)
Turkey (Bartin), Çakmak et al. (2017); Turkey (Burdur), Ege Dromicodryas bernierii (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron &
et al. (2015); Turkey (Canakkale), Tok et al. (2006); Turkey Duméril, 1854)
(Karabük), Kumlutaş et al. (2017); Turkey (Gökçeada I.), Yakin Dromicodryas quadrilineata (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron &
et al. (2018); Turkey (Tenedos I.), Tosunoğlu et al. (2009); Duméril, 1854)
Kazakhstan (Atyrau), Ostrovskikh et al. (2010); Iran (Ardabil,
Distribution: Add Madagascar (Nosy Komba), Roberts &
East Azerbaijan, Gilan, Golestan, Hamedan, Mazandaran,
Daly (2014).
North Khorasan, Qazvin, Tehran, West Azerbaijan, Zanjan),
Safaei-Mahroo et al. (2015). Babocsay (2013), based on mis- †DRYINOIDES Auffenberg, 1958 (Dipsadidae: subfamily
identification, eliminate the Zselic region of SW Hungary unnamed)
from the range. Sahlean et al. (2014) map known localities.
†Dryinoides oxyrhachis Auffenberg, 1958
Dolichophis cypriensis (Schätti, 1985)
Comments: In the gene-based phylogeny of Zaher et al. (2019) DRYMARCHON Fitzinger, 1843 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
D. cypriensis is within the Hierophis subclade. Of course, the Fossil records: Pleistocene (Rancholbrean) of USA (South
sample on which the stem is based could be misidentified. Carolina), Knight & Cicimurri (2019, as Drymarchon sp.).
Drymarchon caudomaculatus Wüster, Yrausquin & Mijares- Drymoluber apurimacensis Lehr, Carrillo & Hocking, 2004
Urrutia, 2001 Drymoluber brazili (Gomés, 1918)
Drymarchon corais (F. Boie, 1827) Type locality: H. Costa et al. (2013) believe that the holotype
Distribution: Add Peru (Amazonas, Cajamarca), Koch et al. came from the vicinity of the Tronco-Catalão Railway, rather
(2018); Peru (Huanuco), Schlüter et al. (2004); Brazil (Acre), than the point associated with the holotype.
Bernarde et al. (2011b); Brazil (Goias), Vaz-Silva et al. (2007); Distribution: Add Paraguay (San Pedro), P. Smith et al. (2016).
Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Ferreira et al. (2017); Brazil Upper elevation of 1100 m, Guedes et al. (2014).
(Minas Gerais, Sergipe), Guedes et al. (2014); Brazil (Paraíba),
Drymoluber dichrous (W.C.H. Peters, 1863)
R. França et al. (2012); Brazil (Rio Grande do Norte), Sales
et al. (2009); Brazil (Roraima), Prudente et al. (2014). Lectotype: ZMB 1661, designated by H. Costa et al. (2013).
Drymarchon couperi (Holbrook, 1842) Type locality: suggested as SE Brazil by H. Costa et al. (2013).
Distribution: Add Ecuador (Zamora-Chinchipe), Torres-
Synonyms: Drymarchon kolpobasileus Krysko, Granatosky,
Carvajal et al. (2019); Peru (Cajamarca), Koch et al. (2018);
Nuñez & Smith, 2016. Zootaxa 4138(3): 564–566, figs. 10, 11.
Bolivia (La Paz, Pando), Colombia (Amazonas), Guyana (East
Holotype: UF 52751, a 2321 mm male (D.M. Sargent, August Berbice), H. Costa et al. (2013).
1981).
Comments: H. Costa et al. (2013) provide a description, illus-
Type locality: “on Mill Terrace and Riverwood Avenue, trations, and distribution map.
Sarasota, Sarasota County, Florida, USA (27.29291 N,
82.52453 W…).” DRYOCALAMUS Günther, 1858 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Comments: Krysko et al. (2016a-b) use molecular and mor- Comments: Figueroa et al. (2016), based on DNAsequence-
phological data to recognize Atlantic and Gulf (D. kolpobasi data, synonymize Dryocalamus with Lycodon due to para-
leus) coastal plain populations as distinct species. Folt et al. phyly. Also using sequence data, Zaher et al. (2019) recognize
(2019) were unable to resolve two species using microsatellite Dryocalamus as part of a polyphyletic Lycodon-Stegonotus
data, and recommend synonymy of D. kolpobasileus with D. group.
couperi, as do Guyer et al. (2019) based on a lack of supposed Dryocalamus davisoni (Blanford, 1878)
morphological differences.
Distribution: Add Cambodia (Siem Reap), Geissler et al. (2019);
Drymarchon margaritae Roze, 1959 Vietnam (Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Gia Lai, Kon Tum, Ninh Binh), Luu
Drymarchon melanurus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & et al. (2019); Vietnam (Hoa Binh), Nguyen et al. (2018).
Duméril, 1854) Dryocalamus gracilis (Günther, 1864)
Distribution: Add Honduras (Isla del Tigre), McCranie & Dryocalamus nympha (Daudin, 1803)
Gutsche (2016); Panama (Panama, Panama Oeste), Ray & Dryocalamus philippinus Griffin, 1909
Ruback (2015); Colombia (Huila), Moreno-Arias & Quintero- Dryocalamus subannulatus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron &
Corzo (2015); Ecuador (Azuay, El Oro, Esmeraldas, Guayas, Duméril, 1854)
Imbabura, Pichincha) and elevation to 2200 m, Almendáriz &
Distribution: Add Myanmar (Tanintharyi: Linn Lune Kyun I.),
Brito (2012); Ecuador (Loja, Manabí), Cisneros-Heredia (2006a);
J. Lee et al. (2018a); West Malaysia (Pahang), Zakaria et al.
Villa et al. (2015) extend the known range in Sonora, Mexico.
(2014); Indonesia (Pulau Bangkuru off Sumatra), Tapley &
Muurmans (2016).
DRYMOBIUS Fitzinger, 1843 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Dryocalamus tristrigatus Günther, 1858
Drymobius chloroticus (Cope, 1886)
Distribution: Add Mexico (Hidalgo), Badillo-Saldaña et al. DRYOPHIOPS Boulenger, 1896 (Colubridae: Ahaetullinae)
(2014). Dryophiops philippina Boulenger, 1896
Drymobius margaritiferus (Schlegel, 1837) Distribution: Add Philippines (Marinduque, Panay, Siquijor,
Distribution: Add Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback possibly Samar Is.), Leviton et al. (2018).
(2015). Martínez-Fuentes et al. (2017) confirm the species in Dryophiops rubescens Gray 1835 in Gray & Hardwicke,
Mexico, Mexico. 1830–1835
Drymobius melanotropis (Cope, 1875)
DRYSDALIA Worrell, 1961 (Elapidae)
Drymobius rhombifer (Günther, 1860)
Drysdalia coronoides (Günther, 1858)
Distribution: Add Colombia (Antioquia), Padilla-Pérez et al.
Drysdalia mastersii (Krefft, 1866)
(2015); Ecuador (Manabi), Almendáriz et al. (2012); Peru
Drysdalia rhodogaster (Jan, 1873 in Jan & Sordelli, 1870–1881)
(Huanuco), Schlüter et al. (2004); Brazil (Acre), Bernarde
et al. (2011b); Brazil (Pará), Mendes-Pinto & Souza (2011). DUBERRIA Fitzinger, 1826 (Pseudoxyrhophiidae)
DRYMOLUBER Amaral, 1930 (Colubridae: Colubrinae) Duberria lutrix (Linnaeus, 1758)
Comments: H. Costa et al. (2013) present a taxonomic sum- Comments: Kulenkampff et al. (2019) produce a DNA-
mary of the genus. sequence based phylogeny for the nominate race, which
reveals five allopatric clades in South Africa. The authors Comments: Alshammari (2011) evaluated variation in RNA
suggest that D. l. lutrix is a species complex that is in need of sequence data between Arabian populations, which indicated
further study. two population clades.
Duberria rhodesiana Broadley, 1958 Echis hughesi Cherlin, 1990
Duberria shirana (Boulenger, 1894) Echis jogeri Cherlin, 1990
Distribution: Add Tanzania (Morogoro), and low elevation of Distribution: Add Senegal (Kedougou), Monasterio et al.
1429 m, Lyakurwa (2017); Mozambique (Nampula/Nlassa), (2016); Senegal (Thies) and Mali (Kayes, Koulikoro, Segou,
Conradie et al. (2016a). Sikasso), Trape (2018).
Duberria variegata (W.C.H. Peters, 1854) Comments: Trape (2018) provides a description, color photo-
graphs, and locality map.
†DUNNOPHIS Hecht in McGrew, 1959 (Charinidae: Echis khosatzkii Cherlin, 1990
Ungaliophiinae)
Distribution: Add Oman (Dhofar), Ball & Borrell (2016).
†Dunnophis cadurcensis Rage, 1974 Echis leucogaster Roman, 1972
†Dunnophis matronensis Rage, 1973
Distribution: Add Morocco (Ouarzazate, Tata), Marmol-
†Dunnophis microechinis Hecht in McGrew, 1959
Marin & Fernandez (2012); Mauritania (Nouakchott), Padial
(2006); Mali (Kidal), Trape & Mané (2017); Niger (Tillaberi),
ECHINANTHERA Cope, 1894 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae)
Trape & Mané (2015); Chad (Guera), Trape (2018). Low eleva-
Echinanthera amoena (Jan, 1863) tion of 41 m, Trape & Mané (2017).
Distribution: Add Brazil (Espirito Santo, Santa Catarina), Echis megalocephalus Cherlin, 1990
Azevedo et al. (2018).
Echis ocellatus Stemmler, 1970
Echinanthera cephalomaculata Di-Bernardo, 1994
Distribution: Add Burkina Faso (Boucle du Mouhon,
Distribution: Add Brazil (Pernambuco), and upper elevation Cascades, Centre-Sud), Trape (2018); Mali (Mopti), Trape
of 850 m, Freitas, M.A. de et al. (2019b). (2018); Niger (Tillaberi), Trape & Mané (2015). Remove
Echinanthera cephalostriata Di-Bernardo, 1996 region east of western Nigeria (Kwara, Sokoto) to E. romani.
Distribution: Add Brazil (Rio de Janeiro: Ilha Grande), C.F.D. Comments: Trape (2018) provides a description, color photo-
Rocha et al. (2018). graphs, and locality map, after transferring the eastern por-
tion of the range to his new species Echis romani.
Echinanthera cyanopleurus (Cope, 1885)
Echinanthera melanostigma (Wagler in Spix, 1824) Echis omanensis Babocsay, 2004
Echinanthera undulata (Wied-Neuwied, 1824) Distribution: Add Oman (Al-Batinah South) and upper eleva-
tion of 1843 m, Grossmann et al. (2013).
ECHIOPSIS Fitzinger, 1843 (Elapidae) Echis pyramidum Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 1827 in Savigny,
Echiopsis curta (Schlegel, 1837) 1809–1829
Distribution: Add Saudi Arabia (Farasan Al-Kebir I.),
ECHIS Merrem, 1820 (Viperidae: Viperinae) Cunningham (2010); Saudi Arabia (Sarso I.), Masseti (2014).
Comments: Trape (2018) reviews the West African species.
Echis romani Trape, 2018. Bull. Soc. Herpétol. France 167:
Echis borkini Cherlin, 1990 24–29, figs. 9–14.
Echis carinatus (Schneider, 1801) Holotype: MNHN 2018.0006, a 517 mm male (villager,
Distribution: Add Iran (Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Golestan, 20 May 2015).
North Khorasan, Semnan, South Khorasan, Yazd), Safaei- Type locality: “Kumao au Tchad (region du Logone Oriental,
Mahroo et al. (2015); Iran (Razavi Khorasan), Yousefkhani département de Baibokoum, 07°36′N / 15°36′E).”
et al. (2014) and Nasrabadi et al. (2016); Afghanistan (Balkh,
Distribution: C Africa. Nigeria (Anambra, Benue, Kaduna,
Farah, Herat, Kandahar, Nangahar, Nimroz), Wagner et al.
Plateau), S Chad (Chari-Baguirmi, Mayo-Kebbi Est, Tandjile),
(2016b). Increase upper elevation limit to 2700 m, Moradi N Cameroon (Extreme Nord, Nord), NW Central African
et al. (2013). Republic (Ombella-Mpoko, Ouham-Pende). Add SC Niger
Comments: Abbas-Rhadi et al. (2015a) are unable to find (Zinder), Nigeria (Gombe), and Chad (Logone Occidental,
morphological differences between two samples in SE Iraq. Logone Oriental, Mayo-Kebbi Ouest), Trape (2018).
Abbas-Rhadi et al. (2016) compare mtDNA sequence data
Echis varius A. Reuss, 1834
between populations in United Arab Emirates, Iraq, Pakistan
and India, revealing India as the sister group to the others.
Echis coloratus Günther, 1878 EIRENIS Jan, 1863 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Distribution: Add Saudi Arabia (Ha’il), Alshammari et al. Comments: Rajabizadeh et al. (2015b) revise E. persicus
(2017). to contain six species. Wagner et al. (2016b) mention two
specimens from Kandahar, Afghanistan, that are of the E . per Malatya, Mardin, Mersin), and upper elevation of 1200 m,
sicus complex, but are not referred to a particular species. Göçmen et al. (2014c).
Eirenis africanus (Boulenger, 1914) Eirenis mcmahoni Wall, 1911. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.
Eirenis angusticeps Boulenger, 1894. Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus. 20(4): 1037–1038. (Contia mcmahoni)
2: 262. (Contia angusticeps) Syntypes: ZSI 16624, three others in the Quetta Museum
Holotype: ZSI, a 340 mm specimen, lost according to M.A. destroyed. I. Das et a. (1998) refer to the ZSI specimen as
Smith (1943) holotype, and do not state which locality it is from.
Type locality: “Cherat, Baluchistan.” Type locality: “Quetta, Loralai, Mach and Spingtangi,” Pakistan.
Distribution: N Pakistan (Federally Administered Tribal Distribution: C Pakistan (Baluchistan).
Areas, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab). Comments: Rajabizadeh et al. (2015b) revive this name for
Comments: Rajabizadeh et al. (2015b) revive this name for central Pakistan populations of E. persicus. They provide a
certain northern Pakistan populations of E. persicus. They description and a locality map.
provide a description, locality map and color photograph. Eirenis medus (Chernov in Terentjev & Chernov, 1940)
Eirenis aurolineatus (Venzmer, 1919) Distribution: Add Iran (Ardabil, East Ajerbaizan, Markazi,
Eirenis barani J.F. Schmidtler, 1988 North Khorasan, Tehran), Safaei-Mahroo et al. (2015).
Eirenis collaris (Ménétriés, 1932) Comments: Mahlow et al. (2013) believe that E. kermanensis
Distribution: Add Turkey (Adana), Winden et al. (1997); Iran may be a synonym of E. medus based on locality and similar
(Fars), Gholamifard et al. (2012); Iran (Alborz, Ilam, Isfahan, morphology.
Hamedan, Kermanshah, Kurdistan, Markazi), Sadeghi et al. Eirenis modestus (Martin, 1838)
(2014a); Iran (Ardabil, Bushehr, Qazvin, Tehran), Safaei- Distribution: Add Greece (Kastellorizo I.), Paysant (1999) and
Mahroo et al. (2015). Sadeghi et al. (2014a) mapped known Kakaentzis et al. (2018); Turkey (Bartin), Çakmak et al. (2017);
localities in Iran. Turkey (Karabük), Kumlutaş et al. (2017); Turkey (Kutahya,
Eirenis coronella (Schlegel, 1837) Usak), Özdemĭr & Baran (2002); Turkey (Mersin), Winden
Distribution: Add Iran (Gilan), Safaei-Mahroo et al. (2015); et al. (1997); Iran (Golestan, Markazi), Safaei-Mahroo et al.
Syria (Homs), Sindaco et al. (2014). (2015).
Eirenis coronelloides (Jan, 1862) Eirenis nigrofasciatus Nikolsky 1907. Ann. Mus. Zool.
Distribution: Add: Iraq (Al-Sulaimaniyah), Afrasiab & Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pétersborg 10(3/4): 298–299. (Contia per
Mohamad (2014); Iraq (Anbar), Mohamad & Afrasiab (2015). sica nigrofasciata)
Eirenis decemlineatus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, Holotype: ZISP 10323, (16 March 1904).
1854) Type locality: “Urbis Dizful (Arabistan),” Iran.
Eirenis eiselti J.J. Schlmidtler & J.F. Schlmidtler, 1978 Distribution: E Iraq (Diyala, Halabjah, Kirkuk), W Iran (Fars,
Distribution: Add Turkey (Kahramanmaraş, Kilis, Muş, Hormozgan, Ilam, Kerman, Khuzestan, Yazd).
Şanliurfa, Van), Göçmen et al. (2013); Turkey (Tunceli), İğci Comments: Rajabizadeh et al. (2015b) revive this name for
et al. (2015). Göçmen et al. (2013) map known localities in certain southwestern populations of E. persicus. They provide
Turkey. a description, locality map and color photograph.
Eirenis hakkariensis J.F. Schmidtler & Eiselt, 1991. Eirenis occidentalis Rajabizadeh, Nagy, Adriaens, Avci,
Salamandra 27(4): 230–232, figs. 5–7. Masroor, Schmidtler, Nazarov, Esmaeili & Christiaens,
Holotype: ZSM 3/1991, a 400 mm female (J.F. & H. Schmidtler, 2015b. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 176(4): 900–901, fig. 14. (Eirenis
11 June 1976). [Pseudocyclophis] occidentalis)
Type locality: “oberhalb Hakkâri-Stadt, 1 900 m ü. M.,” Turkey. Holotype: ZDEU 136/2005, a 362 mm male (İ. Baran,
Y. Kumlutaş, Ç. Ilgaz & A. Avci, 1 May 2005).
Distribution: E Turkey (Hakkari), 1900 m.
Comments: Mahlow et al. (2013) regard hakkariensis to be Type locality: “Between Diyarbakır and Sivarek, 48 km
a distinct species from E. thospitis based on morphological west of Diyarbakır (37°49′12.3″N, 39°37′58.5″E), Şanlıurfa
differences. Province, Turkey…. Altitude 1100 m a.s.l.”
Distribution: S Armenia, SE Turkey (Adiyaman, Diyarbakir,
Eirenis kermanensis Rajabizadeh, J.F. Schmidtler, Orlov &
Hakkari, Malatya, Mardin, Sanliurfa, Siirt, Sirnak, Urfa),
Soleimani, 2012
W Iran (Kermanshah, and possibly Markazi and Tehran),
Comments: See under E. medus. 1100 m. Add Turkey (Erzincan), İğci et al. (2015); Iraq (Erbil,
Eirenis levantinus J.F. Schmidtler, 1993 Sulaimaniyah), Mohamad & Afrasiab (2015, this species
Eirenis lineomaculatus K.P. Schmidt, 1939 based on geography, though possibly E. persicus).
Distribution: Add Iraq, Al-Barazengy et al. (2015); Iraq (Erbil), Comments: Formerly the westernmost populations of E. per
Mohamad & Afrasiab (2015); Turkey (Kahramanmaraş, sicus, Rajabizadeh et al. (2015b).
Eirenis persicus (J. Anderson, 1872) Eirenis yassujicus Fathinia, Rastegar-Pouyani & Shafaeipour,
Synonyms: Remove Pseudocyclophis walteri Boettger, 1888, 2019. Zool. Middle East 65(4): 3–5, figs. 1–3.
Contia angusticeps Boulenger, 1894, Contia persica nigro Holotype: YUZM-CE.1, a 505 mm female (3 May 2016).
fasciata Nikolsky, 1907, Contia mcmahoni Wall, 1911. Type locality: “Damkoreh Region (30.63057N and 51.41985E),
Distribution: SW Iran (Bushehr, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Dasht-e-Room, Kohgilouyeh and Boyer Ahmad Province,
Fars, Isfahan, Khuzestan, Lorestan). Add Iran (Markazi), Iran.”
Sabbaghzadeh & Mashayekhi (2015, also based on geog- Distribution: Iran (Kohgilouyeh and Boyer Ahmad). Known
raphy) and Iran (Qom), S.M. Kazemi et al. (2015), though only from the holotype.
assignment to species is tentative.
Comments: Rajabizadeh et al. (2015b) revise this taxon using ELAPHE Fitzinger in Wagler, 1833 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
morphological and genetic data. They recover six species, dis- Distribution: Eurasia.
tributed within primary eastern and western clades, including Fossil records: Add middle Pleistocene (Likhvinian) of
recognition of the former synonyms P. walteri, C. angusti Ukraine, Ratnikov (2005).
ceps, C. p. nigrofasciata, and C. mcmahoni, plus a new spe-
Comments: X. Chen et al. (2017) determine that the place-
cies E. occidentalis. They provide a revised description and
ment of Elaphe zoigeensis and Orthriophis taeniurus in a
color photograph.
novel phylogeny leave the respective genera paraphyletic,
Eirenis punctatolineatus (Boettger, 1893) which the authors resolve by placing Orthriophis within an
Distribution: Add Turkey (Tunceli), İğci et al. (2015); Iraq expanded Elaphe. The phylogeny of Zaher et al. (2019) also
(Erbil, Sulaimaniyah), Mohamad & Afrasiab (2015); Iran recognizes Orthriophis within a separate clade that is in a
(Kerman), Moradi et al. (2013); Iran (Ardabil, Bushehr, Fars, hierarchical pattern as sister clade to Zamenis > Coronella >
Gilan, Hormozgan, Ilam, Isfahan, Kermanshah, Khuzestan, Oocatochus > Elaphe. For this reason we continue to recog-
Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad, Markazi, North Khorasan, nize Orthriophis.
Qazvin, Semnan, Tehran), Safaei-Mahroo et al. (2015); Iran Elaphe anomalus (Boulenger, 1916)
(Qom), S.M. Kazemi et al. (2015).
Elaphe bimaculata K.P. Schmidt, 1925
Eirenis rechingeri Eiselt, 1971
Comments: Simonov et al. (2018) find several published
Distribution: Add Iran (Esfahan), Zadhoush et al. (2016). mtDNA sequences to be nested within samples of E. dione.
Comments: Gholamhosseini et al. (2009) report a second They suggest that the E. bimaculata samples are misidentified.
specimen, also from Fars Province. Elaphe carinata (Günther, 1864)
Eirenis rothii Jan, 1863 Comments: Guo et al. (2012b) synonymize E. c. deqenensis
Distribution: Add Iraq (Ninevah), Mohamad & Afrasiab with the nominate race after finding no molecular or morpho-
(2015). logical differences to support recognition as two subspecies.
Eirenis thospitis J.J. Schmidtler & Lanza, 1990 Elaphe climacophora (H. Boie, 1826)
Synonyms: Remove Eirenis hakkariensis J.F. Schmidtler & Distribution: Add Japan (Kinkasan I.), Mori & Nagata (2016).
Eiselt, 1991.
Elaphe davidi (Sauvage, 1884)
Distribution: Add Iraq (Erbil), and upper elevation limit of
2106 m, Mohamad & Afrasiab (2015). Elaphe dione (Pallas, 1773)
Comments: The Iraq specimen described by Mohamad & Distribution: Add Iran (Gilan, Golestan, West Azerbaijan),
Afrasiab (2015) is intermediate in morphological charac- Safaei-Mahroo et al. (2015). Upper elevation record of
ters between E. hakkariensis and E. thospitis. See under E. 3520 m, S. Hofmann et al. (2016). Tupikov & Zinenko (2015a)
hakkariensis. detail the distribution in Ukraine.
Eirenis walteri Boettger, 1888. Zool. Anz. 11(279): 262–263. Comments: S. Hofmann et al. (2016) report significant varia-
(Pseudocyclophis walteri) tion in DNA sequence data from various populations. See
under E. bimaculata.
Holotype: Cauc. Mus. Tibilisi, a 394 mm specimen (G. von
Radde, 1886). Elaphe quadrivirgata (H.Boie, 1826)
Type locality: “Neu-Serachs [=Serakhs] an der Nordostspitze Distribution: Add Japan (Kinkasan I.), Mori & Nagata (2016).
Persiens,” Iran. Comments: Kuriyama et al. (2011) use mtDNA sequence data
Distribution: SC Asia. S Turkmenistan (Ahal, Ashkabad, to demonstrate that the Izu Archipelago was colonized multi-
Krasnovodsk, Mary), E Iran (Golestan, Kerman, Northern ple times from mainland populations, and that morphological
Khorasan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Southern Khorasan), variation between island populations evolved from post-colo-
W Pakistan (Baluchistan). nization selection.
Comments: Rajabizadeh et al. (2015b) revive this name for Elaphe quatuorlineata (Lacépède, 1789)
certain eastern populations of E. persicus. They provide a Distribution: Add Croatia (Dugi Otok I.), Madl (2017); Greece
description, locality map and color photograph. (Folegandros Island), Itescu et al. (2017), Greece (Ithakos I.),
Strachinis & Artavanis (2017); Greece (Kefallinia, Zakinthos), Synonyms: Remove Elaphis sumatranus Bleeker, 1860.
M.J. Wilson (2006). Cattaneo & Cattaneo (2016) document Distribution: Limited to Java, and possibly populations on
an eastward range extension into East Macedonia & Thrace, Borneo, Vogel et al. (2018).
Greece. Elapoidis sumatrana Bleeker, 1860. Nat. Tijd. Nederland.
Comments: Kornilios et al. (2013b) present information on Indie. Series 5, 21(1): 297–298.
mtDNA phylogeography, intraspecific diversity and pheno-
Holotype: BMNH, not numbered, a female (Ludeking), now
typic convergence. The mtDNA data resolve three clades that
lost according to Vogel et al. (2018).
roughly approximate the three subspecies: muenteri, quatu
orlineata, and scyrensis. Neotype: BMNH 1928.2.18.17, a 434 mm male (E. Jacobson).
Elaphe rechingeri F. Werner, 1932 Type locality: stated as “Fort de Kock [=Bukittingi],”
Sumatra. Neotype from “Fort de Kock, 920 m, West coast of
Elaphe sauromates (Pallas, 1814) Sumatra.”
Distribution: Remove portions of the range inhabited by Distribution: Sumatra.
E. urartica (i.e., E Turkey and the Caucasus region to NW
Comments: Vogel et al. (2018) revive this species based on
Iran). Add Turkey (Adana), Sarikaya et al. (2017); Turkey
morphological differences from Java specimens.
(Canakkale), Turkey (Hatay), Jablonski et al. (2019); Tok et al.
(2014); Turkey (Karabük), Kumlutaş et al. (2017). ELAPOMORPHUS Weigmann in Fitzinger, 1843
Comments: See under E. urartica. (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae)
Elaphe schrenckii (Strauch, 1873) Elapomorphus quinquelineatus (Raddi, 1820)
Elaphe urartica Jablonski, Kukushkin, Avcı, Bunyatova, Elapomorphus wuchereri Wucherer in Günther, 1861
Igaz, Tuniyev & Jandzik in Jablonski et al., 2019. PeerJ Distribution: Add Brazil (Minas Gerais), Entiauspe-Neto
7(e6944): 22–31, figs. 4, 6–8. et al. (2017c).
Synonyms: Jablonski et al. (2019, suppl.) note that a number Comments: Entiauspe-Neto et al. (2017c) provide a species
of old names under E. sauromates could have priority over account, map, and color photographs.
E. urartica, but they are declared nomina dubia due to imper-
fect descriptions and/or geographic origins. ELAPOTINUS Jan, 1862 (Pseudoxyrhophiidae)
Holotype: ZDEU 26/2012, a 1013 mm male (S.B. Tuniyev, Synonyms: Add Exallodontophis Cadle, 1999.
16 July 2012). Distribution: Madagascar.
Type locality: “Bitlis Province, Turkey (Kısıkh Village, Comments: Kucharzewski et al. (2014) find Exallodontophis
Süphan Mts.; 38.93°N, 42.91°|E, 2,394 m a. s. l.).” to be a junior synonym of Elapotinus based on morphological
Distribution: SW Asia. E Turkey (Agri, Bitlis, Diyarbakir, comparison of specimens of the former with the old, poorly
Erzurum, Igdir, Kars, Van), Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, studied specimens of the latter.
Moldavia, SW Russia (Dagestan), Nagorno-Karabakh, NW Elapotinus picteti Jan, 1862
Iran (Bakhtaran, East Azarbaijan, Hamdan, West Azarbaijan,
Synonyms: Add Parahadinaea albignaci Domergue, 1984.
Zanjhan). -25–2600 m. Add Iran (Ardabil, Golestan,
Kermanshah, Mazandaran, Semnan, Tehran), Safaei-Mahroo Distribution: Madagascar (Antsiranana, Mahajanga,
et al. (2015). Toamasina), elevation 350–1009 m, Kucharzewski et al.
(2014).
Comments: This species represents a SE portion of the range
formerly included within E. sauromates, separated morpho- Comments: Kucharzewski et al. (2014) compare the two spec-
logically and genetically from that species, Jablonski et al. imens of Elapotinus picteti to specimens of Exallodontophis
(2019). albignaci and could find no morphological characters with
which to recognize two species.
Elaphe zoigeensis S. Huang, Ding, Burbrink, Yang, Huang,
Ling, Chen & Zhang, 2012 ELAPSOIDEA Bocage, 1866 (Elapidae)
ELAPOGNATHUS Boulenger, 1896 (Elapidae) Elapsoidea boulengeri Boettger, 1895
Elapognathus coronatus (Schlegel, 1837) Elapsoidea broadleyi Jakobsen, 1997
Elapognathus minor (Günther, 1863) Elapsoidea chelazziorum Lanza, 1979
Elapsoidea guentherii Bocage, 1866
ELAPOIDIS H Boie in F. Boie, 1827 (Natricidae) Elapsoidea laticincta (F. Werner, 1919)
Comments: Vogel et al. (2018) review the genus. They note Elapsoidea loveridgei Parker, 1949
that the three specimens that they examined from Borneo Elapsoidea nigra Günther, 1888
differ from other populations, as well as one other specimen Elapsoidea semiannulata Bocage, 1882
from Sumatra. But they do not describe them as new with so Distribution: Add Senegal (Kedougou, Sedhiou, Ziguinchor),
little material. Mané & Trape (2017); Angola (Bengo, Cabinda, Luanda),
Elapoidis fusca H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827 M.P. Marques et al. (2018).
Elapsoidea sundevalli (A. Smith 1848 in 1838–1849) Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a diagnosis
Elapsoidea trapei Mané, 1999 and photograph. They consider E. smithii to be a synonym of
E. jagorii.
Distribution: Add Senegal (Kolda), Mané & Trape (2017).
Enhydris longicauda (Bourret, 1934)
EMMOCHLIOPHIS Fritts & Smith, 1969 (Dipsadidae: Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a diagnosis
Dipsadinae) and photograph.
Comments: Pyron et al. (2015) place Emmochliophis in a new Enhydris subtaeniata (Bourret, 1934)
tribe (Diaphorolepidini) with Diaphoralepis and Synophis. Distribution: Add Thailand (Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon
Emmochliophis fugleri Fritts & Smith, 1969 Sawan), Voris et al. (2012); Thailand (Surin), Chuaynkern
Pyron et al. (2015) provide a species account (description and et al. (2019); Cambodia (Battambang), Voris et al. (2012);
locality map). Vietnam (Quang Ngai), Nemes et al. (2013).
Emmochliophis miops (Boulenger, 1898) Comments: Voris et al. (2012) evaluate geographic varia-
tion. J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a diagnosis and
Type locality: Pyron et al. (2015) state that the type locality is
photograph.
in the province of Imbabura rather than in Carchi, Ecuador.
Distribution: Add Colombia (Cauca), and upper elevation of ENULIOPHIS McCranie and Villa, 1993 (Dipsadidae:
1188 m, Vera-Pérez et al. (2018, as E. cf. miops). subfamily unnamed)
Comments: Pyron et al. (2015) provide a species account Comments: C.W. Myers & McDowell (2014) recognize
(description and locality map). E. sclateri as the sister taxon to all Enulius species, and rec-
EMYDOCEPHALUS Krefft, 1869 (Elapidae) ommend that it be returned to Enulius in order to conserva-
tively eliminate monotypic genera.
Emydocephalus annulatus Krefft, 1869
Emydocephalus ijimae Stejneger, 1898 Enuliophis sclateri (Boulenger, 1894)
Emydocephalus szczerbaki Dotsenko, 2011. Zbirnik Prats’ Distribution: Add Nicaragua (Atlantico Norte, Rio San Juan),
Sunyer et al. (2014); Panama (Panama, Panama Oeste), Ray &
Zool. Mus. 41: 128–138.
Ruback (2015).
Holotype: NMNHU 27.
Type locality: Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Vietnam. ENULIUS Cope, 1871 (Dipsadidae: subfamily unnamed)
Distribution: Vicinity of the type locality. Enulius bifoveatus McCranie & G. Köhler, 1999
Comments: We do not have a copy of this paper; data are from Enulius flavitorques (Cope, 1869)
Uetz et al. (2019, The Reptile Database). Distribution: Add Mexico (Tabasco), Hernández-Valadez et al.
ENHYDRIS Latreille in Sonnini & Latreille, 1801 (2016); Honduras (Olancho), Solís et al. (2014b); Honduras
(Homalopsidae) (Valle: Isla Exposición), McCranie et al. (2013b); Honduras
(Isla Inglesera), McCranie & Gutsche (2016); Panama (add
Veraguas: Isla Canales de Afuera), Flores et al. (2016a);
diagnosis and key to the species.
Panama (Panama, Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback (2015);
Enhydris chanardi J.C. Murphy & Voris, 2005 Colombia (Córdoba), Carvajal-Cogollo et al. (2007). Abarca-
Distribution: Add Thailand (Nakhon Nayak), J.C. Murphy & Alvarado & Bolaños (2017) extend the distribution southeast-
Voris (2014). ward within Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica.
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a diagnosis Enulius oligostichus H.M. Smith, Arndt & Sherbrooke, 1967
and photograph.
Distribution: Low elevation of 81 m, Reynosa et al. (2014).
Enhydris enhydris (Schneider, 1799)
Enulius roatanensis McCranie & G. Köhler, 1999
Distribution: Add Nepal (Nawalparasi), Pandey et al. (2018);
India (Arunachal Pradesh), Purkayastha (2018). †EOANILIUS Rage, 1974 (Aniliidae)
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a diagnosis Distribution: Add middle Miocene (Orleanian) of Germany,
and photograph. Čerňanský et al. (2017).
Enhydris innominata (Morice, 1875) †Eoanilius europae Rage, 1974
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a diagnosis Comments: K.T. Smith (2013) cites a personal communica-
and photograph. tion from J.-C. Rage that this taxon probably belongs to the
Enhydris jagorii (W.C.H. Peters, 1863) Booidea.
Synonyms: Add Hypsirhina smithii (Boulenger, 1914). †Eoanilius oligocenicus Szyndlar, 1994
Distribution: Add Thailand (Prachuap Khiri Khan), J.C. Distribution: Add Lower Miocene of Italy, Venczel & Sanchíz
Murphy & Voris (2014); Laos (Champasak), Teynié et al. (2006); Lower Oligocene (Rupelian, MP 22) of France, Sigé
(2004). et al. (1998, as E. aff. oligocenicus).
†EOMADTSOIA R.O. Gómez, Garberoglio & Rougier, Epicrates crassus Cope, 1862
2019. Comptes Rendus Palevol 18: 774. (†Madtsoiidae) Distribution: Add Paraguay (Canindeyu), Cacciali et al.
Type species: †Eomadtsoia ragei R.O. Gómez, Garberoglio & (2015b); Paraguay (San Pedro), P. Smith et al. (2016). Upper
Rougier, 2019 by monotypy. elevation of 541 m, Guedes et al. (2014).
Distribution: Late Cretaceous of C Argentina. Epicrates maurus Gray, 1849
†Eomadtsoia ragei R.O. Gómez, Garberoglio & Rougier, Distribution: Add Colombia (La Guajira), Aya-Cuero et al.
2019. Comptes Rendus Palevol 18: 774–776, figs. 2, 3. (2019).
Holotype: MPEF-PV 2378, a mid-trunk vertebra.
EPICTIA Gray, 1845 (Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae)
Type locality: “El Uruguayo fossil site…, southeastern slopes
of the Somún Curá Massif, Chubut Province, Patagonia, Comments: Esqueda-González et al. (2015) present a morphol-
Argentina.” ogy-based phylogram from which they define three species
groups (albifrons, goudotii, undecimstriata). McCranie &
Distribution: Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian-Danian), cen-
Hedges (2016) provide a DNA sequence-based phylog-
tral Argentina (Chubut).
eny using six species, as well as a revised taxonomy of the
†EOPHIS Caldwell, Nydam, Palci and Apesteguía, 2015. E. goudotii complex that confirms the recognition of E. ater,
Nature Communic. 6(5996): 3–5. (Ophidia: incerta sedis) E. bakewelli, E. magnamaculata and E. phenops as species.
Wallach (2016) further revises the E. phenops species group,
Type species: Eophis underwoodi Caldwell, Nydam, Palci
within the E. goudotii complex, describing six additional spe-
and Apesteguía, 2015 by monotypy.
cies. The etymology of Epictia is not known, and Gray lists
Distribution: Middle Jurassic of England. two species in the original description, one with a masculine
†Eophis underwoodi Caldwell, Nydam, Palci and Apesteguía, and the other with a feminine ending. We follow its common
2015. Nature Communic. 6(5996): 3–5, figs. 1, 2. usage as feminine.
Syntypes: NHMUK R12354, 12355, 12370, right dentaries. Epictia albifrons (Wagler in Spix, 1824)
Type locality: “Kirtlington Cement Works Quarry, Synonyms: Leptotyphlops tenella Klauber, 1939.
Oxfordshire, England.”
Proposed Neotypes: MCZ R2885, a 152 mm specimen, from
Distribution: middle Jurassic (Bathonian) of England. the state of “Pará, Brasil,” designated by Natera-Mumaw et al.
(2015).
EPACROPHIS Hedges, Adalsteinsson & Branch in
Adalsteinsson, Branch, Trape, Vitt & Hedges, 2009 BYU 11490, a 154 mm female (Mormon missionaries between
(Leptotyphlopidae: Leptotyphlopinae) 1946 and 1953), “vicinity of Belém, state of Pará, Brazil,” des-
ignated by Wallach (2016).
Epacrophis boulengeri (Boettger in Voeltzkow, 1913)
Epacrophis drewesi (Wallach, 1996) Distribution: Cis-Andean South America. E Colombia (Cesar,
Epacrophis reticulatus (Boulenger, 1906) Meta, Vichada), E Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolivar, Distrito
Federal, Monagas, Sucre), Guyana (Barima-Waini, Cuyuni-
EPHALOPHIS M.A. Smith, 1931 (Elapidae) Mazaruni, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Mahica-
Ephalophis greyae M.A. Smith, 1931 Berbice, Potaro-Siparuni, Upper Demerara-Berbice, Upper
Takutu-Upper Essequibo), Suriname (Brokopondo, Coronie,
EPICRATES Wagler, 1830 (Boidae) Marowijne, Nickerie, Paramaribo), French Guiana (Cayenne,
Synonyms: Remove Chilabothrus A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, Saint Laurent du Maroni), Brazil (Amapá, Amazonas, Mato
1844, Homalochilus J.G. Fischer, 1856, Piesigaster Seoane, Grosso, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima), S Ecuador (Azuay), NE
1880, Boella H.M. Smith & Chiszar, 1992. Peru (Cajamarca, Cuzco, Huánuco, Loreto, San Martin), N
Bolivia (La Paz), Trinidad and Tabago (Trinidad); NSL-
Distribution: Remove West Indies.
1750 m. Add Brazil (Tocantins), Esqueda-González et al.
Fossil records: Add late Miocene of Brazil, Albino & Brizuela (2015).
(2014). Comments: Wallach (2016) gives a redescription and color
Comments: See under Chilabothrus. photographs, based on the assumption that the BYU Belém
Epicrates alvarezi Abalos, Báez & Nader, 1964 series represents true, topotypic material of the taxon
Epicrates assisi Machado, 1944 described by Wagler. He rejects the holotype of Natera-
Mumaw et al. (and refers readers to Recommendation 75B
Distribution: Add Brazil (Amapa, Minas Gerais), and upper
of the Code, also see his remarks). Pinto et al. (2018) counter
elevation of 985 m, Guedes et al. (2014).
that Wallach’s neotype designation is not valid under ICZN
Epicrates cenchria (Linnaeus, 1758) article 75.4, and that the specimen is of an unnamed spe-
Distribution: Add Peru (Puno), Llanqui et al. (2019); Brazil cies, and its stated locality is in error. They uphold the neo-
(Acre), D.P.F. França et al. (2017). type designation of Natera-Mumaw et al. (2015), and provide
Comments: Michels & Bauer (2004) correct the spelling of morphological evidence that E. albifrons and E. tenella are
the subspecies E. c. gaigei to E. c. gaigeae. synonymous. J.C. Murphy et al. (2016) find little divergence
in DNA sequence data between samples from Trinidad and Epictia columbi (Klauber, 1939)
Guyana. Comment: Wallach (2016) gives a species account, map and
Epictia albipuncta (Burmeister, 1861) color photographs.
Distribution: Add Argentina (San Juan), Acosta et al. (2017). Epictia diaplocia (Orejas-Miranda, 1969)
Epictia alfredschmidti (Lehr, Wallach & Aguilar, 2002) Distribution: Add Peru (Cusco, Huanuco), Koch et al. (2019);
Epictia amazonica Orejas-Miranda, 1969. Comun. Zool. Mus. Peru (Puno), Llanqui et al. (2019).
Hist. Nat. Montevideo 10(124): 1–4, fig. 1. (Leptotyphlops Epictia fallax (W.C.H. Peters, 1857). Montsb. Preuss. Akad.
amazonicus) Wiss. Berlin 1857: 402. (Stenostoma fallax)
Holotype: AMNH 36664, a 120 mm specimen (10 March 1929). Holotype: ZMB 9550, a 140 mm specimen (C.F.E. Otto).
Type locality: “Esmeralda, Territorio Federal Amazonas, Type locality: “Laguayra,” Venezuela.
Venezuela.” Distribution: Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire I.), N Venezuela
Distribution: S Colombia, S Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolivar), (Anzoátegui, Aragua, Carabobo, Distrito Federal, Falcón,
perhaps the Guianan region, Natera-Mumaw et al. (2015). Lara, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta [Isla Margarita],
Comments: Natera-Mumaw et al. (2015) list a number of mor- Portuguesa, Sucre, Vargas, Yaracuy).
phological differences between E. amazonica specimens and Comments: Natera-Mumaw et al. (2015) detail differences
the holotype of E. signata. They refer the latter to populations between Venezuela and Colombia specimens formerly
in Colombia and Ecuador. assigned to E. goudotii, and revalidate fallax for the former.
Epictia antoniogarciai C. Koch, Venegas & Bōhme, 2015. Epictia goudotii (A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844)
Zootaxa 3964(2): 236–239, figs. 2, 6. Synonyms: Remove Stenostoma fallax W.C.H. Peters, 1857.
Holotype: CORBIDI 7678, a 144 mm adult (M. Enciso, Distribution: Restricted mostly to Colombia with the rec-
S. Duran & C. Koch, 4 May 2009). ognition of E. fallax. Add Colombia (Huila), Moreno-Arias
Type locality: “vicinities of Santa Rosa de la Yunga Village, & Quintero-Corzo (2015, as E. cf. goudotii); Colombia (La
Jaén Province, Cajamarca Region, Peru (S 05°25′53.3″, Guajira), Wallach (2016); elevation modified to NSL-1280 m,
W 078°33′47.0″, 1268 m.a.s.l.).” Wallach (2016). Add Venezuela (Aragua), Koch et al. (2019).
Distribution: NW Peru (Amazonas, Cajamarca), 934–1268 m. Comments: McCranie & Hedges (2016) provide a species
See also Koch et al. (2018). account. Wallach (2016) provides a synomymy, descrip-
tion, photographs (including the holotype), and distribution
Epictia ater (Taylor, 1940)
map. He concurs with differences between Colombian and
Distribution: Add Guatemala (Izabal), Wallach (2016); Venezuelan populations noted by Natera-Mumaw et al., but
Honduras (El Paraíso, Ocotepeque), McCranie (2014b), does not address the validity of E. fallax, which see.
McCranie et al. (2014b); Honduras (Valle: Islas Conejo,
Epictia hobartsmithi Esqueda-González, Schlüter, Machado,
Inglesera, Zacate Grande), McCranie & Gutsche (2016);
Castelaín-Fernández & Natera-Mumaw in Natera-Mumaw
Nicaragua (Isla Ometepe, Rivas), Stark et al. (2014); Costa
et al., 2015. Atlas Serp. Venezuela: 415–420, figs. 1–3.
Rica (San Jose), Wallach (2016); elevation to 1350 m, Wallach
(2016). Holotype: EBRG 2523, 140 mm specimen of unknown sex
(H. Mägdefrau & A. Schlüter, February 1990).
Comment: McCranie & Hedges (2016) provide a species
account. Wallach (2016) gives a species account, map and Type locality: “Cima del Tepui Guaiquinima, a 1180 m
color photographs. de altitude, coordenadas geográficas 5°54′N y 63°33′O,
Epictia australis (Freiberg & Orejas-Miranda, 1968) Campamento 2”, Bolivar, Venezuela.
Distribution: Add Paraguay (Asuncion), Esqueda-González Distribution: C Venezuela (Bolivar), 1180 m. Known only
et al. (2015); Paraguay (Chaco), Koch et al. (2019). from the type locality.
Epictia bakewelli (Oliver, 1937) Epictia magnamaculata (Taylor, 1940)
Distribution: Mexico (add México, and remove Jalisco and Distribution: Upper elevation of 200 m, Wallach (2016).
Oaxaca), elevation to 1950 m, Wallach (2016). Comments: McCranie & Hedges (2016) and Wallach (2016)
Comments: McCranie & Hedges (2016) provide a species give species accounts, maps and color photographs.
account. Wallach (2016) gives a species account, map and Epictia martinezi Wallach, 2016. Mesoamerican Herpetol.
color photographs. 3(3): 256–259, fig. 6.
Epictia borapeliotes (Vanzolini, 1996) Holotype: FMNH 283740 (orig. JRMC 20118), a 153 mm
Distribution: Upper elevation of 938 m, Guedes et al. (2014). male (J.R. McCranie, 18 June 2012).
Epictia clinorostris Arredondo & Zaher, 2010 Type locality: “between Río Lempa and Antigua,
Departamento de Ocotepeque, Honduras, ca. 14°24.3″N,
Distribution: Add Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Ferreira et al.
89°12.2″W, elev. 730 m asl.”
(2017).
Distribution: Western Honduras (Ocotepeque), 730 m. Known Holotype: TCWC 9450 (orig. RWA 543), a 141 mm specimen
only from the holotype. (R.W. Axtell, 23 June 1953).
Epictia melanoterma (Cope, 1862) Type locality: “1.7 km SW Colotlipa, Guerrero, Mexico,
Epictia melanura (K.P. Schmidt & Walker, 1943) 17°23′46″N, 99°10′48″W, elev. 825 m asl.”
Epictia munoai (Orejas-Miranda, 1961) Distribution: S Mexico (Guerrero, Oaxaca), 825–1675 m.
Epictia pauldwyeri Wallach, 2016. Mesoamerican Herpetol. Epictia septemlineata C. Koch, Venegas & Böhme, 2015.
3(3): 263–268, fig. 7. Zootaxa 3964(2): 230–232, figs. 1, 2.
Holotype: FMNH 130672, a 112 mm female (N. Gale, 20 Holotype: CORBIDI 14683, a 181 mm adult (A. Garcia-
March 1961). Bravo & C. Koch, 28 April 2009).
Type locality: “Curundú, Ciudad de Panama, Canal Zone, Type locality: “Limon Village, Celendín Province, Cajamarca
Provincia de Panamá, Panama, ca. 8°59′08″N, 79°32′26″W, Region, Peru (S 06°52′34.2″, W 078°05′10.5″, 2053 m.a.s.l.).”
elev. 35 m asl.” Distribution: NW Peru (Cajamarca), 2053 m. Known only
Distribution: Pacific coast of central Panama (Colon, Panamá, from the holotype.
Panamá Oeste), NSL-250 m.
Epictia signata (Jan, 1861)
Epictia peruviana (Orejas-Miranda, 1969)
Synonyms: Remove Leptotyphlops amazonicus Orejas-
Distribution: Add Peru (Ayacucho), Koch et al. (2019); Miranda, 1969.
Peru (Ucayali), Wallach (2016). Upper elevation of 1200 m,
Distribution: E Ecuador and parts of Colombia, Natera-
Esqueda-González et al. (2015).
Mumaw et al. (2015).
Epictia phenops (Cope, 1875) Comments: See under E. amazonica.
Epictia striatula (H.M. Smith & Laufe, 1945)
Flores-Villela (2018); Belize (Stann Creek), Guatemala (Baja
Verapaz, Escuintla, Guatemala, Izabal, Zacapa), El Salvador Distribution: Add Peru (Cuzco), Wallach (2016); Peru (Puno),
(Cuscatlán, La Libertad, Morazán, San Miguel, San Salvador, Koch et al. (2019); Bolivia (Chaco, Santa Cruz), Koch et al.
San Vicente, Santa Ana, Sonsonate), Honduras (Copán, (2019); Brazil (Amazonas), Francisco et al. (2018).
Lempira), Wallach (2016); in Mexico only in Oaxaca and Epictia subcrotilla (Kaluber, 1939)
Chiapas according to Wallach (2016); elevation to 1670 m, Distribution: Add Peru (Apurimac), Wallach (2016); Peru
Wallach (2016). (Cajamarca), and increase elevation range to 447 m, Koch
Comments: McCranie & Hedges (2016) and Wallach (2016) et al. (2018); Peru (Lambayeque), and low elevation of sea
give species accounts, maps and color photographs. level, Venegas (2005).
Epictia resetari Wallach, 2016. Mesoamerican Herpetol. Comments: See under Trilepida guayaquilensis.
3(3): 271–273, fig. 8. Epictia teaguei (Orejas-Miranda, 1964)
Holotype: FMNH 178600 (orig. E.H. Taylor 2194), a 116 mm Epictia tesselata (Tschudi, 1845)
specimen (E.H. Taylor, 17 July 1932). Distribution: Add Peru (Ica), Koch et al. (2019).
Type locality: “Paso de Ovejas, Veracruz, Mexico, 19°17′00″N, Epictia tricolor (Orejas-Miranda & Zug, 1974)
96°26′26″W, elev. 55 m asl.” Distribution: Add Peru (La Libertad), Koch et al. (2019).
Distribution: NE Mexico (S Tamaulipas, NE Hidalgo, and Epictia undecimstriata (Schlegel, 1839 in 1837–1844)
Veracruz), NSL-900 m.
Distribution: Add Bolivia (Cochabamba), and upper levation
Epictia rioignis Koch, Martins & Schweiger, 2019. PeerJ of 2200 m, Esqueda-González et al. (2015).
7(7411): 5–24, figs. 1–9. Epictia unicolor (F. Werner, 1913)
Holotype: NMW 15446.6, a 211 mm specimen (collector Epictia vanwallachi C. Koch, Venegas & Böhme, 2015.
uncertain, 1907). Zootaxa 3964(2): 233–235, figs. 2, 4.
Type locality: “Corinto, presumably Nicaragua (12°29′N, Holotype: CORBIDI 14682, a 107 mm adult (E. Hoyas-
87°11′W…).” Granda, A. Beraún & C. Koch, 10 January 2010).
Distribution: Supposedly NW Nicaragua. The locality is
Type locality: “Vijus Village, Pataz Province, La Libertad
deduced by elimination of alternatives.
Region, Peru (S 07°43′11.6″, W 077°39′51.1″, 1290 m.a.s.l.).”
Epictia rubrolineata (F. Werner, 1901) Distribution: NW Peru (La Libertad). Known only from the
Epictia rufidorsa (Taylor, 1940) holotype.
Distribution: Add Peru (Ancash), and low elevation of 1320 m, Epictia vellardi (Laurent, 1984)
Koch et al. (2019); Peru (Callao), Wallach (2016). Distribution: Add Paraguay (Boqueron), and upper eleva-
Epictia schneideri Wallach, 2016. Mesoamerican Herpetol. tion of 190 m, Cabral & Sisa (2016); Brazil (Mato Grosso),
3(3): 279–281, 283, fig. 9. Francisco et al. (2018).
Epictia venegasi C. Koch, Santa-Cruz & Cárdenas, 2016. Distribution: Central and South America, and Lesser Antilles.
Zootaxa 4150(2): 103–113, figs. 1–9. Comments: In combining Liophis and Umbrivaga with
Holotype: MUSA 4252, a 192 mm adult (R. Santa-Cruz & H. Erythrolamprus, we follow Grazziotin et al. (2012) and Zaher
Cárdenas, 21 March 2015). et al. (2019). Ascenso et al. (2019) revise the E. reginae group
Type locality: “Cachachi-Moyan, Province Cajabamba, (E. dorsocorallinus, E. macrosomus, E. oligolepis. E. regi
Region Cajamarca, Peru (07°37′2.348″ S, 078°10′47.565″ W, nae, E. rochai, E. zweifeli), and provide a key to the species.
2551 m a.s.l.).” Erythrolamprus aesculapii (Linnaeus, 1758)
Distribution: NW Peru (Cajamarca), 2551–2736 m. Distribution: Add Colombia (Amazonas), Venezuela (Santa
Epictia vindumi Wallach, 2016. Mesoamerican Herpetol. Elena), Guyana (Mazaruni-Potaro), Surinam (Marowijne,
3(3): 289–291, 293, fig. 10. Nickerie), Brazil (Acre, Alagoas, Distrito Federal, Espirito
Santo, Maranhao, Mato Grosso do Sul, Roraima, Tocantins),
Holotype: FMNH 153536, a 153 mm specimen, (E.W.
Paraguay (Guaira), Peru (Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Huanuco),
Andrews, February 1959).
Ecuador (Morona-Santiago, Pastaza), all Curcio et al. (2015);
Type locality: “Chichén Itza, Yucatán, Mexico, 20°41′03″N, Colombia (Antioquia, Arauca, Caqueta, Cesar, Choco,
88°34′06″W, elev. 35 m asl.” Cundinamarca, La Guajira), Serrano & Díaz-Ricaurte (2018);
Distribution: SE Mexico (N part of the Yucatan Peninsula in Brazil (Pernambuco), Roberto et al. (2017); Brazil (Rio de
Quintana Roo, Yucatán), NSL-35 m. Janeiro: Ilha Grande), C.F.D. Rocha et al. (2018); Paraguay
Epictia vonmayi C. Koch, Santa-Cruz & Cárdenas, 2016. (San Pedro), P. Smith et al. (2016).
Zootaxa 4150(2):115–117, figs. 1, 11, 12. Erythrolamprus albertguentheri Grazziotin, Zaher, R.W.
Holotype: MUSA 4342, a 129 mm adult (R. Santa-Cruz & H. Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto, 2012.
Cárdenas, 15 January 2013). Substitute name.
Type locality: “La Granja-Río Tinto, District Querocoto, Synonyms: Add Liophis guentheri Peracca, 1897.
Province Chota, Region Cajamarca, Peru (06°20′30.592″ S, Comments: The name substitution is necessitated by the inclu-
079°06′41.058″ W, 2069 m a.s.l.).” sion of Liophis within Erythrolamprus, in which E. guentheri
Distribution: NW Peru (Cajamarca), 1985–2069 m. Garman, 1884 has priority.
Epictia weyrauchi (Orejas-Miranda, 1964) Erythrolamprus almadensis (Wagler in Spix, 1824)
Epictia wynni Wallach, 2016. Mesoamerican Herpetol. 3(3): Distribution: Add Brazil (Piauí, Tocantins), Dal Vechio et al.
298–300, 302, fig. 11. (2016); Brazil (Rondônia), França et al. (2006) and Bernarde
et al. (2012b).
Holotype: TCWC 32899 (orig. RLB 137), a 163 mm specimen
(R.L. Beck, 7 June 1970). Erythrolamprus andinus (Dixon, 1983)
Erythrolamprus atraventer (Dixon & R.A. Thomas, 1985)
Type locality: “Río Ayutla, 30 km north of Jalpan de Serra,
Querétaro, Mexico, 21°25′01″N, 99°36′15″W, elev. 575 m asl.” Erythrolamprus bizonus Jan, 1863
Distribution: NE Mexico (Sierra Madre Oriental of N Types: Lectotype: MSNM Re 2871, from Popayan, Cauca,
Querétaro, NW Hidalgo), 315–2500 m. Colombia, designated by Curcio et al. (2015).
Distribution: Add Costa Rica (Limón), Panama (Chiriqui,
ERISTICOPHIS Alcock & Finn, 1897 (Viperidae: Cocle, Colón, Herrera, La Joya, Los Santos, Panama,
Viperinae) Panama Oeste), Colombia (Boyacá, Casanare, Risaralda,
Tolima, Vichada), Curcio et al. (2015), Ray & Ruback (2015);
Eristicophis macmahonii Alcock & Finn, 1897
Herrera & Ray (2016).
Distribution: Add Afghanistan (Kandahar), Wagner et al.
Comments: Curcio et al. (2015) present a redescription,
(2016b).
details of geographic variation, and designate and illustrate
a lectotype.
ERPETON Lacépède, 1801 (Homalopsidae)
Erythrolamprus breviceps (Cope, 1860)
Erpeton tentaculatum Lacépède, 1801
Synonyms: Liophis longiventris Amaral, 1925. See under E.
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a diagnosis
longiventris.
and photograph.
Erythrolamprus carajasensis (Cunha, Nascimento & Ávila-
ERYTHROLAMPRUS F. Boie, 1826 (Dipsadidae: Pires, 1985)
Xenodontinae) Erythrolamprus ceii (Dixon, 1991)
Erythrolamprus cobellus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms: Add Iaculatrix Boddaert, 1783, Dromicus Bibron,
1843 in Ramon de la Sagra, 1838–1857, Calophis Fitzinger, Erythrolamprus cursor (Bonnaterre, 1790)
1843, Leimadophis Fitzinger, 1843, Opheomorphus Fitzinger, Comment: Believed to be extinct. Jower et al. (2013) were able
1843, Pariopeltis Fitzinger, 1843, Pseudophis Fitzinger, 1843, to sequence DNA from preserved specimens, and found that it
Umbrivaga Roze, 1964. was a sister taxon to E. juliae.
Erythrolamprus dorsocorallinus Esqueda, Natera, La Erythrolamprus macrosomus Amaral, 1935. Mem. Inst.
Marca & Ilija-Fistar, 2005. Herpetotropicos 2(2): 96–99, Butantan 9: 238. (Leimadophis reginae macrosoma)
figs. 1, 3, 4. (Liophis dorsocorallinus) Synonyms: Leimadophis reginae maculicauda Hoge, 1953.
Holotype: ULABG 6691, a 639 mm male (L.F. Esqueda, Syntypes: IB 9130-9133, 2 male and 2 female adults, all
3 November 2004). destroyed in the 2010 fire.
Type locality: “aproximadamente 40 Km de la población de El Type locality: “Canna Brava, Goiás,” Brazil.
Cantón, 100 m.s.n.m., 07°27′85″ N y 71°02′98″ W, Municipio Distribution: SE Brazil (S Goias, S Mato Grosso, Mato
Andrés Eloy Blanco, Estado Barinas, Venezuela.” Grosso do Sul, S Minas Gerais, Parana, Sao Paulo),
Distribution: WC South America. Venezuela (Barinas), Paraguay (Amambay, Central, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro),
Colombia (Arauca), Peru (Huanuco, Loreto, Madre de Dios, N Argentina (Formosa, Misiones, Salta). Add Paraguay
San Martin, Ucayali), Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, (Canindeyu), Cacciali et al. (2015b); Paraguay (Alto Parana,
Rondonia ?), Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, La Paz, Pando, Itapua, Paraguari), Arzamendia (2016); Argentina (Entre
Santa Cruz). Rios, Jujuy), Arzamendia (2016).
Comments: Based on morphology, Ascenso et al. (2019) Comments: Based on morphology, Ascenso et al. (2019)
remove dorsocorallinus from the synonymy of E. reginae. recognize populations formerly assigned to the southeastern
Bernarde et al. (2011b) and J. da S. Araújo et al. (2012) docu- distribution of E. reginae as a distinct species. They provide a
ment new localities in Brazil, and Eversole et al. (2016) report description, color photographs and a map of known localities.
it from Bolivia. Souto et al. (2017) describe the skull and mor-
Erythrolamprus maryellenae (Dixon, 1985)
phological variation, document known localities, and present
evidence for the distinctiveness of this species. Ascenso et al. Erythrolamprus melanotus (Shaw, 1802)
(2019) provide a description, color photographs and a map of Distribution: Add Colombia (Santander), E. Ramos and Meza-
known localities. Joya (2018).
Erythrolamprus epinephelus (Cope, 1862) Erythrolamprus mertensi (Roze, 1964)
Distribution: Add Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback Erythrolamprus miliaris (Linnaeus, 1758)
(2015); Colombia (Quindio), Quintero-Ángel et al. (2012); Synonyms: Remove Liophis mossoroensis Hoge & Lima-
Venezuela (Barinas), Escalona (2017); Ecuador (Chimborazo, Verde, 1973.
Napo, Sucumbio), Almendáriz & Orcés (2004).
Distribution: Remove the Caatinga portions of the range to E.
Erythrolamprus festae (Peracca, 1897) mossoroensis.
Erythrolamprus frenatus (F. Werner, 1909) Erythrolamprus mimus (Cope, 1869)
Distribution: Add Brazil (Goias), Vaz-Silva et al. (2007); Distribution: Add Nicaragua (Atlantico Norte, Altlantico
Brazil (Tocantins), Dal Vechio et al. (2016, as L. cf. frenatus). Sur), Panama (Chiriqui, Panamá), Ecuador (Carchi), Curcio
Erythrolamprus guentheri Garman, 1884 et al. (2015); Ecuador (Morona-Santiago), Almendáriz et al.
Distribution: Add Ecuador (Chimborazo), Curcio et al. (2015); (2014).
Peru (Cajamarca), and upper elevation of 1239 m, Koch et al. Erythrolamprus mossoroensis Hoge & Lima-Verde, 1973.
(2018). Mem. Inst. Butantan 36: 215–217, fig. 2. (Liophis mossoroensis)
Erythrolamprus ingeri (Roze, 1958) Holotype: IB 32078, a 606 mm male, likely destroyed in the
2010 fire.
Erythrolamprus jaegeri (Günther, 1858)
Distribution: Add Brazil (Marinheiros I., Rio Grande do Sul), Type locality: “Mossoró, R[io Grande do]N[orte],” Brazil.
Quintela et al. (2011); Paraguay (Presidente Hayes), Cabral & Distribution: Brazil (Alagoas), Dixon (1983); Brazil (Ceara),
Weiler (2014). Roberto & Loebmann (2016); Brazil (Bahia, N Minas Gerais,
Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte), Guedes et al. (2014).
Erythrolamprus janaleeae (Dixon, 2000)
Erythrolamprus juliae (Cope, 1879) Comments: Guedes et al. (2014) consider Erythrolamprus
mossoroenis Hoge & Lima-Verde, 1973 as a valid species.
Erythrolamprus longiventris Amaral, 1925. Commissão
de Linhas Telegraphicas Estrategicus de Matto Grosso ao Erythrolamprus ocellatus W.C.H. Peters, 1868
Amazonas (84): 16, pl. 1–3. (Liophis longiventris) Erythrolamprus oligolepis (Boulenger, 1905)
Holotype: IB 43, now likely destroyed by fire. Distribution: Add Brazil (Amapa, Amazonas, Mato Grosso),
Type locality: Not stated, but Mato Grosso according to the Ascenso et al. (2019). D. França et al. (2013) map known
IB catalog. localities.
Distribution: C Brazil (Amazonas, Mato Grosso). Add Brazil Comments: Ascenso et al. (2019) provide a description, color
(Rondônia), França et al. (2006) and Bernarde et al. (2012b). photographs and a map of known localities.
Comments: Grazziotin et al. (2012) resume recognition of Erythrolamprus ornatus (Garman, 1887)
longiventris as distinct from L. breviceps. Comments: Williams et al. (2016) provide a revised description.
Erythrolamprus perfuscus (Cope, 1862) Distribution: Brazil (Amapa), 171 m. Known from two speci-
Erythrolamprus poecilogyrus (Wied-Neuwied, 1824) mens from the type locality.
Distribution: Add Brazil (Marinheiros I., Rio Grande do Sul), Erythrolamprus sagittifer (Jan, 1863)
Quintela et al. (2011). Upper elevation of 1100 m, Guedes Distribution: Add Paraguay (Alto Paraguay, Boqueron,
et al. (2014). Presidente Hayes), Cabral & Weiler (2014).
Erythrolamprus pseudocorallus Roze, 1959 Erythrolamprus semiaureus (Cope, 1862)
Distribution: Add Colombia (Antioquia), Restrepo et al. Distribution: Add Paraguay (Misiones, Paraguari, Presidente
(2017); Colombia (Norte Santander, Santander, Tolima), Hayes), Cabral & Weiler (2014).
Curcio et al. (2015). Erythrolamprus subocularis Boulenger, 1902. Ann. Mag.
Erythrolamprus pseudoreginae J.C. Murphy, Braswell, Nat. Hist. Series 7, 9(49): 56. (Rhadinaea subocularis)
Charles, Auguste, Rivas, Borzée, Lehtinen & Jowers, 2019a. Syntypes: BMNH 1946.1.5.81-82, the largest 370 mm.
ZooKeys 817: 138–141, figs. 2, 3, 6.
Type locality: “Paramba, 3500 feet,” Ecuador.
Holotype: UWIZM 2016.22.45, a 525 mm male (A.L.
Distribution: W Ecuador.
Braswell & R.J. Auguste, 13 June 2016).
Comments: Dixon (1980) refers subocularis to Rhadinaea
Type locality: “Gilpin Trace Trail, 8.5 km NNW Roxborough, decorata, although C.W. Myers (1974) does not mention it,
St. John, Tobago (∼ 11°16′55″N; 60°37′12″W, about 493 m nor was it mentioned in Wallach et al. (2014). Grazziotin et al.
ASL).” (2012) refer subocularis to Erythrolamprus s.l.
Distribution: Trinidad and Tobago (Tobago), 430–500 m.
Erythrolamprus taeniogaster (Jan, 1863)
Comments: The phylogeny produced by J.C. Murphy et al.
Distribution: Add Brazil (Acre), Bernarde et al. (2011b);
(2019a) used two mtDNA genes, and has E. pseudoreginae,
Brazil (Alagoas), Guedes et al. (2014); Brazil (Maranhão), J.P.
with Costa Rican E. epinephelus, as sister taxa to E. melano
Miranda et al. (2012); Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Ferreira
tus populations from Trinidad and Tobago.
et al. (2017); Brazil (Paraiba), R. França et al. (2012); Brazil
Erythrolamprus pyburni (Markezich & Dixon, 1979) (Piauí), Dal Vechio et al. (2013); Brazil (Rondônia), Bernarde
Erythrolamprus pygmaeus (Cope, 1868) et al. (2012b).
Distribution: Add Brazil (Acre), Bernarde et al. (2011b); Erythrolamprus taeniurus (Tschudi, 1845)
Brazil (Rondonia) and upper elevation of 110 m, Dal Vechio Distribution: Low elevation of 1239 m, Koch et al. (2018).
et al. (2015a); Ecuador (Zamora-Chinchipe), Dal Vechio et al.
(2015a); Peru (Amazonas, Ucayali), Dal Vechio et al. (2015a). Erythrolamprus torrenicolus (Donnelly & C.W. Myers,
1991)
Erythrolamprus reginae (Linnaeus, 1758) Erythrolamprus trebbaui (Roze, 1958)
Synonyms: Coluber graphicus Shaw, 1802, Natrix semilineata Erythrolamprus triscalis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Wagler in Spix, 1824, Liophis reginae maculata Steindachner,
Erythrolamprus typhlus (Linnaeus, 1758)
1867, Liophis miliaris intermedius Henle & Ehrl, 1991. Ascenso
et al. (2019) consider Coluber violaceus Lacépède, 1789 to be a Distribution: Add Brazil (Marajo I., Para), G.M. Rodrigues
nomen dubium, not applicable to E. reginae. et al. (2015); Peru (Puno), Llanqui et al. (2019).
Distribution: Add Peru (Amazonas), Ascenso et al. (2019); Erythrolamprus viridis (Günther, 1862)
Suriname (Paramaribo), Ascenso et al. (2019); Brazil Erythrolamprus vitti (Dixon, 2000)
(Amapa, Roraima), Ascenso et al. (2019); Brazil (Piauí), Dal Erythrolamprus williamsi (Roze, 1958)
Vechio et al. (2013); Brazil (Sergipe), Guedes et al. (2014); Erythrolamprus zweifeli (Roze, 1959)
Brazil (Tocantins), Dal Vechio et al. (2016). Remove Trinidad Distribution: Add Venezuela (Anzoategui, Caracas, Lara,
and Tobago (Tobago) to E. pseudoreginae, J.C. Murphy et al. Tachira, Vargas), Ascenso et al. (2019); Venezuela (Monagas,
(2019a), and Argentina, Paraguay and SE Brazil (S Goias, Sucre, Yaracuy), J.C. Murphy et al. (2019a); Trinidad and
S Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, S Minas Gerais, Parana, Tobago (Trinidad), J.C. Murphy et al. (2019a).
most of Sao Paulo) to E. macrosomus, Ascenso et al. (2019).
Comments: Ascenso et al. (2019) provide a description, color
Comments: Ascenso et al. (2019) redefine E. reginae by photographs and a map of known localities.
removing southeast populations to E. macrosomus, and rec-
ognizing E. dorsocorallinus. They provide a description, ERYX Daudin, 1803 (Erycidae)
color photographs and a map of known localities.
Fossil records: Add lower Pleistocene (Villanyian) of Bulgaria,
Erythrolamprus rochai Ascenso, Costa & Prudente, 2019. Boev (2017, as Eryx sp.).
Zootaxa 4586(1): 78–79, 87, figs. 5, 7. Comments: E. Rastegar-Pouyani et al. (2014) evaluate relation-
Holotype: MPEG 25680, a 281 mm male (D. Silvano, ships of taxa in northeast Iran using mtDNA sequence data.
B. Pimenta & U. Galatti, Sept.-Nov. 2000). They conclude that samples of E. elegans are synonymous
Type locality: “Urucum region (00°50′ N, 51°53′ W; ca. 171 m with E. jaculus, and those of E. tataricus with E. miliaris.
asl), municipality of Serra do Navio, state of Amapá, Brazil.” However, Safaei-Mahroo et al. (2015) continue to recognize
those four species as distinct. Reynolds et al. (2014b) pro- Comments: See comment under E. elegans. Abbas-Rhadi
duce a DNA sequence-based phylogeny that fails to support et al. (2015b) examine morphological variation in a series
recognition of Gongylophis for rough-tailed species. Their from central Iraq, concluding that some specimens are refer-
phylogeny has E. jayakari and E. muelleri forming a sister able to E. miliaris due to a relatively short second supralabial.
clade to the remaining species. Eryx miliaris and E. tatari Faraone et al. (2017) report additional specimens from Sicily,
cus are polyphyletic, but one of the specimens was from the but intermediate morphological characters prohibit assign-
pet trade, and they admitted the possibility of misidentifica- ment to subspecies. Reynolds & Henderson (2018) do not rec-
tion. Zarrintab et al. (2017) evaluate morphological charac- ognize subspecies.
ters by multivariate analysis, and conclude that four species Eryx jayakari Boulenger, 1888
occur in Iran. In a renewed effort, Eskandarzadeh et al. (2020)
Distribution: Add Iraq (Al-Basrah), Habeeb & Rastegar-
evaluate two mtDNA genes for populations of miliaris and
Pouyani (2016a); Saudi Arabia (Ha’il), Alshammari et al.
tataricus from Iraq, Iran and Kazakhstan. Their phylogeny (2017). Upper elevation of 2359 m, Eskandarzadeh et al. (2018b).
indicates a sister clade from NE Iran, followed by clades from
Comments: Al-Sadoon & Al-Otaibi (2014) present a morpho-
Iraq + W Iran, and a clade consisting of several subclades that
logical description.
offer a mix of specimens, assigned to miliaris or tataricus,
from N and E Iran, and Kazakhstan. From these results the Eryx johnii (Russell, 1802 in 1801–1810)
authors suggest the NE clade to represent a new, unnamed Distribution: Add India (Madhya Pradesh), Manhas et al.
species, and that miliaris and tataricus are conspecific. They (2018a); Nepal (Chitwan), Pandey (2012).
note that populations within the complex are morphologically Eryx miliaris (Pallas, 1773)
non-diagnosible. See below under E. tataricus.
Distribution: Add Egypt (Tabuk), Aloufi & Amr (2015); Iran
Eryx borrii Lanza & Nistri, 2005 (Ardabil, East Azerbaijan, Golestan, Kermanshah, Kurdistan,
Eryx colubrinus (Linnaeus, 1758) Markazi, North Khorasan, Qazvin, South Khorasan), Shafaei-
Distribution: Add Niger (Zinder), Trape & Mané. Mahroo et al. (2015). Remove Afghanistan, Wagner et al.
(2016b).
Eryx conicus (Schneider, 1801)
Comments: See under E. tataricus. Rhadi F. et al. tentatively
Distribution: Add Nepal (Bara, Nawalparasi), Pandey et al.
consider this species occurring in the Bahr Al-Najaf depres-
(2018); Bangladesh (Rajshahi Division, Naogaon District),
sion, Al-Najaf Prov., Iraq along with E. jaculus.
23 m, Ahmad et al. (2015b).
†Eryx mongoliensis (Gilmore, 1943)
Eryx elegans (Gray, 1849)
Eryx muelleri (Boulenger, 1892)
Distribution: Add Iran (Ardabil, Khuzestan, North Khorasan,
South Khorasan, West Azarbaijan), Shafaei-Mahroo et al. Distribution: Add Mauritania (Inchiri), Padial (2006);
(2015); Afghanistan (Bamyan, Ghazni), and upper elevation Burkina Faso (Boucle du Mouhoun, Nord, Plateau-Central),
of 3000 m, Wagner et al. (2016b). Vignoli et al. (2015); Niger (Tahoua, Tillaberi), Trape & Mané
(2015); Benin (Donga), Vignoli et al. (2015); Nigeria (Kebbi,
Comments: E. Rastegar-Pouyani et al. (2014) consider
Zamfara), Vignoli et al. (2015). Delete Sierra Leone, Trape &
E. elegans to be conspecific with E. jaculus in northeast Iran.
Baldé (2014). Low elevation of 41 m, Trape & Mané (2017);
DNA-sequence data evaluated by Reynolds et al. (2014b) has
upper elevation of 510 m, Trape & Mané (2015).
E. elegans as sister taxon to E. miliaris, E. tataricus and E. vit
tatus. For that reason we continue to recognize it as a species. †Eryx primitivus Szyndlar & Schleich, 1994
Eryx somalicus Scortecci, 1939
Eryx jaculus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Distribution: Add Libya (Darnah, Jafara, Marj, Sirte), Bauer Eryx tataricus (Lichtenstein in Eversmann, 1823)
et al. (2017); Greece (Euboea), Christopoulos et al. (2019); Distribution: Add Iran (Razavi Khorasan), Nasrabadi et al.
Greece (Folegandros Island), Itescu et al. (2017); Greece (2016); Iran (Ardabil, Kurdistan, Gilan, Golestan, Hamedan,
(Patmos Island), Roussos (2016); Greece (Samos Island), Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad, Markazi, North Khorasan,
Speybroek et al. (2014); Italy (Sicily), Insacco et al. (2015, Qazvin, Sistan and Baluchistan), Shafaei-Mahroo et al.
likely an ancient introduction); Romania (Olt), Covaciu- (2015); Afghanistan (Faryab, Ghor, Helmand, Herat, Kabul,
Marcov et al. (2012); Turkey (Canakkale), Tok et al. (2014); Kunduz, Nangahar), Wagner et al. (2016b).
Turkey (Gökçeada I.), Yakin et al. (2018); Turkey (Tenedos Comments: Eskandarzadeh et al. (2013) consider this taxon
I.), Tosunoğlu et al. (2009); Iran (Alborz, Ardabil, Gilan, conspecific with E. miliaris in northeast Iran at least, with
Golestan, Hamedan, Isfahan, Kerman, North Khorasan, E. miliaris being the species present. They indicate the need for
Semnan, South Khorasan, Tehran), Shafaei-Mahroo et al. further study to determine the validity of the species tataricus
(2015); Iran (Qazvin, Zanjan), Eskandarzadeh et al. (2018a); in other areas. E. Rastegar-Pouyani et al. (2014) also consider
Iran (Ilam, Kurdistan, Lorestan, Markazi, Qom), S.M. E. tataricus to be conspecific with E. miliaris in northeast Iran
Kazemi et al. (2015); Syria (Homs), Sindaco et al. (2014). based on mtDNA sequence-data. Zarrintab et al. (2017) use
Sahlean et al. (2015) map localities in Romania. multivariate analysis of morphology to conclude that Iranian
Fossil records: upper Pliocene (Ruscinian, MN 15) of Italy E. tataricus is distinct from E. miliaris, the latter which they
(Sardinia), Delfino et al. (2011, as cf. E. jaculus). do not consider to be present in Iran. Eskandarzadeh et al.
(2020) present an expanded phylogeny that has several clades Type species: Eutrachelophis bassleri C.W. Myers &
with mixed samples from regions of Iran and Kazakhstan. McDowell, 2014 by original designation.
From these results they recommend that tataricus be synony- Distribution: NW South America.
mized with miliaris. However, topotypic samples of both spe- Comments: Eutrachelophis is assigned to its own tribe
cies occupy different, shallow clades. Due to the lack of recent (Eutrachelophini) to include two named species and one
consensus from this group of researchers as to the taxonomy under description, C.W. Myers & McDowell (2014).
of Iranian Eryx of the jaculus-miliaris-tataricus complex, we
Eutrachelophis bassleri C.W. Myers & McDowell, 2014.
refrain from rearranging taxa at this time.
Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist. (385): 8–14, figs. 1, 2.
Eryx vittatus Chernov, 1959
Holotype: AMNH 52926, a 345 mm male (H. Bassler, 15
Distribution: Safaei-Mahroo et al. (2015) list the provinces for January 1927).
Iran.
Type locality: “Pisqui Hills, [upper] Rio Pisqui, Province of
Eryx whitakeri I. Das, 1991 Loreto, Peru.”
Distribution: Upper elevation of 57 m, Chowdhury & Distribution: Ecuador (Pastaza); Peru (Huanuco, Loreto),
Chaudhuri (2017). 80–510 m.
ETHERIDGEUM Wallach, 1988 (Calamariidae) Eutrachelophis steinbachi Boulenger, 1905. Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. Series 7, 15(89): 454–455. (Rhadinaea steinbachi)
Etheridgeum pulchrum (F. Werner, 1924)
Lectotype: BMNH 1946.1.21.62, designated by C.W. Myers &
EUNECTES Wagler, 1830 (Boidae) McDowell (2014), a 558 mm female (J. Steinbach).
Eunectes beniensis Dirksen, 2002 Type locality: “the Province Sara, Department Santa Cruz de
Eunectes deschauenseei Dunn & Conant, 1936 la Sierra,” Bolivia.
Distribution: Bolivia (Santa Cruz), 50–500 m.
Eunectes murinus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Comments: Listed as Incerta Sedis, Rhadinaea steinbachi by
Distribution: Add Peru (Huanuco), Schlüter et al. (2004);
Wallach et al. (2014). C.W. Myers & McDowell (2014) present
Brazil (Acre), Bernarde et al. (2011b); Brazil (Parana), Dainesi
a revised description and photographs of the syntypes.
et al. (2019); Brazil (Tocantins), Dal Vechio et al. (2016);
Paraguay (San Pedro), P. Smith et al. (2016).
EXILIBOA Bogert, 1968 (Charinidae: Ungaliophiinae)
Eunectes notaeus Cope, 1862
Exiliboa placata Bogert, 1968
Distribution: Add Paraguay (Concepcion, Itapua, San Pedro),
Cabral & Weiler (2014). †FALSERYX Szyndlar & Rage, 2003 (Tropidophiidae)
Comments: McCartney-Melstad et al. (2012) describe intra- Distribution: Add middle Miocene (Orleanian) of Germany,
and interpopulation structure in N Argentina, using mtDNA Čerňanský et al. (2017, as cf. Falseryx).
sequence data.
†Falseryx neervelpensis Szyndlar, R. Smith & Rage, 2008
†Eunectes stirtoni Hoffstetter & Rage, 1977 †Falseryx petersbuchi Szyndlar & Rage, 2003
†EUPODOPHIS Rage & Escuillié, 2002 (†Simoliophiidae) FARANCIA Gray, 1842 (Dipsadidae: subfamily unnamed)
Comments: Palci et al. (2013b) reevaluate anatomy and dis- Farancia abacura (Holbrook, 1836)
cuss relationships. Farancia erytrogramma (Palisot de Beauvois in Sonnini &
†Eupodophis descouensi (Rage & Escuillié, 2000) Latreille, 1801)
Comments: Palci et al. (2013b) provide an emended diagnosis
based on new interpretation of fossil specimens. FERANIA Gray, 1842 (Homalopsidae)
EUPREPIOPHIS Fitzinger, 1843 (Colubridae: Colubrinae) diagnosis.
Euprepiophis conspicillatus (H. Boie, 1826) Ferania sieboldii (Schlegel, 1837)
Distribution: Add Japan (Kinkasan I.), Mori & Nagata (2016). Distribution: Add Nepal (Nawalparasi), and upper elevation
Euprepiophis mandarinus (Cantor, 1842) range of 215 m, Pandey (2012).
Distribution: Add India (Nagaland), Lele et al. (2018); Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a diagnosis
Vietnam (Ha Giang), Ziegler et al. (2014); Vietnam (Hoa and photograph.
Binh), Nguyen et al. (2018).
FICIMIA Gray, 1849 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Euprepiophis perlaceus (Stejneger, 1929)
Ficimia hardyi Mendoza-Quijano & H.M. Smith, 1993
EUTRACHELOPHIS C.W. Myers & McDowell, 2014. Bull. Distribution: Add Mexico (Tamaulipas), Farr et al. (2013).
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. (385): 6. (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae) Ficimia olivacea Gray, 1849
Ficimia publia Cope, 1866 Fowlea sanctijohannis (Boulenger, 1890)

Distribution: Add Mexico (Michoacan), Torres-Pérez-Coeto Fowlea schnurrenbergeri Kramer, 1977
et al. (2016). Distribution: Add India (Arunachal Pradesh), Purkayastha
Ficimia ramirezi H.M. Smith & Langebartel, 1950 (2018); India (Bihar), Purkayastha et al. (2010).
Ficimia ruspator H.M. Smith & Taylor, 1941 Fowlea tytleri (Blyth, 1863)
Distribution: Upper elevation to 1300 m, Palacios-Aguilar &
Flores-Villela (2018). FURINA A.M.C. Duméril, 1853 (Elapidae)
Ficimia streckeri Taylor, 1931 Furina bernardi (Kinghorn, 1939)
Ficimia variegata (Günther, 1858) Furina diadema (Schlegel, 1837)
Furnima dunmalli (Worrell, 1955)
FIMBRIOS M.A. Smith, 1921 (Xenodermidae) Furina ornata (Gray, 1842)
Furina tristis (Günther, 1858)
Fimbrios klossi M.A. Smith, 1921
Distribution: Add Vietnam (Quang Ngai), Nemes et al. (2013).
†GAIMANOPHIS Albino, 1996 (Booidea: incerta sedis)
Fimbrios smithi Ziegler, David, Miralles, Kien & Truong,
†Gaimanophis tenuis Albino, 1996
2008.
†FLORIDAOPHIS Holman, 2000 (Colubroidea: incerta †GANSOPHIS Head, 2005 (Colubridae: incerta sedis)
sedis) †Gansophis potwarensis Head, 2005
†Floridaophis auffenbergi Holman, 2000
GARTHIUS Malhotra & Thorpe, 2004 (Viperidae:
FORDONIA Gray, 1842 (Homalopsidae) Crotalinae)
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a generic Garthius chaseni (M.A. Smith, 1941)
diagnosis.
GEAGRAS Cope, 1875 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Fordonia leucobalia (Schlegel, 1837)
Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015) summarize
Distribution: Add Bangledesh (Khulna Division, Bagerhat
data on the genus and single species (G. redimitus Cope).
District), Freed et al. (2015); Myanmar (Tanintharyi),
They, and Ramírez-Bautista et al. (2014), discuss unpublished
Mulcahy et al. (2018). Leviton et al. (2018) are unaware of any
data that place Geagras within Tantilla.
confirmed records from Luzon, Philippines.
Geagras redimitus Cope, 1875
and photograph. Distribution: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015) limit the ele-
vational range to 0–400 m.
FOWLEA Theobald, 1868. J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 37: 57.
(Natricidae) GEOPHIS Wagler, 1830 (Dipsadidae: Dipsadinae)
Comments: Canseco-Márquez et al. (2016) provide a key to
Synonyms: Diplophallus Cope, 1893.
the G. dubius group. The gene-based phylogeny of Zaher et al.
Type species: Fowlea peguensis Theobald, 1868 by monotypy. (2019) has one clade of Geophis as sister clade to Atractus,
Distribution: Southern Asia. but other species of Geophis are sister taxa to the Atractus
Comments: Formerly the Xenochrophis piscator species species.
group; see under Xenochrophis. Geophis anocularis Dunn, 1920
Fowlea asperrima (Boulenger, 1891) Geophis bellus C.W. Myers, 2003
Fowlea flavipunctata (Hallowell, 1861) Distribution: Add Panama (Cocle, Colon, Veraguas), and
Distribution: Add Thailand (Koh Chang I., Rayong), Chan- upper elevation of 1100 m, Lara et al. (2015); Panama
ard and Makchai (2011); China (Nan Ao Island), Qing et al. (Panama), Ray & Ruback (2015).
(2015); Vietnam (Hai Phong: Cat Ba Island), T.Q. Nguyen Geophis betaniensis Restrepo & Wright, 1987
et al. (2011). Geophis bicolor Günther, 1868
Fowlea melanzostus (Gravenhorst, 1807) Geophis blanchardi Taylor & H.M. Smith, 1939
Fowlea piscator (Schneider, 1799) Geophis brachycephalus (Cope, 1871)
Distribution: Add Afghanistan (Nangarhar), Mebert et al. Distribution: Add Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback
(2013); Nepal (Nawalparasi), Pandey et al. (2018); India (Goa, (2015); upper elevation of 2230 m, Köhler et al. (2013).
Telangana), Purkayastha et al. (2018); Myanmar (Tanintharyi),
Geophis cancellatus H.M. Smith, 1941
Mulcahy et al. (2018).
Geophis carinosus L.C. Stuart, 1941
Fowlea punctulata (Günther, 1858) Geophis chalybeus (Wagler, 1830)
Distribution: Add Myanmar (Ayeyarwady), Platt et al. (2018). Geophis championi Boulenger, 1894
Geophis damiani L.D. Wilson, McCranie & Williams, 1998 Distribution: Low elevation of 2300 m, Palacios-Aguilar &
Distribution: Add Honduras (Atlantida), and low elevation of Flores-Villela (2018).
1075 m, Townsend et al. (2010). Geophis petersii Boulenger, 1894
Geophis downsi Savage, 1981 Distribution: Add Mexico (Guerrero), 1705 m, Carmona-
Geophis dubius (W.C.H. Peters, 1861) Torres & González-Hernández (2014); Mexico (Jalisco),
Geophis duellmani H.M. Smith & Holland, 1969 Muñoz-Nolasco et al. (2015).
Geophis dugesii Bocourt, 1883 in A.H.A. Duméril, Bocourt & Geophis pyburni Campbell & J.B. Murphy, 1977
Mocquard, 1870–1909 Geophis rhodogaster (Cope, 1868)
Distribution: Add Mexico (Nayarit), Luja & Grünwald (2015). Geophis rostralis (Jan, 1865 in Jan & Sordelli, 1860–1866)
Geophis dunni K.P. Schmidt, 1932 Geophis russatus H.M. Smith & Williams, 1966
Geophis fulvoguttatus Mertens, 1952 Geophis ruthveni F. Werner, 1925
Geophis godmani Boulenger, 1894 Geophis sallaei Boulenger, 1894
Geophis hoffmanni (W.C.H. Peters, 1859) Geophis semidoliatus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril,
Distribution: Add Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback 1854)
(2015). Distribution: Add Mexico (Oaxaca), Vázquez-Vega et al.
(2016).
Geophis immaculatus Downs, 1967
Geophis incomptus Duellman, 1959 Geophis sieboldi (Jan, 1862)
Geophis isthmicus (Boulenger, 1894) Distribution: Add Mexico (Colima, Jalisco), 1320–1635 m,
Geophis juarezi Nieto-Montes de Oca, 2003 Ahumada-Carrillo et al. (2014); Mexico (Guerrero), and
Geophis juliai Pérez-Higareda, H.M. Smith & López-Luna, upper elevation of 2370 m, Palacios-Aguilar & Flores-Villela
2001 (2018).
Geophis laticinctus H.M. Smith & Williams, 1963 Geophis talamancae Lips & Savage, 1994
Distribution: Add Mexico (Tabasco), Barragán-Vázquez et al. Geophis tarascae Hartweg, 1959
(2017); Canseco-Márquez & Ramírez-Gonzalez (2015) dis- Geophis tectus Savage & Watling, 2008
cuss a third specimen from Oaxaca. Geophis turbidus Pavón-Vázquez, Canseco-Márquez &
Geophis laticollaris H.M. Smith, Lynch & Altig, 1965 Nieto-Montes de Oca, 2013. Herpetologica 69(3): 361–367,
Geophis latifrontalis Garman, 1884 figs. 2, 3.
Distribution: Add Mexico (Guanajuato), Hernández-Arciga Holotype, MZFC 27254, a 285 mm female (I.F. Patiño, 24
et al. (2013). March 1998).
Geophis lorancai Canseco-Márquez, Pavón-Vázquez, López- Type locality: “3.5 km W of Xocoyolo, municipality of
Luna & Nieto-Montes de Oca, 2016. Zookeys 610: 134–139, Cuetzalan, Puebla, Mexico (19°59.432′N, 97°33.325′W…),
fig. 2, 3. 1225 m elevation.”
Holotype, MZFC 28401, a 321 mm male (M. A. de la Torre- Distribution: Mexico (Sierra Norte of Puebla), 1215–1345 m.
Laranca, 6 April 2008). Add Hidalgo, upper elevation of 2255 m, Cruz-Elizalde et al.
(2015)
Type locality: “Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Zongolica,
Comments: In the G. dubius group.
vicinity of Atlanca, Municipality of Los Reyes, Sierra de
Zongolica, Veracruz, Mexico (18°41′48″ N, 97°03′21″W), Geophis zeledoni Taylor, 1954
1700 m elevation.” Distribution: Upper elevation of 2230 m, Köhler et al. (2013).
Distribution: EC Mexico (WC Veracruz and adjacent Puebla),
1210–1700 m. GERARDA Gray, 1849 (Homalopsidae)
Comment: A member of the G. dubius group. Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a generic
diagnosis.
Geophis maculiferus Taylor, 1942
Geophis mutitorques (Cope, 1885) Gerarda prevostiana (Eydous & Gervais, 1837)
Geophis nasalis (Cope, 1868) Distribution: Add Sri Lanka (Northern, North Western),
Geophis nephodrymus Townsend & L.D. Wilson, 2006 Ukuwela et al. (2017); Sri Lanka (Southern), S. Karunarathna
Geophis nigroalbus Boulenger, 1908 et al. (2018). S. Karunarathna et al. (2018) document records
for Sri Lanka.
Distribution: Add Colombia (Cauca), and elevation range of
900–1916 m, Vera-Pérez et al. (2018). Comments: I. Das et al. (2013) confirm the presence in
Sarawak, Malaysia. Ukuwela et al. (2017) note moderate
Geophis nigrocinctus Duellman, 1959
genetic divergence between Sri Lanka and Singapore speci-
Geophis occabus Pavón-Vázquez, García-Vázquez, Blancas- mens. Vyas et al. (2013) comment on the distribution at the
Hernández & Nieto-Montes de Oca, 2011 western edge of range. J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a
Geophis omiltemanus Günther, 1893 in 1885–1902 diagnosis and photograph.
†GERINGOPHIS Holman, 1976 (Booidea: incerta sedis) Gerrhopilus manilae (Taylor, 1919)
†Geringophis depressus Holman, 1976 Comments: Hedges et al. (2014) recommend placing manilae
†Geringophis robustus Holman & Harrison, 2001 in Malayotyphlops, but Pyron & Wallach (2014) argue that it
†Geringophis vetus Holman, 1982 is morphologically closest to Gerrhopilus.
†Geringophis yatkolai Holman, 1977
Gerrhopilus mcdowelli (Wallach in O’Shea, 1996)
GERRHOPILUS Fitzinger, 1843 (Gerrhopilidae) Gerrhopilus mirus (Jan, 1860 in Jan & Sordelli, 1860–1866)
Comments: Pyron & Wallach (2014) provide a revised diag- Distribution: Add Sri Lanka (Sabaragamuwa), Peabotuwage
nosis for the genus. et al. (2012).
Gerrhopilus addisoni Kraus, 2017a. Zootaxa 4299(1): 80–81, Gerrhopilus oligolepis (Wall, 1909)
fig. 1. Distribution: Add India (Sikkim), and low elevation to 550 m,
Holotype: USNM 195953, a 304 mm female (H. Heatwole, 24 Chettri et al. (2010).
March 1969). Gerrhopilus persephone Kraus, 2017a. Zootaxa 4299(1):
Type locality: “Panaete Island, Deboyne Group (10.68° S, 84–88, figs. 3–5.
152.35° E; 0–50 m a.s.l.), Milne Bay Province, Papua New Holotype: UMMZ 242536, a 254 mm female (F. Francisco,
Guinea.” 10 September 2013).
Distribution: SE Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay: Panaete I.), Type locality: “forest near Normanby Mining Camp,
0–50 m. Known only from the holotype. above Awaiara Bay (10.0592° S, 151.0722° E, 620 m a.s.l.),
Gerrhopilus andamanensis (Stoliczka, 1871) Normanby Island, D’Entrecasteux Archipelago, Milne Bay
Gerrhopilus ater (Schlegel, 1839 in 1837–1844) Province, Papua New Guinea.”
Gerrhopilus beddomii (Boulenger, 1890) Distribution: SE Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay: Normanby
Gerrhopilus bisubocularis (Boettger, 1893) I.), 620 m. Known only from the holotype.
Gerrhopilus ceylonicus (M.A. Smith, 1943) Gerrhopilus thurstoni (Boettger, 1890)
Gerrhopilus depressiceps (Sternfeld, 1913) Comments: Hedges et al. (2014) recommend placing thurstoni
Distribution: Restricted to NE Papua New Guinea (Madang, in Gerrhopilus based on morphological similarity.
Morobe), Kraus (2017a). Gerrhopilus tindalli (M.A. Smith, 1943)
Comments: Kraus (2017a) provides a revised diagnosis and
detailed description of the holotype. †GIGANTOPHIS Andrews, 1901 (†Madtsoiidae)
Gerrhopilus eurydice Kraus, 2017a. Zootaxa 4299(1): 81–84, †Gigantophis garstini Andrews, 1901
fig. 1. Fossil records: Some African material emended to late
Holotype: MCZ 145954, a 319 mm female (F. Parker, 1971). Eocene (Priabonian) by McCartney & Seiffert (2016), with
Type locality: “Trobriand Islands, Milne Bay Province, Papua other retained as Bartonian by Rio & Mannion (2017).
New Guinea.” Comments: McCartney & Seiffert (2016) describe addi-
Distribution: SE Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay: Trobriand tional fossil material. Rio & Mannion (2017) provide a
Is.). Known from two specimens. detailed description of the type and ancillary material. They
also provide evidence that the Paleocene of Pakistan spec-
Gerrhopilus floweri (Boulenger in Flower, 1899)
imens referred to G. garstini by Rage et al. (2014) are not
Gerrhopilus fredparkeri (Wallach in O’Shea, 1996)
Gigantophis.
Gerrhopilus hades (Kraus, 2005)
Gerrhopilus hedraeus (Savage, 1950) GLOYDIUS Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981 (Viperidae:
Distribution: Add Philippines (Cebu I.), Supsup et al. (2016); Crotalinae)
Philippines (Pacijan), Leviton et al. (2018); Philippines (Tablas Fossil records: Add late Middle Miocene (Astaracian) of NE
I.), Siler et al. (2012). Kazakhstan, Ivanov et al. (2019).
Gerrhopilus inornatus (Boulenger, 1888) Comments: Orlov et al. (2014) discuss distribution and taxon-
Distribution: Add Papua New Guinea (Oro), O’Shea et al. omy of the G. blomhoffi complex in eastern Russia. Shi et al.
(2018b, suppl.). (2016, 2017) provide a DNA sequence-based phylogeny that
is structured as a number of stepwise clades. The innermost
Gerrhopilus lestes Kraus, 2017a. Zootaxa 4299(1): 89–90, fig. 3.
clade contains G. changdaoensis (which they elevate to spe-
Holotype: BPBM, a 298 mm specimen (A. Allison, 18 January cies) as sister taxon to G. halys, G. intermedius, G. rickmersi,
1994). and G. shedaoensis. Due to paraphyly within G. halys subspe-
Type locality: “Weitin River Valley, 13 km N, 10.5 km W cies, they elevate G. caraganus, G. cognatus and G. stejnegeri
of river mouth (4.5035° S, 152.9374° E, 240 m a.s.l.), New to species. In particular, G. intermedius and G. shedaoensis
Ireland, New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea.” lie within G. halys. Conversely, the entire group could be
Distribution: Papua New Guinea (New Ireland), 240 m. referred to G. halys. We recognize the subgroups as proposed
Known only from the holotype. by Shi et al. to be species, knowing that the geographic limits
and population composition of each is imperfectly known. Shi Holotype: USNM 68586, a 375 mm male (F.R. Wulsin, 24–31
et al. (2018) follow with an mtDNA-based phylogeny of 18 of August 1923).
the taxa within Gloydius. Type locality: “Choni (on Tao River), Kansu Province, China.”
Gloydius angusticeps Shi, Yang, Huang, Orlov & Li in Shi Distribution: China (Gansu, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai,
et al., 2018. Russian J. Herpetol. 25(2): 129–133, figs. 1–4. Xinjiang).
Holotype: IVPP OV2634, a 439 mm male (J. Shi, 15 August Comments: Re-elevated to species based on genetic and mor-
2015). phological characteristics, Shi et al. (2016, 2017), although
Type locality: “Xiaman Village, Zoige Country, Aba Tibetan David & Vogel (2015) consider it to be a synonym of
and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province G. intermedius.
(33.74°N, 102.50°E, 3569 m),” China. Gloydius halys (Pallas, 1776)
Distribution: C China (Qinghai, NW Sichuan). Synonyms: Remove Trigonocephalus caraganus Eichwald,
Gloydius blomhoffi (H. Boie, 1826) 1831, Ancistrodon halys paramonovi Nikolsky, 1931,
Distribution: Add Japan (Kinkasan I.), Mori & Nagata (2016). Ancistrodon halys stejnegeri Rendahl, 1933, Agkistrodon
Orlov et al. (2014) document occurrence on Kunashir I., Kuril halys cognatus Gloyd, 1977.
Is., Russia. Delete Russia (Sakhalin Island), as not based on Add Gloydius halys ubsunurensis Kropachev & Orlov, 2017.
specimens, Orlov et al. (2014). Proc. Zool. Inst. St. Petersburg 321(2):133–153, figs. 2, 3, 13.
Comments: Orlov et al. (2014) provide a synonymy. Holotype: ZMMU 6153.1, a 604 mm female (E.E.
Gloydius brevicaudus (Stejneger, 1907) Syroechkovsky, July 1959).
Distribution: Qing et al. (2015) record two specimens from Type locality: “Hoolu River, [Tes-Khemsky District], Tuva
China (Nan Ao Island, Guangdong), far from the nearest Republic, Russia.”
records, and note that it is popular in the restaurant trade, Remove Ancistrodon halys stejnegeri Rendahl, 1933,
implying that the records may be based on escaped specimens. Agkistrodon halys cognatus Gloyd, 1977, according to
Comments: Orlov et al. (2014) agree that A. blomhoffii sin David & Vogel (2015), Shi et al. (2016, 2017).
iticus Gloyd, 1977, is a synonym of G. brevicaudus, citing Distribution: Add Iran (Alborz, North Khorasan, Qazvin,
parapatry with G. blomhoffi. Semnan, Tehran), Safaei-Mahroo et al. (2015); Iran (Golestan),
Gloydius caraganus Eichwald, 1831. Zool. Specialis: 170. Khani et al. (2017); China (Heilongjiang, Liaoning), Shi et al.
(Trigonocephalus caraganus) (2016). Remove China (Gansu, Qinghai), Shi et al. (2016,
Synonyms: Ancistrodon halys paramonovi Nikolsky, 1931. 2017). Remove portions of C Asia assigned to G. caraganus
(Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and all but E Kazakhstan) though
Neotype: ZISP 2200, a 442 mm male (K. Baer, 1854), desig-
exact boundaries are imprecise, Wagner et al. (2016a).
nated by Orlov & Barabanov (1999).
Comments: Simonov & Wink (2012) evaluate intrapopulation
Type locality: “ora orientali caspii maris Tjuk-karaganensi” genetics in SW Siberia using mtDNA. Wagner et al. (2016a)
[=Cape Karagan, Mangyshlak Peninsula]; Neotype local- provide diagnoses for six subspecies that they recognize.
ity: Mangyshlak Peninsula, eastern edge of the Caspian Sea, Kropachev & Orlov (2017) describe a new subspecies from
Kazakhstan. western Mongolia and SC Russia based on external morphol-
Distribution: C Asia. NE shore of the Caspian Sea through ogy (scalation and color pattern). Using those characters,
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, NW Tadzhikistan and Kirgiza, they recognize one undescribed plus 7 named subspecies.
Wagner et al. (2016a). However, two of the subspecies, cognatus and stejnegeri, are
Comments: Wagner et al. (2016a) note reports of sympatry recognized as species by Shi et al. (2016, 2017). They also
between G. caraganus and G. halys, and recommend species recognize G. h. caraganus as a species, but based only on one
status for the former. See under G. halys. sample in their haplotype network tree. Additional mtDNA
Gloydius changdaoensis Li, 1999. Acta Zootaxon. Sinica data (Shi et al, 2018) have G. caraganus as the sister taxon to
4:454–460. (Gloydius saxatilis changdaoensis) G. rickmersi. Khani et al. (2017) report morphological varia-
tion across the Elburz Mountains, N Iran.
Holotype: perhaps in the Natural History Museum of Snake
Island, Dalian, China. Gloydius himalayanus (Günther, 1864)
Type locality: Daheishan Island, Shandong, China. Distribution: Add India (West Bengal), and low elevation of
Distribution: China (Jiangsu, Shandong). 1320 m, Chaudhuri et al. (2018); Bhutan (Gasa), Koirala et al.
(2016).
Comments: Shi et al. (2016, 2017) recognize this species as it
is the sister taxon to the entire G. halys-G. intermedius com- Gloydius huangi K. Wang, Ren, Dong, Jiang, Siler & Che in
plex based on DNA sequence data. We do not have this paper, K. Wang et al., 2019b. J. Herpetol. 53(3): 228–233, figs. 2–5.
so for details we have relied on Uetz et al. (2019, The Reptile Holotype: KIZ 027654, a 519 mm female (K. Wang & G.
Database). Nima, 10 June 2016).
Gloydius cognatus Gloyd, 1977. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington Type locality: “Jinduo, Chagyab County, Chamdo, Tibet,
90(4): 1002–1004. (Agkistrodon halys cognatus) China (30.2050°N, 97.2869°E,…3,046 m elevation).”
Distribution: China (E Tibet), 3046–3307 m. Gloydius stejnegeri Rendahl, 1933. Arkiv Zool. 25A(8):
Gloydius intermedius (Strauch, 1868) 18–21, fig. 4. (Ancistrodon halys stejnegeri)
Gloydius lijianlii F. Jiang & Zhao, 2009 Holotype: NHRM 1923.809.5780 (formerly 2780a),
Gloydius liupanensis Liu, Song & Luo, 1989. J. Lanzhou Univ. (D. Sjölander, 1923).
(Nat. Sci.) 25(1): 114–117. (Agkistrodon halys liupanensis) Type locality: “China.”
Holotype: Unlocated according to McDiarmid et al. (1999). Distribution: NE China (Beijing, Shanxi, Shaanxi), Shi et al.
Type locality: translated as “Liupan Mountain, Ningxia Hui (2016, 2017).
Autonomous Region, China; 2,100 meters” by Zhao & Adler Comments: David & Vogel (2015) consider this taxon to be
(1993). a synonym of G. brevicaudus, but Shi et al. (2016, 2017) rec-
Distribution: China (Ningxia). ognize it based on paraphyly within a DNA sequence-based
phylogeny, in which it is related to G. cognatus and G. halys.
Comments: Considered a valid species by Cai et al. (2015),
Shi et al. (2016, 2017), K. Wang et al. (2019). Gloydius strauchi (Bedriaga, 1912)
Gloydius monticola (F. Werner, 1922) Distribution: Range restricted by the recognition of some pop-
ulations as distinct species (i.e., G. qinlingensis, G. liupanen
Gloydius qinlingensis Song & Chen, 1985. Animal World sis). Confirmed for China (W Sichuan).
2(2): 99–103. (Agkistrodon halys qinlingensis)
Gloydius tsushimaensis (Isogawa, Moriya & Mitsui, 1994)
Holotype: Unlocated according to McDiarmid et al. (1999).
Comments: Orlov et al. (2014) provide a brief taxonomic
Type locality: translated as “Huangbaiyuan Xiang (33°45′ N, summary.
107° E), Taibai Co., Shaanxi Prov., China; 1,500 meters,” by
Gloydius ussuriensis (Emelianov, 1929)
Zhao & Adler (1993).
Distribution: China (Shaanxi). Type locality: restricted to “Primorskiy kray, Tetjukhe River
valley, Vladimiro-Monomakhovo village,” Orlov et al. (2014).
Comments: Considered a valid species by Cai et al. (2015), K.
Wang et al. (2019). Distribution: Add Mongolia (Dornod), Kropachev et al.
(2016). Elevation to NSL-1300 m, Orlov et al. (2014).
Gloydius rickmersi Wagner, Tiutenko, Borkin & Simonov
Comments: Orlov et al. (2014) provide a synonymy and a map
in Wagner et al., 2016a. Amphibia-Reptilia 37(1): 21–27, figs.
of localties.
2–4.
Holotype: ZMB 80360, a 479 mm female (locals, 4 August †GOINOPHIS Holman, 1976 (Alethinophidia: incerta sedis)
2013).
†Goinophis minusculus Holman, 1976
Type locality: “Kul-Otek at the Sary-Buka Valley in
Kyrgyzstan, about 25 km (by air) NE of Daroot-Korgon GOMESOPHIS Hoge & Mertens, 1959 (Dipsadidae:
(Chong-Alai District) near the town Kyzyl-Eshme in direction Xenodontinae)
to the Shuman-Bol pass and the Kichi-Alai River at an eleva-
Gomesophis brasiliensis (Gomés, 1918)
tion of 3000 m a.s.l.”
Distribution: Add Brazil (Santa Catarina), Fortes et al. (2010);
Distribution: SC Kyrgyzstan, 2798–3200 m.
elevational range 427–1235 m, R.C. Gonzalez et al. (2014a).
Gloydius rubromaculatus Shi, Li & Liu in Shi et al., 2017.
Comments: R.C. Gonzalez et al. (2014a) describe morphologi-
Amphibia-Reptilia 38(4): 522–528, figs. 1, 2.
cal variation and provide a locality map.
Holotype: IOZ 032317, a 554 mm male (J. Shi & X. Chen, 9
July 2016). GONGYLOSOMA Fitzinger, 1843 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Type locality: “mid-upper reaches of the Tongtianhe River, Gongylosoma baliodeira (F. Boie, 1827)
Qumarleb, Qinghai Province,” China.
Gongylosoma longicaudum (W.C.H. Peters, 1871)
Distribution: China (Qinghai, NW Sichuan, NE Xixang),
Distribution: Add Thailand (Narathiwat), Pauwels & Grismer
3300–4770 m.
(2016).
Gloydius saxatilis (Emelianov, 1937)
Gongylosoma mukutense Grismer, I. Das & Leong, 2003
Synonyms: Remove Gloydius saxatilis changdaoensis Li, 1999. Gongylosoma nicobariense (Stoliczka, 1870)
Comments: David & Vogel (2015), Shi et al. (2016) consider Gongylosoma scriptum (Theobald, 1868)
G. saxatilis to be a synonym of G. intermedius, but without
Distribution: Add Cambodia (Preah Sihanouk, Pursat), and
phylogenetic inference.
increase elevation range to 974 m, Neang et al. (2015).
Gloydius shedaoensis (Zhao, 1979)
Holotype: Corrected to CIB 012816, Guo et al. (2016a). GONIONOTOPHIS Boulenger, 1893 (Lamprophiidae)
Distribution: Add mainland of Lioning, China, opposite Comments: Broadley et al. (2018) use three genes to pro-
Shedao Island, Shi et al. (2016). duce a phylogeny of ten of the 15 species of the African “file
Comments: Wang et al. (2015) found low genetic diversity and snakes,” genera Gonionotophis and Mehelya, which resolves
moderate inbreeding in the Shedao Island population. four clades that they recognize as distinct genera: the two
recognized genera, and two new genera, Gracililima and Distribution: Add Mozambique (Sofala), Broadley et al.
Limaformosa. They provide a revised genus description. (2018).
Gonionotophis brussauxi (Mocquard, 1889) Comments: Lanza & Broadley (2014) provide a species
Distribution: Add Congo (Niari), Broadley et al. (2018); account for NE Africa.
Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bas-Congo), Nagy et al.
(2013). GRAYIA Günther, 1858 (Grayiidae)
Grayia caesar (Günther, 1863)
Gonionotophis grantii (Günther, 1863)
Distribution: Add Angola (Cabinda), M.P. Marques et al.
Distribution: Add Mali (Koulikoro, Sikasso), Trape & Mané
(2018).
(2017); Benin, Trape & Baldé (2014).
Grayia ornata (Bocage, 1866)
Gonionotophis klingi Matschie, 1893
Distribution: Add Angola (Cabinda), M.P. Marques et al. (2018).
Distribution: Add Liberia (Grand Gedeh), Rödel & Glos
(2019). Grayia smythii (Leach in Tuckey, 1818)
Distribution: Add Mali (Sikasso), Trape & Mané (2017);
GONYOSOMA Wagler, 1828 (Colubridae: Colubrinae) Angola (Bengo, Cabinda, Cuanza Norte), M.P. Marques et al.
(2018).
Synonyms: Add Gonyophis Boulenger, 1891, Rhynchophis
Mocquard, 1897, Rhadinophis Vogt, 1922. Grayia tholloni Mocquard, 1897
Comments: X. Chen et al. (2014) combine four species Distribution: Add Guinea, Trape & Baldé (2014).
(Gonyophis margaritatus, Rhadinophis frenatus, R. prasinus
and Rhynchophis boulengeri) with the genus Gonyosoma due GRYPOTYPHLOPS W.C.H. Peters, 1881 (Typhlopidae:
to paraphyly of the two Rhadinophis species. Asiatyphlopinae)
Gonyosoma boulengeri (Mocquard, 1897)
vide generic diagnoses. Based on internal and external mor-
Distribution: Add Vietnam (Bac Giang), Hecht et al. (2013); phology that resemble some species of Letheobia, Pyron &
Vietnam (Hai Phong: Cat Ba Island), T.Q. Nguyen et al. Wallach (2014) place Grypotyphlops in the Afrotyphlopinae.
(2011); Vietnam (Yen Bai), Le et al. (2018).
Grypotyphlops acutus (A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844)
Comments: Formerly one of three species in Rhynchophis.
Comments: Wallach et al. (2014) list Onychocephalus unilin
Gonyosoma frenatum (Gray, 1853) eatus A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844 as a synonym, which
Distribution: Add Vietnam (Son La), Pham et al. (2014). is correct, and the name should not have also been listed as a
Comments: Formerly one of three species in Rhynchophis. valid species of Typhlops in the same book.
Gonyosoma jansenii Bleeker, 1858
GYALOPION Cope, 1860 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Gonyosoma margaritatum W.C.H.Peters, 1871
Gyalopion canum Cope, 1860
Comment: Formerly in the monotypic genus Gonyophis. Gyalopion quadrangulare (Günther, 1893 in 1885–1902)
Gonyosoma oxycephalum (Boie, 1827)
Distribution: Add Thailand (Chanthaburi), Chan-ard et al. GYIOPHIS J.C. Murphy & Voris, 2014. Fieldiana Life Earth
Sci. (8): 21. (Homalopsidae)
(2011); Philippines (Batan, Calayan, Camiguin Norte, Leyte,
Maringuque, Sabtang Is.), Leviton et al. (2018); Philippines Type species: Hypsirhina maculosa Blanford, 1879 by origi-
(Sibuyan I.), Emerson & Tan (2013); Philippines (Mindanao), nal designation.
Sanguila et al. (2016). Distribution: S Myanmar.
Gonyosoma prasinum (Blyth, 1854) Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a diagnosis
Distribution: Add Vietnam (Bac Giang), Hecht et al. (2013); and photograph. Quah et al. (2017), using mtDNA sequence
Vietnam (Dien Bien), Dung et al. (2014); Vietnam (Son La), data, place Gyiophis salweenensis as sister taxon to Myrrophis
Pham et al. (2014); Vietnam (Yen Bai), Le et al. (2018). chinensis, which is contrary to the supposed placement of
Gyiophis on the basis of morphological characters.
Comments: Formerly one of three species in Rhynchophis.
Gyiophis maculosus (Blandford, 1879)
GRACILILIMA Broadley, Tolley, Conradie, Wishart, Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a diagnosis
Trape, Burger, Kusamba, Zassi-Boulou & Greenbaum, 2018. and photograph.
African J. Zool. 67(1): 47. (Lamprophiidae)
Gyiophis salweenensis Quah, L. Grismer, Wood, Thura, Zin,
Type species: Simocephalus nyassae (Günther, 1888), by orig- Kyaw, Lwin, M. Grismer & Murdoch, 2017. Zootaxa 4238(4):
inal designation. 574–575, figs. 3, 4.
Distribution: E Africa. Holotype: LSUHC 12960, a 416 mm female (M. Thura, T.
Comments: See under Gonionotophis. Zin, E. Quah, L. Grismer, P. Wood, M. Grismer, M. Murdoch
Gracililima nyassae (Günther, 1888) and H. Kyaw, 8 October 2016).
Type locality: “close to Sanpel Cave, Mawlamyine, Mon State, Hapsidophrys principis (Boulenger, 1906)
Myanmar (N16°22.427, E97°46.388; 44 m in elevation).” Hapsidophrys smaragdinus (Schlegel, 1837)
Distribution: Myanmar (Mon). Known only from the holotype. Distribution: Add Angola (Bengo), Branch (2018); Angola
Gyiophis vorisi (J.C. Murphy 2007) (Cuanza Norte), M.P. Marques et al. (2018). Low elevation of
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a diagnosis 560 m, Portik et al. (2016).
and photograph.
†HEADONOPHIS Holman, 1993 (Colubroidea: incerta sedis)
†HAASIOPHIS Tchernov, Rieppel, Zaher, Polcyn & Jacobs, †Headonophis harrisoni Holman, 1993
2000 (†Simoliophiidae)
HEBIUS Thompson, 1913. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1913(3):
Comments: Palci et al. (2013b) reevaluate its anatomy and dis-
424. (Natricidae)
cuss relationships.
Type species: Tropidonotus vibakari H. Boie, 1826 by
†Haasiophis terrasanctus Tchernov, Rieppel, Zaher,
monotypy.
Polcyn & Jacobs, 2000
Distribution: Eastern Asia.
Comments: Palci et al. (2013b) provide an emended diagnosis
based on a new interpretation of fossil specimens. Synonyms: Parahelicops Bourret, 1934, Pararhabdophis
Bourret, 1934, Paranatrix Mahendra, 1984.
HABROPHALLOS A.Martins, Koch, Pinto, Folly & Passos Comments: Guo et al. (2014) present a DNA sequence-
in A. Martins et al., 2019. J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 57(4): 842. based phylogeny that shows Amphiesma stolatum to be
(Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae) paraphyletic with all other species of Amphiesma, the latter
Type species: Leptotyphlops collaris Hoogmoed, 1977 by of which they partition into the resurrected genera Hebius
original designation. and Herpetoreas. Guo et al. present a generic diagnosis, and
Distribution: NC South America. state that some species currently in Hebius may belong in
Herpetoreas and/or Amphiesma. Kaito & Toda (2016) and
Comments: A. Martins et al. (2019) create a new genus for
Liu et al. (2019) present DNA sequence-based phylogenies
Epictia collaris based on anatomical characters and place-
ment in a DNA sequence-based phylogeny as sister taxon to using 21 and 18 species, respectively, that have paraphyly
Siagonodon. for several species, provided identifications of vouchers were
correct. They recover a Taiwan-Ryukyu clade of four spe-
Habrophallos collaris (Hoogmoed, 1977) cies: H. concelarus, H. ishigakiensis, H. pryeri, and an unde-
Distribution: Add Brazil (Amapá) and French Guiana (Saint- scribed species from Taiwan. Kizirian et al. (2018), using
Laurent du Maroni), Hoogmoed & Lima (2018). Upper eleva- DNA sequence data, find that Parahelicops annamensis
tion of 830 m, Hoogmoed & Lima (2018). and Pararhabdophis chapaensis are nested within Hebius,
Comments: A. Martins et al. (2019) provide a revised descrip- and synonymize Parahelicops and Pararhabdophis with
tion, color photographs and a locality map. Hebius. Ren et al. (2018) reach the same conclusion for their
own study of Pararhabdophis. David et al. (2013) reviewed
HAITIOPHIS Hedges & Vidal in Hedges et al., 2009. species allied with H. khasiense. David et al. (2015b) pres-
Zootaxa 2067: 17. (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae) ent a revised diagnosis for H. annamensis, after removing
Type species: Zamenis anomalus W.C.H. Peters, 1863 by Parahelicops boonsongi to the genus Isanophis.
original designation. Hebius andreae (Ziegler & Le, 2006)
Distribution: Hispaniola. Distribution: Add Laos (Khammouane), 537 m, Ziegler et al.
Comments: See under Caraiba. (2019a).
Haitiophis anomalus (W.C.H. Peters, 1863) Comments: Ziegler et al. (2019a) describe a second specimen,
Distribution: Add Dominican Republic (Azua, Independencia, and using combined DNA sequence data, find it to be the sis-
Pedernales, San Jose de Ocoa), Landestoy-T. (2017), who pro- ter taxon to other Hebius species.
vides a map of known and new localities. Hebius annamensis (Bourret, 1934)
Distribution: Add Vietnam (Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Quang
HALDEA Baird & Girard, 1853 (Natricidae) Tri, Thua Thien-Hue), and low elevation of 330 m, David
Comments: Haldea is resurrected for H. striatula (formerly in et al. (2015b).
Virginia) due to paraphyly, McVay & Carstens (2013). Comments: David et al. (2015b) present a revised description.
Haldea striatula (Linnaus, 1766) Hebius arquus (David & Vogel, 2010)
HAPSIDOPHRYS J.G. Fischer, 1856 (Colubridae: Hebius atemporalis (Bourret, 1934)
Colubrinae) Distribution: Upper elevation of 2100 m, Ren et al. (2018).
Hapsidophrys lineatus J.G. Fischer, 1856 Hebius beddomii (Günther, 1864)
Distribution: Add South Sudan (Central Equatoria), Hebius bitaeniatus (Wall, 1925)
Ullenbruch & Böhme (2017). Distribution: Add Vietnam (Yen Bai), Le et al. (2018).
Hebius boulengeri (Gressitt, 1937) Holotype: VR/ERS/ZSI-610, a 487 mm male (villager, 7

Distribution: Add Vietnam (Bac Thai, Gia Lai, Lang Son, August 2010).
Quang Binh, Quang Nam), and elevation 80–1450 m, David Type locality: “Basar (27.980559°N, 94.688496°E), West
et al. (2013); Vietnam (Quang Ngai), Nemes et al. (2013); Siang District, State of Arunachal Pradesh, India, at ca. 600
Vietnam (Yen Bai), Le et al. (2018). metres a.s.l.”
Comments: David et al. (2013) provide a revised diagnosis. Distribution: NE India (Arunachal Pradesh), approx. 600 m.
Hebius celebicus (W.C.H. Peters & Doria, 1878) Known only from the holotype.
Hebius chapaensis (Bourret, 1934) Hebius leucomystax (David, Bain, Truong, Orlov, Vogel,
Thanh & Ziegler, 2007)
Distribution: Add China (Yunnan), Laos (Houaphan,
Louangphabang) and Vietnam (Cao Bang, Son La), Ren et al. Distribution: Add Thailand (Roi Et), Pauwels et al. (2015).
(2018); Vietnam (Yen Bai), and elevation range of 1134– Hebius metusia (Inger, Zhao, Shaffer & Wu, 1990)
2046 m, Le et al. (2018). Hebius miyajimae (Maki, 1931)
Comments: Ren et al. (2018) provide a revised description, Hebius modestus (Günther, 1875)
color photographs and a locality map. Distribution: Add Myanmar (Shan), Purkayastha & David
Hebius clerki Wall, 1925. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 30(4): (2019). Upper elevation of 1620 m, Ren et al. (2018).
809. (Natrix clerki) Hebius monticolus (Jerdon, 1854)
Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.13.50, a 565 mm male (Clerk, 1924). Hebius nicobarensis (Sclater, 1891)
Type locality: “Sinlum Kaba, Kachin Hills,” Kachin, Hebius octolineatus (Boulenger, 1904)
Myanmar. Distribution: Elevation range of 1300–2500 m, Ren et al.
Distribution: Upper Southest Asia. Nepal (?), India (Arunachal (2018).
Pradesh, Nagaland, Sikkim, West Bengal), Myanmar Hebius optatus (Hu & Zhao, 1966)
(Kachin), China (Yunnan). Holotype: Corrected to CIB 008397, Guo et al. (2012a).
Comments: David et al. (2015a) recognize H. clerki for Hebius parallelus (Boulenger, 1890)
northern and eastern populations previously referred to H.
Distribution: India (Meghalaya, Nagaland, possibly Sikkim),
parallelus.
David et al. (2015a).
Hebius concelarus (Malnate, 1963) Comments: David et al. (2015a) provide a revised diagnosis,
Hebius craspedogaster (Boulenger, 1899) and remove Natrix clerki, along with northern and eastern
Distribution: Add China (Guizhou), David et al. (2013). populations, from the synonymy and hypodigm.
Hebius deschauenseei (Taylor, 1934) Hebius pealii (Sclater, 1891)
Hebius flavifrons (Boulenger, 1887) Hebius petersii (Boulenger, 1893)
Hebius frenata (Dunn, 1923) Hebius popei (K.P. Schmidt, 1925)
Hebius groundwateri (M.A. Smith, 1922) Hebius pryeri (Boulenger, 1887)
Hebius sanguineus (Smedley, 1932)
Hebius inas (Laidlaw, 1902)
Hebius sangzhiensis Zhou, Qi, Lu, Lyu & Li in Zhou et al.,
Distribution: David et al. (2013) associate Thailand records
2019. Zootaxa 4674(1): 71–76, figs. 3–5.
from north of the Isthmus of Kra with other species.
Comments: David et al. (2013) provide a revised diagnosis. Holotype: SYNU 08070350, a 562 mm male (Z.-Y. Zhou &
S.-Y. Mi, 28 July 2008).
Hebius ishigakiensis (Malnate & Munsterman, 1960)
Hebius johannis (Boulenger, 1908) Type locality: “Sangzhi County, Hunan Province, China, ca.
110°07′ E, 29°47′ |N, 1,430 m a.s.l.”
Hebius kerinciense (David & I. Das, 2003)
Distribution: C China (Hunan) at the type locality,
Distribution: Add Lampung, Sumatra 1420–1430 m.
Comments: David et al. (2013) provide a revised diagnosis. Hebius sarasinorum (Boulenger, 1896)
Known from two specimens. Hebius sauteri (Boulenger, 1909)
Hebius khasiensis (Boulenger, 1890) Hebius taronensis (M.A. Smith, 1940)
Distribution: Add Myanmar (Kayah) and Thailand (Tak), and Hebius venningi (Wall, 1910)
elevation 600–1400 meters, David et al. (2013). David et al. Distribution: Add India (Mizoram), Lalbiakzuala &
(2013) remove records for Cambodia and Vietnam to other Lalremsanga (2019a); Myanmar (Sagaing), Purkayastha &
species. David (2019).
Comments: David et al. (2013) provide a revised diagnosis. Hebius vibakeri (H. Boie, 1826)
Hebius lacrima Purkayastha & David, 2019. Zootaxa 4555(1): Hebius viperinus (Schenkel, 1901)
81–83, figs. 1, 2. Hebius xenura (Wall, 1907)
Hebius yanbianensis Liu, Zhong, Wang, Liu & Guo, 2018. Helicops gomesi Amaral, 1921
Zootaxa 4483(2): 388–391, figs. 3–5. Helicops hagmanni Roux, 1910
Holotype: YBU 15018, a 565 mm male (G. Zhong & P. Wang, Distribution: Add Brazil (Acre), Moraes-da-Silva et al. (2019);
March 2015). Brazil (Marajo I., Para), G.M. Rodrigues et al. (2015).
Type locality: “Zemulong Town, Yanbian County Helicops infrataeniatus Jan, 1865
(N 101°35′04.43″, E 27°13′52.00″), South Sichuan Province,
Distribution: Add Brazil (Goias), Moraes-da-Silva et al.
China, at an elevation of 1,974 m above sea level.”
(2019); Brazil (Paraíba), Guedes et al. (2014, as H. aff.
Distribution: C China (S Sichuan), 1974 m. Known only from infrataeniatus); Brazil (Marinheiros I., Rio Grande do Sul),
the holotype. Quintela et al. (2011). Thaler et al. (2018) report a range exten-
sion into the Brazilian Cerrado of Mato Grosso do Sul.
†HECHTOPHIS Rage, 2001 (Booidea: incerta sedis)
Helicops leopardinus (Schlegel, 1837)
†Hechtophis austrinus Rage, 2001
Distribution: Add Ecuador (Orellana, Napo, Sucumbíos),
†HELAGRAS Cope, 1883 (Booidea: incerta sedis) Cisneros-Heredia (2006b); Brazil (Alagoas, Maranhao,
†Helagras orellanensis Holman, 1983 Minas Gerais, Paraiba, Sergipe), and upper elevation of
750 m, Guedes et al. (2014); Brazil (Amazonas), Moraes-da-
†Helagras prisciformis Cope, 1883
Silva et al. (2019); Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Ferreira et al.
(2017); Brazil (Rondônia), Bernarde et al. (2012b); Paraguay
HELICOPS Wagler, 1828 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae)
(Presidente Hayes), Cabral & Weiler (2014).
Comments: Moraes-da-Silva et al. (2019) present a DNA
sequence-based phylogeny for 11 of the species. Helicops modestus Günther, 1861
Helicops angulatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution: Add Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Ferreira et al.
(2017); Brazil (Parana), Dainesi et al. (2019); Brazil (Santa
Distribution: Add Peru (Huanuco), Schlüter et al. (2004);
Catarina), Moraes-da-Silva et al. (2019).
Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Ferreira et al. (2017); Brazil
(Paraíba), R. França et al. (2012); Brazil (Piauí), Dal Vechio Helicops nentur H. Costa, Santana, Leal, Koroiva & Garcia,
et al. (2013); Colombia (Arauca, Caqueta, Cauca, Guainia, 2016. Herpetologica 72(2): 158–162, figs. 1–4.
Vichada), Aponte-Gutiérrez et al. (2017); Ecuador (Morona- Holotype: UFMG 2486, a 411 mm female (F. Leal, 8
Santiago), Cisneros-Heredia (2006b). November 2013).
Helicops apiaka Kawashita-Ribeiro, Ávila & Morais, 2013. Type locality: “a swamp in Fazenda Papa Capim (18.329398°S,
Herpetologica 69(1): 83–86, figs. 1–4. 42.092017°W, 260 m above sea level [a.s.l.]…), São José da
Holotype: UFMT-R 8512, a 551 mm male (C.L. Cavlac, 27 Safira, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.”
October 2009). Distribution: SE Brazil (Minas Gerais), 260–480 m.
Type locality: “on the left margin (downstream) of the Teles Helicops pastazae Shreve, 1934
Pires River (9°27′04.3″S; 56°30′51.9″W, datum SAD 69), Distribution: Add Colombia (Boyaca), García-Cobos &
municipality of Paranáıta, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil.” Gómez-Sánchez (2019).
Distribution: Brazil (NC Mato Grosso). Helicops petersi Rossman, 1976
Comment: Perhaps closely related to H. angulatus.
Helicops polylepis Günther, 1861
Helicops boitata Moraes-da-Silva, Amaro, Nunes, Distribution: Add Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Ferreira
Strüssmann, Junior, Andrade-Jr., Sudré, Recoder, Rodrigues & et al. (2017); Brazil (Rondônia), Bernarde et al. (2012b); Peru
Curcio, 2019. Zootaxa 4651(3): 450–455, figs. 2–4. (Puno), Llanqui et al. (2019).
Holotype: UFMT R11940, a 642 mm male (F.F. Curcio, M.
Helicops scalaris Jan, 1863
Teixeira, R. Recoder & V. Sudré, 1 May 2016).
Helicops tapajonicus Frota, 2005
Type locality: “Transpantaneira Road (16°25′21.18″S,
Helicops trivittatus (Gray, 1849)
56°40′12.64″W; 124 m above sea level), municipality of
Poconé, Mato Grosso state, Brazil.” Distribution: Add Brazil (Maranhao), Moraes-da-Silva et al.
(2019). Confirmed record for Amapa, Brazil, by D.S. Oliveira
Distribution: C Brazil (S Mato Grosso), 124 m. Known only
et al. (2015).
from the type locality.
Helicops carinicaudus (Wied-Neuwied, 1825) Helicops yacu Rossman & Dixon, 1975
Distribution: Add Brazil (Minas Gerais), Moraes-da-Silva HELMINTHOPHIS W.C.H. Peters, 1860 (Anomalepididae)
et al. (2019).
Helminthophis flavoterminatus (W.C.H. Peters, 1857)
Helicops danieli Amaral, 1938
Helminthophis frontalis (W.C.H. Peters, 1860)
Distribution: Add Colombia (Cesar), Medina-Rangel (2011);
Distribution: Add Panama (Panama), Ray & Ruback (2015).
Colombia (Magdalena), Rueda-Solano & Castellanos-Barliza
(2010). Helminthophis praeocularis Amaral, 1924
HELOPHIS Witte & Laurent, 1942 (Natricidae) Distribution: Add Algeria (Tindouf), Donaire et al. (2000);
Comments: Nagy et al. (2014) thought Helophis could be a Libya (Al Wahat, Butnan, Jabal al Gharbi, Jura, Marj, Nalut,
junior synonym of Hydraethiops based on variability of the Tripoli, Zawiyah), Bauer et al. (2017).
division or lack of one of the internasal(s). Hemorrhois hippocrepis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Helophis schoutedeni (de Witte, 1922) Distribution: Add Spain (Baleares: Formentera, Ibiza, and
Comments: Nagy et al. (2014) review the natural history. Mallorca Is.), Mateo (2015); Spain (Cataluña), Meijide (1985);
Spain (Teruel, Zaragoza), Moreno-Rodríguez (1995); Algeria
HEMACHATUS Fleming, 1822 (Elapidae) (Chlef, Relizane, Tiaret), Ferrer et al. (2016), Algeria (El
Hemachatus haemachates (Bonnaterre, 1790) Tarf), Rouag & Benyacoub (2006). Increase upper elevation
to 2700 m, Martínez-Freiría et al. (2017b).
HEMEROPHIS Schätti & Utiger, 2001 (Colubridae: Comments: Orriols (2014) attempts to identify the geographic
Colubrinae) source of Balearic specimens. He provides an mtDNA-based
Hemerophis socotrae (Günther, 1881) phylogeny that identifies 11 haplotypes. One haplotype
Comments: Using DNA barcoding, Vasconcelos et al. (2016) is unique to the island of Mallorca, and the other Balearic
find slight intraspecific pairwise distance between specimens haplotype matches that from specimens around the Strait of
(mean 0.30). Gibralter. Silva-Rocha et al. (2015) use DNA sequence data in
another effort to determine the source population for speci-
HEMIASPIS Fitzinger, 1861 (Elapidae) mens introduced to the Balearic Islands, but were unable to
Hemiaspis damelii (Günther, 1876) restrict the source beyond the Iberian Peninsula.
Hemiaspis signata (Jan, 1859) Hemorrhois nummifera (A. Reuss, 1834)
HEMIBUNGARUS W.C.H. Peters, 1862 (Elapidae) Distribution: Add Greece (Chios and Samothrace Islands),
Comments: Leviton et al. (2014) and subsequent authors rec- Strachinis & Lymberakis (2013); Greece (Samos Island),
ognize three species within Hemibungarus. Speybroek et al. (2014); Turkey (Afyon, Konya), Cihon & Tok
(2014). Safaei-Mahroo et al. (2015) list the provinces for Iran.
Hemibungarus calligaster (Wiegmann in Meyen, 1834)
Hemorrhois ravergieri (Ménétriés, 1832)
Synonyms: Remove Hemibungarus gemianulis W.C.H.
Peters, 1872, Hemibungarus mcclungi Taylor, 1922. Distribution: Add Iraq, Al-Barazengy et al. (2015); Iran
(Kerman), Moradi et al. (2013) and Safaei-Mahroo et al.
Distribution: Philippines (Catanduanes, Luzon, Masbate, (2015) list the provinces for Iran.
Mindoro, Samar Is.), 7–908 m.
Hemibungarus gemianulis W.C.H. Peters, 1872. Monatsb. †HERENSUGEA Rage, 1996 (Ophidia: incerta sedis)
Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1872(7): 587. Comments: Gómez et al. (2019) exclude †Herensugea from
Holotype: ZMB 7405, a 60 cm specimen (Wallis). the Madtsoiidae, and consider it to be in a pre-Serpentes
Type locality: “Philippinen.” scheme with †Seismophis, †Dinylisia and †Najash.
Distribution: Philippine Islands (Cebu, Guimaras, Masbate, †Herensugea caristiorum Rage, 1996
Negros, Panay Is.), 10–1137 m.
HERPETOREAS Günther, 1860. Proc. Zool. Soc. London
Hemibungarus mcclungi Taylor, 1922. Snakes Philippine 1860(1): 156. (Natricidae)
Islands: 272–273, plates 33, 34.
Type species: Herpetoreas sieboldii Günther, 1860 by
Holotype: PBS 24, a 190 mm specimen (C. Canonizado, monotypy.
October 1909), destroyed.
Distribution: S Asia.
Type locality: “Polillo Island,” Philippines. Comments: Guo et al. (2014) present a DNA sequence-based
Distribution: Philippines (Catanduanes, Luzon, Polillo Island), phylogeny that shows Amphiesma stolatum to be paraphyletic
5–41 m. with all other species of Amphiesma, the latter of which they
partition into the resurrected genera Hebius and Herpetoreas.
HEMIRHAGERRHIS Boettger, 1893 (Psammophiidae)
Guo et al. present a generic diagnosis, and state that some spe-
Hemirhagerrhis hildebrandtii (W.C.H. Peters, 1878) cies currently in Hebius may belong in Herpetoreas.
Hemirhagerrhis kelleri Boettger, 1893
Herpetoreas burbrinki Guo, Zhu, Liu, Zhang, Li, Huang &
Hemirhagerrhis nototaenia (Günther, 1864)
Pyron, 2014. Zootaxa 3873(4): 433–434, fig. 3.
Hemirhagerrhis viperina (Bocage, 1873)
Holotype: YBU 071128, a 625 mm male (Sept. 2007).
Distribution: Add Angola (Cunene), M.P. Marques et al.
(2018). Type locality: “Zayu County, Xixang A.[utonomous]
R.[egion], China, at an elevation of 1889 m above sea level.”
HEMORRHOIS F. Boie, 1826 (Colubridae: Colubrinae) Distribution: China (Xixang), 1889 m. Known only from the
Hemorrhois algirus (Jan, 1863) holotype.
Herpetoreas platyceps (Blyth, 1854) Comments: Zuffi (2008) describes geographic variation in
Distribution: Add Pakistan (Punjab), Rais et al. (2012); India Italian populations. Using DNA sequence- and color pattern
(Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim), David et al. (2015a); China data, Mezzasalma et al. (2015) find that H. viridiflavus popu-
(Yunnan), Ren et al. (2018); low elevation to 500 m, Chettri lations separate into two clades eastward and westward from
et al. (2010). the middle of Italy, and apply this name to the eastern clade.
Herpetoreas sieboldii Günther, 1860 †Hierophis caspioides (Szyndlar & Schleich, 1993)
Distribution: Add India (Jammu & Kashmir), Manhas et al. †Hierophis dolnicensis (Szyndlar, 1987)
(2018b); China (Xixang) and India (West Bengal), David et al. †Hierophis freybergi (Brunner, 1954)
(2015a). Hierophis gemonensis (Laurenti, 1768)
Distribution: Add Croatia (Plavnik I.), Tóth et al. (2017);
HETERODON Latreille in Sonnini & Latreille, 1801
Macedonia, Sterijovski et al. (2014); Greece (Elafonisos I.),
(Dipsadidae: subfamily unnamed)
Broggi (2016a); Greece (Aegina, Dhokos, Karpathos, Psili,
†Heterodon brevis Auffenberg, 1963 Stavronissos, Trikkeri, Tsougriá Islands, and Crete), Grano
Heterodon kennerlyi Kennicott, 1860 et al. (2013); Greece (Diapontia Islets), Stille & Stille (2016).
Heterodon nasicus Baird & Girard, 1852 Comments: Jablonski et al. (2017) describe color and pattern
Heterodon platirhinos Latreille in Sonnini & Latreille, 1801 variation. Kyriazi et al. (2012) use mtDNA sequence data to
†Heterodon plionasicus J.A. Peters, 1953 determine that populations on Crete originated from southern
Heterodon simus (Linnaeus, 1766) continental Greece. See Mezzasalma et al. (2015) under H.
viridiflavus.
HETEROLIODON Boettger, 1913 (Pseudoxyrhophiidae)
Heteroliodon fohy Glaw, Vences & Nussbaum, 2005 †Hierophis hungaricus (Bolkay, 1913)
Heteroliodon lava Nussbaum & Raxworthy, 2000 Distribution: Add late Middle Miocene (Astaracian) of NE
Heteroliodon occipitalis (Boulenger, 1896) Kazakhstan, Ivanov et al. (2019, as Coluber cf. hungaricus).
†Hierophis pouchetii (Rochebrune, 1880)
HEURNIA Jong, 1926 (Homalopsidae) †Hierophis robertmertensi (Mlynarski, 1964)
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a generic †Hierophis suevicus (Fraas, 1870)
diagnosis. Hierophis viridiflavus (Lacépède, 1789)
Heurnia ventromaculata Jong, 1926 Synonyms: Coluber vulgaris Bonnaterre, 1790, Coluber com
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a diagnosis munis Donndorff, 1798, Coluber franciae Suckow, 1798,
and photograph. Coluber luteostriatus Gmelin, 1799, Coluber petolarius
Georgi, 1800, Coluber atroviriens G. Shaw, 1802, Coluber
HIEROPHIS Fitzinger in Bonaparte, 1834 (Colubridae: personatus Daudin, 1803c, Coluber plutonius Daudin, 1803c,
Colubrinae) Coluber glaucoides Millet de la Turtandière, 1828, †Coluber
Hierophis andreanus (F. Werner, 1917) fossilis Pomel, 1853, †Coluber gervaisii Pomel, 1853, Zamenis
Distribution: Add Iran (Ilam, Khuzestan), Safaei-Mahroo atrovirens caudaelineata F. Müller, 1878, †Coluber etruriae
et al. (2015); Iran (Markazi), Sabbaghzadeh & Mashayekhi Portis, 1890, Coluber viridiflavus kratzeri Kramer, 1971.
(2015). Distribution: SW Europe. NE Spain, Andorra, France,
Lichtenstein, S Switzerland, W Italy (N Calabria, Emilia-
†Hierophis arcuatus (H. Meyer, 1845)
Romagna, Liguria, Tuscany; and Palmarola, Ponza, Ventotene
†Hierophis cadurci (Rage, 1974)
Islands); elevation to 2265 m, Arribas (2014); add France (Hauts-
Hierophis carbonarius Bonaparte, 1833 in 1832–1841. Icon. de-Seine), Rivallin et al. (2017); Italy (Campania: Procida and
Fauna Ital. (5): 21, plate. (Coluber viridiflavus carbonarius) Vivara Is.), Nappi et al. (2007) and Cipolla & Nappi (2008);
Synonyms: Coluber sardus Suckow, 1798, Coluber xanthurus Italy (Piemonte, Valle d’Aosta), Seglie & Sindaco (2013); Italy
Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1810, Coluber melanepis Rafinesque- (Lazio), Piccoli et al. (2017); Italy (Lombardia), Schiavo &
Schmaltz, 1814, Coluber pustulatus Rafinesque-Schmaltz, Ferri (1996); Italy (Toscana), Verducci & Zuffi (2015).
1814, Coluber uccellator Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1814, Zamenis Fossil records: Add Upper Pleistocene (Tarantian) of Italy,
aristotelis Gistel, 1868, Zamenis viridiflavus ocellata Betta. Delfino (2004).
1874, Coluber viridiflavus antoniimanujeli Capolongo, 1984.
Comments: Zuffi (2008) describes geographic variation in
Syntypes: ANSP 5427–5431. Italian populations. Joger et al. (2010) construct a gene tree
Type locality: “Italica”; Restricted to Monti Euganei, Padua, that indicates eastern and western lineages that diverge from
Italy by Mertens & Wermuth (1928). Italy. Mezzasalma et al. (2015) compare the phylogeography
Distribution: S and E Italy (including Sicily, Favignano, and taxonomy between this species and H. gemonensis. They
Lipari, Vulcano Islands), Slovenia, NW Croatia. Add Italy confirm that the two species are distinct, and that H. viridi
(Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Veneto), Rassati (2012). flavus should be divided into an eastern and western species,
with the name H. viridiflavus representing the western, and Homalopsis mereljcoxi J.C. Murphy, Voris, Murthy, Traub &
H. carbonarius the eastern species. Cumberbatch, 2012
HIMALAYOPHIS Malhotra & Thorpe, 2004 (Vipera: (2011); Vietnam (Hau Giang, Kien Giang), J.C. Murphy & Voris
Crotalinae) (2014).
Comment: See comment under Trimeresurus. Both Alencar Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a diagnosis
et al. (2016) and Zaher et al. (2019) resolve Himalayophis and photograph of the holotype.
tibetanus as the sister taxon to members of Popeia. As
Homalopsis nigroventralis Deuve, 1970
such, Himalayophis and Popeia could be considered con-
generic. Using mtDNA only, Captain et al. (2019) resolve Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a diagnosis
Himalayophis and their new species, Trimersurus arunacha and photograph.
lensis, as sister taxa, but which are then sister taxa to Parias, Homalopsis semizonata Blyth, 1855
Popeia and Viridovipera. Due to these conflicting results we Distribution: Add Myanmar (Kayin), J.C. Murphy & Voris
leave T. arunachalensis in Trimeresurus. (2014); Myanmar (Tanintharyi), Mulcahy et al. (2018);
Himalayophis tibetanus (Huang, 1982) Thailand (Phuket, Ranong), Pauwels & Sumontha (2016).
Distribution: Add Nepal (Bagmati), Z. Chen et al. (2019). Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a diagnosis
and photograph.
†HISPANOPHIS Szyndlar, 1985 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
†Hispanophis coronelloideus Szyndlar, 1985 HOMOROSELAPS Jan, 1858 (Atractaspididae:
Atractaspidinae)
†HOFFSTETTERELLA Rage, 1998 (Aniliidae) Comments: Using molecular data, Portillo et al. (2019a) con-
†Hoffstetterella brasiliensis Rage, 1998 firm the monophyly of Homoroselaps.
Homoroselaps dorsalis (A. Smith, 1849 in 1838–1849)
HOLOGERRHUM Günther, 1858 (Cyclocoridae) Homoroselaps lacteus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Hologerrhum dermali R.M. Brown, Leviton, Ferner & Sison,
2001 HOPLOCEPHALUS Wagler, 1830 (Elapidae)
Distribution: Add Philippines (Sibuyan I.), Leviton et al. Hoplocephalus bitorquatus (Jan, 1859)
(2018). Hoplocephalus bungaroides (Schlegel, 1837)
Hologerrhum philippinum Günther, 1858 Hoplocephalus stephensii Krefft, 1869
HOMALOPHIS W.C.H. Peters, 1871. Monatsb. Preuss. †HORDLEOPHIS Holman, 1996 (Booidea: incerta sedis)
Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1871: 577. (Homalopsidae) †Hordleophis balconae Holman, 1996
Type species: Homalophis doriae Peters, 1871 by monotypy.
HORMONOTUS Hallowell, 1857 (Lamprophiidae)
Distribution: Borneo.
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) revive this genus Hormonotus modestus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril,
based on morphology, and provide a generic diagnosis. 1854)
Distribution: Add Liberia, Trape & Baldé (2014); Gabon
Homalophis doriae W.C.H. Peters, 1871
(Ogooue-Ivindo), Pauwels et al. (2016b); Gabon (Ogooué-
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a diagnosis Lolo), Carlino & Pauwels (2014).
and photograph.
Homalophis gyii (Murphy, Voris & Auliya, 2005) †HUBEROPHIS Holman, 1977 (Booidea: incerta sedis)
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a diagnosis †Huberophis georgiensis Holman, 1977
and photograph.
HYDRABLABES Boulenger, 1891 (Natricidae)
HOMALOPSIS Kuhl & Hasselt, 1822 (Homalopsidae)
Hydrablabes periops (Günther, 1872)
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a generic Hydrablabes praefrontalis (Mocquard, 1890)
diagnosis.
Homalopsis buccata (Linnaeus, 1758) HYDRAETHIOPS Günther, 1872 (Natricidae)
Distribution: Add West Malaysia (Kedah), Shahriza et al. Comments: See comment under Helophis.
(2013); West Malaysia (Penang), Quah et al. (2013). Hydraethiops laevis Boulenger, 1904
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a diagnosis Hydraethiops melanogaster Günther, 1872
and photograph.
Homalopsis hardwickii Gray, 1842 HYDRELAPS Boulenger, 1896 (Elapidae)
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a diagnosis. Hydrelaps darwiniensis Boulenger, 1896
HYDRODYNASTES Fitzinger, 1843 (Dipsadidae: sea snake genera as polyphyletic with Hydrophis. They rec-
Xenodontinae) ommend combining those genera with Hydrophis, s.l., which
Hydrodynastes bicinctus (Hermann, 1804) involves twelve of the genera recognized by Wallach et al.
(2014).
Neotype: MPEG 24628, a 1635 mm male (M.S. Hoogmoed,
M.A. Ribeiro-Jr., & C. Oliveira-Araújo, 24 Nov. 2005), desig- Hydrophis atriceps Günther, 1864
nated by Murta-Fonseca et al. (2015). Distribution: Add Philippines (Mindanao, Samar, Sulu
Neotype locality: “the municipality of Novo Progresso Archip.), Leviton et al. (2018).
(07°02′25″S, 55°24′55″W, about 240 m above sea level), state Hydrophis belcheri (Gray, 1849)
of Pará, Brazil.” Distribution: Add Australia (Arafura Sea), A.R. Rasmussen
Distribution: Add Brazil (Amapa, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, et al. (2014).
Tocantins), Murta-Fonseca et al. (2015); Brazil (Mato Grosso Comments: A.R. Rasmussen et al. (2011a) describe specimens
do Sul), Ferreira et al. (2017). from Vietnam.
Comments: Murta-Fonseca et al. (2015) review geographic Hydrophis bituberculatus W.C.H. Peters, 1873
variation and conclude that two color morphs occupy the Hydrophis brookii Günther, 1872
Cerrado and Amazon rainforest, but broad intergradation
Distribution: Add West Malaysia (Selangor), Voris (2017).
does not warrant recognition of subspecies. They provide a
species account including description, locality map, and color Hydrophis caerulescens (Shaw, 1802)
photographs. Distribution: Add India (Gujarat), Patel & Vyas (2019).
Hydrodynastes gigas (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, Hydrophis coggeri (Kharin, 1984)
1854) Comments: see Distribution under H. melanocephalus.
Hydrodynastes melanogigas Franco, Fernandes & Bentim, Hydrophis curtus (Shaw, 1802)
2007 Distribution: Add Iran (Bushehr), Rezaie-Atagholipour et al.
Distribution: Add Brazil (Maranhão) and low elevation of (2016); India (Gujarat), Patel & Vyas (2019); Philippines
175 m, Jorge da Silva et al. (2012); Brazil (Mato Grosso), (Mindanao), Leviton et al. (2018).
Santos-Jr et al. (2017). Hydrophis cyanocinctus Daudin, 1803
HYDROMORPHUS W.C.H. Peters, 1859 (Dipsadidae: Distribution: Add Iran (Sistan and Baluchestan), Rezaie-
Dipsadinae) Atagholipour et al. (2016); India (Gujarat), Parmar (2019);
Philippines (Mindanao), Leviton et al. (2018).
Hydromorphus concolor W.C.H. Peters, 1859
Hydrophis czeblukovi (Kharin, 1984)
Hydrophis donaldi Ukuwela, Sanders & Fry, 2012
(2015).
Hydrophis elegans (Gray, 1842)
Hydromorphus dunni Slevin, 1942
Hydrophis fasciatus (Schneider, 1799)
HYDROPHIS Latreille in Sonnini & Latreille, 1801 Distribution: Add West Malaysia (Johor), Voris (2015).
(Elapidae) Hydrophis hendersoni Boulenger, 1903. J. Bombay Nat. Hist.
Synonyms: Add Pelamis Daudin, 1803, Disteira Lacépède, Soc. 14(4): 719, plate. (Distira hendersoni)
1804, Leioselasma Lacépède, 1804, Ophinectes Rafinesque- Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.10.9, a 940 mm female (T. Beath
Schmaltz, 1817, Nauticophis Lesson, 1832 in Bélanger, 1831– Henderson).
1834, Polyodontes Lesson, 1832 in Bélanger, 1831–1834,
Type locality: “Coast of Rangoon,” Myanmar.
Lapemis Gray, 1835 in Gray & Hardwicke, 1830–1835, Aturia
Gray, 1842, Elaphrodytes Gistel, 1848, Noterophis Gistel, Distribution: Myanmar (Yangon).
1848, Chitulia Gray, 1849, Enhydrina Gray, 1849, Kerilia Comments: A.R. Rasmussen et al. (2011b) revive this taxon
Gray, 1849, Acalyptus A.M.C. Duméril, 1853, Colubrinus due to discrete differences between it and H. nigrocinctus, of
A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854, Astrotia Fischer, which it was formerly considered a synonym.
1855, Pelamydoidis Fitzinger, 1861, Acalyptophis Boulenger, Hydrophis inornatus (Gray, 1849)
1896, Pelamydrus Stejneger, 1910, Dolichodira Wall, 1921, Distribution: Australian record is in error, likely based on H.
Melanomystax Wall, 1921, Micromastophis Wall, 1921, major, A.R. Rasmussen et al. (2014).
Polyodontognathus Wall, 1921, Polypholophis Wall,
Hydrophis jerdonii (Gray, 1849)
1921, Porrecticollis Wall, 1921, Praescutata, Wall, 1921, Hydrophis kingii Boulenger, 1896
Pseudodistira Kinghorn, 1926, Thalassophina M.A. Smith, Hydrophis klossi Boulenger, 1912
1926, Mediohydrophis Kharin, 2004.
Hydrophis laboutei A.R. Rasmussen & Ineich, 2000
Distribution: Tropical and subtropical zones and shorelines of
the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Hydrophis lamberti M.A. Smith, 1917
Comments: The DNA-sequence based phylogeny produced Distribution: Add Philippines (Luzon), Leviton et al. (2018).
by Sanders et al. (2013) renders most classically recognized Hydrophis lapemoides Gray, 1849
Hydrophis macdowelli Kharin, 1983 Holotype: MZUCR 20614, a 52 cm female (A. Solórzano,
Hydrophis major (Shaw, 1802) 13 Feb. 2009).
Hydrophis mamillaris (Daudin, 1803) Type locality: “Costa Rica: Golfo Dulce: inner basin,
Distribution: Add India (Gujarat), Patel & Vyas (2019). 08°35.76′N; 083°13.25′W.”
Hydrophis melanocephalus Gray, 1849 Distribution: Add Iran (Sistan and Baluchestan), Rezaie-
Atagholipour et al. (2016); India (Goa), Palot and
Distribution: A.R. Rasmussen et al. (2014) refer all Australian
Radhakrishnan (2010); India (Gujarat), Parmar (2018); West
records of this species to H. coggeri.
Malaysia (Johore), Voris (2015); Philippines (Mindanao),
Hydrophis melanosoma Günther, 1864 Sanguila et al. (2016); Philippines (Jolo, Sibutu, Surigao),
Hydrophis nigrocinctus Daudin, 1803 Leviton et al. (2018); Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback
(2015). Palot & Radhakrishnan (2010) confirm the presence
Synonyms: Add Disteira walli Kharin, 1989. Remove Distira
in Kerala, India. Quiñones et al. (2014) report a second speci-
hendersoni Boulenger, 1903.
men from Peru.
Distribution: India (Bengal), West Malaysia, and possibly
Comments: Solórzano (2011) describes the color pattern vari-
Bangladesh.
ation in the Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica, which was later used in
Comments: A.R. Rasmussen et al. (2011b) synonymize describing H. p. xanthos.
D. walli due to overlap in morphological characters.
Hydrophis schistosus Daudin, 1803
Hydrophis obscurus Daudin, 1803
Distribution: Exclude Australia, A.R. Rasmussen et al. (2014).
Hydrophis ocellatus Gray, 1849. Cat. Spec. Snakes Coll. Brit. Comments: See under H. zweifeli.
Mus.: 53–54. (Hydrophis ocellata)
Hydrophis semperi Garman, 1881
Synonyms: Hydrophis godeffroyi W.C.H. Peters, 1873, Distira Hydrophis sibauensis A.R. Rasmussen, Auliya & Böhme,
mjoebergi Lönnberg & Andersson, 1913. 2001
Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.3.91, a halfgrown female Hydrophis spiralis (Shaw, 1802)
(Macgillivray).
Distribution: Add Iran (Hormozgan), Rezaie-Atagholipour
Type locality: “Australian seas?” et al. (2016).
Distribution: N Australia, Aru Islands, New Guinea, Gilbert Hydrophis stokesii (Gray in Stokes, 1846)
Islands. Hydrophis stricticollis Günther, 1864
Comments: Sanders et al. (2013) produce a DNA sequence- Hydrophis torquatus Günther, 1864
based phylogeny in which H. ornatus and H. ocellatus are Hydrophis viperinus (P. Schmidt, 1852)
paraphyletic with respect to H. lamberti, and all three are Hydrophis vorisi Kharin, 1984
considered separate species.
Hydrophis zweifeli (Kharin, 1985)
Hydrophis ornatus (Gray, 1842) Distribution: Add Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland).
Synonyms: Remove Hydrophis ocellata Gray, 1849, Comments: A.R. Rasmussen et al. (2014) find that all exam-
Hydrophis godeffroyi W.C.H. Peters, 1873, Distira mjoebergi ined Australian specimens of H. schistosus are referable to
Lönnberg & Andersson, 1913. H. zweifeli based on morphology.
Distribution: Excludes Australia, A.R. Rasmussen et al. (2014),
and New Guinea, Aru and Gilbert Islands. Add Iran (Bushehr, HYDROPS Wagler, 1830 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae)
Sistan and Baluchestan), Rezaie-Atagholipour et al. (2016). Hydrops caesurus Scrocchi, Ferreira, Giraudo, Avila &
Comments: See under H. ocellatus. Motte, 2005
Hydrophis pachycercos J.G. Fischer, 1855 Distribution: Add Paraguay (San Pedro), Buongermini &
Hydrophis pacificus Boulenger, 1896 Cacciali (2017).
Distribution: Add northern Australia, A.R. Rasmussen et al. Hydrops martii (Wagler in Spix, 1824)
(2014). Distribution: Add Colombia (Guainia), Entiauspe-Neto
Comments: Rasmussen et al. (2014) note that morphological (2017b); Brazil (Amapá), Entiauspe-Neto (2017b); Brazil
and molecular data of Australian specimens are conspecific (Marajo I., Para), G.M. Rodrigues et al. (2015); Peru (Ucayali),
with populations of H. cyanocinctus from eastern Asia. Entiauspe-Neto (2017b).
Hydrophis parviceps M.A. Smith, 1935 Hydrops triangularis (Wagler in Spix, 1824)
Comments: A.R. Rasmussen et al. (2011a) describe additional Distribution: Add Brazil (Acre), D.P.F. França et al. (2017);
specimens from Vietnam. Brazil (Mato Grosso), Albuquerque & Lema, 2008.
Hydrophis peronii (A.M.C. Duméril, 1853) HYPNALE Fitzinger, 1843 (Viperidae: Crotalinae)
Hydrophis platura (Linnaeus, 1766) Hypnale hypnale (Merrem, 1820)
Synonyms: Hydrophis platurus xanthos Bessesen & Distribution: Add India (Goa), Sawant et al. (2010); India
Galbreath, 2017. ZooKeys 686: 115–117, fig. 2. (Maharashtra), Sayyed (2016).
Hypnale nepa (Laurenti, 1768) Hypsiglena torquata (Günther, 1860)

Hypnale zara (Gray, 1849) Disribution: Upper elevation of 1500 m, Palacios-Aguilar &
Flores-Villela (2018).
HYPOPTOPHIS Boulenger, 1908 (Atractaspididae:
Comments: Mulcahy et al. (2014) recover an undescribed spe-
Aparallactinae)
cies from S Sonora, N Sinaloa, Mexico populations, based on
Hypoptophis wilsonii Boulenger, 1908 DNA sequence data.
Distribution: Add Angola (Lunda Norte), Branch (2018). Hypsiglena unaocularis Tanner, 1946. Great Basin Nat. 5(3–
4): 74–76, pl. 3. (Hysiglena ochrorhynchus unaocularus)
HYPSIGLENA Cope, 1860 (Dipsadidae: Dipsadinae)
Holotype: AMNH 62756, a 480 mm male.
Comment: Mulcahy et al. (2014) present a revised DNA
sequence-based phylogeny, from which they recognize nine Type locality: “Clarion Island, the most southwestern of the
named and two undescribed species. J.L. Lee et al. (2016) Revilla Gigedo Island Group, Mexico.”
discuss the utility of some morphological data in discerning Distribution: Mexico (Clarion I., Colima).
species. E.A. Myers et al. (2017a) provide a DNA sequence- Comments: Mulcahy et al. elevate unaocularis to species
based phylogeny of USA populations, with three primary based on DNA-based phylogenetic placement in a clade con-
clades: partially overlapping eastern and western clades pass- taining H. catalinae and an undescribed species.
ing through central Arizona, USA, and a third clade in SE
Arizona. HYPSIRHYNCHUS Günther, 1858 (Dipsadidae:
Hypsiglena affinis Boulenger, 1894 Xenodontinae)
Hypsiglena catalinae Tanner, 1966. Trans. San Diego Soc. Comments: See under Schwartzophis.
Nat. Hist. 14(15): 192–193, fig. 1. (Hypsiglena torquata Hypsirhynchus ferox Günther, 1858
catalinae) Hypsirhynchus parvifrons (Cope, 1862)
Holotype: SDSNH 44680, a 371 mm male (G.E. Lindsay, 25 Hypsirhynchus scalaris Cope, 1862
June 1964).
HYPSISCOPUS Fitzinger, 1843. Syst. Rept.: 25.
Type locality: “Santa Catalina Island, approximately 25° 38′
(Homalopsidae)
N, 110° 47′ W, Gulf of California, Baja California, Mexico.”
Distribution: NW Mexico (Santa Catalina I., Baja California Type species: Homalopsis plumbea F. Boie in H. Boie, 1827,
Sur). by monotypy.
Comments: Mulcahy et al. (2014) elevate catalinae to species Distribution: SE Asia and Indonesia.
based on DNA-based phylogenetic placement in a clade con- Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) revive this genus
taining H. unaocularis and an undescribed species. based on morphology, and provide a generic diagnosis.
Hypsiglena chlorophaea Cope, 1860 Hypsiscopus matannensis (Boulenger, 1897)
Synonyms: Remove Hypsiglena torquata catalinae Tanner, Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a diagnosis
1966. and photograph of the holotype.
Comment: E.A. Myers et al. (2013a) present a phylogeographic Hypsiscopus plumbeus (H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827)
analysis between populations of the subspecies H. c. desertic Distribution: Add China (Nan Ao Island), Qing et al. (2015).
ola. Mulcahy et al. (2014) recover an undescribed species from Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a diagnosis
SE Arizona, USA populations based on DNA sequence data, and photograph.
and also elevate catalinae to species.
Hypsiglena jani (Dugès, 1865) IALTRIS Cope, 1862 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae)
Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha Cope, 1860 Synonyms: Add Darlingtonia Cochran, 1935.
Synonyms: Remove Hypsiglena ochrorhynchus unaocularus Comments: Using DNA sequence-data, Krysko et al. (2015)
Tanner, 1946. and Zaher et al. (2019) subsume Darlingtonia within Ialtris,
despite the comparison with only I. dorsalis.
Distribution: Remove Mexico (Baja California Sur: Santa
Catalina Island), see H. catalinae. Ialtris agyrtes Schwartz & Rossman, 1976
Hypsiglena slevini Tanner, 1943 Ialtris dorsalis (Günther, 1858)
Distribution: Northern-most record in Baja California, Distribution: Add Dominican Republic (Peravia), Disla et al.
Mexico, S. Murray et al. (2015). (2019).
Hypsiglena tanzeri Dixon & Lieb, 1972 Ialtris haetiana (Cochran, 1935)
Ialtris parishi Cochran, 1932
Duistribution: Add Mexico (Hidalgo), and increase eleva-
tion range to 1600 m, Morales-Capellán et al. (2016); Mexico
IGUANOGNATHUS Boulenger, 1898 (? Natricidae)
(Tamaulipas), Rautsaw et al. (2018). Flores-Hernández et al.
(2017) provide an additional record. Iguanognathus werneri Boulenger, 1898
IMANTODES A.M.C. Duméril, 1853 (Dipsadidae: †INCONGRUELAPS Scanlon, Lee & Archer, 2003
Dipsadinae) (Elapidae)
Imantodes cenchoa (Linnaeus, 1758) †Incongruelaps iteratus Scanlon, Lee & Archer, 2003
Flores-Villela (2018); Honduras (Choluteca, Santa Bárbara), †INDOPHIS Rage & Prasad, 1992 (†Nigerophiidae)
Espinal et al. (2014a), McCranie et al. (2013b); Honduras Comments: Pritchard et al. (2014) provide a revised generic
(Francisco Morazán), Solís et al. (2015); Panama (Panama diagnosis based on new material.
Oeste), Ray & Ruback (2015); Colombia (Cesar), Medina- †Indophis fanambinana Pritchard, McCartney, Krause &
Rangel (2011); Colombia (Gorgona I.), Urbina-Cardona et al. Kley, 2014. J. Vert. Paleontol. 34(5): 1084–1087, fig. 2.
(2008); Colombia (Valle del Cauca: Isla Palma), Giraldo Holotype: UA 9942, a posterior trunk vertebra.
et al. (2014); Ecuador (Manabi), Almendáriz et al. (2012);
Ecuador (Zamora-Chinchipe), Almendáriz et al. (2014); Peru Type locality: “Locality MAD10-24, Lac Kinkony Study
(Huanuco), Schlüter et al. (2004); Peru (Puno), Llanqui et al. Area, Mahajanga Basin, northwestern Madagasgar.”
(2019); Brazil (Maranhao, Roraima, Tocantins), Missassi & Distribution: Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of NW
Prudente (2015); Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Missassi & Madagascar (Mahajanga).
Prudente (2015) and Ferreira et al. (2017); Brazil (Paraiba), †Indophis sahnii Rage & Prasad, 1992
R. França et al. (2012); Brazil (Alagoas), R. Marques et al.
(2013); Brazil (Pernambuco), Guedes et al. (2014). INDOTYPHLOPS Hedges, Marion, Lipp, Marin &
Vidal, 2014. Caribbean Herpetol. 49:37. (Typhlopidae:
Imantodes chocoensis Torres-Carvajal, Yánez-Muñoz,
Asiatyphlopinae)
Quirola, E.N. Smith & Almendáriz, 2012
Type species: Typhlops pammeces Günther, 1864 by original
Distribution: Add Colombia (Antioquia, Choco), Missassi
designation.
et al. (2015); Colombia (Valle del Cauca), and low elevation of
25 m, Jaramillo-Martínez et al. (2013). Distribution: S Asia.
Imantodes gemmistratus Cope, 1861
vide generic diagnoses.
Distribution: Add Mexico (Tabasco), Charruau et al. (2015),
Indotyphlops albiceps (Boulenger, 1898)
Mexico (Zacatecas), Bañuelos-Alamillo et al. (2017);
Nicaragua (Masaya), Sunyer et al. (2014); Panama (Panama Distribution: Add Cambodia (Kampot), Neang et al. (2017).
Oeste), Ray & Ruback (2015); Colombia (Boyaca, Cesar, Indotyphlops braminus (Daudin, 1803)
Guajira), Missassi & Prudente (2015). Distribution: Add Cuba, Díaz & Cádiz (2014); Montserrat,
Imantodes guane Missassi & Prudente, 2015. Zootaxa Snyder et al. (2019); French West Indies (La Désirade I.),
3980(4): 563–570, figs. 2–6. Lorvelec et al. (2016); Mexico (Baja California), Valdez-
Villavicencio et al. (2016); Mexico (Chihuahua), Carbajal-
Holotype, ICN 5730, a 1096 mm male (R. Hernández, 1981).
Márquez et al. (2015a); Mexico (Tamaulipas), Farr et al.
Type locality: “headwater of the Luisito River, Virolín (2013); Mexico (Yucatan), Paradiz-Dominguez (2016); Mexico
(6°18′18″N, 73°10′25″W; 1750 m asl), municipality of Charalá, (Zacatecas), Bañuelos-Alamillo & Carbajal-Márquez (2016);
Department of Santander, Colombia.” Mexico (Cozumel I., Quintana Roo), Pavón-Vázquez et al.
Distribution: Eastern Cordillera of Colombia (Santander), (2016a); Honduras (Atlantida), McCranie & Valdés-Orellana
1750–2324 m. (2015); Honduras (Cortés), McCranie et al. (2014a); Honduras
Imantodes inornatus Boulenger, 1896 (Ocotepeque), McCranie (2014b); Iran (Hormozgan),
Afroosheh et al., (2010); Myanmar (Tanintharyi), Mulcahy
Distribution: Add Nicaragua (Atlantico Norte, Atlantico Sur,
et al. (2018); Thailand (Chanthaburi), Chan-ard et al. (2011);
Rio San Juan), Sunyer et al. (2014); Panama (Panama), Ray &
Thailand (Rayong: Koh Man Ni Island), Chan-ard and Makchai
Ruback (2015); Colombia (Antioquia), Missassi & Prudente
(2011); Indonesia (Yamdena Island), Lang (2013); Philippines
(2015).
(Camiguin Norte, Ivojos Is.), Leviton et al. (2018); Philippines
Imantodes lentiferus Cope, 1894 (Tablas I.), Siler et al. (2012); Papua New Guinea (Woodlark
Distribution: Add Colombia (Caqueta, Meta), Missassi & Island), Kraus (2013); Papua New Guinea (Manam Island),
Prudente (2015); SE-most record, Brazil (Pará), and low ele- Clegg & Jocque (2016); Papua New Guinea (Oro), O’Shea
vation of 85 m, Ascenso & Missassi (2015). Frota et al. (2015) et al. (2018b, suppl.); Portugal (Madeira Island), Jesus et al.
map known localities and describe specimens from distribu- (2013); Spain (Baleares: Mallorca), Mateo (2015); Vanuatu
tion gaps in Brazil. (Toga Island), Ineich (2009); Canaries (Fuerteventura, La
Gomera, Lanzarote and Tenerife Islands), Urioste & Mateo
Imantodes phantasma C.W. Myers, 1982
(2011); Libya (Gharyan), Joger et al. (2008).
Distribution: Add Colombia (Choco), and upper elevation of
Comments: Rato et al. (2015) were unable to determine the
1175 m, Medina-Rangel et al. (2018).
source of introduced European populations due to identical
Imantodes tenuissimus Cope, 1867 rRNA fragments with other samples.
Indotyphlops exiguus (Jan, 1864 in Jan & Sordelli, Type species: Karnsophis siantaris J.C. Murphy & Voris, 2013.
1860–1866) Distribution: W Indonesia.
Indotyphlops filiformis (A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844) Comments: Related to Brachyorrhos and Calamophis accord-
Indotyphlops jerdoni (Boulenger, 1890) ing to J.C. Murphy & Voris (2013). J.C. Murphy & Voris
Indotyphlops lankaensis (Taylor, 1947) (2014) provide a diagnosis.
Indotyphlops lazelli (Wallach & Pauwels, 2002) Karnsophis siantaris J.C. Murphy & Voris, 2013. Asian
Indotyphlops leucomelas (Boulenger, 1890) Herpetol. Res. 4(2): 142–144, fig. 2.
Comments: Hedges et al. (2014) assign leucomelas and tenui Holotype: USNM 103578, a 465 mm male (George Vanderbilt
collis to Argyrophis, but Pyron & Wallach (2014) note that Sumatran Expedition, 1937).
they are morphologically closer to species of Indotyphlops. Type locality: “Siantar, Sumatera Utara, Sumatra, Indonesia
Indotyphlops loveridgei (Constable, 1949) (∼ 1°58′ N, 99°47′ E).”
Indotyphlops madgemintonae (Khan, 1999) Distribution: Indonesia (Sumatra). Known only from type
Indotyphlops malcolmi (Taylor, 1947) locality.
Indotyphlops meszoelyi (Wallach, 1999)
Indotyphlops ozakiae (Wallach in Niyomwan, 1999)
Indotyphlops pammeces (Günther, 1864)
Indotyphlops porrectus (Stoliczka, 1871)
†KATARIA Scanferla, Zaher, Novas, Muizon & Céspedes,
Indotyphlops schmutzi (Auffenberg, 1980)
2013. PLoS One 8(e57583): 2. (Booidea: incerta sedis)
Indotyphlops tenebrarum (Taylor, 1947)
Type species: †Kataria anisodonta Scanferla, Zaher, Novas,
Indotyphlops tenuicollis (W.C.H. Peters, 1864)
Muizon & Céspedes, 2013 by monotypy.
Comments: See under I. leucomelas.
Comments: A phylogenetic analysis provided by Scanferia
Indotyphlops veddae (Taylor, 1947)
et al. (2013) places Kataria as sister taxon to the Caenophidia.
Indotyphlops violaceus (Taylor, 1947)
†Kataria anisodonta Scanferla, Zaher, Novas, Muizon &
INYOKA Branch & Kelly in Kelly et al., 2011 Céspedes, 2013. PLoS One 8(e57583): 2–5, figs. 1–3.
(Lamprophiidae) Holotype: MHNC 13323, an incomplete skull.
Inyoka swazicus (Schaefer, 1970) Type locality: “Tiupampa locality, Mizque province of the
Holotype: Updated to PEM R13502 by Conradie et al. (2019). department of Cochabamba, Bolivia.”
Distribution: Early Paleocene (Danian) of Cochabamba,
ISANOPHIS David, Pauwels, Nguyen & Vogel, 2015b. Bolivia.
Zootaxa 3948(2): 205–206. (Natricidae)
Type species: Parahelicops boonsongi Taylor & Elbel, 1958, †KELYOPHIS LaDuke, Krause, Scanlon & Kley, 2010
by original designation. (†Nigerophiidae)
Distribution: Northeastern Thailand. †Kelyophis hechti LaDuke, Krause, Scanlon & Kley, 2010
Comments: David et al. (2015b) present a diagnosis and Comments: Pritchard et al. (2014) describe additional verte-
revised description for the genus and only species. bral material from near the type locality.
Isanophis boonsongi (Taylor & Elbel, 1958)
Comments: Known from three specimens according to David KLADIROSTRATUS Conradie, Keates & Edwards in
et al. (2015b). Keates et al., 2019 (Psammophiidae)
Type species: Psammophis acutus Günther, 1888 by original
†ITABORAIOPHIS Rage, 2011 (Booidea: incerta sedis) designation.
†Itaboraiophis depressus Rage, 2011 Distribution: S Africa.
Comments: Keates et al. (2019) create a new genus for
ITHYCYPHUS Günther, 1873 (Pseudoxyrhophiidae) Psammophis acutus based on its unique morphology, and
Ithycyphus blanci Domergue, 1988 sister-relationship to all species of Psammophylax.
Ithycyphus goudotii (Schlegel, 1837) Kladirostratus acutus (Günther, 1888)
Ithycyphus miniatus (Schlegel, 1837) Distribution: Add Angola (Cauando-Cubango), Conradie
Distribution: Add Madagascar (Nosy Komba), Roberts & et al. (2016b); Angola (Lunda Norte, Moxico), M.P. Marques
Daly (2014). et al. (2018).
Ithycyphus oursi Domergue, 1986 Kladirostratus togoensis (Matschie, 1893)
Ithycyphus perineti Domergue, 1986 Comments: Keates et al. (2019) provisionally transfer
Psammophylax togoensis to Kladirostratus based on mor-
KARNSOPHIS J.C. Murphy & Voris, 2013 (Homalopsidae) phological similarity.
KOLPOPHIS M.A. Smith, 1926 (Elapidae) Holotype: MNHN 1888.129, a 1285 mm female (M.F.
Kolpophis annandalei (Laidlaw, 1902) Bocourt).
Type locality: “Haute Vera Paz” (=Alta Verapaz, Guatemala);
†KREBSOPHIS Rage & C. Werner, 1999 stated as “Coban” in MNHN register.
(†Anomalophiidae) Distribution: Mexico (SE Guerrero, Oaxaca, Chiapas, S
†Krebsophis thobanus Rage & C. Werner, 1999 Veracruz, Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatan, Quintana Roo),
Guatemala (Alta Verapaz, Escuentla, Jutiapa, Retalhuleu,
KUALATAHAN J.C. Murphy & Voris, 2014. Fieldiana Life Petén), Belize (Cayo, Orange Walk, Stann Creek), El
Earth Sci. (8): 27. (Homalopsidae) Salvador (La Libertad, La Paz, Morazán, San Miguel, San
Type species: Enhydris pahangensis Tweedie, 1946 by origi- Salvador, Santa Ana), Honduras (Atlántida, Choluteca,
nal designation. Cortés, El Paraiso, Francisco Morazán, Olancho, Vallé, Yoro),
Distribution: West Malaysia. Nicaragua (Esteli, Granada, Managua, Matagalpa, Rio San
Kualatahan pahangensis (Tweedie, 1946) Juan, Zelaya), Costa Rica (Alajuela, Guanacaste, Heredia,
Puntarenas). Much of the distribution is speculative due to
sparse molecular sampling by Ruane et al. (2014). See also
and photograph of the holotype.
Garcia-Padilla & Mata-Silva (2014a), Solis et al. (2014).
LACHESIS Daudin, 1803 (Viperidae: Crotalinae) Comments: Removed from the synonymy of L. triangulum by
Lachesis acrochorda (García, 1896) Ruane et al. (2014).
Distribution: Add Panama (Panamá), Fuentes & Corrales Lampropeltis alterna (A.E. Brown, 1902)
(2016); Ecuador (Pichincha, Santo Domingo), and upper ele- Distribution: Delete Mexico (Chihuahua), Hansen & Salmon
vation of 1070, Valencia et al. (2016). (2017), who give an elevational range of 384–2311 m.
Lachesis melanocephala Solórzano & Cerdas, 1986 Nevárez-de los Reyes et al. (2016c) present new records from
Lachesis muta (Linnaeus, 1766) Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Hansen & Alamillo (2018) correct a
misidentified record for Zacatecas by Campos-Rodríguez
Distribution: Add Colombia (Caqueta, Putumayo), Díaz-
et al. (2017) to L. greeri. Hansen & Salmon (2017) map known
Ricaurte et al. (2017); Ecuador (Pastaza, Sucumbios, Zamora-
localities.
Chinchipe), and upper elevation of 1100 m, Valencia et al.
Comments: Ruane et al. (2014) discuss phylogenetic relation-
(2016); Peru (Cusco), Carrasco et al. (2019); Peru (Huanuco),
ship. Hansen & Salmon (2017) provide a species account,
Schlüter et al. (2004); Brazil (Roraima), Moraes et al. (2017).
map, and color photographs. E.A. Myers et al. (2019) analyze
R. Rodrigues et al. (2013) confirm the distribution in Paraiba,
genetic material that detects three lineages: Trans-Pecos,
Brazil.
Mapimian, and Sierra Madre Occidental.
Comments: Díaz-Ricaurte et al. (2017) provide a species
account for Colombia. Lampropeltis annulata Kennicott in Cope, 1860e. Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 12: 257.
Lachesis stenophrys Cope, 1875a
Synonyms: Coronella doliata conjuncta Jan 1863b,
Distribution: Add Nicaragua (Rio San Juan), Sunyer et al.
Lampropeltis triangulum dixoni Quinn, 1983.
(2014); Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback (2015).
Holotype: ANSP 3613, (Lt. Couch).
LAMPROPELTIS Fitzinger, 1843 (Colubridae: Colubrinae) Type locality: stated as “Texas,” corrected to “Matamoros,
Comments: Systematic studies are by E.A. Myers et al. Tamaulipas,” Mexico by Kennicott (1861).
(2013, revision of L. zonata), Ruane et al. (2014, revision of
Distribution: SC USA (S Texas), NE Mexico (Hidalgo, Nuevo
the L. triangulum group); McKelvy & Burbrink (2017, revi-
Leon, Queretaro, E San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, perhaps
sion of L. calligaster); Krysko et al. (2017, revision of the
also Coahuila). Ruane et al. (2014) give the range as pri-
L. getula group), Hansen & Salmon (2017, revision of the
marily Tamaulipas and possible to the south. However the
L. mexicana group). Chen et al. (2017) present a phylogeny
range undoubtedly extends northward into southern Texas.
that has the species of Lampropeltis in two clades: species
See Powell et al. (2016) for the range in southern Texas.
that are blotched or cross-banded, and species that are ringed
Fernández-Badillo et al. (2017) confirm the distribution in
and/or tricolor.
Hidalgo at elevations of 961 to 1365 m.
Lampropeltis abnorma (Bocourt, 1886 in A.H.A. Duméril,
Comments: Removed from the synonymy of L. triangulum by
Bocourt & Mocquard, 1870–1909). Miss. Sci. Mex. Rept.,
Ruane et al. (2014).
livr. 10: 614, pl. 39, fig. 4. (Coronella formosa var. abnorma)
Lampropeltis californiae (Blainville, 1835)
Synonyms: Coronella formosa anomala Bocourt, 1886,
Coronella formosa oligozona Bocourt, 1886; Lampropeltis Synonyms: Remove L. g. nigritus Zweifel & Norris, 1955.
polyzona blanchardi Stuart, 1935; Lampropeltis triangulum Distribution: Add Mexico (Baja California Sur: Isla del
hondurensis Williams, 1978; Lampropeltis triangulum stu Carmen), Frick et al. (2016b). Remove Sinaloa and all but NW
arti Williams, 1978. Sonora (see Comments).
Comments: Krysko et al. (2017) remove L. g. nigritus from the Type locality: “Rancho Santa Barbara (Weicher Ranch),
synonymy. E.A. Myers et al. (2017a) provide a DNA-sequence 29 miles west-southwest of Ciudad Durango, Durango,
based phylogeny with three primary clades. México,…ca. 7400 feet.”
Lampropeltis calligaster (Harlan, 1827) Distribution: Central Mexico (Aguascalientes, S Durango,
Distribution: Central United States “… all populations west N Jalisco, E Nayarit, Zacatecas), 2104–2603 m. Hansen &
of the Mississippi River in the plains states and crosses Salmon (2017) map known localities.
the Mississippi River embayment east to Illinois, Indiana, Comments: Hansen & Salmon (2017) provide a species
Kentucky, Western Tennessee and northern Mississippi,” account, map, and color photographs. They resurrect L. greeri
McKelvy & Burbrink, (2017). from the synonymy of L. mexicana based on allopatric distri-
Comments: McKelvy & Burbrink (2017) subdivide L. calli bution, distinct color pattern, and lack of convergence in areas
gaster into three species: nominal, plus L. rhombomaculata of parapatry.
and L. occipitolineata. Lampropeltis holbrooki Stejneger, 1902
Lampropeltis elapsoides (Holbrook, 1838) Lampropeltis knoblochi Taylor, 1940
Lampropeltis extenuata (A. E. Brown, 1890) Lampropeltis leonis Günther, 1893 in 1885–1909. Biol. Centr.
Lampropeltis floridana Blanchard, 1919. Occas. Pap. Univ. Amer. Rept. Batr.: 110, pl. 39. (Coronella leonis)
Michigan Mus. Zool. (70): 1–5, fig. 1. (Lampropeltis getulus Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.4.10, a 597 mm specimen (W.
floridana) Taylor).
Synonym: Lampropeltis getulus brooksi Barbour, 1919. Type locality: “Mexico, Nuevo Leon.”
Holotype: USNM 22368, an 1138 mm female (W. Palmer, Distribution: Mexico (SE Coahuila, S Nuevo Leon, ext. W
March 1895). Tamaulipas), 1036–2268 m. Nevárez-de los Reyes et al.
Type locality: “Orange Hammock, De Soto County (northeast (2016c) present new records from Coahuila, Mexico (as
portion), Florida,” USA. L. mexicana). Hansen & Salmon (2017) map known localities.
Distribution: Southeastern USA (peninsular Florida). Comments: Hansen & Salmon (2017) provide a species
account, map, and color photographs. They resurrect O. leo
Comments: Removed from the synonymy of L. getula by
nis from the synonymy of L. mexicana based on allopatric
Krysko et al. (2017).
distribution, distinct color pattern, and lack of convergence in
Lampropeltis gentilis (Baird & Girard, 1853). Cat. N. Amer. areas of parapatry.
Rept., part I, Serpents: 90–91. (Ophibolus gentilis) Lampropeltis meansi Krysko & Judd, 2006. Zootaxa 1193:
Synonyms: Lampropeltis amaura Cope, 1860e, Lampropeltis 24, 26, fig. 12. (Lampropeltis getula meansi)
multistriata Kennicott, 1861, Ophibolus doliatus occipitalis Holotype: UF 73433, an 1195 mm male (D. B. Means, 9 June
Cope, 1889a, Ophibolus doliatus parallelus Cope, 1889a, 1970).
Lampropeltis pyrrhomelaena celaenops Stejneger, 1902b,
Lampropeltis doliata taylori Tanner & Loomis, 1957. Type locality: “Apalachicola National Forest on FH-13 ca.
3.2 km W SR 67, Liberty County, Florida, United States.”
Lectotype, USNM 1853, a 682 + mm male (R.B. Marcy, 14
July 1852), designated by Blanchard (1921). Distribution: Southeastern USA (NC Florida).
Comments: Removed from the synonymy of L. getula by
Type locality: “Red River, Ark.,” emended to “north fork
Krysko et al. (2017).
of the Red River, near Sweetwater Creek, Wheeler County,
Texas” by Stejneger & Barbour (1917). Lampropeltis mexicana (Garman, 1884)
Distribution: USA (Louisiana, W Arkansas, extreme WC Synonyms: Remove Coronella leonis Günther, 1893 in 1885–
Missouri, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, W South 1909, Lampropeltis greeri Webb, 1961.
Dakota, Montana, E Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, NE Distribution: C Mexico (Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Hidalgo,
Nevada, Utah, E Arizona). Add N Mexico (Coahuila), Baeza- Mexico, San Luis Potosi), 1194–2438 m. Records for states of
Tarin et al. (2018a). Hidalgo and México are confirmed by Hansen et al. (2016).
Comments: Removed from the synonymy of L. triangulum by Hansen & Salmon (2017) map known localities. Quintero-
Ruane et al. (2014). Díaz & Carbajal-Márquez (2019) report new records.
Lampropeltis getula (Linnaeus, 1766) Comments: Hansen & Salmon (2017) provide a species
account, map, and color photographs.
Distribution: Remove S and C Florida from range (see
Comments). Lampropeltis micropholis Cope, 1860. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Comments: Krysko et al. (2017) remove L. floridana and Philadelphia 12: 257–258.
L. meansi from the synonymy. Synonyms: Coronella doliata formosa Jan 1863b,
Lampropeltis triangulum gaigae Dunn, 1937a; Lampropeltis
Lampropeltis greeri Webb, 1961. Copeia 1961(3): 326–328,
triangulum andesiana Williams, 1978.
fig. 1.
Type: Holotype, ANSP 3427, a 391 mm male (J.L. LeConte).
Holotype: MSU 190, a 364 mm male (J.K. Greer, 18 July
1958). Type locality: “Panama.”
Distribution: E Costa Rica (Alajuela, Cartago, Limon, smithi Williams, 1978, Lampropeltis triangulum campbelli
Puntarenas, San José), Panama (Canal Zone, Chiriquí, Darién, Quinn, 1983.
Panamá, Panamá Oeste), W Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántico, Holotype: ANSP 9770, an 1115 mm male (Mr. Pease).
Caldas, Caqueta, Cauca, Cesar, Chocó, Cundinamarca,
Type locality: “Quatupe, near Jalapa,” Veracruz, Mexico.
Huila, Magdalena, Tolima, Valle), W Venezuela (Distrito
Federal, Merida, Zulia) and W Ecuador (Bolivar, Guayas, Distribution: Mexico (SW Chihuahua, Colima, Guanajuato,
Imbabura, Los Rios [Almendáriz & Carr, 2012], Pichincha). Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit
Add Colombia (Quindio), Quintero-Ángel et al. (2012) [including Tres Marias Is.], Oaxaca, Puebla, Sinaloa, S Sonora,
NC Veracruz). Add Mexico (Aquascalientes), Quintero-Diaz
et al. (2014a). Leyte-Manrique et al. (2017) confirm and add
Ruane et al. (2014), who placed Lampropeltis t. andesiana as
records for Guanajuato.
a synonym without supporting molecular data.
Lampropeltis multifasciata (Bocourt, 1886 in A.H.A. Ruane et al. (2014).
Duméril, Bocourt & Mocquard, 1870–1909). Miss. Sci. Mex.
Lampropeltis pyromelana (Cope, 1867)
Rept., livr. 10: 616–617, pl. 40, fig. 2. (Coronella multifasciata)
Lampropeltis rhombomaculata (Holbrook, 1840). N.
Synonyms: Lampropeltis agalma Van Denburgh & Slevin,
Amer. Herpetol., 1st ed., 4: 103–104, pl. 20. (Coluber
1923, Lampropeltis herrerae Van Denburgh & Slevin, 1923,
rhombo-maculatus)
Lampropeltis zonata parvirubra Zweifel, 1952, Lampropeltis
zonata pulchra Zweifel, 1952. Type: none designated according to Blaney (1979b).
Holotype: MNHNP 1884.326, a 446 mm specimen (M. de Type locality: “Georgia and Alabama”; restricted to Atlanta,
Cessac, 31 July 1884). Georgia, USA by Schmidt (1953a).
Type locality: “Californie,” USA; from San Luis Obispo Distribution: Southeastern USA (SE Louisiana, S Mississippi,
according to MNHNP register. Alabama, panhandle of Florida, N Georgia, E Tennessee,
South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Washington, D.C.,
Distribution: USA (SW California), Mexico (Baja California,
S Maryland).
Todos Santos I.).
Comments: Removed from the synonymy of L. calligaster, of
Comments: Removed from the synonymy of L. zonata by
which it was formerly a subspecies, by McKelvy & Burbrink
E.A. Myers et al. (2013b).
(2017).
Lampropeltis nigra (Yarrow, 1882)
Lampropeltis ruthveni Blanchard, 1920
Lampropeltis nigrita Zweifel and Norris, 1955. Amer. Midl. Distribution: Add Mexico (Guanajuato), Hansen et al. (2015),
Nat. 54: 238–239, pl. 1, upper. (Lampropeltis getulus nigritus) and range extension in Jalisco, Grünwald et al. (2016).
Holotype: MVZ 50814, a 1081 mm male (K.S. Norris & R.G. Elevational range is 1925–2667 m, Hansen & Salmon (2017).
Zweifel, 3 August 1950). Hansen & Salmon (2017) map known localities.
Type locality: “30.6 miles (by road) south of Hermosillo, Comments: Hansen & Salmon (2017) provide a species
Sonora, on the main highway,” Mexico. account, map, and color photographs.
Distribution: Northwestern Mexico (N Sinaloa, Sonora), †Lampropeltis similis Holman, 1964
extreme SW USA (SC Arizona). Lampropeltis splendida (Baird & Girard, 1853)
Comments: Removed from the synonymy of L. californiae by Comments: E.A. Myers et al. (2017a) provide a DNA-
Krysko et al. (2017). sequence based phylogeny, mostly of USA populations, that
Lampropeltis occipitolineata Price, 1987. Bull. Chicago supports the separation of this species from L. californiae in
Herpetol. Soc. 22: 148. (Lampropeltis calligaster occipitolineata) SE Arizona, USA.
Holotype: FMNH 48265, an adult male (R. Paulk, 31 May 1942). Lampropeltis triangulum (Lacépède, 1789)
Type locality: “Okeechobee, Okeechobee County, Florida,” Synonyms: Coluber eximius Harlan, 1827, Pseudoelaps Y
USA. Berthold, 1842 (invalid name); Ophibolus clericus Baird &
Distribution: Southeastern USA (SC Florida). Girard, 1853; Ophibolus doliatus syspila Cope, 1889a;
Comments: Removed from the synonymy of L. calligaster, of Ophibolus doliatus collaris Cope, 1889a; Ophibolus doliatus
which it was formerly a subspecies, by McKelvy & Burbrink temporalis Cope, 1893b.
(2017). Distribution: SE Canada (SE Ontario and extreme SW
Quebec), E USA (N Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut,
Lampropeltis polyzona Cope, 1860. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Delaware, District of Columbia, N Georgia, Illinois, Indiana,
Philadelphia 12: 258.
Iowa, Kentucky, NE Louisiana, SE Maine, Maryland,
Synonyms: Lampropeltis micropholis arcifera Werner, Massachusetts, Michigan, SE Minnesota, N Mississippi,
1893a, Lampropeltis triangulum nelsoni Blanchard, 1920a, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, W North
Lampropeltis triangulum schmidti Stuart, 1935a, Lampropeltis Carolina, Ohio, NE Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island,
triangulum conanti Williams, 1978, Lampropeltis trian extreme NW South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia,
gulum sinaloae Williams, 1978, Lampropeltis triangulum West Virginia, S Wisconsin).
Comment: Ruane et al. (2014) distribute western and Type locality: “El Begâa locality near Taouz, southeastern
Mesoamerican subspecies/populations among five spe- Morocco.”
cies: L. abnorma, L. annulata, L. gentilis, L. micropholis, Distribution: Middle Cretaceous (late Albian/Cenomanian) of
L. polyzona. SE Morocco (Ksar es Souk).
†Lampropeltis vetustum (Auffenberg, 1963)
Lampropeltis webbi Bryson, Dixon & Lazcano-Villareal, 2005 LATICAUDA Laurenti, 1768 (Elapidae)
Distribution: Elevation to 2394 m, Hansen & Salmen (2017). Laticauda colubrina (Schneider, 1799)
Hansen & Salmon (2017) map known localities. Distribution: Add Myanmar (Ayeyarwady), Platt et al.
Comments: Hansen & Salmon (2017) provide a species (2018); Thailand (Krabi: Phi Phi Don and Phi Phi Ley Is.),
account, map, and color photographs. Milto (2014); Philippines (Barit, Calayan, Dalupiri, Mabag,
Lampropeltis zonata (Blainville, 1835) Mindanao, Siquijor, Sitanki Is.), Leviton et al. (2018);
Philippines (Maestre de Campo I.), Siler et al. (2012). Ghergel
Distribution: Remove central and southern Coast Ranges of
et al. (2016) provide a map of known localities.
California and Baja California from range (see Comments).
Comments: E.A. Myers et al. (2013b) removed L. multifas Laticauda crockeri Slevin, 1934
ciata from the synonymy. Laticauda frontalis (De Vis, 1905)
Distribution: Ghergel et al. (2016) provide a map of known
LAMPROPHIS Fitzinger, 1843 (Lamprophiidae) localities.
Lamprophis aurora (Linnaeus, 1758) Laticauda guineai Heatwole, Busack & Cogger, 2005
Lamprophis fiski Boulenger, 1887
Lamprophis fuscus Boulenger, 1893
localities.
Lamprophis guttatus (A. Smith, 1843 in 1838–1849)
Laticauda laticaudata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Comment: Kelly et al. (2011) retained L. guttatus within
Distribution: Add South Korea (Jeju Island), Park et al.
Lamprophis, rather than transferring it to Boaedon as indi-
(2017a); Japan (Kuchinoerabu, Kodakara, Amamioshima,
cated in error by Wallach et al. (2014).
Tsuken, Zamami, Miyako, Taketomi, Iriomote, Kuroshima
LANGAHA Bonnaterre, 1790 (Pseudoxyrhophiidae) Is.), Tandavanitj et al. (2013a); Japan (Honshu), Tandavanitj
et al. (2013b); Taiwan (Lyudao and Lanyu Is.), Tandavanitj
Langaha alluaudi Mocquard, 1901
et al. (2013a); Philippines (Cebu I.), Supsup et al. (2016);
Langaha madagascariensis Bonnaterre, 1790 Philippines (Calayan I.), Leviton et al. (2018). Ghergel et al.
Distribution: Rosa et al. (2012) map known localities. (2016) provide a map of known localities.
Langaha pseudoalluaudi Domergue, 1988 Comments: Tandavanitj et al. (2013a) find four cytochrome b
haplotypes in specimens from the Ryukyus and Taiwan that
†LAOPHIS Owen, 1857. Quart. J. Geol. Soc. London 13: have some correlation with deep water barriers.
199. (Viperidae: incerta sedis)
Laticauda saintgironsi Cogger & Heatwole, 2006
Type species: †Laophis crotaloides Owen, 1857 by monotypy.
Distribution: Early Pliocene of Greece. localities.
†Laophis crotaloides Owen, 1857. Quart. J. Geol. Soc.
London 13: 196–199, plate 4. LEIOHETERODON A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril,
Holotype: 13 vertebrae (Capt. Spratt, 1846 or 1847), now lost 1854 (Pseudoxyrhophiidae)
according to Georgialis et al. (2013). Leioheterodon geayi Mocquard, 1905
Type locality: “The Promontory of Karabournou,” Macedonia, Leioheterodon madagascariensis (A.M.C. Duméril,
Greece. Bibron & Duméril, 1854)
Distribution: Early Pliocene (Ruscinian) of Greece. Distribution: Add Madagascar (Nosy Komba), Roberts &
Comments: Georgialis et al. (2016) describe additional Daly (2014).
material, confirming that the taxon is a viperid of imprecise Leioheterodon modestus (Günther, 1863)
relationships. Distribution: Add Madagascar (Fianarantsoa), and upper ele-
†LAPPARENTOPHIS Hoffstetter, 1960 vation range of 870 m, Rosa et al. (2010).
(Lapparentophiidae) LEIOPYTHON Hubrecht, 1879 (Pythonidae)
Distribution: Add Middle Cretaceous of Morocco, Vullo (2019). Comments: Reynolds et al. (2014b) recommend combining
†Lapparentophis defrennei Hoffstetter, 1960 Leiopython within Bothrochilus due to close phylogenetic
†Lapparentophis ragei Vullo, 2019. Comptes Rendus Palevol relationship of B. boa with L. albertisii and L. hoserae (other
18(7): 766–768, figs. 1, 2. Leiopython species were unavailable). We continue to rec-
Holotype: MHNM KK387, a trunk vertebra. ognize Leiopython as distinct from Bothrochilus due to the
position of B. boa as sister taxon to Leiopython, and based on Leptodeira frenata (Cope in Ferrari-Pérez, 1886)
the arguments for molecular and morphological distinctive- Leptodeira larcorum K.P. Schmidt & Walker, 1943. Zool.
ness provided by Barker et al. (2015). Series Field Mus. Nat. Hist. 24(27): 311–312.
Leiopython albertisii (W.C.H. Peters & Doria, 1878) Holotype: FMNH 34302, a 630 mm male (Magellanic
Distribution: Add Papua New Guinea (Duke of York, Emirau, Expedition, 1939).
Manam, New Britain and New Ireland Islands), Clegg & Type locality: “Chiclin, Libertad, Peru.”
Jocque (2016).
Distribution: Arid regions of SW Ecuador and NW Peru,
Leiopython bennettorum Hoser, 2000 Barrio-Amorós (2019). Add Peru (Lambayeque), Venegas
Synonym: Leiopython montanus Schleip, 2014 (substitute (2005).
name). Comments: Barrio-Amorós (2019) considers larcorum to be a
Leiopython biakensis Schleip, 2008 species distinct from L. ornata based on the habitat hiatus and
Leiopython fredparkeri Schleip, 2008 different color patterns.
Leiopython hoserae Hoser, 2000 Leptodeira maculata Hallowell, 1861. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Synonym: Leiopython meridionalis Schleip, 2014 (substitute Philadelphia 12: 488. (Megalops maculatus)
name). Synonyms: Leptodeira personata Cope, 1869, Leptodeira
Distribution: Add Papua New Guinea (Northern: smithi Taylor, 1938, Leptodeira annulata cussiliris, Duellman,
D’Entrecasteaux Is.), Kraus (2013, as L. albertisii). 1958.
Leiopython huonensis Schleip, 2008 Holotype: USNM 7367, a 470 mm specimen (C.B. Adams).
Type locality: “Tahiti,” in error; likely from Nicaragua
LEPTODEIRA Fitzinger, 1843 (Dipsadidae: Dipsadinae) according to Cochran (1961).
Comments: Barrio-Amorós (2019) provides a summary of the Distribution: W Mexico (Chiapas, Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco,
genus, with some taxonomic revisions. Michoacan, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Sinaloa). Elevation NSL-
Leptodeira annulata (Linnaeus, 1758) 2000 m, Palacios-Aguilar & Flores-Villela (2018). Add
Synonyms: Coronella taeniata Laurenti, 1768, Coluber epidau Mexico (Morelos), Aréchaga-Ocampo et al. (2008).
rius Hermann, 1804, Eteirodipsas annulata rhomboidalis Jan, Comments: Barrio-Amorós (2019) recognizes maculata as a
1863, Dipsas approximans Günther, 1872, Eteirodipsas wie species distinct from L. annulata based on polyphyly of the
neri Sauvage, 1884, Tarbophis dipsadomorphoides Ahl, 1925 DNA-based phylogeny of Daza et al. (2009).
(?), Leptodeira annulata pulchriceps Duellman, 1958. Remove Leptodeira nigrofasciata Günther, 1868
Leptodira nycthemera Werner, 1901, which was shown by J.
Costa et al. (2015) to be a specimen of Oxyrhopus petolarius. Leptodeira ornata (Bocourt, 1884)
Distribution: Limited to the Amazon Basin of Colombia, Distribution: Add E Honduras and E Nicaragua, Barrio-
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Brazil, eastward to the Atlantic Amorós (2019); Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback
forest of Brazil, and southward into Paraguay and N (2015); Colombia (Cesar), Medina-Rangel (2011); Colombia
Argentina. Add Brazil (Ceara), Mesquita et al. (2013); Brazil (Huila), Moreno-Arias & Quintero-Corzo (2015); Ecuador
(Minas Gerais), Sousa et al. (2010); Brazil (Alagoas, Piaui, (Manabi), Almendáriz et al. (2012); Peru (Amazonas), Koch
Rio Grande do Norte, Sergipe), Guedes et al. (2014); Peru et al. (2018).
(Puno), Llanqui et al. (2019). Comments: Barrio-Amorós (2019) notes that populations in
Colombia and N Ecuador are probably an undescribed species.
Leptodeira ashmeadii Hallowell, 1845. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia 2: 244 Leptodeira polysticta Günther, 1895 in 1885–1902
Leptodeira punctata (W.C.H. Peters, 1866)
Synonyms: Urotheca aureorostris Briceño-Rossi, 1934,
Leptodeira rhombifera kugleri Shreve, 1947. Leptodeira rhombifera Günther, 1872. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
Lectotype: ANSP 10093, a 470 mm specimen (S. Ashmead), Series 4, 9(49): 32. (Leptodira rhombifera)
designated by Duellman (1958). Synonyms: Leptodira occelata Günther, 1895 in 1885–1902.
Type locality: “Republic of Columbia, within two hundred Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.9.92, a 584 mm specimen (collector
miles of Caraccas”; restricted to Caracas, Venezuela by for O. Salvin).
Duellman (1958). Type locality: “Rio Chisoy, near the town of Cubulco,” Depto.
Distribution: N South America. N Colombia, N Venezuela, Baja Verapaz, Guatemala.
Trinidad and Tobago, and N Brazil, Barrio-Amorós (2019), Distribution: Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
also Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana? Panama. Add Honduras (Isla del Tigre), McCranie & Gutsche
Comments: Barrio-Amorós (2019) recognizes ashmeadi as a (2016); Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback (2015).
species distinct from L. annulata based on polyphyly of the Comments: Barrio-Amorós (2019) recognizes rhombifera as
DNA-based phylogeny of Daza et al. (2009), and different a species distinct from L. annulata based on polyphyly of the
color patterns between the two taxa. DNA-based phylogeny of Daza et al. (2009), and different
Leptodeira bakeri Ruthven, 1936 color patterns between the two taxa.
Leptodeira rubricata (Cope, 1894) Distribution: Add Panama (Panama, Panama Oeste), Ray &
Leptodeira septentrionalis (Kennicott in Baird, 1859) Ruback (2015).
Leptodeira splendida Günther, 1895 in 1885–1902 Leptophis diplotropis (Günther, 1872)
Distribution: Low elevation of NSL, Palacios-Aguilar & Distribution: Add Mexico (Hidalgo), Berriozabal-Islas et al.
Flores-Villela (2018). (2012).
Leptodeira uribei (Ramírez-Bautista & H.M. Smith, 1992) Leptophis haileyi J.C. Murphy, Charles, Lehtinen & Koeller,
2013. Zootaxa 3718(6): 569–570, fig. 3.
LEPTODRYMUS Amaral, 1927 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Holotype: CAS 245313, a 1406 mm male (P.G. Frank, P.A.
Leptodrymus pulcherrimus (Cope, 1874) Frank, R. Lawson, 2006).
Distribution: Add Honduras (Santa Bárbara), Espinal et al. Type locality: “Tobago near Roxborough at 11° 15′ 05.8″N,
(2014b); Honduras (Valle: Isla Comandante), McCranie 60° 34′ 04.7″W.”
et al. (2013b); Honduras (Isla Zacate Grande), McCranie &
Distribution: Trinidad and Tobago (Tobago). Known only
Gutsche (2016); Nicaragua (León), Sunyer & Leonardi (2015);
from the holotype.
Nicaragua (Matagalpa), Sunyer et al. (2014).
Leptophis mexicanus A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril.
LEPTOPHIS Bell, 1825 (Colubridae: Colubrinae) 1854
Leptophis ahaetulla (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution: Mexico (Nuevo Leon, northernmost locality),
Synonyms: Remove Leptophis coeruleodorsus Oliver, 1942. Nevárez-de Los Reyes et al. (2017a); add Mexico (Guerrero),
and upper elevation of 1720 m, Palacios-Aguilar & Flores-
Distribution: Add Mexico (Yucatan), Torres-Solís et al.
Villela (2018); El Salvador (Santa Ana), Juárez-Peña et al.
(2017); Honduras (Santa Bárbara), Espinal et al. (2014b);
(2016); Honduras (Choluteca) and upper elevation of 1635 m,
Nicaragua (Rivas), Sunyer et al. (2014); Panama (Panama,
Espinal et al. (2014a); Honduras (La Paz), McCranie & Gutsche
Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback (2015); Colombia (Cesar),
(2013b); Honduras (Santa Bárbara), Espinal et al. (2014b).
Medina-Rangel (2011); Colombia (Huila), Moreno-Arias &
Quintero-Corzo (2015); Colombia (Santander), E. Ramos and Comments: Schätti & Kucharzewski (2017) discuss the type
Meza-Joya (2018); Colombia (Valle del Cauca: Isla Palma), material.
Giraldo et al. (2014); Ecuador (Manabi), Almendáriz et al. Leptophis modestus (Günther, 1872)
(2012); Peru (Huanuco), Schlüter et al. (2004); Brazil (Acre), Leptophis nebulosus Oliver, 1942
Bernarde et al. (2011b); Brazil (Alagoas, Sergipe), Guedes Leptophis riveti Despax, 1910
et al. (2014); Brazil (Ceara), Mesquita et al. (2013); Brazil
(Mato Grosso do Sul), Ferreira et al. (2017); Brazil (Paraiba),
(2015).
R. França et al. (2012); Brazil (Piauí), Dal Vechio et al. (2013);
Brazil (Rondônia), Bernarde et al. (2012b). Remove from the Leptophis stimsoni Harding, 1995
distribution: Trinidad and Tobago, and NC Venezuela (Apure,
Distrito Federal, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, and LEPTOTYPHLOPS Fitzinger, 1843 (Leptotyphlopidae:
Vargas), J.C. Murphy et al. (2013). Leptotyphlopinae)
Leptotyphlops aethiopicus Broadley & Wallach, 2007
Leptophis coeruleodorsus Oliver, 1942. Occas. Pap. Mus.
Zool. Univ. Michigan (462): 4–7. Leptotyphlops albiventer Hallermann & Rödel, 1995
Holotype: AMNH 209022, a 1375 mm female. Distribution: Add Mali (Sikasso), and upper elevation of
386 m, Trape & Mané (2017); Burkina Fasso (Comoe),
Type locality: “Trinidad, British West Indies”; restricted to
Böhme & Heath (2018).
“Mt. St. Benedict, Tunapuna, Trinidad (∼10°39′N 61°23′W)”
by J.C. Murphy et al. (2013). Comments: Böhme & Heath (2018) remove albiventer from
Myriopholis and return it to the genus Leptotyphlops based
Distribution: Trinidad and Tobago, and NC Venezuela (Apure,
on cranial morphology.
Distrito Federal, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, and
Vargas). Leptotyphlops conjunctus (Jan, 1861)
Comments: J.C. Murphy et al. (2013) revalidate L. coerule Leptotyphlops distanti (Boulenger, 1892)
odorsus (from L. ahaetulla) based on monophyly derived Leptotyphlops emini (Boulenger, 1890)
from mtDNA sequence-data, and morphological differences. Leptotyphlops howelli Broadley & Wallach, 2007
They redescribe the holotype, and describe geographic varia- Leptotyphlops incognitus Broadley & Watson, 1976
tion between island and mainland samples. Leptotyphlops jacobseni Broadley & Broadley, 1999
Leptotyphlops kafubi (Boulenger, 1919)
Leptophis cupreus (Cope, 1868) Leptotyphlops keniensis Broadley & Wallach, 2007
Distribution: Add Ecuador (Pichincha), Arteaga et al. (2013); Leptotyphlops latirostris (Sternfeld, 1912)
Peru (Huanuco), Schlüter et al. (2004); Panama (Darien), Leptotyphlops macrops Broadley & Wallach, 1996
Batista & L.W. Wilson (2017). Leptotyphlops mbanjensis Broadley & Wallach, 2007
Leptophis depressirostris (Cope, 1861) Leptotyphlops monticola (Chabanaud, 1917)
Leptotyphlops nigricans (Schlegel, 1839 in 1837–1844) nasal suture characteristics. Pyron & Wallach (2014) counter
Leptotyphlops nigroterminus Broadley & Wallach, 2007 that the vague eyespot and a number of visceral characters
Leptotyphlops nursii (J. Anderson in Boulenger, 1896) ally it with Letheobia.
Leptotyphlops pembae Loveridge, 1941 Letheobia kibarae (Witte, 1953)
Distribution: Add Tanzania (Mafia Island), Boundy (2014). Letheobia largeni Broadley & Wallach, 2007
Leptotyphlops pungwensis Broadley & Wallach, 1997 Letheobia leucosticta (Boulenger, 1898)
Leptotyphlops scutifrons (W.C.H. Peters, 1854) Distribution: Add Guinea (Conakry), Trape & Baldé (2014)
Distribution: Add Zambia (Western), Pietersen et al. (2017). and Wallach & Gemel (2018).
Leptotyphlops sylvicolus Broadley & Wallach, 1997 Letheobia logonensis Trape, 2019. Bull. Soc. Herpétol.
Leptotyphlops tanae Broadley & Wallach, 2007 France 169: 35–38, figs. 8–10.
Leptotyphlops telloi Broadley & Watson, 1976 Holotype: MNHN 2018.0015, a 390 mm specimen of
unknown sex (villager, 29 May 2015).
LETHEOBIA Cope, 1869 (Typhlopidae: Afrotyphlopinae)
Type locality: “Baibokoum (07°44′N / 15°40′E) au Tchad.”
Distribution: Much of central and eastern sub-Saharan Africa,
Distribution: S Chad (Logone-Oriental). Known only from
with one species reaching Turkey and another the Middle East.
the holotype.
provide generic diagnoses. Kornilios et al. (2013a) produce Letheobia lumbriciformis (W.C.H. Peters, 1874)
an nDNA phylogeny that confirms the sister-relationship of Letheobia manni (Loveridge, 1941)
L. espiscopa and L. simoni, which share a most recent com- Distribution: Add Guinea, Trape & Baldé (2014).
mon ancestor with L. feae/ L. newtonii. Comments: Hedges et al. (2014) transfer angeli to Letheobia
Letheobia acutirostrata (Andersson, 1916) from Afrotyphlops, which is supported by Wallach & Gemel
Letheobia akagerae Dehling, Hinkel, Ensikat, Babilon & (2018).
Fischer, 2018. Zootaxa 4378(4): 482–487, figs. 1, 2, 4, 5. Letheobia mbeerensis Malonza, Bauer & Ngwava, 2016.
Holotype: ZFMK 100862, a 458 mm specimen (unnamed Zootaxa 4093(1): 145–146, figs 2–4.
construction workers, 8 July 2012). Holotype: NMK S2927, a 280 mm adult (local farmer, 29
Type locality: “Rwanda, Akagera National Park, Ruzizi Tented April 2014).
Lodge (1°54′24.90″S, 30°42′58.42″E; approx. 1290 m).” Type locality: “Kenya, Embu County, Siakago-Mbeere
Distribution: Rwanda, 1290–1600 m. (00°35′S; 037°38′E, 1221 m).”
Letheobia angeli (Guibé, 1952) Distribution: C Kenya (Eastern Prov.). Known only from the
type locality, 1220 m.
Comments: Hedges et al. (2014) transfer angeli to Letheobia
from Afrotyphlops, which is supported by Wallach & Gemel Letheobia newtoni (Bocage, 1890)
(2018). Letheobia pallida Cope, 1869
Letheobia caecus (A.H.A. Duméril, 1856) Letheobia pauwelsi Wallach, 2005
Letheobia pembana Broadley & Wallach, 2007
Distribution: Add Nigeria (Bayelsa), Wallach & Gemel (2018).
Letheobia praeocularis (Stejneger, 1894)
Letheobia crossii (Boulenger, 1893)
Distribution: Add Nigeria, Trape & Baldé (2014).
Distribution: Add Nigeria (Nasarawa, Niger), Wallach &
Gemel (2018). Letheobia rufescens (Chabanaud, 1917)
Letheobia debilis (Joger in G. Peters & Hutterer, 1990) Letheobia simoni (Boettger, 1879)
Letheobia somalica (Boulenger, 1895)
Letheobia episcopus (Franzen & Wallach, 2002) Letheobia stejnegeri (Loveridge, 1931)
Distribution: Upper elevation of 640 m, Göçmen et al. (2009a). Letheobia sudanensis (K.P. Schmidt, 1923)
Letheobia erythraeus (Scortecci, 1928) Letheobia swahilica Broadley & Wallach, 2007
Letheobia feae (Boulenger, 1906) Letheobia toritensis Broadley & Wallach, 2007
Letheobia gracilis (Sternfeld, 1910) Letheobia uluguruensis (Barbour & Loveridge, 1928)
Comments: Wallach in Wallach & Gemel (2018) states that Letheobia weidholzi Wettstein in Wallach & Gemel, 2018.
the synonym Typhlops katangensis Witte 1933 appears to be Herpetozoa 31(1/2): 31, 38–39, figs. 2, 13–17.
a valid species. Dehling et al. (2018) redescribe the holotype Holotype: NMW 23492, a 376 mm female (A. Weidholz,
of T. gracilis. 1938 or 1939).
Letheobia graueri (Sternfeld, 1913) Type locality: “Poli, Département de Faro, Région du Nord,
Comments: Dehling et al. (2018) redescribe the holotype. Cameroun (8° 27′ 16.4″ N, 13° 15′ 33.7″ E, elevation 525 m).”
Letheobia jubana Broadley & Wallach, 2007 Distribution: N Cameroon (Nord), 525 m. Known only from
Comments: Hedges et al. (2014) transfer jubana to the holotype.
Afrotyphlops on the basis of subocular scale presence and Letheobia wittei (Roux-Estève, 1974)
LIASIS Gray, 1842 (Pythonidae) Mexico (Baja California Sur: Isla Coronados), Arnaud &
Synonyms: Add Apodora Kluge, 1993. Blázquez (2018).
Comments: DNA sequence data analyzed by Reynolds LIMAFORMOSA Broadley, Tolley, Conradie, Wishart,
et al. (2014b) resolve L. papuanus and L. olivaceus as sister Trape, Burger, Kusamba, Zassi-Boulou & Greenbaum, 2018.
taxa, which form a sister group to remaining Liasis species. African J. Zool. 67(1): 46–47. (Lamprophiidae)
Barker et al. (2015) argue that the genetic and morphologi-
Synonyms: Heterolepis A. Smith, 1847, Simocephalus Gray
cal distinctiveness of L. papuanus warrant recognition of the
in Günther, 1858.
genus Apodora. However, doing so would require inclusion of
L . olivaceus, which has not yet been proposed. We await such Type species: Heterolepis capensis A. Smith, 1847, by origi-
a proposal before recognizing Apodora. The gender of Liasis nal designation.
is unknown – when Gray proposed the genus he listed one Distribution: Central and S Africa.
species as masculine, the other as feminine. We follow the Comments: See under Gonionotophis.
common usage as masculine. Limaformosa capensis (A. Smith, 1847 in 1838–1849)
†Liasis dubudingala Scanlon & Mackness, 2002 Distribution: Add Mozambique (Zambezia), Broadley et al.
Liasis dunni Stull 1932. Occas. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 8: (2018); Angola (Huila), M.P. Marques et al. (2018).
25–26, plate 1. (Liasis mackloti dunni) Limaformosa chanleri (Stejneger, 1894)
Holotype: AMNH 32263, a female (E.R. Dunn). Distribution: Add Congo (Kouilou), Broadley et al. (2018).
Type locality: “Uhak, north coast of Wetar, Dutch East Limaformosa crossii (Boulenger, 1895)
Indies,” Maluku Prov., Indonesia. Distribution: Lower elevation of 193 m, Trape & Mané (2015).
Distribution: Indonesia (Wetar). Limaformosa guirali (Mocquard, 1887)
Comments: Barker et al. (2015) elevate this taxon to species Distribution: Add Guinea (Faranah), Broadley et al. (2018);
on the basis of morphological, genetic and behavioral differ- Ghana, Trape & Baldé (2014).
ences, combined with its allopatric, insular distribution.
Limaformosa savorgnani (Mocquard, 1877)
Liasis fuscus W.C.H. Peters, 1873
Distribution: Add Congo (Niari), Broadley et al. (2018).
Liasis mackloti A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844 Limaformosa vernayi (Bogert, 1940)
Distribution: Remove Indonesia (Savu, Wetar) from the distri- Distribution: Add Angola (Lunda Norte), Branch (2018).
bution, Barker et al. (2015).
Comments: Provisionally included in Limaformosa based on
Liasis olivaceus Gray, 1842 morphological similarity, Broadley et al. (2018).
Comments: Ellis (2015) corrected the holotype number for
Liasis olivaceus barroni: WAM 55383 rather than 55384. LIMNOPHIS Günther, 1865 (Natricidae)
Liasis papuanus W.C.H. Peters & Doria, 1878 Limnophis bangweolicus (Mertens, 1936)
Distribution: Add Papua New Guinea (Karkar Island), Distribution: Add Angola (Cauando-Cubango), Conradie
Clegg & Jocque (2016). et al. (2016b).
Comments: Barker et al. (2015) reject the synonymy of Limnophis bicolor Günther, 1865
Apodora with Liasis based on some ambiguity in the Distribution: Add Angola (Lunda Sul), Branch (2018); Angola
sequence-based phylogenies of Reynolds et al. (2014), and (Bie, Huambo), M.P. Marques et al. (2018).
morphological differences observed by the Barkers (see com-
LIODYTES Cope, 1885 (Natricidae)
ments under Liasis).
Synonyms: Add Seminatrix Cope, 1895.
Liasis savuensis Brongersma 1956. Proc. Koninkl. Nederl.
Comments: Liodytes is resurrected for L. alleni and L. rigida
Akad. Wetensch. C59(3): 296–297. (Liasis mackloti savuensis)
(formerly in Regina) due to paraphyly, and Seminatrix pygaea
Holotype: BMNH 1896.6.21.33, (A. Everett). is included due to monophyly, McVay & Carstens (2013).
Type locality: “Savu [=Sawu] I[slan]d.,” Nusa Tenggara Liodytes alleni (Garman, 1874)
Timur, Indonesia. †Liodytes intermedia (Meylan, 1982)
Distribution: Indonesia (Savu). Liodytes pygaea (Cope, 1871)
Comments: Barker et al. (2015) elevate this taxon to species Liodytes rigidus (Say, 1825)
on the basis of morphological, genetic and behavioral differ-
ences, combined with its allopatric, insular distribution. LIOHETEROPHIS Amaral, 1934 (Dipsadidae: subfamily
unnamed)
LICHANURA Cope, 1861 (Charinidae: Charininae) Lioheterophis iheringi Amaral, 1934
Lichanura orcutti Stejneger, 1889 Distribution: The type locality is stated as 560 m, Guedes
et al. (2014).
Lichanura trivirgata Cope, 1861
Distribution: Add Mexico (Baja California Sur: Isla Espiritu LIOPELTIS Fitzinger, 1843 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Santo, Isla San José), Frick et al. (2016a), Schoenig (2017); Comments: Poyarkov et al. (2019) provide a key to the species.
Liopeltis calamaria (Günther, 1858) Liophidium torquatum (Boulenger, 1888)

Distribution: Add Nepal (Chitwan), Bhattarai et al. (2017a); Liophidium trilineatum Boulenger, 1896
Nepal (Makwanpur), Bhattarai et al. (2018a); northward range Liophidium vaillanti (Mocquard, 1901)
extension in Western Ghats, Maharashtra, India, Chunekar &
LIOPHOLIDOPHIS Mocquard, 1904 (Pseudoxyrhophiidae)
Alekar (2015).
Comments: Glaw et al. (2014) review systematics and produce
Liopeltis frenata (Günther, 1858) a DNA sequence-based phylogeny of the genus, which parti-
Distribution: Add Thailand (Nan), Hauser (2018); Laos tions four species each in two clades.
(Houaphan), Hauser (2018); Vietnam (Lai Chau), Hauser (2018);
Liopholidophis baderi Glaw, Kucharzewski, Nagy,
Vietnam (Son La), Pham et al. (2014). The Dong Nai and Gia Lai,
Hawlitschek & Vences, 2014. Organisms Diversity &
Vietnam, records are doubtful according to Hauser (2018).
Evolution 14: 125–127, fig. 2.
Liopeltis pallidonuchalis Poyarkov, Nguyen & Vogel, 2019.
Holotype: ZFMK 62235, a 283 mm male (F. Glaw, 31 January
J. Nat. Hist. 53(27–28): 1655–1660, figs. 1, 2, 4, 5.
1996).
Holotype: ZMMU R15682, a 409 mm male (N.A. Poyarkov,
Type locality: “on a trail near Hotel Feon’ny Ala (18° 56.845′S,
29 May 2016).
48° 25.078′E, ca. 940 m a. s. l.), at ca. 2.5 km distance from
Type locality: “Kon Chu Rang N.R. (14.5034° N, 108.5383° E, the village of Andasibe, central eastern Madagascar.”
at elevation of 1010 m asl), Gia Lai Province, central Vietnam.” Distribution: EC Madagascar (Toamasina), 940 m. Known
Distribution: C Vietnam (Gia Lai, Quang Binh, Thua Thien only from two specimens.
Hue), 950–1010 m.
Liopholidophis dimorphus Glaw, Nagy, Franzen & Vences,
Liopeltis philippina (Boettger, 1897) 2007a
Distribution: Add Philippines (Calauit I.), Leviton et al. (2018). Liopholidophis dolicocercus (Peracca, 1892)
Liopeltis rappii (Günther, 1860) Liopholidophis grandidieri Mocquard, 1904
Distribution: Add Nepal (Chitwan, Khotang, Palpa, Liopholidophis oligolepis Glaw, Kucharzewski, Nagy,
Sankhuwasabha, Tehrathum), and upper elevation of 2972 m, Hawlitschek & Vences, 2014. Organisms Diversity &
Bhattarai et al. (2017d). Evolution 14: 127–129, figs. 3, 4.
Liopeltis stoliczkae (Sclater, 1891) Holotype: ZSM 153/2005 (field number FGZC 2796), a
Distribution: Add India (Mizoram), Hauser (2019); Thailand 234 mm female (F. Glaw, M. Vences & R.D. Randrianiaina,
(Chiang Mai, Loei, Mae Hong Son, Phetchabun, Phrae, Tak), 15 February 2005).
and upper elevation of 1150 m, Hauser (2019); Vietnam (Lam Type locality: “Marojejy National Park, near a campsite
Dong), Hauser (2018). locally known as ‘Camp Mantella’ (14°26.260′S, 49°46.533′E;
Liopeltis tricolor (Schlegel, 1837) 481 m a.s.l.), northeastern Madagascar.”
Distribution: Add West Malaysia (Pulau Tioman), K.K.P. Lim Distribution: NE Madagascar (Antsiranana), 481 m. Known
& Lim (1999). Remove Vietnam (Lam Dong), Hauser (2018). only from the holotype.
Liopholidophis rhadinaea Cadle, 1996
LIOPHIDIUM Boulenger, 1896 (Pseudoxyrhophiidae) Liopholidophis sexlineatus (Günther, 1882)
Liophidium apperti Domergue, 1984 Liopholidophis varius (J.G. Fischer, 1884)
Liophidium chabaudi Domergue, 1984
Liophidium maintikibo Franzen, Jones, Raselimanana, LIOTYPHLOPS W.C.H. Peters, 1881 (Anomalepididae)
Nagy, Cruze, Glaw & Vences, 2009 Liotyphlops albirostris (W.C.H. Peters, 1857)
Liophidium mayottensis W.C.H. Peters, 1874. Monatsb. Distribution: Add Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback
Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1874: 793–794. (Ablabes (2015).
[Enicognathus] rhodogaster mayottensis) Liotyphlops anops (Cope, 1899)
Syntypes: ZMB 8024 (n=2), young examples. Liotyphlops argaleus Dixon & Kofron, 1984
Type locality: “Mayotte,” Comoro Islands. Liotyphlops beui (Amaral, 1924)
Distribution: Comoro Islands. Distribution: Add Brazil (Santa Catarina), F.J.M. Santos &
Comments: This species was inadvertently neglected by Reis (2018).
Wallach et al. (2014). Liotyphlops caissara Centeno, Sawaya & Germano, 2010
Liophidium pattoni Vieites, Ratsoavina, Randrianianina, Liotyphlops haadi Silva-Haad, Franco & Maldonado, 2008
Nagy, Glaw & Vences, 2010 Liotyphlops schubarti Vanzolini, 1948
Comments: Miinala (2011) reports an additional specimen Liotyphlops sousai F.J.M. Santos & Reis, 2018. Copeia
and locality. 106(3): 507–508, figs. 2, 3.
Liophidium rhodogaster (Schlegel, 1837) Holotype: UFRGS 6274, a 191 mm specimen (S. Leonardi,
Liophidium therezieni Domergue, 1984 January 2012).
Type locality: “Brazil, Santa Catarina State, Municipality of LYCODON H. Boie in Fitzinger, 1826 (Colubridae:
Passos Maia, Passos Maia small hydroelectric power plant, Colubrinae)
26°42′14″S, 51°55′05″W.” Synonyms: Add Dinodon A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron &
Distribution: SE Brazil (Santa Catarina). Known only from Duméril, 1854, Eumesodon Cope, 1860, Lepidocephalus
the holotype. Hallowell, 1861, Lepturophis Boulenger, 1900, Adiastema F.
Liotyphlops taylori F.J.M. Santos & Reis, 2018. Copeia Werner, 1925.
106(3): 508–510, figs. 5, 6. Fossil records: Early Pleistocene of Japan (Okinawa), Ikeda
Holotype: MZUSP 14975, a 239 mm specimen (C. Nogueira, et al. (2016, as Dinodon sp.).
22 October 2002). Comments: Guo et al. (2013) present a DNA sequence-based
Type locality: “Brazil, Mato Grosso state, Municipality of phylogeny that shows Dinodon to be paraphyletic within a
Porto Estrela, Serra das Araras Ecological Station, 15°38′31″S, suite of Lycodon species. Also, there is no clear dichotomy
57°11′23″W.” in maxillary dentition that had been considered diagnostic
Distribution: C Brazil (Mato Grosso). Known only from the between the two genera. For these reasons they synonymize
holotype. Dinodon with Lycodon. The results of Guo et al. are sup-
ported by similar analyses by Siler et al. (2013), and by Lei
Liotyphlops ternetzii (Boulenger, 1896) et al. (2014) that include additional species, and show the exis-
Distribution: Add Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Ferreira et al. tence of three or four species clades within Lycodon s.l. Wostl
(2017); Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), F.J.M. Santos & Reis (2018). et al. (2018) produce a phylogeny of Lycodon and related gen-
Liotyphlops trefauti Freire, Caramaschi & Argôlo, 2007 era based on one mtDNA gene. The phylogeny reveals two
Distribution: Add Brazil (Pernambuco), Abegg et al. (2017a). primary clades within Lycodon: 1) SE Asian Lycodon plus
Dinodon, and 2) Philippine Lycodon plus Lepturophis and
Liotyphlops wilderi (Garman, 1883)
Dryocalamus. They recommend synonymizing Dryocalamus
Distribution: Add Brazil (Bahia), F.J.M. Santos & Reis (2018); with Lycodon, but because their conclusions are based on
Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Ferreira et al. (2017). results from only one mtDNA gene, we await further studies
†LITHOPHIS Marsh, 1871 (Booidea: incerta sedis) to make that taxonomic change. Zaher et al. (2019) produce
a DNA sequence-based phylogeny that is similar to that of
†Lithophis sargenti Marsh, 1871 Wostl et al., but also includes Stegonotus in a position that
LOVERIDGELAPS McDowell, 1970 (Elapidae) emphasizes the paraphyly within Lycodon s.s.
Loveridgelaps elapoides (Boulenger, 1890) Lycodon albofuscus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril,
1854)
LOXOCEMUS Cope, 1861 (Loxocemidae) Distribution: Add West Malaysia (Penang), Wostl et al. (2018).
Loxocemus bicolor Cope, 1861 Comments: Figueroa et al. (2016), based on DNA sequence
Distribution: Add Nicaragua (Rivas: Isla Ometepe), Stark data, synonymize Lepturophis with Lycodon due to paraphyly.
et al. (2014). Upper elevation of 1200 m, Palacios-Aguilar & Lycodon alcalai Ota & Ross, 1994
Flores-Villela (2018).
Distribution: Add Philippines (Babuyan Claro, Calayan,
†LUNAOPHIS Albino, Carrillo-Briceño & Neenan, 2016. Camiguin Norte Is.), Leviton et al. (2018); Philippines
PeerJ 2016(2027): 8. (Serpentes: incerta sedis) (Sabtang I.), Siler et al. (2013).
Type species: Lunaophis aquaticus Albino, Carrillo- Comments: Leviton et al. (2018) believe L. alcalai and
Briceño & Neenan, 2016 by monotypy. L. chrysoprateros may be conspecific.
Distribution: Late Cretaceous of Venezuela. Lycodon anamallensis Günther, 1864. Rept. Brit. India:
Comment: Oldest known snake from northern South America. 318–319.
Family status is not given, but some similarities to the simo- Synonyms: Lycodon osmanhilli Taylor, 1950.
liophiids exist. Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.14.92, a 508 mm specimen (B.H.
†Lunaophis aquaticus Albino, Carrillo-Briceño & Neenan, Beddome).
2016. PeerJ 2016(2027): 8–14, figs. 4–11. Type locality: “Anamallay Mountains,” Tamil Nadu, India.
Holotype: MCNC 1827, vertebral remains in a small block of Distribution: India S of 21°N and Sri Lanka. India (Kerala,
black shale, which belongs to a single individual. Tamil Nadu), Sri Lanka (Western).
Type locality: “Cement quarry (Cementos Andinos company), Comments: Ganesh & Vogel (2018) revive L. anamallensis
located east of Lake Maracaibo, 10 km northeast of Monay, from L. aulicus on the basis of head shape and scale counts.
Trujillo State, Venezuela…The fossiliferous horizon is a black They list some specimens that were examined, but do not
shale layer ∼28 m above the base of the La Aguada Member detail the known distribution. Thus, some intermediate states
of the La Luna Formation (Cenomanian…).” in India (Goa, Orissa) may have one or both species, and the
Distribution: Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Venezuela. partition of distribution between the two species, if it exists,
Known only from the type locality. is unknown.
Lycodon aulicus (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution: Add Vietnam (Gia Lai), Vogel & David (2019);
Synonyms: Coluber scalaris Gravenhorst, 1807, Lycodon Vietnam (Phu Yen), Do et al. (2017).
subfuscus Cantor, 1839, Lycodon atropurpureus Cantor, 1839, Lycodon carinatus (Kuhl, 1820)
Lycodon aulicus oligozonatus Wall, 1909. Lycodon cavernicolus Grismer, Quah, Anuar M.S., Muin,
Distribution: SC Asia. Pakistan (Punjab, Sindh), Nepal (Bardiya, Wood & Nor, 2014. Zootaxa 3815(1): 56–58, figs. 3–5.
Bhojpur, Chitwan, Jhapa, Kanchanpur, Kaski, Kathmandu, Holotype: LSUHC 9985, a 508 mm female (E.S.H. Quah &
Latlipur, Myagdi, Palpa Parsa, Rupandehi, Sindhupalchok), S.Anuar M.S., 12 March 2011).
India (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Jammu,
Type locality: “Gua Wang Burma, Perlis State Park, Perlis,
Karnataka, Kashmir, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Peninsular Malaysia (6°41.594N 100°11.400E at 175 m in
Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil
elevation.”
Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Sri Lanka (Eastern,
Sabaragamuwa), Bangladesh, Myanmar (Kachin, Sagaing, Distribution: Peninsular Malaysia (Perlis), 175 m. Known
Shan, Tanintharyi, Yangon), Mascarenes (Mauritius, Reunion), only from the vicinity of the type locality.
NSL-2130 m. Add India (Arunachal Pradesh), Purkayastha Lycodon chrysoprateros Ota & Ross, 1994
(2018); India (Jharkhand), Vogel & Harikrishnan (2013); Comments: Leviton et al. (2018) believe L. alcalai and
Bhutan (Punakha), Koirala et al. (2016); Bhutan (Trongsa, L. chrysoprateros may be conspecific.
Wangdue Phodrang), Tshewang & Letro (2018); Nepal Lycodon davidi Vogel, Nguyen, Kingsada & Ziegler, 2012
(Bara, Nawalparasi), Pandey et al. (2018); Nepal (Dolakha),
Bhattarai & Neupane (2017); Myanmar (Ayeyarwady), Vogel Lycodon dumerilii (Boulenger, 1893)
& Harikrishnan (2013); Myanmar (Rakhine), Siler et al. (2013). Distribution: Add Philippines (Leyte I.), Siler et al. (2013);
Comments: See under L. anamallensis. Philippines (Dinagat), Sanguila et al. (2016); Philippines
(Samar, Siargao Is.), Leviton et al. (2018).
Lycodon banksi Luu, Bonkowski, Nguyen, Le, Calame &
Comments: Michels & Bauer (2004) corrected the matronym
Ziegler, 2018. Revue Suisse Zool. 125(2): 266–271, figs. 2–5.
of the synonym Dryocalamus mccroryi to mccroryae.
Holotype: VNUF R2015.20, a 465+ mm male (V.Q. Luu & T.
Lycodon effraenis Cantor, 1847
Calame, 4 April 2015).
Distribution: Add West Malaysia (Kedah), Siler et al. (2013);
Type locality: “Phou Hin Poun NPA, Hinboun District,
West Malaysia (Pulau Tioman), K.K.P. Lim & Lim (1999).
Khammouane Province, central Laos, at an elevation of
167 m a.s.l.” Lycodon fasciatus (J. Anderson, 1879)
Distribution: C Laos (Khammouane), 167 m. Known only Distribution: Add India (Mizoram), Lalbiakzuala &
from the holotype. Lalremsanga (2017); Myanmar (Mandalay, Yangon), David &
Vogel (2019); Thailand (Nan), David & Vogel (2019); Laos
Lycodon bibonius Ota & Ross, 1994
(Champasak), Luu et al. (2018).
Distribution: Add Philippines (Babuyan Claro I.), Leviton
Lycodon fausti Gaulke, 2002
et al. (2018).
Lycodon ferroni Lanza, 1999
Lycodon butleri Boulenger, 1900
Lycodon flavicollis Mukherjee & Bhupathy, 2007
Lycodon capucinus H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827
Distribution: Add India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,
Synonyms: Remove Lycodon atropurpureus Cantor, 1839, Telangana), and elevation range of 175–850 m, Narayana
see comments under L. aulicus; Tytleria hypsirhinoides
et al. (2018). Upper elevation of 929 m, Muliya et al. (2018).
Theobald, 1868, now Lycodon hypsirhinoides.
Narayana et al. (2018) map known localities.
Lycodon flavomaculatus Wall, 1907
(2011); Cambodia (Phnom Penh, Siem Reap), Neang et al.
(2014); Vietnam (Thu Dau Mot), Luu et al. (2019); West Distribution: Add India (Chhattsghar), Deshmukh et al.
Malaysia (Johor), Siler et al. (2013); Indonesia (Ambon, (2018); India (Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh), Sharma et al. (2015);
Banda Besar, Bawean, Buru, Karimunjawa, Kisar, Selayar, India (Tamil Nadu), and low elevation of 425 m, Melvinselvan
Serua Islands), Lang (2013); Indonesia (Lombok), Vogel & et al. (2016). Narayanan et al. (2017b) map known localities.
Harikrishnan (2013); Indonesia (Papua), introduced, O’Shea Lycodon flavozonatus (Pope, 1928)
et al. (2018c); Timor-Leste (Ataúro Island), H. Kaiser et al. Distribution: Add China (Guangxi), Wostl et al. (2018);
(2013b); Philippines (Bohol I., Semirara I.), Siler et al. (2013); Vietnam (Lao Cai), Luu et al. (2019).
Philippines (Camiguin I., Dinagat I.), Sanguila et al. (2016); Lycodon futsingensis (Pope, 1928)
Philippines (Carabao I., Sibuyan I., Tablas I.), Siler et al.
Distribution: Add China (Guangdong, Zhejiang), Laos
(2012); Indonesia (Papua). Remove India (Andaman and
(Xiangkheang); Wostl et al. (2018); Vietnam (Bac Giang, Cao
Nicobars), Vogel & Harikrishnan (2013).
Bang, Da Nang), Hecht et al. (2013); Vietnam (Dien Bien),
Comments: O’Shea et al. (2013) discuss the taxonomic history and upper elevation of 1057 m, Dung et al. (2014); Vietnam
and geographic distribution. (Ha Giang), Pham et al. (2017); Vietnam (Ha Tinh), Luu et al.
Lycodon cardamomensis Daltry & Wüster, 2002 (2018); Vietnam (Hoa Binh), and upper elevation of 901 m,
Nguyen et al. (2018); Vietnam (Ninh Binh, Quang Tri), Luu Kan), Luu et al. (2019); Vietnam (Hai Phong: Cat Ba Island),
et al. (2019); Vietnam (Vinh Phuc), Janssen et al. (2019). T.Q. Nguyen et al. (2011); Vietnam (Hoa Binh), Nguyen et al.
Lycodon gammiei (Blandford, 1878) (2018); Vietnam (Quang Ninh), Gawor et al. (2016); Vietnam
(Thanh Hoa), Luu et al. (2018).
Distribution: Elevation 1070–2300 m, Chettri & Bhupathy
(2009). Lycodon muelleri A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854
Lycodon gibsonae Vogel & David, 2019. Zootaxa 4577(3): Distribution: Add Philippines (Marinduque I.), Leviton et al.
518–521, figs. 1–4. (2018).
Holotype: FMNH 180146, an 1100+ mm male (W.R. Heyer, Lycodon multifasciatus (Maki, 1931)
5 May 1969). Lycodon multizonatus (Zhao & Jiang, 1981)
Type locality: “the Sakaerat Environmental Research Station, Holotype: Corrected to CIB 009964, Guo et al. (2012a).
Amphoe Wang Nam Khiao, at the south-western edge of Comments: Transferred from Oligodon on the basis of a DNA
Khorat Plateau, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand.” sequence analysis by Lei et al. (2014).
Distribution: C Thailand (Nakhon Ratchasima). Lycodon namdongensis Luu, Ziegler, Ha, Le & Hoang, 2019.
Lycodon gongshan Vogel & Luo, 2011 Zootaxa 4586(2): 267–271, figs. 2–4.
Lycodon hypsirhinoides Theobald, 1868. J. Asiatic Soc. Holotype: VNUF R2017.23, a 723 mm male (V.Q. Luu, N.V.
Bengal 37: 66. (Tytleria hypsirhinoides) Ha, O.V. Lo & N.V. Ha, 13 June 2017).
Holotype: ZSI 8145, a 550+ mm adult (R.C. Tytler). Type locality: “Nam Dong Nature Reserve, Quan Son District,
Thanh Hoa Province, Vietnam (20°18.298′N; 104°54.776′E, at
Type locality: “Andamans,” India.
an elevation of 616 m a.s.l.).”
Distribution: India (Andaman and Nicobars: Little Andaman,
Distribution: N Vietnam (Thanh Hoa), 616 m. Known only
Neil, South Andaman and Tarmugli Islands).
from the holotype.
Comments: Vogel & Harikrishnan (2013) consider hypsirhi
noides to be distinct from L. capucinus based on morphology. Lycodon ophiophagus Vogel, David, Pauwels, Sumontha,
Norval, Hendrix, Vu & Ziegler, 2009
Lycodon jara (G. Shaw, 1802)
Lycodon orientalis (Hilgendorf, 1880)
Synonyms: Add Lycodon odishii S. Mallik, Parida, Mohanty,
Lycodon paucifasciatus Rendahl in M.A. Smith, 1943
Mallik, Purohit, Mohanty, Nanda, Sindura, Purohit, Mishra &
Sahou, 2014. Russian J. Herpetol. 21(3): 206–210, figs. 1–9. Distribution: Add Vietnam (Hue), Luu et al. (2019).
Holotype: ZSI 25992, a 329 mm male (volunteers of Snake Lycodon pictus Janssen, Pham, Ngo, Le, Nguyen & Ziegler,
Helpline). 2019. ZooKeys 875: 5–14, figs. 2–6.
Type locality: “Jail Training School, Lanjipalli, Industrial Estate, Holotype: IEBR 4166, a 597+ mm male (T.Q. Nguyen et al.,
Berhampur, Odisha, India (19°18′06.1″ N 84°48′53.7″ E).” 18 April 2012).
Distribution: Add India (Jharkhand), and upper elevation Type locality: “(altitude 701 m a.s.l.), Trung Khanh District,
of 617 m, A.A. Khan & Sharma (2018); India (Manipur, Cao Bang Province,” Vietnam.
Meghalaya, Mizoram), Chaudhuri et al. (2015); India Distribution: N Vietnam (Cao Bang), 588–701 m. Known
(Odisha), S. Mallik et al. (2014); Nepal (Bara), Pandey et al. from two specimens.
(2018); Nepal (Parsa), Bhattarai et al. (2018b). Lycodon rosozonatus (Hu & Zhao in Zhao, 1972)
Comments: Chaudhuri et al. (2015) compare specimens of L. Holotype: Corrected to CIB 009081, Guo et al. (2012a).
jara with the type series of L. odishii and, via multivariate Distribution: Add Vietnam (Ha Tinh, Nghe An), Luu et al.
analysis, determine that characteristics of the latter fall within (2019).
variation of L. jara.
Lycodon rufozonatus Cantor, 1842
Lycodon kundui M.A. Smith, 1943
Lycodon laoensis Günther, 1864 Vietnam (Ninh Binh), Luu et al. (2019).
Distribution: Add Thailand (Chanthaburi), Chan-ard et al. Lycodon ruhstrati (J.G. Fischer, 1886)
(2011); Laos (Bolikhamxai, Champasak), Luu et al. (2018); Distribution: Add China (Hainan), Siler et al. (2013); Laos
Laos (Salavan), Siler et al. (2013); Cambodia (Phnom Penh, (Khammouane), Luu et al. (2019); Vietnam (Ninh Binh,
Pursat), Neang et al. (2014). Quang Ninh), Luu et al. (2019).
Lycodon liuchengchaoi Zhang, Jiang, Vogel & Rao, 2011 Lycodon sealei Leviton, 1955. Philippine J. Sci. 84(2): 195–
Lycodon mackinnoni Wall, 1906 198. (Lycodon subcinctus sealei)
Distribution: Add India (Jammu and Kashmir), Manhas et al. Holotype: CAS 15819, a 789 mm male (A. Seale, 20 May 1908).
(2018b). Type locality: “Puerto Princesa, Palawan Island, Philippines.”
Lycodon meridionalis Bourret, 1935 Distribution: Philippines (Palawan).
Distribution: Add Laos (Houaphan), Luu et al. (2018); Comments: Leviton et al. (2018) elevate this taxon to spe-
Vietnam (Bac Giang), Hecht et al. (2013); Vietnam (Bac cies due to substantial genetic difference from Malaysia and
Thailand samples of L. subcinctus, as demonstrated by Siler Type locality: “N12°09′22.0″, E102°59′18.7″, 1,284 m above sea
et al. (2013). level (a.s.l.) in Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary, Cardamom
Lycodon semicarinatus (Cope, 1860) Mountains, Pursat Province, southwest Cambodia.”
Lycodon septentrionalis (Günther, 1875) Distribution: Cambodia (Pursat), 1284 m. Known only from
Distribution: Add Bhutan (Trongsa), Tshewang & Letro, 2018); the holotype.
Laos (Phongsali), Luu et al. (2018); Cambodia (Ratanakiri),
LYCODONOMORPHUS Fitzinger, 1843 (Lamprophiidae)
Neang et al. (2014); Vietnam (Hue), Luu et al. (2019).
Lycodonomorphus bicolor (Günther, 1894)
Lycodon sidiki Wostl, Hamidy, Kurniawan & E.N. Smith,
Lycodonomorphus inornatus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron &
2017. Zootaxa 4276(4): 547–551, figs. 2, 3.
Duméril, 1854)
Holotype: MZB 5980, a 715 mm male (E. Wostl, I. Fonna & Lycodonomorphus laevissimus (Günther, 1862)
M. Iksan, 5 August 2015). Lycodonomorphus leleupi (Laurent, 1950)
Type locality: “between Takengon and Isaq, Aceh Province, Lycodonomorphus mlanjensis Loveridge, 1953
Sumatra 04.50611°N, 96.86061 °E, 1614 m asl.” Lycodonomorphus obscuriventris V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1964
Distribution: Indonesia (N Sumatra), 1614 m. Known only Lycodonomorphus rufulus (Lichtenstein, 1853)
from the holotype. Lycodonomorphus subtaeniatus Laurent, 1954
Lycodonomorphus whytii (Boulenger, 1897)
Lycodon solivagus Ota & Ross, 1984
Lycodon stormi Boettger, 1892 LYCODRYAS Günther, 1879 (Pseudoxyrhophiidae)
Lycodon striatus (Shaw, 1802) Synonyms: Add Stenophis Boulenger, 1896.
Distribution: Add Iran (Hormozgan), Shafaei-Mahroo et al. Comments: Vences et al. (2004) review most of the species as
(2015); India (Gujarat), Patel & Vyas (2019); Nepal (Chitwan, the subgenus Stenophis of Stenophis. Nagy et al. (2010), using
Nawalparasi), Pandey et al. (2018); Sri Lanka (Sabaragamuwa), DNA sequence-data, determine that Stenophis (Stenophis)
Peabotuwage et al. (2012). and Lycodryas are congeneric.
Lycodon subcinctus F. Boie, 1827 Lycodryas carleti (Domergue, 1995)
Distribution: Add India (Great Nicobar I., Andaman & Comments: Vences et al. (2004) provide a description, and
Nicobars), Harikrishnan et al. (2010); Laos (Bolikhamxai, note that this taxon may represent L. gaimardii, differing only
Champasak, Vientiane), Luu et al. (2018); Laos (Khammouane), by lower ventral and subcaudal counts.
Luu et al. (2019); Vietnam (Dong Nai), Janssen et al. (2019);
Lycodryas citrina (Domergue, 1995)
Vietnam (Ninh Binh), Luu et al. (2019); West Malaysia
(Terengganu), Sumarli et al. (2015); Indonesia (Bengkulu), Comments: Vences et al. (2004) provide a description and
Wostl et al. (2018). Remove Philippines (Palawan), elevated to color photographs.
species, L. sealei, by Leviton et al. (2018). Lycodryas cococola Hawlitschek, Nagy & Glaw, 2012
Lycodon synaptor Vogel & David, 2010 Lycodryas gaimardii (Schlegel, 1837)
Lycodon tessellatus Jan, 1863 Distribution: Add Madagascar (Taomasina), Vences et al. (2004).
Comments: Leviton et al. (2018) hesitatingly refer L. tessella Comments: Vences et al. (2004) provide a description and
tus to the synonymy of L. capucinus, although acknowledge a color photographs.
color pattern difference. Lycodryas granuliceps (Boettger, 1877)
Lycodon tiwarii Biswas & Sanyal, 1965 Distribution: Add Madagascar (Nosy Komba), Roberts &
Distribution: Add India (Car Nicobar I., Andaman & Daly (2014).
Nicobars), Harikrishnan et al. (2010). Comments: Vences et al. (2004) provide a description and
Lycodon travancoricus (Beddome1870) color photographs.
Distribution: Add India (Gujarat), 129 m, Sharma & Jani Lycodryas guentheri (Boulenger, 1896)
(2015). Comments: Vences et al. (2004) provide a description.
Lycodon zawi Slowinski, Pawar, Win, Thin, Gyi, Oo & Tun, Lycodryas inopinae (Domergue, 1995)
2001
Comments: Vences et al. (2004) provide a description and
Distribution: Add India (Arunachal Pradesh), Purkayastha color photographs.
(2018); India (West Bengal), Ghosh et al. (2017). D. Dutta
et al. (2013) report range extensions and an altitude record of Lycodryas inornata (Boulenger, 1896)
750 m for NE India. Comments: Vences et al. (2004) provide a description.
Lycodon zoosvictoriae Neang, Hartmann, Hun, Souter & Lycodryas maculata (Günther, 1858)
Furey, 2014. Zootaxa 3814(1): 70–73, figs. 2–4, 6. Lycodryas pseudogranuliceps (Domergue, 1995)
Holotype: CBC 02238, a 521 mm female (T. Neang & S. Hun, Comments: Vences et al. (2004) provide a description and
15 June 2013). color photographs.
LYCOGNATHOPHIS Boulenger, 1893 (Natricidae) Lygophis dilepis Cope, 1862

Lycognathophis seychellensis (Schlegel, 1837) Distribution: Upper elevation of 850 m, Guedes et al. (2014).
Distribution: Add Seychelles (La Digue), S. Rocha et al. Lygophis elegantissimus (Koslowsky, 1896)
(2009). Lygophis flavifrenatus Cope, 1862
Lygophis lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
LYCOPHIDION Fitzinger, 1843 (Lamprophiidae) Distribution: Add Colombia (Cesar), Medina-Rangel (2011).
Lycophidion acutirostre Günther, 1868
Lygophis meridionalis (Schenkel, 1901)
Lycophidion albomaculatum Steindachner, 1870 Distribution: Add Brazil (Bahia, Tocantins), Dal Vechio et al.
Distribution: Add Sierra Leone, Trape & Baldé (2014). Upper (2016) and T.M. Castro & Oliveira (2017); Brazil (Maranhão),
elevation of 395 m, Trape & Mané (2017). J.P. Miranda et al. (2012); Brazil (Marajo I., Para), G.M.
Lycophidion capense (A. Smith, 1831) Rodrigues et al. (2015).
Distribution: South Africa (Western Cape, record from De Lygophis paucidens Hoge, 1953
Hoop Nature Preserve), Fantuzzi (2016). Distribution: Add Brazil (Ceara), Roberto & Loebmann
Lycophidion depressirostre Laurent, 1968 (2016); Brazil (Maranhao), M.B. Silva et al. (2016); Brazil
Lycophidion hellmichi Laurent, 1964 (Tocantins), Dal Vechio et al. (2016); Paraguay (San Pedro),
Cacciali et al. (2013).
Distribution: In Namibia it is confined to Kunene; other local-
ities are referred to L. namibianum, Herrmann & Branch Lygophis vanzolinii (Dixon, 1985)
(2013).
Lycophidion irroratum (Leach in Bowdich, 1819) LYTORHYNCHUS W.C.H. Peters, 1862 (Colubridae:
Distribution: Low elevation of 386 m, Trape & Mané (2017). Colubrinae)
Comments: Based on the published description and local-
Lycophidion laterale Hallowell, 1857
ity, Lytorhynchus levitoni Torki, 2017a is identical to
Distribution: Add Angola (Cuanza Norte), M.P. Marques et al. Rhynchocalamus ilamensis Fathinia, Rastegar-Pouyani,
(2018). Rastegar-Pouyani & Darvishnia, 2017. Based on stated pub-
Lycophidion meleagre Boulenger, 1893 lication dates, levitoni has priority over ilamensis by three
Distribution: Add Angola (Bengo, Cuanza Sul, Luanda), M.P. months. Fathinia et al. (2017) use DNA sequence-data to show
Marques et al. (2018). that the taxon belongs within Rhynchocalamus.
Lycophidion multimaculatum Boettger, 1888 Lytorhynchus diadema (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril,
Distribution: Add Nigeria, Trape & Baldé (2014); Cameroon 1854)
(Nord-Ouest), Ineich et al. (2015); Angola (Luanda, Lunda Distribution: Add Morocco (Figuig, Tiznit), Damas-Moreira
Sul, Zaire), M.P. Marques et al. (2018). et al. (2014), Jablonski et al. (2014); Mauritania (Nouakchott),
Lycophidion namibianum Broadley, 1991 Padial (2006); Algeria (El Oued), Mouane et al. (2014); Algeria
Distribution: Add Angola (Namibe), Herrmann & Branch (2013). (Tindouf), Donaire et al. (2000); Libya (Al Wahat, Butnan,
Jabal al Gharbi, Jufra, Kufrah, Marj, Misratah, Murqub,
Lycophidion nanum (Broadley, 1968)
Nalut, Sabha), Bauer et al. (2017); Jordan (Aqaba), Sindaco
Lycophidion nigromaculatum (Schlegel in W.C.H. Peters, 1863) et al. (2014); Iran (Hormozgan, Ilam), Shafaei-Mahroo et al.
Distribution: Add Nigeria, Trape & Baldé (2014). (2015); Iran (Kerman), Moradi et al. (2013). Mediani et al.
Lycophidion ornatum Parker, 1936 (2015a) report new records from C Western Sahara.
Lycophidion pembanum Laurent, 1968 Lytorhynchus gasperetti Leviton, 1977
Lycophidion pygmaeum Broadley, 1996 Lytorhynchus kennedyi K.P. Schmidt, 1939
Lycophidion semiannule W.C.H. Peters, 1854
Lytorhynchus maynardi Alcock & Finn, 1897
Lycophidion semicinctum A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Distribution: Add Iran (Baluchistan and Sistan), Shafiei et al.
Duméril, 1854 (2015). Low elevation of 500 m, Salemi et al. (2018).
Distribution: Lower elevation of 193 m, Trape & Mané (2015).
Lytorhynchus paradoxus (Günther, 1875)
Lycophidion taylori Broadley & Hughes, 1993 Comments: Agarwal & Srikanthan (2013) discuss additional
Lycophidion uzungwense Loveridge, 1932 Indian specimens.
Lycophidion variegatum Broadley, 1969
Lytorhynchus ridgewayi Boulenger, 1887
LYGOPHIS Fitzinger, 1843 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae) Distribution: Add Iran (Alborz, Bushehr, Golestan, Hormozgan,
Lygophis anomala (Günther, 1858) Isfahan, Markazi, North Khorasan, Qazvin, Semnan, South
Distribution: Add Paraguay (unspecified province), Panzera Khorasan, Tehran), Safaei-Mahroo et al. (2015); Iran (Qom),
et al. (2017); Uruguay (Colonia, Lavalleja), Panzera & S.M. Kazemi et al. (2015); Iran (Razavi Khorasan), Yousefkhani
Maneyro (2014). Panzera et al. (2017) map known localities. et al. (2014) and Nasrabadi et al. (2016).
MACRELAPS Boulenger, 1896 (Atractaspididae: Macroprotodon brevis (Günther, 1862)

Aparallactinae) Distribution: Add Portugal (Faro), Malkmus (2011); Portugal
Macrelaps microlepidotus (Günther, 1860) (Guarda), Malkmus & Loureiro (2010); Spain (Granada),
Pleguezuelos (1989); Morocco (Tan Tan), Kane et al. (2019).
MACROCALAMUS Günther, 1864 (Calamariidae) Mediani et al. (2015b) map N Morocco records. See under
Comments: Quah et al. (2019b) provide a review of the genus, M. mauritanicus.
including a key to the species. They produce a DNA sequence- Fossil Records: Add Upper Pleistocene (Tarantian) of Spain,
based phylogeny using six of the species. Barroso-Ruiz and Bailon (2003).
Macrocalamus chanardi David & Pauwels, 2004 Macroprotodon cucullatus (Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, 1827 in
Distribution: Add West Malaysia (Kedah), and low elevation Savigny, 1809–1829)
of about 800 m, Quah et al. (2019b). Distribution: Add Algeria (Tiaret), Ferrer et al. (2016);
Comments: Quah et al. (2019b) provide a revised description, Morocco (Taza), Mediani et al. (2015b); Libya (Al Wahat,
locality map, and color photographs. Based on DNA analysis, Jabal al Gharbi, Marj, Nalut, Tripoli), Bauer et al. (2017).
the species occupies three genetically distinct, allopatric sites, Macroprotodon mauritanicus Guichenot, 1850
but morphology is conserved. Distribution: Add Algeria (El Tarf), Rouag & Benyacoub (2006).
Macrocalamus emas Quah, Anuar, Grismer, Wood & Comments: Mateo (2015) states that populations on the
Azizah, 2019b. Zool. J. Linnean Soc. 188: 7–13, figs. 4–6. Baleares, Spain, are this species, not M. brevis. Silva-Rocha
Holotype: USMHC 1866, a 241 mm male (E.S.H. Quah, 20 et al. (2015) use DNA sequence-data to determine that the
August 2015). source population for specimens introduced to the Balearic
Type locality: “Gunung Brinchang, Cameron Highlands, Islands was probably North Africa.
Pahang, West Malaysia (04°31.105N 101°22.571E; at 1811 m
a.s.l.).” MACROVIPERA A.F.T. Reuss, 1927 (Viperidae: Viperinae)
Distribution: West Malaysia (Pahang), about 1500 to over Fossil records: Add middle Miocene (Orleanian) of Germany,
1800 m. Čerňanský et al. (2017, as Vipera sp. “Oriental viper”);
Macrocalamus gentingensis Norsham & Lim, 2003 Add Miocene/Pliocene transition (late Turolian) of Greece,
Comments: Quah et al. (2019b) provide a revised description Georgialis et al. (2019, a “Oriental Vipers”).
and color photographs. †Macrovipera burgenlandica (Bachmayer & Szyndlar, 1987)
Macrocalamus jasoni Grandison, 1972 †Macrovipera gedulyi (Bolkay, 1913)
†Macrovipera kuchurganica (Zerova in Zerova, Lungu &
Comments: Quah et al. (2019b) provide a description and
Chkhikvadze, 1987)
color photographs of the types.
Macrovipera lebetina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Macrocalamus lateralis Günther, 1864
Distribution: Add Iran (Alborz, Ardabil, Kohgiluyeh and
Distribution: Add West Malaysia (Langkawi Island, Kedah,
Boyer Ahmad, North Khorasan, Qazvin), Safaei-Mahroo
Perak), and upper elevation of 800 m, Quah et al. (2019b).
et al. (2015); Iran (Bushehr, Golestan, Ilam, Kermanshah,
Comments: Quah et al. (2019b) provide a revised description, Markazi, Sistan and Baluchistan, Tehran), Moradi et al.
locality map and color photographs. (2014); Iran (Qom), S.M. Kazemi et al. (2015). Some of the
Macrocalamus schulzi Vogel & David, 1999 S Iran provinces likely represent M. razii. Coşkun et al.
Comments: Quah et al. (2019b) provide a revised description (2012) document a westward range extension to Sivas, Turkey.
and color photographs. Mebert et al. (2015) document localities on the northern edge
Macrocalamus tweediei Lim, 1963 of its distribution in NE Turkey. Moradi et al. (2013) state an
upper elevation range of 3000 m in Iran.
Distribution: Limited to West Malaysia (Pahang, only on
Comments: Moradi et al. (2014) find a general, north-south
Gunong Brinchang between 1500–1800 m), other records
cline in Iran of external morphological characters, and they
based on misidentifications, Quah et al. (2019b).
suggest that populations in S Iran are a provisional distinct
Comments: Quah et al. (2019b) provide a revised description species, which they do not describe. Oraie et al. (2018) use
and color photographs. mtDNA sequence-data to confirm the southern populations
Macrocalamus vogeli David & Pauwels, 2004 as a distinct species, M. razii, and find two clades in northern
Comments: Quah et al. (2019b) provide a description and populations referable to two subspecies of M. lebetina.
color photographs of the holotype. Macrovipera razii Oraie, E. Rastegar-Pouyani, Khosravani,
Moradi, Akbari, Sehhatisabet, Shafiei, Stümpel & Joger,
MACROPROTODON Guichenot, 1850 (Colubridae: 2018. Salamandra 54(4): 241–243, figs. 5–9.
Colubrinae) Holotype: SUHC 143, a 1270 mm male (E. Rastegar-Pouyani,
Macroprotodon abubakeri Wade, 2001 3–4 June 2004).
Type locality: “at 105 km on the road from Jiroft to Bam near Madatyphlops albanalis (Rendahl, 1918)
Bab-Gorgi village and Valley, Kerman Province, 29°05′054″ Comments: Pyron & Wallach (2014) provide a revised diag-
N, 57°34′120″ E; altitude 3150 m.” nosis and description.
Distribution: S Iran (Fars, Kerman, Yazd), 1500–3150 m. Madatyphlops andasibensis (Wallach & Glaw, 2009)
Macrovipera schweizeri (F. Werner, 1935) Madatyphlops arenarius (Grandidier, 1872)
†Macrovipera ukrainica (Zerova, 1992) Comments: Nagy et al. (2015) note that, based on analysis
of DNA sequence-data for 16 specimens, there are multiple
MADAGASCAROPHIS Mertens, 1952 cryptic species within M. arenarius.
(Pseudoxyrhophiidae) Madatyphlops boettgeri (Boulenger, 1893)
Comments: Ruane et al. (2016) describe a new species with
Madatyphlops calabresii (Gans & Laurent, 1965)
comparison to other species in the genus, and produce a phy-
logeny and key to members of the genus. Comments: Hedges et al. (2014) recommend this and several
other species to Afrotyphlops, but Pyron & Wallach (2014)
Madagascarophis colubrinus (Schlegel, 1837) argue, on the basis of internal and external morphology, that
Comments: Glaw et al. (2013) evaluate morphological data of they are assignable to Madatyphlops. Nagy et al. (2015) agree
various populations, and conclude that three subspecies are with Hedges et al., recommending a reversal of Pyron &
recognizable (colubrinus, citrinus, septentrionalis). Wallach on the basis of snout shape and potential complexity
Madagascarophis fuchsi Glaw, Kucharzewski, Köhler, of biogeographic history.
Vences & Nagy, 2013. Zootaxa 3630(2): 324–327, figs. 2, 4, 5. Madatyphlops comorensis (Boulenger, 1889)
Holotype: ZSM 2130/2007 (field no. FGZC 1152), a 514 mm Comments: See under M. calabresii.
female (F. Glaw, J. Köhler, H. Enting, P. Bora & A. Knoll,
Madatyphlops cuneirostris (W.C.H. Peters, 1879)
27 February 2007).
Comments: See under M. calabresii.
Type locality: “close to the remains of the French Fort,
Montagne des Français (12°19′34″S, 49°20′09″E, ca. 300 m Madatyphlops decorsei (Mocquard, 1901)
above sea level), Antsiranana province, northern Madagascar.” Madatyphlops domerguei (Roux-Estève, 1980)
Distribution: Extreme N Madagascar (Antsiranana), 300 m. Comments: See under M. reuteri.
Madagascarophis lolo Ruane, Burbrink, Randriamahatantsoa Madatyphlops leucocephalus (H.W. Parker, 1930)
& Raxworthy, 2016. Copeia 2016(3): 716–718, figs.1, 3a, 4, 5a. Comments: Based on morphological characters, Hedges et al.
Holotype, AMNH 176422, a 491 mm adult male (B. (2014) assign leucocephalus to Rhinotyphlops, but Pyron &
Randriamahatantsoa, C. Raxworthy & S. Ruane, 9 February Wallach (2014) argue that it most closely resembles members
2014). of Madatyphlops.
Type locality: “Madagascar, Antsiranana Province, Diana Madatyphlops madagascariensis (Boettger, 1877)
Region, Ankarana National Park, ∼4 km northwest of the Madatyphlops microcephalus (F. Werner, 1909)
village of Mahamasina, tsingy karst trail, 102 m elevation, Comments: See under M. reuteri.
49.11507°E, 12.94210°S.”
Madatyphlops mucronatus (Boettger, 1880)
Distribution: N Madagascar (extreme NW Antsiranana
Madatyphlops ocularis (H.W. Parker, 1927)
Province).
Madatyphlops platyrhynchus (Sternfeld, 1910)
Madagascarophis meridionalis Domergue, 1987
Comments: See under M. calabresii.
Madagascarophis ocellatus Domergue, 1987
Madatyphlops rajeryi (Renoult & Raselimanana, 2009)
Comments: Glaw et al. (2013) illustrate and redescribe the
holotype. Madatyphlops reuteri (Boettger, 1881)
Comments: Hedges et al. (2014) assign domerguei, micro
MADATYPHLOPS Hedges, Marion, Lipp, Marin & cephalus and reuteri to Madatyphlops on the basis of geogra-
Vidal, 2014. Caribbean Herpetol. 49: 42. (Typhlopidae: phy and morphology.
Madatyphlopinae)
†MADTSOIA Simpson, 1933 (†Madtsoiidae)
Synonyms: Lemuriatyphlops Pyron & Wallach, 2014.
†Madtsoia bai Simpson, 1933
Type species: Onychocephalus arenarius Grandidier, 1872 by †Madtsoia camposi Rage, 1998
original designation. †Madtsoia madagascariensis Hoffstetter, 1961
Distribution: NE Africa, Comoros, and Madagascar. †Madtsoia pisdurensis Mohabey, Head & J.A. Wilson, 2011
provide generic diagnoses. Nagy et al. (2014) were unable to MAGLIOPHIS Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, R.W. Murphy,
recover a monophyletic Lemuriatyphlops in their phylogeny Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae)
of Madagascar typhlopids, and recommend that it be synony- Magliophis exiguus (Cope, 1862)
mized with Madatyphlops. Magliophis stahli (Stejneger, 1904)
MALAYOPYTHON Reynolds, Niemiller & Revell, 2014b. Distribution: Philippines (N Luzon Island). Known only from
Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 71: 211. (Pythonidae) the holotype.
Synonyms: Broghammerus Hoser, 2004, a nomen nudum Malayotyphlops canlaonensis (Taylor, 1917)
according to Reynolds et al. (2014b). Malayotyphlops castanotus (Wynn & Leviton, 1993)
Type species: Constrictor schneideri Wagler, 1833 (=Boa Malayotyphlops collaris (Wynn & Leviton, 1993)
reticulata Schneider, 1801), designated by Reynolds et al. Malayotyphlops denrorum Wynn, Diesmos & Brown, 2016.
(2014b). J. Herpetol. 50(1): 163–164, fig. 4.
Distribution: SE Asia and East Indies. Holotype: PNM 9813 (field no. ACD 2084, formerly KU
Comments: Recognition of the generic distinctiveness of 328594), a 185 mm specimen (A.C. Diesmos & R.V. Sison,
reticulatus and timoriensis is supported by genetic data 25 February 2005).
(Reynolds et al., 2014b). Barker et al. (2015) provide a mor- Type locality: “Luzon island, Isabela Province, Municipality
phological diagnosis. of San Mariano, Sierra Madre Mountain Range, Apaya Creek
Malayopython reticulatus (Schneider, 1801) area, Barangay Dibuluan, Sitio Apaya (17.029N, 122.1928E”;
Distribution: Add Myanmar (Rakhine, Lampi I.), Platt et al. Philippines.
(2018); Thailand (Chanthaburi), Chan-ard et al. (2011); Distribution: Phillipines (N Luzon Island). Known only from
Thailand (Koh Man Nok I., Rayong), Chan-ard and Makchai the holotype.
(2011); Cambodia (Siem Reap), Geissler et al. (2019); West Malayotyphlops hypogia (Savage, 1950)
Malaysia (Jerejak Island), Quah et al. (2011); West Malaysia Malayotyphlops koekkoeki (Brongersma, 1934)
(Pahang), Zakaria et al. (2014); West Malaysia (Pulau Singa
Malayotyphlops kraalii (Doria, 1875)
Besar), B.L. Lim et al. (2010); Indonesia (Bisa, Gorong,
Tidore Islands), Lang (2013); Indonesia (Salibabu Island), A. Comments: Lang (2013) suggests that, based on morpho-
Koch et al. (2009); Philippines (Bongao, Cagayan, Cagauit, logical differences between Seram and Kai specimens, that
Dalupiri, Marinduque, Siargao, Siasi, Siquijor Is.), Leviton M. kraalii may be a species complex.
et al. (2018); Philippines (Romblon, Tablas I.), Sy & Tan Malayotyphlops luzonensis (Taylor, 1919)
(2015b). Kalki et al. (2018) discuss the validity of mainland Distribution: Add Philippines (Babuyan Claro, Camiguin
India records, concluding that one from West Bengal may be Norte, Cebu, Masbate, Pacijan, Poro, Semirara, Siquijor),
legitimate. Leviton et al. (2018), but see comment below.
Comments: Murray-Dickson et al. (2017) use mtDNA Comment: Wynn et al. (2016) re-describe and illustrate the
sequence-data to evaluate haplotypes from throughout the holotype. They caution about the assignment of specimens
geographic range. Populations east of Wallace’s line, plus from islands other than the type locality of Luzon Island to
the Philippines, are distinct from western populations in pos- this species.
sessing unique haplotypes. The sample from Ambon sug- Malayotyphlops ruber (Boettger, 1897)
gests that the island was recently populated with snakes from
Comment: Wynn et al. (2016) re-describe and illustrate the
Singapore. Auliya (2006) discusses geographic distribution
holotype. They caution about the assignment of specimens
and variation.
from islands other than the type locality of Samar Island to
Malayopython timoriensis (W.C.H. Peters, 1876) this species.
MALAYOTYPHLOPS Hedges, Marion, Lipp, Marin & Malayotyphlops ruficaudus (Gray, 1845)
Vidal, 2014. Caribbean Herpetol. 49: 38. (Typhlopidae: Distribution: Add Philippines (Camiguin Norte), Leviton
Asiatyphlopinae) et al. (2018).
Type species: Typhlops luzonensis Taylor, 1919 by original
designation. MALPOLON Fitzinger, 1826 (Psammophiidae)
Distribution: Malay Archipelago southeast of Asia. Distribution: Bakhouche & Escoriza (2018) describe a speci-
Comments: Hedges et al. (2014), Pyron & Wallach, 2014, pro- men from southern Algeria (Tamanrasset), but are unable to
vide generic diagnoses. Wynn et al. (2016) provide a key to assign it to a species.
Philippine species. Comments: Mangiacotti et al. (2014) describe morphologi-
Malayotyphlops andyi Wynn, Diesmos & Brown, 2016. J. cal differences in head shape between three of the species of
Herpetol. 50(1): 164–166, fig. 5. Malpolon. See under Rhagerrhis.
Holotype: PNM 9779 (field no. ACD 3231, formerly KU Malpolon fuscus (Fleischmann, 1831)
328597), a 243 mm specimen (A.C. Diesmos, K. Hesed, J. Distribution: Add Greece (Diapontia Islets), Stille & Stille
Fernandez & party, 30 June 2006). (2016); Greece (Elafonisos I.), Broggi (2016a); Greece
Type locality: “Luzon island, Cagayan Province, Municipality (Kastellorizo I.), Paysant (1999) and Kakaentzis et al. (2018);
of Gattaran, Sierra Madre Mountain Range, Barangay Greece (Limnos Island), Strachinis & Roussos (2016);
Nassiping, Nassiping Reforestation Project area (18.054N, Turkey (Antalya), Kucharzeski (2015); Turkey (Burdur), Ege
121.641E”; Philippines. et al. (2015); Turkey (Bursa), Uğurtaş et al. (2000a); Turkey
(Canakkale), Tok et al. (2006); Turkey (Mersin, Mugla), phylogeny has western M. flagellum as sister taxa to a clade
Winden et al. (1997); Turkey (Gökçeada I.), Yakin et al. (2018); containing eastern and central M. flagellum, and another con-
Turkey (Tenedos I.), Tosunoğlu et al. (2009); Iran (Alborz, taining northern M. mentovarius and southern M. bilineatus.
Ardabil, Ilam, Isfahan, Kermanshah, Lorestan, Markazi, Masticophis anthonyi (Stejneger, 1901)
North Khorasan, Qazvin, Semnan, Tehran, Yazd), Safaei- Masticophis aurigulus (Cope, 1861)
Mahroo et al. (2015); Iran (Kurdistan), and upper elevation of Masticophis barbouri (Van Denburgh & Slevin, 1921)
2432 m, Safai-Mahroo et al. (2017); Iran (Qom), S.M. Kazemi Masticophis bilineatus Jan, 1867 in Jan & Sordelli, 1866–1870
et al. (2015). Domozetski (2013) discuss several high elevation
records in SW Bulgaria. Pulev et al. (2018b) detail the distri- Masticophis flagellum (Shaw, 1802)
bution in Bulgaria. Synonyms: Coluber flagelliformis Daudin, 1803, Coluber
americanus Gravenhorst, 1807, Coluber testaceus Say in
Malpolon insignitus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1827 in
James, 1823, Herpetodryas psammophis Schlegel, 1837,
Savigny, 1809–1829)
Psammophis flavigularis Hallowell, 1852, Bascanium flagel
Distribution: Add Libya (Al Wahat, Butnan, Darnah, Jabal liforme bicinctum Yarrow, 1882, Masticophis flagellum lin
al Akhdar, Jabal al Gharbi, Jufra, Kufrah, Marj, Zawiyah), eatulus H.M. Smith, 1941.
Bauer et al. (2017); Egypt (Ismailia), Ibrahim (2013); Tunisia
Distribution: Limited to eastward from SE Arizona and
(Small Kuriat Islet), Lo Cascio & Rivière (2014); Iraq (Babil,
Mexico E of the Sierra Madre Occidental. Add Mexico
Karbala, Najaf, Qadisiyah), Abbas-Rhadi et al. (2017).
(Hidalgo), Reaño-Hernández et al. (2015).
Mediani et al. (2015b) map localities in Morocco.
Comments: E.A. Myers et al. (2017a) provide a DNA sequence-
†Malpolon laurenti (Depéret, 1897)
based phylogeny of W North American populations, with
†Malpolon mlynarskii Szyndlar, 1988
three primary clades: two in the Chihuahuan Desert and Great
Malpolon monspessulanus (Hermann, 1804) Plains, and a third in the American Southwest (referable to
Neotype: MNHN 2016.104, a 1264 mm male (1 Jan. 2000). M. piceus). O’Connell & E.N. Smith (2018) also found eastern
Type locality: restricted via neotype designation to “Les and central M. flagellum to be monophyletic with respect to
Cresses, commune de Vic-la-Gardiole, département de western populations, which they elevate to species, M. piceus.
l’Hérault; environ 43°28′36″N, 3°47′49″E,” France. Masticophis fuliginosus (Cope, 1895)
Distribution: Add Spain (Alava), Marcos et al. (2018); Spain Masticophis lateralis (Hallowell, 1853)
(Leida), Martínez-Silvestre & Soler (2018); Spain (Navarra),
Distribution: Add Mexico (N Baja California Sur), Goodman
Gosá & Bergerandi (1994); Spain (Soria), Amo (1994).
et al. (2019).
Increase documented elevation to 2250 m, Fernández-
Cardenete et al. (2000). Masticophis lineatus (Bocourt, 1890 in A.H.A. Duméril,
Fossil Records: Add upper Pliocene (Villanyian) of Spain, Bocourt & Mocquard, 1870–1909). Miss. Scient. Mex. Amer.
Blain (2009); lower Pleistocene (Calabrian) of Spain, Blain Centr. 3(1): 700–701, plate 48. (Bascanion lineatus)
et al. (2007); upper Pleistocene (Tarantian) of Italy, Delfino Synonyms: Coluber striolatus Mertens, 1934, Masticophis
(2004), and Spain, Barroso-Ruiz and Bailon (2003). flagellum variolosus H.M. Smith, 1943.
Comments: Silva-Rocha et al. (2015) use DNA sequence-data Lectotype: MNHN 1648, a 940 mm female (A.A. Dugès,
to determine the source population for specimens introduced 1868), designated by J.D. Johnson (1977).
to the Balearic Islands, but were unable to restrict the source Lectotype locality: “Colima,” Mexico.
beyond the Iberian Peninsula. Bour et al. (2017) were unable Distribution: W Mexico (Aguascalientes, Colima, Durango,
to locate the holotype of Coluber monspessulanus in the Jalisco, Michoacan, Nayarit, Sinaloa, Sonora, Zacatecas,
Strasbourg collection, so they designate a neotype and pro- Maria Madre and Maria Magdalena Islands).
pose a type locality restriction on that basis.
Comments: O’Connell & E.N. Smith (2018) elevate northern
MANOLEPIS Cope, 1885 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae) populations of M. mentovarius to this species based on para-
phyly with geographically proximal populations of M. bilin
Manolepis putnami (Jan, 1863)
eatus. They provide a revised diagnosis.
MASTICOPHIS Baird & Girard, 1853 (Colubridae: Masticophis mentovarius (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron &
Colubrinae) Duméril, 1854)
Fossil record: Add upper Miocene (Hemphillian) of USA Synonyms: Remove Bascanion lineatus Bocourt, 1890 in
(Tennessee), Jasinski & Moscato (2017, as Masticophis sp.). A.H.A. Duméril, Bocourt & Mocquard, 1870–1909, Coluber
Comments: E.A. Myers et al. (2017b) use DNA sequence- striolatus Mertens, 1934, Masticophis flagellum variolosus
data to conclude that Coluber is sister taxon to Masticophis. H.M. Smith, 1943.
Masticophis resolves as two primary clades: those species Distribution: Add Mexico (S Quintana Roo), Cedeño-Vázquez
with transverse markings and those with lineate markings. & Beutelspacher-García (2018); Honduras (Santa Bárbara),
O’Connell & E.N. Smith (2018) use mtDNA and nDNA to eval- Espinal et al. (2014b); Panama (Herrera), Knight et al. (2016);
uate relationships within M. flagellum and northern M. men Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback (2015). Remove W
tovarius, along with southern M. bilineatus. The resulting Mexico N of Michoacan to M. lineatus.
Masticophis piceus Cope, 1875. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus. (1): 40. Mastigodryas cliftoni (L. Hardy, 1964)
(Bascanion flagelliforme piceum) Distribution: Mexico (range extensions within Jalisco &
Synonyms: Bascanion flagellum frenatum Stejneger, 1893, Nayarit), and upper elevation of 2000 m, Ahumada-Carrillo
Masticophis flagellum ruddocki Brattstrom & Warren, 1953, et al. (2014)
Masticophis flagellum cingulum Lowe & Woodin, 1954. Mastigodryas danieli Amaral, 1934
Holotype: USNM 7891, adult female? (E. Palmer). Mastigodryas dorsalis (Bocourt, 1890 in A.H.A. Duméril,
Type locality: “Camp Grant, Arizona,” USA. Bocourt & Mocquard, 1870–1909)
Distribution: NW Mexico (NE Baja California, SW Chihuahua, Distribution: Add Mexico (Chiapas), Montingelli et al. (2019);
N Sinaloa, Sonora), SW USA (Arizona, California, Nevada, Guatemala (Chimaltenango, Escuintla, Huehuetenango,
SW New Mexico, SW Utah). Sacatapequez, Solola), Montingelli et al. (2019); Honduras
Comments: See under M. flagellum. O’Connell & E.N. Smith (Choluteca), Espinal et al. (2014a).
(2018) provide a revised diagnosis. Mastigodryas heathii (Cope, 1875)
Masticophis schotti Baird & Girard, 1853 Distribution: Add Ecuador (El Oro, Loja), Montingelli
Masticophis slevini Lowe & Norris, 1955 et al. (2011); Peru (Amazonas), Koch et al. (2018); Peru
Masticophis taeniatus (Hallowell, 1852) (Lambayeque), and low elevation of sea level, Venegas (2005);
Peru (Piura), Cadle (2012c).
MASTIGODRYAS Amaral, 1934 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Mastigodryas melanolomus (Cope, 1868)
Comments: Montingelli et al. (2019) produce a DNA sequence-
Distribution: Add Mexico (Quintana Roo: Cozumel I.), Escalante-
based phylogeny of eight of the species. Seven species form a
Pasos & García-Padilla (2015); Honduras (Isla Cochino Menor),
monophyletic group whereas M. bifossatus is paraphyletic as
sister taxon to a clade containing Simophis and Drymoluber. McCranie & Valdés-Orellana (2014). Elevation range 1–1900 m,
For that reason the authors erect a new genus, Palusophis, for Palacios-Aguilar & Flores-Villela (2018).
M. bifossatus. Mastigodryas moratoi Montingelli & Zaher, 2011
Mastigodryas alternatus (Bocourt, 1884) Distribution: Fraga et al. (2018) report a new locality, and pro-
vide a map of known localities.
Distribution: Add Costa Rica (Alajuela, Heredia), Montingelli
et al. (2019); Panama (Colon, Darien, Herrera, Veraguas), Mastigodryas pleii (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril,
Montingelli et al. (2019); Panama (Panama, Panama Oeste), 1854)
Ray & Ruback (2015). Eliminate Ecuador from range, Distribution: Add Panama (Herrera), Montingelli et al. (2019);
Montingelli et al. (2011). Panama (Panama), Ray & Ruback (2015); Colombia (Cesar),
Medina-Rangel (2011); Colombia (Córdoba), Carvajal-Cogollo
Mastigodryas amarali (Stuart, 1938)
et al. (2007); Colombia (Huila, Valle del Cauca), Montingelli
Distribution: Add Venezuela (Bolivar, Guarico), Montingelli et al. (2019); Brazil (Pará), F.G.R. França et al. (2006).
et al. (2019).
Mastigodryas pulchriceps (Cope, 1868)
Mastigodryas boddaerti (Seetzen, 1796)
Distribution: Add Colombia (Cauca), and elevation range of
Synonyms: Remove Herpetodryas reticulata W.C.H. Peters, 0–2800 m, Vera-Pérez et al. (2018); Ecuador (Chimborazo,
1863. Imbabura), Montingelli et al. (2019).
Distribution: Add Guyana (Cuyuni-Mazaruni, East Demerara- Mastigodryas reticulata (W.C.H. Peters, 1863). Monatsb.
West Berbice, West Demerara-Essequibo Islands), Montingelli Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1863: 285. (Herpetodryas reticulata)
et al. (2019); Suriname (Marawijne, Paramaribo), Montingelli
Holotype: ZMB 4504, a 972 mm male (C. Reiss).
et al. (2019); Brazil (Amapá), F.G.R. França et al. (2006);
Brazil (Goias), Montingelli et al. (2019); Brazil (Maranhao, Type locality: “Umgebung von Guayaquil,” Ecuador.
Tocantins), Siqueira et al. (2013); Brazil (Mato Grosso do Distribution: SW Ecuador (Guayas, Loja, Manabi, Santa
Sul), Montingelli et al. (2011) and Ferreira et al. (2017); Brazil Elena, and La Plata and Puna Is.), NW Peru (Cajamarca, La
(Piauí), Dal Vechio et al. (2013); Brazil (Roraima), Montingelli Libertad), to 1239 m.
et al. (2011); Brazil (Tocantins), Montingelli et al. (2011) and Comments: Removed from the synonymy of M. boddaerti
Dal Vechio et al. (2016); Bolivia (Cochabamba), Montingelli based on morphological distinctiveness by Montingelli et al.
et al. (2011); Peru (Amazonas, Cajamarca, Ucayali), Cadle (2011). See also Koch et al. (2018).
(2012c); Peru (La Libertad), Koch et al. (2018). Remove
range of M. reticulatus: SW Ecuador (Guayas, Loja, Manabi), MEHELYA Csiki, 1903 (Lamprophiidae)
Montingelli et al. (2011). Upper elevation of 2560 m, Vera- Synonyms: Grobbenia Poche, 1903, Siebenrockia Poche,
Pérez et al. (2018). 1904.
Comments: Montingelli et al. (2011) discuss an undescribed Distribution: C Africa.
species from SW Colombia and N Ecuador. Comments: See under Gonionotophis. Broadley et al. (2018)
Mastigodryas bruesi (Barbour, 1914) provide a revised genus description. Mehelya egbensis and
M. gabouensis are provisionally included here despite a lack Melanophidium wynaudense (Beddome, 1863)
of morphological or genetic corroboration, Broadley et al. Lectotype: BMNH 1946.1.15.46, from “near Manantoddy
(2018). (Mananthavady), Wyanad,” designated by Gower et al.
Mehelya egbensis Dunger, 1966 (2016a).
Mehelya gabouensis Trape & Mané, 2005 Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a description and
Mehelya laurenti Witte, 1959 color photograph, and correct the type locality to Tamil Nadu
Mehelya poensis (A. Smith, 1847 in 1838–1849) state, rather than Kerala.
Distribution: Add Guinea (Faranah), Broadley et al. (2018);
Benin (Zou), Broadley et al. (2018); Gabon (Ogooue-Lolo), †MENARANA LaDuke, Krause, Scanlon & Kley, 2010
Pauwels et al. (2016a); Democratic Republic of the Congo (†Madtsoiidae)
(North Kivu), Broadley et al. (2018); Angola (Bengo), M.P. †Menarana laurasiae Rage, 1996
Marques et al. (2018); Angola (Cuanza Sur, Lunda Norte), †Menarana nosymena LaDuke, Krause, Scanlon & Kley,
Branch (2018). 2010
Mehelya stenophthalma (Mocquard, 1887) †MESOPHIS Bolkay, 1925. Glasn. Zemalj. Muz. Bosni
Distribution: Add Congo (Kouilou), Broadley et al. (2018). Hercegovini 37:125. (†Simoliophiidae)
Type species: Mesophis nopcsai Bolkay, 1925 by monotypy.
MEIZODON J.G. Fischer, 1856 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Distribution: Middle/upper Cretaceous of Bosnia-Hercegovina.
Meizodon coronatus (Schlegel, 1837)
Comments: Bardet et al. (2008) recognize Mesophis as a
Distribution: Add Niger (Maradi), Trape & Mané (2015).
taxon distinct from Pachyophis, but noted that the former may
Meizodon krameri Schätti, 1985 be an ontogene of the latter.
Meizodon plumbiceps (Boettger, 1893)
†Mesophis nopcsai Bolkay, 1925. Glasn. Zemalj. Muz. Bosni
Meizodon regularis J.G. Fischer, 1856 Hercegovini 37: 125–130, figs. 1–4, plates 1, 2.
Distribution: Add Sierra Leone and Nigeria, Trape & Baldé Holotype: a skeleton on a slab, unlocated according to Rage
(2014). (1984:62),
Meizodon semiornatus (W.C.H. Peters, 1854) Type locality: “östlich von Bilek, in dem Vorort Selišta,”
Bosnia-Hercegovina.
MELANOPHIDIUM Günther, 1864 (Uropeltidae)
Distribution: Cretaceous (middle/upper) of Bosnia
Comments: Gower et al. (2016a) review the genus and provide Hercegovina.
a key to the species. Pyron et al. (2016c) confirm the mono-
phyly of the genus through mtDNA and nDNA sequence- †MESSELOPHIS Baszio, 2004 (Tropidophiidae)
data, and provide a morphological diagnosis. †Messelophis ermannorum Schaal & Baszio, 2004
Melanophidium bilineatum Beddome, 1870 †Messelophis variatus Baszio, 2004
Lectotype: BMNH 1946.1.15.75, from “Peria peak, Wynad,”
designated by Gower et al. (2016a). †MICHAUXOPHIS Bailon, 1988 (Cylindrophiidae)
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a description. †Michauxophis occitanus Bailon, 1988
Melanophidium khairei Gower, Giri, Captain & Wilkinson,
MICRELAPS Boettger, 1880 (Colubroidea: incerta sedis)
2016a. Zootaxa 4085(4): 482–490, figs. 1–5.
Comments: Molecular data studied by Portillo et al. (2018)
Holotype: BNHS 3452, a 550 mm female (M. Bhise, H. Ogale
affirm Micrelaps as not having close affinities to the
& R. Koregaonkar, 15 July 2006).
Aparallactinae or Atractaspidinae, and they consider it
Type locality: “Amboli, Sindudurg district, Maharashtra, incerta sedis. Zaher et al. (2019) find Micrelaps to be sister
India (15° 57′ N, 73° 59′ E, 715 m elevation).” taxon to a clade containing the Prosymnidae, Psammophiidae
Distribution: W India (Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra), and Pseudaspididae.
510–780 m. Micrelaps bicoloratus Sternfeld, 1908
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a description. Micrelaps muelleri Boettger, 1880
Melanophidium punctatum Beddome, 1871 Micrelaps tchernovi Y.L. Werner, Babocsay, Carmely &
Lectotype: BMNH 1946.1.4.37, from “Agasthyamalai hills Thuna, 2006
(‘Mutikuli Vayal’ valet at ‘4500 feet’),” designated by Gower Micrelaps vaillanti (Mocquard, 1888)
et al. (2016a).
Distribution: Restricted to the Agasthyamalai Hills and vicin- MICROCEPHALOPHIS Lesson, 1832 in Bélanger,
ity, Kerala and Karnataka, India, at elevations below 1000 m. 1831–1834 (Elapidae)
Former northern populations belong to M. khairei. Microcephalophis cantoris (Günther, 1864)
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a description and Distribution: Add Iran (Hormozgan), Rezaie-Atagholipour
color photograph. et al. (2016).
Microcephalophis gracilis (Shaw, 1802) Micrurus bernadi (Cope, 1887)

Distribution: Add United Arab Emirates, Buzás et al. (2018); Distribution: Low elevation of 1249 m, Valencia-Herverth &
West Malaysia (Johor), Voris (2017); Philippines (Luzon), Fernández-Badillo (2013).
Leviton et al. (2018). Australia excluded from the known geo- Micrurus bocourti (Jan, 1872 in Jan & Sordelli, 1870–1881)
graphic range, A.R. Rasmussen et al. (2014). Distribution: Add Ecuador (El Oro), and upper elevation of
1800 m, Valencia et al. (2016); Ecuador (Manabi), Almendáriz
†MICRONATRIX Parmley & Hunter, 2010 (Natricidae)
et al. (2012).
†Micronatrix juliescottae Parmley & Hunter, 2010
Micrurus bogerti Roze, 1967
MICROPECHIS Boulenger, 1896 (Elapidae) Micrurus boicora Bernarde, Turci, Abegg & Franco, 2018.
Micropechis ikaheca (Lesson, 1829 in Duperrey, 1826–1832) Salamandra 54(4): 252–255, figs. 2–5.
Distribution: Add Indonesia (Papua: Biak Island), O’Shea Holotype: IBSP 77773, a 306 mm male (M.F. da Silva & A.M.
et al. (2015); Papua New Guinea (Boisa Island), Clegg & da Silva, 23 December 2007).
Jocque (2016); Papua New Guinea (Madang, Oro, Sandaun), Type locality: “Rondon II Hydroelectric Power Plant,
O’Shea et al. (2015). Municipality of Pimenta Bueno, State of Rondônia, Brazil
(11°57′S, 60°41′W; 325 m above sea level).”
MICROPISTHODON Mocquard, 1894 Distribution: Brazil (N Mato Grosso, E Rondonia), 200–325 m.
(Pseudoxyrhophiidae)
Micrurus brasiliensis Roze, 1967
Micropisthodon ochraceus Mocquard, 1894
Distribution: Add Brazil (Maranhão), Pires et al. (2014).
MICRUROIDES K.P. Schmidt, 1928 (Elapidae) Upper elevation of 630 m, Guedes et al. (2014). Silveira
(2014b) reports the third record of this species from Minas
Micruroides euryxanthus (Kennicott, 1860) Gerais and the southern-most record.
Distribution: Add Mexico (N Jalisco), Ahumada-Carrillo
Micrurus browni K.P. Schmidt & H.M. Smith, 1943
et al. (2018) and Dávalos-Martínez et al. (2019).
Distribution: Add Mexico (Jalisco), Grünwald et al. (2016).
MICRURUS Wagler in Spix, 1824 (Elapidae) Micrurus camilae Renjifo & Lundberg, 2003
Comments: Dashevsky & Fry (2018) use sequence data from Distribution: Add Colombia (Antioquia), Alzate (2014);
three-finger toxin proteins to evaluate their variation within Colombia (Santander), and elevation range of 60–176 m,
Micrurus. Although the data partition eight clades of the pro- Meneses-Pelayo & Caballero (2019). Meneses-Pelayo &
tein, there is imperfect sorting among the species of Micrurus Caballero (2019) list and map known localities.
species. Jowers et al. (2019) use mtDNA sequence-data to Micrurus carvalhoi Roze, 1967
evaluate relationships among 33 Micrurus taxa, which sepa- Distribution: Add Brazil (Alagoas, Paraiba, Tocantins), Pires
rate into clades for monadal and triadal body color patterns. et al. (2014); Brazil (Espirito Santo, Rio Grande do Sul), T.M.
Fossil records: Add Miocene/Pliocene transition (late Castro et al. (2017); Paraguay (Amambay, Caaguazu), Pires
Turolian) of Greece, Georgialis et al. (2019, as cf. Micrurus). et al. (2014).
Micrurus albicinctus Amaral, 1925 Micrurus catamayensis Roze, 1989
Distribution: Add Peru (Huanuco), Feitosa et al. (2015). Micrurus circinalis (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854)
Micrurus alleni K.P. Schmidt, 1936 Micrurus clarki K.P. Schmidt, 1936
Micrurus altirostris (Cope, 1860) Distribution: Add Panama (Panama), Ray & Ruback (2015).
Distribution: Add Paraguay (Canindeyu), Cacciali et al. Micrurus collaris (Schlegel, 1837)
(2015b). Micrurus corallinus (Merrem, 1820)
Micrurus ancoralis (Jan, 1872 in Jan & Sordelli, 1870–1881) Lectotype: The lectotype is AMNH R3911, not MNHN 3911,
Distribution: Add Ecuador (Bolivar, Carchi, Cotopaxi, Vanzolini & Myers (2015).
Imbabura, Manabi, Pastaza, Santo Domingo), and upper ele- Micrurus decoratus (Jan, 1858)
vation of 1800 m, Valencia et al. (2016).
Distribution: Add Brazil (Espirito Santo), and modify eleva-
Micrurus annellatus (W.C.H. Peters, 1871) tional range to 400–1600 m, R.C. Gonzalez et al. (2014b),
Distribution: Add Brazil (Acre), Bernarde et al. (2012a, first who also provide a locality map.
Brazilian record for subspecies annellatus); Colombia (Meta), Micrurus diana Roze, 1983
Feitosa et al. (2015); Peru (Pasco, San Martin, Ucayali),
Distribution: Add Brazil (Mato Grosso), and low elevation of
Feitosa et al. (2015).
345 m, Pires et al. (2013); Bolivia (La Paz), and high elevation
Micrurus averyi K.P. Schmidt, 1939 of 749 m, Pires et al. (2013).
Distribution: Add Brazil (Roraima), Feitosa et al. (2015). Comments: Pires et al. (2013) provide an expanded descrip-
Micrurus baliocoryphus (Cope, 1860) tion based on additional specimens.
Micrurus diastema (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, Micrurus lemniscatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
1854) Distribution: Add Ecuador (Orellana, Sucumbios), and upper
Micrurus dissoleucus (Cope, 1860) elevation of 1300 m, Valencia et al. (2016); Brazil (Bahia),
Distribution: Add Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback and upper elevation of 760 m; Brazil (Minas Gerais), Moura
(2015). et al. (2012); Brazil (Paraiba), R. França et al. (2012); Brazil
(Pernambuco), Roberto et al. (2018); Brazil (Mato Grosso do
Micrurus distans (Kennicott, 1860)
Sul), Ferreira et al. (2017).
Distribution: Mexico (range extensions within Jalisco &
Comments: Jowers et al. (2019) produce a phylogeny using
Nayarit), and upper elevation of 2370 m, Ahumada-Carrillo
one mtDNA gene that indicates paraphyly among some popu-
et al. (2014)
lations, along with M. carvalhoi, in which the subspecies
Micrurus dumerilii (Jan, 1858) diutius is sister taxon to carvalhoi, helleri and lemniscatus.
Distribution: Add Colombia (Cesar), Rojas-Murcia et al. The authors elevate diutius and helleri to species level, in part
(2016); Colombia (Córdoba), Carvajal-Cogollo et al. (2007), following recommendations in an unpublished dissertation by
Colombia (Gorgona I.), Urbina-Cardona et al. (2008); Ecuador M.G. Pires. Due to the use of a single gene, and limited geo-
(Bolivar, Carchi, El Oro, Guayas, Imbabura, Los Rios, Santo graphic scope of samples, we await further supportive data
Domingo), Valencia et al. (2016). Prairie et al. (2015) docu- before redefining helleri and diutius as species.
ment known records from Panama, including a new record for Micrurus limbatus Fraser, 1964
Panamá Province. Micrurus margaritiferus Roze, 1967
Micrurus elegans (Jan, 1858) Micrurus medemi Roze, 1967
Micrurus ephippifer (Cope, 1886)
Distribution: Add Colombia (Vaupes), Feitosa et al. (2015).
Micrurus filiformis (Günther, 1859)
Micrurus meridensis Roze, 1989
Micrurus frontalis (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854)
Micrurus mertensi K.P. Schmidt, 1936
Distribution: Add Brazil (SW Bahia), Guedes et al. (2014).
Distribution: Add Ecuador (Azuay), and upper elevation of
Micrurus frontifasciatus (F. Werner, 1927)
2400 m, Valencia et al. (2016); Ecuador (Pichincha), Feitosa
Micrurus fulvius (Linnaus, 1766)
et al. (2015); Peru (Cajamarca, Lima), Feitosa et al. (2015).
†Micrurus gallicus Rage & Holman, 1984)
Micrurus mipartitus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril,
Distribution: Add late Middle Miocene (Astaracian or 1854)
Vallesian) of Hungary, Venczel (2011).
Synonyms: Remove Elaps multifasciatus Jan, 1858, Elaps
Micrurus hemprichii (Jan, 1858) hertwigi F. Werner, 1897.
Synonyms: Remove Micrurus hemprichi ortoni K.P. Schmidt, Distribution: Add Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback
1953, Micrurus rondonianus Roze & Silva, 1990. (2015); Colombia (Cesar, Cordoba), Rios-Soto et al. (2018);
Distribution: Limited to SE Colombia, S Venezuela, Guyana, Colombia (Valle del Cauca: Isla Palma), Giraldo et al. (2014);
Suriname, French Guiana, and N Brazil. Add Brazil (Mato Ecuador (Bolivar, Carchi, Chimborazo, El Oro, Imbabura,
Grosso, Roraima), Bernarde et al. (2018). Santo Domingo), Valencia et al. (2016). Remove most of
Micrurus hippocrepis (W.C.H. Peters, 1861) Central America, aside from E Panama.
Micrurus ibiboboca (Merrem, 1820) Micrurus mosquitensis K.P. Schmidt, 1933. Zool. Series Field
Micrurus isozonus (Cope, 1860) Mus. Nat. Hist. 20, 33. (Micrurus nigrocinctus mosquitensis)
Synonyms: Add Micrurus isozonus sandneri Arenas-Vargas, Holotype: MCZ 19741, an adult male (S. Kress, 1924).
2015. Serp. Coral Una Nueva Subesp.: 13–20, figs. 2–9. Type locality: “Limon, Costa Rica.”
Holotype: Example 1 in the author’s collection, a 522 mm Distribution: Atlantic coast slope of E Nicaragua, E Costa
female (I.S. Arenas-Vargas and I. Heredia de Arenas, 17 Rica and NE Panama.
August 1998). Comments: J. Fernández et al. (2015) recognize M. mosqui
Type locality: “Región Central de Venezuela, Estado Aragua, tensis as distinct from M. nigrocinctus based on color pattern,
Municipio Zamora, lugar poblado llamado La Pavona, donde scale counts, and unpublished “molecular divergences.”
se puede ver la Fila El Charal, cerca de la Población de San Micrurus multifasciatus Jan, 1858. Rev. Mag. Zool. 10(12):
Francisco de Asis.” 516. (Elaps multifasciatus)
Distribution: Add Colombia (Bolívar), Feitosa et al. (2013). Synonyms: Elaps hertwigi F. Werner, 1897.
Micrurus langsdorffi (Wagler in Spix, 1824) Holotype: MSNM, likely destroyed during WWII.
Distribution: Add Colombia (Boyacá, Guainía), Feitosa et al. Type locality: “Amérique centrale.”
(2015); Ecuador (Sucumbíos), Feitosa et al. (2015); Peru Distribution: Lower Central America. Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
(Ucuyali), Feitosa et al. (2015). Panama. NSL-1200 m.
Micrurus laticollaris (W.C.H. Peters, 1870) Comments: We recognize this species as distinct from
Micrurus latifasciatus K.P. Schmidt, 1933 M. mipartitus due to morphological differences and allopatric
distribution, together with genetic findings of Zaher et al. Holotype: UFPB 4359, a 935 mm male (G.A.P. Filho,
(2019). 22 August 2006).
Micrurus multiscutatus Rendahl & Vestergren 1940 Type locality: “Mata do Buraquinho (7°8′ 42.08″S, 34°
Distribution: Add Ecuador (Esmeraldas), Valencia et al. 51′42.40″W), municipality of João Pessoa, state of Paraíba,”
(2016). Elevation range 50–1800 m, Vera-Pérez et al. (2018). Brazil.
Micrurus narduccii (Jan, 1863) Distribution: Lowland coastal rainforests of NE Brazil
(Paraiba, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte).
Distribution: Add Ecuador (Chimborazo, Orellana,
Sucumbios, Zamora-Chinchipe), Valencia et al. (2016). Micrurus proximans H.M. Smith & Chrapliwy, 1958
Micrurus psyches (Daudin, 1803)
Micrurus nattereri K.P. Schmidt, 1952
Micrurus putumayensis Lancini, 1962
Micrurus nebularis Roze, 1989
Micrurus pyrrhocryptus (Cope, 1862)
Distribution: Add Mexico (Puebla), Pavón-Vázquez et al. (2015).
Distribution: Add Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Ferreira et al.
Micrurus nigrocinctus (Girard, 1854) (2017).
Synonyms: Remove Micrurus nigrocinctus mosquitensis, Micrurus remotus Roze, 1987
K.P. Schmidt, 1933.
Distribution: Add Brazil (Acre), Bernarde et al. (2011b); Brazil
Distribution: Add Honduras (Isla Zacate Grande), McCranie (Rondonia), Feitosa et al. (2015); Colombia (Meta), Feitosa
& Gutsche (2016); Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback et al. (2015), Brazil (Roraima), Moraes et al. (2017).
(2015). Remove range of M. mosquitensis.
Micrurus renjifoi (Lamar, 2003)
Micrurus obscurus (Jan, 1872 in Jan & Sordelli, 1870–1881) Micrurus ruatanus (Günther, 1895 in 1885–1902)
Distribution: Add Ecuador (Chimborazo, Orellana, Micrurus sangilensis Nicéforo-María, 1942
Sucumbios), and upper elevation of 750 m, Valencia et al.
Micrurus scutiventris (Cope, 1870)
(2016); Peru (Puno), Llanqui et al. (2019).
Distribution: Add Ecuador (Sucumbios), Valencia et al. (2016).
Micrurus oligoanellatus Ayerbe-González & López-López,
2005 Micrurus serranus Harvey, Aparicio & Gonzales, 2003
Micrurus ornatissimus (Jan, 1858) Micrurus silviae Di-Bernardo, Borges-Martins & Silva,
Distribution: Add Brazil (Rondônia), Bernarde et al. (2012b, 2007
Micrurus cf. ornatissimus); Colombia (Putumayo), Feitosa Distribution: Add Argentina (Corrientes, Misiones); species
et al. (2015); Ecuador (Sucumbios, Tungurahua), and eleva- confirmed for Paraguay by Cabral and Caballero (2013).
tion range of 200–2100 m, Valencia et al. (2016); Ecuador (El Comments: Giraudo et al. (2015) provide details for additional
Oro, Los Ríos, Orellana), Feitosa et al. (2015). specimens and provide a revised morphological description.
Micrurus ortoni K.P. Schmidt, 1953. Fieldiana Zool. 34(13): Micrurus spixii Wagler in Spix, 1924
166–168. (Micrurus hemprichi ortoni) Micrurus spurrelli (Boulenger, 1914)
Synonyms: Micrurus rondonianus Roze & Silva, 1990. Micrurus steindachneri (F. Werner, 1901)
Holotype: MCZ 12423, a 735 mm male (J. Orton, December Distribution: Add Ecuador (Pichincha, Sucumbios, Zamora-
1867). Chinchipe), and low elevation of 500 m, Valencia et al. (2016).
Type locality: “Pebas, Peru.” Micrurus stewarti Barbour & Amaral, 1928
Distribution: S Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru, W. Brazil Distribution: Add Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback
and N Bolivia. Add Brazil (Acre), Bernarde et al. (2011b); (2015) and remove Panamá Province.
Colombia (Meta), Bernarde et al. (2018); Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Micrurus stuarti Roze, 1967
Orellana, Sucumbios), Valencia et al. (2016).
Micrurus surinamensis (Cuvier, 1817)
Comments: Valencia et al. (2016) recognize ortoni as a spe-
cies distinct from M. hemprichii based on morphological Distribution: Add Ecuador (Orellana, Sucumbios), and upper
differences. elevation of 750 m, Valencia et al. (2016); Peru (Huanuco),
Schlüter et al. (2004); Brazil (Acre), Fonseca et al. (2019);
Micrurus pacaraimae Carvalho, 2002 Brazil (Amapa, Maranhao, Tocantins), Morais et al. (2011).
Micrurus pachecogili Campbell, 2000 Upper elevation of 718 m, Díaz-Ricaurte & Fiorillo (2019).
Micrurus paraensis Cunha & Nascimento, 1973 Micrurus tamaulipensis Lavin-Murcio & Dixon, 2004
Distribution: Add Brazil (Amazonas), S.M. Souza et al. (2011).
Micrurus tener (Baird & Girard, 1853)
Micrurus peruvianus K.P. Schmidt, 1936 Distribution: Upper elevation of 2015 m, Valdez-Rentería &
Distribution: Add Peru (La Libertad), Koch et al. (2018). Fernández-Badillo (2016).
Micrurus petersi Roze, 1967 Micrurus tikuna Feitosa, Silva, Pires, Zaher & Prudente,
Micrurus potyguara Pires, Silva, Feitosa, Prudente, Filho & 2015. Zootaxa 3974(4): 539–547, figs. 1–2, 8.
Zaher, 2014. Zootaxa 3811(4): 571–577, figs. 1, 2, 5, 6. Holotype: MPEG 18199, a 699.5 mm female (J.S. Haad, 1991).
Type locality: “INCRA neighborhood, municipality of Mitophis asbolepis (J.P.R. Thomas, McDiarmid & Thompson,
Tabatinga (04°14′36″S, 69°54′15″W; ca. 80 m above sea 1985)
level…), state of Amazonas, Brazil.” Mitophis calypso (J.P.R. Thomas, McDiarmid & Thompson,
Distribution: Brazil (Amazonas) and Colombia (Amazonas), 1985)
80–110 m. Mitophis leptepileptus (J.P.R. Thomas, McDiarmid &
Micrurus tschudii (Jan, 1858) Thompson, 1985)
Distribution: Add Ecuador (El Oro), Valencia et al. (2016). Mitophis pyrites (J.P.R. Thomas, 1965)
MIMOPHIS Günther, 1868 (Psammophiidae) MIXCOATLUS Jadin, E.N. Smith & Campbell, 2011
Comments: Ruane et al. (2018a) produce a DNA sequence- (Viperidae: Crotalinae)
based phylogeny that resolves two species-level clades. Ruane Comments: Grünwald et al. (2015) discuss the biogeography
et al. also note that the several color pattern morphs occur in of the species of Mixcoatlus.
both sexes and both species. Mixcoatlus barbouri (Dunn, 1919)
Mimophis mahfalensis (Grandidier, 1867) Distribution: Elevation range 1955–2608 m, Grünwald et al.
Distribution: S Madagascar (Antananarivo, Fianarantsoa, (2015, 2016a).
Toamasina, Toliara). Mixcoatlus browni (Shreve, 1938)
Mimophis occultus Ruane, E. Myers, Lo, Yuen, Welt, Juman, Distribution: Elevation range 1826–3296 m, Grünwald et al.
Futterman, Nussbaum, Schneider, Burbrink & Raxworthy, (2015).
2017. Syst. Biodiv. 16(3): 10–11, figs. 1, 4.
Mixcoatlus melanurus (L. Müller, 1924)
Holotype: UMMZ 237408, a 615 mm male (J. Spannring, J.
Distribution: Localities are mapped and elevation range is
Rafanomazantsoa & M. Rakotoarivelo, 20 April 2002).
discussed by Grünwald et al. (2015).
Type locality: “Madagascar, Mahajanga Province, Tsiambara
Forest (-15.920716 S., 45.9886 E), 41 m elevation.” MONTASPIS Bourquin, 1991 (Colubroidea incerta sedis)
Distribution: N Madagascar (Antsiranana, Mahajanga), to Montaspis gilvomaculata Bourquin, 1991
700 m. Add Madagascar (Nosy Be I.), McLellan (2013).
MONTATHERIS Broadley, 1996 (Viperidae: Viperinae)
MINTONOPHIS J.C. Murphy & Voris, 2014. Fieldiana Life
Earth Sci. (8): 27–28. (Homolopsidae) Montatheris hindii (Boulenger, 1910)
Type species: Enhydris pakistanica Mertens, 1959 by original
designation. MONTIVIPERA Nilson, Tuniyev, Andrén, Orlov, Joger &
Herrmann, 1999 (Viperidae: Viperinae)
Distribution: S Pakistan.
Comments: Stümpel et al. (2016) obtain three clades from
Mintonophis pakistanicus (Mertens, 1959) mtDNA sequence-data: a bornmuelleri clade, a xanthina
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a diagnosis complex, and a raddei complex. They choose to recognize
and photograph. isolated members of the raddei complex as distinct species
due to isolation and genetic uniqueness, as opposed to some
†MIOCOLUBER Parmley, 1988 (Colubridae: Colubrinae) prior conclusions to “lump” all under M. raddei, such as rec-
†Miocoluber dalquesti Parmley, 1988 ommended by E. Rastegar-Pouyani et al. (2014b).
Montivipera albizona (Nilson, Andrén & Flärdh, 1990)
†MIONATRIX Sun, 1961 (Natricidae)
Distribution: Range extends SW to Kahramanmaraş Province,
†Mionatrix diatomus Sun, 1961
Turkey, 1300 m, Göçmen et al. (2009c). Göçmen et al. (2014a)
MIRALIA Gray, 1842. Zool. Misc.: 68. (Homalopsidae) provide additional localities, between 1790 and 2200 m, out-
side of the previously known geographic range.
Type species: Brachyorrhos alternans A. Reuss, 1834 by
monotypy. Comments: Göçmen et al. (2009c) use serum electrophoresis
coupled with geographic barriers to argue that M. albizona
Distribution: Greater Sundas.
is a species distinct from M. xanthina. Göçmen et al. (2014a)
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) revive this genus argue to retain M. albizona as a distinct species despite it
based on morphology, and provide a generic diagnosis. being phylogenetically nested within M. bulgardaghica.
Miralia alternans (A. Reuss, 1834)
Montivipera bornmuelleri (F. Werner, 1898)
Comments: Stümpel et al. (2016) support the recognition as a
and photograph.
full species from their mtDNA-based phylogeny.
MITOPHIS Hedges, Adalsteinsson & Branch in Montivipera bulgardaghica (Nilson & Andrén, 1985)
Adalsteinsson, Branch, Trape, Vitt & Hedges, 2009 Comments: Stümpel et al. (2016) support the recognition as a
(Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae) full species from their mtDNA-based phylogeny.
Montivipera kuhrangica Rajabizadeh, Nilson & Kami, 2011 Distribution: Add Greece (Samos Island), Speybroek et al.
Comments: See under M. raddei. (2014); Turkey (Bursa), Uğurtaş et al. (2000a); Turkey
(Canakkale), Tok et al. (2014).
Montivipera latifi (Mertens, Darevsky & Klemmer, 1967)
Comments: Cattaneo (2014, 2016) evaluates morphological
Distribution: Add Iran (Alborz, Tehran), Safaei-Mahroo et al.
variation in populations, and describes three new subspecies.
(2015).
Stümpel et al. (2016) present an mtDNA-based phylogeny
Comments: Rajabizadeh et al. (2012) discuss the morphology. from numerous Middle Eastern populations.
See under M. raddei.
†Montivipera platyspondyla (Szyndlar, 1987) MOPANVELDOPHIS Figueroa, McKelvy, Grismer, Bell &
Montivipera raddei (Boettger, 1890) Lailvaux, 2016. PLoS ONE 11(9.0161070): 23. (Colubridae:
Colubrinae)
Synonyms: Add Vipera albicornuta Nilson & Andrén, 1985.
Type species: Coluber zebrinus Broadley & Schätti, 2000 by
Distribution: Add Iran (Gilan, Hamedan, Kurdestan, Qazvin,
original designation.
Zanjan), Safaei-Mahroo et al. (2015), Iran (East Azerbaijan),
Safdarian et al. (2016). Mebert et al. (2015, 2016) document Distribution: SW Africa.
localities near the contact zone with M. wagneri. Mopanveldophis zebrinus (Broadley & Schätti, 2000)
Comments: E. Rastegar-Pouyani et al. (2014b) find little vari- Distribution: Add Angola (Namibe), Ceríaco et al. (2016).
ation in mtDNA sequences between Iranian M. raddei and
related species (M. albicornuta, M. kuhrangica, and M. latifi). MORELIA Gray, 1842 (Pythonidae)
They conclude that the latter three are isolated color morphs, Synonyms: Remove Simalia Gray, 1849, Aspidopython
and all should be synonymized with M. raddei. Rajabizadeh Meyer, 1875, Hypaspistes Ogilby, 1891, Australiasis Wells
et al. (2015a) recognize M. kuhrangica and M. latifi as spe- & Wellington, 1984, Nyctophilopython Wells & Wellington,
cies (they do not reference E. Rastegar-Pouyani et al., 2014a), 1985, Lenhoserus Hoser, 2000.
but consider M. albicornuta to be a subspecies of M. raddei.
Distribution: Australia and New Guinea.
Also, based on mtDNA sequence data, Stümpel et al. (2016)
agree in recognizing M. kuhrangica and M. latifi as species, Comments: Reynolds et al. (2014b) analyze DNA sequence
but conclude that M. albicornuta should not be recognized data, which sorts species of Morelia between two clades.
because its morphotype appears in multiple localities within Simalia is resurrected for the clade that contains M. amethis
the M. raddei phylogeny. tina and related species.
Montivipera wagneri (Nilson & Andrén, 1984) Morelia azurea (A.B. Meyer, 1874)
Distribution: Add Turkey (Erzurum), Kumlutaş et al. (2015a); Neotype: UTA R61633, 121 cm female (1990), designated by
Turkey (Muş), and increase elevational range to 2146 m, Barker et al. (2015).
Göçmen et al. (2014a). Mebert et al. (2015, 2016) document Neotype locality: “Biak Island,” Irian Jaya, Indonesia.
localities near the contact zone with M. raddei. Distribution: Add Papua New Guinea (Bagabag Island), Clegg
Comments: Stümpel et al. (2016) support the recognition as a & Jocque (2016).
full species from their mtDNA-based phylogeny. Comments: Natusch & Lyons (2014, as M. viridis) describe
Montivipera xanthina (Gray, 1849) some morphological variation between populations, but did
Synonyms: Add the following not discuss the taxonomic relevance of M. azurea.
Montivipera xanthina nilsoni Cattaneo, 2014. Naturalista Morelia bredli (Gow, 1981)
Sicil. Ser. 4, 38: 69–72, figs. 4–8. Morelia carinata (L.A. Smith, 1981)
Holotype: MZCR VR-02358, a 1089 mm male (A. Vesci, 11 Morelia imbricata L.A. Smith 1981. Rec. West. Austr. Mus.
May 2001). 9: 222–223, fig. 7. (Python spilotus imbricatus)
Type locality: “isola greca di Chios, località Dafnonas, c. Holotype: WAM R54340, (N. Lang, 22 February 1976).
220 m s.l.m (Mar Egeo orientale).” Type locality: “Jurien Bay, Western Australia in 30°18′S,
Montivipera xanthina dianae Cattaneo, 2014. Naturalista 115°02′E,” Australia.
Sicil. Ser. 4, 38: 73–75, figs. 9–11. Distribution: Australia (SW Western Australia, including
Holotype: MZCR VR-02359, a 78 cm male (A. Cattaneo, 22 Garden, Mondrain, N Twin Peak and West Wallabi Is.).
May 2007). Comments: Barker et al. (2015) recognize M. spilota imbri
Type locality: “isola greca di Leros, località Ag. Petros, c. cata as a species without comment. We follow by recognizing
110 m s.l.m. (Dodecaneso).” it due to morphological uniqueness and allopatry.
Montivipera xanthina occidentalis Cattaneo, 2016. †Morelia riversleighensis (L.A. Smith & Plane, 1985)
Naturalista Sicil. Ser. 4, 41(1): 69–72, figs. 8, 9. Morelia spilota (Lacépède, 1804)
Holotype: A. Cattaneo Collection MX/TR20/5, a 671 mm Synonyms: Remove Python spilotus imbricatus L.A. Smith,
male (A. Cattaneo, 6 May 2015). 1981.
Type locality: “Tracia greca centrale, Regione dei Rodopi, Distribution: Remove SW Western Australia, Barker et al.
località Proskinites, 121 m s.l.m.” (2015).
Morelia viridis (Schlegel, 1872) Myriopholis boueti (Chabanaud, 1917)

Distribution: Add Papua New Guinea (Oro), O’Shea et al. Distribution: Add Mali (Kayes), Trape & Mané (2017); Niger
(2018b, suppl.). (Zinder), Trape & Mané (2015); Cameroon (Northern), Ineich
Comments: Natusch & Lyons (2014) describe some morpho- & Prudent (2014). Upper elevation of 456 m, Trape & Mané
logical variation between populations. (2015).
Myriopholis braccianii (Scortecci, 1928)
MUHTAROPHIS Avci, Ilgaz, Rajabizadeh, Yilmaz, Üzüm, Myriopholis burii (Boulenger, 1905)
Adriaens, Kumlutas & Olgun, 2015. Russ. J. Herpetol. 22(3): Myriopholis cairi (A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844)
165. (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Comments: Reference as “Myriolepis” cairi by Wallach et al.
Type species: Rhynchocalamus barani Olgun, Avci, Ilgaz, (2014) is a lapsus.
Üzüm & Yilmaz, 2007 by original designation.
Myriopholis erythraeus (Scortecci, 1928)
Comments: Avci et al. (2015), using mtDNA sequence-data,
find Rhynchocalamus barani to be paraphyletic with respect Myriopholis filiformis (Boulenger, 1899)
to Lytorhynchus and R. melanocephalus, and erect a new Comments: Using DNA barcoding, Vasconcelos et al. (2016)
genus for R. barani. find no intraspecific pairwise distance between specimens.
Muhtarophis barani (Olgun, Avci, Ilgaz, Üzüm & Yilmaz, Myriopholis hamulirostris (Nikolsky, 1907)
2007) Distribution: Add Iraq (Al-Anbar, Al-Sulaimaniyah, Arbil,
Distribution: Add Turkey (Osmaniye), and elevation range Diyala, Kirkuk, Maysan, Wasit), Afrasiab & Ali (1996);
550–1300 m, Kariş & Göçmen (2018). Iraq (Babil, Muthanna), and low elevation of 4 m, Abbas-
Comments: Avci et al. (2009) report a second specimen. Avci Rhadi et al. (2017); Iran (Alborz, East Azerbaijan, Golestan,
et al. (2015) provide a revised diagnosis and decription. Kermanshah, Lorestan, Mazandaran, Qazvin, Tehran, West
Azerbaijan), Safaei-Mahroo et al. (2015).
MUSSURANA Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, R.W. Murphy, Myriopholis ionidesi (Broadley & Wallach, 2007)
Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae) Myriopholis lanzai Broadley, Wade & Wallach, 2014.
Mussurana bicolor (Peracca1904) Arnoldia Zimbabwe 10: 353–356, fig. 1.
Distribution: Add Paraguay (Boqueron, Concepcion, Holotype, MZUF 36519, a 190 mm adult (G. Garganese, sum-
Paraguari, San Pedro), Cabral & Weiler (2014). mer, 1934).
Mussarana montana (Franco, Marques & Puorto, 1997) Type Locality: “Ghat Oasis, south-west Fezzan, Libya
Distribution: Add Brazil (Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro), and (24°59′N: 10°11E) at 700 m a.s.l.”
elevation range 750–1610 m, Costa et al. (2015a). Distribution: SW Libya (Awban), N Chad (Borkou-Ennedi-
Tibesti), 700 m.
Mussurana quimi (Franco, Marques & Puorto, 1997)
Distribution: Add Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul, Rio Grande do Myriopholis longicaudus (W.C.H. Peters, 1854)
Sul), Entiauspe-Neto et al. (2017a). Myriopholis macrorhynchus (Jan, 1860 in Jan & Sordelli,
1860–1866)
MYERSOPHIS Taylor, 1963 (Cyclocoridae) Myriopholis macrurus (Boulenger, 1903)
Myersophis alpestris Taylor, 1963 Comments: Using DNA barcoding, Vasconcelos et al. (2016)
find some intraspecific pairwise distance between specimens
MYRIOPHOLIS Hedges, Adalsteinsson & Branch in (mean 1.23).
Adalsteinsson, Branch, Trape, Vitt & Hedges, 2009 Myriopholis narirostris (W.C.H. Peters, 1867)
(Leptotyphlopidae: Leptotyphlopinae) Myriopholis occipitalis Trape & Chirio, 2019. Bull. Soc.
Myriopholis adleri (Hahn & Wallach, 1998) Herpétol. France 169: 46–50, figs. 1–4.
Distribution: Add Mali (Koulikoro), Trape & Mané (2017); Holotype: MNHN 1997.3350, a 172 mm specimen of unknown
Ghana (Northern), Boundy (2014). sex (villager, between October 1995 and June 1996).
Myriopholis algeriensis (Jacquet, 1898) Type locality: “Kouki (07°09′N/17°18′E) en République
centrafricaine.”
Distribution: Add Morocco (Figuig), Barata et al. (2011);
Morocco (Tan Tan), Broadley et al. (2014); Morocco (Tiznit), Distribution: S Chad (Mandoul), NW Central African
Bouazza et al. (2018). Upper elevation of 1407 m, García- Republic (Ouham).
Cardenete et al. (2015). García-Cardenete et al. (2015), Myriopholis parkeri (Broadley, 1999)
Bouazza et al. (2018) map all known localities. Distribution: Add Kenya (Coast), Boundy (2013).
Myriopholis blanfordii (Boulenger, 1890) Comments: Boundy (2013) describes a second known
Distribution: Add Afghanistan (Laghman), Wagner et al. specimen.
(2016b). Myriopholis perreti (Roux-Estève, 1979)
Myriopholis phillipsi (Barbour, 1914) Kurniawan et al. (2017); Thailand (Ayutthaya, Bangkok,
Distribution: Add Turkey (Batman, Sirnak), Uğurtaş et al. Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ranong, Sukhothai, Surat Thani,
(2006); Turkey (Kilis), and low elevation of 270 m, Göçmen Pha Ngan Island), Ratnarathorn et al. (2019), West Malaysia
et al. (2009a). (Pulau Singa Besar), B.L. Lim et al. (2010).
Myriopholis rouxestevae (J.-F. Trape & Mané, 2004) Comments: Ratnarathorn et al. (2019) examine geographic
Distribution: Add Guinea, Trape & Baldé (2014). Remove variation in Thailand populations using mtDNA sequence
Mali (Koulikoro), Trape & Mané (2017), which is M. boueti. data. There is a hierarchical system of clades between regions,
and the northeastern Thailand populations are likely a cryp-
Myriopholis wilsoni (Hahn, 1978) tic species, being paraphyletic with respect to N. atra and
Comments: Using DNA barcoding, Vasconcelos et al. (2016) N. naja.
find moderate intraspecific pairwise distance between speci-
Naja mandalayensis Slowinski & Wüster, 2000
mens (mean 4.20).
Naja naja (Linnaeus, 1758)
Myriopholis yemenicus (Scortecci, 1933)
Distribution: Add Nepal (Bara), Pandey et al. (2018); Nepal
MYRON Gray, 1849 (Homalopsidae) (Nawalparasi), Pandey (2012).
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a generic Naja oxiana (Eichwald, 1831)
diagnosis. Distribution: Add Iran (Golestan, North Khorasan, Sistan and
Myron karnsi J.C. Murphy, 2011 Baluchistan, South Khorasan), Shafaei-Mahroo et al. (2015);
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a diagnosis Afghanistan (Badghis, Ghazni, Herat, Kunduz, Logar),
and photograph of the holotype. Wagner et al. (2016b). E. Kazemi et al. (2019) document local-
ities in Iran.
Myron resetari J.C. Murphy, 2011
Naja philippinensis Taylor, 1922
and photograph. Distribution: Add Philippines (Benguet), and upper elevation
of 1040 m, Sy & Gerard (2014); Philippines (Cantanduanes
Myron richardsonii Gray, 1849 Island), Sy & Vargas (2017); Philippines (Lubang Island), Sy
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a diagnosis & Balete (2017).
and photograph.
†Naja romani (Hoffstetter, 1939)
MYRROPHIS Kumar, Sanders, George & J.C. Murphy, Distribution: Add late Miocene (Vallesian) of Greece,
2012 (Homalopsidae) Georgialis et al. (2018, as Naja cf. romani).
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a generic Comments: V. Wallach called my attention to the paper by
diagnosis. Szyndlar & Rage (1990) in which they associate Palaeonaja
Myrrophis bennettii (Gray, 1842) romani with the Asiatic, rather than African, lineage of Naja
s.l., requiring its transfer from Afronaja of Wallach et al.
(2014), along with the generic synonym Palaeonaja.
and photograph.
Naja sagittifera Wall, 1913
Myrrophis chinensis (Gray, 1842)
Naja samarensis W.C.H. Peters, 1861
Distribution: Add China (Nan Ao Island), Qing et al. (2015); Naja siamensis Laurenti, 1768
Vietnam (Hai Phong: Cat Ba Island), T.Q. Nguyen et al. (2011); Naja sputatrix F. Boie, 1827
Vietnam (Tam Dao), J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014).
Naja sumatrana F. Müller, 1887
Distribution: Add West Malaysia (Pahang), Zakaria et al.
and photograph.
(2014); Philippines (Busuanga I.), Sy et al. (2016b); Philippines
NAJA Laurenti, 1768 (Elapidae) (Calauit I.), Leviton et al. (2018).
Synonyms: Add Palaeonaja Hoffstetter, 1939.
†NAJASH Apesteguía & Zaher, 2006 (Ophidia: incerta sedis)
Comments: Kurniawan et al. (2017) present a DNA sequence-
Comments: Palci et al. (2013a) discuss relationships based on
based phylogeny that supports the recognition of N. sputa
reinterpretation of fossil material.
trix and N. sumatrana as species distinct from N. atra and N.
kaouthia. The gene-based phylogeny from Zaher et al. (2019) †Najash rionegrina Apesteguía & Zaher, 2006
supports the partition of Naja into four genera, including Comments: Zaher et al. (2009) provide additional descriptive
Afronaja, Boulengerina, and Uraeus. data and an emended diagnosis. Palci et al. (2013a) provide a
Naja atra Cantor, 1842 further emended diagnosis based on reinterpretation of fossil
specimens. Garberoglio et al. (2019) discuss much additional
material from the region of the type locality.
Vietnam (Hai Phong: Cat Ba Island), T.Q. Nguyen et al. (2011).
Naja kaouthia Lesson, 1831 NAMIBIANA Hedges, Adalsteinsson & Branch in
Distribution: Add Nepal (Chitwan), Pandey (2012); Myanmar Adalsteinsson, Branch, Trape, Vitt & Hedges, 2009
(Tanintharyi), Mulcahy et al. (2018); Thailand (Chumphon), (Leptotyphlopidae: Leptotyphlopinae)
Namibiana gracilior (Boulenger, 1910) (2007); middle Pleistocene (Ionian) of Spain, Blain (2009)
Namibiana labialis (Sternfeld, 1908) and Blain et al. (2014a); upper Pleistocene (Tarantian) of
Namibiana latifrons (Sternfeld, 1908) Spain, Blain et al. (2013b).
Synonyms: Add Stenostoma scutatum Peters 1865. Comments: Pokrant et al. (2016) elevate this taxon to species
based on morphology, mtDNA sequence, and parapatry with
Comment: Boundy (2014) supports retaining the name N. lati
Natrix helvetica. Kindler et al. (2018a) use mtDNA sequence-
frons over the senior synonym, S. scutatum, which is based on
data to examine phylogeography in N. atreptophora. They
the same types.
recover three clades: Iberian, N Morocco, and NE Algeria/
Namibiana occidentalis (V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1962) NW Tunisia.
Namibiana rostrata (Bocage, 1886) †Natrix borealis (Szyndlar, 1981)
Distribution: Add Angola (Huila), Butler et al. (2019). Natrix helveticus Lacépède, 1789. Hist. Nat. Serpens 2: 100,
326–327. (Coluber helveticus)
†NANOWANA Scanlon, 1987 (†Madtsoiidae)
Synonyms: Coluber helvetus Donndorff, 1798, Vipera vissena
†Nanowana godthelpi Scanlon, 1987
Rafinesque, 1814, Natrix hybridus Merrem, 1820, Coluber
†Nanowana schrenki Scanlon, 1987
siculus Cuvier, 1829, Natrix torquata minax Bonaparte, 1834
NATRICITERES Loveridge, 1953 (Natricidae) in 1832–1841, Natrix torquata murorum Bonaparte, 1834 in
1832–1841, Natrix cetti Gené, 1839, Coluber jenisonii Gistel
Natriciteres bipostocularis Broadley, 1962 in Gistel & Bromme, 1850, Natrix torquata nigrescens De
Distribution: Add Angola (Huambo), M.P. Marques et al. Betta, 1853, Tropidonotus fallax Fatio, 1872, Tropidonotus
(2018); Angola (Lunda Norte), Branch (2018). natrix concolor Ninni, 1880, Tropidonotus natrix lineata
Natriciteres fuliginoides (Günther, 1858) Ninni, 1880, Tropidonotus natrix nigritorquata Ninni,
Distribution: Add Liberia, Trape & Baldé (2014). 1880, Tropidonotus natrix albo-torquata Camerano, 1891,
Tropidonotus natrix britannicus G. Hecht, 1930, Tropidonotus
Natriciteres olivacea (W.C.H. Peters, 1854)
natrix corsus G. Hecht, 1930, Natrix natrix lanzai Kramer,
Distribution: Add Niger, Trape & Mané (2015); Angola 1971, Natrix natrix calabra Vanni & Lanza, 1983.
(Cuando-Cubango), Conradie et al. (2016b).
Holotype: Unlocated.
Natriciteres pembana (Loveridge, 1935)
Type locality: “Mont-Jorat,” Switzerland.
Natriciteres sylvatica Broadley, 1966
Distribution: W Europe (France, Great Britain, Lichtenstein,
Natriciteres variegata (W.C.H. Peters, 1861) Switzerland, W Germany at and W of the Rhine River,
Distribution: Add Tanzania (Morogoro), Lyakurwa (2017). Belgium, Netherlands, Italy, and including Corsica, Sardinia,
and Sicily.
NATRIX Laurenti, 1768 (Natricidae)
Comments: See comments under N. natrix for Kindler & Fritz
Synonyms: Fossil records: Add lower Miocene (Agenian) (2014) and Kindler et al. (2017, 2018b). Kindler & Fritz (2018)
of Germany, Čerňanský et al. (2015, as Natrix sp.); middle use mtDNA and 12 microsatellite loci to evaluate phylo-
Miocene (Orleanian) of Germany, Čerňanský et al. (2017, geography within N. helvetica, concluding that there are five
as Natrix sp. 1); upper Pliocene (Villanyian) of Germany, lineages that they recognize as subspecies, their geographic
Čerňanský et al. (2017, as Natrix sp. 2); lower Pleistocene ranges defined by genes rather than strict morphological
(Villanyian) of Bulgaria, Boev (2017); middle Pleistocene of correspondence.
China, Li et al. (2019, as cf. Natrix sp.).
Fossil Records: Upper Pliocene (Ruscinian, MN 15) of
Comments: Systematics of Natrix natrix is revised by Kindler Italy (Sardinia), Delfino et al. (2011, as Natrix sp.); middle
& Fritz (2014, et seq.). Pleistocene (Ionian) of Italy, Delfino (2004); upper Pleistocene
Natrix astreptophora Seoane, 1884. Ident. Lacerta sch- (Tarantian) of Belgium, Blain et al. (2014b), Italy, Delfino
reiberi Lacerta viridis Investig. Herpetol. Galicia: 15–16. (2004); Late Pleistocene (post-Tarantian) of Belgium, Blain
(Tropidonotus natrix astreptophorus) et al. (2019).
Synonyms: Tropidonotus natrix algericus G. Hecht, 1930. †Natrix longivertebrata Szyndlar, 1984
Syntypes: MNHN 1889.0580–0583, 2012.0459. Natrix maurus (Linnaus, 1758)
Type locality: “Galicia”; restricted to Coruña, Galicia, Spain Distribution: Add Andorra, Orriols & Fernàndez (2003); Spain
by Mertens and Müller (1928). (Pontevedra: Faro, Monteagudo, Ons, Onza, San Martiño
Distribution: SC France, Spain, Portugal, N Morocco, N Islands), Galán (2012); Morocco (Al Hoceima, Chefchaouen,
Algeria, N Tunisia. Add Morocco (Al Hoceima), Mediani Taounate), Mediani et al. (2015b); Algeria (Chlef, Tiaret),
et al. (2015b); Algeria (El Tarf), Rouag & Benyacoub (2006). Ferrer et al. (2016); Algeria (El Tarf), Rouag & Benyacoub
Increase elevation to 3060 m, Fernández-Cardenete et al. (2006); Libya (Murqub, Tripoli), Bauer et al. (2017). Upper
(2000). elevation of 2650 m, Martínez-Freiría et al. (2017b).
Fossil Records: Upper Pliocene (Villanyan) of Spain, Blain Fossil Records: Add upper Pliocene (Villanyian) of Spain,
(2009); lower Pleistocene (Calabrian) of Spain, Blain et al. Blain (2009); lower Pleistocene (Calabrian) of Spain, Blain
et al. (2008); upper Pleistocene (Tarantian) of Spain, Barroso- et al. (2016); Slovakia (Prešov), Pančišin & Klembara (2003)
Ruiz and Bailon (2003). and Jablonski (2011); Turkey (Bartin), Çakmak et al. (2017);
Comments: Joger et al. (2010) construct a phylogeny that indi- Turkey (Canakkale), Tok et al. (2006); Turkey (Igdir), Kaya
cates a stepwise hierarchical pattern of lineages. & Özuluğ (2017); Turkey (Karabük), Kumlutaş et al. (2017);
Turkey (Kutahya), Özdemĭr & Baran (2002); Turkey (Mersin),
†Natrix merkurensis Ivanov, 2002
Winden et al. (1997); Turkey (Gökçeada I.), Yakin et al. (2018);
†Natrix mlynarskii Rage, 1988
Israel, Martens (1996); Syria (Hamah), Martens (1996); Iraq
†Natrix natricoides (Augé & Rage in Ginsberg, 2000)
(Baghdad), Afrasiab & Ali (2012); Iran (Ardabil, Golestan,
Natrix natrix (Linnaeus, 1758) Markazi, Semnan, Tehran, West Azerbaijan, Zanjan), Safaei-
Synonyms: Natrix gronoviana Laurenti, 1768, Natrix vulgaris Mahroo et al. (2015); Iran (Qom), S.M. Kazemi et al. (2015).
Laurenti, 1768, Coluber scutatus Pallas, 1773, Coluber bipes Göçmen et al. (2011), referring to populations formerly known
Gmelin, 1789, Coluber tyrolensis Gmelin, 1789, Coluber gro as Natrix megalocephala, report records from Ardahan,
novius Bechstein, 1802, Coluber scopolianus Daudin, 1803e, Artvin, Giresun, Kars, Rize and Zonguldak provinces, Turkey,
Coluber persa Pallas, 1811, Coluber minutus Pallas, 1814, and increase the elevational range to 1950 m. Litvinchuk et al.
Tropidonotus ater Eichwald, 1831, Tropidonotus persicus (2013) detail records from Buryatia Republic, Russia. Milto
Eichwald, 1831, Coluber bilineatus Bibron & Bory de Saint- (2003) plots and discusses the distribution in northwestern
Vincent, 1832, Coluber niger Dwigubsky, 1832, Coluber Russia.
ponticus Ménétriés, 1832, Coluber bilineatus Bibron & Bory, Fossil records: Add lower Pliocene (Ruscinian) of Slovakia,
1833, Coluber natrix dalmatina Schinz, 1833, Tropidonotus Čerňanský (2011); upper Pliocene (Villanyan) of Slovakia,
natrix colchica Nordmann in Demidoff, 1840, Tropidonotus Čerňanský (2011); middle Pleistocene (Ionian) of Russia,
natrix nigra Nordmann in Demidoff, 1840, Tropidonotus Ratnikov, (2002), Ukraine, Ratnikov (2002, 2005); upper
natrix bilineatus Jan, 1864a, Tropidonotus natrix nigra Pleistocene (Tarantian) of Romania, Venczel (2000).
Jan, 1864a, Tropidonotus natrix picturata Jan, 1864a,
Comments: Kindler et al. (2013) and Kindler & Fritz (2014)
Tropidonotus natrix subbilineata Jan, 1864a, Tropidonotus
resolve three geographic clades from mtDNA sequence data:
natrix moreoticus Bedriaga, 1881–1882, Tropidonotus natrix
one on the Iberian Peninsula and NW Africa, and a western
bulsanensis Gredler, 1882, Tropidonotus natrix bithynius
and eastern clade roughly separated from Germany, south-
G. Hecht, 1930a, Tropidonotus natrix bucharensis G. Hecht,
ward to the Balkan Peninsula. Their analysis places speci-
1930a, Tropidonotus natrix cephallonicus G. Hecht, 1930a,
mens of N. megalocepala within a subclade with individuals
Tropidonotus natrix cypriacus G. Hecht, 1930a, Tropidonotus
of the eastern clade of N. natrix, and they formally synony-
natrix dystiensis G. Hecht, 1930a, Tropidonotus natrix
mize the former with the latter. They also found limited cor-
schirvanae G. Hecht, 1930a, Tropidonotus natrix syriacus
respondence between 16 subclades and currently recognized
G. Hecht, 1930a, Tropidonotus natrix syrae G. Hecht, 1930a,
subspecies. Kindler et al. (2014) use mtDNA sequence data to
Natrix natrix schweizeri L. Müller, 1932b, Natrix natrix
demonstrate multiple lineage invasions of Fennoscandia dur-
gotlandica Nilson & Andrén, 1981a, Natrix megalocephala
ing the Holocene. Kindler et al. (2017) use DNA sequence
Orlov & Tuniyev, 1986, Natrix natrix fusca Cattaneo, 1990.
data to delineate contact zones between Natrix populations
The following names are not associated specifically with N. in central Europe. Based on molecular, morphological, and
astreptophora, N. helvetica, or N. natrix s.s.: Coluber biped divergence-time data, they recognize western European pop-
alis Scopoli, 1788, Coluber arabicus Gmelin,1789, Coluber ulations as N. helvetica. In addition, they support the recogni-
torquatus Lacépède, 1789, Coluber azureus Donndorff, tion of N. astreptophora as a species, as well as subspecies
1798, Coluber aesculapii Sturm, 1799, Coluber decorus with correspondence between morphology and genes. Kindler
Gravenhorst, 1807, Coluber discinctus Gravenhorst, 1807, et al. (2018b) reconstruct the glacial refugia and postglacial
Coluber irroratus Gravenhorst, 1807, Coluber bicephalus re-dispersal routes in N. natrix and N. helvetica. Dubey et al.
Hufeland & Osann, 1825, Coluber natrix minax Fitzinger, (2017) document the presence of N. n. persa genes and phe-
1826a (nomen nudum), Coluber natrix murorum Fitzinger, notypes in native N. helvetica populations in W Switzerland,
1826a (nomen nudum), Coluber scopolii Risso, 1826, supposedly originating from escaped pets.
Tropidonotus sparsus Schreiber, 1875, Tropidonotus natrix
albiventris Dürigen, 1897, Tropidonotus natrix fasciatus †Natrix parva Szyndlar, 1984
Dürigen, 1897, Natrix vibakari continentalis Nikolsky, 1925. †Natrix rudabanyaensis Szyndlar, 2005
Distribution: E and N Europe through C Asia. Western Fossil records: Add Miocene/Pliocene transition (late
boundary of the range includes the Balkan Peninsula, E Turolian) of Greece, Georgialis et al. (2019, as Natrix aff.
Italy, Austria, E Germany roughly at and E of the Rhine rudabanyaensis).
River, Denmark, S Norway and S Sweden. Add Denmark
(Nordfriesland Islands: Fanø, Rømø), Grosse et al. (2015); †Natrix sansaniensis (Lartet, 1851)
Germany (Nordfriesland Islands: Amrum, Helgoland, St. Natrix tessellata (Laurenti, 1768)
Peter-Ording, Sylt), Grosse et al. (2015); Liechtenstein, Kühnis Distribution: Add Germany (Nordfriesland Islands: Sylt),
(2006); Montenegro, Polović & Čađenović (2013); Greece Grosse et al. (2015); Poland (Silesia), Vlček et al. (2010);
(Kithira I.), Broggi (2016b); Greece (Tigani I.), Mossman Czech Republic (Kralovehradecky, Pardubicky), Lemberk
(2013); Czech Republic (Severomoravsky), Vlček et al. †Neonatrix magna Holman, 1982
(2010); Romania (Alba, Arad, Bistrita-Nasaud, Covasna, †Neonatrix nova Szyndlar, 1987
Harghita, Maramures, Salaj, Satu-Mare, Sibiu), Ghira et al.
(2002); Romania (Botosani), Strugariu et al. (2016); Romania NERODIA Baird & Girard, 1853 (Natricidae)
(Giurgiu), Iftime & Iftime (2008); Romania (Tulcea), Fossil record: Add upper Miocene (Hemphillian) of USA
Strugariu et al. (2008); Turkey (Afyon), Eser & Erismis (Tennessee), Jasinski & Moscato (2017, as Nerodia sp.).
(2014); Turkey (Bartin), Çakmak et al. (2017); Turkey (Hatay), Nerodia clarkii (Baird & Girard, 1853)
Uğurtaş et al. (2000b); Turkey (Kutahya), Özdemĭr & Baran Nerodia cyclopion (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854)
(2002); Turkey (Mersin), Winden et al. (1997); Iran (Alborz,
Nerodia erythrogaster (Forster in Bossu, 1771)
Ardabil, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Gilan, Golestan, Ilam,
Kermanshah, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad, Mazandaran, Distribution: Add Mexico (Chihuahua), Uriarte-Garzón &
North Khorasan, Qazvin, Sistan and Baluchistan, South García-Vázquez (2014).
Khorasan, Tehran), Safaei-Mahroo et al. (2015); Iran (Isfahan, Comments: Boundy & David (2015) discuss the status and
Markazi, Semnan), E. Rastaegar-Pouyani et al. (2017); Iran origin of the synonym Tropidonotus roulei Chabanaud, 1917.
(Qom), S.M. Kazemi et al. (2015); Afghanistan (Bamyan, Nerodia fasciata (Linnaeus, 1766)
Faryab, Kabul, Wardak), Mebert el al. (2013); Afghanistan Nerodia floridana (Goff, 1936)
(Badghis, Herat, Jowzjan, Kunduz), Wagner et al. (2016b); Nerodia harteri (Trapido, 1941)
Egypt (Ismailia, Port Said), Ibrahim (2012). Nekrasova et al. †Nerodia hibbardi (Holman, 1968)
(2013) discuss the range limits in Ukraine. Buric & Baskiera †Nerodia hillmani (R.L. Wilson, 1968)
(2014) and Vlcek et al. (2015) report on insular populations Nerodia paucimaculata (Tinkle & Conant, 1961)
off Croatia. Strugariu et al. (2016) map known localities for Nerodia rhombifer (Hallowell, 1852)
Romania. Nerodia sipedon (Linnaeus, 1758)
Fossil records: Add middle Pleistocene (Likhvinian) of Nerodia taxispilota (Holbrook, 1838)
Ukraine, Ratnikov, 2005).
†NIDOPHIS Vasile, Csiki-Sava, & Venczel, 2013. J. Vert.
Comments: Joger et al. (2010) construct a phylogeny that Paleontol. 33(5): 1102. (Madtsoiidae)
indicates a hierarchical pattern of lineages. Werner &
Type species: †Nidophis insularis Vasile, Csiki-Sava &
Shapira (2011) describe morphological variation within and
Venczel, 2013 by original designation.
between populations in Israel. Franzen et al. (2016) use DNA
sequence-data to determine the origin of introduced popula- Distribution: Upper Cretaceous of Romania.
tions in Bavaria, Germany, and conclude that they arose from †Nidophis insularis Vasile, Csiki-Sava & Venczel, 2013,
multiple sources in the native range. Kyriazi et al. (2012) use J. Vert. Paleontol. 33(5): 1102–1108, figs. 2–4.
mtDNA sequence-data to determine that populations on Crete Holotype: LPB (FGGUB) v.547/1, a mid-trunk vertebra.
originated from southwestern Turkey. Marosi et al. (2012) Type locality: “Tuştea nesting site, Oltoane Hill, Tuştea
discover three clades in eastern European populations, using Village, Haţeg Basin, Hunedoara County, Romania.”
mtDNA sequence-data, which correspond to those found in
Distribution: Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of C Romania
earlier studies. E. Rastegar-Pouyani et al. (2017) use mtDNA
(Hunedoara).
sequence-data to evaluate relationships of Iranian populations,
compared with previously studied samples from throughout †NIGEROPHIS Rage, 1975 (†Nigerophiidae)
the range. Samples from western Iran were sister to all other
†Nigerophis mirus Rage, 1975
populations, which formed two major clades: those of north-
east Iran and central Asia, and those of Europe. NINIA Baird & Girard, 1853 (Dipsadidae: Dipsadinae)
Comments: Angarita-Sierra (2014) provides a review of the
†NEBRASKOPHIS Holman, 1973 (Colubroidea: incerta
hemipenial morphology of the genus, plus a key to the genus
sedis)
and distribution maps.
†Nebraskophis oligocenicus Holman, 1999
Ninia atrata (Hallowell, 1845)
†Nebraskophis skinneri Holman, 1973
Distribution: Add Colombia (Bolivar, Casanare), Angarita-
†NEONATRIX Holman, 1973 (Natricidae) Sierra (2017); Colombia (confirmed for Guaviare), Medina-
Rangel (2015); Colombia (Guajira), Meza-Joya (2015);
Distribution: Add lower Miocene (Agenian) of Germany,
Ecuador (Manabi), Angarita-Sierra & Lynch (2017).
Čerňanský et al. (2015, as Neonatrix sp.); upper Miocene
(Hemphillian) of USA (Tennessee), Jasinski & Moscato (2017, Comments: Angarita-Sierra (2017) provides a species account.
as Neonatrix sp.). Ninia celata McCranie & L.D. Wilson, 1995
†Neonatrix crassa Rage & Holman, 1984 Ninia diademata Baird & Girard, 1953
†Neonatrix elongata Holman, 1973 Distribution: Add Belize (Stann Creek), Gray & Hofmann
†Neonatrix europaea Rage & Holman, 1984 (2017); Honduras (Lempira), McCranie (2014b); Honduras
†Neonatrix infera Holman, 1996 (Francisco Morazán), Solís et al. (2015). Remove Pacific
region of Guatemala, and possibly coastal Mexico (Chiapas †NORISOPHIS Klein, Longrich, Ibrahim, Zouhri &
and Oaxaca), now considered N. labiosa according to Martill, 2017. Cret. Res. 72:135. (Ophidia: incerta sedis)
Angarita-Sierra (2014). Type species: Norisophis begaa Klein, Longrich, Ibrahim,
Ninia espinali McCranie & L.D. Wilson, 1995 Zouhri & Martill, 2017 by original designation.
Ninia franciscoi Angarita-Sierra, 2014. South American Distribution: Middle Cretaceous of Morocco.
J. Herpetol. 9(2): 121–122, figs. 3, 4a. †Norisophis begaa Klein, Longrich, Ibrahim, Zouhri &
Holotype: UTA-R 22316, a 319 mm male (W.B. Montgomery Martill, 2017. Cret. Res. 72:135–136, figs. 2, 3.
& D. Resnick, 6 March 1988). Holotype: FSAC-KK 7001, a posterior trunk veretebra.
Type locality: “ca. 7.2 km Arima, Simla Research Station, Type locality: “Kem Kem beds of Begaa, east of Taouz, [Ksar
Province of St. George, Trinidad (10°41′1″N, 61°17′W).” Es Souk,] southeastern Morocco…, ? Cenomanian. Locality
Distribution: Trinidad & Tobago (northern range of Trinidad, Aferdou N’Chaft (30°53′57″ N, 3°50′46 W), or Aferdou n’Bou
240 m). Tarif (30°53′12″ W, 3°52′29″ W), in the Ifezouane Formation.”
Ninia hudsoni Parker, 1940 Distribution: Middle Cretaceous (? Cenomanian) of Morocco.
Distribution: Add Colombia (Caqueta), Rojas-Morales et al.
(2018a). NOTECHIS Boulenger, 1896 (Elapidae)
Ninia labiosa (Bocourt, 1883 in A.H.A. Duméril, Bocourt & Notechis ater (Krefft, 1866)
Mocquard, 1870–1909). Miss. Sci. Mex. Amér. Cent., Rept. Notechis scutatus (W.C.H. Peters, 1861)
3(9): 550–551, pl. 32, fig. 6. (Streptophorus labiosus)
NOTHOPSIS Cope, 1871 (Dipsadidae: Dipsadinae)
Holoype: MNHN 5944, a 313 mm specimen (from the
Comments: Pyron et al. (2015) consider this genus as the only
“Société économique du Guatemala”).
member of the tribe Nothopsini.
Type locality: “Guatemala”; restricted to Yepocopa, Depto.
Chimaltenango by Burger and Werler (1954). Nothopsis rugosus Cope, 1871
Distribution: Pacific region of Guatemala, and likely also Distribution: Add Nicaragua (Atlantico Norte), Sunyer et al.
adjacent portions of Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca). Angarita- (2014); Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback (2015).
Sierra (2014) includes a specimen from Veracruz, Mexico, Comments: Pyron et al. (2015) provide a description.
which may require adding synonyms (e.g., N. d. nietoi) from
N. diademata. †NUBIANOPHIS Rage & C. Werner, 1999 (†Nigerophiidae)
Comment: Angarita-Sierra (2014) revives this taxon based †Nubianophis afaahus Rage & C. Werner, 1999
on hemipeneal differences with N. diademeta, with which he
compares. OCYOPHIS Cope, 1866 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae)
Ninia maculata (W.C.H. Peters, 1861) Ocyophis ater (Gosse, 1851)
Ocyophis melanichnus (Cope, 1862)
Ruback (2015). OGMODON W.C.H. Peters, 1864 (Elapidae)
Ninia pavimentata (Bocourt, 1883 in A.H.A. Duméril, Ogmodon vitianus W.C.H. Peters, 1864
Bocourt & Mocquard, 1870–1909)
Distribution: Add Honduras (Atlantida), Townsend et al. †OGMOPHIS Cope, 1884 (Booidea: incerta sedis)
(2012). Low elevation of 310 m, Antúnez-Fonseca (2019). Comments: K.T. Smith (2013) assigns O. compactus to the
Ninia psephota (Cope, 1875) Loxocemidae.
Ninia sebae (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) †Ogmophis arenarum Douglass, 1903
Distribution: Confirmation for Panama (Chiriqui), Geiger †Ogmophis compactus Lambe, 1908
et al. (2014), listed in Wallach et al. (2014) with a question Distribution: Add late Eocene (Chadronian) of USA (North
mark. Add El Salvador (Santa Ana), Juárez-Peña et al. (2016). Dakota), K.T. Smith (2013).
Ninia teresitae Angarita-Sierra & Lynch, 2017. Zootaxa
†Ogmophis europaeus Szyndlar in Mlynarski, Szyndlar,
4244(4): 481–487, figs. 2–5.
Estes & Sanches, 1982
Holotype: ICN 12527, a 429 mm male (L. Barrientos, 9 April †Ogmophis miocompactus Holman, 1976
2010). †Ogmophis oregonensis Cope, 1884
Type locality: “Santa Helena oil palm plantation (01°37′30″N, †Ogmophis pliocompactus Holman, 1975
78°44′20″W; 20 m asl), municipality of Tumaco, km 28 of †Ogmophis voorhiesi Holman, 1977
the Tumaco-Llorente road, 1 km S of Tumaco, department of
Nariño, Colombia.” OLIGODON H. Boie in Fitzinger, 1826 (Colubridae:
Distribution: Western Colombia (Antioquia, Boyaca, Nariño, Colubrinae)
Risaralda), 20–1404 m; Angarita-Sierra (2018) adds Ecuador Comments: H.N. Nguyen et al. (2020) present a phylogeny of
(Cotopaxi, Esmeraldas, Imbabura, Manabi, Pichincha). 22 of the species based on genetic sequence data.
Oligodon affinis Günther, 1862 Phong: Cat Ba Island), T.Q. Nguyen et al. (2011); Vietnam
Oligodon albocinctus (Cantor, 1839) (Phu Tho), Vassilieva (2015); Vietnam (Quang Ngai), Nemes
Distribution: Hasan et al. (2013) confirm the presence in et al. (2013); Vietnam (Son La), Pham et al. (2014).
Chittagong, Bangladesh. Oligodon cinereus (Günther, 1864)
Oligodon ancorus (Girard, 1858) Distribution: Add Vietnam (Ba Ria-Vung Tau [Con Dao
Islands], Binh Phuoc, Ho Chi Minh, Thua Thien Hue), T.Q.
Distribution: Add Philippines (Luzon Island: Aurora Prov.,
Nguyen et al. (2014); Vietnam (Dong Nai), Vassilieva (2015);
110 m), Supsup (2016).
Vietnam (Vung Tau), S.N. Nguyen et al. (2017b).
Oligodon annamensis Leviton, 1953
Oligodon condaoensis S.N. Nguyen, Nguyen, Le & Murphy,
Distribution: Add Cambodia (Pursat), and upper elevation 2016. Zootaxa 4139(2): 263–266, figs. 2, 3.
of 916 m, Neang & Hun (2013), Vietnam (Dak Lak), H.N. Holotype: ITBCZ 2595, a 531 mm male (S.N. Nguyen,
Nguyen et al. (2020). 24 October 2015).
Comments: H.N. Nguyen et al. (2020) provide a revised Type locality: Hon Ba Island, Con Dao District, Ba Ria-Vung
description based on new specimens, and a locality map and Tau Prov., Vietnam; coordinates 8°39′03″N, 106°33′29″E;
color photographs. elevation 15 m a.s.l.”
Oligodon annulifer (Boulenger, 1893) Distribution: Vietnam (Ba Ria-Vung Tau), 15 m. Known only
Oligodon arenarius Vassilieva, 2015. Zootaxa 4058(2): 211– from the type locality.
220, figs. 2–6. Oligodon cruentatus (Günther, 1868)
Holotype: ZMMU R14503 (field no. ZMMU ABV 813), a Oligodon culaochamensis S.N. Nguyen, Nguyen, Nguyen,
351 mm male (A.B. Vassilieva, 14 November 2014). Phan, Jiang & Murphy, 2017b. Zootaxa 4286(3): 335–340,
Type locality: “Binh Chau-Phuoc Buu Nature Reserve, Xuen figs. 2, 4, 5.
Moc District, Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province, southern Vietnam…, Holotype: ITBCZ 5646, a 543 mm male (L.T. Nguyen, V.D.H.
coordinates 10°29′46″N, 107°27′54″E, elevation 5 m a.s.l.” Nguyen & S.N. Nguyen, 27 July 2016).
Distribution: S Vietnam (Ba Ria-Vung Tau), 5–43 m. Known Type locality: “Hon Lao, Cu Lao Cham Islands, Quang Nam
only from the type locality. province, Vietnam;… 15°56′38″N, 108°30′44″E; elevation
Oligodon arnensis (Shaw, 1802) 41 m a.s.l.”
Distribution: Add Pakistan (Punjab), Rais et al. (2012); India Distribution: Vietnam (Hon Lo Island, Quang Nam), 41–106 m.
(Gujarat), Parmar & Tank (2019); India (Madhya Pradesh), Oligodon cyclurus (Cantor, 1839)
Manhas et al. (2018a); Nepal (Nawalparasi), Pandey (2012).
Oligodon deuvei David, Vogel & Rooijen, 2008
Oligodon barroni (M.A. Smith, 1916) Distribution: Add Thailand (Loei), and upper elevation of
Distribution: Add Thailand (Krabi: Phi Phi Don I.), Milto 270 m, Pauwels et al. (2017e); Vietnam (Ba Ria-Vung Tau),
(2014). Vassilieva (2015).
Oligodon bitorquatus (F. Boie, 1827) Oligodon dorsalis (Gray, 1835 in Gray & Hardwicke,
Distribution: Add Indonesia (Bali), 70 m, Lilly (2013). 1830–1835
Oligodon booliati Leong & Grismer, 2004 Oligodon eberhardti Pellegrin, 1910
Oligodon brevicaudus Günther, 1862 Oligodon erythrogaster Boulenger, 1907
Oligodon calamarius (Linnaeus, 1758) Oligodon erythrorhachis Wall, 1910
Oligodon catenatus (Blyth, 1854) Oligodon everetti Boulenger, 1893
Distribution: Add Vietnam (Son La), Pham et al. (2014). Oligodon fasciolatus (Günther, 1864)
Oligodon cattienensis Vassilieva, Geissler, Galoyan, Distribution: Add Laos (Vientiane Capital), Teynié et al.
Poyarkov, Van Devender & Böhme 2013. Zootaxa 3702(3): (2004); Vietnam (Ba Ria-Vung Tau [Con Dao Islands], S.N.
235–240, figs. 1–5. Nguyen et al. (2016); Vietnam (Dien Bien), Dung et al. (2014);
Vietnam (Vung Tau), S.N. Nguyen et al. (2017b); Vietnam
Holotype: ZMMU R13865, a 415 mm male (A.B. Vassilieva,
(Yen Bai), Le et al. (2018, as O. cyclurus).
20 January 2011).
Type locality: “the environs of Ben Cu forest station, Nam Oligodon forbesi (Boulenger, 1883)
Cat Tien sector, Cat Tien National Park, Dong Nai Province, Distribution: Add Indonesia (Barat Daya, Selaru Islands),
southern Vietnam (11°26′ 03″ N, 107° 25′ 42″ E, 130 m a.s.l.).” Lang (2013).
Distribution: S Vietnam (Dong Nai), 130–167 m. Known only Oligodon formosanus (Günther, 1872)
from the type locality. Distribution: Add Vietnam (Hai Duong), S.N. Nguyen et al.
Comments: In the cyclurus species group. (2016).
Oligodon chinensis (Günther, 1888) Oligodon hamptoni Boulenger, 1918
Distribution: Vietnam (Bac Giang), Hecht et al. (2013); Oligodon huahin Pauwels, Larsen, Suthanthangjai, David &
Vietnam (Ha Giang), Ziegler et al. (2014); Vietnam (Hai Sumontha, 2017e. Zootaxa 4291(3): 532–540, figs. 1–9.
Holotype: QSMI 1501, a 526 mm male (H. Larsen, Oligodon pseudotaeniatus David, Vogel & Rooijen, 2008
20 December 2016). Oligodon pulcherrimus F. Werner, 1909
Type locality: “road 3218 to Pala-U waterfall (12.528768 N, Synonyms: Add Oligodon durheimi Baumann, 1913, fide
99.527812 E), about 2 km east of the entrance gate to Kaeng Tillack & Günther (2010).
Krachan National Park, Hua Hin District, Prachuap Khiri
Khan Province, peninsular Thailand.” Oligodon purpurascens (Schlegel, 1837)
Distribution: Thailand (Prachuap Khiri Khan), at the type Distribution: Add West Malaysia (Pulau Tioman), K.K.P. Lim
locality. & Lim (1999).
Oligodon inornatus (Boulenger, 1914) Oligodon rostralis H.N. Nguyen, Tran, Nguyen, Neang,
Yushchenko & Poyarkov, 2020. PeerJ 8(e8332): 12–20, figs.
3, 4, 6, 7.
(2011).
Holotype: SIEZC 20201, a 582 mm male (B.V. Tran & L.H.
Oligoson jintakunei Pauwels, Wallach, David & Chanhome, Nguyen, 13 June 2017).
2002
Type locality: “Bidoup-Nui Ba National Park, ca. 6 km north-
Oligodon joynsoni (M.A. Smith, 1917)
wards from Da Nhim village, Da Chais Commune, Lac Duong
Oligodon juglandifer (Wall, 1909) District, Lam Dong Province, southern Vietnam (12.1518°N,
Distribution: Add Bhutan (Punakha), Sapkota & Sharma 108.5279°E; elevation 1,622 m a.s.l.).”
(2017). Elevation 800–1700 m, Chettri et al. (2010). Distribution: S Vietnam (Lam Dong), 1622 m. Known only
Oligodon kampucheaensis Neang, Grismer & Daltry, 2012 from the holotype.
Oligodon kheriensis Acharji & Ray, 1936 Oligodon saintgironsi David, Vogel & Pauwels, 2008
Distribution: Add Nepal (Chitwan), Pandey (2012); India Oligodon saiyok Sumontha, Kunya, Dangsri & Pauwels,
(Assam), and low elevation of 54 m, Sutradhar & Nath (2013). 2017. Zootaxa 4294(3): 317–319, figs. 1–7.
Comments: Sutradhar & Nath (2013) describe what may be a Holotype: QSMI 1506, a 718 mm male (K. Kunya, M.
fourth specimen of O. kheriensis. Sumontha & S. Dangsri, 7 October 2009).
Oligodon lacroixi Angel & Bourret, 1933 Type locality: “Wat Tham Benjarat Nakhon (= Benjarat
Distribution: Add Vietnam (Phu Tho), Vassilieva (2015). Nakhon Cave Temple), Sai Yok District, Kanchanaburi
Oligodon lungshenensis Zheng & Huang in Huang, Zheng Province, western Thailand.”
& Fang, 1978 Distribution: WC Thailand (Kanchanaburi). Known from two
Oligodon macrurus (Angel, 1927) specimens from the type locality.
Oligodon maculatus (Taylor, 1918) Oligodon signatus (Günther, 1864)
Oligodon mcdougalli Wall, 1905 Distribution: Add West Malaysia (Pulau Tioman), K.K.P. Lim
Oligodon melaneus Wall, 1909 & Lim (1999).
Oligodon melanozonatus Wall, 1922
Oligodon meyerinkii (Steindachner, 1891) Oligodon splendidus (Günther, 1875)
Oligodon modestus Günther, 1864 Oligodon sublineatus A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril,
Oligodon moricei David, Vogel & Rooijen, 2008 1854
Oligodon mouhoti (Boulenger, 1914) Lectotype: MNHN 3238, a 289 mm female, collector
Distribution: Add Thailand (Chanthaburi), Chan-ard et al. unknown, designated by Amarasinghe et al. (2015a).
(2011). Type locality: Restricted to “Sri Lanka” by Amarasinghe
Oligodon nagao David, Nguyen, Nguyen, Jiang, Chen, Teynié et al. (2015a).
& Ziegler, 2012 Distribution: Sri Lanka (Central, Eastern, North Central,
Oligodon nikhili Whitaker & Dattatri, 1982 North Western, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva, Western),
Oligodon notospilus Günther, 1873 10–1600 m.
Distribution: Add Philippines (Calauit I.), Leviton et al. (2018). Comment: Amarasinghe et al. (2015a) designate a lectotype,
Leviton et al. (2018) consider the type locality of Mindanao give detailed descriptions of the lectotype and paralectotype,
to be in error in light of the known distribution of the species. and provide a diagnosis and description for the species. They
believe it may represent a cryptic species complex due to the
Oligodon ocellatus (Morice, 1875)
range of morphological variation.
Oligodon octolineatus (Schneider, 1801)
Oligodon ornatus Van Denburgh, 1909 Oligodon taeniatus (Günther, 1861)
Oligodon perkinsi (Taylor, 1925) Distribution: Add Vietnam (Binh Thuan), S.N. Nguyen et al.
Oligodon petronellae Roux in Rooij, 1917 (2017b); Vietnam (Hoa Binh), Nguyen et al. (2018).
Oligodon planiceps (Boulenger, 1888) Comments: David et al. (2011) report upon and describe the
Oligodon praefrontalis F. Werner, 1913 holotype (MNHN 598) of the synonym Simotes quadrilinea
Oligodon propinquus Jan, 1862 tus Jan, 1865 in Jan & Sordelli, 1860–1866.
Oligodon taeniolatus (Jerdon, 1854) Pandey et al. (2018); Nepal (Nawalparasi), Pandey (2012);
Distribution: Add Iran (Golestan, North Khorasan, West West Malaysia (Pulau Singa Besar), B.L. Lim et al. (2010);
Azerbaijan, Zanjan), Shafaei-Mahroo et al. (2015); Afghanistan Philippines (Bohol I. [Sy, 2017], Cebu I. [Sy, 2016a], Romblon
(Kandahar), Wagner et al. (2016b); India (Gujarat, Madhya I. [Sy & Wallbank, 2013], Leyte I. [Sy & Boos, 2015a], Luzon
Pradesh, Uttarakhand) and elevation range of 250–1068 m, Island: Ilocos Norte [Urriza et al., 2017], Luzon Island: Neuva
Seetharamaraju et al. (2011); Bhutan (Trongsa, Wangdue Ecija [Sy et al., 2016a], Luzon Island: Pangasinan [Sy et al.,
Phodrang), Tshewang & Letro, 2018). 2015], Luzon Island: Nueva Vizcaya [Sy & Labatos, 2017],
Luzon Island: Sorsogon [Sy & Letana, 2017], Mindanao
Oligodon theobaldi (Günther, 1868)
Island: Zamboanga del Norte [Sy, 2016b], Pangulasian I. [Sy
Distribution: Add Myanmar (Sagaing), Pauwels et al. (2017e). & Dichaves, 2017]); Philippines (Catanduanes, Panay, Polillo
Oligodon torquatus (Boulenger, 1888) Is.), Leviton et al. (2018); Philippines (Samar), Fernandez
Oligodon travancoricus Beddome, 1877 et al. (2019). Remove India (Gujarat), Patel & Vyas (2019).
Oligodon trilineatus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, Comments: Suntrarachun et al. (2014) use mtDNA sequence-
1854) data from a dozen Thai specimens that indicate the presence
Oligodon unicolor (Kopstein, 1926) of five haplotypes distributed among two primary clades.
Distribution: Add Indonesia (Selaru Island), Lang (2013). They suggest the possibility that the southern and northern
Oligodon venustus (Jerdon, 1854) clades are specifically distinct.
Oligodon vertebralis (Günther, 1865)
Oligodon waandersi (Bleeker, 1860) OPHRYACUS Cope, 1887 (Viperidae: Crotalinae)
Oligodon wagneri David & Vogel, 2012 Comment: Grünwald et al. (2015) revise the genus with
Oligodon woodmasoni (Sclater, 1891) description of a new species and revival of another.
Ophryacus smaragdinus Grünwald, Jones, Franz-Chávez &
OMOADIPHAS Köhler, L.D. Wilson & McCranie, 2001
Ahumada-Carrillo, 2015. Mesoamerican Herpetol. 2(4): 391–
(Dipsadidae: Dipsadinae)
394, figs. 1–3, 4a, c, 9a, b, c.
Omoadiphas aurula Köhler, L.D. Wilson & McCranie, 2001
Omoadiphas cannula McCranie & Cruz-Díaz, 2010 Holotype, MZFC 29290, a 552 mm female (J.M. Jones & I. T.
Omoadiphas texiguatensis McCranie & Castañeda, 2004 Ahumada-Carrillo, 2 November 2013).
Type locality: “Los Ocotes (20.601542, -98.469708…; elev.
OOCATOCHUS Helfenberger, 2001 (Colubridae: 2,150 m asl), Zilacatipan, Municipio de Huayacocotola,
Colubrinae) Veracruz, Sierra Madre Oriental, Mexico.”
Oocatochus rufodorsatus (Cantor, 1842) Distribution: EC Mexico (EC Hidalgo, WC Veracruz, NE
Distribution: Add China (Nan Ao Island), Qing et al. (2015). Puebla, NC Oaxaca), 1400–2340 m. Martínez-Vaca et al.
Stein & Kalinina (2016) report a westward range extension in (2016) map known and new localities.
E Russia. Ophryacus sphenophrys H.M. Smith, 1960. Trans. Kansas
Acad. Sci. 62(4): 267–271, plates 1, 2. (Bothrops sphenophrys)
OPHEODRYS Fitzinger, 1843 (Colubridae: Colubrinae) Holotype: UIMNH 6262, a 461 mm male (W.L. Burger, 22
Opheodrys aestivus (Linnaeus, 1766) July 1949).
Opheodrys vernalis (Harlan, 1827) Type locality: “La Soledad, Oaxaca, Mexico, about 6000 ft.”
Distribution: Mexico (SC Oaxaca), 1340–1460 m.
†OPHIDIONISCUS Kuhn, 1963. Fossil. Catal. (103): 35.
Substitute name for †Ophidion Pomel 1853. (Booidea: Comment: Revived from the synonymy as a valid spe-
incerta sedis) cies, based on morphology of three known individuals, by
Grünwald et al. (2015).
Synonyms: †Ophidion Pomel, 1853.
Type species: †Ophidion antiquus Pomel, 1853 by monotypy. Ophryacus undulatus (Jan, 1859)
Distribution: Lower Miocene of France. Synonyms: Remove Bothrops sphenophrys H.M. Smith, 1960.
Distribution: S Mexico (Guerrero, Oaxaca, SE Puebla, WC
†Ophidioniscus antiquus Pomel, 1853. Cat. Méth. Vert.
Veracruz), 1800–2800 m.
Foss.: 128. (†Ophidion antiquus)
Holotype: lost according to Rage (1984). Comment: Grünwald et al. (2015) revise the hypodigm of
O. undulatus.
Type locality: “Langy,” Aquitane, France.
Distribution: Lower Miocene of France. OPISTHOTROPIS Günther, 1872 (Natricidae)
Synonyms: Remove Trimerodytes Cope, 1895, Liparophis
OPHIOPHAGUS Günther, 1864 (Elapidae) Peracca, 1904.
Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor, 1836) Comments: Teynié et al. (2014) and Ren et al. (2017) each
Distribution: Add Pakistan (Azad Kashmir), Faiz et al. provide a key to the species. Y. Wang et al. (2017) use mtDNA
(2017); India (Goa), Yadav & Yankanchi (2015); Nepal (Bara), sequence-data to produce a phylogeny for ten of the species.
Ren et al. (2019) do the same using 15 species, one of which, Holotype: KIZ 060100, a 299 mm female (B.P.L. Chan &
O. balteata, is removed to Trimerodytes. M.W.N. Lau, 26 July 2002).
Opisthotropis alcalai W.C. Brown & Leviton, 1961 Type locality: “Beifengshan Forest Park, Mt. Gudou, Jiangmen
Opisthotropis andersonii (Boulenger, 1888) City, Guangdong Province, China (22°14′20″ N, 112°55′05″ E,
ca. 300 m above sea level).”
Distribution: Add China (Guangdong), and upper elevation of
740 m, Y. Wang et al. (2017). Distribution: China (Guangdong, including Shangchuan
Island), 108–300 m.
Comments: Y. Wang et al. (2017) provide a revised diagnosis
and color photographs. Comments: Based on additional specimens, J. Wang et al.
(2017) provide a revised description and color photographs.
Opisthotropis ater Günther, 1872
Opisthotropis maculosus B.L. Stuart & Chuaynkern, 2007
Opisthotropis cheni Zhao, 1999
Distribution: Add Vietnam (Quang Ninh), Ren et al. (2019).
Distribution: Add China (Guangxi), Ren et al. (2019).
Opisthotropis maxwelli Boulenger, 1914
Opisthotropis cucae David, Pham, Nguyen & Ziegler, 2011
Distribution: Add China (Guangdong: Nan Ao I.), and eleva-
Opisthotropis daoventieni Orlov, Darevsky & Murphy, 1998
tion range of 425–995 m, Y. Wang et al. (2017).
Distribution: Upper elevation of 1170 m, Teynié et al. (2014).
Comments: Y. Wang et al. (2017) provide a revised diagnosis
Opisthotropis durandi Teynié, Lottier, David, T.Q. Nguyen and color photographs.
& Vogel, 2014. Zootaxa 3774(2): 167–174, figs. 1–4.
Opisthotropis rugosus Lidth de Jeude, 1890)
Holotype: MNHN 2013l.1001, a 538 mm female (A. Teynié &
A. Lottier, 18 Sept. 2012). Opisthotrops shenzhenensis Y. Wang, Guo, Liu, Lyu, Wang,
Luo, Sun & Zhang, 2017. Zootaxa 4247(4): 402–405, figs. 5, 6.
Type locality: “vicinity of Muang Ngoi (20°42′10″N,
102°41′21″E), Ngoi District, Louangphabang Province, Lao Holotype: SYS r001018, a 407 mm male (J. Zhao & R.-L. Li,
People’s Democratic Republic (Laos), at an elevation of about 15 September 2014).
370 m a.s.l.” Type locality: “Mt. Wutong (22°34′54.8″N, 114°12′2.7″E;
Distribution: Laos (Louangphabang), 370–700 m. Known 260 m a.s.l.), Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, China.”
only from the vicinity of the type locality. Distribution: China (C Guangdong), 155–327 m.
Opisthotropis guangxiensis Zhao, Jiang & Huang, 1978 Opisthotropis spenceri M.A. Smith, 1918
Holotype: Corrected to CIB 009972, Guo et al. (2012a). Opisthotropis tamdaoensis Ziegler, David & Vu, 2008
Distribution: Add China (Guangdong), Y. Wang et al. (2017). Comments: Ziegler et al. (2017) provide a revised description
Opisthotropis haihaensis Ziegler, Pham, Nguyen, Nguyen, based on new specimens. Based on mtDNA sequence-data,
Wang, Wang, Stuart & Le, 2019c. Zootaxa 4613(3): 580–583, tamdaoensis is the sister taxon to O. lateralis.
figs. 2, 3. Opisthotropis typicus (Mocquard, 1890)
Holotype: IEBR A2016.34, a 509 mm female (C.T. Pham & Opisthotropis voquyi Ziegler, David, Ziegler, Pham, Nguyen
T.V. Nguyen, 9 May 2016). & Le, 2018b. Zootaxa 4374(4), 481–487, figs. 6, 8–10.
Type locality: “forest near Tai Chi Village, Quang Son Holotype: IEBR 4326, a 443 mm male (C.T. Pham et al., 14
Commune, Hai Ha District, Quang Ninh Province, 950 m asl., June 2013).
Vietnam.” Type locality: “Tay Yen Tu Nature Reserve, Bac Giang
Distribution: N Vietnam (Quang Ninh), 950 m. Known only Province, 437 m asl., Vietnam.”
from the holotype. Distribution: Vietnam (Bac Giang), 437 m. Known only from
Opisthotropis jacobi Angel & Bourret, 1933 the type locality.
Comments: Ziegler et al. (2018b) provide a revised description Opisthotropis zhaoermii Ren, Wang, Jiang, Guo & Li, 2017.
using additional specimens. Zool. Res. 38(5): 257–259, figs. 1–4.
Opisthotropis kikuzatoi (Okada & Takara, 1958) Holotype: CIB 109999, a 587 mm female (J.-L. Ren, S.-B. Su,
Opisthotropis kuatunensis Pope, 1928 24 August 2017).
Distribution: Add China (Guangdong), Y. Wang et al. (2017). Type locality: “Zuolong Gorges, Guzhag, Tujia-Miao of west-
Opisthotropis lateralis Boulenger, 1903 ern Hunan, China (N28°42′17.88″, E109°55′26.26″, 561 m a.s.l.”
Distribution: Add China (Guangdong, Hainan), Y. Wang et al. Distribution: C China (W Hunan), 561 m. Known only from
(2017); China (Yunnan), Ren et al. (2019); Vietnam (Quang the type locality.
Nam), Teynié et al. (2014);
OREOCALAMUS Boulenger, 1899 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Vietnam (Hai Duong), Hecht et al. (2013). Comments: Within the gene-based phylogeny of Zaher
Opisthotropis latouchii (Boulenger, 1899) et al. (2019), Oreocalamus is sister taxon to the remaining
Opisthotropis laui Yang, Sung & Chan, 2013. Zootaxa Colubridae: Colubrinae, rather than the Calamariidae where
3646(3), 290–294, figs. 1–3. it had long been assigned.
Oreocalamus hanitschi Boulenger, 1899 Ovophis convictus (Stoliczka, 1870)

Distribution: Add Cambodia (Pursat), and low elevation range
OREOCRYPTOPHIS Utiger, Schätti & Helfenberger, 2005 of 545 m, Neang et al. (2011)
Ovophis gracilis (Oshima, 1920)
Oreocryptophis porphyraceus (Cantor, 1839)
Comments: This species and O. okinavensis are sister taxa
Distribution: Add Vietnam (Dien Bien), Dung et al. (2014); to Gloydius, and are not members of Ovophis (Alencar et al.,
Vietnam (Ha Giang), Ziegler et al. (2014); Vietnam (Dien 2016).
Bien, Lam Dong, Thanh Hoa, Tuyen Quang), Hoefer (2019);
Ovophis makazayazaya (Takahashi, 1922)
Vietnam (Yen Bai), Le et al. (2018); West Malaysia (Pulau
Tioman), K.K.P. Lim & Lim (1999). Distribution: Remove Hong Kong, Fong et al. (2017); see
under O. tonkinensis.
Comments: P. Wang et al. (2019) recognize four subspecies
in mainland China based on morphology, in addition to five Ovophis monticola (Günther, 1864)
extralimital subspecies. Distribution: Add Vietnam (Dien Bien), Dung et al. (2014).
Ovophis okinavensis (Boulenger, 1892)
ORIENTOCOLUBER Kharin, 2011 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Comments: This species and O. gracilis are sister taxa to
Orientocoluber spinalis (W.C.H. Peters, 1866) Gloydius, and are not members of Ovophis (Alencar et al.,
2016).
ORTHRIOPHIS Utiger, Helfenberger, Schätti, Schmidt, Ruf
Ovophis tonkinensis (Bourret, 1934)
& Ziswiler, 2002 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Distribution: Add Hong Kong, Fong et al. (2017).
Comments: See under Elaphe.
Ovophis zayuensis (Jiang in Zhao & Jiang, 1977)
Orthriophis cantoris (Boulenger, 1894)
Holotype: Corrected to CIB 013375, Guo et al. (2016a).
Orthriophis hodgsonii (Günther, 1860)
Distribution: Low elevation of 831 m, Singh & Joshi (2018). OXYBELIS Wagler, 1830 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Orthriophis moellendorffi (Boettger, 1886) Comments: Jadin et al. (2019) produce a DNA sequence-based
Orthriophis taeniurus (Cope, 1861) phylogeny containing O. aeneus, O. fulgidus and O. wilsoni.
Synonyms: Orthriophis taeniurus helfenbergeri Schulz, Oxybelis aeneus (Wagler in Spix, 1824)
2010. Sauria 32(2): 5–7, substitute name for Coluber taeniu Distribution: Add Mexico (Yucatan: Isla Contoy), Noguez
rus pallidus Rendahl, 1937. & Ramírez-Bautista (2008); Guatemala (Zacapa), Jadin
Orthriophis taeniurus callicyanous Schulz, 2010. Sauria et al. (2019); Honduras (Isla del Tigre, Isla Zacate Grande),
32(2): 10–16, figs. 8–12, 14–17. McCranie & Gutsche (2016); Honduras (Isla Cochino Mejor,
Holotype: ZFMK 81450, a 1658 mm male (T. Ziegler, 29 July Isla Cochino Menor), McCranie & Valdés-Orellana (2014);
1997). Nicaragua (Jinotega), Jadin et al. (2019); Panama (Coiba I.),
Jadin et al. (2019); Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback
Type locality: “Ky Anh-Ke Go (bei Chin-Xai), Ha Tinh,
(2015); Colombia (Huila), Moreno-Arias & Quintero-Corzo
Vietnam.”
(2015); Colombia (Norte de Santander), Armesto et al. (2011);
Distribution: Add Myanmar (Kayin, Shan), Schulz et al. Colombia (Valle del Cauca: Isla Palma), Giraldo et al. (2014);
(2015); Thailand (Chaiyaphum, Kanchanaburi, Khno Kaen, Peru (Amazonas, Cajamarca, La Libertad), Koch et al. (2018);
Lampang, Lamphun, Mae Hong Son, Phitsanulok, Tak), Peru (Huanuco), Schlüter et al. (2004); Peru (Lambayeque),
Schulz (2010); Cambodia (Koh Kong, Pursat), Schulz (2010); Venegas (2005); Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Ferreira et al.
Vietnam (Ha Giang), Ziegler et al. (2014); Vietnam (Nghe (2017); Brazil (Paraiba), R. França et al. (2012); Brazil (Piauí),
Anh, Thanh Ho), Schulz (2010). Dal Vechio et al. (2016); Brazil (Sergipe), Guedes et al. (2014).
Comments: Schulz (2010) discusses geographic variation, and Upper elevation of 2381 m, Quintero-Díaz & Carbajal-
recognizes nine subspecies. Schulz et al. (2015) report on their Márquez (2017a).
study of the type material of the synonyms Coluber nuthalli Comments: Jadin et al. (2019), using multilocus sequence data,
Theobald, 1868 and Elaphis yunnanensis Anderson, 1879. recover four lineages that correspond to Mexico, N Central
They conclude that the two names represent the same subspe- America, Panama, and Trinidad and Tobago specimens.
cies, and propose nomen protectum status for E. yunnanensis.
Oxybelis brevirostris (Cope, 1861)
They provide a key to the nine subspecies of E. taeniurus.
OVOPHIS Burger in Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981 Ruback (2015).
(Viperidae: Crotalinae) Oxybelis fulgidus (Daudin, 1803)
Comments: Fong et al. (2017) produce a phylogeny based on Distribution: Add Mexico (Chiapas, Veracruz), Jadin et al.
mtDNA sequence-data for five species (excluding O. gracilis (2019); Mexico (Guerrero), Palacios-Aguilar & Flores-Villela
and O. okinavensis). Ovophis monticolus is paraphyletic with (2018); Guatemala (Izabal), Jadin et al. (2019); Honduras
respect to its former subspecies O. convictus and O. zayuensis. (Comayagua), Jadin et al. (2019); Honduras (Santa Bárbara),
Espinal et al. (2014b); Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback Tungurahua), Sheehy et al. (2014); Peru (Huanuco), Schlüter
(2015); Colombia (Magdalena), Rueda-Solano & Castellanos- et al. (2004); Suriname (Marowijne), Sheehy et al. (2014);
Barliza (2010); Peru (Huanuco), Schlüter et al. (2004); Brazil Brazil (Espirito Santo), Silva-Soares et al. (2011); Brazil
(Acre), Bernarde et al. (2011b); Brazil (Tocantins), Scartozzoni (Minas Gerais), Moura et al. (2012); Brazil (Acre), Bernarde
et al. (2009). et al. (2011b); Brazil (Paraiba), R. França et al. (2012); Brazil
Oxybelis wilsoni Villa & McCranie, 1995 (Parana), Dainesi et al. (2019); Brazil (Pernambuco), Roberto
et al. (2018); Paraguay (Alto Paraná, Itapúa), Beconi & Scott
OXYRHABDIUM Boulenger, 1893 (Cyclocoridae) (2014).
Oxyrhabdium leporinum (Günther, 1858) Oxyrhopus rhombifer A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril,
Distribution: Add Philippines (Calayan, Marinduque, 1854
Mindoro Is.), Leviton et al. (2018). Distribution: Add Brazil (Amazonas), F.G.R. França et al.
Oxyrhabdium modestum (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & (2006); Brazil (Piauí), Dal Vechio et al. (2013); Brazil
Duméril, 1854) (Tocantins), Dal Vechio et al. (2016); Paraguay (San Pedro),
Atkinson et al. (2017).
Distribution: Add Philippines (Biliran, Catanduanes, Maripipi
Is.), Leviton et al. (2018); Philippines (Camiguin), Sanguila Oxyrhopus trigeminus A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril,
et al. (2016). 1854
Distribution: Add Peru (Junin), Sheehy et al. (2014); Brazil
OXYRHOPUS Wagler, 1830 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae) (Maranhão), J.P. Miranda et al. (2012); Brazil (Mato Grosso),
Oxyrhopus clathratus A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, M.M. dos Santos et al. (2011); Brazil (Piauí), Dal Vechio et al.
1854 (2013); Brazil (Sergipe), and upper elevation of 1100 m, Guedes
Distribution: Add Brazil (Parana), Souza-Filho et al. (2015). et al. (2014); Brazil (Tocantins), Dal Vechio et al. (2016).
Oxyrhopus doliatus A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, Oxyrhopus vanidicus Lynch, 2009
1854 Distribution: Add Brazil (Rondônia), Bernarde et al. (2012b).
Oxyrhopus erdisii (Barbour, 1913) OXYURANUS Kinghorn, 1923 (Elapidae)
Distribution: Add Peru (Puno), Sheehy et al. (2014).
Oxyuranus microlepidotus (F. McCoy, 1879)
Oxyrhopus fitzingeri (Tschudi, 1845) Oxyuranus scutellatus (W.C.H. Peters, 1867)
Distribution: Low elevation of sea level, Venegas (2005). Oxyuranus temporalis Doughty, Maryan, Donnellan &
Oxyrhopus formosus (Wied-Neuwied, 1820) Hutchinson, 2007
Distribution: Add Peru (Arequipa), Luque-Fernández &
†PACHYOPHIS Nopcsa, 1923 (†Simoliophiidae)
Paredes (2017); Peru (Puno), Llanqui et al. (2019).
Comments: Đurić et al. (2017) report and describe a new fos-
Oxyrhopus guibei Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1978 sil specimen that most closely resembles †Pachyophis. It is
Distribution: Add Brazil (Ceara), D.P. Castro et al. (2019); from near the type locality, but of Turonian age. See under
Brazil (Paraiba), R. França et al. (2012); Paraguay (Presidente †Mesophis.
Hayes), N. Martínez et al. (2019); Paraguay (San Pedro),
†Pachyophis woodwardi Nopcsa, 1923
P. Smith et al. (2016).
Synonyms: Remove †Mesophis nopcsai Bolkay, 1925.
Oxyrhopus leucomelas (F. Werner, 1916)
Distribution: Add Ecuador (Morona-Santiago, Zamora- †PACHYRHACHIS Haas, 1979 (†Simoliophiidae)
Chinchipe), Almendáriz et al. (2014). Comments: Palci et al. (2013b) reevaluate its anatomy and dis-
Oxyrhopus marcapatae (Boulenger, 1902) cuss relationships.
Oxyrhopus melanogenys (Tschudi, 1845) †Pachyrhachis problematicus Haas, 1979
Distribution: Upper elevation of 1239 m, Koch et al. (2018). Comments: Palci et al. (2013b) provide an emended diagnosis
Oxyrhopus occipitalis (Wagler in Spix, 1824) based on new interpretation of fossil specimens.
Distribution: Add Colombia (Caldas), Rojas-Morales et al. †PALAEONATRIX Szyndlar in Mlynarski, Szyndlar, Estes
(2018b); Brazil (Acre), Bernarde et al. (2011b). & Sanchiz, 1982 (Natricidae)
Oxyrhopus petolarius (Linnaeus, 1758) †Palaeonatrix lehmani (Rage & Rocek, 1983)
Synonyms: Add Leptodira nycthemera Werner, 1901, which †Palaeonatrix silesiaca Szyndlar in Mlynarski, Szyndlar,
was shown by J. Costa et al. (2015) to be a specimen of Estes & Sanchiz, 1982
Oxyrhopus petolarius, rather than Leptodeira annulata.
Distribution: Add Guatemala (Izabal, Quiche), Sheehy et al. †PALAELAPHIS Rochebrune, 1884. Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat.
(2014); Honduras (Copán), McCranie et al. (2013b); Panama Saône-et-Loire 5: 156. (Booidea: incerta sedis)
(Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback (2015); Colombia (Valle del Type species: †Palaelaphis antiquus Rochebrune, 1884, des-
Cauca: Isla Palma), Giraldo et al. (2014); Ecuador (Esmeraldas, ignated by Rage (1984).
Distribution: Middle Tertiary of France. Holotype: PIMUZ A/III 634, a trunk vertebra.
Comments: Rage (1984) determined that material assigned to Type locality: “Fissure A, Dielsdorf, Zurich Canton, Switzerland.”
Palaelaphis represents Booidea. Distribution: Middle to late Eocene (Bartonian to Priabonian)
†Palaelaphis antiquus Rochebrune, 1884. Mém. Soc. Sci. of Switzerland.
Nat. Saône-et-Loire 5: 156, plates 1, 2. †Palaeopython neglectus Rochebrune, 1884
Lectotype: MNHN QU16339, a trunk vertebra, designated by
Rage (1984). †PALEOFARANCIA Auffenberg, 1963 (Dipsadidae:
Type locality: “Phosphorites du Quercy,” France. subfamily unnamed)
Distribution: Within the upper Eocene to Oligocene of France. †Paleofarancia brevispinosa Auffenberg, 1963
†Palaelaphis robustus Rochebrune, 1884. Mém. Soc. Sci. †PALEOHETERODON Holman, 1964 (Dipsadidae:
Nat. Saône-et-Loire 5: 157, plate 2. subfamily unnamed)
Holotype: MNHN QU16341, a maxilla.
†Paleoheterodon arcuatus Rage & Holman, 1984
Type locality: “Phosphorites du Quercy,” France. †Paleoheterodon tiheni Holman, 1964
Distribution: Within the upper Eocene to Oligocene of France.
†PALERYXOwen, 1850 (Booidea: incerta sedis)
†PALAEOPHIS Owen, 1840 (†Palaeophiidae: †Paleryx rhombifer Owen, 1850
Palaeophiinae) †Paleryx spinifer Barnes, 1927
†Palaeophis africanus Andrews, 1924
†Palaeophis casei Holman, 1982 PALUSOPHIS Montingelli, Grazziotin, Battilana,
R.W. Murphy, Zhang & Zaher, 2019. J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res.
†Palaeophis colossaeus Rage, 1983
57(2): 13. (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Comments: McCartney et al. (2018) and O’Leary et al. (2019)
describe newly acquired veretebrae and provide a revised spe- Type species: Coluber bifossatus Raddi, 1820 by original
cies diagnosis and description. designation.
Distribution: South America.
†Palaeophis ferganicus Averianov, 1997
†Palaeophis grandis (Marsh, 1869) Comments: See under Mastigodryas.
†Palaeophis littoralis Cope, 1869 Palusophis bifossatus (Raddi, 1820)
†Palaeophis maghrebianus Arambourg, 1952 Distribution: Add Colombia (Arauca), Montingelli et al.
Comments: Houssaye et al. (2013) describe newly acquired (2019); Brazil (Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Distrito Federal,
veretebrae and provide a revised species diagnosis and Mato Grosso do Sul, Rio Grande do Norte, Roraima),
description. Montingelli et al. (2019); Brazil (Ceara), Guedes et al. (2014);
Brazil (Espirito Santo), Silva-Soares et al. (2011); Brazil
†Palaeophis nessovi Averianov, 1997 (Mato Grosso do Sul), Ferreira et al. (2017); Brazil (Paraiba),
†Palaeophis tamdy (Averianov, 1997) Sampaio et al. (2018); Brazil (Parana), Dainesi et al. (2019);
†Palaeophis toliapicus Owen, 1840 Brazil (Piauí), Dal Vechio et al. (2013); Brazil (Rio de Janeiro:
†Palaeophis typhaeus Owen, 1850 Ilha Grande), C.F.D. Rocha et al. (2018); Brazil (Tocantins),
†Palaeophis udovichenkoi Averianov, 1997 Dal Vechio et al. (2016); Bolivia (Beni), Padial et al. (2003);
†Palaeophis vastaniensis Bajpai & Head, 2007 Paraguay (Boqueron, Presidente Hayes), Cabral & Weiler
Comments: T. Smith et al. (2016) describe additional material (2014). Upper elevation of 900 m, Guedes et al. (2014).
from near the type locality.
PANTHEROPHIS Fitzinger, 1843 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
†Palaeophis virginianus Lynn, 1934
†Palaeophis zhylan (Nessov & Udovitschenko, 1984) Fossil records: Add upper Miocene (Hemphillian) of USA
†Palaeophis zhylga (Averianov, 1997) (Tennessee), Jasinski & Moscato (2017, as Pantherophis sp.).
Pantherophis alleghaniensis (Holbrook, 1836)
†PALAEOPYTHON Rochebrune, 1880 (Pythonidae) Pantherophis bairdi (Yarrow in Cope, 1880)
†Palaeopython cadurcensis (Filhol, 1877) †Pantherophis buisi (Holman, 1973)
†Palaeopython ceciliensis Barnes, 1927 Pantherophis emoryi (Baird & Girard, 1853)
†Palaeopython filholii Rochebrune, 1880 Distribution: Add Mexico (Aguascalientes), Quintero-Díaz
†Palaeopython fischeri Schaal, 2004 et al. (2016). Quintero-Díaz et al. (2016) map known localities.
Distribution: Add middle to late Eocene ((Bartonian to Pantherophis guttatus (Linnaeus, 1766)
Priabonian) of Switzerland, Georgalis & Sheyer (2019, as P. Distribution: Add to introduced populations Anguilla,
cf. fischeri). Antigua, Bahamas (Abaco I., Grand Bahama, New
† Palaeopython helveticus Georgalis & Scheyer, 2019. Swiss Providence), Bonaire, British Virgin Islands (Peter, Tortola),
J. Geosciences 112: 8–17, figs. 5–11. Curaçao, Saint-Barthelemy, Saint Martin (Guana Cay, Saint
Martin), US Virgin Islands (Little Saint James, Saint Croix), PARAPHIMOPHIS Grazziotin, Zaher, R.W. Murphy,
Giery (2013). Note that these are not necessarily established Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto, 2012 (Dipsadidae:
populations. Xenodontinae)
†Pantherophis kansensis (Gilmore, 1938) Paraphimophis rusticus (Cope, 1878)
Pantherophis obsoletus (Say in James, 1823) Distribution: Add Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Ferreira et al.
†Pantherophis pliocenicus (Holman, 1968) (2017); Brazil (Marinheiros I., Rio Grande do Sul), Quintela
Pantherophis ramspotti Crother, White, Savage, Eckstut, et al. (2011).
Graham & Gardner, 2011 Fossil records: Late Pleistocene of Argentina (Albino &
Comment: See under P. vulpinus. Brizuela, 2014).
Pantherophis slowinskii (Burbrink, 2002)
Pantherophis spiloides (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, PARAPISTOCALAMUS Roux, 1934 (Elapidae)
1854) Parapistocalamus hedigeri Roux, 1934
Pantherophis vulpinus (Baird & Girard, 1853)
†PARAPLATYSPONDYLIA Holman & Harrison, 1998
Comments: Row et al. (2011) evaluate microsatellites between (Charinidae: Ungaliophiinae)
various populations, which were primarily divided by the geo-
Comments: K.T. Smith (2013) believes that P. batesi is not
graphic hiatus of the former taxon P. gloydi and. P vulpinus.
differentiated from species of Platyspondylia.
†PARACOLUBER Holman, 1970 (Colubridae: Colubrinae) †Paraplatyspondylia batesi Holman & Harrison, 1998
†Paracoluber storeri Holman, 1970
PARAPOSTOLEPIS Amaral, 1930 (Dipsadidae:
†PARAEPICRATES Hecht in McGrew, 1959 (Charinidae: Xenodontinae)
Charininae) Parapostolepis polylepis (Amaral, 1922)
†Paraepicrates brevispondylus Hecht in McGrew, 1959 Distribution: Add Brazil (Bahia), D.P.F. França et al.
(2018); Brazil (Maranhao), F.M. Santos et al. (2018); Brazil
PARAFIMBRIOS Teynié, David, Lottier, Le, Vidal & T.Q. (Tocantins), Dal Vechio et al. (2016).
Nguyen, 2015. Zootaxa 3926(4): 527. (Xenodermidae)
Type species: Parafimbrios lao Teynié, David, Lottier, Le, PARARHADINAEA Boettger, 1898 (Pseudoxyrhophiidae)
Vidal & T.Q. Nguyen, 2015, by original designation. Pararhadinaea melanogaster Boettger, 1898
Distribution: Indochina. Comments: Labanowski and Lowin (2011) describe three new
Parafimbrios lao Teynié, David, Lottier, Le, Vidal & T.Q. specimens of this poorly known species.
Nguyen, 2015. Zootaxa 3926(4): 527–535, figs. 2–6.
PARASTENOPHIS Domergue, 1995. Arch. Inst. Pasteur
Holotype: MNHN 2013.1002, a 285 mm male (A. Teynié & Madagascar 61(2): 121. (Pseudoxyrhophiidae)
A. Lottier, 25 September 2012).
Type species: Dipsas betsileanus Günther, 1880.
Type locality: “vicinity of Muang Ngoi (20°42.005′N,
Distribution: E Madagascar.
102°41.730′E;…), Ngoi District, Louangphabang Province,
Laos, at an elevation of ca. 360 m.a.s.l.” Comments: Vences et al. (2004) review the genus as the sub-
genus Parastenophis of Stenophis. See under Lycodryas.
Distribution: Laos (Houaphan, Louangphabang), 360–890 m.
Nguyen et al. (2015) add Vietnam (Son La), 1470 m, and Parastenophis betsileanus (Günther, 1880)
Teynié & Hauser (2017) add Thailand (Nan), 1387–1490 m. Comments: Vences et al. (2004) provide a description and
Parafimbrios vietnamensis Ziegler, Ngo, Pham, Nguyen, Le color photographs. They note that there is a small form and
& Nguyen, 2018a. Zootaxa 4527(2): 271–273, figs. 2, 3. giant form that may represent different species.
Holotype: IEBR A2018.7, a 266 mm male (H.V. Tu & H.N.
PARASUTA Worrell, 1961 (Elapidae)
Ngo, 2 June 2016).
Comments: Zaher et al. (2019) resolve P. monachus and
Type locality: “near Hoang Ho Village, Phang So Lin
P. spectabilis paraphyletically mingled with Suta suta and
Commune, Sin Ho District, Lai Chau Province (22°22.180′N,
S. fasciata in a single clade.
103°14.485′E), at an elevation of 1,317 m above sea level.”
Distribution: N Vietnam (Lai Chau), 1370 m. Known only Parasuta dwyeri (Worrell, 1956)
from the holotype. Distribution: Range extended to southernmost New South
Wales, Australia, Michael & Lindenmayer (2011).
PARAHYDROPHIS Burger & Natsuno, 1974 (Elapidae) Parasuta flagellum (F. McCoy, 1878)
Parahydrophis mertoni (Roux, 1910) Parasuta gouldii (Gray, 1841)
Parasuta monachus (Storr, 1964)
†PARAOXYBELIS Auffenberg, 1963 (Colubridae: Colubrinae) Parasuta nigriceps (Günther, 1863)
†Paraoxybelis floridanus Auffenberg, 1963 Parasuta spectabilis (Krefft, 1869)
PARATAPINOPHIS Angel, 1929 (Natricidae) (2013); Vietnam (Dien Bien), Dung et al. (2014); Vietnam (Hai
Comments: Ren et al. (2019) believe this taxon may belong to Phong: Cat Ba Island, as P. cf. hamptoni), T.Q. Nguyen et al.
Trimerodytes. (2011); Vietnam (Hoa Binh), Nguyen et al. (2018); Vietnam
Paratapinophis praemaxillaris Angel, 1929 (Nghe An), Vogel (2015); Vietnam (Quang Ngai), Nemes et al.
(2013); Vietnam (Yen Bai), and upper elevation of 2046 m, Le
†PARAUNGALIOPHIS Rage, 2011 (Charinidae: et al. (2018).
Ungaliophiinae) Comments: You et al. (2015) discuss the complex, range-wide
†Paraungaliophis pricei Rage, 2011 variation.
Pareas iwasakii (Maki, 1937)
†PARAXENOPHIS Georgialis, Villa, Ivanov, Vasilyan Pareas komaii Maki, 1931. Monograph Snakes Japan: 149,
& Delfino, 2019a. Palaeontol. Electronica 22.3.68: 47. plate. (Amblycephalus komaii)
(Colubridae: Colubrinae) Holotype: NSMT H00529, a 520 mm male (M. Maki, August
Type species: †Paraxenophis spanios Georgialis, Villa, 1923).
Ivanov, Vasilyan & Delfino, 2019a by monotypy. Type locality: translated to “Mt. Arisan (=Alishan), Taiwan”
Distribution: Miocene/Pliocene transition of Greece. by Zhao & Adler (1993).
†Paraxenophis spanios Georgialis, Villa, Ivanov, Vasilyan & Distribution: Taiwan.
Delfino, 2019a. Palaeontol. Electronica 22.3.68: 47–54, figs. Comments: You et al. (2015) re-resurrect this species from P.
27–31. formosensis based on DNA sequence-data and morphological
Holotype: UU MAA 7645, a mid-trunk vertebra. characteristics. See Zhao & Adler (1993).
Type locality: “Maramena 1 site, Maramena locality…, Pareas macularius Theobald, 1868
Central Macedonia, Greece.”
Distribution: Add Myanmar (Bago), Hauser (2017); Myanmar
Distribution: Latest Miocene or earliest Pliocene (late (Chin, Sagaing), Vogel (2015); Thailand (Chiang Rai, Lampang,
Turolian) of Greece Mae Hong Son, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phitsanulok, Ranong,
Tak), Hauser (2017); Thailand (Loei), Vogel (2015); Vietnam
PAREAS Wagler, 1830 (Pareidae) (Ngan Son), Vogel (2015); China (Hainan I.), Vogel (2015).
Comment: Savage (2015) discusses the correct family name Hauser (2017) mapped known localities.
for this genus. You et al. (2015) produce a DNA sequence- Comments: Hauser (2017) confirms the morphological dis-
based phylogeny using ten species, which results in the recog- tinctiveness of P. macularius, compared with P. margaritoph
nition of two additional species on Taiwan. orus, using material from northern Thailand. He provides
Pareas atayal You, Poyarkov & Lin, 2015. Zool. Scripta details of the external morphology and hemipenes.
44(4): 358–359, fig. 4. Pareas margaritophorus (Jan in Bocourt, 1866)
Holotype: NMNS 05594, a 560 mm adult, stated to be both Distribution: Add India (Mizoram), Lalbiakzuala &
male and female in the description (C.-W. You, 27 August Lalremsanga (2019b); Laos (Champasak), Teynié et al. (2004);
2009). Thailand (Chiang Rai, Kanchanaburi, Lampang, Mae Hong Son,
Type locality: “TAIWAN, Taoyuan County, Fuxing Township, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nan, Phitsanulok, Tak), Hauser (2017);
Sileng (24.653570 N, 121.409266 E) with elevation ca. 925 m.” Cambodia (Siem Reap), Geissler et al. (2019); West Malaysia
Distribution: NW Taiwan, 100–2000 m. (Selangor), Vogel (2015); West Malaysia (Terengganu), Sumarli
et al. (2015); Vietnam (Bac Giang), Hecht et al. (2013); Vietnam
Pareas boulengeri (Angel, 1920)
(Ha Tinh, Nghe An, Quang Binh), Vogel (2015); Vietnam
Pareas carinatus Wagler, 1830 (Quang Ngai), Nemes et al. (2013); Vietnam (Quang Ninh),
Distribution: Add Myanmar (Mon), Vogel (2015); Thailand Gawor et al. (2016). Hauser (2017) mapped known localities.
(Chanthaburi), Chan-ard et al. (2011); Thailand (Mae Hong Comments: Hauser (2017) confirms the morphological dis-
Son), Hauser (2017); Cambodia (Siem Reap), Geissler et al. tinctiveness of P. margaritophorus, compared with P. macu
(2019); Vietnam (Dien Bien), Dung et al. (2014); West larius, using material from northern Thailand. He provides
Malaysia (Penang), Quah et al. (2013). details of the external morphology and hemipenes.
Pareas chinensis (Barbour, 1912) Pareas monticola (Cantor, 1839)
Pareas formosensis (Van Denburgh, 1909) Distribution: Add Myanmar (Kachin), Vogel (2015).
Synonyms: Remove Amblycephalus komaii Maki, 1931. Pareas nigriceps K. Guo & Deng, 2009
Comments: You et al. confirm the synonymy of Pareas nuchalis (Boulenger, 1900)
Psammodynastes compressus, and redefine formosensis after Pareas stanleyi (Boulenger, 1914)
the removal of some populations to other species. Pareas vindumi Vogel, 2015. Taprobanica 7(1): 2–5, figs. 1–2.
Pareas hamptoni (Boulenger, 1905) Holotype: CAS 248147 (field no. CAS-MHS 28983), a
Distribution: Add Thailand (Chiang Mai, Mae Hong Son, 657 mm female (M. Hlaing, S.L. Oo, Z.H. Aung, K.S. Lwin &
Nan), Hauser (2017); Vietnam (Bac Giang), Hecht et al. Y.M. Win, 28 July 2009).
Type locality: “Chipwi Township, Lukpwi village Comments: Parviraptor was originally described as an angui-
(25°42′41.7996″N, 98°19′ 22.7994″E, 1890 m asl), Kachin morph lizard based on the mixed associatation of snake and
State, Myanmar.” lizard bones on the holotype and associated fossil-bearing
Distribution: Myanmar (Kachin), 1890 m. Known only from blocks. Caldwell et al. (2015:2) restrict the hypodigm of the
the holotype. taxon to a maxilla, frontal, and vertebra on two of the blocks.
†Parviraptor estesi Evans, 1994. Palaeontology 37: 35–46,
PARIAS Gray, 1849 (Vipera: Crotalinae)
figs. 1, 2.
Parias flavomaculatus (Gray, 1842b) Holotype: NHMUK R48388, restricted to the left maxilla by
Distribution: Add Philippines (Biliran Island), Sy & Boos Caldwell et al. (2015).
(2015b); Philippines (Siquijor Island), Beukema (2011); Type locality: “Durlston Bay, Dorset,” England.
Philippines (Babuyan Claro, Calayan, Dalipiri, Samar Is.),
Distribution: upper Jurassic (Tithonian) or early Cretaceous
Leviton et al. (2018).
(Berriasian) of Dorset, England.
Parias gunaleni Vogel, David & Sidik, 2014b. Amphib. Rept.
Conserv. 8(2): 21–25, figs. 3–7, 13. (Trimeresurus gunaleni) †PATAGONIOPHIS Albino, 1986 (†Matdsoiidae)
new combination †Patagoniophis australiensis Scanlon, 2005
Holotype: MZB 5452, an 1190 mm female (D. Gunalen,
†Patagoniophis parvus Albino, 1986
H. Miyake, C. Sangyeon & M. Suk Cha).
Type locality: “Mt. Sibayak, ca. 1500–2200 m a.s.l., west †PAULACOUTOPHIS Rage, 2011 (Booidea: incerta sedis)
of Brastagi (Berastagi), Karo Regency (Kabupaten Karo),
†Paulacoutophis perplexus Rage, 2011
Sumatera Utara Province, Sumatra, Indonesia.”
Distribution: C Sumatra (Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Utara), PELTOPELOR Günther, 1864 (Vipera: Crotalinae)
1500–2200 m.
Comments: See comment under Trimeresurus.
Parias hageni (Lidth de Jeude, 1886)
Peltopelor macrolepis (Beddome, 1862)
Distribution: Add Thailand (Yala), Vogel et al. (2014b);
West Malaysia (Kedah), Vogel et al. (2014b); West Malaysia †PERIERGOPHIS Georgialis, Villa, Ivanov, Vasilyan
(Terengganu), Sumarli et al. (2015); Indonesia (Belitung), & Delfino, 2019a. Palaeontol. Electronica 22.3.68: 39.
Vogel et al. (2014b). (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Parias malcolmi (Loveridge, 1938) Type species: †Periergophis micros Georgialis, Villa, Ivanov,
Parias mcgregori (Taylor, 1919) Vasilyan & Delfino, 2019a by monotypy.
Distribution: Add Philippines (Calayan, Camiguin Norte Is.), Distribution: Miocene/Pliocene transition of Greece.
Leviton et al. (2018). †Periergophis micros Georgialis, Villa, Ivanov, Vasilyan &
Parias schultzei (Griffin, 1909) Delfino, 2019a. Palaeontol. Electronica 22.3.68: 39–47, figs.
Parias sumatranus (Raffles, 1822) 22–26.
Neotype: ZFMK 76340, a 1050 mm female, designated by Holotype: UU MAA 7615, a posterior trunk vertebra.
Vogel et al. (2014b). Type locality: “Maramena 1 site, Maramena locality…,
Type locality: “Southwestern Sumatra” via neotype Central Macedonia, Greece.”
designation. Distribution: Latest Miocene or earliest Pliocene (late
Distribution: Vogel et al. (2014b) modify the distribution as Turolian) of Greece
follows: Sumatra portion of range limited to S half of island,
add Thailand (Yala) and West Malaysia (Pahang, Terengganu), PHALOTRIS Cope, 1862 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae)
and remove the islands of Bangka, Belitung, Mentawai Phalotris bilineatus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril,
Archip., Nias and Simeulue, which are assigned to P. hageni. 1854)
Comments: Vogel et al. (2014b) give justification for neo- Phalotris concolor Ferrarezzi, 1994
type designation, and provide a revised description and color Distribution: Add Brazil (Bahia), M.A. Freitas et al. (2016);
photographs. Brazil (N Minas Gerais), and elevation of 519–536 m, Moura
et al. (2013a).
PAROPLOCEPHALUS Keogh, Scott & Scanlon, 2000
(Elapidae) Comments: M.A. Freitas et al. (2016), Moura et al. (2013a):
three additional specimens are described for a species previ-
Paroplocephalus atriceps (Storr, 1980)
ously known from the holotype. Moura et al. provide a revised
†PARVIRAPTOR Evans, 1994. Palaeontology 37: 35. description, color photographs and distribution map.
(Ophidia: incerta sedis) Phalotris cuyanus (Cei, 1984)
Type species: Parviraptor estesi Evans, 1994 by original Holotype: Re-numbered MHNSR 317, L.A. Martins & Lema
designation. (2017).
Distribution: Add Argentina (Cordoba, San Luis), L.A. Synonyms: Remove Elapomorphus punctatus Lema, 1979,
Martins & Lema (2017); Argentina (San Luis), and low eleva- which was inadvertently left under P. tricolor, though also
tion of 540 m, Quiroga & Ferrer (2016). recognized as a species by Wallach et al. (2014).
Comments: L.A. Martins & Lema (2017) provide a species Distribution: Add Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Ferreira
account (description, color photograph and locality map). et al. (2017); Bolivia (Tarija), L.A. Martins & Lema (2017);
Phalotris labiomaculatus Lema, 2002 Paraguay (Aregua, Chaco), L.A. Martins & Lema (2017).
Distribution: Hamdan et al. (2013b) map all known localities, Comments: L.A. Martins & Lema (2017) provide a species
and report a low elevation of 100 m. account (description, color photograph and locality map).
Comments: Hamdan et al. (2013b) provide a revised descrip- PHILODRYAS Wagler, 1830 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae)
tion based on numerous additional specimens.
Fossil records: Upper Miocene of La Pampa, Argentina,
Phalotris lativittatus Ferrarezzi, 1994 Scanferla & Agnolín (2015, as cf. Philodryas).
Distribution: Add Paraguay (San Pedro), P. Smith et al. (2016).
Philodryas aestiva (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril,
Phalotris lemniscatus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854)
1854) Distribution: Add Brazil (Marinheiros I., Rio Grande do Sul),
Distribution: Add Uruguay (Treinta y Tres), Prigioni et al. Quintela et al. (2011); Paraguay (Canindeyu), Cacciali et al.
(2013). (2015b).
Phalotris mattogrossensis Lema, Agostini & Cappellari, 2005 Philodryas agassizii (Jan, 1863)
Distribution: Add Paraguay (Central, Cordillera), Cabral & Distribution: Add Brazil (Bahia), Guedes et al. (2014);
Weiler (2014). Argentina (Corrientes), Etchepare & Ingaramo (2008) and Di
Phalotris mertensi (Hoge, 1955) Pietro et al. (2013).
Distribution: Add Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Ferreira et al. Comments: G.A.S. Filho & Plombon (2014) define the geo-
(2017). graphic range in Paraná.
Phalotris multipunctatus Puorto & Ferrarezzi, 1994 Philodryas amaru Zaher, Arredondo, Valencia, Arbeláez,
Distribution: Add Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Ferreira et al. Rodrigues & Altamirano-Benavides, 2014. Zootaxa 3785(3):
(2017); Paraguay (San Pedro), Atkinson et al. (2018). 470–475, figs. 1, 2.
Holotype: FHGO 4749, a 622 mm male (E. Arbeláez, 6 June
Phalotris nasutus (Gomés, 1915)
2006).
Add Brazil (Rondônia), Bernarde et al. (2012b). Type locality: “private land owned by Manuel Merchan,
Phalotris nigrilatus Ferrarezzi, 1994 Termas de Aguas Calientes-Soldados (2° 55′ 55″ S, 79°12′
Phalotris normanscotti Cabral & Cacciali, 2015. Herpe 37″ W, ca. 3196 m), Parroquia San Joaquín, Cantón Cuenca,
tologica 71(1): 72–76, figs. 1–2. Province of Azuay, Ecuador.”
Holotype: MNHNP 5160, a 291 mm male (P. Freed & Distribution: Ecuador (Azuay), 3196 m. Known only from the
J. Furman, 21 February 1995). type locality.
Type locality: “3 km S of Filadelfia, 22°22′45″S, 60°01′48″W…, Philodryas argentea (Daudin, 1803)
138 m above sea level (asl), Boquerón Department, Paraguay.” Distribution: Add Peru (Huanuco), Schlüter et al. (2004);
Distribution: Western Paraguay (Boquerón, Presidente Brazil (Marajo I., Para), G.M. Rodrigues et al. (2015).
Hayes), 138 m. Philodryas arnaldoi (Amaral, 1933)
Comments: In the Phalotris bilineatus group. Phildryas baroni Berg, 1895
Phalotris punctatus (Lema, 1979) Philodryas boliviana Boulenger, 1896
Holotype: Re-numbered MLP 579, L.A. Martins & Lema Distribution: Add Bolivia (Potosi), Rivas et al. (2018). Upper
(2017). elevation of 2700 m, O. Martínez (2017).
Distribution: Add Paraguay (Chaco), L.A. Martins & Lema Philodryas chamissonis (Wiegmann in Meyen, 1834)
(2017); Argentina (Jujuy, Mendoza, San Juan), L.A. Martins Distribution: Add Chile (Bio-Bio), Zaher et al. (2014).
& Lema (2017); Argentina (Tucuman), Scrocchi et al. (2019). Comments: Sallaberry-Pincheira et al. (2011) use mtDNA
Comments: L.A. Martins & Lema (2017) provide a species sequence-data to detect three geographic lineages.
account (description, color photograph and locality map). Philodryas cordata Donnely & Myers, 1991
Phalotris reticulatus (W.C.H. Peters, 1860) Philodryas erlandi Lönnberg, 1902. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
Phalotris sansebastiani Jansen & Köhler, 2008 (7)10(60): 460–461.
Distribution: Add Argentina (Jujuy, Salta), and elevation range Lectotype: NHRM 5097, a 692 mm male (Baron Erland
of 434–1445 m, Scrocchi & Giraudo (2012). Nordensköld & company), designated by Cacciali et al. (2016a).
Phalotris tricolor (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, Type locality: “Crevaux, Bolivian Chaco” [=Fortín Crevaux
1854) Nuero, Tarija Prov., 21.9°S, 63.51°W].
Distribution: SE Bolivia, W Paraguay, N Argentina. Distribution: Add Argentina (Buenos Aires Prov.), De Pietro
Comments: Elevated to species status from the synonymy of et al. (2016).
P. mattogrossensis by Cacciali et al. (2016a). Philodryas varia (Jan, 1863)
Philodryas georgeboulengeri Grazziotin, Zaher, R.W. Philodryas viridissima (Linnaeus, 1758)
Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto, 2012 Distribution: Add Peru (Huanuco), Schlüter et al. (2004);
Distribution: Add Brazil (Rondônia), Bernarde et al. (2012b). Brazil (Amapá, Roraima), Entiauspe-Neto et al. (2018).
Philodryas laticeps F. Werner, 1900
PHILOTHAMNUS A. Smith, 1847 in 1838–1849
Distribution: Upper elevation of 1344 m, Navarro-Cornejo &
Gonzales (2013).
Comments: Engelbrecht et al. (2018) use DNA sequence-data
Philodryas livida (Amaral, 1923) to produce a phylogeny using 15 of the species. They state that
Distribution: Add Brazil (Mato Grosso), P. Smith et al. (2014); there is no evidence for a short-tailed group formerly referred
Paraguay (San Pedro), P. Smith et al. (2014). to as Chlorophis, but there are two clades, one of which does
Philodryas mattogrossensis Koslowsky, 1898 contain most of the Chlorophis-group taxa.
Synonyms: Remove Philodryas erlandi Lönnberg, 1902. Philothamnus angolensis Bocage, 1882
Neotype: SMF 49990, a 1088 mm male, designated by Distribution: Add Angola (Bengo, Bie, Luanda, Uige), M.P.
Cacciali et al. (2016a). Marques et al. (2018).
Neotype locality: “Taunay, Mato Grosso do Sul (−20.28608° Philothamnus battersbyi Loveridge, 1951
S, −56.0847° W), Brazil.” Philothamnus bellii Günther, 1866. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
Distribution: S Brazil and E Paraguay; add to department list Series 3, 18(103): 27–28, plate 7. (Herpetaethiops bellii)
for Paraguay (Amambay, San Pedro), Cabral & Weiler (2014). Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.10.27, an 838 mm female (Lt. Bell).
Add Brazil (Goias), Vaz-Silva et al. (2007). Type locality: “Sierra Leone,” specifically from “Victoria,
Comments: Cacciali et al. (2016a) remove W and S popula- Sherborough Island,” Boulenger (1894).
tions, as P. erlandi, and present a revised description. Distribution: W Africa: Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia,
Philodryas nattereri Steindachner, 1870 and perhaps Guinea-Bissau.
Distribution: Add Brazil (Alagoas), Guedes et al. (2014); Comments: Trape & Baldé (2014) find their 20 Guinea speci-
Brazil (Maranhão), J.P. Miranda et al. (2012); Brazil (Piauí), mens to be identical to Günther’s description of H. bellii, which
Dal Vechio et al. (2013); Paraguay (San Pedro), P. Smith et al. they resurrect from the synonymy of P. heterodermus, with
(2016). Upper elevation of 1100 m, Guedes et al. (2014). which it is known to be sympatric (Wallach et al., 2014, have
Philodryas olfersii (Lichtenstein, 1823) H. bellii under P. carinatus in error). They provide a compara-
Distribution: Add Brazil (Acre), Bernarde et al. (2013); Brazil tive description between P. bellii and P. heterodermus, and note
(Amapá), F.G.R. França et al. (2006); Brazil (Mato Grosso that preliminary molecular data support recognition of P. bellii.
do Sul), Ferreira et al. (2017); Brazil (Marinheiros I., Rio Philothamnus bequaerti (K.P. Schmidt, 1923)
Grande do Sul), Quintela et al. (2011); Brazil (Rio de Janeiro: Philothamnus carinatus (Andersson, 1901)
Ilha Grande), C.F.D. Rocha et al. (2018). Upper elevation of Synonyms: Remove Herpetaethiops bellii Günther, 1866.
1100 m, Guedes et al. (2014).
Distribution: Add Liberia, Trape & Baldé (2014); Angola
Philodryas patagoniensis (Girard, 1858) (Lunda Norte), M.P. Marques et al. (2018).
Distribution: Add Brazil (Pará), F.G.R. França et al. (2006); Comments: Trape & Baldé (2014) find that Guinea specimens
Brazil (Paraiba), R. França et al. (2012); Brazil (Marinheiros indicated that P. carinatus and P. heterodermus can only be
I., Rio Grande do Sul), Quintela et al. (2011); Brazil (Sergipe), separated based on dorsal rows. Engelbrecht et al. (2018) con-
Guedes et al. (2014); Brazil (Tocantins), Dal Vechio et al. clude that P. carinatus is comprised of two species, but can-
(2016). not assign these species until molecular data from the type
Fossil record: Late Pleistocene of Argentina (Albino & locality of the nominate race can be evaluated.
Brizuela, 2014). Philothamnus dorsalis (Bocage, 1866)
Philodryas psammophidea Günther, 1872 Distribution: Add Angola (Bengo, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul,
Distribution: Add Brazil (Goias), Ramalho et al. (2018a); Luanda, Malanje), M.P. Marques et al. (2018).
Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Ferreira et al. (2017); Bolivia Philothamnus girardi Bocage, 1893
(Potosi), Rivas et al. (2018); Paraguay (Alto Paraguay), Cabral
Comments: According to Engelbrecht et al. (2018), DNA
& Weiler (2014); Argentina (Chubut), Minoli et al. (2015).
sequence-data do not recognize P. girardi as a species distinct
Philodryas simonsii Boulenger, 1900 from P. dorsalis.
Distribution: Zaher et al. (2014) map known localities. Philothamnus heterodermus (Hallowell, 1857)
Philodryas tachymenoides (K.P. Schmidt & Walker, 1943) Distribution: Add Gabon (Ogooue-Lolo), Pauwels et al.
Philodryas trilineata (Burmeister, 1861) (2016b); Angola (Bengo, Lunda Norte), Branch (2018); Angola
(Cuanza Norte), M.P. Marques et al. (2018); Angola (Malanje), Comments: Engelbrecht et al. (2018) conclude that P. semi
Ceríaco et. al. (2014). Remove far W Africa: Guinea-Bissau, variegatus is comprised of four species, but cannot assign
Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia). these species until molecular data from the type locality of
Comments: See above under P. bellii. the nominate race can be evaluated.
Philothamnus heterolepidotus (Günther, 1863) Philothamnus thomensis Bocage, 1882
Distribution: Add Angola (Cuando Cubango, Cuanza Norte,
Luanda), M.P. Marques et al. (2018). PHIMOPHIS Cope, 1860 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae)
Philothamnus hoplogaster (Günther, 1863) Phimophis guerini (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril,
1854)
Distribution: Add Angola (Cabinda, Huambo, Malanje,
Zaire), M.P. Marques et al. (2018); Angola (Cuando-Cubango), Distribution: Add Brazil (Amazonas), F.G.R. França et al. (2006);
Conradie et al. (2016b); Angola (Lunda Sul), Branch (2018). Brazil (Distrito Federal, Mato Grosso, Parana, Rio Grande
do Norte), and low elevation of 5 m, R. Marques et al. (2012);
Philothamnus hughesi Trape & Roux-Estève, 1990
Brazil (Paraíba), G.A.P. Filho et al. (2012); Brazil (Tocantins),
Philothamnus irregularis (Leach in Bowdich, 1819)
Dal Vechio et al. (2016); Paraguay (San Pedro), Atkinson et al.
Philothamnus macrops (Boulenger, 1895) (2017). Upper elevation of 830 m, Guedes et al. (2014).
Distribution: Add Kenya (Coast), Branch et al. (2019a); Phimophis guianensis (Troschel in Schomburgk, 1848)
Tanzania (Morogoro), Menegon et al. (2008) and Lyakurwa
(2017); Mozambique (Cabo Delgado, Sofala, Zambezia),
(2015); Colombia (Cesar), Medina-Rangel (2011); Brazil
Branch et al. (2019a).
(Amapá, Pará), F.G.R. França et al. (2006).
Comments: Branch et al. (2019a) present an updated descrip-
tion, color photographs, and a map of known localities. Phimophis vittatus (Boulenger, 1896)
Philothamnus natalensis (A. Smith, 1847 in 1838–1849) PHISALIXELLA Domergue, 1995. Arch. Inst. Pasteur
Synonyms: Remove Philothamnus natalensis occidentalis Madagascar 61(2): 121. (Pseudoxyrhophiidae)
Broadley, 1966. Type species: Heterurus arctifasciatus A.M.C. Duméril,
Distribution: Remove South Africa. Bibron & Duméril, 1854 by original designation.
Comments: See under P. occidentalis. Distribution: Madagascar.
Philothamnus nitidus (Günther, 1863) Comments: Vences et al. (2004) review the genus as the sub-
Distribution: Add Liberia, Trape & Baldé (2014). genus Phisalixella of Stenophis. See under Lycodryas.
Philothamnus occidentalis Broadley, 1966. Ann. Natal Mus. Phisalixella arctifasciata (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron &
18(2): 419–422. (Philothamnus natalensis occidentalis) Duméril, 1854)
Holotype: UM 4554, a 705 mm female (B.G. Donnelly, 4 Comments: Vences et al. (2004) provide a description and
October 1962). color photographs.
Type locality: “Camperdown, Natal,” South Africa. Phisalixella iarakaensis Domergue, 1995
Distribution: E South Africa, Lesotho. Comments: Vences et al. (2004) provide a description.
Comments: Engelbrecht et al. (2018) conclude that P. natalen Phisalixella tulearensis Domergue, 1995. Arch. Inst. Pasteur
sis occidentalis is a valid species based on molecular and Madagascar 61(2): 122. (Stenophis (Phisalixella) tulearensis)
morphological data. Holotype: MNHN 1988.379, (C.A. Domergue, 2 January 1981).
Philothamnus ornatus Bocage, 1872 Type locality: “Ankarafantsika à Toliara,” Madagascar.
Distribution: Add Angola (Cauando-Cubango), Conradie Distribution: SW Madagascar (S Mahajanga, Toliar).
et al. (2016b); Angola (Namibe), Ceríaco et al. (2016).
Comments: Nagy et al. (2010) revalidate tulearensis on the
Philothamnus pobeguini (Chabanaud, 1917) basis of genetic and morphological distinctiveness from
Distribution: Add Benin and Ivory Coast, Trape & Baldé P. variabilis.
(2014). Phisalixella variabilis Boulenger, 1896
Comments: Examination of additional specimens by Trape & Distribution: N Madagascar (Antsiranan, Mahajanga). Add
Baldé (2014) supports recognition as a distinct species. Madagascar (Nosy Be I.), Vences et al. (2004).
Philothamnus punctatus W.C.H. Peters, 1867 Comments: Vences et al. (2004) provide a description.
(2008). PHRYNONAX Cope, 1862. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philothamnus ruandae Loveridge, 1951 Philadelphia 14(5): 348. (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Philothamnus semivariegatus (A. Smith, 1847 in 1838–1848). Type species: Tropididipsas lunulata Cope, 1861 by monotypy.
Distribution: Add Angola (Cuando Cubango), M.P. Marques Synonyms: Synchalinus Cope, 1894.
et al. (2018). Distribution: Central and N South America.
Comments: Jadin et al. (2014) use DNA sequence-data to Pituophis deppei (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854)
resolve relationships of Pseustes and Spilotes, which proved Distribution: Add Mexico (Nayarit), Loc-Barragán &
to be sister taxa within Colubrinae. Pseustes sulphureus Ahumada-Carrillo (2016).
resolves within a clade with Spilotes, and was transferred to
Pituophis insulanus Klauber, 1946
that genus. Phrynonax is the next available genus name for
Pituophis lineaticollis (Cope, 1861)
remaining Pseustes species.
Pituophis melanoleucus (Daudin, 1803)
Phrynonax poecilonotus (Günther, 1858) Pituophis ruthveni Stull, 1929
Distribution: Remove South American populations to P. polyl Pituophis vertebralis (Blainville, 1835)
epis. Add Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback (2015);
Colombia (Antioquia), Restrepo et al. (2017); Colombia (Valle PLAGIOPHOLIS Boulenger, 1893 (Pseudoxenodontidae)
del Cauca: Isla Palma), Giraldo et al. (2014). Upper elevation Plagiopholis blakewayi Boulenger, 1893
of 1610 m, Köhler et al. (2013). Synonyms: Add Plagiopholis unipostocularis Zhao, Jiang &
Phrynonaxs polylepis W.C.H. Peters 1867. Monatsb. Preuss. Huang, 1978, Oligodon kunmingensis Kou & Wu, 1993.
Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1867: 709. (Ahaetulla polylypis) Comments: G.-H. Zhong et al. (2016) use molecular and
Holotype: ZMB 5899, a 1 m specimen (A. Kappler). morphological data to conclude that P. unipostocularis is
Type locality: “Surinam.” conspecific with P. blakewayi. The holotype number for
Distribution: N South America. S Colombia, Venezuela, P. unipostocularis is corrected to CIB 010195, Guo et al.
Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, N Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, (2012a).
N Bolivia. Add Peru (Huanuco), Schlüter et al. (2004); Peru Plagiopholis delacouri Angel, 1929
(Puno), Llanqui et al. (2019); Brazil (Acre), Bernarde et al. Plagiopholis nuchalis (Boulenger, 1893)
(2011b); Brazil (Maranhão), M.A. Freitas et al. (2017); Brazil Plagiopholis styani (Boulenger, 1899)
(Rondônia), Bernarde et al. (2012b).
PLATYCEPS Blyth, 1860 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Comments: Jadin et al. (2014), using DNA sequence data, find
Central and South American populations of P. poecilonotus Comments: Schätti et al. (2014) revise the P. rhodorachis com-
to form distinct clades, and resurrect A. polylepis for the dis- plex east of the Tigris River. They also provide a synopsis of
junct South American populations. the genus, assigning the species among three species groups.
Pseustes sexcarinatus (Wagler in Spix, 1824) Platyceps afarensis Schātti & Ineich, 2004
Pseustes shropshirei Barbour & Amaral, 1924 Platyceps atayevi (Tuniyev & Shammakov, 1993)
Distribution: Add Colombia (Valle del Cauca: Isla Palma), Comments: Schätti et al. (2014) consider atayevi to be a sub-
species of P. najadum.
Giraldo et al. (2014); Ecuador (Manabi), Almendáriz et al. (2012).
Platyceps bholanathi (Sharma, 1976)
PHYTOLOPSIS Gray, 1849. Cat. Spec. Snakes Coll. British Distribution: Add India (Tamil Nadu), and change elevation
Mus.: 67–68. (Homalopsidae) range to 115–945 m, Ganesh et al. (2013b), Smart et al. (2014)
Type species: Phytolopsis punctata Gray, 1849 by monotypy. and Samson et al. (2017); India (Karnataka), Sharma et al.
Distribution: Malaysia and the Greater Sundas. (2013); India (Telangana), Samson et al. (2017).
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) revive this name Comments: Deshwal & Becker (2017), Ganesh et al. (2013b),
based on morphology, and provide a generic diagnosis. Guptha et al. (2012), Seetharamaraju & Srinivasulu (2013)
Phytolopsis punctata Gray 1849 and Sharma et al. (2013) report additional specimens.
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a diagnosis Platyceps brevis (Boulenger, 1895)
and photograph. Platyceps collaris (F. Müller, 1878)
Distribution: Add Turkey (Adana), Winden et al. (1997);
PHYLLORHYNCHUS Stejneger, 1890 (Colubridae: Turkey (Erzincan), İğci et al. (2015); Turkey (Mersin, Mugla),
Colubrinae) Winden et al. (1997).
Phyllorhynchus browni Stejneger, 1890 Platyceps elegantissimus (Günther, 1879)
Phyllorhynchus decurtatus (Cope, 1869)
Platyceps florulentus (Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 1827 in Savigny,
PITUOPHIS Holbrook, 1842 (Colubridae: Colubrinae) 1809–1829)
Fossil record: Add upper Miocene (Hemphillian) of USA Synonyms: Remove Platyceps florulentus perreti Schätti,
1988.
(Tennessee), Jasinski & Moscato (2017, as Pituophis sp.).
Distribution: Remove Cameroon and Nigeria to P. perreti.
Pituophis catenifer (Blainville, 1835)
Platyceps gracilis (Günther, 1862)
Comments: E.A. Myers et al. (2017a) provide a DNA sequence-
based phylogeny with four primary clades: 1) S Great Plains, Distribution: Add India (Gujarat), Patel & Vyas (2019); India
2) Chihuahuan Desert and Rocky Mountains, 3) S Arizona, (Rajasthan), Schätti et al. (2014).
USA, and 4) Pacific Coast and Great Basin. Platyceps insulanus (Mertens, 1965)
Platyceps karelinii (Brandt, 1838) Kazemi et al. (2015). Remove Israel, Jordan and W Syria,
Distribution: Add Libya (Benghazi, Darnah, Marj), Bauer Sinaiko et al. (2018). Schätti et al. (2014) state that the west-
et al. (2017); Iran (Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Isfahan, ern range limit is NW Iran and the E Caspian shore, thus
Lorestan, Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Tehran), Shafaei- eliminating N Iraq, S Turkey and southward. Elevation to at
Mahroo et al. (2015); Iran (Qom), S.M. Kazemi et al. (2015); least 3700 m, Schätti et al. (2014). Newly published records
Afghanistan (Badghis, Farah, Jowzjan), Wagner et al. (2016b); for Saudi Arabia (Farasan Al-Kebir I.), Masseti (2014); Saudi
Kazakhstan (range extension into Betpak-Dala Desert, South Arabia (Farasan Islands), Cunningham (2010) must pertain to
Kazakhstan), Guillemin & Martin (2017). other species.
Comments: See Bauer et al. (2017) for discussion of potential Comments: Perry (2012) provides morphological evidence
species status for African and Middle Eastern populations as of two species in Israel: a southern species is P. saharicus
P. rogersi. (which he renamed P. tessellata), and a northern species that
he elevates to species, P. ladacensis. The latter is considered
Platyceps largeni (Schätti, 2001)
to incorporate the nonred-striped individuals ranging from
Distribution: Add Eritrea (Museri I.), Maza et al. (2015). northern Israel, to Yemen and India. He also elevates to spe-
Platyceps manseri (Leviton, 1986) cies Z. l. subnigra as P. subnigra based on consensus, which
Platyceps messanai (Schätti & Lanza, 1989) occurs on the Horn of Africa. Sinaiko et al. (2018) coun-
Platyceps mintonorum (Mertens, 1969) ter that only one species, P. saharicus, occurs in Israel, the
Distribution: Add Afghanistan (Helmand, Kandahar), Wagner color pattern differences being based on habitat, and with no
et al. (2016b). genetic basis. Schätti et al. (2014) provide a revised descrip-
tion, color photographs and locality maps. They transfer the
Platyceps najadum (Eichwald, 1831) name P. semifasciatus to this species, and recognize two sub-
Distribution: Add Serbia, Tomović et al. (2014); Greece species: P. r. rhodorachis and P. r. ladacensis.
(Elafonisos I.), Broggi (2016a); Greece (Kastellorizo I.),
Platyceps saharicus Schätti & McCarthy, 2004
Kakaentzis et al. (2018); Greece (Paxos I.), M.J. Wilson &
Stille (2014); Turkey (Afyon, Konya), Cihon & Tok (2014). Comments: Perry (2012) concludes that this taxon was previ-
Shafaei-Mahroo et al. (2015) list provinces for Iran. ously described as Zamenis rhodorachis tessellata Werner,
1909, and proposed that it be recognized as Platyceps tes
Platyceps noeli Schätti, Tillack & Kucharzewski, 2014. sellata. Sinaiko et al. (2018) counter that the type locality of
Vertebrate Zoology 64(3): 358–361, fig. 19. tessellata is likely in error, and that the color pattern of the
Holotype: SMF 50458, a 611 mm male (M.G. Konieczny). holotype does not permit assignment to either P. rhodrachis
Type locality: “Spin Karez (Spinkares, Spinkarez), Quetta or P. saharicus. See under P. rhodorachis.
District, Baluchistan, 30°13′N 67°09′E, ca. 2000 m above sea Platyceps schmidtleri (Schätti & McCarthy, 2001)
level,” Pakistan.
Comments: Schätti et al. (2014) refer to schmidtleri as a sub-
Distribution: Pakistan (NE Baluchistan), 2000–2400 m. species of P. najadum.
Platyceps perreti Schätti, 1988. Trop. Zool. 1(1): 100–101, Platyceps scortecci (Lanza, 1963)
figs. 5, 9. (Coluber florulentus perreti) Platyceps sinai (K.P. Schmidt & Marx, 1956)
Holotype: MHNG 1465.45, a 768 mm male (J.-L. Perret, 10 Platyceps sindhensis Schätti, Tillack & Kucharzewski, 2014.
May 1961). Vertebrate Zoology 64(3): 361–364, fig. 21.
Type locality: “Soulédé, Mokolo, N Kamerun.” Holotype: SMF 57306, a 528 mm male (M.G. Konieczny).
Distribution: N Cameroon (Extreme Nord, Nord), NE Nigeria Type locality: “‘Gaj River,’ Kirthar Range, Sindh, arbitrarily
(Borno, Plateau, Taraba). placed in the vicinity of Chhota Kund, Dadu District…, ca.
Comments: Schätti et al. (2014) confer species status on this 26°53′N 67°14′E, ca. 180 m above sea level,” Pakistan.
taxon, but without explanation, but perhaps due to allopatry. Distribution: Pakistan (Sindh, Baluchistan) NSL-200 m.
†Platyceps planicarinatus (Bachmayer & Szyndlar, 1985) Platyceps smithi (Boulenger, 1895)
Platyceps rhodorachis (Jan in Filippi, 1865) Comments: Schätti et al. (2014) consider smithi to be a sub-
Synonyms: Add Platyceps semifasciatus Blyth, 1860. Remove species of P. brevis.
Zamanis ladacensis subnigra Boettger, 1893. Coluber Platyceps subnigra Boettger, 1893. Zool. Anz. 16(416): 118–
karelini mintonorum Mertens, 1969, listed in Wallach et al. 119. (Zamenis ladacensis subnigra)
(2014) in error.
Holotype: SMF 62595, male.
Distribution: Add Iran (Alborz, Bushehr, Chaharmahal
Type locality: “Ogadeen, Somaliland,” = Ogaden region of E
and Bakhtiari, East Azerbaijan, Hamedan, Hormozgan,
Ethiopia.
Ilam, Isfahan, Kermanshah, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad,
Lorestan, North Khorasan, Qazvin, South Khorasan, Tehran, Distribution: NE Africa, Eritrea, Djibouti, E Ethiopia, N Somalia.
West Azerbaijan, Yazd, Zanjan), Shafaei-Mahroo et al. Comments: See under P. rhodorhachis.
(2015); Iran (Kerman), Moradi et al. (2013); Iran (Markazi), Platyceps somalicus (Boulenger, 1896)
Sabbaghzadeh & Mashayekhi (2015); Iran (Qom), S.M. Platyceps taylori (Parker, 1949)
Platyceps thomasi (Parker, 1931) PLECTRURUS A.M.C. Duméril & Duméril, 1851
Platyceps variabilis (Boulenger, 1905) (Uropeltidae)
Platyceps ventromaculatus (Gray, 1834 in Gray & Hardwicke, Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a morphological
1830–1835) diagnosis.
Synonyms: Remove Platyceps semifasciatus Blyth, 1860 to Plectrurus aureus Beddome, 1880
P. rhodorachis. Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a description, and
Distribution: Add Iraq (Babil, Basrah, Dhi-Qar, Najaf, note that it is known only from three specimens collected in
Qadisiyah), Abbas-Rhadi et al. (2017); Iran (Bushehr, Fars, the late 1800s.
Kerman, Golestan, Isfahan, Khuzestan, Kordestan, Markazi, Plectrurus guentheri Beddome, 1863
Semnan, Sistan and Baluchistan, South Khorasan, Tehran),
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a description.
Shafaei-Mahroo et al. (2015); Iran (Qom), S.M. Kazemi et al.
(2015); Iran (Razavi Khorasan), Yousefkhani et al. (2014) and Plectrurus perrotetii A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron in A.M.C.
Nasrabadi et al. (2016); India (Jammu and Kashmir), Manhas Duméril & Duméril, 1851
et al. (2018b). Moradi et al. (2013) added Iran (Kerman), Distribution: Lower elevation limit corrected to 1800 m,
1100–2500 m. A. Narayanan & Satyanarayan (2012) report Pyron et al. (2016c).
additional specimens from NW India. Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a description.
PLATYPLECTRURUS Günther, 1868 (Uropeltidae) PLESIODIPSAS Harvey, Rivas-Fuenmayor, Portilla &
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a morphological Rueda-Almonacid, 2009 (Dipsadidae: Dipsadinae)
diagnosis.
Plesiodipsas perijanensis (Aleman, 1953)
Platyplectrurus madurensis Beddome, 1877
Distribution: Upper elevation of 2320 m, Sánchez-Martínez &
Distribution: Eliminate Sri Lanka, which is believed to be in Rojas-Runjaic (2018).
error, based on a specimen likely to have come from India,
Comments: Sánchez-Martínez & Rojas-Runjaic (2018) pro-
Pyron et al. (2016c).
vide a species account with description, color photographs
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a description and and locality map.
color photograph.
Platyplectrurus trilineatus (Beddome, 1867) †PLESIOTORTRIX Rochebrune, 1884 (Booidea: incerta
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a description. sedis)
†Plesiotortrix edwardsi Rochebrune, 1884
†PLATYSPONDYLIA Rage, 1974 (Charinidae:
Ungaliophiinae) PLIOCERCUS Cope, 1860 (Dipsadidae: Dipsadinae)
Distribution: Add Lower Oligocene (Rupelian, MP 22) of Pliocercus elapoides Cope, 1860
France, Sigé et al. (1998, as Platyspondylia sp.). Vianey-Liaud
Distribution: Add Honduras (Atlantida), Townsend et al.
et al. (2014) describe and illustrate vertebrae of Platyspondylia
(2012).
sp. from the Oligocene (Chattian) of France.
Comments: Based on caudal vertebrae, Vianey-Liaud et al. (2014) Pliocercus euryzonus Cope, 1862
confirm that Platyspondylia belongs to the Tropidophiidae s.s. Distribution: Add Panama (Panama, Panama Oeste), Ray &
Ruback (2015).
†Platyspondylia germanica Szyndlar & Rage, 2003
†Platyspondylia lepta Rage, 1974
POECILOPHOLIS Boulenger, 1903 (Atractaspididae:
†Platyspondylia sudrei Rage, 1988
Aparallactinae)
†PLATYSPONDYLOPHIS T. Smith, Kumar, Rana, Folie, Poecilopholis cameronensis Boulenger, 1903
Solé, Noiret, Steeman, Sahni & Rose, 2016. Geoscience
Frontiers 7(6): 977. (†Madtsoiidae) POLEMON Jan, 1858 (Atractaspididae: Aparallactinae)
Type species: Platyspondylophis tadkeshwarensis T. Smith, Polemon acanthias (Reinhardt, 1861)
Kumar, Rana, Folie, Solé, Noiret, Steeman, Sahni & Rose, Distribution: Add Liberia (Nimba), Portillo et al. (2018).
2016 by monotypy. Polemon ater Portillo, Branch, Tilbury, Nagy, Hughes,
Distribution: Lower Eocene of W India. Kusamba, Muninga, Aristote, Behangana & Greenbaum,
† Platyspondylophis tadkeshwarensis T. Smith, Kumar, 2019b. Copeia 107(1): 24–27, figs. 4–6.
Rana, Folie, Solé, Noiret, Steeman, Sahni & Rose, 2016. Holotype: PEM R20734, a 271 mm male (C. Tilbury, 12
Geoscience Frontiers 7(6): 977–980, fig. 11. February 2014).
Holotype: WIF/A 2272, a trunk vertebra. Type locality: “Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lualaba
Type locality: “Tadkeshwar Lignite Mine (TAD-1), Surat Province, Fungurume, 10.5338°S, 26.3375°E, 1189 m.”
District, Gujarat, India.” Distribution: SE Democratic Republic of the Congo (Katanga),
Distribution: Lower Eocene (Ypresian) of W India (Gujarat). and probably N Zambia and WC Tanzania, 1189–1472 m.
Polemon barthii Jan, 1858 Nga, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Surat Thani, Trang), West
Distribution: Add Guinea, Trape & Baldé (2014). Malaysia (Johor, Kedah, Pahang, Perak, Pinang, Selangor,
Terengganu, Langkawi Island, Penang Island, Tioman Island),
Polemon bocourti Mocquard, 1897
East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Brunei, Western Indonesia
Polemon christyi (Boulenger, 1903) (Sumatra, Pagai Island), 200–1600 m; upper elevation limit is
Distribution: Limited to NE Democratic Republic of the 1660 m, Hinckley et al. (2017).
Congo, Uganda, South Sudan and W Kenya. Specimens from Comments: Wostl et al. (2016) present morphological and
Burundi and Rwanda are unassigned either here or to P. ater. DNA sequence data that suggest all species of Popeia of the
Comments: Portillo et al. (2019b) remove southern popula- Sunda Shelf region represent a single species. Mulcahy et al.
tions to their new species P. ater. (2017) recommend that the four synonyms should be recog-
Polemon collaris (W.C.H. Peters, 1881) nized as subspecies.
Distribution: Add Gabon (Ogooue-Lolo), Portillo et al. (2018); Popeia yingjiangensis Z. Chen, Ding, Shi & Zhang in Z.
Congo (Niari), Portillo et al. (2018); Angola (Lunda Norte), Chen et al., 2019. Asian Herpetol. Res. 10(1): 15–20, figs. 1–3.
Portillo et al. (2019b). (Trimersurus yingjiangensis) new combination
Polemon fulvicollis (Mocquard, 1887) Holotype: CIB 2017070101, an 864 mm male (L. Ding, 19
Distribution: Add Gabon (Ogooue-Lolo), Pauwels et al. July 2017).
(2016a); Gabon (Ogooue-Maritime), Portillo et al. (2018). Type locality: “Heihe Village, Kachang Town, Yingjiang
Polemon gabonensis (A.H.A. Duméril, 1856) County, Yunnan Province (24.782° N, 97.878° E, 1 112 m
Polemon gracilis (Boulenger, 1911) a.s.l.),” China.
Polemon graueri (Sternfeld, 1908) Distribution: SE China (WC Yunnan), 1074–1200 m. Known
only from the vicinity of the type locality.
Distribution: Upper elevation of 2075 m, Portillo et al. (2019b).
Comments: A phylogeny of Popeia taxa produced by Z. Chen
Comments: Molecular data evaluated by Portillo et al. (2018)
et al. (2019) has P. yingjiangensis as sister taxon to P. sabahi
affirm that P. graueri is a species distinct from P. fulvicollis.
and its subspecies.
Polemon griseiceps (Laurent, 1947)
Polemon neuwiedi (Jan, 1858) PORTHIDIUM Cope, 1871 (Viperidae: Crotalinae)
Distribution: Upper elevation of 386 m, Trape & Mané (2017). Porthidium arcosae Schätti & Kramer, 1993
Polemon notatus (W.C.H. Peters, 1882) Distribution: Elevation range 0–300 m, Valencia et al. (2016).
Polemon robustus (Witte & Laurent, 1943) Porthidium dunni (Hartweg & Oliver, 1938)
Distribution: Low elevation of 309 m, Portillo et al. (2019b).
Porthidium hespere (Campbell, 1976)
†POLLACKOPHIS Holman, 1998 (Booidea: incerta sedis) Distribution: Add Mexico (Guerrero), Palacios-Aguilar et al.
†Pollackophis depressus Holman, 1998 (2016).
Porthidium lansbergii (Schlegel, 1841)
POPEIA Malhotra & Thorpe, 2004 (Vipera: Crotalinae)
Comments: Mulcahy et al. (2017) use additional specimens
(2015); Colombia (Cesar), Medina-Rangel (2011); Colombia
to those used by Wostl et al. (2016) to produce a phylogeny
(Huila), Medina-Rangel & López-Perilla (2015).
of Popeia that supports a northern (P. popeorum) and south-
ern (P. sabahi) species, and they identify a sister clade to Porthidium nasutum (Bocourt, 1868)
P. popeorum on the Isthmus of Kra as an undescribed species. Distribution: Add Nicaragua (Boaco, Chontales), Obando
See comments under Trimeresurus. & Sunyer (2016a); Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback
Popeia nebularis (Vogel, David & Pauwels, 2004) (2015); Ecuador (Imbabura), Cisneros-Heredia & Yánez-
Popeia phuketensis Sumontha, Kunya, Pauwels, Nitikul & Muñoz (2005); Ecuador (Santo Domingo), Valencia et al.
Punnadee, 2011 (2016).
Popeia popeorum (M.A. Smith, 1937) Porthidium ophryomegas (Bocourt, 1868)
Distribution: Add Bhutan, A. Das et al. (2016); China Distribution: Add: Mexico (Chiapas), Grünwald et al. (2016b);
(Yunnan), Guo et al. (2015). Honduras (Cortes, Santa Barbara), Espinal et al. (2014b).
Popeia sabahi (Regenass & Kramer, 1981) Porthidium porrasi Lamar & Sasa, 2003
Synonyms: Trimeresurus popeorum barati Regenass & Porthidium volcanicum Solórzano, 1995
Kramer, 1981, Trimeresurus fucatus Vogel, David & Pauwels, Porthidium yucatanicum (H.M. Smith, 1941)
2004, Popeia buniana Grismer, Grismer & McGuire, 2006,
Trimeresurus toba David, Petri, Vogel & Doria, 2009. †PORTUGALOPHIS Caldwell, Nydam, Palci and
Distribution: Myanmar (Tanintharyi, Kanmaw Island), S Apesteguía, 2015. Nature Communic. 6(5996): 5–6.
Thailand (Chumphon, Krabi, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phang (Ophidia: incerta sedis)
Type species: Portugalophis lignites Caldwell, Nydam, Palci Syntypes: ZMB 21970 (n = 2), (Thierry).
and Apesteguía, 2015 by monotypy. Type locality: “Mangu [=Sansane Mango],” Togo.
Distribution: Late Jurassic of Portugal. Distribution: Sahelian Africa. N Senegal (Matam, Saint-
†Portugalophis lignites Caldwell, Nydam, Palci and Louis), Burkina Faso (Boule du Mouhoun, Centre, Centre-Est,
Apesteguía, 2015. Nature Communic. 6(5996): 5–6, figs. 1, 2. Centre-Nord, Centre-Ouest, Est, Nord), N Benin (Alibori), N
Holotype: MG-LNEG 28091, a left maxilla. Togo (Kara, Savanes), SW Niger (Dosso, Tahoua, Tillaberi),
Type locality: “Guimarota mine, Leiria, Portugal.” N Nigeria (Bauchi, Borno, Jigawa, Kebbi, Sokoto), Cameroon
(Extreme Nord, Nord), Chad (Chari-Baguirmi), C Sudan. Add
Distribution: upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) of Leiria,
Mali (Kayes), Trape & Mané (2017).
Portugal.
Comments: Trape & Mané (2017) elevate this species from a
†POUITELLA Rage, 1988 (†Lapparentophiidae) subspecies of P. greigerti due to its distinctive color pattern,
Comments: Vullo (2019) confirms, based on vertebral simi- and due to sympatry of the two taxa in Chad and Cameroon.
larity, that Pouitella belongs to the Lapparentophiidae. Prosymna frontalis (W.C.H. Peters, 1867)
†Pouitella pervetus Rage, 1988 Distribution: Add Angola (Namibe), Branch (2018).
Prosymna greigerti Mocquard, 1906
PROAHAETULLA A.K. Mallik, Achyuthan, Ganesh, Pal,
Synonyms: Remove Prosymna meleagris collaris Sternfeld,
Vijayakumar & Shanker, 2019. PLoS One 14(7)e0218851: 8.
1908.
(Colubridae: Ahaetullinae)
Distribution: Subsahelian Africa. Senegal (Kedougou, Kaolack,
Type species: Proahaetulla antiqua A.K. Mallik, Achyuthan,
Kolda, Tambacounda, Thies), Gambia, Guinea (Labe, Siguiri,
Ganesh, Pal, Vijayakumar & Shanker, 2019 by original
Telimele), SW Mali (Kayes, Koulikoro, Mopti, Segou, Sikasso),
designation.
Burkina Faso (Boucle du Mouhoun, Cascades, Centre-Oest,
Distribution: S India. Sud-Ouest), N Ghana (Northern), Nigeria (Plateau), Cameroon
Proahaetulla antiqua A.K. Mallik, Achyuthan, Ganesh, Pal, (Extreme Nord, Nord), Chad (Mayo Kebbe), Central African
Vijayakumar & Shanker, 2019. PLoS One 14(7)e0218851: Republic (Bamingui-Bangoran, Ombella-Mpoko, Ouham,
8–12, figs. 2, 4. Vakaga), NW Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bandundu),
Holotype: CESS 259, an 1113 mm male (S. Pal & S.P. E Sudan, South Sudan (Central Equatoria, Eastern Equatoria),
Vijayakumar, 28 August 2011). W Ethiopia (Wollega). Add Niger (Tillaberi), Trape & Mané
Type locality: “near Agasthiyar peak (8° 37′09″N, 77° (2015).
14′57″E), Agasthyamalai hills, Kalakad Mundanthurai tiger Comments: See under P. collaris.
reserve, Tamil Nadu, India.” Prosymna janii Bianconi, 1862
Distribution: S India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu), over 1200 m. Prosymna lineata (W.C.H. Peters, 1871)
Prosymna meleagris (J.T. Reinhardt, 1843)
PROATHERIS Broadley, 1996 (Viperidae: Viperinae) Prosymna ornatissima Barbour & Loveridge, 1928
Proatheris superciliaris (W.C.H. Peters, 1854) Prosymna pitmani Battersby, 1951
Prosymna ruspolii (Boulenger, 1896)
†PROCEROPHIS Rage, Folie, Rana, Singh, Rose & T. Prosymna semifasciata Broadley, 1995
Smith, 2008 (Colubroidea: incerta sedis) Prosymna somalica Parker, 1930
†Procerophis sahnii Rage, Folie, Rana, Singh, Rose & T. Prosymna stuhlmannii (Pfeffer, 1893)
Smith, 2008 Synonyms: Remove Stenorhabdium temporale Werner 1909.
Comments: T. Smith et al. (2016) describe additional material Lectotype: ZMH R07910, designated by Kirchhof et al.
from near the type locality. (2016).
†PROPTYCHOPHIS Whistler & Wright, 1989 (Colubridae: Distribution: Add Tanzania (Morogoro), Menegon et al.
incerta sedis) (2008).
†Proptychophis achoris Whistler & Wright, 1989 Comments: Kirchhof et al. (2016) re-examine the holotype
of Stenorhabdium temporale and find it to be a specimen of
PROSYMNA Gray, 1849 (Prosymnidae) Pseudorabdion longiceps. They provide a detailed descrip-
tion of the lectotype and paralectotype of L. stuhlmannii.
Prosymna ambigua Bocage, 1873
Distribution: Add Angola (Namibe), Branch (2018). Prosymna sundevallii (A. Smith, 1849 in 1838–1849)
Prosymna visseri V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1959
Prosymna angolensis Boulenger, 1915
Distribution: Add Angola (Cuando Cubango), Branch (2018). PROTOBOTHROPS Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1983
Prosymna bivittata F. Werner, 1903 (Viperidae: Crotalinae)
Prosymna collaris Sternfeld, 1908. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin Synonyms: Add Triceratolepidophis Ziegler, Herrmann,
4(1): 216. (Prosymna meleagris collaris) David, Orlov & Pauwels, 2001, according to Guo et al. (2007),
Zhaoermia Gumprecht & Tillack, 2004, according to Guo Protobothrops mucrosquamatus (Cantor, 1839)
et al. (2016b). Distribution: Add India (Mizoram), Lalremsanga et al. (2017);
Fossil records: Early Pleistocene of Japan (Okinawa), Ikeda Thailand (Nan), Vasaruchapong et al. (2017); Vietnam (Hai
et al. (2016, as Protobothrops sp.). Phong: Cat Ba Island), T.Q. Nguyen et al. (2011); Vietnam
Comments: B.-W. Zhang et al. (2013), Shibata et al. (2016) and (Hoa Binh), Nguyen et al. (2018); Vietnam (Quang Ngai),
Guo et al. (2016b) present DNA sequence-based phylogenies Nemes et al. (2013).
of 12, 9 and all 14 species of Protobothrops, respectively, Comments: G. Zhong et al. (2017) conclude that there is no
which resolve into four clades: significant, morphological variation between populations in
I – himalayanus, kaulbacki, sieversorum China. P. Guo et al. (2019a) likewise find no species-level
II – mangshanensis (the former genus Zhaoermia) variation using DNA sequence-data on specimens from
III – elegans, maolanensis, mucrosquamatus, trunkhanhensis throughout the geographic range.
IV – cornutus, dabieshanensis, flavoviridis, jerdoni, tokaren Protobothrops sieversorum (Ziegler, Herrmann, David,
sis, xiangchengensis. Orlov & Pauwels, 2001)
Protobothrops cornutus (M.A. Smith, 1930b) Protobothrops tokarensis (Nagai, 1928)
Distribution: Add China (Guangdong), Gong et al. (2011); Comments: Based on DNA sequence-data Shibata et al.
China (Guangxi), Luu et al. (2015); Vietnam (Cao Bang, Lai (2016) find that P. tokarensis is paraphyletic with respect to
Chau, Lang Son, Ninh Binh, Quang Binh), and low elevation P. flavoviridis.
of 59 m, Luu et al. (2015). Protobothrops trungkhanhensis Orlov, Ryabov & Nguyen,
Comments: Gong et al. (2011) present an mtDNA-based phy- 2009
logeny with specimens from Guangdong, China (near topo- Distribution: Add China (Guangxi), T.-B. Chen et al. (2013,
types for Ceratrimeresurus shenlii) forming a clade with as P. maolanensis); Guo et al. (2016b) re-identified the
Vietnamese specimens of P. cornutus. They suggest that specimen(s) to P. trungkhanhensis.
shenlii might be a subspecies of the latter. Protobothrops xiangchengensis (Zhao, Jiang & Huang,
Protobothrops dabieshanensis X. Huang, Pan, Han, L.-A. 1978)
Zhang, Hu, Yu, Zheng & B.-W. Zhang, 2012 Holotype: Corrected to CIB 013918, Guo et al. (2016a).
Protobothrops elegans (Gray, 1849)
Protobothrops flavoviridis (Hallowell, 1861) PSAMMODYNASTES Günther, 1858 (Pseudaspididae)
Comments: Based on DNA sequence-data Shibata et al. (2016) Psammodynastes pictus Günther, 1858
find that P. flavoviridis forms two deep clades corresponding Distribution: Add West Malaysia (Penang), Quah et al.
to the Okinawa and Amami Island groups. They also resolve (2013); Indonesia (Pulau Bangkuru off Sumatra), Tapley &
P. tokarensis within the latter clade. Muurmans (2016).
Protobothrops himalayanus Pan, Chettri, Yang, Jiang, Psammodynastes pulverulentus (H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827)
Wang, L.-A. Zhang & Vogel, 2013. Asian Herpetol. Res. 4(2): Distribution: Add Nepal (Chitwan), Bhattarai et al. (2017b);
110–111, figs. 1, 2, 4, 6. Nepal (Parsa), Bhattarai et al. (2018b); Myanmar (Ayeyarwady,
Holotype: KIZ 012736, a 1218 mm female (K. Wang & H. Chin, Mandalay, Rakhaing), Miller & Zug (2016); Thailand
Pan, 14 June 2012). (Lamphun, Nakhon Phanthum, Prachuap Kiri Khan, Trang),
Type locality: “the Jilong Valley, Jilong County, southern Miller & Zug (2016); Cambodia (Siem Reap), Geissler et al.
Tibet, China (85.35360° E, 28°37996° N; elevation 2708 m).” (2019); China (Nan Ao Island), Qing et al. (2015); Vietnam
(Bac Giang), Hecht et al. (2013); Vietnam (Dien Bien), Dung
Distribution: S China (S Xixang), NE India (N Sikkim),
et al. (2014); Vietnam (Hai Phong: Cat Ba Island), T.Q. Nguyen
Bhutan (Paro), 1300–2708 m. Add Bhutan (Gasa), Koirala
et al. (2011); Indonesia (Mentawai Archipelago), Lang (2013);
et al. (2016); Bhutan (Trongsa), Tshewang & Letro, 2018).
Philippines (Cebu I.), Supsup et al. (2016); Philippines (Batan
Protobothrops jerdonii (Günther, 1875) I.), Leviton et al. (2018).
Protobothrops kaulbacki (M.A. Smith, 1940)
Comments: Miller & Zug (2016) report on morphological
Protobothrops mangshanensis (Zhao in Zhao & Chen, 1990) variation in Myanmar and Thailand snakes, but find no geo-
Neotype: Guo et al. (2012c) note that the holotype is “con- graphic variation.
siderably damaged and cannot presently be used” due to
poor preservation. As neotype, they designate CIB 098485, a PSAMMOPHIS H. Boie in Fitzinger, 1826 (Psammophiidae)
370 mm male, from the same locality as the holotype. Synonyms: Add Dromophis W.C.H. Peters, 1869.
Comments: Formerly in the monotypic genus Zhaoermia, Comments: Branch et al. (2019b) and Trape et al. (2019) pro-
which has been found to be paraphyletic within Protobothrops duce phylogenies based on genetic material using 22 species.
by Guo et al. (2016b). See under Taphrometopon.
Protobothrops maolanensis Yang, Orlov & Wang, 2011 Psammophis aegyptius Marx, 1958
Distribution: Add Vietnam (Ha Giang), Pham et al. (2017); Distribution: Add Libya (Jabal al Gharbi, Tripoli), Bauer et al.
Vietnam (Lang Son), 230–250 m, Kropachev et al. (2015). (2017).
Comments: Gonçalves et al. (2018) use DNA sequences to Psammophis orientalis Broadley, 1977
produce a phylogeny that shows little diversification among Comments: Trape et al. (2019) provide a brief description.
populations from Egypt, Sudan and Mali.
Psammophis phillipsii (Hallowell, 1844)
Psammophis afroccidentalis Trape, Böhme & Mediannikov Synonyms: Add Psammophis irregularis J.G. Fischer, 1856
in Trape et al., 2019. Bonn Zool. Bull. 68(1): 68–70, figs. 4, 5, from P. sibilans.
13–17.
Distribution: Add Sierra Leone, Trape & Baldé (2014); Mali
Holotype: MNHN 2018.0013, a 1090 mm male (J.-F. Trape, (Sikasso), Trape & Mané (2017). Exclude range E of Nigeria,
10 December 2005). Trape et al. (2019).
Type locality: “Dakar Hann, Senegal (14°43′N, 17°26′W).” Comments: Trape et al. (2019) provide a description and color
Distribution: W Africa (former western portion of P. rukwae photographs.
range): SW Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea Bissau,
Psammophis praeornatus (Schlegel, 1837)
Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo,
Benin, Niger, and possibly S Algeria, Trape et al. (2019). Distribution: Add Niger (Tahoua, Tillaberi), Trape & Mané
(2015).
Psammophis angolensis (Bocage, 1872)
Psammophis pulcher Boulenger, 1895
Psammophis ansorgii Boulenger, 1905 Psammophis punctulatus A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron &
Distribution: Add Angola (Huila), Branch (2018). Upper ele- Duméril, 1854
vation of 2286 m, Branch et al. (2019b).
Psammophis rukwae Broadley, 1966
Comments: Branch et al. (2019b) provide a revised descrip-
Distribution: Remove W part of range, west of Chad and
tion, color photographs and a locality map.
Cameroon populations (now P. afroccidentalis), and add S
Psammophis biseriatus W.C.H. Peters, 1881 Ethiopia, Trape et al. (2019).
Psammophis brevirostris W.C.H. Peters, 1881 Comments: Trape et al. (2019) provide a revised description
Psammophis elegans (Shaw, 1802) and color photographs.
Distribution: Add Mauritania (Assaba), Padial (2006); Mali Psammophis schokari (Forskål, 1775)
(Segou, Sikasso, Tombouctou), Trape & Mané (2017); Niger Synonyms: Remove Coluber gemmatus Shaw, 1802, Coluber
(Diffa, Tillaberi), Trape & Mané (2015); Chad (Guera), Trape lacrymans A. Reuss, 1834 to P. sibilans, Trape et al. (2019).
et al. (2019).
Distribution: Add Morocco (Al Hoceima), Mediani et al.
Psammophis jallae Peracca, 1896 (2015b); Mauritania (Dakhlet-Nouadhibou, Nouakchott, Tiris
Psammophis leightoni Boulenger, 1902 Zemmour), Padial (2006); Algeria (Tindouf), Donaire et al.
Psammophis leopardinus Bocage, 1887 (2000); Libya (Al Wahat, Jabal al Akhdar, Jabal al Gharbi,
Distribution: Add Angola (Cuando Cubango, Cunene, Jafara, Murqub, Nuqat al Khams, Tripoli, Wadi al Hayaa,
Huambo, Luanda), M.P. Marques et al. (2018). Wadi al Shath), Bauer et al. (2017); Iraq (Wasit), Abbas-Rhadi
Comments: Trape et al. (2019) provide a brief description. et al. (2017); Iran (Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Hormozgan,
North Khorasan, South Khorasan, Tehran), Safaei-Mahroo
Psammophis lineatus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril,
et al. (2015); Iran (Markazi), Sabbaghzadeh & Mashayekhi
1854)
(2015); Iran (Qom), S.M. Kazemi et al. (2015); Afghanistan
Distribution: Add Mali (Sikasso), Trape & Mané (2017); (Farah, Wardak), Wagner et al. (2016b). Moradi et al. (2013)
Niger, Trape & Mané (2015); Nigeria (Gongola), Nneji et al. report an upper elevation limit of 3500 m in central Iran.
(2019); Chad (Logone Oriental), Trape et al. (2019).
Comments: Hussien & Hussein (2013) report genetic differ-
Psammophis mossambicus W.C.H. Peters, 1882 ences between coastal and montane populations in Egypt.
Distribution: The range is expanded by Trape et al. (2019) into Rato et al. (2007) produce a phylogeny from mtDNA
WC Africa, including SE Nigeria, Cameroon, S Chad, Central sequence-data that contains three clades in North Africa plus
African Republic, Gabo, Republic of Congo, Rwanda and one in Israel. D.V. Gonçalves et al. (2018) use DNA sequence-
Burundi. Add Angola (Bie, Cuando-Cubango), and upper ele- data to produce a phylogeny that contains six clades (two in
vation of 1763 m, Conradie et al. (2016b); Angola (Namibe), the Middle East and four in North Africa). The clades are
Ceríaco et al. (2016); Angola (Bengo, Benguela, Cabinda, believed to have resulted from Pleistocene refugia.
Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Luanda, Lunda Psammophis sibilans (Linnaeus, 1758)
Sul, Malanje, Zaire), M.P. Marques et al. (2018). Synonyms: Add Coluber gemmatus Shaw, 1802, Coluber lac
Comments: Trape et al. (2019) provide a revised description rymans A. Reuss, 1834. Remove Psammophis irregularis J.G.
and color photographs. Fischer, 1856, Trape et al. (2019).
Psammophis namibensis Broadley, 1975 Distribution: Trape et al. (2019) limit the range of sibilans to
Psammophis notostictus W.C.H. Peters, 1867 Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia. Add Egypt (Suez), Ibrahim (2013).
Psammophis occidentalis F. Werner, 1919 Comments: Trape et al. (2019) provide a revised description
Distribution: Add Niger (Tahoua, Tillaberi), Trape & Mané and color photographs.
(2015).
Psammophis subtaeniatus W.C.H. Peters, 1882 PSEUDAGKISTRODON Van Denburgh, 1909 (Natricidae)
Distribution: Add Angola (Cauando-Cubango), Conradie Pseudagkistrodon rudis (Boulenger, 1906)
et al. (2016b); Angola (Huila), Butler et al. (2019).
PSEUDALSOPHIS Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, R.W. Murphy,
Psammophis sudanensis F. Werner, 1919
Moura-Leste & Bonatto, 2009 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae)
Distribution: Add Ghana & Nigeria, Trape & Baldé (2014);
Comments: Zaher et al. (2018) review and revise populations
Niger (Zinder), Trape & Mané (2015); Chad (Logone
on the Galapagos Islands, as well as produce a phylogeny for
Oriental), Trape et al. (2019).
the species of the genus. Their phylogeny depicts a continen-
Comments: Trape et al. (2019) provide a description and color tal and content-derived clade that evolved into a dwarf clade
photographs. and giant clade.
Psammophis tanganicus Loveridge, 1940 Pseudalsophis biserialis (Günther, 1860)
Distribution: Add Libya (Ghat, Wadi al Shath), Bauer et al. Synonyms: Remove Dromicus chamissonis habelii
(2017). Steindachner, 1876, which was duplicated here in error, with
Psammophis trigrammus Günther, 1865 P. dorsalis.
Psammophis trinasalis F. Werner, 1902 Pseudalsophis darwini Zaher, Yánez-Muñoz, Rodrigues,
Psammophis zambiensis Hughes & Wade, 2002 Graboski, Machado, Altamirano-Benavides, Bonatto &
Distribution: Add Angola (Cuando Cubango), Branch (2018); Grazziotin, 2018. Syst. Biodiv. 16(7): 633–634, figs. 4, 8.
Angola (Lunda Norte, Moxico), M.P. Marques et al. (2018). Holotype: DHMECN 12703, a 510 mm male (INABIO-
Comments: Trape et al. (2019) provide a brief description. MZUSP Expedition, 12 June 2008).
Type locality: “Tortuga Island,” Galapagos Islands, Ecuador.
PSAMMOPHYLAX Fitzinger, 1843 (Psammophiidae) Distribution: Ecuador (Galapagos Is: Fernandina, Isabela,
Comments: Branch et al. (2019b), Keates et al. (2019) each Toruga).
produce DNA sequence-based phylogenies using all species Pseudalsophis dorsalis (Steindachner, 1876)
except P. togoensis. Keates et al. transfer P. acutus and P. Distribution: Remove Rabida and Santiago Is. (=P. darwini).
togoensis to a new genus, Kladirostratus.
Pseudalsophis elegans (Tschudi, 1845)
Psammophylax kellyi Conradie, Keates & Edwards in
Pseudalsophis hephaestus Zaher, Yánez-Muñoz, Rodrigues,
Keates et al., 2019. J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 57(4): 1053–1054,
Graboski, Machado, Altamirano-Benavides, Bonatto &
figs. 1, 4.
Grazziotin, 2018. Syst. Biodiv. 16(7): 632–633, figs. 4, 7.
Holotype: PEM R23926, an 846+ mm female (C.M.R. Kelly,
Holotype: DHMECN 12701, a 468 mm male (INABIO-
17 July 2003).
MZUSP Expedition, 18 June 2008).
Type locality: “Arusha Region near Oldonyo Sambu, on the
Type locality: “Santiago Island, collected in front of the
foothills of Mount Meru (3.17°S; 36.68°E, ∼1,850 m a.s.l.),
islet known as Sombrero Chino (00°21′55″S, 90°35′09″W),
northern Tanzania.” Galapagos Islands, Ecuador.”
Distribution: N Tanzania (Arusha, Dodoma, Kilimanjaro, Distribution: Ecuador (Galapagos Is.: Rábida, Santiago).
Shinyanga), SE Kenya (Coast).
Pseudalsophis hoodensis (Van Denburgh, 1912)
Psammophylax multisquamis (Loveridge, 1932) Pseudalsophis occidentalis (Van Denburgh, 1912)
Psammophylax ocellatus Bocage, 1873. J. Sci. Math. Phys. Pseudalsophis slevini (Van Denburgh, 1912)
Nat. 4(15): 221–222.
Distribution: Remove Fernandina and Isabela Is. (=P. darwini).
Holotype: an 83 cm specimen (J. Anchieta), not located, per-
Pseudalsophis steindachneri (Van Denburgh, 1912)
haps lost according to Branch et al. (2019b).
Distribution: Remove Rabida and Santiago Is. (=P. thomasi).
Type locality: “l’intérieur de Mossamedes (Gambos),” Angola.
Pseudalsophis thomasi Zaher, Yánez-Muñoz, Rodrigues,
Distribution: SW Angola (Benguela, Cunene, Huila), Graboski, Machado, Altamirano-Benavides, Bonatto &
1108–2286 m. Grazziotin, 2018. Syst. Biodiv. 16(7): 625–631, figs. 4, 5.
Comments: Branch et al. (2019b) re-elevate ocellatus to spe- Holotype: DHMECN 12694, a 726 mm male (INABIO-
cies based on morphological and genetic distinctiveness. They MZUSP Expedition, 18 June 2008).
provide a description, color photographs and locality map.
Type locality: “Rábida Island (00°24′04″S, 90°42′28″W),”
Psammophylax rhombeatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Galapagos Islands, Ecuador.
Synonyms: Remove Psammophylax ocellatus Bocage, 1873. Distribution: Ecuador (Galapagos Is.: Rábida, Santiago).
Distribution: Add Namibia (Damaraland), Branch et al.
(2019b). Remove SW Angola (see under P. ocellatus) PSEUDASPIS Fitzinger, 1843 (Pseudaspididae)
Psammophylax tritaeniatus (Günther, 1868) Pseudaspis cana (Linnaus, 1758)
Psammophylax variabilis Günther, 1892 Distribution: Add Angola (Huambo), M.P. Marques et al. (2018).
PSEUDECHIS Wagler, 1830 (Elapidae) Potaro-Siparuni), Surinam (Brokopondo, Sipaliwini). Add

Comments: Maddock et al. (2017) produce a phylogeny of all Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Ferreira et al. (2017).
nine species, using DNA sequence data. A tenth, undescribed Pseudoboa haasi (Boettger, 1905)
form from the Northern Territory is included in the analysis. Distribution: Pavan et al. (2018) report a southmost record in
Pseudechis porphyriacus is the sister taxon to the remaining Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
species, and P. butleri is sister taxon to P. australis plus the
Pseudoboa martinsi Zaher, Oliveira & Franco, 2008
dwarf “Pailsus” species.
Distribution: Frazão et al. (2017) provide a map of known
Pseudechis australis (Gray, 1842)
localities.
Pseudechis butleri L.A. Smith, 1982
Pseudechis colletti Boulenger, 1902 Pseudoboa neuwiedii (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril,
Pseudechis guttatus De Vis, 1905 1854)
Pseudechis pailsi (Hoser, 1998) Distribution: Add Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback
Pseudechis papuanus W.C.H. Peters & Doria, 1878 (2015); Colombia (Cesar), Medina-Rangel (2011); Colombia
Pseudechis porphyriacus (Shaw, 1794) (Arauca, Casanare, Guainia, Huila), Lozano & Sierra (2018);
Pseudechis rossignolii (Hoser, 2000) Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Ferreira et al. (2017).
Pseudechis weigeli Wells & Wellington, 1987. Austral. Comments: Lozano & Sierra (2018) provide a species account
Herpetol. (503): 1. (Cannia weigeli) for Colombia.
Holotype: AZM 1000, an 1140 mm male (J. Weigel, 12 Pseudoboa nigra (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854)
January). Distribution: Add Brazil (Espirito Santo), Silva-Soares et al.
Type locality: “Mitchell River, about two kilometers upstream (2011); Brazil (Sergipe), and upper elevation of 900 m, Guedes
from Mitchell Falls, in far northern Western Australia,” et al. (2014); Paraguay (San Pedro), P. Smith et al. (2016).
Australia. Pseudoboa serrana Morato, Moura-Leite, Prudente &
Distribution: NW Australia (NW Western Australia). Bérnils, 1995
Comments: The DNA sequence-based phylogeny that
Maddock et al. (2017) produce confirms the validity of wei PSEUDOBOODON Peracca, 1897 (Lamprophiidae)
geli as a species. Pseudoboodon boehmei J.B. Rasmussen & Largen, 1992
Pseudoboodon gascae Peracca, 1897
PSEUDELAPHE Mertens & Rosenberg, 1943 (Colubridae:
Distribution: Add Ethiopia (Bale), Tiutenko (2018).
Colubrinae)
Pseudoboodon lemniscatus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron &
Pseudelaphe flavirufa (Cope, 1867)
Duméril, 1854)
Synonyms: Remove Elaphe flavirufa phaescens Dowling, Pseudoboodon sandfordorum Spawls, 2004
1982.
Distribution: Add Nicaragua (Esteli, Matagalpa), Sunyer et al. †PSEUDOCEMOPHORA Auffenberg, 1963 (Colubridae:
(2014). Remove Mexico (N Quintana Roo, Yucatan). Colubrinae)
Comment: See under P. phaescens. †Pseudocemophora antiqua Auffenberg, 1963
Pseudelaphe phaescens Dowling 1952. Occas. Pap. Mus.
Zool. Univ. Michigan (540): 7–9, plate 1. (Elaphe flavirufa PSEUDOCERASTES Boulenger, 1896 (Viperidae:
phaescens) Viperinae)
Holotype: UMMZ 73074, a 744 mm female (Edwin Creaser, Comments: Fathinia et al. (2014) use mtDNA sequence-data
23 June 1932). to produce a phylogeny of the three Pseudocerastes species,
Type locality: “Chichén Itzá, Distrito Valladolid, Yucatán,” mostly based on Iranian specimens.
Mexico. Pseudocerastes fieldi K.P. Schmidt, 1930
Distribution: Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. Distribution: Add Iraq (Muthanna, Najaf), Abbas-Rhadi et al.
Comment: Considered a species distinct from P. flavirufa by (2017); Iran (Fars), Gholamifard & Esmaeili (2010).
González-Sánchez et al. (2017), confirmed through molecular Pseudocerastes persicus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron &
data by Dahn et al. (2018). Duméril, 1854)
Distribution: Add Iran (Kermanshah, North Khorasan, South
PSEUDOBOA Schneider, 1801 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae) Khorasan), Safaei-Mahroo et al. (2015); Iran (Ilam), Bok et al.
Pseudoboa coronata Schneider, 1801 (2017) and Fathinia et al. (2014); Iran (Qom), S.M. Kazemi
Distribution: H. Costa et al. (2015b) summarize known et al. (2015).
localities and add the following: Brazil (Bahia/Pernambuco, Comments: Pous et al. (2016) use mtDNA sequence-data to
Goias, Mato Grosso, Roraima, Tocantins), Colombia determine that the isolated N Oman population is derived
(Caqueta, Casanare, Guainia), Ecuador (Orellana), French from the most proximate Iranian population across the Strait
Guiana (Camopi, Maripasoula), Guyana (Cuyuni-Mazaruni, of Hormuz.
Pseudocerastes urarachnoides Bostanchi, S. Anderson, Pseudonaja inframacula (Waite, 1925)

Kami & Papenfuss, 2006 Pseudonaja ingrami (Boulenger, 1908)
Pseudonaja mengdeni Wells & Wellington, 1985
PSEUDOERYX Fitzinger, 1826 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae) Pseudonaja modesta (Günther, 1872)
Pseudoeryx plicatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) Pseudonaja nuchalis Günther, 1858
Distribution: Add Paraguay (San Pedro), P. Smith et al. (2016). Pseudonaja textilis (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854)
Pseudoeryx relictualis Schargel, Rivas-Fuenmayor, Barros- PSEUDOPLECTRURUS Boulenger, 1890 (Uropeltidae)
Blanco, Pefaur & Navarrete, 2007
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a morphological
PSEUDOFERANIA Ogilby, 1890 (Homalopsidae) diagnosis for the genus.
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a generic Pseudoplectrurus canarica (Beddome, 1870)
diagnosis. Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a description, and
Pseudoferania macleayi Ogilby, 1890 state that the species remains known only from the six syn-
Pseudoferania polylepis (J.G. Fischer, 1886) types collected in the late 1800s.
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a diagnosis PSEUDORABDION Jan, 1862 (Calamariidae)
and photograph. They consider P. macleayi as a synonym,
which Wallach et al. (2014) consider valid, although the Pseudorabdion albonuchale (Günther, 1896)
authors indicate the species is most likely a species complex. Pseudorabdion ater (Taylor, 1922)
Pseudorabdion collare (Mocquard, 1892)
PSEUDOFICIMIA Bocourt, 1883 in A.H.A. Duméril, Pseudorabdion eiselti Inger & Leviton, 1961
Bocourt & Mocquard, 1870–1909 (Colubridae: Colubrinae) Pseudorabdion longiceps (Cantor, 1847)
Pseudoficimia frontalis (Cope, 1864) Synonyms: Add Stenorhabdium temporale Werner 1909;
remove Rabdion torquatum A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron &
PSEUDOHAJE Günther, 1858 (Elapidae) Duméril, 1854.
Pseudohaje goldii (Boulenger, 1895) Distribution: Add West Malaysia (Terengganu), Sumarli et al.
Distribution: Add Angola (Bengo), Branch (2018); Angola (2015, as P. cf. longiceps).
(Cuanza Norte), M.P. Marques et al. (2018). Comments: Vogel et al. (2016) remove P. torquatum from the
Pseudohaje nigra Günther, 1858 synonymy as a valid species. Kirchhof et al. (2016) re-exam-
ine the holotype of Stenorhabdium temporale and find it to be
PSEUDOLATICAUDA Kharin, 1984 (Elapidae) a specimen of Pseudorabdion longiceps.
Pseudolaticauda schistorhyncha (Günther, 1874) Pseudorabdion mcnamarae Taylor, 1917
Distribution: Ghergel et al. (2016) provide a map of known Distribution: Add Philippines (Biliran, Masbate Is.), Leviton
localities. et al. (2018); Philippines (Cebu I.), Supsup et al. (2016);
Philippines (Sibuyan I., Tablas I.), Siler et al. (2012).
Pseudolaticauda semifasciata (Schlegel, 1837)
Comments: R.M. Brown et al. (2013) tentatively refer a Luzon
Distribution: Add Japan (Kuchinoerabu, Kodakara, Yoron,
specimen to this species, but suggest the population may rep-
Ikei, Ikema, Tarama, Ishigaki Is.), Tandavanitj et al. (2013a);
resent a new species.
Japan (Honshu), Tandavanitj et al. (2013b); South Korea
(including Jeju Island), Park et al. (2017b); Philippines Pseudorabdion modiglianii G. Doria & Petri, 2010
(Babuyan Claro), Leviton et al. (2018). Ghergel et al. (2016) Pseudorabdion montanum Leviton & Brown, 1959
provide a map of known localities. Distribution: Add Philippines (Cebu I.), Leviton et al. (2018).
Comments: Tandavanitj et al. (2013a) find 16 cytochrome b Pseudorabdion oxycephalum (Günther, 1858)
haplotypes in specimens from the Ryukyus and Taiwan that
Distribution: Add Philippines (Cebu I.), Supsup et al. (2016);
have some correlation with deep water barriers.
Philippines (Masbate I.), Leviton et al. (2018).
PSEUDOLEPTODEIRA Taylor, 1938 (Dipsadidae: Pseudorabdion sarasinorum (F. Müller, 1895)
Dipsadinae) Pseudorabdion saravacense (Shelford, 1901)
Pseudorabdion sirambense G. Doria & Petri, 2010
Pseudoleptodeira latifasciata (Günther, 1894 in 1885–1902)
Pseudorabdion talonuran R.M. Brown, Leviton & Sison, 1999
Distribution: Low elevation of 10 m, Palacios-Aguilar &
Flores-Villela (2018). Comments: R.M. Brown et al. (2013) tentatively identify a
Luzon I. specimen as this species, but suggest that it is likely
PSEUDONAJA Günther, 1858 (Elapidae) a new species.
Pseudonaja affinis Günther, 1872 Pseudorabdion taylori Leviton & Brown, 1959
Pseudonaja aspidorhyncha (McCoy, 1879) Pseudorabdion torquatum (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron &
Pseudonaja guttata (Parker, 1926) Duméril, 1854). Erpétol. Gén. 7: 119–122. (Rabdion torquatum)
Lectotype: MNHN 2007.2456 (formerly MNHN 7212a), a Pseudoxyrhopus imerinae (Günther, 1890)
245 mm male (Dutch naturalists prior to 1845). Pseudoxyrhopus kely Raxworthy & Nussbaum, 1994
Type locality: “Macassar,” Sulawesi. Pseudoxyrhopus microps Günther, 1881
Vogel et al. (2016) consider the locality to be dubious. Pseudoxyrhopus oblectator Cadle, 1999
Distribution: Supposedly Indonesia (Sulawesi). Pseudoxyrhopus quinquelineatus (Günther, 1881)
Comments: Vogel et al. (2016) revive P. torquatum from the Distribution: Add Madagascar (Nosy Be I.), McLellan (2013).
synonymy of P. longiceps based on morphological differences. Pseudoxyrhopus sokosoko Raxworthy & Nussbaum, 1994
Pseudoxyrhopus tritaeniatus Mocquard, 1894
PSEUDOTOMODON Koslowsky, 1896 (Dipsadidae:
Xenodontinae) PSOMOPHIS C.W. Myers & Cadle, 1994 (Dipsadidae:
Pseodotomodon trigonatus (Leybold, 1873) Xenodontinae)
Psomophis genimaculatus (Boettger, 1885)
PSEUDOXENODON Boulenger, 1890
Psomophis joberti (Sauvage, 1884)
(Pseudoxenodontidae)
Distribution: Add Brazil (Maranhão), J.P. Miranda et al.
Comments: B.-L. Zhang & Huang (2013) test the relation-
(2012), Moura et al. (2013b); Brazil (Piauí), Dal Vechio et al.
ship between Pseudoxenodon and Dipsadidae using two
(2013); Brazil (Tocantins), Moura et al. (2013b), Dal Vechio
mtDNA and one nDNA sequences. Their conclusion that
et al. (2016). Upper elevation of 830 m, Guedes et al. (2014).
Pseudoxenodon is nested within the Dipsadidae is not sup-
Moura et al. (2013b) map known localities.
ported by subsequent studies using additional genes (e.g.,
Zheng & Wiens, 2016, and Figueroa et al., 2016). Psomophis obtusus (Cope, 1863)
Pseudoxenodon bambusicolus Vogt, 1922
†PTEROSPHENUS Lucas, 1898 (†Palaeophiidae:
Pseudoxenodon baramensis (M. Smith, 1921)
Palaeophiinae)
Pseudoxenodon inornatus (H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827)
†Pterosphenus biswasi Rage, Bajpai, Thewissen & Tiwari, 2003
Synonyms: Remove Pseudoxenodon jacobsonii Lidth de †Pterosphenus kutchensis Rage, Bajpai, Thewissen &
Jeude, 1922. Tiwari, 2003
Distribution: Remove Sumatra. †Pterosphenus schucherti Lucas, 1898
Comments: Rahadian and I. Das (2013) consider P. jacobsonii †Pterosphenus schweinfurthi Andrews, 1901
to be a distinct species. Comments: McCartney & Seiffert (2016) present a revised
Pseudoxenodon jacobsonii Lidth de Jeude, 1922. Zool. diagnosis based on new material.
Meded. 6: 240. †Pterosphenus sheppardi Hoffstetter, 1958
Holotype: RMNH 4693, (E.Jacobson, July 1915).
Type locality: “Serapai, Korintji,” Sumatra, Indonesia. †PTERYGOBOA Holman, 1976 (Booidea: incerta sedis)
Distribution: W Indonesia (Sumatra). Distribution: Add late Oligocene (Arikareean) and early
Comments: Rahadian and I. Das (2013) consider P. jacobsonii Miocene (Hemingfordian) of Florida, USA, Mead & Schubert
to be a distinct species based on diagnosibility and distant (2013, closest to P. miocenica).
geographic distribution. †Pterygoboa delawarensis Holman, 1998
Pseudoxenodon karlschmidti Pope, 1928 †Pterygoboa miocenica Holman, 1976
Pseudoxenodon macrops (Blyth, 1854) PTYAS Fitzinger, 1843 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Distribution: Add Vietnam (Dien Bien), Dung et al. (2014); Ptyas carinata (Günther, 1858)
Vietnam (Ha Giang), Ziegler et al. (2014); Vietnam (Quang Ptyas dhumnades (Cantor, 1842)
Ngai), Nemes et al. (2013); Vietnam (Son La), Pham et al. Ptyas dipsas (Schlegel, 1837)
(2014); Vietnam (Yen Bai), Le et al. (2018). Ptyas fusca (Günther, 1858)
Comments: DNA sequence-data analyzed by B.-L. Zhang &
Ptyas korros (Schlegel, 1837)
Huang (2013) show an eastern and western clade in P. mac
rops, as well as a very divergent sample from Tibet. Distribution: Add Myanmar (Mandalay, Sagaing), Platt et al.
(2018); China (Nan Ao Island), Qing et al. (2015); Vietnam
Pseudoxenodon stejnegeri Barbour, 1908 (Hai Phong: Cat Ba Island), T.Q. Nguyen et al. (2011); West
Malaysia (Kedah), Shahriza et al. (2013); West Malaysia
PSEUDOXYRHOPUS Günther, 1881 (Pseudoxyrhophiidae)
(Pahang), Zakaria et al. (2014).
Pseudoxyrhopus ambreensis Mocquard, 1894
Ptyas luzonensis (Günther, 1873)
Pseudoxyrhopus analabe Nussbaum, Andreone &
Raxworthy, 1998 Ptyas mucosa (Linnaeus, 1758)
Pseudoxyrhopus ankafinaensis Raxworthy & Nussbaum, 1994 Distribution: Add Afghanistan (Ghazni, Nuristan), Wagner
Pseudoxyrhopus heterurus (Jan, 1863) et al. (2016b); India (Arunachal Pradesh), Purkayastha (2018);
China (Nan Ao Island), Qing et al. (2015); Taiwan (Kinmen Distribution: Add Mauritania (Assaba, Tagant), Padial (2006);
Island), Saenz et al. (2009); Thailand (Chanthaburi), Chan- Mali (Kayes), Rosado et al. (2015); Mali (Mopti), Trape &
ard et al. (2011). Mané (2017); Nigeria (Gongola), Nneji et al. (2019); Gabon
Ptyas nigromarginata (Blyth, 1854) (Nyanga), Pauwels et al. (2017b); Angola (Bengo, Cuanza
Norte, Lunda Sul), M.P. Marques et al. (2018); Angola (Zaire),
Distribution: Add Myanmar (Sagaing), Vogel & Hauser
Branch (2018).
(2013); Thailand (Nan), Vogel & Hauser (2013); Vietnam (Ha
Giang), Vogel & Hauser (2013). Upper elevation of 2400 m, Fossil records: Add Upper Miocene of Chad, Vignaud et al.
Koirala et al. (2016). Vogel & Hauser (2013) map known (2002, as cf. P. sebae); Lower/middle Pleistocene of Eritrea,
localities and discuss elevational range. Delfino et al. (2004, as cf. P. sebae).
PTYCHOPHIS Gomés, 1915 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae) PYTHONODIPSAS Günther, 1868 (Pseudaspididae)

Ptychophis flavovirgatus Gomés, 1915 Pythonodipsas carinata Günther, 1868
Distribution: Elevational range 316–1358 m, R.C. Gonzalez
RABDION A.M.C. Duméril, 1853 (Calamariidae)
et al. (2014a).
Comments: Amarasinghe et al. (2015c) provide an overview
Comments: R.C. Gonzalez et al. (2014a) describe morphologi-
of the genus.
cal variation and provide a locality map.
Rabdion forsteni A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854
PYTHON Daudin, 1803 (Pythonidae) Type: Syntypes are MNHN 7210, 7211, and possibly one of
Fossil records: Add middle Pliocene of Tanzania, Rage RMNH 66 or 66a, according to Amarasinghe et al. (2015c).
& Bailon (2011, Python natalensis or P. sebae); middle Comment: Amarasinghe et al. (2015c) redescribe MNHN
Pleistocene of Thailand, Suraprasit et al. (2016, as Python sp.). 7210, and discuss the other type material.
Comments: Reynolds et al. (2014b) present a DNA sequence- Rabdion grovesi Amarasinghe, Vogel, McGuire, Sidik,
based phylogeny for seven of the living species. Supriatna & Ineich, 2015c. Herpetologica 71(3): 235–237, fig. 1.
Python anchietae Bocage, 1887 Type: Holotype, MZB 2679, a 522 mm male (J. McGuire,
Distribution: Upper elevation of 1288 m, Branch (2018). R.M. Brown & M. Williams, 10 August 2000).
Python bivittatus Kuhl, 1820 Type locality: “Awan Village, Rindingalo, Tana Torja,
Distribution: Add Nepal (Nawalparasi), Pandey et al. Province of South Sulawesi, Indonesia (2°51′20.53″S,
(2018); India (Uttaranchal), Joshi & Singh (2015); Myanmar 119°48′30.04″E,…; 2150 m above sea level).”
(Sagaing), Platt et al. (2018); Thailand (Chanthaburi), Chan- Distribution: Indonesia (South Sulawesi). Known only from
ard et al. (2011); Vietnam (Hai Phong: Cat Ba Island), T.Q. the holotype.
Nguyen et al. (2011). Cota (2010) lists known records for
Thailand, and adds the following provinces: Chiang Mai, RACLITIA Gray, 1842. Zool. Misc.67. (Homalopsidae)
Kanchanaburi, Lampang, Phrae, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Udon Type species: Raclitia indica Gray, 1842 by monotypy.
Thani. Distribution: Malay Peninsula.
Python breitensteini Steindachner, 1880 Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) revive this name
Python brongersmai Stull, 1938 based on morphology, and provide a generic diagnosis. Quah
et al. (2018c) provide a phylogenetic placement of Raclitia for
Comments: Auliya (2006) discusses geographic distribution
the first time.
and variation.
Raclitia indica Gray, 1842
Python curtus Schlegel, 1872
†Python europaeus Szyndlar & Rage, 2003 Distribution: Add Singapore and West Malaysia (Pahang),
Python kyaiktiyo Zug, Gotte & Jacobs, 2011 Quah et al. (2018c).
†Python maurus Rage, 1976 Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a diagnosis
Python molurus (Linnaeus, 1758) and photograph of a syntype. Quah et al. (2018c) provide a
revised description, color photographs and a locality map of
Distribution: Add India (Nagaland), Yanthungbeni et al.
this rare snake.
(2018).
Python natalensis A. Smith, 1840 in 1838–1849 †RAGEOPHIS Wallach, 1986. J. Herpetology 20(3):
Distribution: Add Angola (Cuando-Cubango), Conradie 449. Substitute name for Scytalophis Rochebrune, 1880.
et al. (2016b); Angola (Namibe), Branch (2018); Tanzania (Booidea: incerta sedis)
(Morogoro), Lyakurwa (2017). Synonyms: †Scytalophis Rochebrune, 1880.
Python regius (Shaw, 1802) Type species: †Coluber lafonti Filhol, 1877 by monotypy.
Distribution: Add Nigeria (Gongola), Nneji et al. (2019). Distribution: Middle Tertiary of France.
†Python sardus (Portis, 1901) †Rageophis lafonti Rochebrune 1880. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist.
Python sebae (Gmelin, 1789) Nat., Series 23: 278, plate 12. (†Scytalophis lafonti)
Synonyms: †Coluber lafonti Filhol, 1877 (nomen nudum). RENA Baird & Girard, 1853 (Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae)
Holotype: MNHN QU 16342, a section of fossilized skin with Rena boettgeri F. Werner, 1899. Zool. Anz. 22(581): 116.
vertebrae and ribs. (Glauconia boettgeri)
Type locality: “Phosphorites du Quercy,” Lot, France. Synonyms: Leptotyphlops humilis slevini Klauber, 1931.
Distribution: Within the late Eocene to early Miocene of Holotype: NMW 15455, a 225 mm specimen.
France. Type locality: “Habitat.--?”; restricted to La Paz, Baja
California Sur, México by Smith and Larsen (1974).
RAMPHOTYPHLOPS Fitzinger, 1843 (Typhlopidae: Distribution: S Baja California Sur, Mexico, including Isla
Asiatyphlopinae) Cerralvo.
Comments: Hedges et al. (2014), Pyron & Wallach (2014) Comments: Adalsteinsson et al. (2009) recognize boettgeri as
provide generic diagnoses. Pyron & Wallach (2014) note that a species based on genetic divergence from R. humilis.
assignment of the following species to Ramphotyphlops is
Rena bressoni (Taylor, 1939)
tentative pending examination of the hemipenes, or evalua-
tion of genetic material: bipartitus, conradi, lorenzi, mansue Distribution: Add Mexico (Jalisco), Ahumada-Carrillo et al.
tus, marxi, similis, suluensis, supranasalis. (2014)
Ramphotyphlops acuticaudus (W.C.H. Peters, 1877) Rena dissecta (Cope, 1892)
Ramphotyphlops adocetus Wynn, R.P. Reynolds, Buden, Rena dugesii (Bocourt, 1881)
Falanruw & B. Lynch, 2012 Distribution: Add Mexico (Nayarit), Koch et al. (2019).
Ramphotyphlops angusticeps (W.C.H. Peters, 1877)
Rena dulcis Baird & Girard, 1853
Ramphotyphlops becki (V. Tanner, 1948)
Rena humilis Baird & Girard, 1853
Ramphotyphlops bipartitus (Sauvage, 1879)
Synonyms: Remove Glauconia boettgeri Werner, 1899,
Comments: Lang (2013) suggests that bipartitus may be a
Leptotyphlops humilis slevini Klauber, 1931.
synonym of R. flaviventer.
Distribution: Remove S Baja California Sur, Mexico. Upper
Ramphotyphlops conradi (W.C.H. Peters, 1874) elevation of 1725 m, Hunt (2017).
Ramphotyphlops cumingii (Gray, 1845) Rena iversoni (H.M. Smith, Breukelen, Auth & Chiszar,
Distribution: Add Philippines (Cebu I.), Supsup et al. (2016); 1998)
Philippines (Masbate, Panay Is.), Leviton et al. (2018). Rena maxima (Loveridge, 1932)
Ramphotyphlops depressus Rena myopica (Garman, 1884)
Distribution: Add Papua New Guinea (New Hanover Island), Distribution: Maximum elevation 2462 m, Reyes-Vera et al.
Clegg & Jocque (2016). (2017).
Ramphotyphlops exocoeti (Boulenger, 1887) Rena segrega (Klauber, 1939)
Ramphotyphlops flaviventer (W.C.H. Peters, 1864)
Ramphotyphlops hatmaliyeb Wynn, R.P. Reynolds, Buden, †RENENUTET McCartney & Seiffert, 2016. J. Vert.
Falanruw & B. Lynch, 2012 Paleontol. 34(1): 13. (Colubroidea: incerta sedis)
Ramphotyphlops lineatus (Schlegel, 1839 in 1837–1844) Type species: †Renenutet enmerwer McCartney & Seiffert,
Ramphotyphlops lorenzi (F. Werner, 1909) 2016 by original designation.
Ramphotyphlops mansuetus (Barbour, 1921) Distribution: Late Eocene of N Egypt.
Ramphotyphlops marxi (Wallach, 1993) †Renenutet enmerwer McCartney & Seiffert, 2016. J. Vert.
Ramphotyphlops multilineatus (Schlegel, 1839 in 1837–1844) Paleontol. 34(1): 13–14, fig. 7.
Distribution: Add Indonesia (Dulah Island), Lang (2013). Holotype: CGM 83731, a mid-trunk vertebra.
Ramphotyphlops olivaceus (Gray, 1845) Type locality: “BQ-2, Fayum Depression, Egypt.”
Distribution: Add Philippines (Basilan, Sibutu Is.), Leviton Distribution: Late Eocene (Priabonian) of N Egypt.
et al. (2018).
RHABDOPHIS Fitzinger, 1843 (Natricidae)
Ramphotyphlops similis (Brongersma, 1934)
Ramphotyphlops suluensis (Taylor, 1918) Synonyms: Add Macropisthodon Boulenger, 1893,
Ramphotyphlops supranasalis (Brongersma, 1934) Balanophis M.A. Smith, 1938.
Ramphotyphlops willeyi (Boulenger in Willey, 1900) Comments: Based on paraphyly, Takeuchi et al. (2018) syn-
onymize Balanophis and Macropisthodon with Rhabdophis.
REGINA Baird & Girard, 1853 (Natricidae) Rhabdophis adleri Zhao, 1997
Synonyms: Remove Liodytes Cope, 1885. Holotype: Corrected to CIB 010494, Guo et al. (2012a).
Regina grahamii Baird & Girard, 1853 Rhabdophis akraios Doria, Petri, Bellati, Tiso & Pistarino,
Regina septemvittata (Say, 1825) 2013. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. “Giacomo Doria” 105.
Holotype: MSNG 55942a (O. Beccari, July 1878). Type: Ostensibly located in the Göttingen Museum, but nei-
Type locality: Mount Singalang, Sumatera Barat, Sumatra, ther a specimen nor catalog entry was found when the collec-
Indonesia. tion was transferred to the ZFMK, Böhme & Bischoff (1984).
Distribution: Indonesia (Sumatra). Type locality: “China.”
Comments: We do not have this paper, so another kudos to Distribution: Far East. E China, SE Russia, and the Korean
Uetz et al. (2019, The Reptile Database). Peninsula including adjacent islands.
Rhabdophis angelii (Bourret, 1934) Comments: See under R. tigrinus.
Rhabdophis auriculatus (Günther, 1858) Rhabdophis leonardi (Wall, 1923)
Rhabdophis barbouri (Taylor, 1922)
Rhabdophis lineatus (W.C.H. Peters, 1861)
Rhabdophis callichromus (Bourret, 1934)
Rhabdophis callistus (Günther, 1873) Distribution: Add Philippines (Biliran I.), Zhu et al. (2014);
Philippines (Leyte I.), Leviton et al. (2018).
Rhabdophis ceylonensis (Günther, 1858)
Rhabdophis murudensis (M.A. Smith, 1925)
Comments: Formerly in the monotypic Balanophis.
Rhabdophis chrysargoides (Günther, 1858) Rhabdophis nigrocinctus (Blyth, 1855)
Distribution: A specimen is listed for Philippines (Palawan) Distribution: Add Thailand (Koh Chang I., Rayong), Chan-
by Zhu et al. (2014). ard and Makchai (2011).
Rhabdophis chrysargos (Schlegel, 1837) Rhabdophis nuchalis (Boulnger, 1891)
Distribution: Add Thailand (Chanthaburi), Chan-ard et al. Distribution: Add China (Sichuan), Zhu et al. (2014); Vietnam
(2011); Thailand (Koh Chang I., Rayong), Chan-ard and (Dien Bien), Dung et al. (2014).
Makchai (2011); West Malaysia (Kedah), Shahriza et al. Rhabdophis pentasupralabialis Jiang & Zhao, 1983
(2013), West Malaysia (Terengganu), Sumarli et al. (2015). Holotype: Corrected to CIB 010714, Guo et al. (2012a).
The record for Thailand (Roi Et) is suspect, based on a mis-
Rhabdophis plumbicolor (Cantor, 1839)
identification, Pauwels et al. (2015).
Comments: Formerly in Macropisthodon.
Rhabdophis conspicillatus (Günther, 1872)
Comments: Based on DNA sequence-data in Takeuchi et al. Rhabdophis rhodomelas (H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827)
(2018), R. conspicillatus is paraphyletic with respect to some Distribution: Add West Malaysia (Terengganu), Sumarli et al.
Xenochrophis species and Ceratophallus. (2015).
Rhabdophis flaviceps (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, Comments: Formerly in Macropisthodon.
1854) Rhabdophis sarawacensis (Günther, 1872)
Distribution: Add Thailand (Trang), Meewattana (2010). Rhabdophis spilogaster (F. Boie, 1827)
Comments: Formerly in Macropisthodon. Rhabdophis subminiatus (Schlegel, 1837)
Rhabdophis formosanus Maki, 1931. Monogr. Snakes Japan: Distribution: Add Nepal (Parsa), Bhattarai et al. (2018b);
44, plate. (Natrix tigrina formosana) Bangladesh (Rajshahi Division, Naogaon District), Ahmad
Type: NSMT H02967, an 866+ mm male (M. Maki, July et al. (2015d); Myanmar (Sagaing), Platt et al. (2018);
1923). Thailand (Koh Chang I., Rayong), Chan-ard and Makchai
(2011); Cambodia (Siem Reap), Geissler et al. (2019); China
Type locality: translated as “Hattsukan (Patungkuan: alt.
(Sichuan), Zhu et al. (2014); Vietnam (Dien Bien), Dung et al.
3000 m), Nantou Co., Taiwan” by Ota (1997).
(2014); Vietnam (Ha Giang), Ziegler et al. (2014); Vietnam
Distribution: Taiwan. (Hai Phong: Cat Ba Island), T.Q. Nguyen et al. (2011); Vietnam
Comments: See under R. tigrinus. (Quang Ngai), Nemes et al. (2013).
Rhabdophis guandongensis Zhu, Wang, Takeuchi & Zhao, Rhabdophis swinhonis (Günther, 1868)
2014. Zootaxa 3765(5): 473–477, figs. 2, 3.
Rhabdophis tigrinus (H. Boie, 1826)
Holotype: SYS R000018, a 537 mm female (Y.-Y. Wang, 26
Synonyms: Remove Tropidonotus lateralis Berthold, 1859,
May 2008).
Tropidonotus orientalis Günther, 1861, Natrix tigrina for
Type locality: “Aizhai Village (24°56′16.58″ N, 113°39′57.82″ E; mosana Maki, 1931, Rhabdophis tigrinus multiventralis G.
132 m a.s.l….), Renhua County, Guangdong Province, China.” Stewart, 1970.
Distribution: China (SC Guangdong), 56–138 m. Known only Distribution: Limited to Japan. Add Japan (Kinkasan I.), Mori
from the holotype and several non-collected individuals. & Nagata (2016).
Rhabdophis himalayanus (Günther, 1864) Comments: Takeuchi et al. (2014) use mtDNA sequence-data
Rhabdophis lateralis (Berthold, 1859). Nachr. Ges. Wiss. to produce a phylogeny of R. tigrinus from throughout its
Göttingen 17: 180. (Tropidonotus lateralis) range, which forms three primary clades that they recognize
Synonyms: Tropidonotus orientalis Günther, 1861, as species: 1) mainland Asia (R. lateralis), 2 Japan (R. tigri
Rhabdophis tigrinus multiventralis G. Stewart, 1970. nus), and 3) Taiwan (R. formosanus).
RHABDOPS Boulenger, 1893 (Natricidae) Rhadinaea macdougalli H.M. Smith & Langebartel, 1950
Comments: See under Smithophis. Rhadinaea marcellae Taylor, 1949
Rhabdops aquaticus Giri, Deepak, Captain & Gower In Giri Distribution: Add Mexico (Veracruz), Sánchez-García et al.
et al. 2017. Zootaxa 4319(1): 31–40, figs. 3–7, 10. (2019).
Holotype: NCBS AU163, a 770 mm female (V.B. Giri, S. Rhadinaea montana H.M. Smith, 1944
Pawar & A. Khandekar, 15 July 2015). Rhadinaea myersi Rossman, 1965
Type locality: “Amboli, Sindudurg district, Maharashtra, Distribution: Add Mexico (Guerrero), and upper elevation of
India (N 15.955801, E 73.997517; 745 m).” 2331 m, Palacios-Aguilar & Flores-Villela (2018).
Distribution: Northern Western Ghats of India (Goa, N Rhadinaea nuchalis García-Vázquez, Pavó-Vázquez,
Karnataka, Maharashtra), 745–1000 m. Bhosale & Joshi Blancas-Hernández, Blancas-Calva & Centenero-Alcalá,
(2014) cite new locality records, and extend the known eleva- 2018. ZooKeys 780: 140–146, figs. 1–4.
tion to 1240 m. Holotype: MZFC-HE 22161, a 379 mm male (J.C. Blancas-
Comments: This taxon represents populations formerly con- Hernández, 19 July 2006).
sidered northern R. olivaceus. Type locality: “0.36 km SE of El Molote, municipal-
Rhabdops olivaceus (Beddome, 1863) ity of Atoyac de Álvarez, Guerrero, México (17.4167°N;
Distribution: Limited to S India (Kerala, S Karnataka). 100.1672°W), ca. 1720 m elevation.”
Distribution: SW Mexico (C Guerrero), 1680–1720 m.
RHACHIDELUS Boulenger, 1908 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae) Rhadinaea omiltemana (Günther, 1894 in 1885–1902)
Rhachidelus brazili Boulenger, 1908 Rhadinaea pulveriventris Boulenger, 1896
Distribution: Add Brazil (Tocantins), P. Smith et al. (2013), Rhadinaea quinquelineata Cope, 1886
who also map known localities. Rhadinaea sargenti Dunn & Bailey, 1939
Rhadinaea taeniata (W.C.H. Peters, 1863)
RHADINAEA Cope, 1863 (Dipsadidae: Dipsadinae)
Distribution: Add Mexico (Nayarit), 1500 m, Luja &
Rhadinaea bogertorum C.W. Myers, 1974 Grünwald (2015).
Rhadinaea calligaster (Cope, 1875)
Rhadinaea vermiculaticeps (Cope, 1860)
Rhadinaea cuneata C.W. Myers, 1974
Distribution: Add Mexico (SE Puebla), Luría-Manzano et al. RHADINELLA H.M. Smith, 1941 (Dipsadidae: Dipsadinae)
(2014). Rhadinella anachoreta (E.N. Smith & Campbell, 1994)
Comments: Luría-Manzano et al. (2014) provide a photo- Rhadinella donaji Campbell, 2015. Zootaxa 3918(3): 398–
graph, and describe 4th and 5th known specimens. 402, fig. 1.
Rhadinaea decorata (Günther, 1858) Holotype: UTA-4223 (field no. JAC 277), a 468+ mm male
Distribution: Range extension in Puntarenas Province, Costa (J.A. Campbell, 8 June 1974).
Rica, Köhler et al. (2013); add Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Type locality: “13.6 km SW Villa Sola de Vega, 16.454873
Ruback (2015); Colombia (Antioquia), Restrepo et al. (2017); N, -97.002701 W, 2195 m above sea level…[sometimes called
Colombia (Caldas, Choco, Cordoba), Vásquez-Restrepo & San Miguel Sola de Vega], Oaxaca, Mexico.”
Toro-Cardona (2019). Distribution: Mexico (Oaxaca), 2195 m. Known only from the
Rhadinaea eduardoi Mata-Silva, Rocha, Ramírez-Bautista, holotype.
Berriozabal-Islas & Wilson, 2019. ZooKeys 813: 58–61, figs. Rhadinella dysmica Campillo, Dávila-Galavíz, Flores-Villela
2–4. & Campbell, 2016. Zootaxa 4103(2): 166–169, figs. 1, 2.
Holotype: CIB 5457, a 286 mm male (E. Mata-Silva, 6 June Holotype: ENCB 18951, a 341 mm female (L.F. Dávila-
2018). Galavíz, 17 July 2014).
Type locality: “Mexico, Oaxaca, municipality of Santa Catarina Type locality: “near Cueva de Tepozonales (17.2853 N,
Juquila, El Obispo, 1320 m (…..16.183573, −97.305614…..).” -99.3662 W; 432 m above sea level…), Cuajilotla, 20 km S
Distribution: S Mexico (extreme SC Oaxaca), 1320 m. Known Mochitlán, Guerrero, Mexico.”
only from the holotype. Distribution: Mexico (Guerrero). Known only from the
Rhadinaea flavilata (Cope, 1871) holotype.
Distribution: McKelvy et al. (2016) list and plot most known Rhadinella godmani (Guünther, 1865)
localities. Distribution: Add Nicaragua (Nueva Segovia), elevation
Rhadinaea forbesi H.M. Smith, 1942 1955 m, Loja et al. (2017). J.K. Clause (2016) reports the west-
Rhadinaea fulvivittis Cope, 1875 ernmost record, from Chiapas, Mexico.
Rhadinaea gaigeae Bailey, 1937 Rhadinella hannsteini (Stuart, 1949)
Rhadinaea hesperia Bailey, 1940 Rhadinella hempsteadae (Stuart & Bailey, 1941)
Rhadinaea laureata (Günther, 1868) Rhadinella kanalchutchan (Mendelson & Kizirian, 1995)
Rhadinella kinkelini (Boettger, 1898) (El Oued), Mouane et al. (2014); Algeria (Tindouf), Donaire
Distribution: Add Nicaragua (Esteli), Sunyer & G. Köhler et al. (2000); Libya (Al Wahat, Butnan, Darnah, Jabal al
(2007). Low elevation of 835 m, García-Padilla & Mata-Silva Akhdar, Jabal al Gharbi, Kufrah, Marj, Misratah, Murzuq,
(2014b) Sabha), Bauer et al. (2017); Niger (Dosso, Tahoua), Trape
Rhadinella lachrymans (Cope, 1870) & Mané (2015); Saudi Arabia (Riyadh), Al-Sadoon (1989);
Saudi Arabia (Ha’il), Alshammari et al. (2017); Saudi Arabia
Distribution: Remove Honduras records, which are R. lisyae,
(Northern), Sindaco et al. (2014); Iraq (Najaf), Abbas-Rhadi
McCranie (2017). Add Guatemala (Jalapa, Sacatepequez),
et al. (2017); Iran (Bushehr, Ilam), Safaei-Mahroo et al. (2015).
McCranie (2017).
Rhadinella lisyae McCranie, 2017. Mesoamerican Herpetol. RHAMNOPHIS Günther, 1862 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
4(2): 246–249, figs. 1–3.
Rhamnophis aethiopissa Günther, 1862
Holotype: USNM 535870, a 414 mm male (J.R. McCranie, 4
Distribution: Add Gabon (Nyanga), Pauwels et al. (2017b);
August 1997).
Angola (Bengo), Branch (2018); Angola (Cuanza Norte), M.P.
Type locality: “Cerro La Picucha (14°58′N, 85°55′W; WGS Marques et al. (2018).
84); elevation 2050 m asl, Montaña de Babilonia, Sierra de
Agalta, Departamento de Olancho, Honduras.” Rhamnophis batesii (Boulenger, 1908)
Distribution: C Honduras (Olancho), 1300–2295 m.
RHAMPHIOPHIS W.C.H. Peters, 1854 (Psammophiidae)
Rhadinella montecristi (Mertens, 1952)
Fossil records: Add middle Pliocene of Tanzania, Rage &
Distribution: Add Honduras (La Paz, Yoro), Espinal et al. (2017). Bailon (2011, as cf. Rhamphiophis).
Rhadinella pegosalyta (McCranie, 2006) Rhamphiophis maradiensis Chirio & Ineich, 1991
Rhadinella pilonaorum (Stuart, 1954)
Rhamphiophis oxyrhynchus (J.T. Reinhardt, 1843)
Rhadinella posadasi (Slevin, 1936)
Distribution: Add Mauritania (Trarza), Padial (2006); Mali
Distribution: Add Mexico (ext SE Chiapas), Ariano-Sánchez (Segou), Trape & Mané (2017); Niger (Tillaberi), Trape &
& Campbell (2018). Mané (2015).
Rhadinella rogerromani (Köhler & McCranie, 1999) Rhamphiophis rostratus W.C.H. Peters, 1854
Rhadinella schistosa H.M. Smith 1941 Rhamphiophis rubropunctatus (J.G. Fischer, 1884)
Rhadinella serperaster (Cope, 1871)
Rhadinella stadelmani L.C. Stuart & Bailey, 1941 RHINOBOTHRYUM Wagler, 1830 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Comments: García-Vázquez et al. (2018) transfer stadelmani Rhinobothryum bovallii Andersson, 1916
here from Rhadinaea based on morphological similarity.
Distribution: Add Honduras (Gracias a Dios), Turcios-Casco
Rhadinella tolpanorum (Holm & Cruz-Díaz, 1994) et al. (2018); Nicaragua (Rio San Juan), Martínez-Fonseca
Rhadinella xerophila Ariano-Sánchez & Campbell, 2018. et al. (2019); Panama (Veraguas), Flores et al. (2016b);
Zootaxa 4442(2): 339–341, figs 1–2. Panama (Bocas del Toro, Cocle, Guna Yala, Ngobe-Bugle,
Holotype: UVG R7003, a 335 mm male (D. Ariano-Sánchez, San Blas), Martínez-Fonseca et al. (2019); Panama (Panama
29 October 2016). Oeste), Ray & Ruback (2015); Colombia (Cauca, Magdalena,
Type locality: “the northern limit of Heloderma Natural Sucre), Martínez-Fonseca et al. (2019); Colombia (Huila),
Reserve (HNR) at El Arenal (14.868878 N, 89.790526 W; Vera-Pérez et al. (2019); Ecuador (Manabi), Martínez-
580 m above sea level…), Cabañas, Zacapa, Guatemala.” Fonseca et al. (2019). Martínez-Fonseca et al. (2019) list and
map known localities.
Distribution: Guatemala (Zacapa). Known only from the
holotype. Rhinobothryum lentiginosum (Scopoli, 1788)
Distribution: Add Ecuador (Orellana, Pastaza), Orcés and
RHADINOPHANES C.W. Myers & Campbell, 1981 Almendáriz (1994); Brazil (Maranhão), M.A. Freitas et al.
(Dipsadidae: Dipsadinae) (2017); Brazil (Amapá), Gomes de Arruda et al. (2015), who
Rhadinophanes monticola C.W. Myers & Campbell, 1981 also map known localities in Brazil.
Distribution: Low elevation of 2500, Palacios-Aguilar &
Flores-Villela (2018). RHINOCHEILUS Baird & Girard, 1853 (Colubridae:
Colubrinae)
RHAGERHIS W.C.H. Peters, 1862 (Psammophiidae) Rhinocheilus lecontei Baird & Girard, 1853
Comments: Figueroa et al. (2016), based on DNA sequence Distribution: Eliminate Jalisco, Mexico from distribution,
data, synonymize Rhagerhis with Malpolon due to paraphyly. Cruz-Sáenz et al. (2017).
Zaher et al. (2019) find the two to be sister taxa.
Comments: E.A. Myers et al. (2017a) provide a DNA-sequence
Rhagerhis moilensis (A. Reuss, 1834) based phylogeny of USA populations, with five primary
Distribution: Add Morocco (Figuig, Kaar es Souk), Barata clades. Molecular data studied by Dahn et al. (2018) indicate
et al. (2011); Mauritania (Nouakchott), Padial (2006); Algeria the existence of a western and eastern clade.
RHINOGUINEA Trape, 2014. Bull. Soc. Herpétol. France Rhinophis fergusonianus Boulenger, 1896
152: 47. (Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae) Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a morphological
Type species: Rhinoguinea magna Trape, 2014 by original description.
designation. Rhinophis goweri Aengals & Ganesh, 2013. Russ. J. Herpetol.
Distribution: West Africa. 20(1): 63–65, fig. 1.
Rhinoguinea magna Trape, 2014. Bull. Soc. Herpétol. France Holotype: ZSI/SRC/VRS 256, a 270 mm female (K. Ilango,
152: 47–52, figs. 1, 4–5. R. Aengals & party, 2 October 2010).
Holotype: MNHN 2014.0026 (orig. IRD TR.3478), a 398 mm Type locality: Noolathu Kombai, Bodamalai hills (11°28′ N
male (a villager, between June 2009 and March 2010). 78°10′ E; ca. 980 m a.s.l.) situated between Namakkal and
Type locality: “Mamoroubougou (11°14′10″N, 05°28′55″W, Salem districts in Tamil Nadu state, India.”
altitude: 386 m),” Mali. Distribution: India (S Tamil Nadu), 980 m. Known only from
Distribution: S Mali, 386 m. Known from the vicinity of type the holotype.
locality. Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a morphological
description and color photograph.
RHINOLEPTUS Orejas-Miranda, Roux-Estève & Guibé, Rhinophis grandis Kelaart, 1853. J. Ceylon Branch Royal
1970 (Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae) Asiatic Soc. 2(3): 106–107. (Uropeltis grandis)
Comment: Boundy (2014) modifies the terminology for the Synonyms: Uropeltis philippinus Cuvier, 1829, Uropeltis
head scales. philippinus J.P. Müller, 1832, Uropeltis pardalis Kelaart,
Rhinoleptus koniagui (Villiers, 1956) 1853, Uropeltis saffragamus Kelaart, 1853.
Distribution: Add Mali (Koulikoro), Trape & Mané (2017). Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.8.1, a 508 mm specimen (Balkhuysen).
Comment: Boundy (2014) suggests that this species probably Type locality: “Southern Province…Kerinday near Matura,”
consists of more than one. Sri Lanka.
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) transfer Pseudotyphlops
RHINOPHIS Hemprich, 1820 (Uropeltidae) philippinus (J.P. Müller, 1832), to Rhinophis based on its nested
Synonyms: Add Pseudotyphlops Schlegel, 1839, Crealia placement within Rhinophis in their DNA sequence-based
Gray, 1858. phylogeny. Because Typhlops philippinus Cuvier, 1829 has
Comments: The Cyriac & Kodandaramaiah (2017) phylogeny priority in Rhinophis, Pyron et al. select the name Uropeltis
has Pseudotyphlops nested within Rhinophis. Pyron et al. saffragamus Kelaart, 1853 as the new name for P. phlippinus.
(2016c) confirm the monophyly of the genus through mtDNA However, Deraniyagala (1955) had already selected another
and nDNA sequence-data, and provide a morphological synonym, Uropeltis grandis Kelaart, 1853 as the replacement
diagnosis. name. Pyron & Somaweera (2019) provide additional data on
Rhinophis blythii Kelaart, 1853 the nomenclatural history, as well as photographs of the types
of U. philippinus and U. pardalis. Pyron et al. (2016c) provide
Neotype: BMNH 1946.1.1.45, designated by Pyron et al.
a morphological description and color photograph.
(2016c), from “Ceylon.”
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a morphological Rhinophis homolepis (Hemprich, 1820)
description and color photograph. Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a morphological
Rhinophis dorsimaculatus Deraniyagala, 1941
Distribution: Add Sri Lanka (Northern), Gower & Rhinophis lineatus Gower & Maduwage, 2011
Wickramasinghe (2016). Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a morphological
description.
description. Gower & Wickramasinghe (2016) expand the Rhinophis melanogaster (Gray, 1858)
description through the acquisition of ten additional speci- Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a morphologi-
mens and color photographs of others, which confirm its taxo- cal description and color photograph. They transfer Mytilia
nomic validity. (Crealia) melanogaster Gray, 1858, from Uropeltis to
Rhinophis drummondhayi Wall, 1921 Rhinophis based on DNA-sequence and morphological data.
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a morphological Rhinophis oxyrhynchus (Schneider, 1801)
description. Distribution: Add Sri Lanka (North-Western), Pyron et al.
Rhinophis erangaviraji Wickramasinghe, Vidanapathirana, (2016c).
Wickramasinghe & Ranwella, 2009 Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a morphological
Distribution: Add Sri Lanka (Sabaragamuwa), Pyron et al. description and color photograph.
(2016c). Rhinophis philippinus (Cuvier, 1829)
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a morphological Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a morphological
description. description and color photograph.
Rhinophis phillipsi (Nicholls, 1929) Rhinotyphlops boylei (V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1932)

Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a morphological description and Rhinotyphlops lalandei (Schlegel, 1839 in 1837–1844)
color photograph. They transfer Silybura phillipsi Nicholls, Rhinotyphlops schinzi (Boettger, 1887)
1929, from Uropeltis to Rhinophis based on DNA-sequence Rhinotyphlops scorteccii (Gans & Laurent, 1965)
and morphological data. Comments: Based on morphology, Hedges et al. (2014) and
Rhinophis porrectus Wall, 1929 Pyrron & Wallach (2014) transfer scorteccii to Rhinotyphlops
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a morphological from Letheobia.
description. Rhinotyphlops unitaeniatus (W.C.H. Peters, 1878)
Rhinophis punctatus J.P. Müller, 1832 Comments: The DNA sequence-based phylogenies that
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a morphological Hedges et al. (2014) and Pyron & Wallach (2014) produce
description and color photograph. associate unitaeniatus with Rhinotyphlops, and those authors
transfer both unitaeniaus and ataeniatus to Rhinotyphlops
Rhinophis roshanpererai Wickramasinghe, Vidanapathirana,
from Letheobia.
Rajeev & Gower, 2017a. Zootaxa 4263(1): 155–161, figs. 2–5.
Holotype: NMSL 2016.08.01, a 215 mm male (L.J.M. RHYNCHOCALAMUS Günther, 1864 (Colubridae:
Wickramasinghe, D.R. Vidanapathirana & M.D.G. Rajeev, 10 Colubrinae)
May 2010). Comments: Avci et al. (2015) remove R. barani to a new
Type locality: “Galkanda, Beragala, Badulla District, Uva genus (Muhtarophis) and compare it to R. melanocephalus
Province, Sri Lanka (6° 45′ 07.98″ N, 80° 57′ 20.23″ E, eleva- and satunini. Šmid et al. (2015) produce a DNA sequence-
tion 940 m).” based phylogeny that includes R. arabicus. Tamar et al. (2016)
Distribution: Sri Lanka (Uva), 750–940 m. expand on the work of Šmid et al., and describe a new species
from Israel. Fathinia et al. (2017) present a DNA sequence-
Rhinophis sanguineus Beddome, 1863
based phylogeny that confirms Muhtarophis as a sister taxon
Lectotype: BMNH 1946.1.16.54, designated by Pyron et al. to Lytorhynchus plus Rhynchocalamus. They also provide a
(2016c). key to the species of Rhynchocalamus.
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a morphological Rhynchocalamus arabicus K.P. Schmidt, 1933
Distribution: Add Oman (Dhofar), Šmid et al. (2015).
Rhinophis travancoricus Boulenger, 1893
Comments: Šmid et al. (2015) describe a second specimen.
Rhynchocalamus dayanae Tamar, Šmid, Göçmen, Meiri &
description.
Carranza, 2016. PeerJ 2016(2769): 17–23, figs. 3–5.
Rhinophis tricoloratus Deraniyagala, 1975
Holotype: HUJ R21704, a 319 mm male (G. Vine, 21 June
Distribution: Add Sri Lanka (Southern), Pyron et al. (2016c). 2008).
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a morphological Type locality: “road no. 40 near Nafha Prison, Negev Mountain,
description. Israel, 30.7317N 34.7709E…, 700 m above sea level.”
Rhinophis zigzag Gower & Maduwage, 2011 Distribution: The Negev Desert of S Israel.
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a morphological Rhynchocalamus levitoni Torki, 2017a. Zool. Middle
description and color photograph. East 63(2): 110–113, figs. 1–4. (Lytorhynchus levitoni) new
combination
RHINOPLOCEPHALUS F. Müller, 1885 (Elapidae)
Holotype: MTD 49319, a 420 mm male (F. Torki, 31 May
Synonyms: Remove Unechis Worrell, 1961, Cryptophis 2016).
Worrell, 1961.
Type locality: “1200–1400 m a.s.l. on the western slope of the
Distribution: SW Australia. Kabi-Koh mountains, Abdanan region, Illam Province, south-
Comments: All species except R. bicolor are returned to western Iran (33°02′N, 47°18′E).”
Cryptophis, Cogger (2014). Synonyms: Rhynchocalamus ilamenis Fathinia, Rastegar-
Rhinoplocephalus bicolor F. Müller, 1885 Pouyani, Rastegar-Pouyani & Darvishnia, 2017. Zootaxa
4282(3): 477–479, figs. 2–4.
RHINOTYPHLOPS Fitzinger, 1843 (Typhlopidae: Holotype: YUZM CRh.1, a 405 mm male (B. Fathinia & M.
Afrotyphlopinae) Mansouri, 6 June 2011).
Distribution: E and S Africa. Type locality: “Bina & Bijar No-hunting area (33.640668N,
Comments: Hedges et al. (2014), Pyron & Wallach (2014) 46.038949E, 724 m asl), Ilam Province, Iran.”
provide generic diagnoses, and transfer several species from Distribution: W Iran (Ilam), 724–1383 m.
Letheobia.
Comments: Based on the published descriptions and locality,
Rhinotyphlops ataeniatus (Boulenger, 1912) Lytorhynchus levitoni is identical to Rhynchocalamus ila
Comments: See under R. unitaeniatus. mensis. The former has priority, being published online on
5 March, whereas the latter was published online on 27 June. †RUSSELLOPHIS Rage, 1975 (†Anomalophiidae)
Fathinia et al. (2017) use DNA sequence data to show that the †Russellophis crassus Rage, Folie, Rana, Singh, Rose & T.
taxon belongs within Rhynchocalamus. Smith, 2008
Rhynchocalamus melanocephalus (Jan, 1862) †Russellophis tenuis Rage, 1975
Distribution: SE Turkey (Hatay), Lebanon, W Syria
(Damascus, Homs, Latakia), Israel, W Jordan, NE Egypt SALOMONELAPS McDowell, 1970 (Elapidae)
(South Sinai). Salomonelaps par (Boulenger, 1884)
Comments: See comments under R. satunini.
Rhynchocalamus satunini (Nikolsky, 1899). Ann. Mus. SALVADORA Baird & Girard, 1853 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pétersbourgh 4:449–450. (Contia Comments: Hernández-Jiménez et al. (2019) produce a DNA
satunini) sequence-based phylogeny of seven of the eight species that
Synonym: Oligodon melanocephalus septentrionalis Werner, comprises the mexicana group (lemniscata, mexicana) and
1905. the grahamiae group (all other species).
Holotype: ZIL 9343, a 185 mm specimen (K.A. Satunin, 1893) Salvadora bairdi Jan, 1860 in Jan & Sordelli, 1860–1866
Type locality: “prov. Elisabetpol in Transcaucas, prope flum. Salvadora deserticola K.P. Schmidt, 1940
Arax” (=vicinity of Megri, Axes River, Armenia). Comments: See under S. hexalepis.
Distribution SE Turkey (Adana, Adiyaman, Diyarbakir, Salvadora grahamiae Baird & Girard, 1853
Gaziantep, Malatya, Mardin, Sirnak), W Iran (Central, East Distribution: Add Mexico (Hidalgo, Michoacan), Hernández-
Azarbaijan, Khuzestan), N. Iraq (Ta’min), Armenia and Jiménez et al. (2019). Upper elevation of 2224 m, Campos-
Azerbajan. Add Iran (Bushehr, Lorestan, Markazi), Shafaei- Rodríguez et al. (2017).
Mahroo et al. (2015). Salvadora gymnorhachis Hernández-Jiménez, Flores-Villela
Comments: Avci et al. (2007) define the distribution in Turkey. & Campbell, 2019. Zootaxa 4564(2): 589–593, figs. 1, 2.
Avci et al. (2015) use morphological and mtDNA sequence- Holotype: MZFC 28775, a 612 mm female (22 August 2014).
data to elevate this taxon to species, formerly a subspecies of
Type locality: “near San Pedro y San Pablo Ayutla, Distrito
R. melanocephalus.
Mixe, Oaxaca, Mexico (17.00159° N, -96.08443° W…),
†RIONEGROPHIS Albino, 1986 (†Madtsoiidae) 2100 m above sea level.”
†Rionegrophis madtsoioides Albino, 1986 Distribution: S Mexico (C Oaxaca), 1760–2364 m.
Salvadora hexalepis (Cope, 1867)
RODRIGUESOPHIS Grazziotin, Zaher, R.W. Murphy, Comments: E.A. Myers et al. (2017a) provide a DNA-sequence
Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto, 2012 (Dipsadidae: based phylogeny with three primary clades: one in the
Xenodontinae) American Southwest, and two in SE Arizona, USA, and the
Rodriguesophis chui (Rodrigues, 1993) Chihuahuan Desert that support the recognition of S. deser
Distribution: The type locality is stated to be at 475 m, Guedes ticola. The phylogeny produced by Hernández-Jiménez et al.
et al. (2014). (2019) also recognizes S. deserticola as a distinct species.
Rodriguesophis iglesiasi (Gomés, 1915) Salvadora intermedia Hartweg, 1940
Distribution: Add Brazil (Pernambuco), Pedrosa et al. (2014). Salvadora lemniscata (Cope, 1895)
Increase elevation range to 865 m, Silveira (2014d). Salvadora mexicana (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril,
Rodriguesophis scriptorcibatus (Rodrigues, 1993) 1854)
Distribution: Add Mexico (Zacatecas), Bañuelos-Alamillo et al.
†ROTTOPHIS Szyndlar & Böhme, 1996 (Tropidophiidae) (2019). Upper elevation of 1825 m, Mata-Silva et al. (2017).
†Rottophis atavus (H. Meyer, 1855) †Salvadora paleolineata Holman, 1973
†RUKWANYOKA McCartney, Stevens & O’Connor, 2014. †SANAJEH J.A. Wilson, Mohabey, Peters & Head, 2010
PLoS One 9(e90514): 3. (Boidae) (†Madtsoiidae)
Type species: †Rukwanyoka holmani McCartney, Stevens &
†Sanajeh indicus J.A. Wilson, Mohabey, Peters & Head, 2010
O’Connor, 2014 by original designation.
Distribution: Late Oligocene of Tanzania. †SANJUANOPHIS Sullivan & Lucas, 1988 (Booidea:
†Rukwanyoka holmani McCartney, Stevens & O’Connor, incerta sedis)
2014. PLoS One 9(e90514): 3–5, figs. 2, 4. †Sanjuanophis froehlichorum Sullivan & Lucas, 1988
Holotype: RRBP 10041, a mid-trunk vertebra.
Type locality: “Nsungwe Formation, locality Nsungwe 2, SANZINIA Gray, 1849 (Sanziniidae)
Rukwa Rift Basin, southwestern Tanzania.” Comments: Orozco-Terwengel et al. (2008) suggest that S m.
Distribution: Late Oligocene of SW Tanzania. volontany is likely a distinct species on the basis of mtDNA
sequence-data, but recommend confirmation from nDNA. Distribution: Add Colombia (Caldas), Rojas-Morales et al.
The latter is analyzed by Reynolds et al. (2014b) and they rec- (2018b).
ommend recognition of volontany as a species. Mezzasalma
et al. (2019) describe the chromosomes of both species. SCAPHIOPHIS W.C.H. Peters, 1870 (Colubridae:
Colubrinae)
Sanzinia madagascariensis (A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844)
Synonyms: Remove Sanzinia madagascariensis volontany Scaphiophis albopunctatus W.C.H. Peters, 1870
Vences & Glaw, 2003. Distribution: Add Ivory Coast, Trape & Baldé (2014). Delete
Distribution: Limited to E Madagascar (Antananarivo, SE Sierra Leone, Trape & Baldé (2014).
Antsiranana, Toamasina, SE Toliara). Scaphiophis raffreyi Bocourt, 1875
Sanzinia volontany Vences & Glaw, 2003. Salamandra
SCAPTOPHIS Rochebrune, 1880. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Natl.
39(3/4): 194–195, figs. 4, 6. (Sanzinia madagascariensis
Hist. Nat. Paris, Series 2, 3: 279. (Colubroidea: incerta sedis)
volontany)
Type species: Scaptophis miocenicus Rochebrune, 1880 by
Holotype: ZSM 804/2001, a 143 cm male (M. Vences, D.R.
monotypy.
Vieites, G. García, V.H. Raherisoa & A. Rasoamamonjinirina,
1 March 2001). Distribution: France.
Type locality: “Ampijoroa (Ankarafantsika Reserve),” Comments: Rage (1984:28, 53) considers this taxon to be a
Madagascar. recent colubrid, though described as a fossil.
Distribution: W Madagascar (Antsiranana, Mahajanga, Scaptophis miocenicus Rochebrune, 1880. Nouv. Arch. Mus.
Toliara, including Nosy Be). Add Madagascar (Nosy Komba), Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris, Series 2, 3: 279–280, plate 12.
Roberts & Daly (2014). Holotype: MNHN SA9880, a trunk vertebra.
Type locality: “Colline de Sansan,” France.
SAPHENOPHIS C.W. Myers, 1973 (Dipsadidae: Distribution: France.
Xenodontinae)
Saphenophis antioquiensis (Dunn, 1943) SCHWARTZOPHIS Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle,
Saphenophis atahuallpae (Steindachner, 1901) R.W. Murphy, Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009 (Dipsadidae:
Saphenophis boursieri (Jan, 1867 in Jan & Sordelli, Xenodontinae)
1866–1870) Comments: Using DNA sequence-data, Krysko et al. (2015)
Saphenophis sneiderni C.W. Myers, 1973 and Zaher et al. (2019) synonymize Schwartzophis with
Hypsirhynchus. Although the two genera form a clade apart
Distribution: Elevation range 1800–2533 m, Vera-Pérez et al.
from other West Indian xenodontines, the several species of
(2018).
each partition into two separate clades. For that reason, we
Saphenophis tristriatus (Rendahl & Vestergren, 1940) continue to recognize both genera.
Distribution: Elevation range 1800–3280 m, Vera-Pérez et al. Schwartzophis callilaemus (Gosse, 1851)
(2018). Schwartzophis funereus (Cope, 1862)
Schwartzophis polylepis (Buden, 1966)
†SARDOPHIS Georgialis & Delfino in Georgialis et al.,
2019b. Boll. Soc. Paleontol. Ital. 58(3): 278. (Colubridae: SCOLECOPHIS Fitzinger, 1843 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
incerta sedis)
Comment: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015) review the genus
Type species: †Sardophis elaphoides Georgialis & Delfino in and single species (S. atrocinctus).
Georgialis et al., 2019b, by original designation.
Scolecophis atrocinctus (Schlegel, 1837)
Distribution: Early Pleistocene of Italy (Sardinia).
Distribution: Add Nicaragua (Chontales), Alemán & Sunyer
†Sardophis elaphoides Georgialis & Delfino in Georgialis (2015). L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015) revise the eleva-
et al., 2019b. Boll. Soc. Paleontol. Ital. 58(3): 278–283, figs. tional range to 100–1530 m, and Juárez-Peña et al. (2016) to
1–8. 1800 m.
Holotype: MT-S-VI-01, a posterior trunk vertebra.
Type locality: “Monte Tuttavista VI, Orosei, Sardinia, Italy.” †SEISMOPHIS Hsiou, Albino, Madeiros & Santos, 2013.
Distribution: Early Pleistocene of Italy (Sardinia). Acta Palaeontol. Polonica 59(3): 637. (Ophidia: incerta sedis)
Type species: †Seismophis septentrionalis Hsiou, Albino,
SCAPHIODONTOPHIS Taylor & H.M. Smith, 1943 Madeiros & Santos, 2013 by original designation.
(Sibynophiidae) Distribution: Late Cretaceous of NE Brazil.
Scaphiodontophis annulatus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & †Seismophis septentrionalis Hsiou, Albino, Madeiros &
Duméril, 1854) Santos, 2013. Acta Palaeontol. Polonica 59(3): 637, figs. 2, 3.
Scaphiodontophis venustissimus (Günther, 1894 in Holotype: CPHNA-MA VT-1221, a posterior trunk vertebra
1885–1902) (collector not reported).
Type locality: “Falésia do Sismito (2°28′43.0″S; 44°28′10.3″W) Type locality: “sector La Cueva, Parque Nacional Natural
of Cajual Island, Maranhão, northeastern Brazil.” Munchique, municipality of El Tambo, department of Cauca,
Distribution: Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of NE Brazil. Colombia (2°46′15.6″ N, 76°58′48.6″ W, 1135 m).”
Comments: Relationships are discussed by Onary et al. (2017). Distribution: SW Colombia (Cauca), 1135–1400 m.
Sibon bevridgleyi Arteaga, Salazar-Valenzuela, Mebert,
SENTICOLIS Dowling & Fries, 1987 (Colubridae: Peñafiel, Aguiar, Sánchez-Nivicela, Pyron, Colston, Cineros-
Colubrinae) Heredia, Yánez-Muñoz, Venegas, Guayasamin & Torres-
Senticolis triaspis (Cope, 1866) Carvajal, 2018. ZooKeys 766: 97–107, figs. 2, 6, 7.
Distribution: Add Honduras (Santa Bárbara), Espinal et al. Holotype: MZUTI 5416, a 788 mm male (M. Hollanders, 1
(2014b); Nicaragua (Atlantico Sur), Gutiérrez-Rodríguez & August 2017).
Sunyer (2017a); Nicaragua (Jinotega), Ubeda-Olivas & Sunyer Type locality: “Reserva Buenaventura, province of El Oro,
(2015a); Nicaragua (Masaya), Martínez-Fonseca et al. (2016a). Ecuador (S3.65467, W79.76794; 524 m).”
Comments: Molecular data studied by Dahn et al. (2018) indi- Distribution: Ecuador (Azuay, Chimborazo, El Oro, Guayas,
cate the existence of several phylogenetic clades. Los Rios, Manabi), Peru (Tumbes), 3–1206 m.
SIAGONODON W.C.H. Peters, 1881 (Leptotyphlopidae: Sibon carri (Shreve, 1951)
Epictinae) Sibon dimidiatus (Günther, 1872)
Comments: Francisco et al. (2018) provide a revised diagnosis Distribution: Add Honduras (Atlantida), Townsend et al.
for Siagonodon. (2012); El Salvador (Santa Ana), Morán et al. (2015); Belize
Siagonodon acutirostris Pinto & Curcio, 2011 (Stann Creek), E.P. Hofmann (2016); Nicaragua (Masaya),
Sunyer et al. (2014).
Siagonodon borrichianus (Degerbøl, 1923)
Sibon dunni J.A. Peters, 1957
Distribution: Add Argentina (Neuquen), and elevation range
of 193–943 m, Perez et al. (2010). Sibon lamari Solórzano, 2001
Siagonodon cupinensis (Bailey & Carvalho, 1946) Distribution: Upper elevation of 700 m, Bartuano & La Cruz
(2014).
Distribution: Add Brazil (Para), Avila-Pires et al. (2010).
Sibon linearis Pérez-Higareda, López-Luna & H.M. Smith,
Comments: Francisco et al. (2018) provide a species account,
2002
distribiton map and color photographs.
Sibon longifrenis (Stejneger, 1909)
Siagonodon septemstriatus (Schneider, 1801)
Siagonodon unguirostris (Boulenger, 1902) Distribution: Add Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback
(2015). Upper elevation of 1030 m, Köhler et al. (2013).
SIBON Fitzinger, 1826 (Dipsadidae: Dipsadinae) Sibon manzanaresi McCranie, 2007
Sibon annulatus (Günther, 1872) Sibon merendonensis Rovito, Papenfuss & Vásquez-
Distribution: Add Nicaragua (Atlantico Norte, Matagalpa, Rio Almazán, 2012
San Juan), Sunyer et al. (2014); Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray Sibon miskitus McCranie, 2006
& Ruback (2015); Colombia (Choco, Santander), Meneses- Sibon nebulatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Pelayo et al. (2016); Colombia (Antioquia), Meneses-Pelayo
et al. (2018); Ecuador (Esmeraldas), Arteaga et al. (2018).
(2015); Colombia (Cesar), Rojas-Murcia et al. (2016); Colombia
Elevation range 2–1620 m, Meneses-Pelayo et al. (2018).
(Huila), Moreno-Arias & Quintero-Corzo (2015); Ecuador
Comments: Meneses-Pelayo et al. (2018) provide a species (Cotopaxi, Santo Domingo), Arteaga et al. (2018); Ecuador
account for Colombia. (Manabi), Almendáriz et al. (2012); Brazil (Paraiba), R. França
Sibon anthracops (Cope, 1868) et al. (2012); Brazil (Pernambuco), R. França et al. (2018).
Distribution: Add El Salvador (Santa Ana), Juárez-Peña et al. Sibon noalamina Lotzkat, Hert & Köhler, 2012
(2016); Honduras (Choluteca), and upper elevation of 1398 m, Sibon perissostichon Köhler. Lotzkat & Hertz, 2010
Espinal & Solís (2015a); Nicaragua (Rivas: Isla Ometepe), Sibon sanniolus (Cope, 1867)
Stark et al. (2014); Panamá (Boquete), Dwyer (2015); range
is extended within Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica, Acosta- SIBYNOPHIS Fitzinger, 1843 (Sibynophiidae)
Chaves et al. (2014). Sibynophis bistrigatus (Günther, 1868)
Sibon argus (Cope, 1875) Sibynophis bivittatus (Boulenger, 1894)
Distribution: Add Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback Sibynophis chinensis (Günther, 1889)
(2015). Distribution: Add Vietnam (Bac Giang), Hecht et al. (2013).
Sibon ayerbeorum Vera-Pérez, 2019. Zootaxa 4701(5): 444– Sibynophis collaris (Gray, 1853)
449, figs. 1–5. Distribution: Add Nepal (Nawalparasi), Pandey et al. (2018);
Holotype: MHNUC He-Se-000659, a 417 mm female (L.E. Vietnam (Hoa Binh), Nguyen et al. (2018); Vietnam (Quang
Vera-Pérez, 18 October 2017). Ngai), Nemes et al. (2013).
Sibynophis geminatus (H. Boie, 1826) SIMOPHIS W.C.H. Peters, 1860 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Distribution: Add Philippines (Tawi-Tawi I.), Leviton et al. Simophis rhinostomus (Schlegel, 1837).
(2018). Distribution: Upper elevation of 1100 m, Guedes et al. (2014).
Sibynophis melanocephalus (Gray, 1835 in Gray &
Hardwicke, 1830–1835) SIMOSELAPS Jan, 1859 (Elapidae)
Distribution: Remove Philippines (Tawi-Tawi), which Leviton Simoselaps anomalus (Sternfeld, 1919)
et al. reassign to S. geminatus. Simoselaps bertholdi (Jan, 1859)
Sibynophis sagittaria (Cantor, 1839) Simoselaps bimaculatus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron &
Duméril, 1854)
Sibynophis subpunctatus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Simoselaps littoralis (Storr, 1968)
Duméril, 1854) Simoselaps minima (Worrell, 1960)
Distribution: Add India (Gujarat), Patel & Vyas (2019); India
(Telangana), Kumar et al. (2017). SINOMICRURUS Slowinski, Boundy & Lawson, 2001
Sibynophis triangularis Taylor & Elbel, 1958 (Elapidae)
Sinomicrurus hatori (Takahashi, 1930)
SIMALIA Gray, 1849 (Pythonidae)
Sinomicrurus houi Peng, Wang, Ding, Zhu, Luo, Yang, R.
Synonyms: Aspidopython Meyer, 1875, Hypaspistes Ogilby,
Huang, Lu & S. Huang, 2018. Asian Herpetol. Res. 9(2):
1891, Australiasis Wells & Wellington, 1984, Nyctophilopython
67–70, figs. 1–3, 5.
Wells & Wellington, 1985, Lenhoserus Hoser, 2000.
Holotype: HUM 20170001, a 629 mm male (L. Wang & M.
Type species: Boa amethistina Schneider, 1801, designated by
Hou, 17 June 2010).
Williams & Wallach (1989).
Type locality: “a path near a gutterway at the side of Tianchi
Distribution: E Indonesia, New Guinea, and N Australia.
Lake, Jianfengling NNR, Hainan island, Hainan, China
Comments: Reynolds et al. (2014b) analyze DNA sequence (108°46’E, 18°39’ N; 805 m a.s.l.).”
data that sorts species of Morelia between two clades. Simalia
Distribution: China (Hainan), 726–805 m.
is resurrected for the clade that contains M. amethistina and
related species. Barker et al. (2015) provide a morphological Sinomicrurus japonicus (Günther, 1868)
diagnosis. The gender of the name is not indicated, but we Fossil records: Early Pleistocene of Japan (Okinawa), Ikeda
treat it in the common usage as feminine. et al. (2016, as Sinomicrurus cf. japonicus).
Simalia amethistina (Schneider, 1801) Comments: Kaito et al. (2017) evaluate DNA sequence and
Distribution: Add Indonesia (Dulah, Gebe Islands), Lang morphological data among the three recognized subspecies of
(2013); Indonesia (Maluku: Kei Besar, Kei Cecil, Kur, Tam S. japonicus. The subspecies takarai is synonymized with the
Islands), Karin et al. (2018); Papua New Guinea (Blupblup, subspecies boettgeri, due to it having both two independent
Manam, Mussau, New Britain and New Ireland Islands), derivations and weak morphological differentiation from the
Clegg & Jocque (2016); Papua New Guinea (Oro), O’Shea latter.
et al. (2018b, suppl.). Sinomicrurus kelloggi (Pope, 1928)
Simalia boeleni (Brongersma, 1953) Distribution: Add China (Yunnan), J.-H. Wang et al. (2019).
Distribution: Add Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay), Kraus Remove China (Hainan), Peng et al. (2018).
(2013). Sinomicrurus macclellandi (J.T. Reinhardt, 1844)
Simalia clastolepis (Harvey, Barker, Ammerman & Distribution: Add Vietnam (Ha Giang), Ziegler et al. (2014);
Chippindale, 2000) Vietnam (Hai Phong: Cat Ba Island), T.Q. Nguyen et al.
Distribution: Confirmed for Indonesia (Haruku, Saparua (2011); Cambodia (Kampot), Neang et al. (2017).
Islands), Lang (2013). Comments: Lalremsanga & Zothansiama (2015) describe
Simalia kinghorni (Stull, 1933) color pattern morphs from northeast India.
Simalia nauta (Harvey, Barker, Ammerman & Chippindale, Sinomicrurus sauteri (Steindachner, 1913)
2000)
SIPHLOPHIS Fitzinger, 1843 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae)
Distribution: Add Indonesia (Laibobar Island), Lang (2013).
Comments: Sheehy et al. (2014) provide a key to the species
Simalia oenpelliensis (Gow, 1977) of Siphlophis.
Simalia tracyae (Harvey, Barker, Ammerman & Chippindale,
Siphlophis ayauma Sheehy, Yánez-Muñoz, Valencia & E.N.
2000)
Smith, 2014. South Amer. J. Herpetol. 9(1): 32–37, figs. 1–4.
†SIMOLIOPHIS Sauvage, 1880 (†Simoliophiidae) Holotype, DHMECN 4599 (field number ENS 12841), a
†Simoliophis libycus Nessov, Zhegallo & Averianov, 1998 714 mm female (L.C.Tobar-Suárez, M.H. Yánez-Muñoz &
†Simoliophis rochebrunei Sauvage, 1880 E.N. Smith, 26 March 2008).
Comments: Rage et al. (2016) amplify the description based Type locality: “El Topo, Cantón Baños, Provincia de
on a variety of newly acquired vertebrae. Tungurahua, Ecuador, 1594 m (1.355715°S, 78.21052°W).”
Distribution: Ecuador (Azuay, Tungurahua, Zamora- Proposed Neotype locality: “4.5 miles north of Hastings,
Chinchipe), 1250–2200 m; also Morona-Santiago according Mills County, Iowa, U.S.A.”
to Almendáriz et al. (2014).
Siphlophis cervina (Laurenti, 1768) †SIVAOPHIS Head, 2005 (Colubridae: incerta sedis)
Distribution: Add Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback †Sivaophis downsi Head, 2005
(2015); Panama (Bocas del Toro), Crumb et al. (2015);
Colombia (Antioquia, Boyaca, Caqueta, Santander), Aponte- SMITHOPHIS Giri, Gower, Das, Lalremsanga, Lalronunga,
Gutiérrez & Vargas-Salinas (2018); Venezuela (Sucre), Captain & Deepak, 2019. Zootaxa 4603(2): 245. (Natricidae)
Padrón et al. (2016); Guyana (Barina-Waini), Sheehy et al. Type species: Smithophis atemporalis Giri, Gower, Das,
(2014); Ecuador (Morona-Santiago), Sheehy et al. (2014); Peru Lalremsanga, Lalronunga, Captain & Deepak, 2019, by origi-
(Huanuco), Schlüter et al. (2004); Brazil (Marajo I., Para); nal designation.
G.M. Rodrigues et al. (2015). Distribution: Interior Southeast Asia.
Siphlophis compressus (Daudin, 1803) Comments: Giri et al. (2019a) use DNA sequence-data to
Distribution: Add Colombia (Antioquia, Arauca, Caqueta, demonstrate that Rhabdops bicolor is the sister taxon to their
Guainia, Risaralda, Vichada), Aponte-Gutiérrez & Vargas- new species and genus, transferring the former to Smithophis.
Salinas (2018); Ecuador (Morona-Santiago, Orellana, Smithophis atemporalis Giri, Gower, Das, Lalremsanga,
Sucumbios), Sheehy et al. (2014); Peru (Puno), Llanqui et al. Lalronunga, Captain & Deepak, 2019. Zootaxa 4603(2): 246–
(2019); Brazil (Ceara), Guedes et al. (2011); Brazil (Acre), 251, figs. 2, 3, 5, 6.
Bernarde et al. (2011b); Brazil (Alagoas, Minas Gerais, Holotype: BNHS 3523, a 440 mm male (H.T. Lalremsanga,
Roraima), Abegg et al. (2017c); Brazil (Paraiba), Guedes et al. 10 July 2014).
(2011), R. França et al. (2012); Venezuela (Barinas, Tachira), Type locality: “Mizoram University Campus, Aizawl, India
Barrio-Amorós et al. (2010). Upper elevation of 550 m, Vilela (23.76338°N, 93.09916°E, 833 m).”
et al. (2011).
Distribution: NE India (Mizoram), 833–1025 m.
Siphlophis leucocephalus (Günther, 1863)
Smithophis bicolor (Blyth, 1854)
Distribution: Add Brazil (Tocantins), and upper elevation of
Distribution: Add India (Mizoram), Giri et al. (2019a).
1300 m, Thomassen et al. (2015). Thomassen et al. (2015)
map known localities. SONORA Baird & Girard, 1853 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Siphlophis longicaudatus (Andersson, 1901) Synonyms: Add Chilomeniscus Cope, 1860, Chionactis
Distribution: Add Brazil (Santa Catarina), Thomassen et al. Cope, 1860, Sonora (Eosonora) Cox, Rabosky, Holmes,
(2015). Upper elevation of 1250 m, Alencar et al. (2009). Reyes-Velasco, Roelke, Smith, Flores-Villela, McGuire &
Thomassen et al. (2015) map known localities. Campbell, 2018.
Siphlophis pulcher (Raddi, 1820) Comments: Wood et al. (2014) use mtDNA sequence-data to
Distribution: Add Brazil (Para), Prudente et al. (2017). produce a phylogeny for the occipitalis complex, which they
Siphlophis worontzowi (Prado, 1940) interpret as two species (occipitalis and annulata), the latter
with two subspecies. Cox et al. (2018) use DNA sequence-
Distribution: Add Brazil (Acre), Matos & Melo-Sampaio
data to produce a phylogeny of all species of Chilomeniscus,
(2013); Brazil (Tocantins), Dal Vechio et al. (2015b) and
Chionactis and Sonora. Chilomeniscus and Chionactis were
Prudente et al. (2017); Bolivia (Beni), Prudente et al. (2017);
paraphyletic with respect to Sonora, so all species were trans-
Peru (Madre de Dios), Prudente et al. (2017). Upper elevation
ferred to the latter genus.
of 272 m, Dal Vechio et al. (2015b).
Sonora aemula (Cope, 1879)
Comment: Both Dal Vechio et al. (2015b) and Prudente et al.
(2017) provide a description, color photographs and a range Sources: North-most locality in Chihuahua, Mexico, Van
map. Devender & Holm (2014); northwestern-most locality, Sonora,
Mexico, Van Devender et al. (2014).
SISTRURUS Garman, 1884 (Viperidae: Crotalinae) Comments: Cox et al. (2018) provide a species account, distri-
Sistrurus catenatus (Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1818) bution map, and color photograph.
Comments: McCluskey & Bender (2015) found fairly uniform Sonora annulata Baird, 1859. Rep. U.S. Mex. Boundary
genetic structure in the subspecies tergeminus in confluent Survey 2:22, plate 21. (Lamprosoma annulatum)
populations, but divergence in those that are geographically Synonyms: Sonora occipitalis klauberi Stickel, 1941,
isolated. Chionactis saxatilis Funk, 1967.
Sistrurus miliarius (Linnaeus, 1766) Syntypes: USNM 2105, 2106, (A. Schott, 1855).
Sistrurus tergeminus (Say in James, 1823) Type locality: “Colorado Desert.” Restricted to near Holtville,
Neotype: Crother et al. (2012) request to change the proposed Imperial Co., California, USA by Smith & Taylor (1950).
neotype of Crotalus tergeminus to DU 3917 as it is from near Distribution: NW Mexico (NE Baja California, NW Sonora),
the type locality. SW USA (SW Arizona, SE California).
Comments: Wood et al. (2014) re-elevate this taxon to species Comments: Revalidated by Cox et al. (2018) based on molecu-
based on mtDNA sequence-data, and recognize klauberi as a lar data. Cox et al. (2018) provide a species account, distribu-
subspecies. Cox et al. (2018) provide a species account, distri- tion map, and color photograph.
bution map, and color photograph. Sonora mutabilis Stickel, 1943
Sonora cinctus Cope, 1861. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Comments: Cox et al. (2018) provide a species account, distri-
13:303. (Chilomeniscus cinctus) bution map, and color photograph.
Synonyms: Chilomeniscus ephippicus Cope, 1867. Sonora occipitalis (Hallowell, 1854)
Holotype: MCZ 24, evidently lost. Synonyms: Chionactis occipitalis talpina Klauber, 1951.
Type locality: “Near Guaymas, east coast Gulf of California,” Distribution: SW USA (WC Arizona, SE California, S
Sonora, Mexico. Nevada), NSL-1500 m.
Distribution: NW Mexico (Baja California, Bajoa California Comments: See under S. annulata. Transferred from
Norte, W Sonora), SW USA (S Arizona). Chionactis by Cox et al. (2018). Cox et al. (2018) provide a
Comments: Revalidated by Cox et al. (2018), in part based on species account, distribution map, and color photograph.
molecular data, and on unpublished morphological data. Cox Sonora palarostris Klauber, 1937
et al. (2018) provide a species account, distribution map, and
Comments: Transferred from Chionactis by Cox et al. (2018).
color photograph.
Cox et al. (2018) provide a species account, distribution map,
Sonora episcopa Kennicott in Baird, 1859. Rep. U.S. Mex. and color photograph.
Boundary Survey 2:22, plate 8. (Lamprosoma episcopum)
Sonora punctatissima Van Denburgh & Slevin, 1921. Proc.
Synonyms: Contia episcopa torquata Cope, 1880, Contia California Acad. Sci. Series 4, 11(6): 98. (Chilomeniscus
nuchalis Schenkel, 1901. punctatissimus)
Lectotype: USNM 2042, female (A. Schott), designated by Holotype: CAS 49156, a 156 mm female (May 30 1921).
Stickel (1938).
Type locality: “Isla Partida, Espiritu Santo Island, Gulf of
Lectotype locality: “Eagle Pass,” Texas, USA. California, Mexico.”
Distribution: SC USA (SE Colorado, Kansas, SW Missouri, Distribution: S Baja California Sur (Espirito Santo and
NW Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas, E New Mexico), NE Mexico Partida Islands).
(Coahuila, N Nuevo Leon). Comments: Revalidated by Cox et al. (2018) based on unpub-
Comments: Revalidated by Cox et al. (2018) based on molecu- lished morphological data. Cox et al. (2018) provide a species
lar data. Cox et al. (2018) provide a species account, distribu- account.
tion map, and color photograph.
Sonora savagei (Cliff, 1954)
Sonora fasciata Cope, 1892. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. 14(882): Comments: Transferred from Chilomeniscus by Cox et al.
595. (Chilomeniscus stramineus fasciatus) (2018). Cox et al. (2018) provide a species account.
Synonyms: Chilomeniscus stramineus esterensis Hoard,
Sonora semiannulata Baird & Girard, 1853
1939.
Synonyms: Remove Contia episcopa torquata Cope, 1880,
Holotype: USNM 12630, a 235 mm specimen (L. Belding, Contia taylori Boulenger, 1894, Contia nuchalis Schenkel,
February 1882). 1901.
Type locality: “La Paz, Cal.,” Baja California Sur, Mexico. Distribution: NW Mexico (NW Coahuila, Chihuahua, NE
Distribution: S Baja California Sur, Mexico. Baja California Norte), W USA (W Texas, SW New Mexico,
Comments: Revalidated by Cox et al. (2018), in part based on Arizona, SW Utah, E California, Nevada, SW Idaho, SE
molecular data, and on unpublished morphological data. Cox Oregon).
et al. (2018) provide a species account, distribution map, and Comments: Transferred from Chionactis by Cox et al. (2018).
color photograph. Cox et al. (2018) provide a species account, distribution map,
Sonora michoacanensis (Dugès in Cope, 1885) and color photograph.
Comments: Cox et al. (2018) provide a species account, distri- Sonora straminea (Cope, 1860)
bution map, and color photograph. Comments: Transferred from Chilomeniscus by Cox et al.
Sonora mosaueri Stickel, 1938. Copeia 1938(4): 189–190. (2018). Cox et al. (2018) provide a species account, distribu-
Synonyms: Sonora bancroftae Klauber, 1943. tion map, and color photograph.
Holotype: MVZ 13772, a 328 mm male (C.C. Lamb, 2 April Sonora taylori Boulenger, 1894. Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus. 2:
1931). 265, pl. 12. (Contia taylori)
Type locality: “Comondu, Lower California,” Baja California Syntypes: BMNH 1946.1.5.39 (N.L.), female, BMNH
Sur Mexico. 1946.1.5.57–59 (Texas), males (all W. Taylor, 1880–1881).
Distribution: NW Mexico (Baja California, Baja California Type locality: “Duval Co., Texas,” USA and “Nuevo Leon,”
Sur). Mexico.
Distribution: S USA (S Texas) and NE Mexico (Nuevo Leon, (Amazonas, Cajamarca), Koch et al. (2018); Peru (Huanuco),
N Tamaulipas). Schlüter et al. (2004); Brazil (Alagoas), Guedes et al. (2014);
Comments: Revalidated by Cox et al. (2018) based on molecu- Brazil (Maranhão), J.P. Miranda et al. (2012); Brazil (Mato
lar data. Cox et al. (2018) provide a species account, distribu- Grosso do Sul), Ferreira et al. (2017); Brazil (Paraiba), R.
tion map, and color photograph. França et al. (2012); Brazil (Piauí), Dal Vechio et al. (2013);
Brazil (Rio Grande do Norte), Sales et al. (2009); Brazil (Sao
SORDELLINA Procter, 1923 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae) Paulo: Ilha Anchieta), Cicchi et al. (2009).
Sordellina punctata (W.C.H. Peters, 1880) Spilotes sulphureus (Wagler in Spix, 1824)
Distribution: Add Colombia (Santander), E. Ramos and
SPALEROSOPHIS Jan in Filippi, 1865 (Colubridae: Meza-Joya (2018); Ecuador (Sucumbios), Valencia & Garzon-
Colubrinae) Tello (2018); Peru (Huanuco), Schlüter et al. (2004); Brazil
Spalerosophis arenarius (Boulenger, 1890) (Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Goias, Maranhao, Sergipe), Andrade
Spalerosophis atriceps (J.G. Fischer, 1885) et al. (2017); Brazil (Paraiba), R. França et al. (2012); Brazil
Spalerosophis cliffordii (Schlegel, 1837) (Rondônia), Bernarde et al. (2012b).
Distribution: Add Algeria (El Oued), Mouane et al. (2014); Comments: Jadin et al. (2014) propose including Pseustes sul
Libya (Ghat, Jabal al Akhdar, Jabal al Gharbi, Marj, Murqub, phureus in Spilotes due to paraphyly with other members of
Tripoli, Wadi al Hayaa, Wadi al Shath), Bauer et al. (2017); the genus discovered via DNA sequence-data analysis.
Niger (Dosso), Trape & Mané (2015); Turkey (Kilis), Göçmen
et al. (2009a); Iraq (Najaf), Abbas-Rhadi et al. (2017). STEGONOTUS A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854
Mediani et al. (2013) document localities southward on the (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
central coast of Western Sahara. Comments: C.M. Kaiser et al. (2018) present a taxonomic
Spalerosophis diadema (Schlegel, 1837) overview with a description of the named taxa and their
respective type material. Ruane et al. (2018b) present a DNA
Distribution: Add Iran (Alborz, Hamedan, Golestan, Ilam,
sequence-based phylogeny using twelve species.
Isfahan, Lorestan, Markazi, North Khorasan, Qazvin,
Tehran), Shafaei-Mahroo et al. (2015); Iran (Hormozgan, Stegonotus admiraltiensis Ruane, Richards, McVay,
South Khorasan, Yazd), Moadab et al. (2018); Iran (Qom), Tjaturadi, Krey & Austin, 2018b. J. Nat. Hist. 52(13–16):
S.M. Kazemi et al. (2015); Afghanistan (Faryab, Herat, 21–24, figs. 2, 4, 8.
Kabul, Kandahar, Parwan), Wagner et al. (2016b). Moadab Holotype: LSUMZ 93598, an 843 mm male (C.C. Austin, 1
et al. (2018) model the distribution in Iran. September 2001).
Spalerosophis dolichospilus (F. Werner, 1923) Type locality: “Penchal Village on Rambutyo Island,
Distribution: Add Morocco (Figuig), Barata et al. (2011); Manus Province, Papua New Guinea, elevation 58 m asl,
Morocco (Nador, Oujda, Taza), Mediani et al. (2015b); (2.3283333°S, 147.7666667°E).”
Morocco (Tata, Tiznit), Damas-Moreira et al. (2014). Distribution: Papua New Guinea (Los Negros and Rambutyo
Spalerosophis josephscorteccii Lanza, 1964 Islands, Manus), 10–100 m.
Spalerosophis microlepis Jan in Filippi, 1865. Stegonotus aruensis Doria, 1875. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat.
Genova 6: 352, plate 12. (Lycodon aruensis)
Distribution: Add Iraq (Al-Sulaimaniyah), low elevation of
Holotype: MSNG 30186, probably a male, 815 mm in length
1400 m, Afrasiab & Mohamad (2014); Iran (Chaharmahal
(O. Beccari, mid-1872).
and Bakhtiari, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad, Markazi),
Shafaei-Mahroo et al. (2015); Iran (Ilam), Hosseinzadeh et al. Type locality: “Wokan (Isole Aru),” =Wokam, Tanahbesar
(2017); Iran (Qom), S.M. Kazemi et al. (2015); Iran (Kerman), Island, Maluku Province, Indonesia.
Moradi et al. (2013). Distribution: E Indonesia (Aru Islands).
Comments: C.M. Kaiser et al. (2018) remove this species from
SPILOTES Wagler, 1830 (Colubridae: Colubrinae) S. modestus, and provide a revised description plus photo-
Synonyms: Add Pseustes Fitzinger, 1843, Thamnobius graphs of the holotype.
Fitzinger, 1843, Paraphrynonax Lutz & Mello, 1922. Stegonotus australis Günther, 1872. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
Comment: Jadin et al. (2014) use DNA sequence-data to Series 4, 9(49): 21. (Zamenophis australis)
resolve relationships of Pseustes and Spilotes, which proved Synonyms: Lycodon darnleyensis Macleay, 1877,
to be sister taxa within Colubrinae. Herbertophis plumbeus Macleay, 1884.
Spilotes megalolepis Günther, 1865 Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.14.93, a 638 mm male (E.T. Higgins).
Spilotes pullatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Type locality: “Cape York,” Queensland, Australia.
Distribution: Add Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback Distribution: NE Australia (N Northern Territory, N
(2015); Colombia (Cesar), Medina-Rangel (2011); Colombia Queensland; Darnley, Groote Eylandt, Melville, Morington,
(Huila), Moreno-Arias & Quintero-Corzo (2015); Peru Murray Is.).
Comments: C.M. Kaiser et al. (2018) recognize this taxon as Comments: C.M. Kaiser et al. (2018) provide a revised diag-
distinct from S. cucullatus, and provide a revised diagnosis, nosis and photographs of the holotype.
and description and photographs of the holotype, plus those Stegonotus dorsalis Werner, 1924. Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
of its synonyms. Math.- Naturwiss. Klasse 133(1–3): 32.
Stegonotus ayamaru C.M Kaiser, O’Shea & H. Kaiser, 2019. Holotype: NMW 14861, a 1050 mm male (R. Pöch, mid-1904).
Zootaxa 4590(2): 208–222, figs. 2, 4–7. Type locality: no locality given; probably “Potsdamhafen…
Holotype: RMNH 31199, a 710 mm male (H. Marcus, in a small bay across from Manam Island, Madang Province,
February 1953). Papua New Guinea” according to C.M. Kaiser at al. (2018).
Type locality: “‘Komara’ [Kamro], Aitinyo District, Maybrat Disttribution: At least Papua New Guinea (Madang).
Regency, West Papua Province, Indonesia (1.5103°S, Comments: C.M. Kaiser et al. (2018) recognize this taxon as
132.3763°E; elevation ca. 140 m…).” distinct from S. diehli, and provide a revised diagnosis, and
Distribution: W New Guinea: W West Papua, Indonesia, description and photographs of the holotype.
140 m. Known only from the holotype.
Stegonotus florensis (Rooij, 1917)
Stegonotus batjanensis (Günther, 1865) Synonyms: Remove Stegonotus sutteri Forcart, 1953.
Distribution: Add Indonesia (Kasiruta, Obi, Tidore Islands), Distribution: Remove Sumba (=S. sutteri).
Lang (2013).
Comments: C.M. Kaiser et al. (2018) provide a revised diag-
Comments: C.M. Kaiser et al. (2018) provide a revised diagnosis and photographs of the holotype.
nosis, and a description and photographs of the holotype.
Stegonotus guentheri Boulenger, 1895
Stegonotus borneensis Inger, 1967
Distribution: Add Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay: Kuia I.),
Comments: C.M. Kaiser et al. (2018) provide a revised diag- C.M. Kaiser et al. (2019).
nosis, and a description and photographs of the holotype.
Comments: C.M. Kaiser et al. (2018) provide a diagnosis and
Stegonotus cucullatus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, photographs of the syntypes.
1854)
Stegonotus heterurus Boulenger, 1893
Synonyms: Remove Zamenophis australis Günther, 1872,
Comments: C.M. Kaiser et al. (2018) provide a diagnosis and
Lycodon keyensis Doria, 1875, Lycodon darnleyensis
photographs of the syntypes.
Macleay, 1877, Herbertophis plumbeus Macleay, 1884,
Stegonotus reticulatus Boulenger, 1895. Stegonotus iridis Ruane, Richards, McVay, Tjaturadi, Krey
Type locality: Corrected to “Doreri Bay, West Papua Province, & Austin, 2018b. J. Nat. Hist. 52(13–16): 8–13, figs. 2, 4, 5.
West New Guinea.” Holotype: MZB 3306, a 951 mm male (S. Richards, B.
Distribution: At least E Indonesia (West Papua, Papua, includ- Tjaturadi & K. Krey, 9 June 2005).
ing Supiori I.), but many related populations remain to be allo- Type locality: “Warinkabom, Batanta Island, Raja Ampat
cated according to C.M. Kaiser et al. (2018). Regency, West Papua Province, Indonesia, elevation 50 m
Comments: C.M. Kaiser et al. (2013) redescribe and illustrate above sea level (asl) (0.836942°S, 130.72162°E).”
the holotype and provide a revised diagnosis. They discuss the Distribution: E Indonesia (Batanta, Salawati and Waigeo
type material of the synonym Lycodon magnus Meyer, 1874, Islands, West Papua), 25–75 m.
and provide a photograph of a putative syntype. Comments: C.M. Kaiser et al. (2018) provide a species
Stegonotus derooijae Ruane, Richards, McVay, Tjaturadi, description and photographs of the holotype.
Krey & Austin, 2018b. J. Nat. Hist. 52(13–16): 13–18, figs. Stegonotus keyensis Doria, 1875. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat.
2, 4, 6. Genova 6: 351, plate 12. (Lycodon keyensis)
Holotype: MZB 3288, a 648 mm male (S. Richards, B. Holotype: MSNG 7521, a probable male, 815 mm in length
Tjaturadi & K. Krey, 26 June 2005). (O. Beccari, mid-1872).
Type locality: “Waibya Camp, Salawati Island, Raja Type locality: “Isole Kei,” Maluku Prov., Indonesia.
Ampat Regency, West Papua, Indonesia, elevation 75 m asl Distribution: Indonesia (Dulah, Kei Besar), Lang (2013).
(0.956383°S, 130.784333°E).” Comments: C.M. Kaiser et al. (2018) remove this species from
Distribution: E Indonesia (Batanta, Salawati and Waigeo S. cucullatus, and provide a revised description plus photo-
Islands, West Papua), 45–75 m. graphs of the holotype.
Comments: C.M. Kaiser et al. (2018) provide a species Stegonotus lividus A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril,
description and photographs of the holotype. 1854. Erpétol. Gén. 7:381–382. (Lycodon lividum)
Stegonotus diehli Lindholm, 1905 Syntypes: RMNH 325a, b, probably females, 607 and 600 mm
Synonyms: Remove Stegonotus dorsalis Werner, 1924. in length (S. Müller, H. Macklot & P. van Oort, mid-1829).
Distribution: Add Papua New Guinea (Manam Island), Clegg Type locality: “l’île de Pulo-Samao” (=Semau Island, East
& Jocque (2016). Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia).
Distribution: E Indonesia (Samao Island). Lectotype: BMNH 1946.1.14.87–88, an 1118 mm female (A.S.
Comments: C.M. Kaiser et al. (2018) re-elevate this taxon Meek, late 1894), designated by C.M. Kaiser et al. (2018).
from S. modestus and provide a revised diagnosis and illus- Type locality: “Ferguson Island,” Milne Bay Province, New
trations of the syntypes. Guinea.
Stegonotus melanolabiatus Ruane, Richards, McVay, Distribution: Papua New Guinea (Central, East Sepik, Eastern
Tjaturadi, Krey & Austin, 2018b. J. Nat. Hist. 52(13–16): Highlands, Gulf, Madang, Milne Bay, Northern, Simbu,
18–21, figs. 2, 7. Southern Highlands, Western, Western Highlands), C.M.
Holotype: AMR115343, an 807 mm male (S. Donnellan & K. Kaiser et al. (2019).
Aplin, 22 April-4 May 1984). Comments: C.M. Kaiser et al. (2018) recognize this taxon as
Type locality: “Doido, Chimbu Province, Papua New Guinea, distinct from S. cucullatus, and provide a revised diagnosis,
elevation 1300 m asl (6.550000°S, 144.833333°E).” and description and photographs of the holotype.
Distribution: C Papua New Guinea (Chimbu, Southern Stegonotus sutteri Forcart, 1953. Verhandl. Nat. Ges. Basel
Highlands), 550–1300 m. Add Papua New Guinea (Hela), 64(2): 379–382, figs. 1–3.
C.M. Kaiser et al. (2019). Holotype: NMBA 14872, a 711 mm male (Basel Museum
Comments: C.M. Kaiser et al. (2018) provide a species Sumba Expedition, 30 September 1949).
description and photographs of the holotype. Type locality: “Zentralsumba, Lindiwatju 430 m,” Nusa
Stegonotus modestus (Schlegel, 1837) Tenggara Barat, Indonesia.
Synonyms: Remove Lycodon lividum A.M.C. Duméril, Distribution: E Indonesia (Sumba I.).
Bibron & Duméril, 1854, Lycodon aruensis Doria, 1875. Comments: C.M. Kaiser et al. (2018) recognize this taxon as
Distribution: E Indonesia (Ambon, Buru, Ceram Is.). distinct from S. florensis, and provide a revised diagnosis, and
description and photographs of the holotype.
Comments: C.M. Kaiser et al. (2018) geographically restrict
this taxon and provide a revised description, including pho- STENORRHINA A.M.C. Duméril, 1853 (Colubridae:
tographs of the holotype plus those of remaining synonyms. Colubrinae)
Stegonotus muelleri A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, Stenorrhina degenhardtii (Berthold, 1845)
1854 Distribution: Add Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback
Distribution: Add Philippines (Bohol), Barnes & Knierim (2015); Colombia (Caldas), Díaz-Ricaurte, J.C. (2019).
(2018); Philippines (Dinagat), Sanguila et al. (2016).
Stenorrhina freminvillei A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron &
Comments: C.M. Kaiser et al. (2018) provide a revised Duméril, 1854
description and diagnosis, and photographs of the holotype
Distribution: Add El Salvador (Santa Ana), Juárez-Peña
plus that of the synonym Spilotes samarensis W.C.H. Peters,
et al. (2016); Honduras (Isla del Tigre), McCranie & Gutsche
1861.
(2016); Nicaragua (Carazo), Gutiérrez-López et al. (2015).
Stegonotus parvus (A.B. Meyer, 1874)
Neotype: RMNH 46844, a 292 mm female (D.L. Leiker, 22 STICHOPHANES X. Wang, Messenger, Zhao & Zhu,
February 1952), designated by C.M. Kaiser et al. (2019). 2014. Asian Herpetol. Res. 5(3): 145. (Dipsadidae: subfamily
unnamed)
Neotype locality: “Serui, Yapen Island, Papua Province,
Type species: Oligodon ningshaanensis Yuan, 1983 by origi-
Indonesia (ca. 1.8807°S, 136.2386°E).”
nal designation.
Distribution: Add Papua New Guinea (Karkar Island), Clegg
Distribution: C China.
& Jocque (2016).
Comments: Based on DNA sequence-data, X. Wang et al.
Comments: C.M. Kaiser et al. (2018) provide a revised diag-
(2014) find that Stichophanes is, with Thermophis, sister taxa
nosis, and a description and photographs of the neotype.
to the New World dipsadids.
Stegonotus poechi Werner, 1924. Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
Stichophanes ningshaanensis Yuan, 1983
Math.- Naturwiss. Klasse 133(1–3): 32.
Holotype: The holotype and paratypes are lost, X. Wang et al.
Holotype: NMW 23406, a 1024+ female (R. Pöch, mid-1904).
(2014).
Type locality: no locality given; probably “Potsdamhafen…
Distribution: Add China (Hubei), and elevation range of
in a small bay across from Manam Island, Madang Province,
Papua New Guinea” according to C.M. Kaiser at al. (2018). 1550–2022 m, X. Wang et al. (2014).
Distribution: Papua New Guinea (Madang). Comments: X. Wang et al. (2014) transfer ningshaanensis from
Oligodon, and present a revised diagnosis and color photographs.
Comments: C.M. Kaiser et al. (2018) recognize this taxon,
Messenger & Wang (2015) summarize the natural history.
not mentioned in Wallach et al. (2014), and provide a revised
diagnosis, and description and photographs of the holotype. STOLICZKIA Jerdon, 1870 (Xenodermidae)
Stegonotus reticulatus Boulenger, 1895. Ann. Mag. Nat. Stoliczkia borneensis Boulenger, 1899
Hist., Series 6, 16(91): 31. Stoliczkia khasiensis Jerdon, 1870
STORERIA Baird & Girard, 1853 (Natricidae) Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a diagnosis
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016b) review species delimitation and photograph.
within the genus using DNA sequence and morphological
SUNDATYPHLOPS Hedges, Marion, Lipp, Marin &
data. Although the molecular data suggest eight lineages,
Vidal, 2014. Caribbean Herpetol. 49: 39. (Typhlopidae:
the incorporation of morphological characters concurs with
Asiatyphlopinae)
a four-species scenario. Subspecies are no longer recognized.
Type species: Typhlops polygrammicus Schlegel, 1839 in
Storeria dekayi (Holbrook, 1839)
1837–1844 by original designation.
Synonyms: Remove Storeria victa Hay, 1892.
Distribution: Lesser Sundas of the East Indies.
Distribution: Remove Florida peninsula, USA, to S. victa.
Comments: Pyron & Wallach (2014) argue that a monotypic
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016b) produce a DNA-sequence Sundatyphlops, positioned as the sister taxon to Anilios, was
based phylogeny in which samples from the eastern and west- phylogenetically uninformative. However, the validity of
ern thirds of the range form separate clades. No samples from Sundatyphlops is affirmed by Nagy et al. (2015), and Hedges
Central America or Mexico were evaluated, but they conclude et al. (2014) and Pyron & Wallach (2014) note the morphologi-
that no subspecies should be recognized. cal distinctiveness of Sunda populations of polygrammicus.
Storeria hidalgoensis Taylor, 1942 Sundatyphlops polygrammicus (Schlegel, 1839 in 1837–1844)
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016b) conclude that this species Synonyms: Remove Typhlops torresianus Boulenger, 1889.
should be synonymized with S. occipitomaculata due to lack
Distribution: Limited to the Lesser Sundas (Flores, Komodo,
of morphological distinction, although no genetic samples
Lombok, Moyo, Sumba, Sumbawa, Timor).
were evaluated.
Comments: Eastern populations are now referred to Anilios
Storeria occipitomaculata (Storer, 1839) torresianus, Hedges et al. (2014) and Pyron & Wallach (2014).
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016b) produce a DNA-sequence
based phylogeney that reveals four clades: 1) Florida, 2) SUTA Worrell, 1961 (Elapidae)
eastern USA, 3) Ozarks, 4) northwest (Nebraska and South Comments: See under Parasuta.
Dakota). They recommend that subspecies not be recognized. Suta fasciata (Rosén, 1905)
Storeria storerioides (Cope, 1865) Suta ordensis (Storr, 1984)
Distribution: Add Mexico (Nayarit), Luja & Grünwald (2015). Suta punctata (Boulenger, 1896)
Quintero-Díaz et al. (2014b) report a second and third speci- Suta suta (W.C.H. Peters, 1863)
men from Zacatecas. Distribution: Range extended to southernmost New South
Storeria victa Hay, 1892. Science 19(479): 199. Wales, Australia, Michael & Lindenmayer (2011).
Holotype: unlocated, a 356 mm specimen (H. T. Mann).
SYMPHIMUS Cope, 1870 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Type locality: “banks of the Oklawaha River, Florida,” USA.
Symphimus leucostomus Cope, 1870
Distribution: Southeast USA (peninsular Florida and SE
Symphimus mayae (Gaige, 1936)
Georgia).
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016b) revalidate this species based SYMPHOLIS Cope, 1862 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
on morphological and genetic distinctiveness. Sympholis lippiens Cope, 1862
SUBSESSOR J.C. Murphy & Voris, 2014. Fieldiana Life SYNOPHIS Peracca, 1896 (Dipsadidae: Dipsadinae)
Earth Sci. (8): 33–34. (Homalopsidae) Comments: Pyron et al. (2015) placed Synophis in a new tribe
Type species: Hypsirhina bocourti Jan, 1865 by original (Diaphorolepidini) with Emmochliophis and Diaphorolepis.
designation. They state that there are “numerous undescibed species,” four
Distribution: SE Asia. of which were described within the next year. Pyron et al.
Subsessor bocourti (Jan, 1865) (2016a) define three species groups, and provide a key to the
Distribution: Add Thailand (Chanthaburi), Chan-ard et al. species.
(2011); Cambodia (Prey Veng), J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014). Synophis bicolor Peracca, 1896
Comments: J.C. Murphy & Voris (2014) provide a diagnosis Type locality: Restricted to “Tobar Donoso, Carchi Province,
and photograph. Ecuador (1.19, −78.50)” by Pyron et al. (2015).
Distribution: Restricted to NW Ecuador (Carchi, Esmeraldas),
SUMATRANUS J.C. Murphy & Voris, 2014. Fieldiana Life 229–318 m, Pyron et al. (2016a).
Earth Sci. (8): 34–35. (Homalopsidae)
Fossil record: Late Pleistocene of Colombia (Albino &
Type species: Homalopsis albomaculatus A.M.C. Duméril, Brizuela, 2014).
Bibron & Duméril, 1854 by original designation.
Distribution: W Indonesia. (description, color photographs, locality map). They pro-
Sumatranus albomaculatus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & vide evidence of at least three species: 1) S. bicolor s.s. of
Duméril, 1854) NW Ecaudor, 2) Ecuadorian highlands populations, and 3)
Colombian highland populations, now S. niceforomariai. Holotype: MZUTI 3353, an adult male, (A. Arteaga, L.
Pyron et al. (2016a) provide a revised description of S. bicolor Bustamante, R. Hidalgo, D. Mideros & D. Troya, 30 December
after removal of most populations to other species. 2013).
Synophis bogerti Torres-Carvajal, Echevarría, Venegas, Type locality: “vicinity of Buenaventura Reserve (Fundación
Chávez & Camper, 2015. ZooKeys 546: 158–165, figs. 1, 2, Jocotoco), near Piñas, El Oro Province, SW Ecuador, 874 m
4, 5. above sea level (−3.65, −79.76…).”
Holotype: QCAZ 12791, a 551 mm male (J.D. Camper, 18 Distribution: SW Ecuador (El Oro), 874 m. Known only from
July 2014). the type locality.
Type locality: “Ecuador: Provincia Napo:…from Comments: Pyron et al. (2016a) provide an updated
Wildsumaco Wildlife Sanctuary, sendero Coatí (0°38′8.40″S, description.
77°31′19.20″W, 1000 m).” Synophis zamora Torres-Carvajal, Echevarría, Venegas,
Distribution: C Ecuador (Morona-Santiago, Napo, Pastaza), Chávez & Camper, 2015. ZooKeys 546: 166–170, figs. 5, 7, 8.
1000–1747 m. Holotype: QCAZ 9174, a 534 mm male (E.E. Tapia, J.
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016a) provide a description. Deichmann & A.F. Jiménez, 19 April 2009).
Synophis calamitus Hillis, 1998 Type locality: “Ecuador: Provincia Zamora Chinchipe:…
from Las Orquídeas, 4 km from río Nangaritza (4°15′47.52″S,
Distribution: Ecuador (Carchi, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi,
78°41′27.93″W, 1843 m).”
Pichincha, Santo Domingo), 763–2272 m, Pyron et al. (2016a).
Distribution: S Ecuador (Morona-Santiago, Zamora-
Chinchipe), 752–1843 m.
(description, color photograph and locality map). Pyron
et al. (2016a) provide a revised description which includes an Comments: Pyron et al. (2016a) provide a description.
expanded geographic range. †SZYNDLARIA Rage & Augé, 2010 (Tropidophiidae)
Synophis insulomontanus Torres-Carvajal, Echevarría, †Szyndlaria aureomontensis Rage & Augé, 2010
Venegas, Chávez & Camper, 2015. ZooKeys 546: 170–174,
figs. 5, 10, 11. TACHYMENIS Wiegmann, 1834 (Dipsadidae:
Holotype: CORBIDI 13940, a 516 mm male (G. Chávez, 1 Xenodontinae)
December 2013). Tachymenis affinis Boulenger, 1896
Type locality: “Peru: Departamento Huánuco: Provincia Tachymenis attenuata Walker, 1945
Puerto Inca: Distrito Llullapichis:…from Campamento Tachymenis chilensis (Schlegel, 1837)
Peligroso-Reserva Communal El Sira (9°25′34.22″S, Distribution: Giraudo et al. (2012) detail known localities in
74°44′6.60″W, 1507 m).” Argentina.
Distribution: Peru (Huánuco, San Martín), 1122–1798 m. Tachymenis elongata Despax, 1910
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016a) provide a description.
Tachymenis peruviana Wiegmann, 1834
Synophis lasallei (Nicéforo-María, 1950) Distribution: Add Argentina (Catamarca, La Rioja, Salta,
Comments: Pyron et al. (2015) provide a species account Tucuman), G.A. Gallardo et al. (2019).
(description, color photograph and locality map). Pyron et al. Tachymenis tarmensis Walker, 1945
(2016a) provide a revised description.
Synophis niceforomariai Pyron, Arteaga, Echevarría & †TACHYOPHIS Rochebrune, 1884. Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat.
Torres-Carvajal, 2016. Zootaxa 4171(2): 295, 302, figs. 2, 3. Saône-et-Loire 5: 159. (Booidea: incerta sedis)
(Synophis niceforomariae) Type species: †Tachyophis nitidus Rochebrune, 1884 by
Holotype: MHUA 14577, an adult male, (24 November 2007). monotypy.
Type locality: “Finca La Esperanza, Valle de La Manguita, Distribution: Middle Tertiary of France.
Municipio Amalfi, Departamento Antioquia, Colombia †Tachyophis nitidus Rochebrune, 1884. Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat.
(N6.978611, W-75.044444; 1394 m).” Saône-et-Loire 5: 159, plates 1, 2.
Distribution: N Colombia (Antioquia), 865–1656 m. Lectotype: MNHN QU16331, four trunk vertebrae, desig-
Comments: The specific epithet is changed herein because it nated by Rage (1984).
is a patronym. Type locality: “Phosphorites du Quercy,” France.
Synophis plectovertebralis Sheil & Grant, 2001 Distribution: Within the late Eocene to early Miocene of
Comments: Pyron et al. (2015) provide a species account France
(description and locality map). Pyron et al. (2016a) also pro- TAENIOPHALLUS Cope, 1895 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae)
vide a description.
Taeniophallus affinis (Günther, 1858)
Synophis zaheri Pyron, Guayasamin, Peñafiel, Bustamante &
Distribution: Add Brazil (Paraiba), R. França et al. (2012);
Arteaga, 2015. ZooKeys 541: 120–123, figs. 3, 8.
Brazil (Pernambuco), Pedrosa et al. (2014).
Taeniophallus bilineatus (J.G. Fischer, 1885) Tantilla armillata Cope, 1875

Taeniophallus brevirostris (W.C.H. Peters, 1863) Distribution: Add Honduras (Valle: Isla del Tigre), Firneno
Distribution: Add Brazil (Maranhao, Mato Grosso), Morais et al. (2016); Honduras (Isla El Pacar), McCranie & Gutsche
et al. (2010), who provide a map of localities for Brazil. (2016); Nicaragua (Masaya), Sunyer et al. (2014); Panama
(Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback (2015); elevation 0–1435 m,
Taeniophallus nebularis Schargel, Rivas-Fuenmayor &
L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015).
Myers, 2005
Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015) provide an
Taeniophallus nicagus (Cope, 1868) account.
Distribution: Add Brazil (Para), Avila-Pires et al. (2010). Tantilla atriceps (Günther, 1895 in 1885–1902)
Comments: Jairam (2017) details the distribution and mor- Distribution: Elevation 0–2134 m, L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva
phology of new specimens from Surinam. (2015).
Taeniophallus occipitalis (Jan, 1863) Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2014, 2015) provide a
Distribution: Add Brazil (Amazonas), F.G.R. França et al. species account, map and color photograph.
(2006); Brazil (Maranhão), J.P. Miranda et al. (2012); Brazil Tantilla bairdi Stuart, 1941
(Mato Grosso), Tavares et al. (2012); Brazil (Mato Grosso do
Distribution: Elevation 1524–1550 m, L.D. Wilson & Mata-
Sul), Ferreira et al. (2017); Brazil (Pernambuco), and upper
Silva (2015).
elevation of 1200 m, Guedes et al. (2014); Brazil (Rio Grande
do Norte), Sales et al. (2009); Brazil (Tocantins), Dal Vechio Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015) provide an
et al. (2016); Paraguay (San Pedro), P. Smith et al. (2016). account, and note that only two specimens are known.
Tantilla berguidoi Batista, Mebert, Lotzkat & Williams,
Taeniophallus persimilis (Cope, 1869)
2016. Mesoamerican Herpetol. 3: 951–953, figs. 2–4.
Taeniophallus poecilopogon (Cope, 1863)
Taeniophallus quadriocellatus Santos, Di-Bernardo & Holotype: SMF 97636 (original number AB 1029), a 408 mm
Lema, 2008 male (A. Batista & K. Mebert, 2 December 2012).
Type locality: “Panama, Provincia de Darién, Serranía de Majé,
†TALLAHATTAOPHIS Holman & Case, 1988 (Booidea: Cerro Chucantí (8.79904°N, 78.46158°W; elev. 1,376 m asl.”
incerta sedis) Distribution: Panama (Darién), 1376 m.
†Tallahattaophis dunni Holman & Case, 1988 Comments: Known only from the holotype.
Tantilla bocourti (Günther, 1895 in 1885–1902)
TANTALOPHIS Duellman, 1958 (Dipsadidae: Dipsadinae) Distribution: Add Mexico (SE Coahuila, San Luis Potosí),
Tantalophis discolor (Günther, 1860) and elevation NSL-2750 m, L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2014).
Distribution: Elevation to 2851 m, Aldápe-López and Santos- García-Padilla & Mata-Silva (2013) provide a second record
Motreno (2016). from Oaxaca.
Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2014, 2015) provide a
TANTILLA Baird & Girard, 1853 (Colubridae: Colubrinae) species account, map and color photograph.
Comments: L.D. Wilson and Mata-Silva (2014) review the Tantilla boipiranga Sawaya & Sazima, 2003
Mexican species and provide a key. L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva Distribution: Elevation 648–1361 m, L.D. Wilson & Mata-
(2015) review all species of this genus, giving synonymies, Silva (2015).
distribution, species group, references, and remarks for each. Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015) provide an
Tantilla albiceps Barbour, 1925 account.
Distribution: Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback (2015). Tantilla brevicauda Mertens, 1952
Tantilla alticola (Boulenger, 1903) Distribution: Elevation 1200–1800 m, L.D. Wilson & Mata-
Silva (2015).
Distribution: Add Panama (Cocle), E.A. Myers et al. (2013c);
Colombia (Caldas), Rojas-Morales et al. (2018b); Colombia Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015) provide an
(Cauca), Vera-Pérez et al. (2015); Colombia (Tolima), account.
Parra-Hernández et al. (2019); Colombia (Valle del Cauca), Tantilla briggsi Savitzky & Smith, 1971
Vanegas-Guerrero et al. (2015). E.A. Myers et al. (2013c) Distribution: Elevation ∼200 m, L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva
and Vanegas-Guerrero et al. (2015) provide maps of known (2014).
localities. Comment: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2014, 2015) provide
Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015) provide an a species account, and discuss the type locality. Still known
account. only from the holotype.
Tantilla andinista L.D. Wilson & Mena, 1980 Tantilla calamarina Cope, 1867
Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015) provide an Distribution: Elevation to 1677 m, L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva
account. (2014).
Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2014, 2015) provide a Type locality: “Lancetilla (15°44′N, 87°27′W), 30 m eleva-
species account, map and color photograph. Ramírez-Bautista tion, department of Atlántida, Honduras.”
et al. (2014) describe morphological variation within a large Distribution: W Honduras (Atlantida, Cortes, Yoro), 30–700 m.
sample from a single locality.
Tantilla flavilineata H.M. Smith & Burger, 1950
Tantilla capistrata Cope, 1875 Distribution: Elevation 1890–2476 m, L.D. Wilson & Mata-
Distribution: Add Peru (Ancash), L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva Silva (2014).
(2015); Peru (Lambayeque), Venegas (2005). Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2014, 2015) provide a
Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015) provide an species account, map and color photograph.
account. Tantilla gottei McCranie & E.N. Smith, 2017. Herpetologica
Tantilla cascadae L.D. Wilson & Meyer, 1981 73(4): 344–346, figs. 8, 9.
Distribution: Add Mexico (SE Jalisco), and elevation to Holotype: ROM 19996, a 367 mm subadult female (J. Porras,
1858 m, Cruz-Sáenz et al. (2015), L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva 12 December 1986).
(2014). Type locality: “El Picacho (14°07′N, 87°11′W), a zoological
Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2014, 2015) provide a park located near Tegucigalpa, 1280 m elevation, department
species account, map and color photograph. Now known from of Francisco Morazán, Honduras.”
three specimens. Distribution: S Honduras (El Paraiso, Francisco Morazan),
Tantilla ceboruca Canseco-Márquez, E.N. Smith, Flores- 500–1280 m.
Villela & Campbell, 2007 Tantilla gracilis Baird & Girard, 1853
Distribution: Add Mexico (NC Jalisco), Cruz-Sáenz et al. Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2014, 2015) provide
(2015), L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2014); delete Colima (in an account.
error, Wallach et al. 2014); minimum elevation 1233 m, L.D.
Tantilla hendersoni Stafford, 2004
Wilson & Mata-Silva (2014).
Distribution: Add Belize (Stann Creek), 194 m, E.P. Hofmann
et al. (2017).
species account, map and color photograph.
Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2014, 2015) provide
Tantilla coronadoi Hartweg, 1944 an account, and suggest that T. hendersoni may be conspecific
Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2014, 2015) provide a with T. impensa. E.P. Hofmann et al. (2017) report a second
species account and map. specimen that supports the reported differences between T.
Tantilla coronata Baird & Girard, 1853 hendersoni and T. impensa.
Distribution: Elevation to 600 m, L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva Tantilla hobartsmithi Taylor, 1937
(2015). Distribution: Add Mexico (WC Nuevo León), and low eleva-
Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015) provide an tion of NSL, L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2014).
account. Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2014, 2015) provide a
Tantilla cucullata Minton, 1956 species account, map and color photograph.
Distribution: Add Mexico (Chihuahua), and upper elevation Tantilla impensa Campbell, 1998
of 1841 m, Herr et al. (2017); Mexico (Coahuila), Baeza-Tarin Distribution: Add Honduras (Santa Bárbara, 1700 m),
et al. (2018b). Low elevation of 1189 m, L.D. Wilson & Mata- McCranie et al. (2013b). Upper elevation of 1830 m, L.D.
Silva (2015). Wilson & Mata Silva (2014).
Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015) provide an Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2014, 2015) provide a
account. species account.
Tantilla cuniculator H.M. Smith, 1939 Tantilla insulamontana L.D. Wilson & Mena, 1980
Distribution: Delete Guatemala (in error in Wallach et al., Distribution: Add Ecuador (Pichincha), L.D. Wilson & Mata-
2014). Silva (2015).
Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2014, 2015) provide a Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015) provide an account.
species account, map and color photograph. Tantilla jani (Günther, 1895 in 1885–1902)
Tantilla deppii (Bocourt, 1883 in A.H.A. Duméril, Bocourt Distribution: Delete Mexico, in error in Wallach et al., 2014;
& Mocquard, 1870–1909) elevation 1050 m, L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015). Mexican
Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2014, 2015) provide a records are referred to T. vulcani.
species account, map and color photograph. Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015) provide an
Tantilla excelsa McCranie & E.N. Smith, 2017. Herpetologica account.
73(4): 342–344, figs. 6, 7. Tantilla johnsoni L.D. Wilson, Vaughan & Dixon, 1999
Holotype: USNM 579682, a 400 mm male (L. Marineros, 26 Type locality: Modified by Johnson et al. (2014: 306) to
February 2011). “Musté, located in the Municipality of Motozintla, about
14 km north of Huixtla, Chiapas, Mexico, on the Pacific slope Holotype: USNM 574000, a 338 mm male (H. Vega-R. &
of the southeastern Sierra Madre de Chiapas, at an approxi- P.R. House, 31 July 2010). Type locality: “La Liberación
mate elevation of 518 m.” (15.541°N, 87.294°W), 1,150 m a.s.l., Refugio de Vida
Comment: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2014, 2015) provide a Silvestre Texíguat, Departamento de Atlántida, Honduras.”
species account. Known only from the type locality. Distribution: Honduras (Atlántida), 1150 m.
Tantilla lempira L.D. Wilson & Mena, 1980 Comment: Known only from the holotype. L.D. Wilson &
Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015) provide an Mata-Silva (2015) provide an account.
account, and Espinal & Solís (2015b) describe an additional Tantilla oolitica Telford, 1966
specimen. Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015) provide an
Tantilla melanocephala (Linnaeus, 1758) account.
Synonyms: Add Tantilla marcovani Lema, 2004. Tantilla petersi L.D. Wilson, 1979
Distribution: Add Colombia (Córdoba), Carvajal-Cogollo et al. Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015) provide an
(2007); Colombia (Huila), Moreno-Arias & Quintero-Corzo account.
(2015); Colombia (Quindio), Quintero-Ángel et al. (2012); Tantilla planiceps (Blainville, 1835)
Peru (Cajamarca), Koch et al. (2018); Brazil (Acre), Bernarde Distribution: Elevation to 1220 m, L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva
et al. (2011b); Brazil (Alagoas, Minas Gerais, Sergipe), (2014).
Guedes et al. (2014); Brazil (Maranhão), J.P. Miranda et al.
(2012); Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Ferreira et al. (2017);
Brazil (Paraiba), R. França et al. (2012); Brazil (Pernambuco), species account, map and color photograph.
Pedrosa et al. (2014); Brazil (Piauí), Dal Vechio et al. (2013); Tantilla psittaca McCranie, 2011
Brazil (Rondônia), Bernarde et al. (2012b); Argentina (Jujuy), Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015) provide an
B. Ramos et al. (2013). account.
Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015) provide an Tantilla relicta Telford, 1966
account. Mata-Silva & L.D. Wilson (2016) synonymize T. Distribution: Elevation to 90 m, L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva
marcovani with T. melanocephala due to lack of diagnostic (2015).
characters of the former.
Comment: Schrey et al. (2015) evaluate genetic structure in
Tantilla miyatai L.D. Wilson & Knight in L.D. Wilson, 1987 populations in central Florida, USA, and discover a northern
Distribution: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015) correct the and southern unit.
type locality coordinates to 0°77′17″N, 79°15′09W, and eleva- Tantilla reticulata Cope, 1860
tion of 189 m.
Distribution: Add Nicaragua (Zelaya), Berghe et al. (2014).
account.
account.
Tantilla moesta (Günther, 1863)
Tantilla robusta Canseco-Márquez, Mendelson & Gutiérrez-
Distribution: Add Mexico (Campeche), Neri-Castro et al. Mayén, 2002
(2017); elevation to 283 m, L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2014).
Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2014, 2015) provide a species account.
species account, map and color photograph.
Tantilla rubra Cope, 1875
Tantilla nigra (Boulenger, 1914)
Distribution: Add Mexico (Guerrero); and upper elevation of
Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015) provide an 2618 m, L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2014). Low elevation of
account. NSL, Palacios-Aguilar & Flores-Villela (2018).
Tantilla nigriceps Kennicott, 1860 Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2014, 2015) provide a
Distribution: Mexico (central instead of NE Nuevo León), species account, map and color photograph.
Névarez-de Los Reyes et al. (2017b). Tantilla ruficeps (Cope, 1894)
Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2014, 2015) provide a Distribution: Add Panama (Panama, Panama Oeste), Ray &
species account, map and color photograph. Ruback (2015).
Tantilla oaxacae Wilson & Meyer, 1971 Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015) provide an
Distribution: Elevation to 2286 m, L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva account.
(2014). Tantilla schistosa (Bocourt, 1883 in A.H.A. Duméril,
Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2014, 2015) provide a Bocourt & Mocquard, 1870–1909)
species account, map and color photograph. Distribution: Add Mexico (Chiapas), L.D. Wilson & Mata-
Tantilla olympia Townsend, L.D. Wilson, Medina-Flores & Silva (2014); Honduras (Santa Bárbara), Solís et al. (2015);
Herrera-B., 2013a. J. Herpetol. 47(1): 194–197, figs. 2–4. Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback (2015).
Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2014, 2015) provide a Tantilla tecta Campbell & E.N. Smith, 1997
species account and map. Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015) provide an
Tantilla semicincta (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, account; remains known only from the holotype.
1854) Tantilla tjiasmantoi C. Koch & Venegas, 2016. PeerJ
Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015) provide an 2016(2767): 10–13, figs. 1, 3–7.
account. Holotype: CORBIDI 7726, a 638 mm female (E. Hoyos-
Tantilla sertula L.D. Wilson & Campbell, 2000. Granda, A. Beraún & C. Koch, 15 January 2010).
Distribution: Add Mexico (Oaxaca), 487 m, A. Rocha et al. Type locality: “Pías, Province Pataz, Department of La
(2016); delete Mexico (Nayarit), in error in Wallach et al. Libertad, Peru (07°53′56.6″S, 77°34′43.8″W, 1,726 m a.s.l.).”
(2014). Distribution: NW Peru (Cajamarca, La Libertad),
Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2014, 2015) provide a 1154–1726 m.
species account and map. Tantilla trilineata (W.C.H. Peters, 1880)
Tantilla shawi Taylor, 1949 Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015) provide an
Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2014, 2015) provide a account.
species account and map. Tantilla triseriata H.M. Smith & P.W. Smith, 1951
Tantilla slavensi Pérez-Higereda, H.M. Smith & R.B. Smith, Distribution: Low elevation of 914 m, L.D. Wilson & Mata-
1985 Silva (2014).
Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2014, 2015) provide a Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2014, 2015) provide a
species account, map and color photograph. species account and map.
Tantilla stenigrammi McCranie & E.N. Smith, 2017. Tantilla tritaeniata H.M. Smith & Williams, 1966
Herpetologica 73(4): 339–342, figs. 3, 4. Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015) provide an
Holotype: UTA R52591, a 173 mm female (E.N. Smith, J.A. account.
Ferrar-Castro, J. Murillo, C. Chavez, A. Sosa & J.H. Malone, Tantilla vermiformis (Hallowell, 1861)
3 February 2005).
Distribution: Add Guatemala (Zacapa), Ariano-Sánchez
Type locality: “Cuaca (15°23′01″N, 86°12′41.22″W…), 895 m (2015), Honduras (Valle: Isla Exposición, 20 m), McCranie
elevation, department of Olancho, Honduras.” et al. (2013b); Nicaragua (Masaya), L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva
Distribution: NC Honduras (Olancho), 895–1180 m. (2015).
Comments: Known from two specimens. Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015) provide an
Tantilla striata Dunn, 1928 account.
Distribution: Elevation 152–1143 m, L.D. Wilson & Mata- Tantilla vulcani Campbell, 1998
Silva (2014). Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas), not Oaxaca (stated in error by
Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2014, 2015) provide a Wallach et al., 2014); Elevation 305–960 m, L.D. Wilson &
species account and map. Mata-Silva (2014), but 518–610 m according to L.D. Wilson
Tantilla supracincta (W.C.H. Peters, 1863) & Mata-Silva (2015).
Distribution: Add Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2014, 2015) provide a
(2015); Colombia (Antioquia), Hurtado-Gómez et al. (2015); species account and map.
Ecuador (Manabí), Cisneros-Heredia (2005) and Almendáriz Tantilla wilcoxi Stejneger, 1902
et al. (2012); elevation to 1323 m, L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva Distribution: Add Mexico (Jalisco), Carbajal-Márquez et al.
(2015). (2015d); delete Mexico (Tamaulipas), L.D. Wilson & Mata-
Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015) provide an Silva (2014).
account. Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2014, 2015) provide a
Tantilla taeniata (Bocourt, 1883 in A.H.A. Duméril, Bocourt species account, map and color photograph.
& Mocquard, 1870–1909) Tantilla yaquia H.M. Smith, 1942
Distribution: Add Nicaragua (Esteli, Jinotega), Sunyer & G. Distribution: Elevation to 1680 m, L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva
Köhler (2007). Remove Honduras (see comments). (2014).
Comments: McCranie & E.N. Smith (2017) assign Honduran Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2014, 2015) provide a
specimens to other species of Tantilla, recognizing those species account and map.
from Guatemala as true T. taeniata, and leaving El Salvador
and Nicaragua populations in taxonomic limbo. L.D. Wilson TANTILLITA H.M. Smith, 1941 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
& Mata-Silva (2015) provide an account. Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015) provide a diag-
Tantilla tayrae L.D. Wilson, 1983 nosis and review of the species. The authors state that whether
Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2014, 2015) provide a or not this genus should be synonymized with Tantilla, as has
species account and map. been suggested, must await a molecular analysis.
Tantillita brevissima (Taylor, 1937) Telescopus dhara (Forskal in Niebuhr, 1775)

Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015) provide an Distribution: Add Saudi Arabia (Ha’il), Alshammari et al.
account. (2017).
Tantllita canula (Cope, 1875) Telescopus fallax (Fleischmann, 1831)
Distribution: Upper elevation of 450 m, L.D. Wilson & Mata- Distribution: Add Croatia (Plavnik I.), Tóth et al. (2017);
Silva (2015). Greece (Chios I.), Kirchner (2009); Greece (Elafonisos I.),
Comments: L.D. Wilson & Mata-Silva (2015) provide an Broggi (2016a); Greece (Ithakos I.), Strachinis & Artavanis
account. (2017); Greece (Kimolos I.), Broggi (2014b); Greece
Tantillita lintoni (H.M. Smith, 1940) (Kastellorizo I.), Kakaentzis et al. (2018); Greece (Samos I.),
Speybroek et al. (2014); Turkey (Burdur), Ege et al. (2015);
Distribution: Add Mexico (Chiapas); westernmost record in
Turkey (Canakkale), Tok et al. (2014); Turkey (Mersin),
Veracuz, Mexico, García-Morales et al. (2017).
Winden et al. (1997); Iran (Alborz, Ardabil, Gilan, Golestan,
Mazandaran, Qazvin, Tehran), Shafaei-Mahroo et al. (2015);
TAPHROMETOPON Brandt, 1838 (Psammophiidae) Iran (Kermanshah, Kordestan, Markazi), Nilson & Rastegar-
Comments: Zaher et al. (2019) find Psammophis crucifer to Pouyani (2013).
be sister taxon to Psammophis + Taphrometopon. Branch Comments: Kyriazi et al. (2012) use mtDNA sequence data
et al. (2019b), using more samples and taxa, confirm that the to determine that populations on Crete originated from the
South African Psammophis crucifer is allied with Eurasian southern end of Greece. Poulakakis et al. (2016) use similar
Psammophis (Taphrometopon), but caution against the use of methods to test the origin of the Cyprus population. A Balkan
Taphrometopon pending fuller taxon sampling. and an Asia Minor/Middle East clade are recovered, with the
Taphrometopon condanarum (Merrem, 1820) Cyprus population as sister group to the eastern clade. See
Distribution: Ganesh et al. (2017) provide records that extend under T. nigriceps.
the known range further south in Andhra Pradesh and Telescopus finkeldeyi Haacke, 2013. Zootaxa 3737(3): 281–
Karnataka, India. Remove India (Gujarat), Patel & Vyas (2019). 285, figs. 1–4.
Taphrometopon crucifer (Daudin, 1803) Holotype: TMP 53542, a 562 mm female (J.A. van Rooyen,
Taphrometopon indochinensis (M.A. Smith, 1943) December 1979).
Distribution: Add Thailand (Chanthaburi), Chan-ard et al. Type locality: “Rössing Uranium mine area, Swako[p]mund
(2011); Thailand (Phetchaburi), Hartmann et al. (2011). district (2214Db) Namibia.”
Hartmann et al. (2011) report specific Cambodian records. Distribution: SW Africa. Angola (Namibe), Namibia
Taphrometopon leithii (Günther, 1869) (Damaraland, Kaokoland, Karibib, Swakopmund, Windhoek).
Taphrometopon lineolatum (Brandt, 1838) Telescopus gezirae Broadley, 1994
Distribution: Add Iran (Golestan, Markazi, North Khorasan, Telescopus hoogstraali K.P. Schmidt & Marx, 1956
South Khorasan), Safaei-Mahroo et al. (2015); Afghanistan Telescopus nigriceps (Ahl, 1924)
(Badghis), Wagner et al. (2016b). Doronin (2016) summarizes Distribution: Add Iran (Kermanshah, Kordestan), Nilson &
records for Azerbaijan. Rastegar-Pouyani (2013); Iran (Markazi), 1748 m, Beyhaghi
Taphrometopon longifrons (Boulenger, 1890) (2016).
Distribution: Add India (Karnataka), Premkumar & Sharma Comments: Specimens from S Turkey were paraphyletic
(2017); India (Andhra Pradesh, Telangana), and upper eleva- with respect to populations of T. fallax, according to a DNA
tion of 498 m, Visvanathan et al. (2017). Vyas & Patel (2013) sequence-based phylogeny produced by Šmid et al. (2019).
and Visvanathan et al. (2017) map known localities. Telescopus obtusus (A. Reuss, 1834)
Telescopus pulcher (Scortecci, 1935)
†TAUNTONOPHIS Parmley & D. Walker, 2003 Distribution: Add Somalia (Woqooyi Galbeed), Mazuch et al.
(Colubridae: Colubrinae) (2018).
†Tauntonophis morganorum Parmley & D. Walker, 2003 Comments: Mazuch et al. (2018) describe and illustrate two
additional specimens.
TELESCOPUS Wagler, 1830 (Colubridae: Colubrinae) Telescopus rhinopoma (Blanford, 1874)
Distribution: Add middle Miocene (Orleanian) of Germany, Distribution: Add Iran (Bushehr, Hormozgan, Isfahan,
Čerňanský et al. (2017, as Telescopus sp.). Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad, North Khorasan, South
Comments: Šmid et al. (2019) analyze DNA sequence data Khorasan), Shafaei-Mahroo et al. (2015); Iran (Qom), S.M.
for ten of the species, which resolve into two primary clades: Kazemi et al. (2015); Iran (Kerman), Moradi et al. (2013);
African and Arabian species, and Asia Minor/Middle East Afghanistan (Helmand), Jablonski & Masroor (2019);
species. Pakistan (Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Kyber
Telescopus beetzii (Barbour, 1922) Pakhtunkhwa), Jablonski & Masroor (2019). Upper elevation
†Telescopus bolkayi Szyndlar, 2005 of 2269 m, Jablonski & Masroor (2019).
Telescopus semiannulatus A. Smith, 1849 in 1838–1849 TETRALEPIS Boettger, 1892 (Colubroidea: incerta sedis)
Distribution: Add Angola (Cuanza Sul, Lunda Norte), M.P. Tetralepis fruhstorferi Boettger, 1892
Marques et al. (2018); Angola (Huila, Namibe), Branch (2018).
Telescopus somalicus (Parker, 1949) †TETRAPODOPHIS Martill, Tischlinger & Longrich,
2015. Science 349(6246): 416. (Ophidia: incerta sedis)
Telescopus tessellatus (Wall, 1908)
Type species: Tetrapodophis amplectus Martill, Tischlinger
Distribution: Add Iran (Bushehr, Tehran), Shafaei-Mahroo
& Longrich, 2015, by monotypy.
et al. (2015); Iran (Ilam, Kermanshah, Markazi), Nilson &
Rastegar-Pouyani (2013). Distribution: Early Cretaceous of Brazil.
Comments: Nilson & Rastegar-Pouyani (2013) morphologi- Comments: Martill et al. (2015) place it as the sister taxon to
cally and geographically define two subspecies in Iran. †Coniophis. However, Onary et al. (2017) consider it a puta-
tive snake in the broadest sense (Ophidia).
Telescopus tripolitanus (F. Werner, 1909)
†Tetrapodophis amplectus Martill, Tischlinger & Longrich,
Distribution: Add Morocco (Figuig), Barata et al. (2011);
2015. Science 349(6246): 416–418, figs. 1–4.
Libya (Tripoli, Zawiyah), Bauer et al. (2017); Niger (Tillaberi),
Trape & Mané (2015). Holotype: BMMS BK 2–2. The specimen is preserved on
laminated limestone.
Telescopus variegatus (J.T. Reinhardt, 1843)
Type locality: “Nova Olinda Member of the Early Cretaceous
Distribution: Add Mali (Sikasso), and low elevation of 170 m, (Aptian) Crato Formation, Ceará, Brazil.”
Trape & Mané (2017).
Distribution: Early Cretaceous of Brazil (Ceará). Known only
from the holotype.
TERETRURUS Beddome, 1886 (Uropeltidae)
Synonyms: Add Brachyophidium Wall, 1921. Comment: Onary et al. (2017) advise caution in acceptance
of the stated type locality. M.S.Y. Lee et al. (2016b) provide a
Comments: Cyriac & Kodandaramaiah (2017) find
further description of the appendicular skeleton.
Brachyophidium to be nested within Teretrurus in their DNA
sequence-based phylogeny. Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a †TEXASOPHIS Holman, 1977 (Colubroidea: incerta sedis)
morphological diagnosis of the genus.
†Texasophis bohemiacus Szyndlar, 1987
Teretrurus hewstoni Beddome, 1876. Proc. Zool. Soc.
Distribution: Add late Middle Miocene (Astaracian) of NE
London 1876(1): 701. (Platyplectrurus hewstoni)
Kazakhstan, Ivanov et al. (2019).
Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.15.77, a female (Dr. Hewston)
†Texasophis fossilis Holman, 1977
Type locality: “Manantoddy [=Mananthavady], in the Wynad, †Texasophis galbreathi Holman, 1984
elevation 2700 feet,” Kerala, India. †Texasophis hecki M. Böhme, 2008
Distribution: S India (N Kerala, N of the Coimbatore †Texasophis meini Rage & Holman, 1984
lowlands). †Texasophis wilsoni Holman, 1984
Comments: Recognized by Cyriac & Kodandaramaiah
(2017) based on sister-group relation to T. sanguineus + T. THALASSOPHIS P. Schmidt, 1852 (Elapidae)
rhodogaster. Thalassophis anomalus P. Schmidt, 1852
Teretrurus rhodogaster (Wall, 1921)
THAMNODYNASTES Wagler, 1830 (Dipsadidae:
Comments: Transferred with Brachyophidium by Cyriac
Xenodontinae)
& Kodandaramaiah (2017). Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a
description and color photograph. Comments: Coelho et al. (2013) discuss species in NE Brazil.
Teretrurus sanguineus (Beddome, 1867) Thamnodynastes almae Franco & Ferreira, 2002
Synonyms: Remove Platyplectrurus hewstoni Beddome, Comments: Coelho et al. (2013) provide a morphological and
1876. distributional summary.
Distribution: Remove N Kerala N of the Coimbatore low- Thamnodynastes ceibae Bailey & Thomas, 2007
lands, Cyriac & Kodandaramaiah (2017). Thamnodynastes chaquensis Bergna & Alvarez, 1993
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) note that only one specimen Distribution: Add Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Ferreira et al.
was used for the original description, and that the holotype (2017); Paraguay (Alto Paraguay, Boqueron, Concepcion),
may be one of the MNHN or NHMW specimens. They pro- Cabral & Weiler (2014).
vide a description and color photograph. Thamnodynastes chimanta Roze, 1958
Thamnodynastes corocoroensis Gorzula & Ayarzagüena,
TETRACHEILOSTOMA Jan, 1861 (Leptotyphlopidae: 1996
Epictinae) Thamnodynastes dixoni Bailey & Thomas, 2007
Tetracheilostoma bilineatum (Schlegel, 1839 in 1837–1844) Thamnodynastes duida C.W. Myers & Donnelly, 1996
Tetracheilostoma breuili (Hedges, 2008) Thamnodynastes gambotensis Pérez-Santos & Moreno,
Tetracheilostoma carlae (Hedges, 2008) 1989
Distribution: Add Colombia (Córdoba), Carvajal-Cogollo Thamnodynastes rutilus (Prado, 1942)

et al. (2007). Distribution: Add Brazil (Distrito Federal, Rio de Janeiro), J.J.
Thamnodynastes hypoconia (Cope, 1860) Magalhães et al. (2017); Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Ferreira
Distribution: Add Brazil (Bahia, Piaui), Guedes et al. (2014); et al. (2017); Brazil (Minas Gerais), Franco et al. (2017). J.J.
Brazil (Mato Grosso), Tavares et al. (2012); Brazil (Mato Magalhães et al. (2017) map known localities.
Grosso do Sul), Ferreira et al. (2017); Argentina (Chaco, Thamnodynastes sertanejo Bailey, Thomas, & Silva, 2005
Corrientes), Franco et al. (2017). Distribution: Add Brazil (Paraíba), and upper elevation of
Thamnodynastes lanei Bailey, Thomas & Silva, 2005 657 m, Guedes et al. (2014).
Distribution: Add Brazil (Amapa, Rondonia), Franco et al. Comments: Coelho et al. (2013) provide a morphological and
(2017); Brazil (Rondônia), Bernarde et al. (2012b). distributional summary.
Thamnodynastes longicaudus Franco, Ferreira, Marques & Thamnodynastes strigatus (Günther, 1858)
Sazima, 2003 Distribution: Add Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Franco et al.
Thamnodynastes marahuaquensis Gorzula & Ayarzagüena, (2017); Paraguay (Neembucu), Cabral & Weiler (2014). Upper
1996 elevation of 2450 m, Winkler et al. (2011).
Thamnodynastes nattereri Mikan, 1828. Delectae Florae Thamnodynastes yavi C.W. Myers & Donnelly, 1996
Faunae Brasil.: fig. 1. (Coluber nattereri)
Synonyms: Thamnodynastes nattereri laevis Boulenger, 1885. THAMNOPHIS Fitzinger, 1843 (Natricidae)
Holotype: Lost according to Nogueira et al. (2019). Fossil records: Add upper Miocene (Hemphillian) of USA
Type locality: “Lectus prope Sebastianopolim” [=Rio de (Tennessee), Jasinski & Moscato (2017, as Thamnophis sp.).
Janeiro], Brazil. Thamnophis atratus (Kennicott in Cooper, 1860)
Distribution: E Brazil and Uruguay. Brazil (Bahia, Alagoas, Thamnophis bogerti Rossman & Burbrink, 2005
Pernambuco, Sergipe), and upper elevation of 800 m, Guedes Thamnophis brachystoma (Cope, 1892)
et al. (2014, as T. cf. nattereri); Brazil (Espirito Santo), Silva- Thamnophis butleri (Cope, 1889)
Soares et al. (2011); Brazil (Minas Gerais), Moura et al. (2012, Comment: Kapfer et al. (2013) report natural hybridization
as T. cf nattereri); Brazil (Paraiba), Franco et al. (2017, as T. with T. sirtalis in Wisconsin, USA.
cf nattereri). Also Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Rio Grande do
Thamnophis chrysocephalus (Cope, 1885)
Norte, Parana and Santa Catarina.
Thamnophis conanti Rossman & Burbrink, 2005
Comments: This species is revived in the literature, usually Thamnophis couchii (Kennicott in Baird, 1859)
as T. cf nattereri, for populations along the Atlantic coast of Thamnophis cyrtopsis (Kennicott, 1860)
South America. Thamnophis elegans (Baird & Girard, 1853)
Thamnodynastes pallidus (Linnaeus, 1758) Thamnophis eques (A. Reuss, 1834)
Synonyms: Remove Coluber nattereri Mikan, 1828. Distribution: Add Mexico (Guerrero), Palacios-Aguilar &
Distribution: Add Brazil (Amazonia, Rondonia), Franco Flores-Villela (2018).
et al. (2017); Brazil (Paraiba), R. França et al. (2012); Brazil
Thamnophis errans H.M.Smith, 1942
(Tocantins), Dal Vechio et al. (2016, as T. cf. pallidus).
Distribution: Add Mexico (Jalisco), Ahumada-Carrillo et al.
Thamnodynastes paraguanae Bailey & Thomas, 2007 (2014)
Distribution: Add Colombia (Cesar), Rojas-Murcia et al. (2016).
Thamnophis exsul Rossman, 1969
Thamnodynastes phoenix Franco, Trevine, Montingelli &
Thamnophis fulvus (Bocourt, 1893 in A.H.A. Duméril,
Zaher, 2017. Salamandra 53(3): 340–347, figs. 1–4.
Bocourt & Mocquard, 1870–1909)
Holotype: IBSP 87527, a 473 mm male (L. de B. Ribeiro, 4
Distribution: Add Guatemala (Huehuetenango) and upper
November 2011).
elevation of 3710 m, Eisermann et al. (2016).
Type locality: “Brazil, Pernambuco, municipality of Petrolina,
09°19′29.00″ S, 40°32′50.00″ W, 389 m above sea level, Thamnophis gigas Fitch, 1940
Campus Ciéncias Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Vale do Comments: Wood et al. (2015) use microsatellites to evalu-
São Francisco (UNIVASF).” ate genetic structure within and between populations. They
Distribution: NE Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Ceara, Goias, Minas recover five clusters that correspond to drainage basins.
Gerais, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio Grande do Norte, Thamnophis godmani Günther, 1894 in 1885–1902)
Sergipe, Tocantins). Distribution: Upper elevation of 3018 m, Palacios-Aguilar &
Comments: Data in Coelho et al. (2013) on an undescribed Flores-Villela (2018).
species pertain to T. phoenix. Thamnophis hammondi (Kennicott, 1860)
Thamnodynastes ramonriveroi Manzanilla & Sánchez, 2005 Thamnophis lineri Rossman & Burbrink, 2005
Thamnophis marcianus (Baird & Girard, 1853) Comments: T. Smith et al. (2016) describe additional material
Comments: E.A. Myers et al. (2017a) provide a DNA-sequence from near the type locality.
based phylogeny of USA populations, with two clades sepa-
rated at the Continental Divide. THELOTORNIS A. Smith, 1849 in 1838–1849 (Colubridae:
Colubrinae)
Thamnophis melanogaster (W.C.H. Peters, 1864)
Thamnophis mendax C.F. Walker, 1955 Fossil records: Add middle Pliocene of Tanzania, Rage &
Thamnophis nigronuchalis Thompson, 1957 Bailon (2011, as cf. Thelotornis).
Thamnophis ordinoides (Baird & Girard, 1852) Thelotornis capensis A. Smith, 1849 in 1838–1849
Thamnophis postremus H.M. Smith, 1942 Distribution: Add Angola (Benguela, Cunene), Branch (2018);
Thamnophis proximus (Say in James, 1823) Angola (Cauando-Cubango), Conradie et al. (2016b); Angola
(Huila), M.P. Marques et al. (2018); Angola (Namibe), Ceríaco
Distribution: Mexico (Oaxaca, disjunct record), Mata-Silva
et al. (2016).
et al. (2015b).
Thelotornis kirtlandii (Hallowell, 1844)
Thamnophis pulchrilatus (Cope, 1885a)
Distribution: Add Angola (Bengo), Branch (2018); Angola
Distribution: Upper elevation of 3054 m, González-Hernández
(Luanda, Malanje), M.P. Marques et al. (2018).
et al. (2016). Fernández-Badillo et al. (2016c) report additional
records from Hidalgo, Mexico, and Ahumada-Carrillo et al. Thelotornis mossambicanus (Bocage, 1895)
(2014) within Jalisco, Mexico. Thelotornis usambaricus Broadley, 2001
Thamnophis radix (Baird & Girard, 1853) Distribution: Add Tanzania (Nguru Mtns., Morogoro),
Thamnophis rossmani Conant, 2000 Menegon et al. (2008).
Distribution: Additional and recent record for Nayarit, THERMOPHIS Malnate, 1953 (Dipsadidae: subfamily
Mexico, 922 m, Luja & Grünwald (2015). unnamed)
Thamnophis rufipunctatus (Cope in Yarrow, 1875) Comments: S. Hofmann et al. (2015) present new morphologi-
Thamnophis saurita (Linnaeus, 1766) cal data for the species of Thermophis, along with a phylog-
Comments: Kraus & Cameron (2016) note that the correct eny of each using DNA sequence data.
specific epithet is saurita, not sauritus. Thermophis baileyi (Wall, 1907)
Thamnophis scalaris Cope, 1861 Distribution: S. Hofman et al. (2015) map known localities.
Distribution: Mexico (range extension in Hildalgo), Olvera & Thermophis shangrila Peng, Lu, Huang, Guo & Zhang,
Badillo (2016b). 2014. Asian Herpetol. Res. 5(4): 230–235, fig. 4.
Thamnophis scaliger (Jan, 1865) Holotype: HUM 20120001, a 951 mm female (L. Peng et al.,
Distribution: Mexico (Jalisco), Grünwald et al. (2016a, range 23 August 2011).
extension). Type locality: “near a hot spring about 500 m in Shangri-La,
Thamnophis sirtalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Northern Yunnan, China.”
Comment: Kapfer et al. (2013) report natural hybridization Distribution: China (N Yunnan), 500 m. Known only from
with T. butleri in Wisconsin, USA. the type locality.
Comments: S. Hofman et al. (2015), using DNA sequence-
Thamnophis sumichrasti (Cope, 1867)
data, find T. shangrila to be undifferentiated from T. zhao
Thamnophis unilabialis W.W. Tanner, 1985
ermii, and note that morphological characters overlapped
Thamnophis validus (Kennicott, 1860)
between the two taxa.
THAMNOSOPHIS Jan, 1863 (Pseudoxyrhophiidae) Thermophis zhaoermii Guo, Liu, Feng & He, 2008
Distribution: S. Hofman et al. (2015) map known localities.
Thamnosophis epistibes (Cadle, 1996)
Thamnosophis infrasignatus (Günther, 1882) THRASOPS Hallowell, 1857 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Thamnosophis lateralis (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron &
Thrasops flavigularis (Hallowell, 1852)
Duméril, 1854)
Thamnosophis martae (Glaw, Franzen & Vences, 2005) Distribution: Upper elevation of 2050 m, Ineich et al. (2015).
Thamnosophis mavotenda Glaw, Nagy, Köhler, Franzen & Thrasops jacksonii Günther, 1895
Vences, 2009 Distribution: Add Nigeria, Trape & Baldé (2014); Gabon
Thamnosophis stumpffi (Boettger, 1881) (Ogooué-Ivindo), Carlino & Pauwels (2013); Gabon (Woleu-
Ntem), Pauwels et al. (2017d); South Sudan (Eastern
†THAUMASTOPHIS Rage, Folie, Rana, Singh, Rose & Equatoria), Ullenbruch & Böhme (2017); Angola (Lunda
T. Smith, 2008 (Colubroidea: incerta sedis) Norte, Zaire), Branch (2018).
†Thaumastophis missiaeni Rage, Folie, Rana, Singh, Rose & Thrasops occidentalis H.W. Parker, 1840
T. Smith, 2008 Thrasops schmidti Loveridge, 1936
†TITANOBOA Head, Bloch, Hastings, Bourque, Cadena, Distribution: Papua New Guinea (Western), 1468–1700 m.
Herrera, Polly & Jaramillo, 2009 (Booidea: incerta sedis) Known only from two individuals.
Comments: Head et al. (2013) discuss phylogenetic Comments: O’Shea et al. (2018a) report and illustrate a sec-
relationships. ond specimen.
†Titanoboa cerrejonensis Head, Bloch, Hastings, Bourque, Toxicocalamus grandis (Boulenger, 1914)
Cadena, Herrera, Polly & Jaramillo, 2009 Distribution: Elevation 25 m, O’Shea et al. (2018b).
Comments: Head et al. (2013) describe cranial and additional Toxicocalamus holopelturus McDowell, 1969
vertebral elements. Distribution: Low elevation of 55 m, O’Shea et al. (2015), who
list specimens in addition to the holotype.
TOMODON A.M.C. Duméril, 1853 (Dipsadidae:
Xenodontinae) Toxicocalamus longissimus Boulenger, 1896
Distribution: Elevation range 12–80 m, O’Shea et al. (2015).
Tomodon dorsatus A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854
O’Shea & Kaiser (2018) show that the record for Fergusson
Distrubution: Add Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Ferreira et al. Island is in error.
(2017).
Toxicocalamus loriae (Boulenger, 1898)
Tomodon ocellatus A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril,
Distribution: Add Papua New Guinea (Jiwaka, Sandaun), and
1854
upper elevation range of 2140 m, O’Shea et al. (2015).
Tomodon orestes Harvey & Muñoz, 2004 Comments: J.L. Strickland et al. (2016) find five genetic spe-
Distribution: Add Argentina (Jujuy), F.B. Gallardo et al. cies within this complex.
(2014); Argentina (Tucuman), Scrocchi et al. (2019).
Toxicocalamus mintoni Kraus, 2010 (2009). Herpetologica
65(4): 461–462, figs. 1, 2.
†TOTLANDOPHIS Holman & Harrison, 1998 (Booidea:
Holotype: BPBM 20822, a 611+ mm male (J. Slapcinsky, 21
incerta sedis)
April 2004).
†Totlandophis americanus Holman & Harrison, 2001
Type locality: “W slope of Mt. Rio, 11.49610° S, 153.42413°
†Totlandophis thomasae Holman & Harrison, 1998
E, 410 m, Sudest Island, Milne Bay Province, Papua New
Guinea.”
TOXICOCALAMUS Boulenger, 1896 (Elapidae)
Distribution: Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay: Sudest Island),
Comments: J.L. Strickland et al. (2016) provide a phylogeny 410 m. Known only from the holotype.
for eight Toxicocalamus species, which they confirm to be
monophyletic. However, the phylogeny produced by Zaher Toxicocalamus misimae McDowell, 1969
et al. (2019) has T. loriae paraphyletic with respect to T. pre Distribution: Elevation range 128–350 m, O’Shea et al.
ussi, which resolves in a clade with Aspidomorphus, Furina (2018b). O’Shea & Kaiser (2018) show that the record for
and Demansia. O’Shea et al. (2018b) provide a taxonomic his- Central Province is in error.
tory of the genus, and a key to the species. Toxicocalamus nigrescens Kraus, 2017b. J. Herpetol. 51(4):
Toxicocalamus buergersi (Sternfeld, 1913) 575–576, figs. 1, 2.
Distribution: Add Papua New Guinea (Sandaun), and upper Holotype: BPBM 16545, a 720 mm female (P. Robert, 10
elevation of 634 m, O’Shea et al. (2018b). September 2002).
Toxicocalamus cratermontanus Kraus, 2017b. J. Herpetol. Type locality: “S slope Oya Waka, 9.4562°S, 150.5596°E…,
51(4): 578–579, figs. 1, 2. 980 m a.s.l., Fergusson Island, Milne Bay Province, Papua
New Guinea.”
Holotype: USNM 562941, a 727 mm female (D. Bickford, 1
March 1996). Distribution: Papua New Guinea (Fergusson Island),
NSL-980 m.
Type locality: “9.6 km east of Haia, Crater Mountain Wildlife
Management Area, 6.7239°S, 145.0931°E, 920 m a.s.l., Toxicocalamus pachysomus Kraus, 2010 (2009).
Chimbu Province, Papua New Guinea.” Herpetologica 65(4): 461–462, figs. 1, 2.
Distribution: Papua New Guinea (Chimbu), 920 m. Known Holotype: BPBM 15771, a 546+ mm male (F. Kraus, 22 April
only from the holotype. 2002).
Toxicocalamus ernstmayri O’Shea, Parker & H. Kaiser, Type locality: “along Upaelisafupi Stream, 10.4970833°
2015. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 161(6): 243–248, figs 3, 4. S, 150.2329666° E, 715 m, Cloudy Mountains, Milne Bay
Province, Papua New Guinea.”
Holotype: MCZ 145946, a 1200 mm female (F. Parker, 23
December 1969). Distribution: Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay), 715 m. Known
only from the holotype.
Type locality: “Wangbin village (5°14′26.72″S,
141°15′31.92″E), elevation 1468 m (4800 ft), near the Ok Toxicocalamus preussi (Sternfeld, 1913)
Tedi River, in the Star Mountains of the North Fly District, Distribution: Add Papua New Guinea (Sandaun, Simbu), and
Western Province, P[apua]N[ew]G[uinea].” upper elevation of 2325 m, O’Shea et al. (2015); Papua New
Guinea (West New Britain), O’Shea et al. (2018b). O’Shea & Trachischium sushantai Raha, S. Das, Bag, Debnath &
Kaiser (2018) reason that the species is limited to the high- Pramanick, 2018. Zootaxa 4370(5): 550–553, figs. 1, 2.
lands, and the coastal record, NSL, in Western Province is Holotype: ZSI 25651a, a 311 mm female (Rajtilok, 4 August
in error. 1993).
Toxicocalamus pumehanae O’Shea, Allison & H. Kaiser, Type locality: “‘Jammu’ (Jammu & Kashmir state, India).”
2018b. Amphibia-Reptilia 39(4): 410–420, figs. 2, 3, 5, 6. Distribution: N India (Jammu & Kashmir). Known only from
Holotype: BPBM 36185, a 241 mm female (A. Allison, March the holotype.
2010). Trachischium tenuiceps (Blyth, 1854)
Type locality: “Jarefa Camp village (09°12′19″S,
148°14′15″E…), elevation 820 m, near Itokama (=Itogama), TRACHYBOA W.C.H. Peters, 1860 (Tropidophiidae)
on the Managalas Plateau, Managalas Conservation Area, Trachyboa boulengeri Peracca, 1910
Ijvitari District, Oro Province, Papua New Guinea.” Trachyboa gularis W.C.H. Peters, 1860
Distribution: SE New Guinea (Oro), 820 m. Known only from
the holotype. †TREGOPHIS Holman, 1975 (Booidea: incerta sedis)
Toxicocalamus spilolepidotus McDowell, 1969 †Tregophis brevirachis Holman, 1975
Toxicocalamus stanleyanus Boulenger, 1903
TRETANORHINUS A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron& Duméril,
Distribution: Add Papua New Guinea (East Sepik, Sandaun, 1854 (Dipsadidae: Dipsadinae)
Simbu), and low elevation limit of 37 m, O’Shea et al. (2015).
Tretanorhinus mocquardi Bocourt, 1891
TOXICODRYAS Hallowell, 1857 (Colubridae: Colubrinae) Distribution: Add Panama (Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback
Toxicodryas blandingii (Hallowell, 1844) (2015).
Distribution: Add Angola (Bengo, Cuanza Sul), Branch Tretanorhinus nigroluteus Cope, 1861
(2018). Distribution: Add Mexico (Chiapas), Hernández-Ordóñez
Toxicodryas pulverulenta (J.C. Fischer, 1856) et al. (2015); Panama (Panama), Ray & Ruback (2015).
Type locality: Ceríaco et al. (2018) affirm that the type local- Tretanorhinus taeniatus Boulenger, 1903
ity as stated in the original description (Edina, Liberia) is cor- Tretanorhinus variabilis A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron&
rect, and that the species does not occur on São Tomé. Duméril, 1854
Distribution: Add Gabon (Ogooue-Lolo), Pauwels et al. (2017b);
TRICHEILOSTOMA Jan & Sordelli, 1860 in 1860–1866
South Sudan (Eastern Equatoria), Ullenbruch & Böhme (2017).
(Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae)
TRACHISCHIUM Günther, 1858 (Natricidae) Tricheilostoma bicolor (Jan & Sordelli, 1860 in 1860–1866)
Trachischium apteii Bhosale, Gowande & Mirza, 2019. Distribution: Add Niger (Tillaberi), Trape & Mané (2015).
Comptes Rendus Biol. 342(9–10): 325–327, figs. 1, 2. Tricheilostoma broadleyi (Wallach & Hahn, 1997)
Holotype: BNHS3550, a 331 mm female (H.S. Bhosale, G. Tricheilostoma dissimile (Bocage, 1886)
Gowande, M. Savant & P. Phansalkar, 19 June 2019). Tricheilostoma greenwelli (Wallach & Boundy, 2005)
Type locality: “Pange camp, Talle Valley Wildlife Sanctuary,
Comment: Boundy (2014) provides a corrected illustration of
Arunachal Pradesh (27.549322°N, 93.897138°E, elevation
the ventral head scalation.
1890 m),” India.
Tricheilostoma kongoensis Trape, 2019. Bull. Soc. Herpétol.
Distribution: NE India (Arunachal Pradesh), 1890 m. Known
France 169: 38–42, figs. 11–13.
only from the type locality.
Holotype: MNHN 2018.0014, a 100 mm specimen of
Trachischium fuscum (Blyth, 1954)
unknown sex (F. Nsingi, 2017).
Distribution: Add India (Assam), Raha et al. (2018).
Type locality: “près du Stanley Pool à Kinshasa (04°19’S /
Comments: Raha et al. (2018) redescribe the lectotype of 15°15’E) en République démocratique du Congo.”
C. fusca, as well as type of synonyms, and additional specimens.
Distribution: W Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa).
Trachischium guentheri Boulenger, 1890 Known only from the holotype.
Distribution: Add China (S Tibet), K. Wang et al. (2019a). Tricheilostoma sundewalli (Jan, 1861)
Upper elevation of 2700 m, Chettri et al. (2010).
Distribution: Add Nigeria, Trape & Baldé (2014).
Comments: K. Wang et al. (2019a) describe a specimen from
China. TRILEPIDA Hedges, 2011 (Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae)
Trachischium leave Peracca, 1904 Comments: Pinto & Fernandes (2017) provide a key to the
Trachischium monticola (Cantor, 1839) species of Trilepida.
Comments: K. Wang et al. (2019a) describe additional speci- Trilepida affinis Boulenger, 1884. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
mens from China. Series 5, 13(77): 396–397. (Stenostoma affine)
Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.11.16, a 218 mm male. name. They did not evaluate the monotypic genera Peltopelor,
Type locality: “province of Tachira, Venezuela.” Triceratolepidophis or Zhaoermia.
Distribution: Venezuela (Tachira). Known only from the Trimeresurus albolabris Gray, 1842
holotype. Distribution: Add Nepal (Bara), Pandey et al. (2018); Nepal
Comments: Pinto & Fernandes (2017) re-validate S. affine, (Chitwan, Nawalparasi), Pandey (2012); Nepal (Parsa),
and redescribe the holotype. Bhattarai et al. (2018b); Thailand (Chanthaburi), Chan-ard
Trilepida anthracina (Bailey, 1946) et al. (2011); Vietnam (Quang Ngai), Nemes et al. (2013);
Vietnam (Yen Bai), Le et al. (2018).
Trilepida brasiliensis (Laurent, 1949)
Distribution: Add Brazil (Paraíba), Moura et al. (2013b). Trimeresurus andersoni Theobald, 1868
Moura et al. map known localities. Trimeresurus arunachalensis Captain, Deepak, Pandit, Bhatt
Trilepida brevissima (Shreve, 1964) & Athreya, 2019. Russ. J. Herpetol. 26(2): 113–116, fig. 3.
Trilepida dimidiata (Jan, 1861) Holotype: APF/SFRI 1871, a 658 mm male (W. Phiang & R.
Trilepida dugandi (Dunn, 1944) Pandit).
Trilepida fuliginosa (Passos, Caramaschi & Pinto, 2006) Type locality: “near Ramda, West Kameng, Arunachal Pradesh,
Distribution: Add Brazil (Mato Grosso), Francisco et al. (2018); northeastern India (27°15’ N 92°46’ E; 1876 m elevation).”
Brazil (Piauí), Dal Vechio et al. (2016, as T. cf. fuliginosa). Distribution: NE India (Arunachal Pradesh), 1876 m. Known
Trilepida guayaquilensis (Orejas-Miranda & G. Peters, 1970) only from the holotype.
Comments: See under Himalayophis.
Comment: Salazar-Valenzuela et al. (2015) note that numer-
ous records of T. quayaquilensis are referable to Epictia sub Trimeresurus cantori Blyth, 1846
crotilla, and that T. guayaquilensis is still only represented by Trimeresurus cardamomensis (Malhotra, Thorpe, Mrinalini
the holotype. & B.S. Stuart, 2011)
Trilepida jani (Pinto & Fernandes, 2012) Comments: Mrinalini et al. (2015) confirm the validity of this
Trilepida joshuai (Dunn, 1944) species using DNA sequence-data.
Trilepida koppesi (Amaral, 1955) Trimeresurus erythrurus (Cantor, 1839)
Distribution: Add Brazil (Bahia), Guedes et al. (2014); Trimeresurus fasciatus (Boulenger, 1896)
Brazil (Minas Gerais), 181 and 1100 m, Filogonio & Canelas Trimeresurus honsonensis (L.L. Grismer, Ngo & Grismer,
(2015a, b). 2008)
Trilepida macrolepis (W.C.H. Peters, 1857) Trimeresurus insularis Kramer, 1977
Distribution: Add Venezuela (Trujillo), Esqueda-González Distribution: Add Timor-Leste (Ataúro Island), H. Kaiser
et al. (2015); Ecuador (Esmeraldas), Salazar-Valenzuela et al. et al. (2013b).
(2015). Pinto & Fernandes (2017) provide a map of known Trimeresurus kanburiensis M.A. Smith, 1943
localities.
Comments: Alencar et al. (2016), using four mtDNA genes,
Comments: Pinto & Fernandes (2017) provide a revised resolved T. kanburiensis in a clade that shared a most com-
diagnosis. mon recent ancestor with Sinovipera+Viridovipera, and was
Trilepida nicefori (Dunn, 1946) not associated witrh Trimeresurus sensu stricto.
Trilepida pastusa Salazar-Valenzuela, Martins, Amador- Trimeresurus labialis Fitzinger in Steindachner, 1867
Oyola & Torres-Carvajal, 2015. Amphibian & Reptile
Synonymy: Remove Trimeresurus mutabilis Stoliczka 1870,
Conservation 8(1): 108–113, figs. 1–5.
as a species.
Holotype: QCAZ 8690, a 315 mm female (O. Torres-Carvajal,
Type locality: Restricted to Car Nicobar Island by Vogel et al.
S. Aldás-Alarcón, E. Tapia, A. Pozo & local people, 23
(2014a).
February 2009).
Distribution: Limited to Cat Nicobar Island, Andaman and
Type locality: “surroundings of Chilmá Bajo on the way to
Nicobars, India.
Tres Marías waterfall (0°51′53.82″ N, 78°2′59.23″ W; 2071 m),
Tulcán County, Carchi province, Ecuador.” Comments: Vogel et al. (2014a) find two morphotypes from
a multivariate analysis, one of which is referable to T. labia
Distribution: Ecuador (Carchi), 2071 m. Add Colombia
lis, the other they resurrect as T. mutabilis. They provide a
(Cauca), and low elevation of 1472 m, Vera-Pérez et al. (2018).
revised description and color photograph of T. labialis.
Trilepida salgueiroi (Amaral, 1955)
Trimeresurus macrops Kramer, 1977
TRIMERESURUS Lacépède, 1804 (Vipera: Crotalinae) Distribution: Add Thailand (Chanthaburi), Chan-ard et al.
Comments: Mrinalini et al. (2015) use DNA sequence-data to (2011); Thailand (Nakhon Ratchasima), Barnes et al. (2017);
evaluate the phylogeny of the T. macrops complex. Alencar Cambodia (Siem Reap), Geissler et al. (2019, as T. cf. macrops).
et al. (2016) use DNA sequence-data to resolve six clades in Comments: Mrinalini et al. (2015) provide a DNA sequence-
Trimeresurus sensu lato, one of which lacks an available genus based phylogeny that shows some clades within the species.
Alencar et al. (2016), using four mtDNA genes, resolved T. Distribution: Add Vietnam (Bac Giang), Teynié et al. (2014).
macrops in a clade that shared a most common recent ances- Comments: Ren et al. (2019) provide a revised description,
tor with Sinovipera+Viridovipera, and was not associated color photographs and a locality map.
with Trimeresurus sensu stricto.
Trimerodytes percarinatus (Boulenger, 1899)
Trimeresurus mutabilis Stoliczka, 1870. Proc. Asiatic Soc. Distribution: Add Vietnam (Dien Bien, Kon Tum, Than Hoa),
Bengal 1870(April): 107. Le et al. (2015); Vietnam (Quang Ngai), Nemes et al. (2013);
Lectotype: NMW 14863.1, designated by Vogel et al. (2014a). Vietnam (Yen Bai), Le et al. (2018); China (Shandong), J.L.
Type locality: “Andamans and Nicobars,” India. Restricted to Lee et al. (2018b).
Camorta Island by lectotype designation. Trimerodytes yapingi Guo, Zhu & Liu, 2019b. Zootaxa 4623(3):
Distribution: India (Andaman and Nicobar Is.: Bompoka, 538–539, figs. 3–5. (Sinonatrix yapingi) new combination
Camorta, Chowra, Katchal, Nancowry, Tarasa and Trinkat Holotype: YBU 15296, a 795 mm female (F. Zhu & Z.Q.
Islands). Zhang, August 2015).
Comments: Vogel et al. (2014a) revive this taxon as a valid Type locality: “Jingdong (24.53°N, 100.94°E), Yunnan
species, and provide a description and color photographs. Province, China, at an elevation of 1500 m a.s.l.”
Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus (Gray, 1832 in Gray & Distribution: SE China (S Yunnan), 1500 m. Known only
Hardwicke, 1830–1835) from the holotype.
Distribution: Add West Malaysia (Jerejak Island), Quah et al. Comments: We follow Ren et al. (2019) in transferring mem-
(2011); West Malaysia (Kedah), Shahriza et al. (2013); West bers of Sinonatrix to Trimerodytes.
Malaysia (Pulau Singa Besar), B.L. Lim et al. (2010). Trimerodytes yunnanensis (Rao & Yang, 1998)
Trimeresurus rubeus (Malhotra, Thorpe, Mrinalini & B.S. Distribution: Add Vietnam (Son La), Le et al. (2015).
Stuart, 2011)
Comments: Mrinalini et al. (2015) confirm the validity of this TRIMETOPON Cope, 1885 (Dipsadidae: Dipsadinae)
species using DNA sequence-data. Trimetopon barbouri Dunn, 1930
Trimeresurus septentrionalis Kramer, 1977 Distribution: Add Panama (Cocle), and upper elevation of
Distribution: Add India (Uttarakhand), Singh et al. (2017). 710 m, Ray et al. (2013); Panama (Chiriqui, Darien, Panama,
Panama Oeste), Derry et al. (2015).
Trimeresurus venustus Vogel, 1991
Comments: Mrinalini et al. (2015), using DNA-sequence Trimetopon gracile (Günther, 1872)
data, results in T. venustus and T. rubeus as forming a clade Trimetopon pliolepis Cope, 1894
relative to other T. macrops complex members. Alencar Distribution: Add Nicaragua (Rio San Juan), Gutiérrez-
et al. (2016), using four mtDNA genes, resolve T. venus Rodríguez & Sunyer (2016).
tus in a clade that shared a most common recent ancestor Trimetopon simile Dunn, 1930
with Sinovipera+Viridovipera, and was not associated with
Trimetopon slevini (Dunn, 1940)
Trimeresurus sensu stricto. On the other hand, the phylogeny
produced by Zaher et al. (2019) has venustus in a clade with Distribution: Herse & Ray (2014) map known localities, and
kanburiensis and macrops. suspect that the reported low elevation of 120 m is a typo-
graphical error for 1200 m.
TRIMERODYTES Cope, 1895. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Trimetopon viquezi Dunn, 1937
Philadelphia 46: 426. (Natricidae)
TRIMORPHODON Cope, 1861 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Synonyms: Liparophis Persacca, 1904, Sinonatrix Rossman
& Eberle, 1977. Trimorphodon biscutatus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron &
Type species: Trimerodytes balteatus Cope, 1895 by Duméril, 1854)
monotypy. Trimorphodon lambda Cope, 1886
Distribution: SE Asia. Comments: E.A. Myers et al. (2017a) provide a DNA
Comments: In an mtDNA-based phylogeny of Opisthotropis sequence-based phylogeny of USA populations, with two
and related genera, Ren et al. (2019) resolve O. balteata clades on either side of the Continental Divide, which support
within Sinonatrix. The name Trimerodytes is resurrected for the recognition of T. vilkinsonii.
the clade, having priority over Sinonatrix. Ren et al. (2018) Trimorphodon lyrophanes (Cope, 1860)
provide a revised generic diagnosis and a key to the species. Trimorphodon paucimaculatus Taylor, 1938
See Paratapinophis. Distribution: Add Mexico (Zacatecas), 1100 m, Bañuelos-
Trimerodytes aequifasciatus (Barbour, 1908) Alamillo et al. (2015).
Distribution: Add Vietnam (Hoa Binh), Nguyen et al. (2018). Trimorphodon quadruplex H.M. Smith, 1941
Trimerodytes annularis (Hallowell, 1856) Distribution: Add Honduras (El Paraíso), McCranie et al.
Trimerodytes balteatus Cope, 1895 (2014b); Honduras (Gracias á Dios), McCranie (2014a);
Honduras (Islas Exposición, Inglesera, El Pacar, de la Vaca, Distribution: Add West Malaysia (Jerejak Island), Quah et al.
Violín), McCranie & Gutsche (2016). (2011); West Malaysia (Kedah), Shahriza et al. (2013), West
Trimorphodon tau Cope, 1870 Malaysia (Terengganu), Sumarli et al. (2015).
Distribution: Upper elevation of 2711 m, Quintero-Díaz & TROPIDONOPHIS Jan, 1863 (Natricidae)
Carbajal-Márquez (2017b).
Tropidonophis aenigmaticus Malnate & Underwood, 1988
Trimorphodon vilkinsonii Cope, 1886
Tropidonophis dahlii (F. Werner, 1899)
Distribution: Add N Mexico (Coahuila), Baeza-Tarin et al.
(2018c). Distribution: Add Papua New Guinea (Duke of York Island),
Clegg & Jocque (2016).
Comments: See under T. lambda.
Tropidonophis dendrophiops (Günther, 1883)
TROPIDECHIS Günther, 1863 (Elapidae) Distribution: Add Philippines (Biliran, Luzon Is.), Leviton
Tropidechis carinatus (Krefft, 1863) et al. (2018); Philippines (Siquijor I.), Beukema (2011).
Tropidonophis dolasii Kraus & Allison, 2004
TROPIDOCLONION Cope, 1860 (Natricidae) Tropidonophis doriae (Boulenger, 1898)
Tropidoclonion lineatum (Hallowell, 1856) Tropidonophis elongatus (Jan, 1865)
Tropidonophis halmahericus (Boettger, 1895)
TROPIDODIPSAS Günther, 1858 (Dipsadidae: Dipsadinae)
Distribution: Add Indonesia (Tidore Island), Lang et al. (2013).
Tropidodipsas annulifera Boulenger, 1894
Tropidonophis hypomelas (Günther, 1877)
Tropidodipsas fasciata Günther, 1858
Distribution: Add Papua New Guinea (Duke of York Island),
Distribution: Add Guatemala (El Peten), Griffin & Powell Clegg & Jocque (2016).
(2014). Upper elevation of 2130 m, Palacios-Aguilar & Flores-
Tropidonophis mairii (Gray in Grey, 1841)
Villela (2018).
Tropidonophis mcdowelli Malnate & Underwood, 1988
Tropididipsas fischeri Boulenger, 1894 Tropidonophis montanus (Lidth de Jeude, 1911)
Tropidodipsas philippii (Jan, 1863) Tropidonophis multiscutellatus (Brongersma, 1948)
Distribution: Upper elevation of 1812 m, Mata-Silva et al. Distribution: Add Papua New Guinea (Oro), O’Shea et al.
(2017). (2018b, suppl.).
Tropidodipsas repleta H.M. Smith, Lemos-Espinal, Hartman Tropidonophis negrosensis (Taylor, 1917)
& Chiszar, 2005
Distribution: Add Philippines (Siquijor I.), Leviton et al. (2018).
Tropidodipsas sartorii Cope, 1863
Tropidonophis novaeguineae (Lidth de Jeude, 1911)
Distribution: Add Honduras (Olancho), Medina-Flores & Tropidonophis parkeri Malnate & Underwood, 1988
Townsend (2016); Nicaragua (Masaya), Sunyer et al. (2014).
Tropidonophis picturatus (Schlegel, 1837)
Tropidodipsas zweifeli Liner & L.D. Wilson, 1970
Distribution: Add Papua New Guinea (Karkar Island), Clegg
Distribution: Add Mexico (Puebla), Grünwald et al. (2016a). & Jocque (2016).
TROPIDODRYAS Fitzinger, 1843 (Dipsadidae: Tropidonophis punctiventris (Boettger, 1895)
Xenodontinae) Tropidonophis statisticus Malnate & Underwood, 1988
Tropidodryas serra (Schlegel, 1837) Tropidonophis truncatus (W.C.H. Peters, 1863)
Tropidodryas striaticeps (Cope, 1870) Distribution: Add Indonesia (Morotai, Tidore Islands), Lang
(2013).
TROPIDOLAEMUS Wagler, 1830 (Viperidae: Crotalinae)
TROPIDOPHIS Bibron, 1840 in Ramón de la Sagra,
Tropidolaemus huttoni (M.A, Smith, 1949) 1838–1843 (Tropidophiidae)
Tropidolaemus laticinctus Koch, Gumprecht & Melaun, 2007
Tropidophis battersbyi Laurent, 1949
Tropidolaemus philippinensis (Gray, 1842) Tropidophis bucculentus (Cope, 1868)
Distribution: Add Philippines (Dinagat, Leyte, Samar Is.), Tropidophis canus (Cope, 1868)
Leviton et al. (2018). Tropidophis caymanensis Battersby, 1938
Comments: Leviton et al. (2018) write that the Zamboanga Tropidophis celiae Hedges, Estrada & Diaz, 1999
Peninsula, Mindanao population is morphologically very Tropidophis curtus (Garman, 1887)
distinct.
Distribution: Add Bahamas (Elbow Cay, East Double Headed
Tropidolaemus subannulatus (Gray, 1842) Shot Cay), Reynolds et al. (2018b).
Distribution: Add Philippines (Siasi, Tawi-Tawi Is.), Leviton Comments: Using mtDNA sequence-data, Reynolds et al.
et al. (2018). (2018b) concluded that Cay Sal Bank specimens were conspe-
Tropidolaemus wagleri (H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827) cific with those of the Great Bahamas Bank.
Tropidophis feicki Schwartz, 1957 Comments: Hedges et al. (2014), Pyron & Wallach (2014) pro-
Tropidophis fuscus Hedges & Garrido, 1992 vide generic diagnoses.
Tropidophis galacelidus Schwartz & Garrido, 1975 Typhlops agoralionis J.P.R. Thomas & Hedges, 2007
Distribution: Low elevation of 152 m, Torres et al. (2016). Typhlops capitulatus Richmond, 1964
Tropidophis grapiuna Curcio, Sales-Nuñes, Suzart-Argôlo, Typhlops coecatus Jan, 1863
Skuk & Rodrigues, 2012 Distribution: Add Guinea, Trape & Baldé (2014).
Tropidophis greenwayi Barbour & Shreve, 1936 Comments: Hedges et al. (2014) assigned coecatus and zenkeri
Tropidophis haetianus (Cope, 1879) to Letheobia, but Pyron & Wallach (2014) countered that
internal and external morphology allied them with Typhlops
Distribution: Add Dominican Republic (Valverde), Gabot-
s.l., though they could equivocally belong to Antillotyphlops.
Rodríguez & Marte (2019).
Typhlops eperopeus J.P.R. Thomas & Hedges, 2007
Tropidophis hardyi Schwartz & Garrido, 1975
Typhlops gonavensis Richmond, 1964
Tropidophis hendersoni Hedges & Garrido, 2002 Typhlops hectus J.P.R. Thomas, 1974
Comments: Díaz et al. (2014) describe additional specimens Typhlops jamaicensis (Shaw, 1802)
(previously known only from the holotype). Typhlops leptolepis Domínguez, Fong-G. & Iturriaga 2013.
Tropidophis jamaicensis Stull, 1928 Zootaxa 3681(2): 137–143, figs. 1, 2.
Tropidophis maculatus Bibron, 1840 in Ramón de la Sagra, Holotype: CZACC 4.5395, a 183 mm specimen (A. Fong-G.,
1838–1843 N. Viña-Dávila & N. Viña-Bayés, 5 October 1996).
Tropidophis melanurus (Schlegel, 1837)
Type locality: “Altiplanicie del Toldo (20°27′33″N, 74°53′60″
Tropidophis morenoi Hedges, Garrido & Diaz, 2001
W, 830 m elevation), Moa Municipality, Holguín Province,
Tropidophis nigriventris Bailey, 1937
Cuba.”
Tropidophis pardalis (Gundlach, 1840)
Tropidophis parkeri Grant, 1940 Distribution: SE Cuba (Holguín), 800–900 m. Add Granma
Province, Iturriaga (2015), and Guantanamo, Torres et al.
Tropidophis paucisquamis (F. Müller in Schenkel, 1901) (2019).
Disribution: Add Brazil (Parana), Capela et al. (2017). Low Comments: See under T. lumbricalis.
elevation of 32 m, Tanaka et al. (2018).
Typhlops lumbricalis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Tropidophis pilsbryi Bailey, 1937 Distribution: Add Bahamas (Elbow Cay, Man-O-War Cay),
Tropidophis preciosus Curcio, Sales-Nuñes, Suzart-Argôlo, Krysko et al. (2013).
Skuk & Rodrigues, 2012 Comments: Hedges et al. (2019) consider T. leptolepis, T. oxy
Tropidophis schwartzi J.P.R. Thomas, 1963 rhinus and T. pachyrhinus to be synonyms of T. lumbrica
Tropidophis semicinctus (Gundlach & Peters in W.C.H. lis based on small sample sizes for each, and on unpublished
Peters, 1864) data.
Tropidophis spiritus Hedges & Garrido, 1999 Typhlops oxyrhinus Domínguez & Diaz, 2011
Distribution: Fong-G. & Armas (2011) report a specimen Comments: See under T. lumbricalis.
from E Sancti Spiritus Province, Cuba, 140 m elev., and add
Typhlops pachyrhinus Domínguez & Diaz, 2011
that it is reported from Villa Clara Prov.
Comments: See under T. lumbricalis.
Tropidophis stejnegeri Grant, 1940
Tropidophis stullae Grant, 1940 Typhlops proancylops J.P.R. Thomas & Hedges, 2007
Tropidophis taczanowskyi (Steindachner, 1880) Typhlops pusillus Barbour, 1914
Tropidophis wrighti Stull, 1928 Typhlops rostellatus Stejneger, 1904
Tropidophis xanthogaster Domínguez, Moreno & Hedges, Typhlops schwartzi J.P.R. Thomas in Woods, 1989
2006 Typhlops silus Legler, 1959
Comment: Domínguez & Diaz (2015) formally revalidate its
†TUSCAHOMAOPHIS Holman & Case, 1992 (Serpentes: status as a distinct species, and include a rediscription.
incerta sedis)
Typhlops sulcatus Cope, 1868
†Tuscahomaophis leggetti Holman & Case, 1992 Typhlops sylleptor J.P.R. Thomas & Hedges, 2007
Typhlops syntherus J.P.R. Thomas, 1965
TYPHLOPHIS Fitzinger, 1843 (Anomalepididae)
Typhlops tetrathyreus J.P.R. Thomas in Woods, 1989
Typhlophis squamosus (Schlegel, 1839 in 1837–1844) Typhlops titanops J.P.R. Thomas in Woods, 1989
TYPHLOPS Oppel, 1811 (Typhlopidae: Typhlopinae) Typhlops zenkeri Sternfeld, 1908
Synonyms: Meditoria Gray, 1845, and possibly Ophthalmidion Comments: See under T. coecatus.
A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844. Incertae sedis
Distribution: Restricted to Western Caribbean Islands, Comments: The following Old World species are not assigned
African Gold Coast, and Cameroon. to the current scheme of genera.
†Typhlops cariei Hoffstetter, 1946 Distribution: S India (SW Tamil Nadu), 1200–1800 m, Pyron
†Typhlops grivensis Hoffstetter, 1946 et al. (2016c).
Typhlops longissimus (A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844) Comments: Ganesh et al. (2014b) remove S. madurensis from
Comments: Pyron & Wallach (2014) note a similarity between synonymy. They note that the synonym Silybura nilgherrien
the holotype of longissimus and Indotyphlops tenuicollis, but sis picta Beddome, 1886 pertains to neither U. arcticeps or
continue to consider longissimus incerta sedis. U. madurensis. Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a description.
Uropeltis beddomii (Günther, 1862)
UNGALIOPHIS F. Müller, 1880 (Charinidae: Distribution: Known elevation ∼2000 m, Pyron et al. (2016c).
Ungaliophiinae)
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a description, and
Ungaliophis continentalis F. Müller, 1880 note that it has not been found since the late 1800s.
Ungaliophis panamensis K.P. Schmidt, 1933 Uropeltis bhupathyi Jins, Sampaio & Gower, 2018. Zootaxa
Distribution: Add Nicaragua (Rio San Juan), Sunyer et al. 4415(3): 403–410, figs. 2, 5, 6, 8.
(2014); Panamá (Panamá Oeste), Ray (2015). Holotype: NCBS AU173, a 366 mm female (V.J. Jins, 25
November 2015).
URAEUS Wagler, 1830 (Elapidae)
Type locality: “Environs of the campus of the Salím Ali Centre
Comments: See under Naja. for Ornithology and Natural History, Anaikatty (sometimes
Uraeus anchietae (Bocage, 1879) spelled Anaikatti), Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, India
Distribution: Add Angola (Malanje), Ceriaco et al. (2014); (11.09° N, 76.79° E, elevation 645 m).”
Angola (Benguela, Cunene), M.P. Marques et al. (2018). Distribution: S India (WC Tamil Nadu), 645 m.
Uraeus annuliferus (W.C.H. Peters, 1854) Uropeltis bicatenata (Günther, 1864)
Uraeus arabicus (Scortecci, 1932) Distribution: Upper elevation of 1800 m, Pyron et al. (2016c).
Uraeus haje (Linnaeus, 1758) Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a description and
Distribution: Add Libya (Al Wahat, Jabal al Gharbi, Marj, color photograph.
Sirte), Bauer et al. (2017); Uganda (Kaabong District), D. Uropeltis broughami (Beddome, 1878)
Hughes et al. (2017a).
Holotype: Pyron et al. (2016c) note that only one specimen,
Uraeus niveus (Linnaus, 1758) BMNH 1946.1.16.29, was used in the original description.
Uraeus senegalensis (Trape, Chirio & Wüster in Trape et al., Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a description.
2009)
Uropeltis ceylanica Cuvier, 1829
Distribution: Add Senegal (Kolda), Mané & Trape (2017);
Synonyms: Remove Silybura shorttii Beddome, 1863.
Gambia and Guinea Bissau, and upper elevation of 395 m,
Distribution: Remove the Eastern Ghats (Shevaroys) of SW
Trape & Mané (2017); Ivory Coast, Trape & Baldé (2014);
Tamil Nadu, Ganesh et al. (2014b).
Niger (Dosso), Trape & Mané (2015).
Comments: Ganesh et al. (2014b) remove S. shorttii from its
UROMACER A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854 synonymy. Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a description and color
(Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae) photograph.
Uromacer catesbyi (Schlegel, 1837) Uropeltis dindigalensis (Beddome, 1877)
Distribution: Add Dominican Republic (Valverde), Gabot- Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a description and
Rodríguez & Marte (2019). color photograph.
Uromacer frenata (Günther, 1865) Uropeltis ellioti (Gray, 1858)
Uromacer oxyrhynchus A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, Distribution: Add India (Maharashtra), Pyron et al. (2016c)
1854 and Sayyed (2016).
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a description and
UROPELTIS Cuvier, 1829 (Uropeltidae) color photograph.
Synonyms: Remove Crealia Gray, 1858. Uropeltis liura (Günther, 1875)
Distribution: Eliminate Sri Lanka from the geographic range, Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a description and
Pyron et al. (2016c). color photograph.
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) confirm the monophyly of the Uropeltis macrolepis (W.C.H. Peters, 1861)
genus through mtDNA and nDNA sequence-data, and provide Type locality: Restricted to “Mahableshwar, Satara District,
a morphological diagnosis. Both the Pyron et al. (2016c) and Maharashtra state, India” by Pyron et al. (2016c).
Cyriac & Kodandaramaiah (2017) phylogenies have Uropeltis Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a description and
species resolved into two clades. color photograph. They note that the supposed diagnostic
Uropeltis arcticeps (Günther, 1875) color pattern of U. macrolepis mahableshwarensis Chari,
Synonyms: Remove Silybura madurensis Beddome, 1878. 1955, is the same as that of the holotype of the nominate race.
They synonymize mahableshwarensis, and revise the type Comments: Ganesh et al. (2014b) retrieve shorttii from the syn-
locality of U. macrolepis to that of mahableshwarensis. onymy of U. ceylonica based on morphological differences.
Uropeltis macrorhyncha (Beddome, 1877) Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a description and color photograph.
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a description. Uropeltis smithi Gans, 1966
Uropeltis maculata (Beddome, 1878) Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a description.
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a description. Uropeltis woodmasoni (Theobald, 1876)
Uropeltis madurensis Beddome, 1878. Proc. Zool. Soc. Synonyms: Add Uropeltis ruhunae Deraniyagala, 1954.
London 46(1): 802. (Silybura madurensis) Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) designate U. ruhunae as a
Syntypes: BMNH 1946.1.16.38–39, (R.H. Beddome). synonym of U. woodmasoni, and indicate that the Sri Lankan
type locality is in error. Pyron & Somaweera (2019) provide
Type locality: “‘High Wavy’ mountains, Madura district, ele-
further evidence for the synonymy, as well as photographs
vation 5500 feet,” Tamilnadu, S India.
of the holotype of ruhunae. Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a
Distribution: Southern India (S Tamil Nadu), endemic to description and color photograph.
HighWavys-Varushanad-Periyar hill complex, Ganesh et al.
(2014b), 1300–1600 m. UROTHECA Bibron, 1843 in Ramón de la Sagra, 1838–1843
Comments: Ganesh et al. (2014b) retrieve madurensis from (Dipsadidae: Dipsadinae)
the synonymy of U. arcticeps based on morphological dif- Urotheca decipiens (Günther, 1893 in 1885–1902)
ferences. Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a description and color Distribution: Add Colombia (Quindio), Quintero-Ángel et al.
photograph. (2012); Colombia (Risaralda), Arias-Monsalve & Rojas-
Uropeltis myhendrae (Beddome, 1886) Morales (2013).
Distribution: Revised to S tip of India in S Kerala by Pyron Urotheca dumerilii (Bibron, 1843 in Ramón de la Sagra,
et al. (2016a). 1838–1843)
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a description. Distribution: Add Colombia (Cauca), Vera-Pérez & Zúñiga-
Uropeltis nitida (Beddome, 1878) Baos (2015); Colombia (Valle del Cauca: Isla Palma), Giraldo
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a description. et al. (2014, as Tantilla sp.). Elevation range 40–1600 m, Vera-
Uropeltis ocellata (Beddome, 1863) Pérez et al. (2018).
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a description. Urotheca fulviceps (Cope, 1886)
Uropeltis petersi (Beddome, 1878) Distribution: Add Panama (Coclé), Ray & Santana (2014);
Panama (Panama, Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback (2015);
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a description, and
Panama (Veraguas), and upper elevation of 1100 m, Sosa-
note that it has not been collected since the late 1800s.
Bartuano (2017); Colombia (Antioquia), Restrepo et al. (2017);
Uropeltis phipsonii (Mason 1888) Colombia (Cauca), Vera-Pérez et al. (2018).
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a description and Urotheca guentheri (Dunn, 1938)
color photograph.
Distribution: Add Panama (Darien), Elizondo (2016).
Uropeltis pulneyensis (Beddome, 1863)
Urotheca lateristriga (Berthold, 1859)
Distribution: Pyron et al. (2016c) doubt that the species occurs Distribution: Add Colombia (Caldas), Rojas-Morales et al.
on Sri Lanka. (2018b).
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a description and
Urotheca multilineata (W.C.H. Peters, 1863)
color photograph.
Urotheca myersi Savage & Lahanas, 1989
Uropeltis rubrolineata (Günther, 1875) Urotheca pachyura (Cope, 1875)
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a description.
Uropeltis rubromaculata (Beddome, 1867) †VECTOPHIS Rage & Ford, 1980 (Serpentes: incerta sedis)
Comments: Pyron et al. (2016c) provide a description. †Vectophis wardi Rage & Ford, 1980
Uropeltis shorttii (Beddome, 1863). Proc. Zool. Soc. London VERMICELLA Gray in Günther, 1858 (Elapidae)
31(1): 225. (Silybura shorttii) Comments: Derez et al. (2018) present an mtDNA sequence-
Syntypes: BMNH 1946.1.15.91–94 and MNHNP 95.100, (J. based phylogeny in which V. intermedia and V. multifasciata
Shortt). samples are not cladistically differentiated.
Type locality: “Shevaroy Hills (4500 feet elevation),” Eastern Vermicella annulata (Gray in Grey, 1841)
Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India. Vermicella calonotus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Duméril,
Distribution: Southern India (Shevaroy Hills, Tamil Nadu), 1854)
350–1600 m. Vermicella intermedia Keogh & S.A. Smith, 1996
Vermicella mutlifasciata (Longman, 1915) Fossil records: Add upper Pleistocene (Tarantian) of Bulgaria,
Vermicella parscauda Derez, Arbuckle, Ruan, Xie, Huang, Boev (2017).
Dibben, Shi, Vonk & Fry, 2018. Zootaxa 4446(1): 10–11, Comment: Akkaya & Uğurtaş (2012) report on morphology
fig. 1. of a population from Bursa, northwestern Turkey.
Holotype: QM J95678, a 388 mm male (B.G. Fry & F.J. Vonk, Vipera anatolica Eiselt & Baran, 1970
August 2014). Synonyms: Add Vipera anatolica senliki Göçmen, Mebert,
Type locality: “boat ramp Weipa, Cape York, Queensland Kariş, Oğuz & Ursenbacher, 2017. Amphibia-Reptilia 38(3):
12°31′53″ S 141°50′51″E,” Australia. 294–296, figs. 2, 3, 5, 6.
Distribution: NE Australia (N Queensland). Holotype: ZMADYU 2016/97–2, a 415 mm male (Göçmen,
Vermicella snelli Storr, 1968 Kariş, Oğuz, Şenlik & Bulut, 23 May 2016).
Vermicella vermiformis Keogh & S.A. Smith, 1996 Type locality: “Serinyaka Plateau, Mühür Dağ, Gündoğmuş
District, Antalya Province, Turkey, 1755 m asl. (36°51′N,
VIPERA Laurenti, 1768 (Viperidae: Viperinae) 32°02′E).”
Synonyms: Add Pelias Merrem, 1820, Berus Swainson, 1839, Distribution: Low elevation of 1559 m, Göçmen et al. (2017).
Polygerrus Bonaparte, 1840, Echidnoides Mauduyt, 1844, Mebert el al. (2017) report a second population of P. a. senliki.
Acridophaga A.F.T. Reuss, 1927, Mesocoronis A.F.T. Reuss, Comments: Göçmen et al. (2014b, 2017) and Zinenko et al.
1927, Tzarevscya A.F.T. Reuss, 1929. (2016b) present some ecological and morphological data on
Distribution: NW Africa, Europe and N Asia. this poorly known viper.
Fossil records: Add lower Miocene (Agenian) of Germany, †Vipera antiqua Szyndlar, 1987
Čerňanský et al. (2015, as V. aspix complex); Lower Miocene Vipera aspis (Linnaeus, 1758)
of Italy, Venczel & Sanchíz (2006, as Vipera sp. ‘aspis’ group);
Distribution: Add Spain (Soria), Amo (1994).
late Middle Miocene (Astaracian or Vallesian) of Hungary
and Romania, Venczel (2011, as V. aspis and V. berus group); Fossil records: Add lower Pleistocene (Calabrian) of Spain,
late Middle Miocene (Astaracian) of NE Kazakhstan, Ivanov Blain (2009, as Vipera cf. aspis); middle Pleistocene (Ionian)
et al. (2019, as V. aspis complex); upper Pliocene (Ruscinian, of Italy, Delfino (2004); upper Pleistocene (Tarantian) of Italy,
MN 15) of Italy (Sardinia), Delfino et al. (2011, as Vipera sp.); Delfino (2004).
upper Pleistocene (Tarantian) of Bulgaria, Boev (2017). Comments: Ferquel et al. (2007) report a significant propor-
Comments: Alencar et al. (2016) and Zaher et al. (2019) show tion of V. aspis with neurotoxic venom components among
that Pelias species are a monophyletic group, but within non-neurotoxic individuals. Guiller et al. (2016) report natu-
Vipera, not as a sister clade as previously determined. Based ral hybrids from a contact zone with Pelias berus. Tarroso
on these findings, Pelias is returned to Vipera s.l. S.B. Tuniyev et al. (2014) discover frequent hybridization with V. latastei
et al. (2013) describe geographic variation in the V. ursinii at another contact zone. Masseti & Zuffi (2011) and Masseti
complex in the Caucasus Mountains region. B.S. Tuniyev & Böhme (2014) conclude that the population on Montecristo
(2016) summarizes the species of the Caucasus Mountains Island is the result of 6th century human introduction from
region. Zinenko et al. (2015) present an mtDNA-based phy- Sicily. Zuazo et al. (2019) evaluate morphology of individuals
logeny, and Mizsei et al. (2017a) review taxonomy, of the and hybrids at a contact zone with V. latastei in Spain.
Vipera renardi-ursinii complex. B.S. Tuniyev et al. (2018a) Vipera barani Böhme & Joger, 1984
produce an mtDNA-based phylogeny for taxa in the Lesser Synonyms: Add Vipera pontica Billing, Nilson & Sattler,
Caucasus. 1990.
†Vipera aegertica Augé & Rage in Ginsberg, 2000 Distribution: Revise to northern Turkey (Bilecik, Bolu, Bursa,
Vipera altaica Tuniyev, Nilson & Andrén, 2010 Giresun, Kütahya, Ordu, Rize, Samsun, Trabzon, Zonguldak),
Comments: Zinenko et al. (2015), using mtDNA sequence NSL-2000 m, Göçmen et al. (2015b), Gül (2015), Gül et al.
data, find dinniki to appear in their phylogeny within the (2016b), Kumlutaş et al. (2013). Mebert et al. (2015) detail the
Central Asian clade of V. renardi. easternmost edge of the range.
Vipera ammodytes (Linnaeus, 1758) Comments: Kumlutaş et al. (2013) affirm the synonymy of
Vipera pontica with V. barani.
Distribution: Add Greece (Cyclades: Rhinia I.), Roussos
(2013); Greece (East Macedonia & Thrace), Cattaneo & Vipera berus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Cattaneo (2013); Greece (Elafonisos I.), Broggi (2016a); Distribution: Add Denmark (Nordfriesland Islands: Fanø,
Greece (Kefallinia), M.J. Wilson (2006). Göçmen et al. (2014a, Langli), Grosse et al. (2015); Germany (Nordfriesland Islands:
2015a) describe specimens from new localities in Turkey. Amrum, Sylt), Grosse et al. (2015); Liechtenstein, Kühnis
Mulder (2017) lists and plots known localities in Turkey from (2006); Italy (Veneto), Rassati (2012); Slovakia (Prešov),
the following provinces: Ankara, Artvin, Bartin, Bolu, Bursa, Pančišin & Klembara (2003) and Jablonski (2011); Romania
Cankiri, Erzurum, Istanbul, Karabuk, Kastamonu, Kocaeli, (Alba, Arad, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Brasov, Cluj, Covasna,
Ordu, Sakarya, Samsun, Tokat, and Zonguldak. Harghita, Hunedoara, Maramures, Mures, Salaj, Satu-Mare,
Sibiu); Romania (Arges, Gorj), Iftime & Iftime (2010) and region. The B.S. Tuniyev et al. (2018a) mtDNA-based phylog-
Iftime et al. (2009); Romania (Buzau, Vrancea), Strugariu eny affirms that specimens referred to olguni are undifferenti-
et al. (2009); Romania (Suceava), Strugariu et al. (2006); ated from some darevskii populations.
Bulgaria (Sofia Region), Popgeorgiev et al. (2014); Serbia, Vipera dinniki Nikolsky, 1913
Tomović et al. (2014). Remove Italy (Piemonte), Ghielmi et al.
Distribution: B.S. Tuniyev (2016) summarizes the known dis-
(2016). Solovyov et al. (2016) describe the distribution in the
tribution. Zinenko et al. (2015), using mtDNA sequence-data,
Vladimir Region, Russia.
find dinniki to appear in their phylogeny within V. renardi s.l.
Fossil Records: Add middle Pleistocene of Russia, Ratnikov
Vipera ebneri Knoepffler & Sochurek, 1955
(2002), Ukraine, Ratnikov (2002); upper Pleistocene
(Tarantian) of Slovakia, Ivanov & Čerňanský (2017); Late Distribution: Add Iran (Alborz, Ardabil, East Azarbaijan,
Pleistocene (post-Tarantian) of Belgium, Blain et al. (2019). Tehran, West Azarbaijan, Zanjan), Safaei-Mahroo et al.
(2015); Iran (Gilan), Rajabizadeh et al. (2011).
Comments: Westerström (2005) discusses difficulty in rec-
ognizing the subspecies V. b. bosniensis based on morphol- Comments: Validity as a species is supported by mtDNA
ogy. Using microsatellite markers, Ursenbacher et al. (2015) sequence-data analyzed by Zinenko et al. (2015).
determine the post-glacial recolonization pattern of V. berus Vipera eriwanensis (A.F.T. Reuss, 1933)
in western Europe. Cui et al. (2016) describe a population in Distribution: Add extr. S Georgia and NE Azerbaijan, with
the Altai Mountains, Xinjiang, China, which is genetically low elevation about 1000 m, Kukushkin et al. (2012); Turkey
within the northern clade of V. berus. Guiller et al. (2016) (Ardahan, Hanak), Mebert et al. (2015); Turkey (Gümüşhane),
report natural hybrids from a contact zone with Vipera aspis. upper elevation of 2600 m, Kutrup et al. (2005); Iran (Ardabil,
See comments under V. nikolskii. Molecular data analyzed by East Azarbaijan), Rajabizadeh et al. (2011). B.S. Tuniyev
Mizsei et al. (2017a) support the synonymy (as a subspecies) (2016) summarizes the known distribution.
of V. nikolskii with V. berus. Comments: Validity as a species is supported by mtDNA
Vipera darevskii Vedmederja, Orlov & Tuniyev, 1986 sequence-data analyzed by Zinenko et al. (2015).
Synonyms: Add Pelias olguni Tuniyev, Avci, Tuniyev, Agasian Vipera graeca Nilson & Andrén, 1988. Zool. Scripta 17(3):
& Agasian, 2012. 311–314, figs. 1–3, 5. (Vipera ursinii graeca)
Pelias darevskii uzumorum Tuniyev, Avcı, Ilgaz, Olgun, Holotype: GNM 4942, a 412 mm female (G. Nilson & C.
Petrova, Bodrov, Geniez & Teynié, 2018a. Proc. Zool. Inst. Andrén).
Russian Acad. Sci. 322(1): 13–16, figs. 11–13. Type locality: “Lakmos mountains in southern Pindos moun-
Holotype: SNP 904, a 440 mm female (S.B. Tuniyev, 11 July tain range, Greece…at 1900 m altitude.”
2012). Distribution: N Greece. Add S Albania, Korsós et al. (2008)
Type locality: “Turkey, Artvin Province, the Yalnizçam and Mizsei et al. (2016). Mizsei et al. (2016) detail the distri-
Dağlari Ridge, vicinity of Zekeriya Village, (2000 m above bution in S Albania.
sea level).” Comments: Based on the DNA sequence-data analyzed by
Pelias darevskii kumlutasi Tuniyev, Avcı, Ilgaz, Olgun, Mizsei et al. (2017a), V. graeca is the sister taxon to the other
Petrova, Bodrov, Geniez & Teynié, 2018a. Proc. Zool. Inst. “meadow vipers” (V. renardi-V.ursinii complex), and they
Russian Acad. Sci. 322(1): 17–20, figs. 16–17. elevate it to full species.
Holotype: SNP 910, a 465 mm female (B.S. Tuniyev, 12 July Vipera kaznakovi Nikolsky, 1909
2012). Synonyms: Add Vipera magnifica Tuniyev & Ostrovskikh,
Type locality: “Turkey, Ardahan Province, the Yalnizçam 2001.
Dağlari Ridge, vicinity of Bağdaşan Village.” Distribution: Add Georgia (Adjara, Guria, Samegrelo-Zemo
Type locality: S.B. Tuniyev et al. (2014) correct the type Svaneti), Russia (Kraznodar Kray) and Turkey (Rize), Gül
locality of V. darevskii to “Mt. Sevsar, Dzhavakhetskiy et al. (2016a); Georgia (South Ossetia), B.S. Tuniyev (2016).
(Kechutskiy) Ridge, Ashotsk (former Gukasyan) district, Gül et al. (2016a) map known localities, and document a low
northwestern Armenia.” elevation of 203 m. Mebert et al. (2015) detail localities at the
SW margin of the range in Turkey. B.S. Tuniyev (2016) sum-
Distribution: Add southern Georgia, and low elevation of
marizes the known distribution.
1970 m, Geniez & Teynié (2005). Ardahan, Turkey is added,
in part, by the synonymization of Pelias olguni, Göçmen et al. Comments: S.B. Tuniyev et al. (2016) describe additional
(2014a). Mebert et al. (2015, 2016) discuss margins of the specimens and morphological variation of populations
range in Turkey. S.B. Tuniyev et al. (2014) and B.S. Tuniyev referred to V. magnifica. Zinenko et al. (2016a) conclude
(2016) describe the distribution. that populations of V. magnifica originated via hybridization
between V. renardi and V. kaznakovi, and should be consid-
Comments: Geniez & Teynié (2005) provide an expanded
ered a marginal population of the latter.
description. Göçmen et al. (2014a) state that the recognition of
P. olguni is premature based on the small sample size used in Vipera latastei Boscá, 1878
its description, compounded by “ecophenotypic correlations” Synonyms: Add Vipera latastei montana Saint-Girons, 1953,
and “mixed genotypes” between viperids in the Caucasus Vipera latastei monticola Saint-Girons, 1954
Distribution: Add C Morroco. Add Portugal (Guarda), Vipera renardi (Christoph, 1861)
Malkmus & Loureiro (2010); Portugal (Leiria), Malkmus Synonyms: Vipera renardi puzanovi Kukushkin, 2009.
(2005); Portugal (Setúbal), Malkmus (2011); Portugal (Vila Current Herpetol. 9(1–2): 21–24, figs. 1, 2.
real), Malkmus & Loureiro (2012); Morocco (Al Hoceima, Holotype: NNRM NANU 24/1, a 595 mm female
Chefchaouen, Taounate, Taza), Mediani et al. (2015b); Algiers (O. Kukushkin, 26 July 1997).
(Batna, Bejaia, Bouira, Jijel, Skikda, Tizi Ouzou), Bouam
Type locality: “Crimea Simferopol District. Perevalnoe,
et al. (2019). Ferrer et al. (2018) add records in the eastern part
northern slopes of Chatyr Dag ridge, Eagle Gorge (=Tuyu
of the range in Catalonia, Spain.
Tract) (∼44°48′ N, 34°18′ E),” Russia.
Fossil records: Add upper Pliocene (Villanyian) of Spain, Blain Distribution: Eliminate N Azerbaijan, which are now
(2009, as Vipera cf. latasti); lower Pleistocene (Calabrian) of V. shemakhensis, S.B. Tuniyev et al. (2013). Elevation range
Spain, Blain et al. (2007). of NSL-1500 m, B.S. Tuniyev (2016). Mizsei et al. (2018) map
Comments: See under V. aspis. X. Santos et al. (2014) dis- the distribution, clarifying the boundary between V. renardi
cuss geographic variation in dorsal color pattern. I. Freitas and V. ursinii. Tupikov & Zinenko (2015a) detail the distribu-
et al. (2018) use mtDNA sequence data to detect four clades tion in Kharkiv, Ukraine.
in North African specimens. Those from central Morocco (V.
Fossil records: Add middle Pleistocene (Muchkapian) of
monticola) were nested within N Moroccan, Algerian and
Russia, Ratnikov (2002).
Iberian specimens, and the authors synonymized V. monti
cola with V. latastei. Zuazo et al. (2019) evaluate morphology Comments: Zinenko et al. (2015) detect four, shallow, mono-
of individuals and hybrids at a contact zone with V. aspis in phyletic lineages, using mtDNA data, which correspond to
Spain. Alonso-Zarazaga (2013) argues that the correct spell- two populations of V. lotievi, Central Asian populations of
ing of the specific epithet is latasti. Salvador et al. (2014) renardi, and western populations of renardi.
request that the ICZN conserve the original spelling. The Vipera sachalinensis Tzarevsky, 1917
ICZN (2017) has ruled that the correct spelling of the specific Vipera sakoi Tuniyev, Avcı, Ilgaz, Olgun, Petrova, Bodrov,
epithet is latastei. Geniez & Teynié, 2018a. Proc. Zool. Inst. Russian Acad. Sci.
Vipera lotievi Nilson, Tuniyev, Orlov, Höggren & Andrén, 322(1): 12–13, figs. 4–7. (Pelias sakoi)
1995 Holotype: SNP 911, a 398 mm male (A. Avcı, 10 July 2012).
Distribution: Add Russia (Chechnya, Ingushetia, Kabardino- Type locality: “Turkey, Gumuşhane District, vicinity of
Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, North Ossetia), B.S. Tuniyev Erzincan, Çilhoroz Village (2000 m above sea level).”
(2016) and S.B. Tuniyev et al. (2011). Iskenderov et al. (2017) Distribution: NC Turkey (Gumushane), 1850–2200 m. Known
confirm the presence in Azerbaijan. B.S. Tuniyev (2016) sum- only from the type locality.
marizes the known distribution.
Vipera seoanei Lataste, 1879
Comments: S.B. Tuniyev et al. (2011) describe geographic
Comments: Martínez-Freiría et al. (2015) find very little
variation, noting that two distinct populations are separated
(shallow) genetic variation, using mtDNA sequence-data.
by Bogossky Ridge, Dagestan. Zinenko et al. (2015), using Populations form two clades that evolved less than one mya,
mtDNA sequence-data, find lotievi populatations to appear in which roughly partition into the current concept of two sub-
their phylogeny at various points within V. renardi s.l. species (V. s. seoanei and V. s. cantabrica). The recognition of
†Vipera meotica Zerova in Szyndlar & Zerova, 1992 the two subspecies is also supported by morphological analy-
†Vipera natiensis Bailon, García-Porta & Quintana-Cardona, sis by Martínez-Freiría & Brito (2013).
2002 Vipera shemakhensis S.B. Tuniyev, Orlov, B.S. Tuniyev &
Vipera nikolskii Vedmederja, Grubant & Rudayeva, 1986 Kidov, 2013. Russian J. Herpetol. 20(2): 140–141, figs. 1, 2, 11.
Distribution: Add E Ukraine, Milto & Zinenko (2005). (Pelias shemakhensis)
Comments: Milto & Zinenko (2005) and Sokolov (2005) eval- Holotype: ZISP 21720, a 173 mm male (E.A. Erukh, 25 April
uate morphology, and conclude that nikolskii is a subspecies 1972).
of Velias berus, with which it includes a broad zone of inter- Type locality: “Vicinity of Shemakhan (= Shemakha, north-
gradation with V. b. berus. Frolova & Gapanov (2016) discuss eastern Azerbaijan).”
morphological variation. Synonyms: Pelias shemakhensis kakhetiensis B.S. Tuniyev,
Vipera orlovi Tuniyev & Ostrovskikh, 2001 Iremashvili, Petrova & Kravchenko, 2018b. Proc. Zool. Inst.
Distribution: B.S. Tuniyev (2016) summarizes the known dis- Russian Acad. Sci. 322(2): 99–102, figs. 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 17.
tribution, and reports a low elevation of 450 m. Holotype: SNP 1059, a 350 mm male (N. Seturidze, June 2016).
Comments: Zinenko et al. (2016a) conclude that this species Type locality: “Dedopliszkaro Village, Fortress Khornabudji,
originated from hybridization between V. kaznakovi and V. Shirak Plateau (Kakhetia, East Georgia).”
renardi, and that should provisionally remain a recognized Distribution: E Georgia and N Azerbaijan. B.S. Tuniyev et al.
taxon pending further studies. (2018b) provide a map of known localities.
Comments: The specific epithet is sometimes spelled “sha Comment: See comments above.
makhenensis” in the original description, and date of collec- Viridovipera stejnegeri (K.P. Schmidt, 1925)
tion and collector of the holotype is alternatively given as 14 Distribution: Add Myanmar (Tanintharyi), Mulcahy et al.
April 1974, L.A. Erukh. (2018); Vietnam (Bac Giang, Quang Binh), Hecht et al. (2013);
Vipera ursinii (Bonaparte, 1835 in 1832–1841) Vietnam (Hai Phong: Cat Ba Island), T.Q. Nguyen et al. (2011).
Synonyms: Remove Vipera ursinii graeca Nilson & Andrén, Viridovipera truongsonensis (Orlov, Ryabov, Bui & Ho,
1988. 2004)
Distribution: Add Hungary, Dely and Janisch (1959), Viridovipera vogeli (David, Vidal & Pauwels, 2001)
Serbia, Tomović et al. (2014). Ghira (2007a) and Krecsák &
Distribution: Vietnam (Quang Ngai), Nemes et al. (2013).
Zamfirescu (2008) plot known localities in Romania. Mizsei
et al. (2017a) remove populations from Greece and S Albania Viridovipera yunnanensis (K.P. Schmidt, 1925)
to V. graeca. Mizsei et al. (2018) map the distribution, clarify-
ing the boundary between V. renardi and V. ursinii. †WAINCOPHIS Albino, 1987 (Booidea: incerta sedis)
Comments: Ghira (2007a) reports the rediscovery in †Waincophis australis Albino, 1987
Transylvania. Halpern et al. (2007) report low genetic differ- †Waincophis cameratus Rage, 2001
ences (RAPD and microsatellite markers), and no morpholog- †Waincophis pressulus Rage, 2001
ical differences between two populations in the Danube Delta
of Romania. Zinenko et al. (2015) detect five monophyletic WALLACEOPHIS Mirza, Vyas, Patel, Maheta & Sanap,
lineages, using mtDNA data, which correspond to four named 2016. PLoS One 11(0148380): 3–4. (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
and one unnamed subspecies. Type species: Wallaceophis gujaratensis Mirza, Vyas, Patel,
Maheta & Sanep, 2016 by original designation.
Vipera walser Ghielmi, Menegon, Marsden, Laddaga &
Ursenbacher, 2016. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 54(3): 164–168, figs. Distribution: W India.
5–7. Comments: Mirza et al. (2016) produce a DNA sequence-
Holotype: MSNG 34485, a 570 mm female (A. Rosazza, sum- based phylogeny for numerous Asian colubrines, which
mer 1930). places Wallaceophis and Lytorhynchus as a sister clade to the
remaining taxa.
Type locality: “San Giovanni d’Andorno, strada per Oropa at
1300 m a.s.l. in the Alps north of town of Biella, a subrange of Wallaceophis gujaratensis Mirza, Vyas, Patel, Maheta &
the Pennine Alps, north-western Italy.” Sanep, 2016. PLoS One 11(0148380): 4–8, figs. 1–6.
Distribution: NW Italy (Piemonte), 1300–2070 m. Holotype, NCBS HA-105, a 501 mm male (J. Maheta, 24 July
Comments: Ghielmi et al. (2006) discussed the distribution 2014).
(as Vipera berus). An mtDNA-based phylogram produced by Type locality: “Khengariya village, Viramgam taluka,
Ghielmi et al. (2016) places V. walser in a clade with other Ahmedabad district, Gujarat state, India (23.0217946 N,
species from the Caucasus region. 72.0217584 E, altitude 21 m).”
Distribution: W India (Gujarat), 21 m.
VIRGINIA Baird & Girard, 1853 (Natricidae)
Virginia valeriae Baird & Girard, 1853 WALLOPHIS F. Werner, 1929. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst.
57(1/2): 126. (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
VIRIDOVIPERA Malhotra & Thorpe, 2004 (Vipera: Type species: Zamenis brachyurus Günther 1866, designated
Crotalinae) by Williams & Wallach, 1989).
Synonyms: Add Sinovipera P. Guo & Wang, 2011. Distribution: SW Asia (India).
Comments: See comment under Trimeresurus. Alencar et al. Comments: Mirza & Patel (2018) resurrect the genus
(2016), using mtDNA sequence-data, resolve S. sichuanensis Wallophis for Coronella brachyura based on DNA sequence-
as the sister taxon to Viridovipera, which is herein considered data. It is the sister taxon to Wallaceophis. They provide a
congeneric with the latter. revised morphological diagnosis for the genus.
Viridovipera gumprechti (David, Vogel, Pauwels & Vidal, Wallophis brachyurus (Günther, 1866)
2002) Distribution: Patel et al. (2015) map known localities, and
Distribution: Add India (Arunachal Pradesh), Purkayastha give an elevation range of 13–715 m.
(2018); Vietnam (Hoa Binh), Nguyen et al. (2018).
Viridovipera medoensis (Zhao in Zhao & Jiang, 1977) WALTERINNESIA Lataste, 1887 (Elapidae)
Holotype: Corrected to CIB 013612, Guo et al. (2016a). Walterinnesia aegyptia Lataste, 1887
Comments: Griffin et al. (2012) provide additional, morpho- Distribution: Add Saudi Arabia (Ha’il), Alshammari et al.
logical data. (2017; the authors state that their specimen is W. aegyptia
Viridovipera sichuanensis (P.Guo & Wang, 2011) new rather than the more proximal W. morgani).
combination Walterinnesia morgani (Mocquard, 1905)
Distribution: Add Syria (Homs), Sindaco et al. (2014); Turkey Neotype: USNM 587200, a 592 mm female (S.W. Kyi &
(Kilis), Göçmen et al. (2009a); Iran (Bushehr, Hormozgan, T. Win, July 2003).
Ilam), Shafaei-Mahroo et al. (2015). Neotype locality: “Moyingyi Wetland Wildlife Sanctuary,
Bago Region, Myanmar (17°35′27.4″ N, 96°34′24.5″ N [sic];
†WONAMBI M.J. Smith, 1976 (†Madtsoiidae)
3 m. in elevation).”
Comments: Palci et al. (2014) provide a revised diagnosis for
Distribution: S Myanmar (Bago, Yangon), 3–29 m.
the genus.
Comments: J.L. Lee et al. (2018b) present a revised descrip-
†Wonambi barriei Scanlon in Scanlon & Lee, 2000 tion, color photographs and locality map for the species, pre-
†Wonambi naracoortensis M.J. Smith, 1976 viously known only from the lost holotype.
Comments: Palci et al. (2014) describe pelvic elements for the Xenochrophis cerasogaster (Cantor, 1839)
species and provide a revised diagnosis. Distribution: Add India (Arunachal Pradesh), Purkayastha
†WOUTERSOPHIS Rage, 1980 (†Nigerophiidae) (2018); India (Bihar, Meghalaya), Purkayastha et al. (2013);
Bangladesh (Dhaka), Ahmad et al. (2015).
†Woutersophis novus Rage, 1980
Xenochrophis maculatus (Edeling, 1864)
XENELAPHIS Günther, 1864 (Colubridae: Colubrinae) Xenochrophis trianguligerus (F. Boie, 1827)
Xenelaphis ellipsifer Boulenger, 1900 Distribution: West Malaysia (Pahang), Zakaria et al. (2014);
Xenelaphis hexagonotus (Cantor, 1847) West Malaysia (Penang), Quah et al. (2013); Indonesia (Pulau
Bangkuru off Sumatra), Tapley & Muurmans (2016).
XENOCALAMUS Günther, 1868 (Atractaspididae:
Aparallactinae) XENODERMUS J.C.H. Reinhardt, 1836 (Xenodermidae)
Comments: Figueroa et al. (2016), based on DNA sequence- Xenodermus javanicus J.C.H. Reinhardt, 1836
data, synonymize Xenocalamus with Amblyodipsas due to
paraphyly. Portillo et al. (2018) obtained similar results, but XENODON H. Boie in Fitzinger, 1826 (Dipsadidae:
recommended against synonymizing the two genera until Xenodontinae)
additional species could be studied. Synonyms: Add Rhinostoma Fitzinger, 1826, Rhinosiphon
Xenocalamus bicolor Günther, 1868 Fitzinger, 1843, Lystrophis Cope, 1885.
Distribution: Add Angola (Moxico), Portillo et al. (2018). Comments: The gene-based phylogeny of Zaher et al. (2019)
Xenocalamus lineatus Roux, 1907 has the species formerly placed in Lystrophis as a monophy-
Xenocalamus mechowii W.C.H. Peters, 1881 letic sister clade to the species of Xenodon s.s.
Distribution: Add Angola (Moxico), Portillo et al. (2018). Xenodon angustirostris W.C.H. Peters, 1864. Monatsb.
Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1864: 390.
Xenocalamus michelli L. Müller, 1911
Xenocalamus sabiensis Broadley, 1971 Synonyms: Add Xenodon mexicanus H.M. Smith, 1940.
Xenocalamus transvaalensis Methuen, 1919 Holotype: ZMB 2334 (Warszewicz).
Type locality: “Veragua,” Panama.
XENOCHROPHIS Günther, 1864 (Natricidae) Distribution: Central America and W Colombia. Add
Synonyms: Remove Fowlea Theobald, 1868, Diplophallus Nicaragua (Boaco), Sunyer et al. (2014); Nicaragua
Cope, 1893. (Chontales), Gutiérrez-Rodríguez & Sunyer (2017b); Panama
Comments: Purkayastha et al. (2018) and Takeuchi et al. (2018) (Panama, Panama Oeste), Ray & Ruback (2015); Colombia
each produce a DNA sequence-based phylogeny using numer- (Antioquia), Restrepo et al. (2017).
ous Asian natricid species, with a focus on Xenochrophis and Comments: C.W. Myers in C.W. Myers & McDowell (2014)
Rhabdophis, respectively. The Purkayastha et al. analysis tentatively resurrects angustirostris for populations in Central
reveals that X. cerasogaster is sister taxon to a group that America and W Colombia based on hemipeneal morphol-
includes Atretium schistosum plus X. piscator and related ogy. He cautions against wholesale assignment of populations
species. The Takeuchi et al. analysis did not use X. ceraso pending study of the hemipenes.
gaster, but found Atretium yunnanensis to be sister taxon to
Xenodon dorbignyi (Bibron in A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron &
X. asperrimus. Purkayastha et al. recommend resurrecting
Duméril, 1854)
Fowlea Theobald, 1868 for the piscator group, although this
arrangement leaves Atretium paraphyletic. This issue could Distribution: Add Brazil (Marinheiros I., Rio Grande do Sul),
be resolved by including yunnanensis within Fowlea. The Quintela et al. (2011).
remaining species (X. bellulus not studied) form a sister clade Xenodon guentheri Boulenger, 1894
to Rhabdophis in the Takeuchi et al. analysis, along with Xenodon histricus (Jan, 1863)
Ceratophallus vittatus and Rhabdophis conspicillatus. They Distribution: Add Argentina (San Luis), D’Angelo et al.
leave the status of this clade to be determined. (2015). Alves et al. (2015) document the rediscovery in Rio
Xenochrophis bellulus (Stoliczka, 1871) Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Xenodon matogrossensis (Scrocchi & Cruz, 1993) XENOPELTIS F. Boie, 1827 (Xenopeltidae)
Comments: See below under X. pulcher Xenopeltis hainanensis Hu & Zhao in Zhao, 1972
Xenodon merremii (Wagler in Spix, 1824) Holotype: Corrected to CIB 008073, Guo et al. (2012a).
Distribution: Add Brazil (Maranhão), J.P. Miranda et al. (2012); Xenopeltis unicolor F. Boie, 1827
Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Ferreira et al. (2017); Brazil Distribution: Add Thailand (Chanthaburi), Chan-ard and
(Minas Gerais), Sousa et al. (2010) and Moura et al. (2012); Makchai (2011); Thailand (Krabi: Phi Phi Don I.), Milto
Brazil (Piauí), Dal Vechio et al. (2013); Brazil (Alagoas, Rio (2014); West Malaysia (Kedah), Shahriza et al. (2013); West
Grande do Norte, Sergipe), and upper elevation of 1200 m, Malaysia (Penang), Quah et al. (2013); Cambodia (Siem
Guedes et al. (2014); Brazil (Rio de Janeiro: Ilha Grande), Reap), Geissler et al. (2019).
C.F.D. Rocha et al. (2018); Bolivia (Potosi), Rivas et al. (2018).
Xenodon nattereri (Steindachner, 1867) XENOPHIDION R. Günther & Manthey, 1995
Xenodon neuwiedii Günther, 1863 (Xenophidiidae)
Distribution: Add Brazil (Minas Gerais), Moura et al. (2012). Distribution and Comments: Quah et al. (2018b) provide a pho-
Upper elevation of 900 m, Vaz & Ortega-Chinchilla (2019). tograph of a specimen of an unknown species of Xenophidion
Xenodon pulcher (Jan, 1863) from W Sumatra, Indonesia.
Distribution: Add Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Cabral et al. Xenophidion acanthognathus R. Günther & Manthey, 1995
(2015). Distribution: Add Malaysia (Sarawak), Rowntree et al. (2017).
Xenodon rabdocephalus (Wied-Neuwied, 1824) Xenophidion schaeferi R. Günther & Manthey, 1995
Synonyms: Remove Xenodon angustirostris W.C.H. Peters, Distribution: Add Malaysia (Negeri Sembilan), and elevation
1864, Xenodon suspectus Cope, 1868, Xenodon mexicanus range of 87–800 m, Quah et al. (2018b).
H.M. Smith, 1940. Comments: Quah et al. (2018b) describe three additional speci-
Lectotype: The “holotype,” AMNH 3609, listed in Wallach mens of this species, previously only known from the holotype.
et al. (2014) is not destroyed, but remains extant, and is fig-
ured by C.W. Myers in C.W. Myers & McDowell (2014), who XENOPHOLIS W.C.H. Peters, 1869 (Dipsadidae:
designates it as lectotype. Xenodontinae)
Distribution: Add Brazil (Acre), Bernarde et al. (2013); Brazil Xenopholis scalaris (Wucherer, 1861)
(Espirito Santo), Silva-Soares et al. (2011); Brazil (Mato Distribution: Add Peru (Huanuco), Schlüter et al. (2004);
Grosso do Sul), Ferreira et al. (2017), Brazil (Roraima), Brazil (Acre), Bernarde et al. (2011b); Brazil (Alagoas),
Moraes et al. (2017). R.C. França et al. (2019); Brazil (Amazonas, Mato Grosso,
Comments: C.W. Myers in C.W. Myers & McDowell (2014) Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo), Hamdan et al. (2015); Brazil
discusses cryptic species within the X. rabdocephalus com- (Pernambuco), Roberto et al. (2018). R.C. França et al. (2019)
plex, and recommends some taxonomic changes based on map known localities.
morphology. Xenopholis undulatus (Jensen, 1900)
Xenodon semicinctus (Bibron in A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & Distribution: Add Brazil (Alagoas, Paraíba), and low eleva-
Duméril, 1854) tion of 20 m, Guedes et al. (2014).
Xenodon severus (Linnaeus, 1758) Xenopholis werdingorum Jansen, Álvarez & Köhler, 2009
Distribution: Add Peru (Huanuco), Schlüter et al. (2004); Peru Distribution: Add Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), Ferreira et al.
(Puno), Llanqui et al. (2019); Brazil (Acre), Bernarde et al. (2017); Bolivia (Beni), R.L. Powell et al. (2016).
(2011b); Brazil (Rondônia), Bernarde et al. (2012b).
Xenodon suspectus Cope, 1868. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. XENOTYPHLOPS Wallach & Ineich, 1996 (Xenotyphlopidae)
Philadelphia 20(2): 133–134. Comments: Pyron & Wallach (2014) provide a generic
Holotype: MCZ 3649, a 569 mm female (Thayer Expedition, diagnosis.
1865–1866). Xenotyphlops grandidieri (Mocquard, 1905)
Type locality: “Lake Jose Assu,” stated as Lake José Issu, Comments: Wegener et al. (2013) confirm that, due to infra-
Amazonas, Brazil in the MCZ catalog. C.W. Myers in C.W. specific variation, X. mocquardi Wallach, Mercurio &
Myers & McDowell (2014) considers the type locality “to be Andreone, 2007, is a synonym of X. grandidieri. They also
unknown, but probably in eastern Peru.” report on intrapopulation genetic structure.
Distribution: E Peru (Junin, Loreto, San Martin).
Comments: Resurrected from the synonomy of X. rabdoceph XEROTYPHLOPS Hedges, Marion, Lipp, Marin &
alus, based on morphological differences, by C.W. Myers in Vidal, 2014. Caribbean Herpetol. 49: 41. (Typhlopidae:
C.W. Myers & McDowell (2014). Asiatyphlopinae)
Xenodon werneri Eiselt, 1963 Type species: Typhlops vermicularis Merrem, 1820 by origi-
Distribution: Add Brazil (Pará), Avila-Pires et al. (2010). nal designation.
Distribution: SE Europe and SW Asia through the Middle †Xiaophis myanmarensis Xing, Caldwell, Chen, Nydam,
East, S Mauritania, and Socotra Island. Palci, Simões, McKellar, Lee, Liu, Shi, Wang & Bai, 2018.
Comments: Hedges et al. (2014), Pyron & Wallach (2014) pro- Science Advances 2018(4)(eaat5042): 1–3, figs. 1–3.
vide generic diagnoses. Kornilios et al. (2013a) produce an Holotype: DIP-S-0907, a neonate axial skeleton preserved in
nDNA phylogeny that confirms the sister-relationship of X. amber.
socotranus and X. vermicularis. Type locality: “Angbamo site, Tanai Township, Myitkyina
Xerotyphlops etheridgei (Wallach, 2002) District, Kachin Province, Myanmar.”
Xerotyphlops luristanicus Torki, 2017b. Herpetol. Bull. 140: Distribution: Mid Cretaceous (early Cenomanian) of Myanmar.
1–4, fig. 2.
XYELODONTOPHIS Broadley & Wallach, 2002
Holotype: MNHN R2016.0040, a 216 mm male (F. Torki, 29
March 2016).
Xyelodontophis uluguruensis Broadley & Wallach, 2002
Type locality: “1750–2100 m a.s.l., on the western slope of
the central Zagros Mountains, Badavar region, Nourabad, Distribution: Low elevation of 1429 m, Lyakurwa (2017).
Lorestan Province, western Iran, 34°07′ N, 47°53′ E.”
XYLOPHIS Beddome, 1878 (Pareidae: Xylophiinae)
Distribution: C Iran (Lorestan), 1750–2100 m.
Comments: Deepak et al. (2018) evaluate the phylogenetic
Xerotyphlops socotranus (Boulenger, 1889) relationship of Xylophis, recovering the three species as sister
Xerotyphlops vermicularis (Merrem, 1820) taxa to the Pareatidae, thus removing them to their own sub-
Distribution: Add Greece (Kastellorizo I.), Paysant (1999) and family within the pareatids.
Kakaentzis et al. (2018); Greece (Symi Island), Strachinis & Xylophis captaini Gower & Winkler, 2007
M. Wilson (2014); Iran (Alborz, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Xylophis perrotetii (A.M.C. Duméril, 1853)
Isfahan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad, North Khorasan, Xylophis stenorhynchus (Günther, 1875)
Semnan, Yazd), Safaei-Mahroo et al. (2015); Iran (Gilan,
Kurdistan), N. Rastegar-Pouyani et al. (2010); Iran (Qom), S.M. †YURLUNGGUR Scanlon, 1992 (†Madtsoiidae)
Kazemi et al. (2015); Iraq (Al-Sulaimaniyah, Arbil, Dahuk, †Yurlungger camfieldensis Scanlon, 1992
Kirkuk, Nineveh), Afrasiab & Ali (1996); Iraq (Dhi Qar,
Salah al-Din), Habeeb & Rastegar-Pouyani (2016a); Turkey ZAMENIS Wagler, 1830 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
(Afyon, Amasya, Ankara, Balikesir, Eskesihir, Istanbul, Comments: Figueroa et al. (2016), based on DNA sequence-
Kars, Konya, Samsun, Sinop, Tekirdag, Trabzon), Afsar et al. data, synonymize Rhinechis with Zamenis due to paraphyly,
(2016); Turkey (Burdur), Ege et al. (2015); Turkey (Bursa), but X. Chen et al. (2017) revive it from the synonymy with
Uğurtaş et al. (2007); Turkey (Hatay), Uğurtaş et al. (2000b); Zamenis, though it remains the sister taxon to the latter. Salvi
Turkey (Kutahya), Özdemĭr & Baran (2002); Afghanistan et al. (2018) obtain a similar result, with scalaris as sister taxon
(Badakhshan, Bamyan, Kunduz), Wagner et al. (2016b). Pulev to Zamenis, but recommend retaining it as Zamenis based on
et al. (2018a) detail the distribution in Bulgaria. N. Rastegar- morphological similarity, and the interest of avoiding mono-
Pouyani et al. (2010) detail the distribution in Iran. typic genera when an alternative, clade-based arrangement is
Comments: Afroosheh et al. (2013) found no geographic available.
variation in morphology between populations in Iran and †Zamenis algorensis (Szyndlar, 1985)
vicinity. Gül et al. (2015) map the distribution, and discuss
isolating factors, of evolutionary lineages in Turkey. Jablonski Zamenis hohenackeri (Strauch, 1873)
& Balej (2015) document the rediscovered population in the Synonyms: Zamenis hohenackeri lyciensis Hofmann,
west Bulgarian Rhodope Mts. Kornilios (2017) re-analyzes Mebert, Schulz, Helfenberger, Göçmen & Böhme, 2018.
mtDNA sequence data, and the resulting phylogeny supports Zootaxa 4471(1): 144–145, figs. 3–7.
an ancient split between northern and Palestinian populations. Holotype: MHNG 2403.007, a 602 mm male (W. Zinniker,
Northern populations are represented by three clades. From 1987).
these results, Kornilios makes no taxonomic conclusions. Type locality: “Kohu Dağ, Elmalı, Antalya, Turkey
Xerotyphlops wilsoni (Wall, 1908) (N36.502690, E29.819595; 1700 m a.s.l.).”
Distribution: Add Turkey (Afyon, Artvin, Aydin, Bitlis,
†XIAOPHIS Xing, Caldwell, Chen, Nydam, Palci, Simões, N. Cyprus, Erzincan, Hakkari, Hatay, Igci, Igdir, Izmir,
McKellar, Lee, Liu, Shi, Wang & Bai, 2018. Science Kahramanmaras, Karaman, Kars, Kastomonu, Malatya,
Advances 2018(4)(eaat5042): 1. (Serpentes: incerta sedis) Mersin, Mugla, Osmaniye, Sanliurfa, Sivas, Tokat, Tunceli,
Type species: †Xiaophis myanmarensis Xing, Caldwell, Van), Hofmann et al. (2018); Iran (Chaharmahal and
Chen, Nydam, Palci, Simões, McKellar, Lee, Liu, Shi, Wang Bakhtiari), Shafaei-Mahroo et al. (2015).
& Bai, 2018 by monotypy. Comments: Jandzik et al. (2013) use mtDNA sequence-data to
Distribution: Mid-Cretaceous of Myanmar. detect three lineages: 1) the nominate race of Transcaucasia, 2)
Z. h. tauricus of southern Turkey, and 3) a possible unnamed †Zamenis praelongissima (Venczel, 1994)
subspecies distributed from extreme SE Turkey to Lebanon. Zamenis scalaris (Schinz in Cuvier, 1822)
Hofmann et al. (2018) use many more samples, including
Distribution: Add Spain (Baleares: Formentera, Ibiza, and
nDNA, which also detects three lineages. However, the Z. h.
Mallorca Is.), Mateo (2015).
tauricus and Levant samples are congruent. Their third lin-
eage, in SW Turkey, is named as a new subspecies that is also Fossil Records: Add Upper Pliocene (Villanyian) of Spain,
morphologically diagnosable. Blain (2009); Upper Pleistocene (Tarantian) of Spain,
Barroso-Ruiz and Bailon (2003).
†Zamenis kohfidischi (Bachmayer & Szyndlar, 1985)
Comments: Nulchis et al. (2008) report no variation in mtDNA
†Zamenis kormosi (Bolkay, 1913)
across the species’ range. Silva-Rocha et al. (2015) use DNA
Zamenis lineatus (Camerano, 1981) sequence-data to determine the source population for speci-
Comments: Salvi et al. (2017) use DNA sequence-data to mens introduced to the Balearic Islands, but were unable to
determine that Z. lineatus has a smaller geographic range restrict to the source beyond the Iberian Peninsula.
than has been assumed based on morphology. They report Zamenis situla (Linnaeus, 1758)
extensive hybridization with Z. longissimus.
Distribution: Add Greece (Chalki I.), Grano & Cattaneo
Zamenis longissimus (Laurenti, 1768) (2015); Greece (Kimolos I.), Broggi (2014b); Greece (Kithira
Synonyms: Add Coluber lobsingensis Heller, 1960. I.), Broggi (2016b); Greece (Kos I.), Hofmann (2018); Turkey
Distribution: Add Andorra, Orriols & Fernàndez (2003); (Burdur), Ege et al. (2015); Turkey (Bursa, Canakkale, Manisa,
Spain (Alava), Ana (2014); Spain (Asturias), Meijide (1985); Usak, Yalova), Hofmann (2018); Turkey (Mugla), Winden
Italy (Elba I.), Vaccaro & Turrisi (2007); Italy (Latium), et al. (1997); Turkey (Gökçeada I.), Yakin et al. (2018).
Corsetti & Romano (2008); Italy (Rome), Esposito & Romano Comments: Kyriazi et al. (2012) use mtDNA sequence data to
(2011); Czech Republic (Jihocesky), Jablonski et al. (2011, determine that populations on Crete originated from southern
distribution map); Slovakia (Prešov), Jablonski (2011); Greece continental Greece.
(Paxos I.), M.J. Wilson & Stille (2014); Turkey (Artvin), †Zamenis szyndlari (Venczel, 1998)
Eksilmez et al. (2017); Turkey (Bartin), Çakmak et al. (2017);
Turkey (Karabük), Kumlutaş et al. (2017); Iran (Golestan, †ZELCEOPHIS Szyndlar, 1984 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Mazandaran, Zanjan), Shafaei-Mahroo et al. (2015).
†Zelceophis xenos Szyndlar, 1984
Fossil records: Add lower Pliocene (Ruscinian) of Slovakia,
Čerňanský (2011); middle Pleistocene of Czech Republic, †ZILANTOPHIS Jasinski & Moscato, 2017. J. Herpetol.
Musilova et al. (2007); upper Pleistocene (Tarantian) of 51(2), 251. (Colubridae: Colubrinae)
Belgium, Blain et al. (2014b). Musilova et al. (2007) map and
Type species: Zilantophis schuberti Jasinski & Moscato,
list known recent and fossil localities outside of the current
2017, by original designation.
distribution.
Distribution: Upper Miocene of USA (Tennessee).
Comments: G. Böhme (1997) considers Zamenis lobsingensis
to be a synonym of Z. longissimus. Joger et al. (2010) con- Comments: Zilantophis is morphologically similar to
struct a gene tree that indicates several lineages. Dotsenko Lampropeltini according to Jasinski & Moscato (2017).
et al. (2013) add numerous records for SW Ukraine. Strödicke †Zilantophis schuberti Jasinski & Moscato, 2017. J. Herpetol.
& Gerish (1999) document geographic variation in isolated, 51(2), 251–255, fig. 4.
northern populations. See under Z. lineatus. Type: ETMNH-9557, posterior trunk vertebra.
†Zamenis paralongissimus (Szyndlar, 1984) Type Locality: “Gray Fossil Site at East Tennessee State
Zamenis persicus (F. Werner, 1933) University and General Shale Natural History Museum, 2.9 km
Distribution: Add Iran (Ardabil, East Azerbaijan, Golestan, west of Gray, Washington County, northeastern Tennessee,”
West Azerbaijan), Shafaei-Mahroo et al. (2015). Kidov et al. USA
(2009) provide records from the Talish Mountains, Astara Distribution: Upper Miocene (or earliest Pliocene;
district, Azerbaijan. Hemphillian) of USA (Tennessee).
Geographical References
WORLD: Shupe (2013, venomous snakes). CROATIA: Glavaš et al. (2016), Jelić (2014), Tóth et al. (2017, Cres-
Lošinj Arch.).
AFRICA DENMARK: Grosse et al. (2015, Nordfriesland Islands).
North Africa: Sindaco et al. (2013). FRANCE: Beltra (2013, Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur); De Massary
North and West Africa: J. Brito et al. (2008, records). et al. (2019), Poiteu-Charentes Nature (2002, Poiteu-Charentes).
ALGERIA: Mamou et al. (2014, Kabylie region), Mouane et al. GERMANY: Buschmann et al. (2006, Schaumburg Land), Grosse
(2014, Souf region). et al. (2015, Nordfriesland Islands).
ANGOLA: Branch (2018), Butler et al. (2019, Huila), Ceríaco et al. GREECE: Broggi (2014a, Gavdos I.), Broggi (2014b, Kimolos I.),
(2014a, Malanje records; 2016, Namibe), Conradie et al. Broggi (2016a, Elafonisis I.), Broggi (2016b, Kythera I.),
(2016b, southeast); M.P. Marques et al. (2018). Kalaentzis et al. (2018, Kastellorizo I.), Speybroek et al. (2014,
BENIN: Trape & Baldé (2014, list). Samos I.), Stille & Stille (2016, Diapontia Islets), Strachinis &
CAMEROON: Gonwouo et al. (2007, Mt. Cameroon area); Ineich Roussos (2016, Limnos and Agios Efstratios Is.), M.J. Wilson
et al. (2015, Bamenda Highlands). (2006, Kefallinia and Zakinthos Is.); M.J. Wilson & Stille
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: Jackson & (2014, Paxos).
Blackburn (2007, Nouabale-Ndoki National Park). ITALY: Ambrogio & Mezzadri (2003, Piacenza), Bassu et al.
EGYPT: Ibrahim (2013, Suez Canal region); Milto (2017, records). (2013, Sardinia), Cantini et al. (2013, S Tuscany), Di Tizio
ETHIOPIA: Largen & Spawls (2011, Bale Mountains). et al. (2010, Prov. Chieti), Fattizzo & Marzano (2002,
GABON: Carlino & Pauwels (2015, Ivindo N. P.). Salentina Peninsula), Liuzzi & Scillitani (2010, Apulia),
GHANA: Trape & Baldé (2014, list). Pous et al. (2012, Sardinia), Rassati (2012, northeast), Salvi
GUINEA: Trape & Baldé (2014). & Bombi (2010, Sardinia), Scalera et al. (2006, Majella
INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS: S. Rocha et al. (2009, Seychelles). National Park), Schiavo & Ferri (1996, Cremona), Seglie
IVORY COAST: Trape & Baldé (2014, list). & Sindaco (2013, Piemonte, Valle d’Aosta); Turrisi (1996,
LIBERIA: Trape & Baldé (2014, list). Monti Iblei region), Turrisi & Vaccaro (1998, Sicily), Turrisi
LIBYA: Bauer et al. (2017), Essghaier et al. (2015, Fezzan district); et al. (2008, Sicily).
Frynta et al. (2000, records). LIECHTENSTEIN: Kühnis (2006).
MADAGASCAR: Roberts & Daly (2014, Nosy Komba). MACEDONIA: Iković et al. (2016, central); Sterijovski et al. (2014),
MALI: Trape & Mané (2017). Uhrin et al. (2016).
MAURITANIA: Padial (2006), Sow et al. (2014, P.N. du Banc MONTENEGRO: Polović & Čađenović (2013).
d’Arguin). PORTUGAL: Malkmus (2005, parts of Leiria, Santarém; 2011,
MOROCCO: Barata et al. (2011, records), Damas-Moreira et al. coast), Malkmus & Loureiro (2010, Guarda; 2012, Vila Real).
(2014, records), Funk et al. (2007, 2009, records), Mediani ROMANIA: Bogdan et al. (2011, Poiana Ruscă Mountains),
et al. (2015b, northern). Cogălniceanu et al. (2013), Covaciu-Marcov et al. (2005,
MOZAMBIQUE: Conradie et al. (2016a, montane isolates); Tăşnad Hills), Covaciu-Marcov et al. (2006a, 2007a, Arad),
Jacobsen et al. (2010, San Sebastian Peninsula); Portik et al. Covaciu-Marcov et al. (2006b, Dobrogea), Covaciu-Marcov
(2013, southern Afromontane Archipelago). et al. (2007b, Maramureş), Covaciu-Marcov et al. (2009a,
NAMIBIA: Herrmann & Branch (2013). Mehedinti), Covaciu-Marcov et al. (2009b, Jiului N.P.),
NIGER: Ineich et al. (2014, Termit Massif); Trape & Mané (2015). Ghergel et al. (2007, Neamţ), Ghira (2007b, Sighişoara area);
NIGERIA: Nneji et al. (2019, Gashaka Gumti N.P.), Trape & Baldé Iftime & Iftime (2008, Giurgiu; 2010, Jiu-Lotru basins; 2013,
(2014, list). Ţarcu Massif; 2014b, Nordul Gorjului de Est; 2014a, Leaota
RWANDA: Roelke & E.N. Smith (2010, Parc National des Volcans). Mountains; 2016, Teleorman County), Iftime et al. (2009,
SENEGAL: Monasterio et al. (2016, Dindefelo Reserve). Iezer-Păpuşa Massif), Lazăr et al. (2005, Dolj), Sos (2007,
SIERRA LEON: Trape & Baldé (2014, list). Brasov), Strugariu et al. (2006, Suceava; 2008, Tulcea),
SOUTH AFRICA: Jacobsen & Randall (2013, Garden Route Venczel (2000, Quaternary fossils).
National Park). SERBIA: Sterijovski (2014, Bosilegrad region), Tomović et al.
TANZANIA: Lyakurwa et al. (2019: Uzungwa Scarp Nature Forest (2014, 2015).
Reserve), Menegon et al. (2008, Nguru Mtns.). SLOVAKIA: Lác & Lechovič (1964).
TOGO: Trape & Baldé (2014, list). SPAIN: Fernández-Guiberteau et al. (2015, Extremadura), Fuentes
ZAMBIA: Pietersen et al. (2017, Ngonye Falls region). & Lizana (2015, Salamanca), González-Fernández (2006,
Madrid); Gosá & Bergerandi (1994, Navarra), Mateo (2015,
EUROPE: Sindaco et al. (2013). Baleares), Pérez de Ana (2014, Basque), Pleguezuelos (1989,
ALBANIA: Mizsei et al. (2017b). Granada), Rodríguez-Rodríguez et al. (2018, Seville).
ANDORRA: F.A. Orriols & Fernàndez (2003). SWITZERLAND: Dušej & Müller (1997, Zurich).
BELGIUM: Graitson (2013, Wallonie).
BULGARIA: Boev (2017, fossils), Malakova et al. (2018, SOUTHWEST ASIA: Sindaco et al. (2013).
Oranovski Prolom-Leshko), Petrov (2000, eastern Rhodopes), ARMENIA: Arakelyan et al. (2011).
Popgeorgiev et al. (2014, Ponor SPA); Pulev & Sakelarieva AZERBAIJAN: Bunyatova (2014, Caucasus Mountains).
(2011, Blagoevgrad). CYPRUS: Göçmen et al. (2009b).
199
IRAN: Gholamifard et al. (2012, Fars); S.M. Kazemi et al. (2015, NEPAL: Bhattarai et al. (2017c, Chitwan National Park), Bhattarai
Qom); Moradi et al. (2013, Khabr N.P.), Nasrabadi et al. (2016, et al. (2018b, Parsa National Park), Pandey (2012, Chitwan
Sabzevar District); Pour et al. (2016, NW Yazd), N. Rastegar- National Park and vicinity), Pandey et al. (2018, Chitwan
Pouyani et al. (2008), Sabbaghzadeh & Mashayekhi (2015, National Park and vicinity).
Nazmabad of Arak), Safaei-Mahroo et al. (2015), Yousefkhani PAKISTAN: Jamal et al. (2018, Dir region), M.S. Khan (2012,
et al. (2014, Sabzevar District). checklist), Rais et al. (2012, North Punjab).
IRAQ: Abbas-Rhadi et al. (2017, southern), Al-Barazengy et al. SRI LANKA: D.M.S.S. Karunarathna & Amarasinghe (2012,
(2015, checklist), Habeeb & Rastegar-Pouyani (2016a, 2016b), Beraliya Mukalana Reserve).
Habeeb et al. (2016), Mohammad et al. (2013, Bahr Al-Najaf THAILAND: Chan-ard and Makchai (2011, Prasae Estuary and
Depression). Koh Man Islands), Chan-ard et al. (2011, Khao Soi Dao
JORDAN: Amr & Disi (2011). Wildlife Sanctary; 2015), Milto (2014, Phi Phi Archipelago).
OMAN: Ball & Borrell (2016, Dhofar). VIETNAM: Pham et al. (2015, Son La City, Son La), Gawor et al.
PALESTINE: Albaba (2016), Handal et al. (2016, West Bank). (2016, Bai Tu Long N.P.), Le et al. (2018, Yen Bai), Nemes
PERSIAN GULF: Rezaie-Atagholipour et al. (2016, Hydrophiinae). et al. (2013, Quang Ngai Prov.), T.Q. Nguyen et al. (2014,
SAUDI ARABIA: Aloufi & Amr (2015, Tabuk), Al-Sadoon (1989, S Vietnam), Rasmussen et al. (2011a, marine Elapidae),
Ar-Riyad), Alshammari et al. (2017, Ha’il), Cunningham Vassilieva et al. (2016).
(2010, Farasan Is.), Masetti (2014, Farasan Is.). WEST MALAYSIA: B.L. Lim et al. (2010, Pulau Singa Besar), K.K.P.
TURKEY: Afsar & Tok (2011, Sultan Mountains), Afsar et al. (2012, Lim & Lim (1999, Pulau Tioman), Onn et al. (2009, Perlis State
Camili Biosphere Reserve), Afsar et al. (2013, records), Arslan Park), Onn et al. (2010, Gunong Panti Forest Reserve), Quah et al.
et al. (2018, Izmir), Baran et al. (2005), Çakmak et al. (2017, (2013, Bukit Panchor State Park), Sumarli et al. (2015, Gunung
Bartin), Cumhuriyet & Ayaz (2015, Güllük Gulf region), Ege Tebu region), Zakaria et al. (2014, Krau Wildlife Reserve).
et al. (2015, Burdur Province), Eksilmez et al. (2017, Karçal
Mountains), Eser & Erismis (2014, Afyon), Kumlutaş et al. EAST INDIES
(2015b, Fethiye region), Kumlutaş et al. (2017, Karabük), BORNEO: Auliya (2006, West Kalimantan), Stuebing et al. (2014).
Özdemĭr & Baran (2002, Murat Mountain), Sarikaya et al. INDONESIA: Asad et al. (2012, Nusa Penida), Asad et al. (2015,
(2017, Adana), Tok et al. (2014, Canakkale), Tosunoğlu et al. Sarawak records), Karin et al. (2018, Kei Islands), A. Koch
(2009, Tenedos I.), Uğurtaş et al. (2000b, Hatay), Uysal & et al. (2009, Talaud Archipelago), Lang (2013, Moluccas),
Tosunoğlu (2011, Kavak Delta), Yakin et al. (2018, Imbros I.), Tapley & Muurmans (2011, Pulau Bangkuru).
Winden et al. (1997, Goksu Delta). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: R.M. Brown et al. (2012, Ilocos Norte
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: Buzás et al. (2018, Hydrophiinae). Prov., Luzon); R.M. Brown et al. (2013, Cagayan & Isabela
YEMEN: Sindaco et al. (2009, Socotra Island). provinces, Luzon); Gojo-Cruz et al. (2018, Caraballo Range,
Luzon), Leviton et al. (2014, Elapidae and Viperidae; 2018);
CENTRAL & EASTERN ASIA Sanguila et al. (2016, Mindanao); Siler et al. (2012, Romblon);
AFGHANISTAN: Wagner et al. (2016b). Supsup et al. (2016, Cebu; 2017, Hamiguitin Range), Weinell
RUSSIA: Adnagulov & Oleinikov (2006, southern Far East); Pavlov et al. (2019).
et al. (2013, Great Kokshaga Natural Reserve). TIMOR-LESTE: H. Kaiser et al. (2013b, Ataúro Island).
CHINA: Cai et al. (2015), Qing et al. (2015, Nan Ao Is.), J.-H. Wang
et al. (2019, Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve, Yunnan), Yao
(2004, Gansu), C.-F. Zhong (2004, Jiangxi). AUSTRALIA & PACIFIC ISLANDS
GEORGIA: Bekoshvili & Doronin (2015, Caucasus), B.S. Tuniyev AUSTRALIA: Bush et al. (2007, southwestern), Cogger
et al. (2017, South Ossetia). (2014), Hutchinson et al. (2001, Tasmania), Rasmussen et al.
KAZAKHSTAN: Borkin & Litvinchuk (2015, western area). (2014, marine Elapidae).
UZBEKISTAN: Martin et al. (2017, central). OCEANIA: Zug (2013).
PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Foufopoulos & Richards (2007,
SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA New Britain); Kraus (2013, records).
BHUTAN: Tshewang & Letro (2018, Jigme Singye Wangchuck N.P.).
CAMBODIA: Geissler et al. (2019, Phnom Kulen N.P.), Hartmann
VANUATU: Ineich (2009, Torres and Banks groups).
et al. (2013, Kulen Promtep Wildlife Sanctuary).
INDIA: Chandra & Gajbe (2005, Chhattisgarh and Madhya SOUTH AMERICA
Pradesh); A. Das et al. (2009, Barail Wildlife Sanctuary, ARGENTINA: Cano et al. (2015, Formosa); Giambelluca (2015, Buenos
Assam); Farhad & Varsha (2013, Pune District); Ganesh & Aires), Kass et al. (2018, Talampaya National Park), Minoli et al.
Arumugam (2016, S Eastern Ghats); Ganesh et al. (2013a, (2015, Chubut), Zaracho et al. (2014, R.N.P. Isla Apipé Grande).
Western Ghats; 2014a, High Wavy Mts.; 2018, Eastern Ghats; ECUADOR: Almendáriz et al. (2014, Cordillera del Condor);
2019, marine species); Harikrishnan et al. (2012, Long I., Arteaga et al. (2013, Mindo Township).
Andaman & Nicobars), Manhas et al. (2018a, Bhopal, 2018b, BOLIVIA: Cortez-Hernandez (2005, P. N. Madidi), Mano-Cuellar
Doda), Mirza & Pal (2008, Sanjay Gandhi N.P.), Palot (2015, et al. (2015, Mutun region), Pinto-Viveros et al. (2017, Cerro
Kerala), Patel & Vyas (2019, Gujarat), Purkayastha (2018, Mutún), Rivas et al. (2018, P. N. Torotoro).
Gawahati, Arunachal Pradesh), Rao et al. (2005, Nallamalai BRAZIL: Guedes et al. (2014, Caatinga), Nogueira et al. (2019).
Hills), Sayyed (2016, Satara District, Maharashtra), Sen & Acre: Bernarde et al. (2013, Rio Moa), Fonseca et al. (2019, Porto
Nama (2013, Mukundara Hills N.P., Rajasthan), Sengupta Walter area).
et al. (2019, E Assam); Srinivasulu et al. (2014, Western Amapa: Pedroso-Santos et al. (2019, Reserva Extrativista Beija-Flor
Ghats), Yanthungbeni et al. (2018, Dimapur, Nagaland). Brilho de Fogo).
MYANMAR: Mulcahy et al. (2018, S Tanintharyi); Platt et al. Amazonas: Pantoja & Fraga (2012, Reserva Extrativista do Rio
(2018, records). Gregorio), Waldez et al. (2013, lower Rio Purus).
Geographical References 201
Bahia: M.A. Freitas (2014, northern); M.A. Freitas et al. (2012, Swan Is.), Solís et al. (2014a), Townsend et al. (2012, Refugio
Chapada Diamantina; 2016, SW Bahia; 2018, Serra da Jibóia; de Vida Silvestre Texiguat), Townsend (2014, Chortis Block
2019a, Serra do Timbó), Garda et al. (2013, Raso da Catarina Biogeographic Province), L.D. Wilson & Townsend (2007).
E.S.), F. Magalhães et al. (2015, Chapada Diamantina N.P.), R. MEXICO: Grünwald et al. (2016a, records), Heimes (2016), Johnson
Marques et al. (2011, 2016, N coast). et al. (2017), Ramírez-Bautista et al. (2009, Valley of Mexico),
Ceara: Borges-Leite et al. (2014, Săo Gonçalo do Amarante), T.B. L.D. Wilson et al. (2013).
Costa et al. (2018, Aiuaba Ecological Station); D.P. Castro Aguascalientes: Carbajal-Márquez & Quintero-Díaz (2016).
et al. (2019, Ubajara N.P.), Mesquita et al. (2013, Fazenda Campeche: González-Sánchez et al. (2017).
Experimental Vale do Curu), Roberto & Loebmann (2016). Chiapas: A.G. Clause et al. (2016, records); García-Padilla & Mata-
Goias: Campos & Lage (2013, Nova Roma Ecological Station), Silva (2014b, records); Hernández-Ordóñez et al. (2015, east-
Ramalho et al. (2018b, Parque Estadual Altamiro de Moura ern), Johnson et al. (2015b).
Pacheco), D.L. Santos et al. (2014, southeastern). Chihuahua: Hernandez et al. (2019, records), Lemos-Espinal et al.
Maranhão: M.A. Freitas et al. (2017, northern), J.P. Miranda et al. (2013; 2017).
(2012, Lençóis Maranhenses N. P.). Coahuila: Lemos-Espinal & G.R. Smith (2016).
Mato Grosso do Sul: Ferreira et al. (2017). Colima: Ahumada-Carrillo et al. (2014, records).
Minas Gerais: H. Costa et al. (2014, Nova Ponte region); Menezes Durango: Lares et al. (2013), Lemos-Espinal et al. (2018a).
et al. (2018, Serra da Mantiqueira), Moura et al. (2012, Serra Guanajuato: Leyte-Manrique et al. (2018, Area Natural Protegida
do Brigadeiro). Las Musas).
Pará: Avila-Pires et al. (2010); Bernardo et al. (2012b, Reserva Guerrero: Palacios-Aguilar & Flores-Villela (2018), Palacios-
Biológica do Tapirapé), Frota et al. (2005, lower Amazon), Aguilar et al. (2016, records).
G.M. Rodrigues et al. (2015, Marajo Island); Santos-Costa Hidalgo: Fernández-Badillo et al. (2016, records), Lemos-Espinal
et al. (2015, Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã). & G.R. Smith (2015), Obregón-Esparza et al. (2018, records),
Paraiba: Sampaio et al. (2018, SE coast). Roth-Monzón et al. (2018, Nopala de Villagrán Mun.), Vite-
Parana: Dainesi et al. (2019, Londrina). Silva et al. (2010, Res. Biosfera Barrance de Metztitlán).
Pernambuco: Pedrosa et al. (2014, Catimbau National Park); Roberto Jalisco: Ahumada-Carrillo et al. (2014, records); Cruz-Sáenz et al.
et al. (2017, Serra do Urubu). (2017).
Piauí: Cavalcanti et al. (2014, Serra da Capivara). Michoacan: Alvarado-Díaz et al. (2013).
Rio de Janeiro: Almeida-Gomes et al. (2014, Reserva Ecológica de Morelos: Castro-Franco & Zagal (2006, Sierra de Huautla).
Guapiaçu); C.F.D. Rocha et al. (2018, Ilha Grande). Nayarit: Luja & Grünwald (2015, records), Woolrich-Piña et al. (2016).
Rio Grande do Sul: Moser et al. (2018, Sinos River Basin), Outeiral Nuevo Leon: Lemos-Espinal et al. (2016; 2018c), Nevárez-de los
et al. (2018, Serra do Sudeste), Quintela et al. (2006, Rio Reyes et al. (2016b).
Grande), Quintela et al. (2011, Marinheiros I.). Oaxaca: García-Grajales et al. (2016, P.N. Lagunas de Chacahua),
Rondônia: Bernarde et al. (2012b). García-Padilla & Mata-Silva (2014a, records); Martín-
Roraima: Moraes et al. (2017, Serra da Mocidade). Regalado et al. (2011, Cerro Guiengola), Mata-Silva et al.
São Paulo: Barbo et al. (2011, municipality of São Paulo), Ortiz et al. (2015a), Mata-Silva et al. (2017, records), Schätti & Stutz
(2017, São José do Barreiro), Sawaya et al. (2008, Estação (2016, southern).
Ecológica de Itirapina), Trevine et al. (2014, Paranapiacapa). Puebla: Woolrich-Piña et al. (2017).
COLOMBIA: Armesto et al. (2011, Norte de Santander); Moreno- Queretaro: Cruz-Elizalde et al. (2019).
Arias & Quintero-Corza (2015, Magdalena Valley, Huila), Quinatana Roo: González-Sánchez et al. (2017), Köhler et al.
Vera-Pérez et al. (2018, P.N. Natural Munchique). (2016a-c, 2017a-b).
GUYANA: MacCulloch & Reynolds (2013, Kurupukari region). San Luis Potosí: Lemos-Espinal & Dixon (2013), Lemos-Espinal
PARAGUAY: Cabral & Weiler (2014), Cacciali (2013, San Rafael et al. (2018b).
N.P.), Cacciali et al. (2015a), Cacciali et al. (2015b, R.N. Sinaloa: Bezy et al. (2017, records).
Bosque Mbaracayu), P. Smith et al. (2016, R. N. Laguna Sonora: Bezy et al. (2017, records); Enderson et al. (2014, Yécora
Blanca), Trutnau et al. (2016). region), Lemos-Espinal et al. (2019); Nevárez-de los Reyes
PERU: Catenazzi et al. (2013, Manu N.P.), Koch et al. (2018, et al. (2014), Rorabaugh & Lemos-Espinal (2016), Rorabaugh
Marañon Valley); Llanqui et al. (2019, Bahuaja-Sonene N.P.), et al. (2019, Mesa Tres Ríos region).
Pérez-Z. & Lleellish (2015, Isla San Lorenzo). Tamaulipas: Farr et al. (2013, Tamaulipas, records), Terán-Juárez
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO: Auguste (2019, protected areas), Auguste et al. (2015, records), Terán-Juárez et al. (2016).
et al. (2015, Aripo Savannas Scientific Reserve), Mohammed Veracruz: Luz et al. (2016, Cuautlapan Valley).
et al. (2014). Yucatan: Colston et al. (2015, Calakmul Biosphere Reserve),
VENEZUELA: Natera-Mumaw et al. (2015). González-Sánchez et al. (2017).
NICARAGUA: Sunyer (2014).
MESOAMERICA PANAMA: Ray & Ruback (2015, Panama and Panama Oeste
COSTA RICA: Abarca-Alvarado (2012, El Rodeo zone, San provinces).
Jose), Acosta-Chaves et al. (2015, Río Macho Biological TRINIDAD & TOBAGO: Mohammed et al. (2014).
Station, Cartago), Arias & Bolaños (2014, Reserva Forestal
Los Santos), Chacón & Johnston (2013), Köhler et al. (2013, NORTH AMERICA
records). WEST INDIES: Hedges et al. (2019).
EL SALVADOR: Juárez-Peña et al. (2016, P.N. Montecristo); Bahamas: Reynolds et al. (2018b, Cay Sal Bank).
Townsend (2014). Dominica: Daniells et al. (2008).
GUATEMALA: Townsend (2014). Malhotra & Thorpe (1999, eastern Caribbean)
HONDURAS: McCranie (2014b, Intibucá, Lempira, Ocotepeque), CANADA: Crother et al. (2017), Powell et al. (2016, eastern).
McCranie & Gutsche (2016, Golfo de Fonseca Is.), McCranie & Ontario: Weller et al. (2017, records).
Valdés-Orellana (2014, Islas de la Bahia), McCranie et al. (2017, Ontario & Quebec: Desroches et al. (2010, James Bay area).
UNITED STATES: Crother et al. (2017), Hubbs (2013, western), Michigan: Casper et al. (2015).
Hubbs & O’Connor (2009, 2012, venomous), J.M. Parker & Minnesota: Hoaglund & Smith (2013, records).
Brito (2013, Mojave Desert), Powell et al. (2016, eastern). Mississippi: Folt et al. (2013, Jasper County), Keiser (2010, northern).
Alabama: Burchill & Diamond (2014, Pike County), Folt et al. Nebraska: D. Davis & Dilliard (2016, records), D. Davis et al. (2014,
(2015), Holt et al. (2017, records), Sutton et al. (2014, records). records), Hubbs (2013b, 2016, records).
Arizona: Bezy & Cole (2014, Madrean Archipelago), Schuett et al. Nevada: Setser et al. (2002, Snake Range).
(2016a, b, Viperids), Turner et al. (2003, Whetstone Mtns.). New Mexico: Bezy & Cole (2014, Madrean Archipelago).
Florida: Holbrook (2012), Mays et al. (2017, Florida Keys records), North Carolina: Beane (2013, records).
Thomas et al. (2015, Suwannee region records). Ohio: Behrendt (2016a, b, Perry County).
Georgia: Hudson et al. (2015, records), Pierson & Sollenberger Oklahoma: Sievert & Sievert (2011).
(2014, records), Pierson et al. (2014, records), Stevenson et al. South Dakota: Austin et al. (2017, records), D.R. Davis (2018,
(2014, 2015, records), J.M. Strickland & Hartman (2015, west- records), D.R. Davis & Farkas (2018, records), D.R. Davis
central); Thesing & Clause (2018, records). et al. (2016, 2017a-b, records).
Illinois: Kessler et al. (2013, 2015, state managed areas). Tennessee: Foster et al. (2013, records).
Iowa: Hubbs (2016, records), LeClere (2013). Texas: Adams et al. (2016, Rio Grande Valley records), Davis &
Kansas: Hubbs (2013b, 2016, records). LaDuc (2018, Sierra Vieja), Price & Dimler (2015).
Kentucky: Moore & Slone (2002). Virginia: Fulton et al. (2014, records), Lassiter et al. (2017, records).
Louisiana: Battaglia et al. (2015, records), Boundy & Carr (2017). Wisconsin: Casper (2015), Kapfer et al. (2015).
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in the state of Sergipe, northeastern Brazil. Herpetology Notes Rhadinella (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) from the dry forest of
12, 409–417, 2 figs. Motagua Valley, Guatemala. Zootaxa 4442(2), 338–344,
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of Herpetology 9(2), 114–130, 8 figs. Natural 17(1), 144–146, 2 figs.
Angarita-Sierra, T. (2017) Ninia atrata (Hallowell 1845) Viejita. Armesto, L.O., Gutiérrez, D.R., Pacheco, R.D. & Gallardo, A.O.
Catálago de Anfibios y Reptiles de Colombia 3(2), 30–37, (2011) Reptiles del municipio de Cúcuta (Norte de Santander,
4 figs. Colombia). Boletín Científico Museo de Historia Natural
Angarita-Sierra, T. (2018) Range expansion in the geographic dis- 15(2), 157–168, 4 figs.
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localities from northwestern Ecuador. Herpetology Notes 11, trivirgata (Cope, 1868) (Squamata: Boidae) from Coronados
357–360, 3 figs. Island, Gulf of California, Mexico. Herpetology Notes 11,
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unusual hemipeneal morphology. Zootaxa 4551(3), 396–400, head band shape in juveniles of Clelia clelia (Colubridae).
4 figs. Mesoamerican Herpetology 5(1), 111–120, 4 figs.
Angarita-Sierra, T. & Lynch, J.D. (2017) A new species of Ninia Arribas, O.J. (2014) Altitudes notables en Lacerta bilineata,
(Serpentes: Dipsadidae) from Chocó-Magdalena biogeo- Hierophis viridiflavus y Timon lepidus. Butlletí de la Societat
graphical province, western Colombia. Zootaxa 4244(4), Catalana d’Herpetologia 21, 110–112.
478–492, 6 figs. Arslan, D., Olivier, A., Yaşar, Ç., Ismail, I.B., Döndüran, Ö., Ernoul,
Antúnez-Fonseca, C.A. (2019) Lowest altitudinal and fourth known L., Beck, N. & Çiçek, K. (2018) Distribution and current sta-
record for Ninia pavimentata (Serpentes: Colubridae) in tus of herpetofauna in the Gediz Delta (Western Anatolia,
Honduras. Cuadernos de Herpetología 33(2), 91–93, 2 figs. Turkey). Herpetology Notes 11, 1–15, 6 figs.
Arteaga, A., Bustamante, L. & Guayasamin, J.M. (2013) The widens its distribution range. Acta Herpetologica 4(2), 177–
Amphibians and Reptiles of Mindo – Life in the Cloudforest. 182, 2 figs.
Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Quito. 257 pp., numer- Avella, I., Castiglia, R. & Senczuk, G. (2017) Who are you? The
ous figs. genetic identity of some insular populations of Hierophis
Arteaga, A., Mebert, K., Valencia, J.H., Cisneros-Heredia, D.F., viridiflavus s.l. from the Tyrrhenian Sea. Acta Herpetologica
Peñafiel, N., Reyes-Puig, C., Vieira-Fernandes, J.L. & 12(2), 209–214, 2 figs.
Guayasamin, J.M. (2017) Molecular phylogeny of Atractus Avila-Pires, T.C.S., Hoogmoed, M.S. & Rocha, W.A. da (2010) Notes
(Serpentes, Dipsadidae), with emphasis on Ecuadorian species on the vertebrates of northern Pará, Brazil: A forgotten part of the
and the description of three new taxa. ZooKeys 661, 91–123, Guianan Region, 1. Herpetofauna. Boletin do Museu Paraense
7 figs. Emilio Goeldi, Ciéncias Naturais 5(1), 13–112, 83 figs.
Arteaga, A., Salazar-Valenzuela, D., Mebert, K., Peñafiel, N., Aya-Cuero, C.A., Cáceres-Martínez, C.H. & Esquivel, D.A.
Aguiar, G., Sánchez-Nivicela, J.C., Pyron, R.A. et al. (2019) First record of predation on greater sac-winged bat,
(2018) Systematics of South American snail-eating snakes Saccopteryx bilineata (Chiroptera: Emballonuridae), by
(Serpentes, Dipsadini), with the description of five new spe- the Colombian rainbow boa, Epicrates maurus (Serpentes:
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Arzamendia, V. (2016) New southern record of Erythrolamprus Azevedo, W. dos S., Amorim, L.G. dos S., Menezes, F. de A. &
reginae (Linnaeus, 1758) (Serpentes: Dipsadidae), a vulner- Abbegg, A.D. (2018) Natural history notes and geographic dis-
able species in Argentina. Check List 12(1976), 1–4, 4 figs. tribution of the poorly known Echinanthera amoena (Serpentes:
Asad, S., Mathai, J., Laird, D., Ong, N. & Buckingham, L. (2015) Dipsadidae). Herpetology Notes 11, 925–928, 2 figs.
Preliminary herpetofaunal inventory of a logging conces- Babocsay, G. (2013) Misidentification of a snake responsible for
sion in the Upper Baram, Sarawak, Borneo. Herpetological an erroneous locality for Dolichophis caspius (Ophidia:
Review 46(1): 64–68, 1 fig. Colubridae) in Hungary – a case resolved. Folia Historico
Asad, S., McKay, J.L. & Putra, A.P. (2012) The herpetofauna of Nusa Naturalia Musei Matraensis 37, 123–125, 2 figs.
Penida, Indonesia. Herpetological Bulletin (122), 8–15, 4 figs. Badillo-Saldaña, L.M., Berriozabal-Islas, C. & Ramírez-Bautista,
Ascenso, A.C., Costa, J.C.L. & Prudente, A.L.C. (2019) Taxonomic A. (2014) New record of the snake Drymobius chloroticus
revision of the Erythrolamprus reginae species group, with (Cope, 1886) (Squamata: Colubridae) from Hidalgo, Mexico.
description of a new species from Guiana Shield (Serpentes: Check List 10(1), 199–201, 3 figs.
Xenodontinae). Zootaxa 4586(1), 65–97, 8 figs. Baeza-Tarin, F., Hernandez, T., Giovanetto, L., Trevino, A.S.,
Ascenso, A.C. & Missassi, A.F.R. (2015) Geographic distribution. Lazcano, D. & Graham, S.P. (2018a) Geographic distribution:
Imantodes lentiferus Herpetological Review 46(3), 386. Lampropeltis gentilis. Herpetological Review 49(3), 505.
Atkinson, K., Smith, P., Dickens, J.K. & Lee-Zuck, C. (2018) Baeza-Tarin, F., Hernandez, T., Giovanetto, L., Trevino, A.S.,
Rediscovery of the ‘lost’ snake Phalotris multipunctatus Lazcano, D. & Graham, S.P. (2018b) Geographic distribution:
(Serpentes: Dipsadidae) in Paraguay with behavioral notes Tantilla cucullata. Herpetological Review 49(3), 508.
and reference to the importance of Rancho Laguna Blanca for Baeza-Tarin, F., Hernandez, T., Giovanetto, L., Trevino, A.S.,
its conservation. Current Herpetology 37(1), 75–80, 3 figs. Lazcano, D. & Graham, S.P. (2018c) Geographic distribution:
Atkinson, K., Smith, P. & Sarvary, J. (2017) New and noteworthy Trimorphodon vilkinsonii. Herpetological Review 49(3), 508.
snake species records (Colubridae and Dipsadidae) for the Bakhouche, B. & Escoriza, D. (2017) Genus Malpolon: New dis-
Reserva Natural Laguna Blanca, eastern Paraguay. Check List tribution area in Algeria. The Herpetological Bulletin 140,
13(2027), 1–5, 6 figs. 35–36, 2 figs.
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585, 2 figs. 9454–9460, 2 figs.
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Austin, S.D., Kerby, J.L. & Davis, D.R. (2017) Distributional records Distribution notes: Indotyphlops braminus. Mesoamerican
of amphibians and reptiles from Lake Oahe, South Dakota, Herpetology 3(1), 204, 1 fig.
USA. Herpetological Review 48(4), 817–820. Bañuelos-Alamillo, J.A., Carbajal-Márquez, R.A., Quintero-Díaz,
Avci, A., Ilgaz, Ç., Kumlutas, Y., Olgun, K. & Baran, I. (2007) G.E. & Moreno-Ochoa, G. (2015) Geographic distribution.
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Avci, A., Ilgaz, Ç., Rajabizadeh, M., Yilmaz, C., Üzüm, N., G. (2016) Distribution notes: Boa imperator. Mesoamerican
Adriaens, D., Kumlutaş, Y. & Olgun, K. (2015) Molecular Herpetology 3(1), 184, 1 fig.
phylogeny and micro ct-scanning revealed extreme cryptic Bañuelos-Alamillo, J.A., Trujillo-De la Torre, I.Y., Quientero-Díaz
biodiversity in Kukri snake, Muhtarophis gen. nov., a new & Carbajal-Márquez, R.A. (2017) The Central American tree
genus for Rhynchocalamus barani (Serpentes: Colubridae). snake, Imantodes gemmistratus (Cope, 1861): A new record
Russian Journal of Herpetology 22(3), 159–174, 13 figs. for Zacatecas, Mexico. Check List 13(2115), 1–9.
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Society 175(1), 1–19, 8 figs. sideration of the dry snake skin specimens of Patrick Russell.
Barlow, A., Baker, K., Hendry, C.R., Peppin, L., Phelps, T., Tolley, Hamadryad 37(1/2), 73–84, 5 figs.
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the widespread African puff adder (Bitis arietans) reveals specimens of snakes figured by Johann Jakob Scheuchzer
multiple Pleistocene refugia in southern Africa. Molecular (1735) – the oldest fluid-preserved herpetological collection in
Ecology 22(4), 1134–1157, 5 figs. the world? Bonn Zoological Bulletin 62(2), 220–252, 12 figs,
Barnes, C.H. & Knierim, T.K. (2018) A novel cave habitat use and 8 plates.
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Herpetological Bulletin 142, 19–28, 3 figs. departmental record for Paraguay. Check List 10(5), 1207–
Barnestein, J.A.M., García-Cardenete, L., Jiménez-Cazalla, F., 1209, 3 figs.
Valdeón, A., Escoriza, E., Martínez, G., Benavides, J. et al. Behrendt, M. (2016a) New herpetological county records from Perry
(2012) Nuevas localidades de Myriopholis algeriensis y County, Ohio, USA. Herpetological Review 47(1), 90–91.
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Herpetological Review 48(1), 128. 46(3), 388–390, 12 figs.
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Leptodeira, with an emphasis on Costa Rican species. IRCF de la region Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur. Revue de CEN
Reptiles & Amphibians 26(1), 1–15, 53 figs. PACA 2, 55–62.
Barrio-Amorós, C.L., Chacón-Ortiz, A., Diasparra, J.P., Orellana, Berghe, E van den, Sunyer, J. & Salazar-Saavedra, M. (2014)
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Siphlophis compressus (Daudin, 1803) in Venezuela with a Mesoamerican Herpetology 1(2), 304–305, 1 fig.
remarkable geographic extension. Herpetozoa 23(1/2), 100– Bernarde, P.S., Abuquerque, S. de, Barros, T.O. & Turci, L.C.B.
103, 2 figs. (2012b) Serpentes do estado de Rondônia, Brasil. Biota
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Pleistoceno Superior de la Cueva del Boquete de Zafarraya Bernarde, P.S., Albuquerque, S. de, Miranda, D.B. de & Turci,
(Málaga, España). In: Barroso-Ruiz, C. (Ed.), El Pleistoceno L.C.B. (2013) Herpetofauna do Floresta do baixo Rio Moa
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Bienes Culturales, Seville, 267–278, 2 figs. Bernarde, P.S., Costa, H.C., Machado, R.A. & São-Pedro, V. de
Bartuano, A.S. & La Cruz, J. de (2014) Geographic distribution. A. (2011a) Bothriopsis bilineata bilineata (Wied, 1821)
Sibon lamari. Herpetological Review 45(4), 665. (Serpentes: Viperidae): New records in the states of Amazonas,
Bassu, L., Nulchis, V., Satta, M.G., Fresi, C. & Corti, C. (2013) Atlas of Mato Grosso and Rondônia, northern Brazil. Check List 7(3),
Amphibians and Reptiles of Sardinia part III, Reptilia. Anfibi 343–347, 3 figs.
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do área do Igarapé Experança na Reserva Extrativista da 323–329, 3 figs.
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19 figs. tory and habitat use of a Colubridae snake, Rhabdops oliva
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(2012a) Micrurus annellatus annellatus (Peters, 1871) 166–168, 3 figs.
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54(4), 249–258, 6 figs. d’Espagne. Treballs du Museu de Geologia de Barcelona 16,
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Leptophis diplotropis (Günther, 1872) (Squamata: Colubridae) 6 figs.
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Herpetology Notes 4, 177–179, 4 figs. Paleobiogeographic and paleoclimatic implications.
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Mesoamerican Herpetology 4(1), 137–167, 16 figs. (Namur, Belgium). Comptes Rendus Palevol 13(8), 681–690,
Bhattarai, S., Chalise, L., Gurung, A., Pokheral, C.P., Subedi, N. & 6 figs.
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Bhattarai, S., Pokheral, C.P. & Subedi, N. (2018a) New locality 145–154, 3 figs.
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Reptiles & Amphibians 25(2), 125–126, 2 figs. of Marie-Galante Island (French West Indies). Journal of
Bhattarai, S., Thapa, K.B., Chalise, L., Gurung, A., Pokheral, C.P., Vertebrate Paleontology 3(1462829), 1–14, 8 figs.
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Bogdan, H.V., Ilies, D., Covaciu-Marcov, S.-D., Cicort-Lucaciu, A.- of tree snake (Dipsadoboa, Serpentes: Colubridae) from ‘sky
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139–147. Green Snake, Philothamnus macrops (Boulenger 1895), from
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Bok, B., Berroneau, M., Yousefi, M., Nerz, J., Deschandol, west Africa, with emphasis on Acanthodactylus lizards and
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Pseudocerastes persicus and P. urarachnoides in the western Brito, P.S. de & Freire, E.M.X. (2012) New records and geographic
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Bonte, C. (2012) Affirmation of Coronella austriaca (Laurenti, 2002) (Typhlopidae) in the Brazilian rainforest. Check List
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l’holotype et le néotype de la couleuvre de Montpellier, Brown, R.M., Smart, U., Leviton, A.E. & Smith, E.N. (2018) A new
Coluber monspessulanus (Hermann, 1804) (Reptilia, species of long-glanded coralsnake of the genus Calliophis
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Branch, W.R. (2018) Snakes of Angola: An annotated checklist. biogeography and species diversity of Philippine Calliophis
Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 12(2), 41–82, 34 figs. and Hemibungarus. Herpetologica 74(1), 89–104, 9 figs.
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Journal of the Linnean Society 173(2), 505–526, 5 figs. bios y reptiles de Paraguay: Evidencias de vacíos en el con-
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Burger, W.L. & Werler, J.E. (1954) The subspecies of the ring- Cacciali, P., Cabral, H., Ferreira, V.L. & Köhler, G. (2016a) Revision
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Science Bulletin 36(10), 643–672, 2 figs. 293–306, 15 figs.
Buschmann, H., Scheel, B. & Brandt, T. (2006) Amphibien und rep Cacciali, P., Scott, N.J., Ortíz, A.L.A., Fitzgerald, L.A. & Smith, P.
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Bushar, L.M., Aborde, C.C.B., Gao, S., Gonzalez, M.V., Hoffman, 132, 3 figs.
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W.I., Odum, R.A. & Reinert, H.K. (2015) Genetic charac- Chinese reptiles. Biodiversity Science 23(3), 365–382.
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(Serpentes: Dipsadidae) from the Paraguayan Chaco. Boidae). IRCF Reptiles & Amphibians 24(1), 15, 1 fig.
Herpetologica 71(1), 73–77, 3 figs. Caldwell, M.W., Nydam, R.L., Palci, A. & Apesteguía, S. (2015)
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16(2), 243–254, 4 figs. Herpetology 2(1), 126–127, 1 fig.
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first record for Brazil and a distribution extension. Herpetology Zootaxa 3918(3), 397–405, 4 figs.
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Mesoamerican Herpetology 2(3), 363–367, 2 figs. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 50(3), 25–39,
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Costa, H.C., Cotta, G.A. & MacCulloch, R.D. (2015b) New east- tofauna of Dobrudja, Romania. North-Western Journal of
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a distribution map. Check List 11(1624), 1–7, 2 figs. & Andritcu, A. (2005) The herpetofauna of the Tăşnad
Costa, H.C., Moura, M.R. & Feio, R.N. (2013) Taxonomic revi- Hills (Satu-Mare County, Romania). Analele Stiintifice
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Zootaxa 3716(3), 349–394, 24 figs. 159–168.
Costa, H.C., Resende, F.C., Gonzalez, R.C., Cotta, G.A. & Feio, Covaciu-Marcov, S.-D., Sas, I., Kiss, A., Bogdan, H. & Cicort-
R.N. (2014) Checklist of the snakes of Nova Ponte, Minas Lucaciu, A. (2006a) The herpetofauna from the Teuz River
Gerais, Brazil. Salamandra 50(2), 110–116, 1 fig. hydrographic basin (Arad County, Romania). North-Western
Costa, H.C., Santana, D.J., Leal, F., Koroiva, R. & Garcia, P.C.A. Journal of Zoology 2(1), 27–38, 8 figs.
(2016) A new species of Helicops (Serpentes: Dipsadidae: Cox, C.L., Rabosky, A.R.D., Holmes, I.A., Reyes-Velasco, J.,
Hydropsini) from southeastern Brazil. Herpetologica 72(2), Roelke, C.E., Smith, E.N., Flores-Villela, O., McGuire, J.A.
157–166, 6 figs. & Campbell, J.A. (2018) Synopsis and taxonomic revision of
Costa, H.C., Santos, P.S., Laia, W.P., Garcia, P.C.A. & Bérnils, R.S. three genera in the snake tribe Sonorini. Journal of Natural
(2015a) Mussurana montana (Franco, Marques & Puorto, History 52(13–16), 945–988, 8 figs.
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updated distribution map. Check List 11(1657), 1–3, 2 figs. from Morocco and Western Sahara. Herpetology Notes 8,
Costa, J.C.L., Kucharzewski, C. & Prudente, A.L. da C. (2015) 583–588, fig. 2.
The real identity of Leptodira nycthemera Werner, 1901 Crother, B.I., Bonett, R.M., Boundy, J., Burbrink, F., Queiroz, K. de,
from Ecuador: A junior synonym of Oxyrhopus petolarius Frost, D.R., Highton, R. et al. (2017) Scientific and Standard
(Linnaeus, 1758) (Serpentes, Dipsadidae) ZooKeys 506, 119– English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America
125, 1 fig. North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in
Costa, T.B., Laranjeiras, D.O., Caldas, F.L.S., Santana, D.O., our Understanding. Eighth edition. Society for the Study of
Silva, C.F. da, Alcântara, E.P. de, Brito, S.V. et al. (2018) Amphibians and Reptiles, Herpetological Circular (43), 102
Herpetofauna of protected areas in the Caatinga VII: Aiuaba pp.
Ecological Station (Ceará, Brazil). Herpetology Notes 11, Crother, B.I., Savage, J.M. & Holycross, A.T. (2012) Comment on the
929–941, 6 figs. proposed conservation of Crotalinus catenatus (Rafinesque,
Cota, M. (2010) Geographical distribution and natural history notes 1818) (currently Sistrurus catenatus) and Crotalus tergeminus
on Python bivittatus in Thailand. The Thailand Natural (currently Sistrurus tergeminus; Reptilia, Serpentes) by des-
History Museum Journal 4(1), 19–28, 6 figs. ignation of neotypes for both species (Case 3571: See BZN
Couper, P.J., Peck, S.R., Emery, J.-P. & Scott, J.S. (2016) Two snakes 68: 271–274). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 69(1), 1–2.
from eastern Australia (Serpentes: Elapidae); a revised con- Crumb, B., Duley, A., Ruback, P. & Ray, J.M. (2015) Geographic
cept of Antaioserpens warro (De Vis) and a redescription of range extension and comments on the snake Siphlophis cer
A. albiceps (Boulenger). Zootaxa 4097(3), 396–408, figs. vinus (Laurenti, 1768) (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) in Panama.
Covaciu-Marcov, S.-D., Cicort-Lucaciu, A., Dobre, F., Ferenţi, S., Mesoamerican Herpetology 2(4), 579–581, 2 figs.
Birceanu, M., Mihuţ, R. & Strugariu, A. (2009b) The herpe- Cruz-Elizalde, R., Ramírez-Bautista, A., Hernández-Salinas, U.,
tofauna of the Jiului Gorge National Park, Romania. North- Berriozabal-Islas, C. & Wilson, L.D. (2019) An updated
Western Journal of Zoology 5(suppl. 1), S01–S78, 39 figs, 26 checklist of the herpetofauna of Querétaro, Mexico: Species
maps. richness, diversity, and conservation status. Zootaxa 4638(2),
Covaciu-Marcov, S.-D., Cicort-Lucaciu, A., Gaceu, O., Sas, I., 273–290, 2 figs.
Ferenti, S. & Bogdan, H.V. (2009a) The herpetofauna of the Cruz-Elizalde, R., Ramírez-Bautista, A. & Lara-Tufiño, D. (2015)
south-western part of Mehedinti County, Romania. North- New record of the snake Geophis turbidus (Squamata:
Western Journal of Zoology 5(1), 142–164, 8 figs. Dipsadidae) from Hidalgo, Mexico, with annotations of a
Covaciu-Marcov, S.-D., Cicort-Lucaciu, A., Ile, R.-D., Pascondea, juvenile specimen. Check List 11(1724), 1–6, 3 figs.
A. & Vatamaniuc, R. (2007a) Contributions to the study of the Cruz-Sáenz, D., Muñoz-Nolasco, F.J., Lazcano, D. & Flores-
geographical distribution of the herpetofauna in the north-east Covarrubias, E. (2015) Noteworthy records for Tantilla cas
area of Arad County in Romania. Herpetologica Romanica 1, cadae and T. ceboruca (Squamata: Colubridae) from Jalisco,
62–69, 3 figs. Mexico. Check List 11(1708), 1–5, 3 figs.
Covaciu-Marcov, S.-D., Cicort-Lucaciu, A., Sas, I., Groza, M.-I. & Cruz-Sáenz, D., Muñoz-Nolasco, F.J., Mata-Silva, V., Johnson,
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conservation status. Mesoamerican Herpetology 4(1), 22–118, Das, A., Sharma, P., Surendran, H., Nath, A., Ghosh, S., Dutta, D.,
numerous color illus. Mondol, J. & Wangdi, Y. (2016) Additions to the herpetofauna
Cui, S., Luo, X., Chen, D., Sun, J., Chu, H., Li, C. & Jiang, Z. (2016) of Royal Manas National Park, with six new country records.
The adder (Vipera berus) in southern Altay Mountains: Herpetology Notes 9, 261–278, 24 figs.
Population characteristics, distribution, morphology and phy- Das, I. (2015) Patrick Russell (1727–1805), surgeon and polymath
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Cumhuriyet, O. & Ayaz, D. (2015) Güllük Körfezi (Milas, Muğla) Das, I., Breuer, H. & Shonleben, S. (2013) Gerarda prevos
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6(2), 163–168, 1 fig. Homalopsidae), a new snake for Borneo. Asian Herpetetological
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Islands, Saudi Arabia. African Herp News (50), 21–25, 1 fig. Das, S., Campbell, P.D., Roy, S., Mukerjee, S., Pramanick, K.,
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Xenodontinae): Assembling a puzzle with many missing Serpentes). Vertebrate Zoology 69, 311–325, 6 figs.
pieces. Herpetological Monographs 29, 40–64, 11 figs. Dashevsky, D. & Fry, B.G. (2018) Ancient diversification of three-
Cyriac, V.P. & Kodandaramaiah, U. (2017) Paleoclimate deter- finger toxins in Micrurus coral snakes. Journal of Molecular
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Evolution 116, 97–107, 3 figs. Muñoz-Nolasco, F.J. (2019) A new southern-most record of the
Dahn, H.A., Strickland, J.L., Osorio, A., Colston, T.J. & Parkinson, Sonoran Coralsnake, Micruroides euryxanthus (Kennicott,
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of the snake tribe Lampropeltini (Serpentes, Colubridae). Herpetology Notes 12, 681–683, 2 figs.
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 129, 214–225, 4 figs. David, P., Agarwal, I., Athreya, R., Mathew, R., Vogel, G. & Mistry,
Dainesi, R.L.S., Abegg, A.D., Bernarde, P.S., Correa, B.P., Machado, V.K. (2015a) Revalidation of Natrix clerki Wall, 1925, an
L.P.C., Meneses, A.S.O. & Sena, A. de. (2019) Integrative overlooked species in the genus Amphiesma (Duméril, Bibron
overview of snake species from Londrina, state of Paraná, & Duméril, 1854) (Squamata: Natricidae). Zootaxa 3919(2),
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5 figs. David, P., Pauwels, O.S.G., Nguyen, T.Q. & Vogel, G. (2015b) On
Dal Vechio, F., Junior, M.T., Neto, A.M. & Rodrigues, M.T. (2015b) the taxonomic status of the Thai endemic freshwater snake
On the snake Siphlophis worontzowi (Prado, 1940): Notes Parahelicops boonsongi, with the erection of a new genus
on its distribution, diet and morphological data. Check List (Squamata: Natricidae). Zootaxa 3948(2), 203–219, 4 figs.
11(1534), 1–5, 3 figs. David, P. & Vogel, G. (2015) An updated list of Asian pitvipers and
Dal Vechio, F., Junior, M.T., Recoder, R., Sena, M.A. de Souza, S.M. a selection of recent publications. In: Visser, J. (Ed.), Asian
& Rodrigues, M.T. (2015a) Distribution extension and revised Pitvipers. Breeding Experience & Wildlife. Edition Chimaira,
map of Erythrolamprus pygmaeus (Cope, 1868) (Serpentes: Frankfurt am Main, 545–565.
Dipsadidae). Check List 11(1719), 1–4, 2 figs. David, P., Vogel, G. & Rooijen, J. van (2013) On some taxonomically
Dal Vechio, F., Recoder, R., Rodrigues, M.T. & Zaher, H. (2013) The confused species of the genus Amphiesma Duméril, Bibron &
herpetofauna of the Estação Ecológia de Uruçuí-Una, state of Duméril, 1854 related to Amphiesma khasiense (Boulenger,
Piauí, Brazil. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 53(16), 225–243, 7 figs. 1890) (Squamata: Natricidae). Zootaxa 3694(4), 301–335, 7 figs.
Dal Vechio, F., Teixeira Jr., M., Recoder, R., Rodrigues, M.T. & David, P., Vogel, G., Rooijen, J. van & Pierre, L. (2011) The name-
Zaher, H. (2016) The herpetofauna of Parque Nacional da bearing type of Oligodon quadrilineatus (Jan & Sordelli,
Serra das Confusões, state of Piauí, Brazil, with a regional 1865) (Squamata: Colubridae). Zootaxa 3111, 67–68.
species list from an ecotonal area of Cerrado and Caatinga. Davis, D.R. (2018) Distributional records of amphibians and rep-
Biota Neotropica 16(e20150105), 1–19, 8 figs. tiles from the lower James River Valley, South Dakota, USA.
Damas-Moreira, I., Tomé, B., Harris, D.J. & Maia, J.P. (2014) Herpetological Review 49(4), 720–721.
Moroccan herpetofauna: Distribution updates. Herpetozoa Davis, D.R. & Dilliard, K.A. (2016) Historic amphibian and reptile
27(1/2), 96–102, 2 figs. county records from the A. Jewell Schock Museum of Natural
Dandge, P.H. & Tiple, A.D. (2016) Notes on natural history, new History at Wayne State College. Herpetological Review 47(4),
distribution records and threats of Indian Egg Eater Snake 635–637.
Elachistodon westermanni (Reinhardt, 1863) (Serpentes: Davis, D.R. & Farkas, J.K. (2018) New county records of amphib-
Colubridae): Implications for conservation. Russian Journal ians and reptiles from South Dakota, USA from 2017.
of Herpetology 23(1), 55–62, 10 figs. Herpetological Review 49(2), 289–295.
D’Angelo, J.S., Agnolin, F.L. & Godoy, F.A. (2015) Xenodon his Davis, D.R., Farkas, J.K., Johannsen, R.E., Leonard, K.M. & Kerby,
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extension and new province record in Argentina. Check List from South Dakota, USA. Herpetological Review 48(1), 133–137.
11(1737), 1–3, 2 figs. Davis, D.R., Farkas, J.K., Johannsen, R.E. & Maltaverne, G.A.
Daniells, E.A., Ackley, J.W., Carter, R.E., Muelleman, P.J., (2017b) Historic amphibian and reptile county records from
Rudman, S.M., Turk, P.A., Vélez-Espinet, N.J., White, L.A. South Dakota, USA. Herpetological Review 48(2), 394–406.
& Wyszynski, N.N. (2008) An annotated checklist of the Davis, D.R., Ferguson, K.J., Koch, A.D., Berg, E.A., Vlcek, J.R. &
amphibians and reptiles of Dominica, West Indies. Iguana Kerby, J.L. (2016) New amphibian and reptile county records
15(3), 130–141, numerous figs. from eastern South Dakota, USA. Herpetological Review
Das, A., Saikia, U., Murthy, B.H.C.K., Dey, S. & Dutta, S.K. (2009) 47(2), 267–270.
A herpetofaunal inventory of Barail Wildlife Sanctuary and Davis, D.R. & LaDuc, T.J. (2018) Amphibians and reptiles of C. E.
adjacent regions, Assam, north-eastern India. Hamadryad Miller Ranch and the Sierra Vieja, Chihuahuan Desert, Texas,
34(1), 117–134, 2 figs. USA. ZooKeys 735, 97–130, 7 figs.
Davis, D.R., Siddons, S.R. & Kerby, J.L. (2014) New amphibian Ontario. The Canadian Field-Naturalist 124(4), 299–315,
and reptile county records from eastern Nebraska, USA. 12 figs.
Herpetological Review 45(1), 99–100. Dias, E.G., Santos, I.Y.G.S. dos, Silva, F.J., Lima, E.S.M., Rocha,
Davis, M.A., Douglas, M.R., Collyer, M.L. & Douglas, M.E. (2016) E.B.G., Santos, R.L. dos & Santos, E.M. dos (2019) Geographic
Deconstructing a species-complex: Geometric morphomet- distribution: Dipsas variegata variegata. Herpetological
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Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis). PLOS ONE 11(0146166), 1–21, Dias, I.R., Costa, C.A.S., Solé, M. & Argôlo, A.J.S. (2018) Two new
6 figs. records of Dipsas albifrons (Sauvage, 1884) from northeast-
Debata, S. (2017) Natural history notes. Bungarus caeruleus. ern Brazil (Squamata: Dipsadidae). Herpetology Notes 11,
Herpetological Review 48(4), 857, 1 fig. 77–80, 2 figs.
Deepak, V., Narayanan, S., Sarkar, V., Dutta, S.K. & Mohapatra, P.P. Díaz, L.M. & Cádiz, A. (2014) First record of the Brahminy
(2019) A new species of Ahaetulla (Link, 1807) (Serpentes: Blindsnake, Indotyphlops braminus (Squamata: Typhlopidae),
Colubridae: Ahaetullinae) from India. Journal of Natural in Cuba. IRCF Reptiles & Amphibians 21(4), 140–141, 1 fig.
History 53(9–10), 497–516, 8 figs. Díaz, L.M., Cádiz, A., Villar, S. & Bermudez, F. (2014) Notes on
Deepak, V., Ruane, S. & Gower, D.J. (2018) A new subfamily of the ecology and morphology of the Cuban Khaki Trope,
fossorial colubroid snakes from the Western Ghats of peninsu- Tropidophis hendersoni Hedges and Garrido (Squamata:
lar India. Journal of Natural History 52(45–46), 2919–2934, Tropidophiidae), with a new locality record. IRCF Reptiles &
4 figs. Amphibians 21(4), 116–119, 5 figs.
Dehling, J.M., Hinkel, H.H., Ensikat, H.-J., Babilon, K. & Fischer, E. Díaz-Ricaurte, J.C. (2019) Predation attempt on the Degenhardt’s
(2018) A new blind snake of the genus Letheobia (Serpentes: Scorpion-eating Snake Stenorrhina degenhardtii (Berthold,
Typhlopidae) from Rwanda with redescriptions of L. graci 1846) (Serpentes: Colubridae) by the False Coral Snake
lis (Sternfeld, 1910) and L. graueri (Sternfeld, 1912) and the Erythrolamprus bizonus (Jan, 1863) (Serpentes: Dipsadidae)
introduction of a non-invasive preparation procedure for scan- in Caldas, Colombia. Herpetology Notes 12, 331–333, 1 fig.
ning electron microscopy in zoology. Zootaxa 4378(4), 480– Díaz-Ricaurte, J.C., Cubides-Cubillo, S.D. & Fiorillo, B.F. (2018a)
490, 5 figs. Bothrops asper (Garman, 1884). Catálogo de Anfibios y
Delfino, M. (2004) The middle Pleistocene herpetofauna of Reptiles de Colombia 4(2), 8–22, 5 figs.
Valdemino Cave (Liguria, north-western Italy). Herpetological Díaz-Ricaurte, J.C. & Fiorillo, B.F. (2019) Micrurus surinamensis
Journal 14, 113–128, 12 figs. (Cuvier, 1817). Catálogo de Anfibios y Reptiles de Colombia
Delfino, M., Bailon, S. & Pitruzzella, G. (2011) The late Pliocene 5(1), 30–35, 4 figs.
amphibians and reptiles from “Capo Mannu D1 Local Fauna” Díaz-Ricaurte, J.C., Fiorillo, B.F. & Maciel, J.H. (2018c) Crotalus
(Mandriola, Sardinia, Italy). Geodiversitas 33(2), 357–382, durissus Linnaeus, 1758. Catálogo de Anfibios y Reptiles de
7 figs. Colombia 4(2), 29–36, 3 figs.
Delfino, M., Segid, A., Yosief, D., Shoshani, J., Rook, L. & Libsekal, Díaz-Ricaurte, J.C., Guevara-Molina, S.C. & Cubides-Cubillos, S.D.
Y. (2004) Fossil reptiles from the Pleistocene Homo-bearing (2017) Lachesis muta (Linnaeus 1766). Catálogo de Anfibios y
locality of Buia (Eritrea, northern Danakil Depresssion). Reptiles de Colombia 3(2), 20–24, 3 figs.
Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 110(supple- Díaz-Ricaurte, J.C., Serrano, F. & Fiorillo, B.F. (2018b) Clelia clelia
ment), 51–60, 6 figs. (Daudin, 1803). Catálogo de Anfibios y Reptiles de Colombia
Dely, O.G. & Janisch, M. (1959) La répartition des vipères de 4(2), 23–32, 3 figs.
champs (Vipera ursinii rákosiensis Méhely) dans le Bassin Di Pietro, D.O., Christie, M.I. & Williams, J.D. (2013) Nuevos
des Carpathes. Vertebrata Hungarica 1(1), 25–34, 1 fig. registros de Philodryas agassizii (Serpentes: Dipsadidae:
De Massary, J.-C., Bour, R., Cheylan, M., Crochet, P.-A., Dewynter, Xenodontinae) en la Argentina. Cuadernos de Herpetología
M., Geniez, P., Ineich, I., Ohler, A., Vidal, N. & Lescure, J. 27(1), 59–62, 2 figs.
(2019) Nouvelle liste taxonomique de l’herpétofaune de la Di Pietro, D.O., Nenda, S.J. & Gómez, S.E. (2016) Geographic dis-
France métropolitaine. Bulletin de la Société Herpétologique tribution. Philodryas trilineata. Herpetological Review 47(3),
de France 171, 37–56, 4 figs. 428.
Derez, C.M., Arbuckle, K., Ruan, Z., Xie, B., Huang, Y., Dibben, L., Disla, A.D., Landestoy, M.A., Abreu, O.Á., Cabrera-Pichardo, J.M.
Shi, Q., Vonk, F.J. & Fry, B.G. (2018) A new species of bandy- & Frías, E. (2019) Nuevo registro de localidad para Ialtris dor
bandy (Vermicella: Serpentes: Elapidae) from the Weipa salis (Günther, 1858) (Squamata: Dipsadidae) en Républica
region, Cape York, Australia. Zootaxa 4446(1), 1–12, 3 figs. Dominicana. Novitates Caribaea 13, 125–127, 1 fig.
Derry, J., Ruback P. & Ray, J.M. (2015) Range extension and notes Di Tizio, L., Pellegrini, M., Cameli, A. & Di Francesco, N. (2010)
on the natural history of Trimetopon barbouri (Dunn, 1930) Altlante erpetologico della Provincia di Chieti: Dati prelim-
(Serpentes: Colubridae). Mesoamerican Herpetology 2(1), inari. In: Di Tizio, L., Di Cerbo, A.R., Di Francesco, N. &
136–140, 4 figs. Cameli, A. (Eds.), Atti VIII Congresso Nazionale Societas
Deshmukh, R.V., Deshmukh, S.A. & Badhekar, S.A. (2018) New Herpetologica Italica (Chieti, 22–26 Settembre 2010). Ianieri
state records of the Slender Coralsnake, Calliophis melanurus Edizioni, Pescara, pp. 51–55.
(Shaw 1802), and the Yellow-spotted Wolfsnake, Lycodon fla Do, D.T., Ngo, C.D., Ziegler, T. & Nguyen, T.Q. (2017) First record of
vomaculatus Wall 1907, in Chhattighar, India. IRCF Reptiles Lycodon cardamomensis (Daltry et Wüster, 2002) (Squamata:
& Amphibians 25(3), 194–196, 3 figs. Colubridae) from Vietnam. Russian Journal of Herpetology
Deshwal, A. & Becker, B. (2017) New locality record of 24(2), 167–170, 3 figs.
Nagarjunasagar Racer (Coluber bholanathi) (Squamata: Doan, T.M., Mason, A.J., Castoe, T.A., Sasa, M. & Parkinson, C.L.
Serpentes: Colubridae) from near Rishi Valley School, (2016) A cryptic palm-pitviper species (Squamata: Viperidae:
Andhra Pradesh, India. Russian Journal of Herpetology Bothriechis) from the Costa Rican highlands, with notes on the
24(3), 245–247, 2 figs. variation within B. nigroviridis. Zootaxa 4138(2), 271–290, 7 figs.
Desroches, J.-F., Schueler, F.W., Picard, I. & Gagnon, L.-F. (2010) Domínguez, M. & Díaz, Jr., R.E. (2015) Resurrection and rede-
A herpetological survey of the James Bay area of Québec and scription of the Typhlops silus Legler, 1959 from Cuba
(Scolecophidia, Typhlopidae). Journal of Herpetology 49(2), Dwyer, Q. (2015) Geographic distribution. Sibon anthracops.
325–331, 2 figs. Herpetological Review 46(1), 63.
Domínguez, M., Fong -G.A. & Iturriaga, M. (2013) A new blind Džukić, G., Tomović, L., Anđelković, M., Urošević, A., Nikolić,
snake (Typhlopidae) from northeastern Cuba. Zootaxa S. & Kalezić, M. (2017) The herpetological collection of
3681(2), 136–146, 3 figs. the Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković,”
Domozetski, L. (2013) New localities of Eastern Montpellier University of Belgrade. Bulletin of the Natural History
Snake – Malpolon insignitus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1827) Museum 10, 57–104, 1 fig.
from southwestern Bulgaria. ZooNotes 41, 1–4, 6 figs. Echavarría-Rentería, J.D., Mosquera-Moya, V. & Rengifo-Mosquera,
Donaire, D., Mateo, J.A., Hasi, M. & Geniez, P. (2000) Nuevos datos J.T. (2015) Ampliación del rango de distribución de Atractus
sobre la fauna reptilian de La Hamada de Tinduf (Argelia). depressiocellus (Myers, 2003) (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) para
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Storia Naturale “G. Doria” di Genova. Museologia Scientifica 1164–1168, 2 figs.
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Doria, G., Petri, M., Bellati, M., Tiso, M. & Pistarino, E. (2013) Elevational range extension and new habitat for Thamnophis
Rhabdophis in the Museum of Genova with description and fulvus (Bocourt, 1893) (Squamata: Natricidae). Mesoamerican
molecular analysis of a new species from Sumatra (Reptilia, Herpetology 3(4), 1094–1097, 2 figs.
Serpentes, Colubridae, Natricinae). Annali del Museo Civico Eksilmez, H., Altunşic, A. & Özdemir, N. (2017) The herpetofauna
di Storia Naturale “Giacomo Doria” 105, 139–153. [not seen]. of Karçal Mountains (Artvin/Turkey). Biological Diversity
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Psammophis lineolatus (Brandt, 1836) (Serpentes: Elizondo, L. (2016) Urotheca guentheri in Darién, Panama, at
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Dotsenko, I.B. (2003) [Catalogue of the Collection of Zoological Ellis, R.J. (2015) Corrections of the type specimens of Liasis oliva
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Dotsenko, I.B. (2010) [Emydocephalus szczerbaki sp. n. (Serpentes, Typhlopidae: Anilios) from the Kimberley region of Western
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Museyu 41, 128–138. [in Russian] [not seen]. Worms in the sand: Systematic revision of the Australian
Dotsenko, I.B., Vikirchak, A.K. & Drebet, M.V. (2013) [New blindsnake Anilios leptosoma (Robb, 1972) species complex
records of Aeskulapian (Forest) Snake, Zamenis longissimus (Squamata: Scolecophidia: Typhlopidae) from the Geraldton
(Serpentes, Colubridae), and the recommendations of the spe- Sandplain, with description of two new species. Zootaxa
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the Zoological Museum, Kiev 44, 123–133. [in Russian]. Enderson, E.F., Van Devender, T.R. & Bezy, R.L. (2014) Amphibians
Douglas, M.R., Davis,, M.A., Amarello, M., Smith, J.J., Schuett, and reptiles of Yécora, Sonora and the Madrean tropical zone
G.W., Herrmann, H.–W., Holycross, A.T. & Douglas, M.E. of the Sierra Madre Occidental in northwestern Mexico.
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3(160047), 1–11, 4 figs. Boulou, A.-G. & Tolley, K.A. (2018) Diversifying into the
Duarte, M. de O., Freitas, T.M. da S. & Prudente, A.L. da C. (2015) branches: Species boundaries in African green and bush
Polychromatism of populations of Corallus hortulanus snakes, Philothamnus (Serpentes: Colubridae). Molecular
(Squamata: Boidae) from the southern Amazon Basin, Brazil. Phylogenetics & Evolution 130, 357–365, 3 figs.
Acta Amazonica 45(4), 373–381, 7 figs. Entiauspe-Neto, O.M. & Abegg, A.D. (2013) New record and dis-
Dubey, S., Ursenbacher, S., Schuerch, J., Golay, J., Aubert, P. & tribution extension of Atractus paraguayensis (Werner, 1924)
Dufresnes, C. (2017) A glitch in the Natrix: Cryptic presence (Serpentes: Dipsadidae). Check List 9(1), 104–105, 2 figs.
of alien grass snakes in Switzerland. Herpetology Notes 10, Entiauspe-Neto, O.M., Abegg, A.D., Pinheiro, R.T., Borges, L.M.
205–208, 1 fig. & Loebmann, D. (2017b) Hydrops martii (Wagler, 1824)
Dung, L.T., Nguyen, L.H.S., Pham, T.C. & Nguyen, T.Q. (2014) (Serpentes: Dipsadidae): First record in Amapá state, northern
New records of snakes (Squamata: Serpentes) from Dien Bien Brazil. Check List 13(5), 659–661, 2 figs.
Province. Tap Chi Sinh Hoc 36(4), 460–470, 3 figs. Entiauspe-Neto, O.M., Abegg, A.D., Quintela, F.M. & Loebmann,
Đurić, D., Radosavljević, D., Petrović, D. & Vojnović, P. (2017) D. (2017a) Mussurana quimi (Franco, Marques & Puorto,
A new evidence for pachyostotic snake from Turonian of 1997) (Serpentes: Dipsadidae): First records for Rio Grande
Bosnia-Herzegovina. Annales Géologiques de la Péninsule do Sul, southern Brazil. Check List 13(2053), 1–4, 2 figs.
Balkanique 78, 17–21, 3 figs. Entiauspe-Neto, O.M., Abegg, A.D., Rocha, A.M. & Loebmann,
Durso, A.M. & Norberg, P. (2016) Distribution notes: Coniophanes D. (2018) Connecting the dots: Filling distribution gaps of
piceivittis. Mesoamerican Herpetology 3(1), 194–197, 1 fig. Philodryas viridissima (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) in Brazil,
Dušej, G. & Müller, P. (1997) Reptilieninventar des Kantons Zürich. with a new state record to Roraima. Herpetology Notes 11,
Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Zürich, 1–47, 22 figs. 697–702, 2 figs.
Dutta, D., Sengupta, S., Das, A.K. & Das, A. (2013) New distribu- Entiauspe-Neto, O.M. & Lema, T. de (2015) Apostolepis christin
tion of records of Lycodon zawi (Serpentes: Colubridae) from eae (Lema, 2002) (Serpentes: Xenodontinae: Elapomorphini):
northeast India. Herpetology Notes 6, 263–265, 2 figs. First record for Bolivia. Check List 11(1814), 1–4, 3 figs.
Entiauspe-Neto, O.M., Lema, T. de. & Beconi, H.E.C. (2014) Esqueda-González, L.F. (2011) A new semifossorial snake spe-
Apostolepis intermedia (Koslowsky, 1898) (Serpentes: cies (Dipsadidae: Atractus Wagler, 1828) from the Lara-
Xenodontinae: Elapomorphini): First records for Paraguay. Falcón mountainous system, northwestern Venezuela.
Check List 10(3), 600–601, 2 figs. Herpetotropicos 6(1–2), 35–41, 3 figs.
Entiauspe-Neto, O.M., Renner, M.F., Mario-da-Rosa, C., Abegg, Esqueda-González, L.F. & McDiarmid, R. (2015) Un Nuevo taxon
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with comments on the taxonomic instability of Apostolepis Esqueda-González, L.F., Schlüter, A., Machado, C., Castelaín-
(Cope, 1862) (Serpentes, Dipsadidae). ZooKeys 841, 71–78, Fernández, M. & Natera-Mumaw, M. (2015) Una nueva
2 figs. especie de cieguita o serpiente de gusano (Serpentes:
Escalante-Pasos, J.A. & García-Padilla, E. (2015) Distribution notes: Leptotyphlopidae: Epictia) native del Tepui Guaiquinima,
Mastigodryas melanolomus. Mesoamerican Herpetology provincial Pantepui en el Escudo de Guayana, Venezuela. In:
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(Boulenger, 1908) in Venezuela (Serpentes: Colubridae). S.A., Santiago, 414–433, 6 figs.
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Ghassemzadeh, F. (2013) Reevaluation of the taxonomic sta- la Provincia de Corrientes (República Argentina). Cuadernos
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37(3), 348–356, 6 figs. lower Cretaceous of England. Palaeontology 37(1), 33–49,
Eskandarzadeh, N., Rastegar-Pouyani, N., Rastegar-Pouyani, E. 16 figs.
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the Arabian Sand Boa Eryx jayakari (Serpentes: Erycidae). lizards from the Morrison Formation at Fruita, Colorado.
Zoology and Ecology 28(4), 337–342, 5 figs. In: Morales, M. (Ed.), The Continental Jurassic. Northern
Eskandarzadeh, N., Rastegar-Pouyani, N., Rastegar-Pouyani, E., Arizona Museum Bulletin (60), 243–248, figs. [not seen].
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Herpetology 37(1), 88–92, 1 fig. sion, new country record, and comments on color pattern.
Eskandarzadeh, N., Rastegar-Pouyani, N., Rastegar-Pouyani, E., Check List 12(1987), 1-1-4, 3 figs.
Todehdehghan, F., Rajabizadeh, M., Zarrintab, M., Abbas- Faiz, A. ul H., Abbas Fakher I., Bagaturov, M.F., Faiz, L.Z. & Akhtar,
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logical data. Herpetological Journal 30(1), 1–11, 6 figs. Fantuzzi, J.A. (2016) Geographic distribution. Lycophidion capense.
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for the snake Sibon anthracops (Cope, 1868) in Honduras. Faraone, F.P., Chiara, R., Barra, S.A., Giacalone, G. & Lo Valvo, M.
Mesoamerican Herpetology 2(2), 218–219, 2 figs. (2017) Nuovi dati sulla presenza di Eryx jaculus (Linnaeus,
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576–579, 2 figs. Ianieri Edizioni, Pescara. Pp. 75–79, 1 fig.
Espinal, M., Solís, J.M. & Mora, J.M. (2017) Distribution notes: Farhad, A. & Varsha, W. (2013) The snake fauna of Mulshi Taluka,
Rhadinella montecristi. Mesoamerican Herpetology 4(3), Pune District, India. Russian Journal of Herpetology 20(1),
676–677, 2 figs. 16–18, 1 fig.
Espinal, M., Solís, J.M., O’Reilly, C., Marineros, L. & Vega, H. Farr, W.L. & Lazcano, D. (2017) Distribution of Bothrops asper
(2014b) New distributional records for amphibians and rep- in Tamaulipas, Mexico and a review of prey items. The
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Mesoamerican Herpetology 1(2), 300–303, 1 fig. Farr, W.L., Lazcano, D. & Murcio, P.A.L. (2013) New distributional
Espinal, M., Solís, J.M., O’Reilly, C. & Valle, R. (2014a) New distri- records for amphibians and reptiles from the state of Tamaulipas,
butional records for amphibians and reptiles from the depart- México III. Herpetological Review 44(4), 631–645, 1 fig.
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Esposito, C. & Romano, A. (2011) Extension of known range area of Mexico. Mesoamerican Herpetology 2(3), 243–251, 4 figs.
Zamenis lineatus (Camerano, 1891). New northern and west- Fathinia, B., Rastegar-Pouyani, E., Rastegar-Pouyani, N.
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Rhynchocalamus (Günther, 1864) (Reptilia: Squamata: Nuevos límites altitudinales para seis especies de herpetos de
Colubridae) from Ilam province in western Iran. Zootaxa la Península Ibérica. Boletín de la Asociación Herpetólogica
4282(3), 473–486, 6 figs. Española 11(1), 20–21.
Fathinia, B., Rastegar-Pouyani, E. & Shafaeipour, A. (2019) A new Fernández-Guiberteau, D., Carrero-Casado, F. & Vázquez-Graña, R.
species of Eirenis (Ophidia: Colubridae) from highland habi- (2015) Nuevas aportaciones a la distribución de la fauna her-
tats in southern Iran. Zoology in the Middle East 65(4), 1–11 petológica de Extremadura. Butlletí de la Societat Catalana
(pre-publication), 6 figs. d’Herpetologia 22, 113–120, 3 figs.
Fathinia, B., Rastegar-Pouyani, N., Rastegar-Pouyani, E., Toodeh- Ferquel, E., Haro, L. de, Jan, V., Guillemin, I., Jourdain, S., Teynié,
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ics of the genus Pseudocerastes (Ophidia: Viperidae) based aspis venom neurotoxicity. PLOS ONE 2007(1194), 1–18,
on the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Turkish Journal of 15 figs.
Zoology 38(5), 575–581, 2 figs. Ferrão, M., Filho, J.A.S.R. & Silva, M.O. da (2012) Checklist of
Fattizzo, T. & Marzano, G. (2002) Dati distributive sull’erpetofauna reptiles (Testudines, Squamata) from Alto Alegre dos Parecis,
del Salento. Thalassia Salentina 26, 113–132, 26 figs. southwestern Amazonia, Brazil. Herpetology Notes 5, 473–
Feio, R.N. & Caramaschi, U. (2002) Contribuição ao conhecimento 480, 3 figs.
da herpetofauna do nordeste do estado de Minas Gerais, Ferraro, D.P. & Williams, J.D. (2006) Material tipo de la Colección
Brasil. Phyllomedusa 1(2), 105–111, 5 figs. de Herpetología del Museo de La Plata, Buenos Aires,
Feitosa, D.T., Pires, M.G., Prudente, A.L. da C. & Silva, N.J. da Argentina. Cuadernos de Herpetología 19(2), 19–35.
(2013) Distribution extension in Colombia and new records Ferreira, V.L., Terra, J. de S., Piatti, L., Delatorre, M., Strüssmann,
for Brazil of Micrurus isozonus (Cope, 1860) (Squamata, C., Béda, A.F., Kawashita-Ribeiro, R.A. et al. (2017) Répteis
Serpentes, Elapidae). Check List 9(5), 1108–1112, 3 figs. do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Iheringia, Série Zoologia
Feitosa, D.T., Silva, N.J. da, Pires, M.G., Zaher, H. & Pudente, A.L. 107(supl. 2017153), 1–13, 3 figs.
da C. (2015) A new species of monadal coral snake of the Ferreira-Silva, C., Ribeiro, S.C., Alcantara, E.P. de & Ávila, W.
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Zootaxa 3974(4), 538–554, 10 figs. Atractus ronnie (Serpentes: Colubridae) in northeastern
Fernandes, D.S. & Hamdan, B. (2014) A new species of Chironius Brazil. Phyllomedusa 18(1), 77–87, 3 figs.
Fitzinger, 1826 from the state of Bahia, northeastern Brazil Ferrer, J., Dahmani, W., Ait Hammou, M., Camarasa, S., Maatoug,
(Serpentes: Colubridae). Zootaxa 3881(6), 563–575, 6 figs. M. & Sanuy, D. (2016) Contribució al coneixement de
Fernándes, J., Vargas-Vargas, N., Pla, D., Sasa, M., Rey-Suárez, P., l’herpetofauna del nord d’Algèria (regions de Tiaret I Chlef).
Sanz, L., Gutiérrez, J.M., Calvete, J.J. & Lomonte, B. (2015) Butlletí de la Societat Catalana d’Herpetologia 23, 44–63,
Snake venomics of Micrurus alleni and Micrurus mosquiten 31 figs.
sis from the Caribbean region of Costa Rica reveals two diver- Ferrer, J., Fontelles, F., Sort, F., Guixé, D. & Vidal-Coll, Y. (2018)
gent compositional patterns in New World elapids. Toxicon Confirmació de la presència de l’escurçó ibèric Vipera latastei
107, 217–233, 11 figs. al Solsonès i al sud est de l’Alt Urgell i descripció d’una nova
Fernandez, D.C., Herr, M.W., Weinell, J. & Brown, R.M. zona de simpatria amb escurçó pirinenc Vipera aspis. Butlletí
(2019) Geographic distribution: Ophiophagus hannah. de la Societat Catalana d’Herpetologia 25, 88–101, 13 figs.
Herpetological Review 50(2), 332. Figueroa, A., McKelvy, A.D., Grismer, L.L., Bell, C.D. & Lailvaux,
Fernández, M., Martínez-Fonseca, J.G., Salazar-Saavedra, M., S.P. (2016) A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with
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of Cerrophidion wilsoni (Reptilia: Squamata: Viperidae) from ONE 11(9:0161070), 1–31, 10 figs.
Nicaragua. Mesoamerican Herpetology 4(2), 481–484, 2 figs. Filho, G.A. de S., Moura-Leite, J.C. de, Matias, E.G. & Morato,
Fernández-Badillo, L., Aguillón-Gutiérrez, D.R., Valdez-Rentería, S.A.A. (2012) Chironius fuscus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Serpentes:
S.Y., Hernández-Melo, J.A., Olvera-Olvera, C.R., Callejas- Colubridae): Distribution extension, new state record and vari-
Jiménez, F.J., Hernández-Ramos, M., Iturbe-Morgado, J.C., ation in southern Brazil. Check List 8(6), 1315–1318, 2 figs.
Torres-Angeles, F. & Reaño-Hernández, I. (2016b) First Filho, G.A. de S. & Plombon, L.L. (2014) Rediscovery and geo-
records for amphibians and reptiles from the municipality graphic distribution of Philodryas agassizii (Jan, 1863)
of Atotonico el Grandes, Hidalgo, México. Herpetological (Squamata: Dipsadidae) in the state of Paraná, southern
Review 47(1), 91–93. Brazil. Biotemas 27(1), 155–158, 2 figs.
Fernández-Badillo, L., Morales-Capellán, N., Contreras-Patiño, Filho, G.A.P., Santana, G.G., Vieira, W.L. da S., Alves, R.R. da N.,
D.R. & Carreño-Cervantes, A. (2016a) Confirmación de la Montenegro, P.F.G.P. & Freitas, M.A. de (2012) Phimophis
presencia de la serpiente de cascabel, Crotalus scutulatus guerini (Duméril, Bibron and Duméril, 1854) (Serpentes:
para el estado de México, México. Acta Zoological Mexicana Dipsadidae): Distribution extension in Paraiba, Brazil. Check
32(2): 202–205, 2 figs. List 8(5), 966–967, 2 figs.
Fernández-Badillo, L., Olvera-Olvera, C.R., Valdez-Rentaría, S.Y., Filogonio, R. & Canelas, M.A.S. (2015a) Geographic distribution.
Torres-Ángeles, F. & Goyenechea, I. (2016c) New records of Trilepida koppesi. Herpetological Review 46(2), 222.
Thamnophis pulchrilatus (Squamata: Natricidae) from the Filogonio, R. & Canelas, M.A.S. (2015b) Geographic distribution
state of Hidalgo, Mexico. Mesoamerican Herpetology 3(2), Trilepida koppesi. Herpetological Review 46(3), 386–387.
519–523, 3 figs. Firneno, T.J., Itgen, M.W., Pereira-Pereira, F.M. & Townsend,
Fernández-Badillo, L., Valdez-Rentería, S.Y., Olvera-Olvera, J.H. (2016) Geographic distribution. Tantilla armillata.
C.R., Sánchez-Martínez, G., Manríquez-Morán, N.L. & Herpetological Review 47(2), 266.
Goyenechea, I. (2017) The snake Lampropeltis annu Flores, E.E., Gracia, V. de & Peña, B. (2016b) Geographic distribution.
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Herpetology 4(2), 502–506, 3 figs. Flores, E.E., Peña, B., Gracia, V. de, Diaz, E. & Gonzalez, J. del
Fernández-Cardenete, J.R., Luzón-Ortega, J.M., Pérez-Contreras, C. (2016a) Geographic distribution. Enulius flavitorques.
J., Pleguezuelos, J.M. & Tierno de Figueroa, J.M. (2000) Herpetological Review 47(3), 426.
Flores-Guerrero, U.S. & Sánchez-González, J.S. (2016) Distribution (Serpentes: Dipsadidae): First record for the state of Acre,
notes: Crotalus campbelli. Mesoamerican Herpetology 3(2), Brazil. Check List 9(3), 668–669, 2 figs.
524–525, 2 figs. França, D.P.F., Freitas, M.A. de, Ramalho, W.P. & Bernarde, P.S.
Flores-Hernández, M.A., Fernández-Badillo, L. & Hernández- (2017) Diversidade local e influência da sazonalidade sobre
González, A.I. (2017) Distribution notes: Hypsiglena tanzeri. taxocenoses de anfíbios e répteis na Reserva Extrativista
Mesoamerican Herpetology 4(4), 962–963, 1 fig. Chico Mendes, Acre, Brasil. Iheringia, Série Zoologia
Flores-Villela, O., Ríos-Muñoz, C.A., Magaña-Cota, G.E. & 107(supl. 2017023), 1–12, 4 figs.
Quezadas-Tapia, N.L. (2016) Alfredo Dugès’ type specimens França, F.G.R., França, R.C. de, Germano, C.E. de S. & Filho, J.M.
of amphibians and reptiles revisited. Zootaxa 4092(1), 33–54, de O. (2012) Bothrops neuwiedi (Wagler, 1824) (Squamata:
11 figs. Serpentes: Viperidae): Distribution for the Atlantic forest,
Folt, B., Bauder, J., Spear, S., Stevenson, D., Hoffman, M., Oaks, first vouchered record for Paraíba, and geographic distribu-
J.R., Wood, P.L., Jenkins, C., Steen, D.A. & Guyer, C. (2019) tion map. Check List 8(1), 170–171, 3 figs.
Taxonomic and conservation implications of population França, F.G.R., Mesquita, D.O. & Colli, G.R. (2006) A checklist of
genetic admixture, mito-nuclear discordance, and male- snakes from Amazonian Savannas in Brazil, housed in the
biased dispersal of a large endangered snake, Drymarchon Coleção Herpetológica da Universidade de Brasília, with new
couperi. PLOS ONE 14(3)e0214439, 1–21, 6 figs. distribution records. Occasional Papers Sam Noble Museum
Folt, B., Laurencio, D., Goessling, J.M., Birkhead, R.D., Stiles, J., of Natural History (17), 1–13, 1 fig.
Stiles, S., Harris, A.T. & Belford, S. (2015) One hundred two França, R.C. de, Germano, C.E. de S. & França, F.G.R. (2012)
new county records for amphibians and reptiles in Alabama, Composition of a snake assemblage inhabiting an urbanized
USA. Herpetological Review 46(4), 591–594. area in the Atlantic Forest of Paraiba state, northeast Brazil.
Folt, B., Pierson, T., Goessling, J., Goetz, S.M., Laurencio, D., Biota Neotropica 12(3), 183–195, 7 figs.
Thompson, D. & Graham, S.P. (2013) Amphibians and rep- França, R.C., Morais, M.S.R., Freitas, M.A., Moura, G.J.B. &
tiles of Jasper County, Mississippi, with comments on the França, F.G.R. (2019) A new record of Xenopholis scalaris
potentially extinct Bay Springs salamander (Plethodon ain (Wucherer, 1861) (Dipsadidae) for the state of Pernambuco,
sworthi). Herpetological Review 44(2), 283–286. Brazil. Herpetology Notes 12, 57–59, 2 figs.
Fong G. A. & Armas, L.F. de (2011) The easternmost record for França, R.C. de, Oitaven, L.P.C., Moura, G.J.B., Freitas, M.A.
Tropidophis spiritus (Hedges & Garrido, 1999) (Serpentes: & França, F.G.R. (2018) First record of Sibon nebulatus
Tropidophiidae) in Cuba. Herpetology Notes 4, 111–112, (Linnaeus, 1758) (Dipsadidae) for the state of Pernambuco,
2 figs. Brazil. Herpetology Notes 11, 19–21, 2 figs.
Fong, J.J., Grioni, A., Crow, P. & Cheung, K.-S. (2017) Francisco, B.C.S., Pinto, R.R. & Fernandes, D.S. (2018) Taxonomic
Morphological and genetic verification of Ovophis tonki- notes on the genus Siagonodon Peters, 1881, with a report on
nensis (Bourret, 1934) in Hong Kong. Herpetology Notes 10, morphological variation in Siagonodon cupinensis (Bailey
457–461, 2 figs. and Carvalho, 1946) (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae). Copeia
Fonseca, W.L. da, Silva, J.D. da, Abegg, A.D., Rosa, C.M. da & 106(2), 321–328, 5 figs.
Bernarde, P.S. (2019) Herpetofauna of Porto Walter and sur- Franco, F.L., Trevine, V.C., Montingelli, G.G. & Zaher, H. (2017)
rounding areas, southwest Amazonia, Brazil. Herpetology A new species of Thamnodynastes from the open areas of
Notes 12, 91–107, 7 figs. central and northeastern Brazil (Serpentes: Dipsadidae:
Fortes, V.B., Lucas, E.M. & Caldart, V.M. (2010) Reptilia, Tachymenini). Salamandra 53(3), 339–350, 6 figs.
Serpentes, Dipsadidae, Gomesophis brasiliensis (Gomes, Franzen, M., Hawlitscheck, O., Aßmann, O. & Bayerl, M. (2016)
1918): Distribution extension in state of Santa Catarina, Würfelnatternfunde (Natrix tessellata) aus Bayern mit
Brazil. Check List 6(3), 414–415, 2 figs. molekulargeneticher untursuchung zur herkunft der tiere.
Foster, N.Y., Conway, C., Dillashaw, M., Christensen, M., Williams, Zeitschrift für Feldherpetologie 23, 213–220, 3 figs.
M., Blackmore, M.A., Burress, S. et al. (2013) Geographic dis- Frazão, L., Campos, J., Oliveira, M.E., Carvalho, V.T. de & Hrbek, T.
tribution of herpetofauna of middle Tennessee. Herpetological (2017) New record and revised distribution map of Pseudoboa
Review 44(3), 484–486. martinsi (Zaher et al., 2008) (Serpentes: Colubridae:
Foufopoulos, J. & Richards, S. (2007) Amphibians and reptiles of Dipsadinae) in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Herpetology
New Britain Island, Papua New Guinea: Diversity and conser- Notes 10, 193–195, 2 figs.
vation status. Hamadryad 31(2), 176–201, 36 figs. Freed, P., Hakim, J., Lester, B., Rahman, S.C., Stickley, J., Trageser,
Fraga, R. de, Almeida, A.P. de, Moraes, L.J.C. de L., Gordo, M., S., Wetherall, J. & Low, M.R. (2015) Geographic distribution.
Pirani, R., Zamora, R.R., Carvalho, V.T. de, Passos, P. & Fordonia leucobalia. Herpetological Review 46(4), 573.
Werneck, F.P. (2017) Narrow endemism or insufficient Freitas, I., Fahd, S., Velo-Antón, G. & Martínez-Freiría, F. (2018)
sampling? Geographic range extension and morphological Chasing the phantom: Biogeography and conservation of
variation of the poorly known Atractus riveroi (Roze, 1961) Vipera latastei-monticola in the Maghreb (North Africa).
(Serpentes: Dipsadidae). Herpetological Review 48(2), 281– Amphibia-Reptilia 39(2), 145–161, 3 figs.
284, 2 figs. Freitas, M.A. de (2014) Squamate reptiles of the Atlantic forest of
Fraga, R. de, Souza, E., Santos-Júnior, A.P. & Kawashita-Ribeiro, northern Bahia, Brazil. Check List 10(5), 1020–1030, 5 figs.
R.A. (2018) Notes on the rare Mastigodryas moratoi Freitas, M.A. de, Abegg, A.D., Dias, I.R. & Moraes, E.P. de F. (2018)
(Serpentes: Colubridae) in the Brazilian Amazon white-sand Herpetofauna from Serra da Jibóia, an Atlantic rainforest rem-
forests. Phyllomedusa 17(2), 299–302, 2 figs. nant in the state of Bahia, northeastern Brazil. Herpetology
França, D.P.F., Barbo, F.E., Silva, N.J. da, Silva, H.L.R. & Zaher, H. Notes 11, 59–72, 7 figs.
(2018) A new species of Apostolepis (Serpentes, Dipsadidae, Freitas, M.A. de, Almeida, B.J.L., Almeida, M.S.M., Danin, T.S.
Elapomorphini) from the Cerrado of central Brazil. Zootaxa & Moura, G.J.B. de (2014b) Rediscovery and first record of
4521(4), 539–552, 7 figs. Sibynomorphus mikanii septentrionalis (Cunha, Nascimento
França, D.P.F. de, Freitas, M.A. de, Bernarde, P.S. & Uhlig, & Hoge, 1980) (Squamata; Serpentes) for the state of Pará.
V.M. (2013) Erythrolamprus oligolepis (Boulenger, 1905) Check List 10(5), 1246–1248, 6 figs.
Freitas, M.A. de, Angôlo, A.J.S., Gonner, C. & Veríssimo, D. (2014a) Funk, A., Vrabec, V., Velechovský, M., Schwertner, J., Hlava, J.
Biology and conservation status of Piraja’s Lancehead Snake & Čadková, Z. (2007) “Herpetological observations and
Bothrops pirajai (Amaral, 1923) (Serpentes: Viperidae), new data of occurrence in the Morocco.” Herpetologicke
Brazil. Journal of Threatened Taxa 6(10), 6326–6334, 2 figs. Informace 6(1), 25–29, 3 figs. [in Czech].
Freitas, M.A. de, Barbosa, G.G., Bernardino, K.P., Filho, J.D.P. Gabot-Rodríguez, E. & Marte, C. (2019) Inventario rápido de
& Abegg, A.D. (2019b) First records of the rare snake los reptiles del Refugio de Vida Silvestre El Cañón del Río
Echinanthera cephalomaculata Di-Bernardo, 1994 in the state Gurabo, República Dominicana. Novitates Caribaea 13, 117–
of Pernambuco, Brazil (Serpentes: Dipsadidae). Herpetology 121, 3 figs.
Notes 12, 1005–1009, 2 figs. Galán, P. (2012) Natrix maura en el medio marino de las Islas
Freitas, M.A. de, Colli, G.R., Entiauspe-Neto, O.M., Trinchão, L., Atlánticas de Galicia. Boletin de la Asociación Herpetológica
Araújo, D., Lima, T. de O., França, D.P.F. de, Gaiga, R. & Española 23(2), 38–43, 4 figs.
Dias, P. (2016) Snakes of cerrado localities in western Bahia, Galarza, J.A., Mappes, J. & Valkonen, J.K. (2015) Biogeography of
Brazil. Check List 12(1896), 1–10, 5 figs. the smooth snake (Coronella austriaca): Origin and conserva-
Freitas, M.A. de, Silva, T.F.S., Fonseca, P.M., Hamdan, B., Filadelfo, tion of the northernmost population. Biological Journal of the
T. & Abegg, A.D. (2019a) Herpetofauna of Serra do Timbó, an Linnean Society 114(2), 426–435, 4 figs.
Atlantic forest remnant in Bahia State, northeastern Brazil. Gallardo, F.B., Baldo, J.L., Vilte, A. & Scrocchi, G. (2017)
Herpetology Notes 12, 245–260, 8 figs. Apostolepis multicincta (Harvey 1999) (Squamata,
Freitas, M.A. de, Veríssimo, D. & Uhlig, V. (2012) Squamate rep- Dipsadidae) in Argentina. Check List 13(6), 913–916, 4 figs.
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municipality of Mucugê, state of Bahia, Brazil. Check List rango de distribución de Tomodon orestes (Harvey y Muñoz,
8(1), 16–22, 4 figs. 2004) (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) para el territorio argentino.
Freitas, M.A. de, Vieira, R.S., Entiauspe-Neto, O.M., Oliveira e Cuadernos de Herpetología 28(2), 161–163, 3 figs.
Sousa, S., Farias, T., Sousa, A.G. & Moura, G.J.B. de (2017) Gallardo, G.A., Nenda, S.J. & Scrocchi, G.J. (2019) Tachymenis
Herpetofauna of the northwest Amazon forest in the state of peruviana (Wiegmann, 1834) (Serpentes, Dipsadidae) in
Maranhão, Brazil, with remarks on the Gurupi Biological Argentina: Geographic distribution and a new province
reserve. ZooKeys 643, 141–155, 4 figs. record. Check List 15(1), 7–12, 4 figs.
Frías, J.R., Fernández-Badillo, L., López, M.A. & Escudero, Ganesh, S.R., Adimallaiah, D. & Prasad, K.K. (2013b) New locality
J.I.A. (2015) Geographic distribution. Crotalus totonacus. records of Nagarjun Sagar racer snake, Coluber bholanathi
Herpetological Review 46(2), 219. Sharma, 1976. Herpetotropicos 9(1/2), 9–12, 2 figs.
Frick, W.F., Heady III, P.A. & Hollingsworth, B.D. (2016a) Ganesh, S.R., Aengals, R. & Ramanujam, E. (2014b) Taxonomic
Geographic distribution. Lichanura trivirgata. Herpetological reassessment of two Indian shieldtail snakes in the Uropeltis
Review 47(1), 83–84. ceylanicus species group (Reptilia: Uropeltidae). Journal of
Frick, W.F., Heady III, P.A. & Hollingsworth, B.D. (2016b) Threatened Taxa 6(1): 5305–5314, 3 figs.
Geographic distribution. Lampropeltis californiae. Ganesh, S.R. & Arumugam, M. (2016) Species richness of mon-
Herpetological Review 47(3), 427. tane herpetofauna of southern Eastern Ghats, India: A his-
Frolova, E.N. & Gapanov, S.P. (2016) “Morphology of Nikolsky’s torical resume and a descriptive checklist. Russian Journal of
Viper in Voronezh and Lipetsk regions.” Vestnik St. Petersburg Herpetology 23(1), 7–24, 5 figs.
University 3(3), 165–169. [in Russian]. Ganesh, S.R. & Asokan, J.R. (2010) Catalogue of Indian herpetolog-
Frota, J.G. da, Missassi, A.F.R., Santos-Costa, M.C. dos & Prudente, ical specimens in the collection of the Government Museum
A.L. da C. (2015) New records of Imantodes lentiferus (Cope, Chennai, India. Hamadryad 35(1), 46–63.
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Mato Grosso, Brazil. Check List 11(1686), 1–4, 1 fig. G. (2014a) Snake fauna of High Wavy Mountains, Western
Frota, J.G. da, Santos-Jr., A.P. dos, Chalkidis, H. de M. & Guedes, Ghats, India: Species richness, status, and distribution pattern.
A.G. (2005) As serpents da região do baixo Rio Amazonas, Russian Journal of Herpetology 21(1), 53–64, 9 figs.
oeste do estado do Pará, Brasil (Squamata). Biociências 13(2), Ganesh, S.R., Chadramouli, S.R., Sreeker, R. & Shanker, P.G.
211–220. (2013a) Reptiles of the central western Ghats, India—A reap-
Frynta, D., Kratochvíl, L., Moravec, J., Benda, P., Dandová, R., praisal and revised checklist, with emphasis on the Agumbe
Kaftan, M., Klosová, K., Mikulová, P., Nová, P. & Schwarzová, Plateau. Russian Journal of Herpetology 20(3), 181–189,
L. (2000) Amphibians and reptiles recently recorded in Libya. 5 figs.
Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae 64, 17–26, 1 fig. Ganesh, S.R. & Chandramouli, S.R. (2018) Die verbreitung von
Fuentes, R.D. & Corrales, G. (2016) New distributional record and Trimeresurus strigatus Gray, 1842 – eine korrigierende notiz.
reproductive data for the Chocoan bushmaster, Lachesis acro Sauria 40(1), 87–91, 3 figs.
chorda (Serpentes: Viperidae), in Panama. Mesoamerican Ganesh, S.R., Kalaimani, A., Karthik, P., Baskaran, N., Nagarajan,
Herpetology 3(1), 115–127, 11 figs. R. & Chandramouli, S.R. (2018) Herpetofauna of southern
Fuentes, S. de & Lizana, M. (2015) Revisión de la distribución y Eastern Ghats, India – II from Western Ghats to Coromandel
abundancia de la herpetofauna de los Arribes del Duero Coast. Asian Journal of Conservation Biology 7(1), 28–45,
salmantinos. Boletin de la Asociasión Herpetológica 6 figs.
Española 26(1), 64–71, 3 figs. Ganesh, S.R., Nandhini, T., Deepak, V., Sreeraj, C.R., Abhilash,
Fulton, J.N., Couch, M. & Smith, W.H. (2014) New geographic K.R., Purvaja, R. & Ramesh, R. (2019) Marine snakes of
distribution records for herpetofauna in southwest Virginia, Indian coasts: Historical resume, systematic checklist, tox-
USA. Herpetological Review 45(1), 105–106. inology, status, and identification key. Journal of Threatened
Funk, A., Velechovský, M., Stĕnička, J., Gračko, M., Knobloch, O., Taxa 11(1), 13132–13150, 1 fig.
Hejduk, J. & Blažej, L. (2009) “A new herpetological observa- Ganesh, S.R. & Ramanujam, E. (2014) Rediscovery of Beddome’s
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Informace 8(1), 69–72. [in Czech]. locality. Journal of Threatened Taxa 6(3), 5580–5582, 1 fig.
Ganesh, S.R., Sharma, V. & Guptha, M.B. (2017) Records of the National Park, northeastern Vietnam. Salamandra 52(1),
Indian Sand Snake Psammophis condanarus (Merrem, 1820) 23–41, 12 figs.
(Reptilia: Lamprophiidae) in southern India. Journal of Geiger, R.D., Geiger, N.D. & Ray, J.M. (2014) Geographic distribu-
Threatened Taxa 9(7), 10453–10458, 3 figs. tion. Ninia sebae. Herpetological Review 45(1), 95.
Ganesh, S.R. & Vogel, G. (2018) Taxonomic reassessment of the Geissler, P., Hartmann, T., Ihlow, F., Neang, T., Seng, R., Wagner,
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R.O., Nydam, R.L., Larsson, H.C.E., Lee, M.S.Y. & Caldwell, critically endangered Vipera darevskii Vedmederja, Orlov &
M.W. (2019) New skulls and skeletons of the Cretaceous Tuniyev, 1986 in Turkey, with new elements on its identifi-
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body plan. Science Advances 5(eaax5833), 1–8, 4 figs. 25–33, 10 figs.
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J.R., Valdeón, A., Pérez-García, M.T. & Herrera-Sánchez, Palaeopython (Serpentes) and other extinct squamates from
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Myriopholis algeriensis en el suroeste de Marruecos. Boletin of Geosciences 112, 1–35, 18 figs.
de la Asociación Herpetológica Española 25(1), 43–46, 2 figs. Georgalis, G.L., Szyndlar, Z., Kear, B.P. & Delfino, M. (2016) New
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mode and defensive behaviour of the South American from Greece, with an overview of the largest fossil European
aquatic snake Helicops pastazae (Serpentes: Dipsadidae). vipers. Swiss Journal of Geosciences 109(1), 103–116, 4 figs.
Herpetology Notes 12, 447–451, 2 figs. Georgialis, G.L., Arca, M., Rook, L., Tuveri, C. & Delfino, M.
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3 figs. Georgialis, G.L., Rage, J.-C., Bonis, L. de & Koufos, G.D. (2018)
García-Grajales, J., Buenrostro-Silva, A. & Mata-Silva, V. (2016) Lizards and snakes from the late Miocene hominoid locality
Diversidad herpetofaunística del Parque Nacional Lagunas of Ravin de la Pluie (Axios Valley, Greece). Swiss Journal of
de Chacahua y La Tuza de Monroy, Oaxaca, México. Acta Geosciences 111(1–2), 169–181, 5 figs.
Zoológica Mexicana (New series) 32(1), 90–100, 4 figs. Georgialis, G.L., Villa, A. & Delfino, M. (2017) Fossil lizards and
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U.O. (2017) Geographic distribution. Tantillita lintoni. the latest Miocene of northern Greece. Historical Biology
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García-Padilla, E. (2015) Predation event and a distributional Georgialis, G.L., Villa, A., Ivanov, M., Vasilyan, D. & Delfino, M.
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Herpetology 2(3), 376–377, 1 fig. locality of Maramena (Greece), the most diverse European
García-Padilla, E., González-Botello, J.P., Nevárez-de los Reyes, at the Miocene/Pliocene transition boundary. Palaeontologia
M., Lazano, D., Mata-Silva, V., Johnson, J.D. & Wilson, Electronica 22(3), 68, 1–99, 39 figs.
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García-Padilla, E., Herrera-Enríquez, G.J., Nevárez-de los Reyes, Laticauda) with an updated occurrence dataset for ecological
M., Lazcano, D., Mata-Silva, V., Johnson, J.D. & Wilson, L.D. and conservation research. ZooKeys 569, 135–148, 9 figs.
(2016) Distribution notes. Crotalus ornatus. Mesoamerican Gherghel, I., Strugariu, A., Ghiurca, D., Rosu, S. & Hutuleac-
Herpetology 3(3), 778, 1 fig. Volosciuc, M.-V. (2007) The composition and distribution
García-Padilla, E. & Mata-Silva, V. (2013) Geographic distribution. of the herpetofauna from the Valea Neagra river basin
Tantilla bocourti. Herpetological Review 44(4), 630. (Neamţ County, Romania). Herpetologica Romanica 1,
García-Padilla, E. & Mata-Silva, V. (2014a) Noteworthy distri- 70–76, 3 figs.
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Herpetological Review 45(3), 468–469. di Zootoca vivipara Jaquin e di Vipera berus Linnaeus, in
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butional records for the herpetofauna of Chiapas, Mexico. Pedemontanae II). Acta Herpetologica 1(1), 29–36, 2 figs.
Mesoamerican Herpetology 1(2), 293–295. Ghielmi, S., Menegon, M., Marsden, S.J., Laddaga, L. &
García-Vázquez, U.O., Pavó-Vázquez, C.J., Blancas-Hernández, Ursenbacher, S. (2016) A new vertebrate for Europe: The dis-
J.C., Blancas-Calva, E. & Centenero-Alcalá, E. (2018) A new covery of a range-restricted relict viper in the western Italian
rare species of the Rhadinaea decorata group from the Sierra Alps. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary
Madre del Sur of Guerrero, Mexico (Squamata, Colubridae). Research 54(3), 161–173, 10 figs.
ZooKeys 780, 137–154, 7 figs. Ghira, I. (2007a) Rediscovery of Vipera ursinii rakosiensis in
Garda, A.A., Costa, T.B., Santos-Silva, C.R. dos, Mesquita, D.O., Transylvania. Herpetologica Romanica 1, 77–81, 4 figs.
Faria, R.G., Conceição, B.M. da, Silva, I.R.S. da et al. (2013) Ghira, I. (2007b) The herpetofauna of the Sighişoara area
Herpetofauna of protected areas in the Caatinga I: Raso da (Transylvania, Romania). Transylvanian Review of
Catarina Ecological Station (Bahia, Brazil). Check List 9(2), Systematical and Ecological Research 4, 159–168.
405–414, 9 figs. Ghira, I., Venczel, M., Covaciu-Marcov, S., Mara, G., Ghile, P.,
Gawor, A., Pham, C.T., Nguyen, T.Q., Nguyen, T.T., Schmitz, A. Hartel, T., Török, Z. et al. (2002) Mapping of Transylvanian
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Eiselt, 1971. Herpetozoa 22(3/4), 189–190, 3 figs. and some phylogenetical comments. Animal Biology 59(1),
Gholamifard, A. & Esmaeili, H.R. (2010) First record and range 87–96, 5 figs.
extension of Field’s horned viper, Pseudocerastes fieldi Göçmen, B., Atatür, M.K., Budak, A., Bahar, H., Yildiz, M.Z. &
(Schmidt, 1930) (Squamata: Viperidae), from Fars province, Alpagut-Keskin, N. (2009b) Taxonomic notes on the snakes
southern Iran. Turkish Journal of Zoology 34(4), 551–552, of Northern Cyprus, with observations on their morphologies
2 figs. and ecologies. Animal Biology 59(1), 1–30, 10 figs.
Gholamifard, A., Rastegar-Pouyani, N. & Esmaeili, H.R. (2012) Göçmen, B., Franzen, M., Yildiz, M.Z., Akman, B. & Yalçinkaya,
Annotated checklist of reptiles of Fars Province, southern D. (2009a) New locality records of eremial snake species in
Iran. Iranian Journal of Animal Biosystematics 8(2), 155–167. southeastern Turkey (Ophidia: Colubridae, Elapidae, Typhlo-
Ghosh, A. & Mukherjee, N. (2019) Geographic distribution: Boiga pidae, Leptotyphlopidae). Salamandra 45(2), 110–114, 2 figs.
quincunciata. Herpetological Review 50(1), 104. Göçmen, B., Geçít, M. & Kariş, M. (2014c) New locality records
Ghosh, A., Mukherjee, N. & Rahut, B. (2017) Geographic distribu- of the striped dwarf snake, Eirenis lineomaculatus (Schmidt,
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Giambelluca, L.A. (2015) Serpientes Bonaerenses. Editorial de la Biologist 8(2), 126–128, 2 figs.
Universidad de La Plata, Buenos Aires, 1–70, numerous color Göçmen, B., Iğci, N., Akman, B. & Oğuz, M.A. (2013) New locality
ill. records of snakes (Ophidia: Colubridae: Dolichophis, Eirenis)
Giery, S.T. (2013) First records of Red Cornsnakes (Pantherophis in eastern Anatolia. North-Western Journal of Zoology 9(2),
guttatus) from Abaco Island, The Bahamas, and notes on their 276–283, 5 figs.
current distribution in the greater Caribbean region. IRCF Göçmen, B., Kariş, M., Özmen, E. & Oğuz, M.A. (2018) First
Reptiles & Amphibians 20(1), 36–39, 3 figs. record of the Palestine Viper Vipera palaestinae (Serpentes:
Giraldo, A., Garcés-Restrepo, M.F., Quintero-Angel, A., Bolívar, W. Viperidae) from Anatolia. South Western Journal of
& Velandia-Perilla, J.H. (2014) Vertebrados terrestres de Isla Horticulture, Biology and Environment 9(2), 87–90, 2 figs.
Palma (Bahía Málaga, Valle del Cauca, Colombia). Boletín Göçmen, B., Mebert, K., Akman, B., Yalçinkaya, D., Kariş, M. &
Científico Museo de Historia Natural 18(2), 183–202, 3 figs. Erturhan, M. (2011) New locality records of snakes resem-
Giraudo, A.R., Nenda, S.J., Arzamendia, V., Bellini, G.P. & Franzoy, bling the Big-headed Grass Snake, Natrix megalocephala
A. (2015) Nuevos datos sobre la distribución, morfología y (Orlov & Tuniyev, 1987) (Ophidia: Colubridae) in Turkey.
conservación de Micrurus silviae (Serpentes: Elapidae), una North-Western Journal of Zoology 7(2), 363–367, 4 figs.
serpiente coral amenazada poco conocida. Revista Mexicana Göçmen, B., Mebert, K., Iğci, N., Akman, B., Yildiz, M.Z., Oğuz,
de Biodiversidad 86(4), 1041–1047, 2 figs. M.A. & Altin, Ç. (2014a) New locality records for four rare
Giraudo, A.R., Vidoz, F., Arzamendia, V. & Nenda, S.J. (2012) species of vipers (Reptilia: Viperidae) in Turkey. Zoology in
Distribution and natural history notes on Tachymenis chilensis the Middle East 60(4), 306–313, 2 figs.
chilensis (Schlegel, 1837) (Reptilia: Serpentes: Dipsadidae) in Göçmen, B., Mebert, K. & Kariş, M. (2015b) New distributional
Argentina. Check List 8(5), 919–923, 2 figs. data on Vipera (berus) barani from western and northeastern
Giri, V.B., Deepak, V., Captain, A., Das, A., Das, S., Rajkumar, Anatolia. Herpetology Notes 8, 609–615, 3 figs.
K.P., Rathish, R.L. & Gower, D.J. (2017) A new species of Göçmen, B., Mebert, K., Kariş, M., Oğuz, M.A. & Ursenbacher,
Rhabdops (Boulenger, 1893) (Serpentes: Natricinae) from S. (2017) A new population and subspecies of the critically
the northern Western Ghats region of India. Zootaxa 4319(1), endangered Anatolian meadow viper Vipera anatolica Eiselt
27–52, 10 figs. and Baran, 1970 in eastern Antalya province. Amphibia-
Giri, V.B., Deepak, V., Captain, A., Pawar, S. & Tillack, F. (2019b) A Reptilia 38(3), 289–305, 6 figs.
new species of Boiga (Fitzinger, 1826) (Serpentes: Colubridae) Göçmen, B., Mulder, J., Kariş, M. & Mebert, K. (2015a) New local-
from the northern Western Ghats of India. Journal of the ity records of Vipera ammodytes transcaucasiana Boulenger,
Bombay Natural History Society 116, 1–11, 5 figs. 1913 in Turkey. South Western Journal of Horticulture,
Giri, V.B., Gower, D.J., Das, A., Lalremsanga, H.T., Lalronunga, Biology and Environment 6(2), 91–98, 2 figs.
S., Captain, A. & Deepak, V. (2019a) A new genus and spe- Göçmen, B., Mulder, J., Kariş, M. & Oğuz, M. (2014b) The poorly
cies of natricine snake from northeast India. Zootaxa 4603(2), known Anatolian meadow viper, Vipera anatolica: New mor-
241–264, 7 figs. phological and ecological data. Herpetologica Romanica 8,
Glavaš, O.J., Vilaj, I., Lauš, B., Dvorski, P., Koren, T., Kolarić, A., 1–10, 3 figs.
Grbac, I. & Šafarek, G. (2016) Contribution to the knowledge Gojo-Cruz, P.H.P., Afuang, L.E., Gonzalez, J.C.T. & S.M.W. Gruezo
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Zoologica Bulgarica 68(4), 519–527, 13 figs. The herpetofauna of Pantabangan-Carranglan Watershed,
Glaw, F., Kucharzewski, C., Köhler, J., Vences, M. & Nagy, Z.T. Nueva Ecija Province, Caraballo Mountain Range. Asian
(2013) Resolving an enigma by integrative taxonomy: Herpetological Research 9(4), 201–223, 47 figs.
Madagascarophis fuchsi (Serpentes: Lamprophiidae), a new Gomes de Arruda, L.A., Carvalho, M.A. de & Kawashita-Ribeiro,
opisthoglyphous and microendemic snake from northern R.A. (2015) New records of the Amazon banded snake
Madagascar. Zootaxa 3630(2), 317–332, 6 figs. Rhinobothryum lentiginosum (Serpentes: Colubridae)
Glaw, F., Kucharzewski, C., Nagy, Z.T., Hawlitschek, O. & Vences, from Mato Grosso state, Brazil, with natural history notes.
M. (2014) New insights into the systematics and molecular phy- Salamandra 51(2), 199–205, 2 figs.
logeny of the Malagasy snake genus Liopholidophis suggest at Gómez, C. & Buitrago-González, W. (2017) Bothriechis schlegelii
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length. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 14, 121–132, 5 figs. Catálogo de Anfibios y Reptiles de Colombia 3(1), 1–11, 3 figs.
Göçmen, B., Arikan, H., Yildiz, M.Z., Mermer, A. & Alpagut- Gómez, R.O., Garberoglio, F.F. & Rougier, G.W. (2019) A new late
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Palevol 18, 771–781, 5 figs. 481–503, 9 figs.
Gonçalves, D.V., Martínez-Freiría, F., Crochet, P.-A., Geniez, P., Gower, D.J., Wade, E.O.Z., Spawls, S., Böhme, W., Buechley, E.R.,
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4 figs. of Rhinophis dorsimaculatus (Deraniyagala, 1941) (Serpentes:
Gonçalves, F.M.P., Braine, D., Bauer, A.M., Valério, H.M., Marques, Uropeltidae), including description of new material. Zootaxa
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50(2), 241–246, 4 figs. South American species of Amerotyphlops (Typhlopidae,
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a valid Protobothrops? Amphibia-Reptilia 32(1), 132–135, northeastern Brazil, with comments on distribution of related
2 figs. species. Zootaxa 3920(3), 443–452, 4 figs.
Gonwouo, N.L., LeBreton, M., Chirio, L., Ineich, I., Tchamba, N.M., Graitson, E. (2013) Les reptiles de Wallonie. Bilan des connais-
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Gonzales, L. & Montaño-F., R.R. (2005) Material tipo en las col- (Linnaeus, 1758) (Reptilia Serpentes) from the Aegean island
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Kempff Mercado” Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Kempffiana 1, 6–20. 4, 39(2), 375–381, 2 figs.
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Arrhyton taeniatum. Herpetological Review 45(4), 663. Hierophis gemonensis (Laurenti, 1768) (Reptilia Serpentes
Gonzalez, R.C., Prudente, A.L. da C. & Franco, F.L. (2014a) Colubridae) in the Aegean island of Tsougriá, northern
Morphological variation of Gomesophis brasiliensis Sporades, Greece. Biodiversity Journal 4(4), 553–556, 2 figs.
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L.E. (2018) The first country record of the Mexican Blind A phylogeny of Central African Boaedon (Serpentes:
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4 figs. 64(1), 18–38, 5 figs.
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Goodman, A.M., Esposito, L.A., Ponce, P.L., Sauer, A.L., Stiner, pida (Serpentes: Viperidae) from Uganda, Africa. Herpetology
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388–416, 14 figs. eny of the Asian lance-headed pitvipers (Squamata, Viperidae,
Grünwald, C.I., Morales-Flores, K.I., Franz-Chávez, H., Protobothrops). Zootaxa 4093(3), 382–390, 2 figs.
Hermosillo-López, A.I. & Jones, J.M. (2016b) First report of Guo, P., Liu, Q., Zhong, G., Zhu, F., Yan, F., Tang, T., Xiao, R., Fang,
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biogeographical formation. Mesoamerican Herpetology 3(4), Amphibia-Reptilia 36(3), 265–276, 3 figs.
1104–1107, 3 figs. Guo, P., Liu, Q., Zhu, F., Zhong, G.H., Che, J., Wang, P., Xie, Y.L.,
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Review 47(1), 85–90, 2 figs. on the diversification pattern in Asia. Molecular Phylogenetics
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Morphological variation of the rare psammophilous species Guo, P., Malhotra, A., Li, P.P., Pook, C.E. & Creer, S. (2007) New
Apostolepis gaboi (Serpentes, Dipsadidae, Elapomorphini). evidence on the phylogenetic position of the poorly known
Zootaxa 4418(5), 469–480, 6 figs. Asia pitviper Protobothrops kaulbacki (Serpentes: Viperidae:
Guedes, T.B., Nogueira, C. & Marques, O.A.V. (2014) Diversity, Crotalinae) with a redescription of the species and a revision
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Caatinga, northeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3863(1), 1–93. 32 figs. 17, 237–246, 4 figs.
Guedes, T.B., Nunes, G.S.S., Prudente, A.L. da C. & Marques, O.A.V. Guo, P., Zhang, L., Liu, Q., Li, C., Pyron, R.A., Jiang, K. &
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cal banded treesnake Siphlophis compressus (Dipsadidae) in two? Evidence from Molecular phylogenetics and morpho-
Brazil. Herpetology Notes 4, 341–346, 1 fig. logical comparisons. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
Guevara, H.J.L., Ubeda-Olivas, M.F., Castellón, J.C.G. & Sunyer, 68, 144–149, 2 figs.
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Mesoamerican Herpetology 2(4), 543–544, 1 fig. Sinonatrix (Serpentes: Colubridae) from western China.
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Platyceps karelini. Herpetological Review 48(1), 130–131. Guo, P., Zhu, F., Liu, Q., Zhang, L., Li, J.X., Huang, Y.Y. & Pyron,
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between a Euro-Siberian (Vipera berus) and a para-Mediter- genus Amphiesma (Serpentes: Colubridae: Natricinae), with
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Journal of Zoology 302, 138–147, 3 figs. Guptha, B., Prasad, N.V.S., Maddock, S.T. & Deepak, V. (2015) First
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distribution of 6 evolutionary lineages of Typhlops vermicu Seshachalam hills, Andhra Pradesh, India. Herpetology Notes
laris Merrem, 1820 in Turkey using ecological niche model- 5, 447–448, 2 figs.
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Pelias barani (Böhme et Joger, 1983) from the northeastern 517–518, 1 fig.
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type for Protobothrops mangshanensis (Zhao, 1990). Asian 466, 1 fig.
Herpetological Research 3(4), 340–341, 2 figs. Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, A.A. & Sunyer, J. (2017b) Distribution notes:
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of the type specimens of amphibians and reptiles in the 479–480, 1 fig.
Herpetological Museum of the Chengdu Institute of Biology, Guyer, C., Folt, B., Hoffman, M., Stevenson, D., Goetz, S.M., Miller,
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Herpetological Research 3(3), 219–226, 5 figs. Journal 2(3), 67–77.
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3(1), 60–74, numerous figs. the amphibians and reptiles of the Kulen Promtep Wildlife
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Genetic comparison of Moldavian Meadow Viper (Vipera Research 4(1), 36–55, 7 figs.
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19–26, 5 figs. 1839) from Bangladesh. Taprobanica 5(1), 77–80, 2 figs.
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& Lira-da-Silva, R.M. (2013a) The reptile collection of the 1868) (Squamata: Pareidae) as a species distinct from Pareas
Museu de Zoologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil. margaritophorus (Jan in Bocourt, 1866). Tropical Natural
Check List 9(2), 257–262. History 17(1), 25–52, 14 figs.
Hamdan, B. & Fernandes, D.S. (2015) Taxonomic revision of Hauser, S. (2018) Addition of Liopeltis frenatus (Günther, 1858) and
Chironius flavolineatus (Jan, 1863) with description of a new Cyclophiops multicinctus (Roux, 1907) to the herpetofauna of
species (Serpentes: Colubridae). Zootaxa 4012(1), 97–119, Thailand (Squamata: Colubridae). Tropical Natural History
11 figs. 18(1), 54–67, 4 figs.
Hamdan, B., Machado, C. & Citeli, N.K. (2015) Filling gaps and Hauser, S. (2019) Addition of Liopeltis stoliczkae (Sclater, 1891)
a new state record of Xenopholis scalaris (Wucherer, 1861) (Squamata: Colubridae) to the herpetofauna of Thailand, with
(Serpentes: Dipsadidae). Check List 11(1746), 1–3, 2 figs. notes on its distribution and natural history. Natural History
Hamdan, B., Pereira, A.G., Loss-Oliveira, L., Rödder, D. & Schrago, Bulletin of the Siam Society 63(2), 127–140, 9 figs.
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Neotropics. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 116, Pythonidae. Palaeontologia Electronica 18(1), 6FC, 1–17, 1 fig.
108–119, 4 figs. Head, J.J., Bloch, J.I., Moreno-Bernal, J., Rincon-Burbano, A.F. &
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Chironius flavolineatus (Serpentes: Colubridae). Zootaxa and ecology of the giant Paleocene snake Titanoboa cer
3794(1), 134–142, 3 figs. rejonensis. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33(suppl.),
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3693(2), 182–188, 2 figs. Electronica 19(2)9FC, 1–21, 1 fig.
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Hansen, R.W. & Alamillo, J.A. (2018) Geographic distribution: Journal 4(4), 507–552, 82 figs.
Lampropeltis greeri. Herpetological Review 49(1), 77. Hedges, S.B., Marion, A.B., Lipp, K.M., Marin, J. & Vidal, N.
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distribution. Lampropeltis ruthveni. Herpetological Review Caribbean and other regions (Reptilia, Squamata). Caribbean
46(4), 574. Herpetology 49, 1–61, 3 figs.
Hansen, R.W., Fernández-Badillo, L., Ramírez-Bautista, A. & Avalos- Hedges, S.B., Powell, R., Henderson, R.W., Hanson, S. & Murphy,
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Hansen, R.W. & Salmon, G.T. (2017) Distribution analysis, taxo- ized common names of amphibians and reptiles. Caribbean
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and fossils: New insights into convergent evolution of feed- tiles in eastern Chihuahua, Mexico. Check List 15(1), 79–86,
ing morphology and limb reduction. Biological Journal of the 1 fig.
Linnean Society 121, 379–394, 5 figs. Hernández-Arciga, R., Hernández, C., López-Vidal, J.C., Villegas-
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Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2011(1), 7–10, 3 figs. 29(3), 684–687, 2 figs.
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J.R., Rangel-Patiño, C.A., Granados-González, G. & Ruiz- 7 figs., plus supplements.
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Hernández-Jiménez, C.A., Flores-Villela, O. & Campbell, J.A. Colubridae) and comments on T. shangrila. Zootaxa 4028(1),
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Zootaxa 4564(2), 588–600, 5 figs. Florida. ECO Herpetological Publishing & Distribution,
Hernández-Ordóñez, O., Arroyo-Rodríguez, V., González- Rodeo. x+179, numerous illustrations.
Hernández, A., Russildi, G., Luna-Reyes, R., Martínez-Ramos, Holt, B.D., Barger, T.W., Peters, A.S., Taylor, C.T. & Lawrence, E.
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Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 86, 457–468, 1 fig. Review 48(1), 138–144.
Hernández-Salinas, U., Ramírez-Bautista, A. & Mata-Silva, V. Hoogmoed, M.S., Fernandes, R., Kucharzewski, C., Moura-Leite,
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in the Mexican Pacific. Check List 10(6), 1264–1269, 6 figs. (2019) Synonymization of Uromacer Ricardinii Peracca, 1897
Hernández-Valadez, E., Hernández-Estañol, E., Barragán-Vázquez, with Dendrophis aurata (Schlegel, 1837) (Reptilia: Squamata:
R., Charruau, P. & López-Luna, M.A. (2016) First record and Colubridae: Dipsadinae), a rare South American snake with a
distribution extension of Enulius flavitorques (Cope, 1869) disjunct distribution. South American Journal of Herpetology
(Squamata: Colubridae) in Tabasco, Mexico. Mesoamerican 14(2), 88–102, 4 figs.
Herpetology 3(2), 512–513, 1 fig. Hoogmoed, M.S. & Lima, J.D. (2018) Epictia collaris (Hoogmoed,
Herr, M.W., Giovanetto, L.A., Black, M., Hernadez, J.C., Mendoza- 1977) (Reptilia: Squamata: Leptotyphlopidae), new record
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Tantilla cucullata. Herpetological Review 48(4), 816. localities in French Guiana and a distribution map. Boletim
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Erythrolamprus bizona. Herpetological Review 47(1), 83. 461–465, 2 figs.
Herrera-Montes, A., Ríos-Dróz, B., Puente-Rolón, A.R., Dávila- Hoser, R. (2013) Case 3601. Spracklandus (Hoser, 2009) (Reptilia,
Casanova, D. & Ríos-López, N. (2015) Geogrphic distribu- Serpentes, Elapidae): Request for confirmation of the avail-
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Herrmann, H.-W. & Branch, W.R. (2013) Fifty years of herpeto- dation of the journal in which it was published. Bulletin of
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updated and annotated species checklist. Journal of Arid Hoser, R.T. (2015a) PRINO (Peer reviewed in name only) jour-
Environments 93, 94–115, 3 figs. nals: When quality control in scientific publication fails.
Herse, M.R. & Ray, J.M. (2014) A review and correction of data on Australasian Journal of Herpetology 26, 3–64, illustrated.
a poorly known leaf litter snake, Trimetopon slevini (Dunn, Hoser, R.T. (2015b) Comments on Spracklandus (Hoser, 2009)
1940), from Panama, including additional data on defensive (Reptilia, Serpentes, Elapidae): Request for confirmation of
behaviours. Herpetology Notes 7, 359–361, 2 figs. the availability of the generic name and for the nomenclatural
Hinckley, A., Intang, R., Tuh, F. & Jaimis, B. (2017) A distribution validation of the journal in which it was published (Case 3601;
update on the Bornean endemic Trimeresurus (Popeia) sabahi see BZN 70: 234–237; comments BZN 71:30–38, 133–135).
(David et al., 2011). Herpetology Notes 10, 625–626, 2 figs. Australasian Journal of Herpetology 27, 37–43.
Hoaglund, E. & Smith, C.E. (2013) New and updated records of Hosseinzadeh, M.S., Ghezellou, P. & Kazemi, S.M. (2017) Predicting
amphibians and reptiles from Minnesota, USA. Herpetological the potential distribution of the endemic snake Spalerosophis
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Hodges, C.W., Amber, E.D. & Strine, C.T. (2018) Boiga guangxien western Iran. Salamandra 53(2), 294–298, 3 figs.
sis (Wen, 1998) (Squamata: Colubridae) feeding on Draco Houssaye, A., Rage, J.-C., Bardet, N., Vincent, P., Amaghzaz, M.
blanfordii in Yunnan, China. Herpetology Notes 11, 981–984, & Meslouh, S. (2013) New highlights about the enigmatic
3 figs. marine snake Palaeophis maghrebianus (Palaeophiidae;
Hoefer, S. (2019) Range extension of the Black-banded Trinket Palaeophiinae) from the Ypresian (lower Eocene) phosphates
Snake, Oreocryptophis porphyraceus (Cantor 1839) in Lam of Morocco. Palaeontology 56(3), 647–661, 10 figs.
Dong Province, Vietnam. IRCF Reptiles & Amphibians 26(2), Hsiang, A.Y., Field, D.J., Webster, T.H., Behlke, A.D.B., Davis,
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Hofmann, E.P. (2016) Geographic distribution. Sibon dimidiatus. snakes: Revealing the ecology, behavior, and evolutionary
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Hofmann, E.P., Gray, R.J., Wilson, L.D. & Townsend, J.H. (2016) fossil record. BMC Evolutionary Biology 15(87), 1–22, 9 figs.
Discovery of the first male specimen of Tantilla hendersoni Hsiou, A.S., Albino, A.M., Medeiros, M.A. & Santos, R.A.B. (2014)
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in central Belize. Herpetology Notes 10, 53–57, 3 figs. Cretaceous). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 59(3), 635–642,
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Hofmann, S., Mebert, K., Schulz, K.-D., Helfenberger, N., Göçmen, and Nebraska, USA. Herpetological Review 44(3), 481–482.
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Hughes, D.F., Scharsu, C., Behangana, M. & Wilbur, L. (2017b) sil snakes (Reptilia: Squamata) Okinawajima Island in the
Geographic distribution. Naja nigricollis. Herpetological Ryukyu Archipelago, southwestern Japan. Herpetological
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Herpetological Review 48(4), 814–815. to the knowledge of the batracho- and herpetofauna of the
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Check List 11(1713), 1–4, 3 figs. groups (northern Vanuatu), with report of a new species for
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herpetofauna of the Belum-Temengor forest reserves, Hulu Herpetofauna of Termit Massif and neighbor areas in Tenere
Perak, Peninsular Malaysia. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Desert, southeastern Niger, West Africa. Herpetology Notes 7,
Conference Syiah Kuala University (AIC Unsyiah), 151–158. 375–390, 6 figs.
Hussien, N.A. & Hussein, R.M. (2013) Morphological and molecu- Ineich, I., LeBreton, M., Lhermitte-Vallarino, N. & Chirio, L. (2015)
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in the desert-mountain and coastal areas of Egypt. World Highlands, Cameroon. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation
Applied Sciences Journal 27(8), 996–1004, 8 figs. 9(2), 15–38, 22 figs.
Hutchinson, M., Swain, R. & Driessen, M. (2001) Snakes and Ineich, I. & Prudent, P. (2014) Geographic distribution. Myriopholis
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National d’Histoire Naturelle “Grigore Antipa”56(1), 81–92, Jablonski, D. & Balej, P. (2015) Xerotyphlops vermicularis (Merrem,
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Journal of Zoology 10(Suppl.), S33–S37, 5 figs. of the Awl-headed snake (Lytorhynchus diadema) from north-
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(Pallas, 1814), with a description of a new rat snake species. from the Ananthagiri Hills, Eastern Ghats, India. Journal of
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Telescopus rhinopoma (Reptilia: Colubridae) in Pakistan. 17–72, 2 figs.
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Krysko, K.L., Nuñez, L.P., Newman, C.E. & Bowen, B.W. (2017) patterns of Cretan snakes. Journal of Biogeography 40(6),
Phylogenetics of Kingsnakes, Lampropeltis getula Complex 1143–1155, 5 figs.
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Heredity 108(3), 226–238, 6 figs. deciduous forest fragment in northern Madagascar showing
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Naturalium Musei Nationalis Slovaci, Bratislava 10, 124– LeClere & Jeffrey B. (2013) A Field Guide to the Amphibians
154, 11 maps. and Reptiles of Iowa. ECO Herpetological Publishing &
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Hispaniolan Brown Racer (Haitiophis anomalus), with 19–35, 7 figs.
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Mesoamerican Herpetology 3(3), 801–804, 1 fig. (Cantor 1842), in the Zunheboto District of Nagaland, India.
Lares, R.V., Martínez, R.M., Gadsden, H., León, G.A., Gaytán, G.C. IRCF Reptiles & Amphibians 25(3), 197–198, 1 fig.
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Paleontology 36(1), 1–20, 7 figs. Herpetological Review 44(2), 288–289, 1 fig.
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Narayanan, A. & Satyanarayan, K. (2012) Glossy-bellied racer Natrix tessellata (Reptilia, Colubridae), in the Dnipro Basin
snake Platyceps ventromaculatus (Gray, 1843) (Squamata: (Ukraine). Vesnik Zoologii 47(5), 67–71, 1 fig.
Serpentes: Colubridae): New locality record in Delhi National Nemes, L., Babb, R., Van Devender, R.W., Nguyen, K.V., Le, Q.K.,
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Diet, reproduction, and sexual dimorphism in the Vine Snake, Nevárez-de los Reyes, M., Lazcano, D. & Banda-Leal, J. (2016a)
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West New Guinea, with comments on the taxonomic history Palci, A., Caldwell, M.W. & Albino, A.M. (2013a) Emended diag-
of primitive homalopsids. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation nosis and phylogenetic relationships of the upper Cretaceous
10(2), 1010, 3 figs. fossil snake Najash rionegrina Apesteguía and Zaher, 2006.
O’Shea, M. & Kaiser, H. (2018) Erroneous environs or aberrant Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33(1), 131–140, 5 figs.
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three New Guinea worm-eating snakes (Toxicocalamus, the anatomy of the Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) hind-
Serpentes, Elapidae) using historical accounts. Herpetological limbed marine fossil snakes Pachyrhachis, Haasiophis, and
Review 49(2), 189–207, 12 figs. Eupodophis. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33(6), 1328–
O’Shea, M., Kusuma, K.I. & Kaiser, H. (2018c) First record of the 1342, 8 figs.
Island Wolfsnake, Lycodon capucinus (H. Boie in F. Boie Palci, A., Caldwell, M.W. & Scanlon, J.D. (2014) First report of a
1827), from New Guinea, with comments on its widespread pelvic girdle in the fossil snake Wonambi naracoortensis
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the Common Sun Skink, Eutropis multifasciata (Kuhl 1820). Vertebrate Paleontology 34(4), 965–969, 1 fig.
IRCF Reptiles & Amphibians 25(1), 70–84, 7 figs. Palot, M.J. (2015) A checklist of reptiles of Kerala, India. Journal of
O’Shea, M., Parker, F. & Kaiser, H. (2015) A new species of New Threatened Taxa 7(13), 8010–8022, 12 figs.
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Elapidae), from the Star Mountains of Western Province, bellied Sea Snake Pelamis platurus (Linnaeus, 1766) (Reptilia:
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3 figs. Sanches, P.R., Santos, F.P. dos, Gama, C. de S. & Costa-Campos, C.E.
Sahlean, T.C., Gherghel, I., Papeş, M., Strugariu, A. & Zamfirescu, (2018) Predation on Iguana iguana (Squamata: Iguanidae) by
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Salazar-Valenzuela, D., Martins, A., Amador-Oyola, L. & Torres- 32(2), 129–132, 1 fig.
Carvajal, O. (2015) A new species and country record of Sánchez-García, J.C., Canseco-Márquez, L., Pavón-Vázquez, C.J.,
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northern Ecuador. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 8(1), records and morphological variation of Rhadinaea marcel
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923–937, 3 figs. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 66, 575–591, 4 figs.
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Lytorhynchus maynardi Alcock and Finn, 1896 from ulations of two presumed extinct Australian sea snakes
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Brahminy Blindsnake, Indotyphlops braminus (Daudin), from 4, 369–372, 1 fig.
the Caribbean island of Montserrat. Caribbean Herpetology Souza-Filho, G.A. de, Plombon, L.L. & Capela, D.J.V. (2015)
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Mesoamerican Herpetology 4(3), 669–671, 2 figs. Srinivasulu, C., Venkateshwarlu, D. & Seetharamaraju, M.
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3 figs. New locality records for the adder (Vipera berus) in the
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Strachinis, I. & Lymberakis, P. (2013) New records of Hemorrhois Suazo-Ortuño, I., Gutiérrez, J.G.P., Medina-Aguilar, O., Bucio, L.E.,
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Notes 7, 9–10, 2 figs. a remote mountain, Gunung Tebu in northeastern Peninsular
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Strickland, J.L., Carter, S., Kraus, F. & Parkinson, C.L. (2016) (Serpentes: Colubridae) from Kanchanaburi Province, west-
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Index
A Aspidites, 28 Calamariidae, 5, 15
Aspidomorphus, 28 Calamodontophis, 48
Acanthophis, 17 Aspidura, 28–29 Calamophis, 48
Achalinus, 17 Asthenodipsas, 29 Calamorhabdium, 48
Acrantophis, 17–18 Atheris, 29 Calliophis, 48–49
Acrochordidae, 14 Atractaspididae, 11, 15 Calloselasma, 49
Acrochordus, 18 Atractaspidinae, 15 Candoia, 49
Acutotyphlops, 18 Atractaspis, 29–30 Candoiidae, 14
Adelophis, 18 Atractus, 30–35 Cantoria, 49
Adelphicos, 18 Atretium, 35 Caraiba, 49
Adinophis, 18 Atropoides, 35–36 Carphophiinae, 14
Aeluroglena, 18 Australophis, 36 Carphophis, 49
Afronaja, 18–19 Austrelaps, 36 Casarea, 49
Afronatrix, 19 Azemiopinae, 16 Cathetorhinus, 49
Afrotyphlopinae, 13 Azemiops, 36 Causus, 49–50
Afrotyphlops, 19 Cemophora, 50
Agkistrodon, 19–20 Cenaspis, 50
Ahaetulla, 20–21 B Cerastes, 50
Ahaetullinae, 15 Ceratophallus, 50
Aipysurus, 21 Bamanophis, 36
Cerberophis, 50
Alamitophis, 21 Bavarioboa, 36
Cerberus, 50–51
Albaneryx, 21 Bitia, 36
Cercophis, 51
Alethinophidea, 13 Bitis, 36–37
Cerrophidion, 51
Alluaudina, 21 Blythia, 37
Chamaelycus, 51
Alsophis, 21 Boa, 37–38
Chapinophis, 51
Amananulam, 21–22 Boaedon, 38–39
Charina, 51
Amastridium, 22 Boavus, 39
Charinidae, 5, 14
Amblyodipsas, 22 Bogertophis, 39
Cheilophis, 51
Ameiseophis, 22 Boidae, 10, 14
Chersodromus, 51
Amerotyphlops, 22 Boiga, 39–41
Chilabothrus, 51–52
Amnesteophis, 22–23 Boiruna, 41
Chironius, 52–54
Amphiesma, 23 Bolyeria, 41
Chotaophis, 54
Amphiesmoides, 23 Bolyeriidae, 14
Chrysopelea, 54
Amplorhinus, 23 Booidea, 13–14
Chubutophis, 54
Aniliidae, 13 Borikenophis, 41
Classification, 9
Anilioides, 23 Bothriechis, 41–42
Atractaspididae, 11
Anilios, 23–24 Bothrochilus, 42
Boidae phylogenies, 10
Anilius, 24 Bothrocophias, 42
in broad phylogenetic sense, 9
Anomalepididae, 13 Bothrolycus, 42
Caenophidea and Colubroidea, 10
Anomalepis, 24 Bothrophthalmus, 42
Colubridae, 10–11
Anomalophiidae, 13 Bothrops, 42–44
Dipsadinae, 10
Anomalophis, 24 Botrophis, 44
Elapidae, 11
Anomochilidae, 13 Boulengerina, 44–45
genera list, 13–16
Anomochilus, 24 Brachyophis, 45 Homalopsidae, 10
Anoplohydrus, 24 Brachyorrhos, 45 Madtsoiidae, 9
Antaioserpens, 24 Brachyurophis, 45–46 molecular-based phylogeny of
Antaresia, 24 Bransateryx, 46 Typhlopidae, 9
Antillotyphlops, 24–25 Brygophis, 46 Natricidae, 11
Aparallactinae, 15 Buhoma, 46 nonalethinophidian, 13
Aparallactus, 25 Bungarus, 46 Pareidae, 10
Aplopeltura, 25 phylogeny and taxonomy of Uropeltidae,
Apostolepis, 25–27 C 9–10
Aprosdoketophis, 27 Pseudoxyrhophiidae, 11
Arcanumophis, 27 Caaeteboia, 46 Pythonidae, 10
Archaeophiinae, 13 Cacophis, 46 Viperidae, 12
Archaeophis, 27 Cadurceryx, 47 Clelia, 54
Archelaphe, 27 Cadurcoboa, 47 Clonophis, 54
Argyrogena, 27–28 Caenophidea, 10 Coelognathus, 55
Argyrophis, 28 Caenophidia, 14 Collorhabdium, 55
Arizona, 28 Calabaria, 47 Colombophis, 55
Arrhyton, 28 Calabariidae, 14 Coluber, 55
Asiatyphlopinae, 13 Calamagras, 47 Colubridae, 10–11, 15
Aspidelaps, 28 Calamaria, 47–48 Colubrinae, 15
269
270 Index
Colubroelaps, 55 Duberria, 71–72 Gonyosoma, 90

Colubroidea, 10, 14 Dunnophis, 72 Grayia, 90
Compsophis, 55 Grayiidae, 15
Conantophis, 55 E Grypotyphlops, 90
Coniophanes, 55–56 Gyalopion, 90
Coniophis, 56 Echinanthera, 72 Gyiophis, 90–91
Conophis, 56 Echiopsis, 72
Conopsis, 56 Echis, 72 H
Contia, 56 Eirenis, 72–74
Coprophis, 56 Elaphe, 74–75 Haasiophis, 91
Corallus, 56–57 Elapidae, 11, 15 Habrophallos, 91
Coronelaps, 57 Elapognathus, 75 Haitiophis, 91
Coronella, 57 Elapoidis, 75 Haldea, 91
Craspedocephalus, 57 Elapomorphus, 75 Hapsidophrys, 91
Crisantophis, 57 Elapotinus, 75 Headonophis, 91
Crotalinae, 16 Elapsoidea, 75–76 Hebius, 91–93
Crotalus, 57–60 Emmochliophis, 76 Hechtophis, 93
Crotaphopeltis, 60 Emydocephalus, 76 Helagras, 93
Cryophis, 60 Enhydris, 76 Helicops, 93
Cryptophidion, 60 Enuliophis, 76 Helminthophis, 93
Cryptophis, 60 Enulius, 76 Helophis, 94
Cubatyphlops, 61 Eoanilius, 76 Hemachatus, 94
Cubophis, 61 Eomadtsoia, 77 Hemerophis, 94
Cyclocoridae, 15 Eophis, 77 Hemiaspis, 94
Cyclocorus, 61 Epacrophis, 77 Hemibungarus, 94
Cyclophiops, 61 Ephalophis, 77 Hemirhagerrhis, 94
Cycloptyphlops, 61 Epicrates, 77 Hemorrhois, 94
Cylindrophiidae, 13 Epictia, 77–80 Herensugea, 94
Cylindrophis, 61–62 Epictinae, 13 Herpetoreas, 94–95
Eristicophis, 80 Heterodon, 95
D Erpeton, 80 Heteroliodon, 95
Erycidae, 14 Heurnia, 95
Daboia, 62 Erythrolamprus, 80–82 Hierophis, 95–96
Dakotaophis, 62 Eryx, 82–84 Himalayophis, 96
Dasypeltis, 62–63 Etheridgeum, 84 Hispanophis, 96
Daunophis, 63 Eunectes, 84 Hoffstetterella, 96
Dawsonophis, 63 Eupodophis, 84 Hologerrhum, 96
Deinagkistrodon, 63 Euprepiophis, 84 Homalophis, 96
Demansia, 64 Exiliboa, 84 Homalopsidae, 10, 14
Dendrelaphis, 64–66 Homalopsis, 96
Dendroaspis, 66 F Homoroselaps, 96
Dendrolycus, 66 Hoplocephalus, 96
Dendrophidion, 66 Falseryx, 84 Hordleophis, 96
Denisonia, 66 Farancia, 84 Hormonotus, 96
Diablophis, 66 Ferania, 84 Huberophis, 96
Diadophis, 66 Ficimia, 84–85 Hydrablabes, 96
Diaphorolepis, 66 Fimbrios, 85 Hydraethiops, 96
Dieurostus, 66–67 Floridaophis, 85 Hydrelaps, 96
Dinilysia, 67 Fordonia, 85 Hydrodynastes, 97
Dinilysiidae, 13 Fowlea, 85 Hydromorphus, 97
Dipsadidae, 14 Furina, 85 Hydrophis, 97–98
Dipsadinae, 10, 14 Hydrops, 98
Dipsadoboa, 67 G Hypnale, 98–99
Dipsas, 67–69 Hypoptophis, 99
Dipsina, 70 Gaimanophis, 85 Hypsiglena, 99
Dispholidus, 70 Gansophis, 85 Hypsirhynchus, 99
Ditaxodon, 70 Garthius, 85 Hypsiscopus, 99
Ditypophis, 70 Geagras, 85
Djokoiskandarus, 70 Geographical references, 199–202 I
Documenting snakes, 1 Geophis, 85–86
Dolichophis, 70 Gerarda, 86 Ialtris, 99
Drepanoides, 70 Geringophis, 87 Iguanognathus, 99
Dromicodryas, 70 Gerrhopilidae, 13 Imantodes, 100
Dryinoides, 70 Gerrhopilus, 87 Incongruelaps, 100
Drymarchon, 70–71 Gigantophis, 87 Indophis, 100
Drymobius, 71 Gloydius, 87–89 Indotyphlops, 100–101
Drymoluber, 71 Goinophis, 89 Inyoka, 101
Dryocalamus, 71 Gomesophis, 89 Isanophis, 101
Dryophiops, 71 Gongylosoma, 89 Itaboraiophis, 101
Drysdalia, 71 Gonionotophis, 89–90 Ithycyphus, 101
Index 271
K Masticophis, 119–120 Omoadiphas, 135

Mastigodryas, 120 Oocatochus, 135
Karnsophis, 101 Mehelya, 120–121 Opheodrys, 135
Kataria, 101 Meizodon, 121 Ophidia, 13
Kelyophis, 101 Melanophidium, 121 Ophidioniscus, 135
Kladirostratus, 101 Menarana, 121 Ophiophagus, 135
Kolpophis, 102 Mesophis, 121 Ophryacus, 135
Kualatahan, 102 Messelophis, 121 Opisthotropis, 135–136
Michauxophis, 121 Oreocalamus, 136–137
L Micrelaps, 121 Oreocryptophis, 137
Microcephalophis, 121–122 Orientocoluber, 137
Lachesis, 102 Micronatrix, 122 Orthriophis, 137
Lampropeltis, 102–105 Micropechis, 122 Ovophis, 137
Lamprophiidae, 15 Micropisthodon, 122 Oxybelis, 137–138
Lamprophis, 105 Micruroides, 122 Oxyrhabdium, 138
Langaha, 105 Micrurus, 122–125 Oxyrhopus, 138
Laophis, 105 Mimophis, 125 Oxyuranus, 138
Lapparentophiidae, 13 Mintonophis, 125
Lapparentophis, 105 Miocoluber, 125 P
Laticauda, 105 Mionatrix, 125
Leioheterodon, 105 Miralia, 125 Pachyophis, 138
Leiopython, 105–106 Mitophis, 125 Pachyrhachis, 138
Leptodeira, 106–107 Mixcoatlus, 125 Palaelaphis, 138–139
Leptodrymus, 107 Montaspis, 125 Palaeonatrix, 138
Leptophis, 107 Montivipera, 125–126 Palaeophiidae, 13
Leptotyphlopidae, 13 Mopanveldophis, 126 Palaeophiinae, 13
Leptotyphlopinae, 13 Morelia, 126–127 Palaeophis, 139
Leptotyphlops, 107–108 Muhtarophis, 127 Palaeopython, 139
Letheobia, 108 Mussurana, 127 Paleofarancia, 139
Liasis, 109 Myersophis, 127 Paleoheterodon, 139
Lichanura, 109 Myriopholis, 127–128 Paleryx, 139
Limaformosa, 109 Myron, 128 Palusophis, 139
Limnophis, 109 Myrrophis, 128 Pantherophis, 139–140
Liodytes, 109 Papers covering museum collections, 7
Lioheterophis, 109 Paracoluber, 140
Liopeltis, 109–110 N Paraepicrates, 140
Liophidium, 110 Parafimbrios, 140
Naja, 128
Liopholidophis, 110 Parahydrophis, 140
Najash, 128
Liotyphlops, 110–111 Paraoxybelis, 140
Namibiana, 128–129
Literature cited, 203 Paraphimophis, 140
Nanowana, 129
Lithophis, 111 Parapistocalamus, 140
Natricidae, 11, 15
Loveridgelaps, 111 Paraplatyspondylia, 140
Natriciteres, 129
Loxocemidae, 14 Parapostolepis, 140
Natrix, 129–131
Loxocemus, 111 Pararhadinaea, 140
Nebraskophis, 131
Lunaophis, 111 Parastenophis, 140
Neonatrix, 131
Lycodon, 111–114 Parasuta, 140
Nerodia, 131
Lycodonomorphus, 114 Paratapinophis, 141
Nidophis, 131
Lycodryas, 114 Paraungaliophis, 141
Nigerophiidae, 13
Lycognathophis, 115 Paraxenophis, 141
Nigerophis, 131
Lycophidion, 115 Pareas, 141–142
Ninia, 131–132
Lygophis, 115 Pareatidae, 5
Nomenclature, 5
Lytorhynchus, 115 Pareidae, 10, 14
Calamariidae, 5
Pareinae, 14
changes to existing, 3
M Parias, 142
Charinidae, 5
Paroplocephalus, 142
Pareatidae, 5
Macrelaps, 116 Parviraptor, 142
Raymond Hoser publications, 5
Macrocalamus, 116 Patagoniophis, 142
Xenodermatidae, 5
Macroprotodon, 116 Paulacoutophis, 142
Nonalethinophidian classification, 13
Macrostomata, 13 Peltopelor, 142
Norisophis, 132
Macrovipera, 116–117 Periergophis, 142
Notechis, 132
Madagascarophis, 117 Phalotris, 142–143
Nothopsis, 132
Madatyphlopinae, 13 Philodryas, 143–144
Nubianophis, 132
Madatyphlops, 117 Philothamnus, 144–145
Madtsoia, 117 Phimophis, 145
Madtsoiidae, 9, 13 O Phisalixella, 145
Magliophis, 117 Phrynonax, 145–146
Malayopython, 118 Ocyophis, 132 Phyllorhynchus, 146
Malayotyphlops, 118 Ogmodon, 132 Phylogeny
Malpolon, 118–119 Ogmophis, 132 of Aparallactinae, 11
Manolepis, 119 Oligodon, 132–135 combination, 9
272 Index
Phylogeny (Continued) Pseudocerastes, 154–155 Scolecophidia, 13

DNA sequence data, 9, 10, 11, 17, 23, 28, 30, Pseudoeryx, 155 Scolecophis, 165
35, 38, 41, 44, 50, 57, 58, 59, 67, 71, Pseudoferania, 155 Seismophis, 165–166
77, 83, 87, 89, 91, 93, 94, 97, 98, 99, Pseudoficimia, 155 Senticolis, 166
103, 104, 106, 110, 111, 116, 119, 120, Pseudohaje, 155 Serpentes, 13
125, 128, 132, 137, 141, 144, 146, 152, Pseudolaticauda, 155 Siagonodon, 166
154, 157, 161, 162, 163, 164, 168, 170, Pseudoleptodeira, 155 Sibon, 165
173, 179, 180, 182, 185, 186, 194, 195 Pseudonaja, 155 Sibynophiidae, 15
expanded, 84 Pseudoplectrurus, 155 Sibynophis, 166–167
genetic data based, 38 Pseudorabdion, 155–156 Simalia, 167
hierarchical pattern of lineages, 130, 131 Pseudotomodon, 156 Simoliophiidae, 13
of Lycodon, 111 Pseudoxenodon, 156 Simoliophis, 167
maxillary tooth morphology based, 11 Pseudoxenodontidae, 14 Simophis, 167
molecular-based, 9 Pseudoxyrhophiidae, 11, 15 Simoselaps, 167
morphological and molecular data, 9 Pseudoxyrhopus, 156 Sinomicrurus, 167
morphology-based, 9 Psomophis, 156 Siphlophis, 167–168
mt- and nDNA sequence based, 11 Pterosphenus, 156 Sistrurus, 168
mtDNA-based, 12, 20, 27, 29, 30, 37, 38, 41, Pterygoboa, 156 Sivaophis, 168
48, 57, 62, 82, 88, 94, 123, 126, 135, Ptyas, 156–157 Smithophis, 168
137, 152, 154, 159, 168, 186, 190, Ptychophis, 157 Sonora, 168–170
191, 192 Python, 157 Sordellina, 170
multiple gene based, 22, 41, 52, 151 Pythonidae, 10, 14 Spalerosophis, 170
nDNA based, 108, 197 Pythonodipsas, 157 Species accounts by genus, 17
nuclear genes based, 9, 11, 70, 85, 128, 136, Spilotes, 170
195 R Stegonotus, 170–172
osteological data based, 9 Stenorrhina, 172
of Popeia, 149 Rabdion, 157 Stichophanes, 172
rangewide, 57 Raclitia, 157 Stoliczkia, 172
revised, 9, 10 Rageophis, 157–158 Storeria, 173
seven gene-phylogeny, 11 Ramphotyphlops, 158 Subsessor, 173
skeletal-based, 9 Raymond Hoser publications, 5 Sumatranus, 173
ten gene-phylogeny, 9 Regina, 158 Sundatyphlops, 173
vertebra based, 9 Rena, 158 Suta, 173
Phytolopsis, 146 Renenutet, 158 Symphimus, 173
Pituophis, 146 Rhabdophis, 158–159 Sympholis, 173
Plagiopholis, 146 Rhabdops, 160 Synophis, 173–174
Platyceps, 146–148 Rhachidelus, 160 Szyndlaria, 174
Platyplectrurus, 148 Rhadinaea, 160
Platyspondylia, 148 Rhadinella, 160–161 T
Platyspondylophis, 148 Rhadinophanes, 161
Plectrurus, 148 Rhagerhis, 161 Tachymenis, 174
Plesiodipsas, 148 Rhamnophis, 161 Tachyophis, 174
Plesiotortrix, 148 Rhamphiophis, 161 Taeniophallus, 174–175
Pliocercus, 148 Rhinobothryum, 161 Tallahattaophis, 175
Poecilopholis, 148 Rhinocheilus, 161 Tantalophis, 175
Polemon, 148–149 Rhinoguinea, 162 Tantilla, 175–178
Pollackophis, 149 Rhinoleptus, 162 Tantillita, 178–179
Popeia, 149 Rhinophis, 162–163 Taphrometopon, 179
Porthidium, 149 Rhinoplocephalus, 163 Tauntonophis, 179
Portugalophis, 149–150 Rhinotyphlops, 163 Telescopus, 179–180
Pouitella, 150 Rhynchocalamus, 163–164 Teretrurus, 180
Proahaetulla, 150 Rionegrophis, 164 Tetracheilostoma, 180
Proatheris, 150 Rodriguesophis, 164 Tetralepis, 180
Procerophis, 150 Rottophis, 164 Tetrapodophis, 180
Proptychophis, 150 Rukwanyoka, 164 Texasophis, 180
Prosymna, 150 Russellophis, 164 Thalassophis, 180
Prosymnidae, 15 Thamnodynastes, 180–181
Protobothrops, 150–151 S Thamnophis, 181–182
Psammodynastes, 151 Thamnosophis, 182
Psammophiidae, 15 Salomonelaps, 164 Thaumastophis, 182
Psammophis, 151–153 Salvadora, 164 Thelotornis, 182
Psammophylax, 153 Sanajeh, 164 Thermophis, 182
Pseudagkistrodon, 153 Sanjuanophis, 164 Thrasops, 182
Pseudalsophis, 153 Sanzinia, 164–165 Titanoboa, 183
Pseudaspididae, 15 Sanziniidae, 14 Tomodon, 183
Pseudaspis, 153 Saphenophis, 165 Totlandophis, 183
Pseudechis, 154 Sardophis, 165 Toxicocalamus, 183–184
Pseudelaphe, 154 Scaphiodontophis, 165 Toxicodryas, 184
Pseudoboa, 154 Scaphiophis, 165 Trachischium, 184
Pseudoboodon, 154 Scaptophis, 165 Trachyboa, 184
Pseudocemophora, 154 Schwartzophis, 165 Tregophis, 184
Index 273
Tretanorhinus, 184 Uropeltis, 189 Xenodermatidae, 5

Tricheilostoma, 184 Urotheca, 190 Xenodermidae, 14
Trilepida, 184–185 Xenodermus, 195
Trimeresurus, 185–186 Xenodon, 195–196
Trimerodytes, 186 V Xenodontinae, 14
Trimetopon, 186 Vectophis, 190 Xenopeltidae, 14
Trimorphodon, 186–187 Vermicella, 190–191 Xenopeltis, 196
Tropidechis, 187 Vipera, 191–194 Xenophidiidae, 14
Tropidoclonion, 187 Viperidae, 12, 16 Xenophidion, 196
Tropidodipsas, 187 Viperinae, 16 Xenopholis, 196
Tropidodryas, 187 Virginia, 194 Xenotyphlopidae, 13
Tropidolaemus, 187 Viridovipera, 194 Xenotyphlops, 196
Tropidonophis, 187 Xerotyphlops, 196–197
Tropidophiidae, 14 Xiaophis, 197
Tropidophis, 187–188 W Xyelodontophis, 197
Tuscahomaophis, 188 Xylophiinae, 14
Waincophis, 194
Typhlophis, 188 Xylophis, 197
Wallaceophis, 194
Typhlopidae, 9, 13
Wallophis, 194
Typhlopinae, 13
Walterinnesia, 194–195 Y
Typhlops, 188–189
Wonambi, 195
Woutersophis, 195 Yurlunggur, 197
U
Ungaliophiinae, 14 X Z
Ungaliophis, 189
Uraeus, 189 Xenelaphis, 195 Zamenis, 197–198
Uromacer, 189 Xenocalamus, 195 Zelceophis, 198
Uropeltidae, 9–10, 13 Xenochrophis, 195 Zilantophis, 198
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Snakes of the World: A Supplement

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and by CRC Press

© 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

ISBN: 978-1-138-61813-8 (hbk)

Typeset in Times LT Std

To Ken Williams, 1934–2017

Papers Covering Museum Collections and/or Types................................................................................................................ 7

Classification and List of Genera............................................................................................................................................. 13

Species Accounts by Genus....................................................................................................................................................... 17

Geographical References......................................................................................................................................................... 199

Literature Cited....................................................................................................................................................................... 203

Our objective is not to introduce new names or combinations

Bothrops lojanus to Bothrocophias (Viperidae)

CHARINIDAE (2013) proposed a method of screening and standardizing

Viperidae Their results include a monophyletic Bothrops that

The following classification is intended to associate snake “SCOLECOPHIDIA”

†Geringophis, †Hechtophis, †Helagras, †Hordleophis, †Procerophis, †Renenutet, Scaptophis, Tetralepis,

CALAMARIIDAE Heteroliodon, Ithycyphus, Langaha, Leioheterodon,

AELUROGLENA Boulenger, 1898 (Colubridae: Colubrinae)

Afronaja katiensis (Angel, 1922) Afrotyphlops fornasinii (Bianconi, 1849)

Agkistrodon bilineatus (Günther, 1863) Distribution: NC Mexico (NE Chihuahua, N Coahuila),

Amnesteophis melanauchen (Jan, 1863) Anilios diversus (Waite, 1894)

Bothriechis schlegelii (Berthold, 1845) BOTHROLYCUS Günther, 1874 (Lamprophiidae)

CANDOIA Gray, 1842 (Candoiidae) CASAREA Gray, 1842 (Bolyeriidae)

COELOGNATHUS Fitzinger, 1843 (Colubridae: Colubrinae) Coluber constrictor Linnaeus, 1758

DEMANSIA Gray, 1842 (Elapidae) Dendrelaphis flavescens Gaulke, 1994

Dendrelaphis lorentzii (Lidth de Jeude, 2011) Dendrelaphis pictus (Gmelin, 1789)

Dipsas andiana (Boulenger, 1896) Dipsas ellipsifera (Boulenger, 1898)

DIPSINA Jan, 1863 (Psammophiidae) Dolichophis gyarosensis (Mertens, 1968)

Ficimia publia Cope, 1866 Fowlea sanctijohannis (Boulenger, 1890)

Hebius boulengeri (Gressitt, 1937) Holotype: VR/ERS/ZSI-610, a 487 mm male (villager, 7

Hypnale nepa (Laurenti, 1768) Hypsiglena torquata (Günther, 1860)

Liopeltis calamaria (Günther, 1858) Liophidium torquatum (Boulenger, 1888)

LYCOGNATHOPHIS Boulenger, 1893 (Natricidae) Lygophis dilepis Cope, 1862

MACRELAPS Boulenger, 1896 (Atractaspididae: Macroprotodon brevis (Günther, 1862)

Microcephalophis gracilis (Shaw, 1802) Micrurus bernadi (Cope, 1887)

Morelia viridis (Schlegel, 1872) Myriopholis boueti (Chabanaud, 1917)

Oreocalamus hanitschi Boulenger, 1899 Ovophis convictus (Stoliczka, 1870)

PSEUDECHIS Wagler, 1830 (Elapidae) Potaro-Siparuni), Surinam (Brokopondo, Sipaliwini). Add

Pseudocerastes urarachnoides Bostanchi, S. Anderson, Pseudonaja inframacula (Waite, 1925)

PTYCHOPHIS Gomés, 1915 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae) PYTHONODIPSAS Günther, 1868 (Pseudaspididae)

Rhinophis phillipsi (Nicholls, 1929) Rhinotyphlops boylei (V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1932)

Taeniophallus bilineatus (J.G. Fischer, 1885) Tantilla armillata Cope, 1875

Tantillita brevissima (Taylor, 1937) Telescopus dhara (Forskal in Niebuhr, 1775)

Distribution: Add Colombia (Córdoba), Carvajal-Cogollo Thamnodynastes rutilus (Prado, 1942)

Colubroelaps, 55 Duberria, 71–72 Gonyosoma, 90

K Masticophis, 119–120 Omoadiphas, 135

Phylogeny (Continued) Pseudocerastes, 154–155 Scolecophidia, 13

Tretanorhinus, 184 Uropeltis, 189 Xenodermatidae, 5

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