Professional Documents
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Review
Important Medicinal and Food Taxa (Orders and Families) in
Kenya, Based on Three Quantitative Approaches
Fredrick Munyao Mutie 1,2,3, Yuvenalis Morara Mbuni 4, Peninah Cheptoo Rono 1,2,3, Elijah Mbandi Mkala 1,2,3,
John Mulinge Nzei 2,3, Methee Phumthum 5, Guang‐Wan Hu 2,3,* and Qing‐Feng Wang 1,2,3
1 CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
2 Sino‐Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
4 East African Herbarium, Nairobi National Museums, P.O. Box 45166, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
5 Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
* Correspondence: guangwanhu@wbgcas.cn
Abstract: Globally, food and medicinal plants have been documented, but their use patterns are
poorly understood. Useful plants are non‐random subsets of flora, prioritizing certain taxa. This
study evaluates orders and families prioritized for medicine and food in Kenya, using three statis‐
tical models: Regression, Binomial, and Bayesian approaches. An extensive literature search was
conducted to gather information on indigenous flora, medicinal and food plants. Regression resid‐
uals, obtained using LlNEST linear regression function, were used to quantify if taxa had unexpect‐
edly high number of useful species relative to the overall proportion in the flora. Bayesian analysis,
performed using BETA.INV function, was used to obtain superior and inferior 95% probability cred‐
ible intervals for the whole flora and for all taxa. To test for the significance of individual taxa de‐
parture from the expected number, binomial analysis using BINOMDIST function was performed
to obtain p‐values for all taxa. The three models identified 14 positive outlier medicinal orders, all
with significant values (p < 0.05). Fabales had the highest (66.16) regression residuals, while Sapin‐
dales had the highest (1.1605) R‐value. Thirty‐eight positive outlier medicinal families were identi‐
Citation: Mutie, F.M.; Mbuni, Y.M.;
fied; 34 were significant outliers (p < 0.05). Rutaceae (1.6808) had the highest R‐value, while Fabaceae
Rono, P.C.; Mkala, E.M.; Nzei, J.M.;
had the highest regression residuals (63.2). Sixteen positive outlier food orders were recovered; 13
Phumthum, M.; Hu, G.‐W.; Wang,
were significant outliers (p < 0.05). Gentianales (45.27) had the highest regression residuals, while
Q.‐F. Important Medicinal and Food
Taxa (Orders and Families) in
Sapindales (2.3654) had the highest R‐value. Forty‐two positive outlier food families were recovered
Kenya, Based on Three Quantitative by the three models; 30 were significant outliers (p < 0.05). Anacardiaceae (5.163) had the highest R‐
Approaches. Plants 2023, 12, 1145. value, while Fabaceae had the highest (28.72) regression residuals. This study presents important
https://doi.org/10.3390/ medicinal and food taxa in Kenya, and adds useful data for global comparisons.
plants12051145
Keywords: Bayesian analysis; binomial analysis; linear regression, outlier
Academic Editor: Igor Loskutov
Received: 6 January 2023
Revised: 25 February 2023
Accepted: 27 February 2023 1. Introduction
Published: 2 March 2023
Scientific literature documents that traditional herbs are as old as mankind and are
utilized three to four times compared to modern medicines [1]. Globally, between 35,000
and 70,000 plant species, including monocots, dicots, gymnosperms, pteridophytes, and
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.
lichens, have been used for medicine in different cultures at some point in time [2]. In
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Africa, over 5400 species are medicinal, and about 10% have been, to some extent, devel‐
This article is an open access article
oped commercially [3]. Many modern medicine prescriptions are plant‐based [1], with
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
estimates indicating that 67% of chemotherapy drugs are derived from natural products
Attribution (CC BY) license
[4], whereas higher plants contribute over 25% of all drugs in clinical use [5]. Over 50,000
(https://creativecommons.org/license secondary metabolites have been discovered in the plant kingdom alone [6]. The potential
s/by/4.0/). for discovering more compounds is higher in the tropics since about 1% of tropical plants
Plants 2023, 12, 1145. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051145 www.mdpi.com/journal/plants
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 2 of 151
have been studied for pharmaceutical potential, although the tropics harbor nearly half of
all flowering plants [5]. If medicinal plants were not efficacious, they would not have de‐
veloped into a primary means of treatment in many societies [7]. This argument was jus‐
tified when a test involving medicinal and non‐medicinal plants was carried out against
the measles virus: non‐medicinal plants failed to decrease replication of the virus below
control levels in infected U937 cells after 48–72 h, while extracts from medicinal plants
had a neutralization effect [8]. Successful treatments using plant‐based medicines include
the use of artemisinin as an antimalarial drug [9] and the application of neem shampoo to
eradicate head lice [10].
Food plants are also important resources, and globally, over 77% of rural households
collect them, and this proportion is higher in Africa (88%). Wild food plants are harvested
for both commercial and subsistence purposes [11]. Generally, diversity of wild food
plants is higher than that of cultivated food crops [11,12]. Native flora is an important
resource for many communities in Kenya [13–15]. Its exploitation can be a buffer against
periodical famines [15,16], since it can improve the nutrition of many people through the
provision of vitamins, minerals, etc. Deficiencies of vitamin A, which can be obtained from
wild fruits, are among the major health concerns in many children, especially in develop‐
ing countries [17]. Many wild plants eaten in Kenya have been demonstrated to contain
energy, fats, proteins and other nutrients [18].
People are very selective and rely heavily on certain taxa for food and medicine [19].
The selection of medicinal plants is based on diverse reasons, i.e., a tradition passed from
one generation to another, the efficacy of the plants, cross‐cultural acquisition of
knowledge, the abundance of plants, the symbolic resemblance of plant parts to certain
body organs, and the taxonomic affiliation of plants to known medicinal taxa [20]. How‐
ever, plant‐based medicine is not just symbolic and placebo [21]. To find consistent pat‐
terns of plant uses, ethnobotanical studies have applied various metrics, such as informant
consensus factor, the relative frequency of citation, use reports, and fidelity levels [22–24].
However, those indices are not independent from each other, and thus behave similarly.
They are also not grounded in well‐supported statistical approaches, and thus not robust
enough to lead into discovery of new drugs [25,26]. Understanding plant use patterns
cannot be achieved through species counts since they tend to overemphasize large fami‐
lies, while percentages of medicinal species overemphasize small families [27]. If medici‐
nal plants were selected at random, the proportion of plants selected from each family
would be equal [28]. Quantitative analysis based on least squares regression found that
some families comprise a higher number of medicinal species than would be expected
from a null model of a linear relationship between the total number of species in a family
and the observed medicinal species [29]. This model was applied by Moerman [30], when
analyzing patterns of plant uses by native Americans, where bias towards uses of certain
taxa was identified, demonstrating that medicinal properties were not randomly distrib‐
uted in plants. Plants used for the treatment of diseases portray a phylogenetic clustering
[31], and this has been supported by the detection of phylogenetic signals in seed plants
due to the presence of related secondary metabolites [32]. A number of studies carried out
worldwide support the perspective that certain plant families are heavily relied on for
medicinal uses, e.g., in North America [19], Mexico [33], South Africa, Nepal and New
Zealand [34], South Africa [28], Southern Belize [35], and Thailand [29].
Linear regression, binomial, and Bayesian models have been widely applied in de‐
tecting outliers in floras [19–21,29,30,36,37]. Linear regression approach evaluates outliers
by regressing the number of useful species against the total number of species per taxon,
then interpreting the resultant least squares line as a measure of average relationship be‐
tween taxa sizes and the number of useful plants. Regression residuals obtained are used
to quantify the extent to which taxa have unexpectedly high or low number of useful spe‐
cies relative to the overall proportion of species in a flora [19–21,36]. However, this ap‐
proach lacks tests of statistical hypotheses and prowess to measure uncertainties for esti‐
mates or control error rates associated with over‐ and under‐use of taxa. Regression
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 3 of 151
approach is also subjective in assessing what constitutes a large or a small residual [20],
thus a new metric was coined to be used alongside the residuals [29]. Regression model is
also biased towards large families, assumes a linear relationship between useful species
and total species in taxa [37], and it is also unclear whether more outliers would result
from the overall proportion in a given flora than one would expect by chance [20]. Bino‐
mial analysis was thus introduced, and was first used in highlighting outstanding medic‐
inal taxa in Ecuadorian Shuar flora using contingency tables. This model provides tests of
statistical hypotheses by assessing whether distribution of useful plants among taxa
would depart significantly from a homogenous null distribution, which is analogous to
analyzing overall significance of an ANOVA model, then testing for the significance of
individual parameters. Binomial model relies on a test statistic with a binomial distribu‐
tion, that assumes that the proportion of useful plants in taxa equals the proportion of
useful plants in the whole flora, and treats each species within taxa as a random trial with
a probability of being utilized or not [20]. Although binomial approach considers the sto‐
chastic process of the number of species used, it treats the proportion of useful species in
the flora as a fixed number, which is in fact an estimated value with inherent uncertainties,
since it is obtained from sampled data. To accommodate these uncertainties, Bayesian
model treats the proportion of useful species in taxa as a random variable, with values
ranging from 0–1, and with a certain probability known as prior probability. These values
are assumed to be uniformly distributed prior to sampling since there is no sufficient
ground to believe that some taxa would have a lower or higher probability of being se‐
lected. The prior probability is updated to posterior probability, after sampling and ana‐
lyzing the total and useful species in each taxon. Since proportion of all useful species in
the local flora is a random variable, it is also assigned a posterior probability. Posterior
probability distributions of useful species in each taxon and in the whole flora are used to
judge if certain taxa depart from the expected proportion of useful species [37]. The com‐
bination of the three approaches is thus recommended to avoid biases when dealing with
small to medium‐sized samples [29,37]. These approaches are important when exploring
higher taxonomic groups to identify important taxa and in comparing unrelated cultures
by discounting ineffective taxa [34].
If medicinal plants are selected independently more than once, their case for efficacy
is stronger, and in this perspective, common patterns have been found in different ethno‐
medicinal floras pertaining to diverse cultures [34]. However, close cultures may undergo
transmission of ethnomedicinal knowledge, thus distorting the independent cultural con‐
sensus on the use of those plants and, in turn, affecting anticipated biological activities
[34]. Understanding why different plants produce different secondary metabolites is par‐
amount for bioprospecting [28]. The high cost of research and development of novel drugs
necessitates optimization of the drug bioprospecting phase to help identify ethnomedici‐
nal taxa possessing biological activities, especially when the resource base is extensive and
diverse [28,34]. One such extensive resource base is the flora of Kenya, which is distrib‐
uted in seven floral regions (K1–K7) [38]. Medicinal and food plants are diverse and im‐
portant resources in Kenya [39,40]. Plants found in dry areas are perceived to have better
medicinal qualities [41], while wild fruits are most important to people living in arid areas
[42]. This suggests that Kenya, 80% of whose landmass is under arid and semi‐arid con‐
ditions, which are also some of the most botanically diverse habitats with over 5000 indig‐
enous species [43,44], is an important region for evaluating the selection behavior of useful
plants. Kenya is also endowed with culturally diverse ethnic minorities [45], who have
potentially played a role in shaping her present traditional plant use patterns. Plant selec‐
tion behavior pertaining to medicinal and food taxa is not well understood in Kenya. At
a global scale, studies have mostly focused on unraveling relationships between total flo‐
ras and ethnomedicinal floras, thus paying little attention to comparative analyses be‐
tween medicinal and food floras. Based on three quantitative approaches: Regression,
Bayesian, and Binomial analyses, the objective of this study was to test whether medicinal
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 4 of 151
and food taxa in Kenya are selected randomly by the users, since the flora of Kenya has
never been explored in this perspective.
2. Results
2.1. Medicinal Orders
The modeled linear relationship between predicted medicinal taxa and the total num‐
ber of species was given as P = 0.1599T + 7.1454 (for orders) and P = 0.176T + 1.4133 (for
families). The two equations explained 64.88% and 65.74% of the variation in y‐values,
respectively, and the total number of species in the flora was a significant predictor of
medicinal species in both orders and families (p < 0.05; Figure 1). Cumulatively, the three
models identified 14 important medicinal orders; only six of those orders (Fabales, Mal‐
pighiales, Malvales, Sapindales, Mrytales, and Rosales) were recovered under all models.
The regression model recovered six positive outliers, while binomial and Bayesian models
identified 14 and 12 orders, respectively. Fabales had the highest residuals (66.16), fol‐
lowed by Malpighiales (55). Under the regression model, Sapindales had the highest R‐
value (1.1605), followed by Rosales (0.7507). All the 14 orders identified by the three mod‐
els were recovered under the binomial model with significant values (p < 0.05; Table 1).
Figure 1. Linear regression model showing the relationship between the number of medicinal spe‐
cies and the total number of species for orders and families.
Table 1. Quantitative analysis of medicinal species in orders. T—total number of species in the flora;
M—medicinal species; ↑/↓—positive/negative outliers based on residuals; Pa—predicted medicinal
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 5 of 151
species under regression model; Res.—regression residuals; Pb—predicted medicinal species under
binomial model; inf.—Bayesian inferior 95% probability credible intervals; sup.—Bayesian superior
95% probability credible intervals; *—positive outliers.
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 6 of 151
2.2. Medicinal Families
The three models identified 38 positive outliers, whereas 31 outliers were identified
by all the models. The bayesian approach identified 31 families, while the binomial ap‐
proach identified all 34 positive outliers (p < 0.05). The regression approach identified 32
positive outliers, but it did not recover Canellaceae, Peraceae, Phytolaccaceae, Pittospo‐
raceae, Salvadoraceae, and Typhaceae, which were identified by the other two models.
Rutaceae (1.6808) had the highest R‐value, followed by Oleaceae (1.497). Fabaceae had the
highest (63.2) residuals, followed by Lamiaceae 25.74 (Table 2).
Table 2. Quantitative analysis of medicinal species in families. T—total number of species in the
flora; M—medicinal species; Pa—predicted medicinal species under the regression model; ↑/↓—pos‐
itive/negative outliers based on residuals; Res.—regression residuals; Pb—predicted medicinal spe‐
cies under binomial model; inf.—Bayesian inferior 95% probability credible intervals; sup.—Bayes‐
ian superior 95% probability credible intervals; *—positive outliers.
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2.3. Food Orders
Under the regression model, the predicted number of food taxa was recovered under
the equations: P = 0.0685T + 5.2227 (for orders) and P = 0.0734T + 1.2479 (for families). The
two models explained 47.14% and 49.64% of the variation in y‐values, respectively, and
the number of total species in the flora was a significant predictor of food species in both
orders and families (p < 0.05; Figure 2). Sixteen positive outliers were recovered by the
three approaches, where seven of them were recovered by all three models. Both binomial
and Bayesian models recovered 13 positive outliers each. The linear regression model re‐
covered 11 positive outliers, where Sapindales (2.3654) had the highest R‐value, followed
by Rosales (1.4997). Solanales and Fabales were identified by the regression model only.
Gentianales (45.27) and Sapindales (37.95) had the highest regression residuals (Table 3).
Figure 2. Linear regression model showing the relationship between the number of food species and
the total number of species for orders and families.
Table 3. Quantitative analysis of food orders. T—total number of species in the flora; F—food spe‐
cies; ↑/↓—positive/negative outliers based on residuals; Pa—predicted food species under regression
model; Res.—regression residuals; Pb—predicted food species under binomial model; inf.—
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 11 of 151
Bayesian inferior 95% probability credible intervals; sup.—Bayesian superior 95% probability cred‐
ible intervals; *—positive outliers.
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 12 of 151
2.4. Food Families
The three models recovered 42 positive outliers; 27 families were recovered by all
three models (p < 0.05). The regression model identified 35 positive outliers, where Ana‐
cardiaceae (5.163) had the highest R‐value, followed by Sapotaceae (4.7522). Fabaceae had
the highest regression residual (28.72), and was only recovered as an outlier under regres‐
sion approach. Binomial and Bayesian models identified 30 (p < 0.05) and 34 positive out‐
liers, respectively (Table 4).
Table 4. Quantitative analysis of food families. T—total number of species in the flora; F—food spe‐
cies; ↑/↓—positive/negative outliers based on residuals; Pa—predicted food species under regression
model; Pb—predicted food species under binomial model; inf.—Bayesian inferior 95% probability
credible intervals; sup.—Bayesian superior 95% probability credible intervals; *—positive outlier.
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2.5. Taxa Shared between Medicinal and Food Uses
Of the 21 orders recovered, only Celastrales, Cucurbitales, Ericales, Magnoliales,
Malvales, Rosales, and Sapindales were significant outliers for both food and medicinal
categories. Fabales was shared between the two categories, although it was not a signifi‐
cant positive outlier food taxon. In total, 59 families were recovered, with 21 common
positive outliers, of which 14 (Amaranthaceae, Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Capparaceae,
Celastraceae, Cucurbitaceae, Malvaceae, Moraceae, Olacaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rutaceae,
Salicaceae, Salvadoraceae, Sapindaceae) were significant positive outliers.
3. Discussion
Malphigiales and Fabales, which contain Euphorbiaceae and Fabaceae, respectively,
were recovered as positive medicinal outliers with significant values. In South Africa,
Malphigiales was also recovered as a positive outlier, with Euphorbiaceae influencing its
outlier status most [28]. Euphorbiaceae is an important medicinal taxon since its members
contain terpenoids and derivatives, aliphatics, and alkaloids as abundant compounds and
at least 1.7% of all major compounds [28]. In our study, Malphigiales comprised four sig‐
nificant positive outlier medicinal families (Salicaceae, Euphorbaceae, Hypericaceae, and
Phyllanthaceae), and all of them were recovered with positive regression residuals in
South Africa [28]. Three Sapindales families, i.e., Sapindaceae, Meliaceae, and Anacardi‐
aceae, which were significant positive medicinal outliers, were also recovered with posi‐
tive residuals in South Africa [28]. Anacardiaceae comprise flavonoids, aliphatics, and ter‐
penoids as the major compounds [28]. Rutaceae was also a significant positive outlier in
our study, and previous studies support its importance in traditional medicine, e.g., alka‐
loid nitidine extracted from Zanthoxylum asiaticum (L.) Appelhans, Groppo & J. Wen root
bark has a high antimalarial activity and is the main chemical component in many Ru‐
taceae species [46]. Nitidine was first isolated from Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Lam.)
Zepern. & Timler, and received considerable attention as a potential anticancer drug after
it was discovered to be potent against leukemia in mice [47]. To date, over 400 secondary
metabolites have been discovered in Zanthoxylum species, with alkaloids and terpenoids
being the major compounds [48]. In Fagaropsis, 18 main phytocompounds are known, and
flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids are among the compounds responsible for its me‐
dicinal properties [49]. Isolation and characterization of 21 secondary metabolites from
Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex Benth. revealed that imperatorin had the highest anti‐
bacterial activity. Some C. anisata extracts such as murrayamine‐A, gravelliferone, and ex‐
cavatin had activities against HeLa cells (LC50 = 1.14–3.26 μg/mL), with good selectivity
index values (SI 38.20–231.58) and those compounds are not toxic to normal Vero cells
(LC50 = 69.15–434.78 μg/mL), indicating their potential in the development of anticancer
drugs [50]. Related medicinal plants portray efficacy against human diseases due to in‐
heritable similarities in the secondary metabolites [28], endorsing the idea of phylogenetic
based bioprospecting. Similar to this study, Malvales was recovered as a positive outlier
medicinal taxon in South Africa. Moreover, Rosales was recovered as a positive medicinal
outlier in our study, while Solanales, Asterales, and Gentianales were not recovered as
significant positive outliers, unlike in South Africa [28]. Orders and families shared for
both food and medicine suggest possibility of generalist taxa. Moerman [19] also found a
substantial overlap between drug and food plants in North America. However, the ob‐
served differences suggest that the two categories have independent applications.
Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae and Lamiaceae, which are among the largest
medicinal families in Kenya [14,51], were recovered as positive outliers, although Faba‐
ceae was not a significant outlier, which agrees with another study in South Africa [34].
However, Fabaceae is an important medicinal family in China and Nepal [34,52]. All the
medicinal families recovered as important in our study were also reported in Thailand
[29]. This relationship might be due to shared traditional knowledge between the two re‐
gions or due to the presence of the same important lineages [52]. However,
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 17 of 151
Euphorbiaceae, which was a significant positive outlier in our study, was not recovered
as a significant outlier in South Africa [34]. This is expected because the two regions com‐
prise different floras and cultures. Each family may also have substantially different spe‐
cies compositions in different regions [34], thus influencing how its species are picked.
Asteraceae, the second‐largest medicinal family in Kenya, was not recovered as a positive
outlier by any of the three models. Based on floral studies in Kenya [53,54], Asteraceae is
abundant in the highlands, where it is moist. Lowland plants, mostly found in arid areas,
are perceived to have better medicinal properties [41]. A previous study supported that
the accumulation of chemical compounds in plants is influenced by edaphic factors [52].
Although water stress may play an important role in increasing the quantities of second‐
ary metabolites in many plants [55], the scale of our study is not sufficient to address this
perspective. However, Asteraceae is an important medicinal family in North America and
South Africa [27,28]. Rutaceae had the highest R‐value, which agrees with results obtained
from Thailand, where it was among the families with the highest R‐values [29]. Some me‐
dicinal families recovered here as positive medicinal outliers have been reported else‐
where in the world, e.g., Rutaceae, Lamiaceae, Araliaceae, and Cucurbitaceae in Daodi
pharmacopeia in China [52]; Amaranthaceae in Ecuador [20]; Anacardiaceae in South Af‐
rica [28,34]; Malvaceae and Solanaceae in Nepal, New Zealand, and South Africa [28,34];
Lamiaceae in Mexico, Nepal, New Zealand, North America, Korea and Ecuador
[19,20,33,34,36]; Fabaceae in Mexico, Nepal, New Zealand, and South Africa [28,33,34];
Euphorbiaceae in Mexico, Nepal, and South Africa [28,33,34]; and Rutaceae in Nepal [34].
Acanthaceae, Cactaceae and Juncaceae were among the negative outlier medicinal fami‐
lies in North America [27], which agrees with the results of our study. In Southern Belize
and China, Cyperaceae and Orchidaceae were also among the negative outlier medicinal
families [35,52]. Orchidaceae is the largest family globally, but most orchids are rare epi‐
phytes and thus not easily accessible for medicinal uses [35]. However, there are differ‐
ences in the identification of important medicinal taxa globally. For example, in North
America, Rosaceae was identified as a positive outlier, while Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae,
and Fabaceae were identified as negative outliers using regression residuals, contrary to
our results [27]. This convergent uses of medicinal families in different regions by unre‐
lated cultures strongly indicates their efficacy and further highlights their importance in
different cultures suggesting the need to prioritize them in bioscreening and conservation
since they present a potential for the discovery of new or overlooked medicinal species
[28,34].
Since previous studies have largely focused on important medicinal taxa, Saslis–
Lagoudakis et al. [34] recommended analyses of floras to identify other important taxa,
such as food plants. Here, 14 positive outlier food orders and 27 positive outlier food fam‐
ilies were recovered with significant values. In North America, Rosaceae, Fabaceae and
Poaceae, which produce human foods, were avoided as medicinal sources, but Solanaceae
was important in both uses since most of its members are important foods globally [19].
However, Fabaceae and Solanaceae were only recovered as positive outliers under the
regression model and thus were not significantly used for food. Moerman [27] argued that
since grasses do not produce significant quantities of secondary metabolites, they com‐
prise the majority of the food plants that humans and animals depend on in North Amer‐
ica. Though the two floras are different, our study does not support this perspective since
Poaceae was a negative outlier. Cyperaceae and Scrophulariaceae, which were among the
negative outlier food taxa, were also ranked among the least important food families in
North America using regression residuals [19]. Polygonaceae and Rosaceae were ranked
among the top food families in North America, while Rubiaceae and Malvaceae were
ranked among the least. Those four families were recovered as positive outliers by all
three models. Lamiaceae was only recovered as a positive outlier under the regression
model, but it was not significantly used for food, unlike in North America, where most of
the aromatic plants were used for tisanes [19]. Unlike in North America, Apiaceae, Cac‐
taceae, and Liliaceae were not recovered as positive outliers in Kenya, while similar to
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 18 of 151
North America, Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae, and Campanulaceae are not important food
families in Kenya.
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Area
Kenyan landmass covers an area of about 582,000 km2 (Figure 3), with an altitude
raising from sea level through a series of plateaus to the highest point in Mount Kenya,
about 5200 m above sea level [56]. The low‐lying areas receive low rainfall and are thus
hotter [57]. Kenya is divided into 7 floral regions [38]. The climate of Kenya is of tropical
monsoon, belonging to tropical savanna climate, where the annual temperatures are in
the range of 22–26 °C, while the annual minimum temperatures are in the range of 10–14
°C [58]. The highest temperatures are experienced in northwest and northern Kenya,
where night temperatures can be 29 °C and the mean annual temperatures can reach
above 34 °C [56]. Rainfall patterns in Kenya vary according to different seasons through‐
out the year, where most regions experience high rainfall from March to June, and October
to December, with the annual rainfall decreasing from 2000–250 mm from southwest to
northeast Kenya [58]. Habitat types in Kenya include wooded grasslands, bushlands,
grasslands, semi‐deserts, afro‐alpine, mangroves, inland wetlands, etc. [59,60]. There are
3 vegetation types in Kenya: forest types, grasslands, and semi‐arid grasslands [60]. Most
of the area in Kenya is arid to semi‐arid, where the climax vegetation comprises bushland,
wooded grassland and desert scrub, while the transitional zones with higher rainfall com‐
prise woodlands [44,56]. The vegetation of many dry areas in Kenya is characterized by
occasional baobab trees and low, stunted, dense thorn bushes with thick undergrowth
[57], consisting of scrublands and woodlands [61]. The Kenyan coast comprises about 50%
of forest‐dependent plant species, which are nationally threatened, making it the most
important area for conservation despite its small area [56]. Most of the arid areas in Kenya
lack forests except on hills [57], where species endemism is high [56,62]. Dry forests in
Kenya consist of Drypetes spp., Combretum spp., Vepris spp., Croton spp., Euphorbia spp.,
Dombeya spp., and Commiphora spp. [62,63].
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 19 of 151
Figure 3. Map of Kenya (study area) (K1–K7 represents the seven floral regions of Kenya).
In Kenya, most of the plants used locally for traditional medicine and food are ob‐
tained from the forests, proving the significance of biodiversity to the livelihoods of local
inhabitants [51,64]. Many forests in dry environments are affected by harsh conditions
and are thus deciduous, with low species diversity and a reduced canopy, and may have
low tree density under extreme droughts. Many forests have been depleted over the years
due to human activities; hence their species diversity is lower compared to the previous
decades [63]. This destruction may escalate in the future due to difficult climate manifes‐
tation in East Africa, where warming is likely to lead to dryness in some areas and higher
precipitation in others [65]. Based on these arguments, the utilization of forest resources
needs to be well documented, understood, and properly managed if future generations
are expected to benefit from them. Kenya comprises 42+ tribes, and some groups are com‐
posed of subtribes [45,66]. Those groups have renown traditional knowledge regarding
the use of plants [51,67,68]. Since over 80% of the Kenyan land mass is under arid and
semiarid conditions [44], the majority of the people live in arid areas, depending on
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 20 of 151
livestock farming, and their lives may be constrained by frequent droughts [69], hence
influencing their economic lifestyles; thus, some of them have commercialized useful
plants [51,70].
4.2. Floral and Ethnobotanical Data Collection
An elaborate independent literature search in google scholar, web of science, seman‐
tic scholar, science direct, PubMed, Scopus, Scientific Electronic Library Online, and
Google search was conducted to gather information on medicinal and food plants of
Kenya. Keywords like ethnobotany, useful plants, traditional knowledge, medicinal
plants, and food plants, combined with Kenya, were used to aid in the data search. Where
possible, we added studies cited by already retrieved studies if the reported ethnobotan‐
ical work was carried out in Kenya. Since some ethnomedicinal materials collected data
from both traditional healers/herbalists and non‐specialists of traditional medicine, we
merged all the materials into 1 data set. Ethnomedicinal data were obtained from 74 arti‐
cles [7,14,51,64,66–68,71–137], 4 ethnobotanical reports [138–141], 3 books [142–144], and
11 dissertations (includes MSc. and PhD) [41,145–154]. Data on food plants were obtained
from 19 articles [12–14,16,18,100,114,134,155–166] and 2 books [142,167]. The materials ob‐
tained were published between 1966 and 2021. We traced all the use reports to their orig‐
inal sources to remove repeated publications. Retrieved studies were entered in Microsoft
Excel and screened manually to remove those with taxonomic errors. Where possible, we
verified all the scientific names to ensure that they existed in the floral regions where the
studies were carried out. Although our survey may not cover all the food and medicinal
plant uses in Kenya, it represents a reliable sample due to its extensive geographical cov‐
erage. Data obtained were treated as a census rather than a sample of medicinal and food
uses since it is more useful in understanding human behaviors compared to analyses of
sample sizes [30]. Data on the flora of Kenya were obtained from Zhou et al [38], and
updated according to Plants of The World Online (https://powo.science.kew.org/ accessed
on 1 February–31 March 2021). Plant orders were obtained from the Global Biodiversity
Information Facility (https://www.gbif.org/ accessed on 1–30 April 2021). Plants not de‐
termined to species level and introduced species were removed during analyses. Infra‐
specific taxa were merged with the parent species. Fifty orders, 188 families, and 5883
species represented the total flora of Kenya. In total, 1298 medicinal plants (Appendix A)
and 664 food plants (Appendix B) were subjected to quantitative analysis.
4.3. Quantitative Methods
4.3.1. Regression Analysis
Regression analysis was carried out using Moerman’s LINEST linear regression func‐
tion approach in MS Excel 2016, according to Bennett and Husby [20]. The expected num‐
bers of medical and food species were recovered under the equation: y = bx + m; both b
and m were obtained using the LINEST function. Regression residuals were used to ana‐
lyze a simple plot of the number of medicinal and food species against the total number
of species in each category [29]. Since this approach violates the statistical assumptions of
homoscedasticity and normality when used for analyzing useful floras [20], we applied
the metric ‘relative regression residual (R)’ [29]; where R is the relative difference between
the observed number of medicinal/food species (O) and predicted number (P) of medici‐
nal/food species under the model (P): R = (O − P)/P. We used the critical range of R‐values
to filter random noise, which could result from data sets assembled from many sources,
and thereafter identified positive outliers as those with R > 0.5 [29].
4.3.2. Binomial Analysis
To test for the significance of individual taxa departure from the expected number of
medicinal/food plants, we conducted a binomial analysis to obtain p‐values for the
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 21 of 151
positive outliers using the BINOMDIST function in MS Excel 2016 [20]. To obtain the sig‐
nificant values, we calculated 2 probabilities:
(a) The probability that the number of medicinal and food plants in each category is
equal to the expected;
(b) The probability that the number of medicinal and food species in each category is
equal to or more than the expected value.
The 95% interval probability that the number of medicinal/food species is higher than
expected was calculated as p = (1 + a) − b [20].
4.3.3. Bayesian Analysis
We conducted a Bayesian analysis using BETA.INV function in MS Excel 2016 [37].
Here, we calculated the inferior (inf.) 95% probability credible intervals and the superior
(sup.) 95% probability credible intervals. Taxa with inferior 95% probability credible in‐
tervals higher than the superior 95% probability credible intervals obtained for all species
were considered important (Bayesian inferior and superior 95% probability credible in‐
terval values obtained for all categories analyzed are enclosed in brackets in the results).
5. Conclusions
Using linear regression, Binomial and Bayesian analyses, our results add information
to the literature regarding outstanding medicinal and food plant taxa in Kenya. By com‐
paring our results with those from other studies elsewhere in the world, we have contrib‐
uted towards the synthesis of taxa that might prove to be important candidates for future
bioscreening of useful chemical compounds. The comparison of outlier medicinal and
food taxa further highlights that some taxa are more important in Kenya than previously
known. In the future, we suggest a phylogenetic evaluation of orders and families identi‐
fied as important for medicinal uses to clearly understand the relationships between indi‐
vidual taxa. We also suggest comparative analyses of plants used by different ethnic mi‐
norities in Kenya and between different regions, especially in tropical Africa, to unravel
the cultural interrelationships in those regions.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, F.M.M., G.‐W.H. and Q.‐F.W.; methodology, F.M.M. and
M.P.; software, F.M.M. and M.P.; validation, F.M.M., E.M.M. and G.‐W.H.; formal analysis, F.M.M.
and M.P.; investigation, F.M.M. and Y.M.M.; resources, G.‐W.H.; data curation, F.M.M.; writing—
original draft preparation, F.M.M. and M.P.; writing—review and editing, M.P., J.M.N. and P.C.R.;
visualization, F.M.M. and J.M.N.; supervision, G.‐W.H. and Q.‐F.W.; project administration, G.‐
W.H.; funding acquisition, G.‐W.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of
the manuscript.
Funding: This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant
number 31961143026, 31970211 and the Sino‐Africa Joint Research Center, grant number CAS
SAJC202101.
Data Availability Statement: The data used to support the findings of the manuscript is contained
in Appendices A and B.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Appendix A
Checklist of medicinal plants of Kenya, introduced species are indicated in brackets
as ‘exotic.’
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 22 of 151
alimentary canal problems, hyperten‐
sion, stomachache, typhoid, amoebiasis,
headache, heart‐problem, skin diseases,
wounds, eye infections
Leaf, root, Mental disturbance, acaricide, cough,
Acanthus polystachyus Delile Shrub [98,120,133,144]
stem spleen/liver problems, fever
Anisotes ukambensis Lindau Shrub Bark Bleeding during pregnancy [74]
Asystasia mysorensis (Roth) Chira, false teeth, colds, headache, ma‐
Herb Leaf [76,78,99,143]
T.Anderson laria, ringworms, cough, skin diseases
Barleria acanthoides Vahl Shrub Roots, leaves Tonic, eye lotion [77]
Whole plant,
Barleria delamerei S.Moore Herb Polio, fever, tonic, eye lotion [72,77]
roots, leaf
Dyspepsia, vomiting, postpartum hem‐
Barleria eranthemoides R.Br. ex Leaf, root, [51,81,102,148]
Shrub orrhage, diaphragm, foreign objects
C.B.Clarke whole plant
pierced into the skin, boils
Barleria grandicalyx Lindau Herb Leaf Snakebites [78]
Wasting sickness in goats, menstrual
Barleria quadrispina Lindau Shrub Roots [127,142]
disorders
Barleria ventricosa Hochst. ex
Herb Whole plant Rheumatism [106]
Nees
Lung problems, malaria, hepatitis, TB,
Blepharis edulis (Forssk.) Pers. Herb Whole plant [72,77,92]
chest pain
Blepharis maderaspatensis (L.)
Herb Whole plant Sores [140]
B.Heyne ex Roth
Root, leaf, Scabies, prophylaxis for baby ailments, [76,140,141]
Crabbea velutina S.Moore Herb
whole plant enlarged glands
Crossandra massaica Mildbr. Herb Leaf Snakebites (humans/cattle), syphilis [67,76]
Colorectal cancer, diarrhea, skin rashes,
Roots, leaf, chest pain, difficult breathing, wounds,
Dicliptera laxata C.B.Clarke Herb [117,119,122,144]
aerial parts mouth ulcers in children, cough, eye/ear
infection, boils, snakebites
Duosperma kilimandscharicum
Shrub Leaf Cuts, sores, wounds [80]
(Lindau) Dayton
Itchy skin, HIV/AIDs, fever, STIs, orchi‐
Dyschoriste radicans Nees Herb leaf tis, skin diseases, wounds, eye infec‐ [78,119,143,144]
tions
Dyschoriste thunbergiiflora
Herb/shrub Leaf Skin diseases, wounds, eye infections [78]
(S.Moore) Lindau
Hygrophila auriculata (Schu‐
Herb Whole plant Corneal ulcers [143]
mach.) Heine
Wounds, stomachache, colds, malaria,
liver problems, stomach ulcers, nausea,
Hypoestes aristata (Vahl) Sol. Leaves, roots, [67,87,109,115,131,
Herb joint/chest pain, TB, chest complaints,
ex Roem. & Schult. stems 141,152]
pneumonia, sore throat, cough, eye dis‐
eases, abdominal pains
Root, bark,
Hypoestes forskaolii (Vahl) Stomachache, colds, malaria, liver prob‐ [91,104,132,152,16
Herb leaves, aerial
R.Br. lems, stomach ulcers, nausea, pesticide 8]
parts
Justicia anagalloides (Nees)
Herb Leaves Edema [144]
T.Anderson
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 23 of 151
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 24 of 151
Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br.
Herb Leaves Eye infections, wounds, skin diseases [119]
ex DC.
AIDS, amoebiasis, cough, colds/flu, dia‐
betes, energy boost, high blood pres‐
Leaves, whole sure, immunity booster, increase blood,
Amaranthus graecizans L. Herb [41,78,81,147]
plant poor digestion, boils, rheumatism, an‐
thelmintic, wounds, prevent abortion,
cancer
Colic pain in infants, mineral/vitamin
deficiency in pregnancy, urinary tract
Leaves, roots, [84,88,96,111,147,1
Amaranthus hybridus L. Herb infection, kidney and stomach ailments,
whole plant 53,168]
bilharzia, stomach acid, anthelmintic in
human/animals, measles, malaria
Roots, whole Mouth infection, venom antidote,
Amaranthus spinosus L. Herb [76,132,144]
plant wounds, fever
Amaranthus tricolor L. (exotic) Herb Leaves Ear diseases, skin disease [141,144]
Beta vulgaris L. (exotic) Herb Cancer [41]
Celosia anthelminthica Asch. Herb Whole plant Anthelmintic [143]
Leaves, flow‐
Celosia argentea L. Herb Convalescents [67]
ers, stems
Celosia schweinfurthiana
Herb Whole plant Malaria, anthelmintic [124,143]
Schinz (exotic)
Celosia trigyna L. Herb Whole plant Anthelmintic [143]
Abdominal upsets in infants, blood de‐
Chenopodium album L. (exotic) Herb Whole plant [88]
toxifier in pregnancy
Diarrhea, fever in babies, cough, ana‐
Chenopodium opulifolium plasmosis in cattle, roundworms in chil‐
Herb Leaves, roots [119,132,168]
Schrad. ex W.D.J.Koch & Ziz dren, suppurating ears, urinary disor‐
ders
Malaria, stomach problems, wounds,
Roots, bark,
Cyathula cylindrica Moq. Herb joint pains, emetic, purgative, diarrhea, [67,78,104,109]
leaves
fungal infections
Dental problems, malaria, emetic, ul‐
Roots, leaves,
cers, breast cancer, boils, urinary prob‐ [41,67,84,104,115,1
Cyathula polycephala Baker Herb bark, whole
lems, diabetes, vomiting, diarrhea, heart 38,144,147,168]
plant
problems, stomachache, anthelmintic
Cyathula uncinulata (Schrad.) Malaria, wounds, induce pregnancy,
Herb/shrub Roots, leaves [99,141,144,152]
Schinz skin rashes, abdominal pains, emetic
Digera muricata (L.) Mart. Herb Leaves Generally medicinal [91]
Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Leaves, whole Neck swelling in calves, wounds, an‐
Herb [67,115,132,140]
Mosyakin & Clemants plant thelmintic, boils
Gomphrena celosioides Mart.
Herb Roots Wound, burns [77]
(exotic)
Ouret lanata (L.) Kuntze Herb/shrub Leaves Sores eyes [67]
Psilotrichum elliotii Baker Shrub Whole plant Boils [147]
Psilotrichum scleranthum Convulsions, aphrodisiac, smoothening
Herb/shrub Roots, leaves [127,150]
Thwaites skin
Whole plant, Venereal diseases, induce salivation in
Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss. Herb [127]
roots babies
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 25 of 151
Malaria, stomachache, weight during
Sericocomopsis hildebrandtii
Shrub Root pregnancy, induce bile release from the [77,92,97,105,136]
Schinz
gallbladder, hepatitis, purgative
Sericocomopsis pallida
Shrub Root Malaria [72]
(S.Moore) Schinz
Amaryllidaceae
Allium ampeloprasum L. (ex‐ Colds, flu, cleaning mouth, earache,
Herb Leaves [84,108,147]
otic) cough
Cough, flu, headache, pneumonia, bloat
(cows), chest problem, digestive disor‐
Allium cepa L. (exotic) Herb Roots [14,41,73,74,168]
ders, rheumatism, wounds, colds (hu‐
man/cattle)
Malaria, HIV/AIDs, toothache, diabetes
mellitus, hypertension, respiratory dis‐ [14,83,85,98,108,12
Allium sativum L. (exotic) Herb Roots, fruits
eases, stomachache, mosquito repellant, 9,137,146]
allergies, colds, runny nose
Ammocharis tinneana (Ko‐
tschy & Peyr.) Milne‐Redh. & Herb Root, exudate Snakebites, emetic [126,143]
Schweick.
Urinary tract infections, chest pains,
Crinum macowanii Baker Herb Root, exudate [80,143]
boils, snakebites, livestock diseases
Anacardiaceae
Anacardium occidentale L. (ex‐
Shrub/tree Leaves, roots Toothache, child colic [150]
otic)
Lannea alata (Engl.) Engl. Shrub/tree Roots, leaves Burns, wounds, stomach problems [72,80]
Gut disorders, diarrhea, chest pains,
[91,99,116,132,141,
Lannea fulva (Engl.) Engl. Shrub/tree Roots, bark cough, stomachache, antivenom, head‐
142]
ache, astringent, expectorant, colds
Ear problems, nose and throat prob‐
Lannea rivae (Chiov.) Sacleux Shrub/tree Bark [41,77]
lems, diarrhea
Aphrodisiac, gut problems, diarrhea,
Lannea schimperi (Hochst. ex Bark, roots, dysentery, acaricide, prophylaxis for [41,78,116,133,140
Tree
A.Rich.) Engl. leaves baby/children’s ailments, stomachache, ]
chest problems
Malaria, venereal diseases, induce labor
pains, amoeba, stomachache, boils, skin
rashes, cough, colds/flu, STIs, urinary
system infections, pneumonia, gastroin‐
testinal problems, pregnancy anemia, [14,41,51,75,76,79,
vomiting, headache, waterborne dis‐ 81,100,102,104,106
Lannea schweinfurthii (Engl.) Bark, roots,
Shrub/tree eases, arthritis, increase blood, barren‐ ,108,127,132,138,1
Engl. leaves
ness, boils, skin diseases, toothache, 42,143,145,148,150
heart problem, dermatological prob‐ ,151]
lems, jaundice, anthrax, gynecological
problems, dysentery, infertility, teeth re‐
moval, anti‐acid, laxative, backache,
gonorrhea
Lannea triphylla (Hochst. ex Diarrhea, liver diseases, dysentery,
Shrub/tree Roots, bark [14,77,80,99,139]
A.Rich.) Engl. rheumatism, body swelling, malaria,
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 26 of 151
colds, stomachache, chest problems,
nausea in pregnancy
Diarrhea, hemorrhoids, infertility in
Lannea welwitschii (Hiern)
Tree women, menstrual troubles, gonorrhea, [110]
Engl.
epilepsy, skin infections, ulcers
TB, malaise, allergies, amoebiasis,
back/joint/bone problems, burns, cough,
colds/flu, diabetes, goiter, hypertension,
injuries/cuts, wounds, kwashiorkor, ma‐ [14,41,80,83,84,106
Roots, leaves, laria, pneumonia, rheumatism, typhoid, ,116–
Mangifera indica L. (exotic) Tree
bark, fruits toothache, ringworms, diarrhea, gonor‐ 119,129,139,143,14
rhea, stomachache, ear infections, chest 6,150,168]
pains, toothache, skin/throat/breast can‐
cer, constipation, STIs, diabetes, yellow
fever, diarrhea, abdominal pains
Mumps, toothache, snakebites, compli‐
cations in menstruation, venereal dis‐
eases, diarrhea, clean womb, liver prob‐
lems, rib pain, tonic, stomachache, kid‐ [67,77,79,86,87,91,
Bark, root, ney diseases, acaricide, retained pla‐ 99,105,107,111,112
Ozoroa insignis Delile Shrub/tree
stems, leaves centa in human/animals, constipation in ,127,132,133,140–
animals, gastrointestinal problems, en‐ 143,145]
larged spleen, headache, cancer, vomit‐
ing, heart problem, pregnancy pains, as‐
tringent, dysmenorrhea, malaria
Ozoroa obovata (Oliv.) R.Fern. Menstrual disorders, venereal diseases,
Shrub/tree Roots [127,142,150]
& A.Fern. stomachache, malaria, dizziness
Allergies, cough, colds/flu, dental prob‐
lems, diabetes, malaria, spleen pain and
Pistacia aethiopica Kokwaro Shrub/tree Roots, bark [41,84,140,168]
enlargement, dizziness, liver problems,
fever, pneumonia, rheumatism
Roots, leaves, Cough, colds/flu, malaria, rheumatism,
Schinus molle L. (exotic) Tree [41,71,107,168]
stems chicken pox
Colds, flu, edema of limbs, respiratory
disorders, joint pains, toothache, joint
aches, backache, body aches, malaria,
stomachache, constipation, dysentery, [14,41,64,72,90,91,
Sclerocarya birrea (A.Rich.) Bark, roots,
Tree diarrhea, fever, ulcers, enlarged spleen, 99,100,104,112,127
Hochst. fruits
heartburn, dysentery, liver problems, ,141–143,147]
rheumatism, diabetes, tick control, ab‐
dominal pain, spleen diseases, STI’s,
cough
Searsia longipes (Engl.) Mof‐ Amoeba, anthelmintic, backache, stom‐
Shrub/tree Fruits, roots [14,99,147]
fett achache, headache, influenza, diarrhea
Abdominal pains, gonorrhea, anthel‐ [14,41,66,68,71,72,
mintic in human/livestock, malaria, 75–
Leaves, bark, tonic, respiratory disorders, stomachic, 79,81,82,84,86,88,9
Searsia natalensis (Bernh. ex
Shrub/tree seeds, roots, endometritis, foot/mouth disease, post‐ 0,98–101,104–
C.Krauss) F.A.Barkley
stems, partum pain, stomach problems, diar‐ 109,112,113,115,11
rhea, teeth cleaning, stomachache, bone 7,119,120,123,125,
pains, premenstrual pains, madness, 127,132,133,135,13
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 27 of 151
weak bone, joint pains, abdominal 6,138,140–
pains, urinary tract infection, convul‐ 144,148,152,154,16
sions, constipation, spinal cord prob‐ 8]
lem, liver and spleen diseases, peptic ul‐
cers, invigorant, helps in child delivery,
back/bone joint problems, cough, colds,
flu, ear‐nose‐throat problems, lack of
appetite, low libido, back/joint/bone
problems, arthritis, wounds, dental dis‐
eases, livestock weakness, giardia, head‐
ache, neck pain, fever, TB, vomiting, eye
lotion, stomach/skin/breast cancer, in‐
fluenza, back pain, anthrax, postpartum
pains, toothache, tonsillitis, boils, acari‐
cide, abdominal pain, heartburn, rashes,
liver enlargement, asthma, wounds,
prophylaxis for diseases various dis‐
eases, general body weakness, colic
pain, pain in pregnancy, strengthen
bones, vitamin supplements, bilharzia,
afterbirth pains, indigestion, chest prob‐
lems, pneumonia, respiratory disorders,
abdominal pains, venereal diseases, sore
feet, purgative
Annonaceae
Eye problems, snakebites, stomach up‐
sets, acaricide stomachache, poison anti‐
Leaves, bark, dote, intestinal pains, vomiting, diar‐ [95,112,126,133,13
Annona senegalensis Pers. Shrub/tree
roots rhea, constipation, sores, ulcers, boils, 4,142–144,150]
liver/spleen problems, headache, dizzi‐
ness, colds
Nutrient supplement, ulcers, blood pu‐
Roots, leaves,
Annona squamosa L. (exotic) Shrub/tree rifier, hypertension, reproductive disor‐ [110,150]
fruits
ders, dizziness
Asteranthe asterias (S.Moore)
Shrub/tree Roots, leaves Sore throats, coughs, venereal diseases [127]
Engl. & Diels
Huberantha stuhlmannii
Shrub Roots, bark Hypertension, typhoid, obesity [150]
(Engl.) Chaowasku
Monanthotaxis fornicata General body pains, prenatal care, men‐
Shrub Roots, leaves [127]
(Baill.) Verdc. struation complications
Monanthotaxis schweinfurthii
Liana Roots Malaria, rheumatism [41,129]
(Engl. & Diels) Verdc.
Monanthotaxis trichocarpa
Liana Leaves Headache [142]
(Engl. & Diels) Verdc.
Rectal problems, anthelmintic, aphro‐
Monodora grandidieri Baill. Shrub/tree Roots, leaves disiac, gastrointestinal gas, reproductive [127,134,150]
disorders
Convulsions, snakebites, dysentery,
cough, stomach upsets, spleen prob‐ [75,100,127,142,14
Uvaria acuminata Oliv. Shrub/tree Roots, leaves
lems, laxative, gastrointestinal gas, aph‐ 5,150]
rodisiac, rectal prolapse, menstrual
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 28 of 151
cramps, malaria, female reproductive
disorders
Uvaria faulknerae Verdc. Liana Roots, leaves Convulsions [127]
Shrub/tree/li‐
Uvaria leptocladon Oliv. Root Diuretic, abortifacient [142]
ana
Convulsions, reproductive disorders,
Uvaria lucida Bojer ex Benth. Shrub/liana Roots, leaves [127,150]
aphrodisiac
Malaria, joint/chest pains,
cough/colds/flu, lack of appetite, pain‐
[41,77,84,91,96,99,
Uvaria scheffleri Diels Tree/liana Bark, root killer, stomach disorders, debility,
129,139,141,142]
pneumonia, swollen legs, stomach pain
in pregnancy, retained placenta
Allergies, amoebiasis, arthritis, cough,
colds, flu, diabetes, HIV/AIDs, infertil‐
ity, injuries, cuts, wounds, retained pla‐
Uvariodendron anisatum centa in cows/human, low libido, rheu‐
Shrub/tree Roots, leaves [14,41,84,146,168]
Verdc. matism, STIs, ulcers, scorpion/snake
bites, breast/prostate cancer, calf rejec‐
tion, erectile dysfunction/impotence,
malaria, labor pains, aphrodisiac
Uvariodendron kirkii Verdc. Shrub/tree Roots Convulsions, bloody diarrhea [127]
Xylopia parviflora Spruce Tree Roots Aphrodisiac [150]
Apiaceae
Afroligusticum aculeolatum
Herb Roots, leaves Cancer, purgative, colds [129,141]
(Engl.) P.J.D.Winter
Alepidea peduncularis Steud.
Herb Bark Chest problems, bronchitis [144]
ex A.Rich.
Anthriscus sylvestris (L.)
Herb Seeds Colds [67,89]
Hoffm.
Leaves, roots, Loss of memory, toothache, ear infec‐
[119,122,143,144,1
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Herb stems, whole tions, boils, mouth ulcers, infertility,
54]
plant measles, stomachache, HIV/AIDs
Coriandrum sativum L. (ex‐ Colds, flu, digestive disorders, nausea,
Herb Leaves [84,168]
otic) dysentery
Daucus carota L. Herb Roots Heartburns, stomach disorders [41]
Daucus incognitus (C.Nor‐
man) Spalik, Reduron & Ba‐ Herb Roots Pneumonia [120]
nasiak
Diplolophium africanum Turcz. Herb Root Ailments in children/babies [140]
Ferula communis L. Herb Roots General sickness in babies/children [140]
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (ex‐
Herb Colic, Vitamin A supplement [41]
otic)
Stomachache, skin infections, measles,
Heteromorpha trifoliata [67,99,109,120,140,
Shrub/tree Roots, levees ulcers, tonic, syphilis, poison, fever in
(H.L.Wendl.) Eckl. & Zeyh. 142,152,168]
children/babies, cough, aphrodisiac
Oenanthe palustris (Chiov.) Stomach complications, poisonous to
Herb Leaves [109,168]
C.Norman livestock
Oenanthe procumbens
Herb Leaves, seeds Mouth infection in babies, cough [67,109]
(H.Wolff) C.Norman
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 29 of 151
Skin, partial blindness, edema, dysen‐
tery, diabetes mellitus, boils, protracted
Leaves, bark, labor, retained afterbirth, malaria, acari‐ [51,67,81,85,98,106
Steganotaenia araliacea
Tree aerial parts, cide, emetic, fever, pneumonia, spleen ,120,129,133,139,1
Hochst.
roots, stems pain and enlargement, swollen legs and 40,142,147]
body pains during pregnancy, itchy
eyes, sensitive eyes
Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link Herb Leaves Preventing miscarriage [77]
Apocynaceae
Acokanthera oppositifolia Bar, roots, [72,88,100,142,168
Shrub/tree Cancer, liver disease, poison
(Lam.) Codd fruits, leaves ]
Blood pressure, HIV/AIDs, diarrhea, an‐
Acokanthera schimperi (A.DC.) Roots, stems, [68,78,88,89,91,105
Shrub/tree tivenom, syphilis, poisonous, ectopara‐
Schweinf. leaves, bark ,107,142,145,168]
sites (ticks, fleas, mites), malaria
Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Stomach ailments, snakebites, poison‐ [68,72,77,127,134,1
shrub Bark, root
Roem. & Schult. ous, ectoparasites 42]
Buckollia volubilis (Schltr.)
Liana Bark Aid in child delivery, malaria [78]
Venter & R.L.Verh.
Determine unborn babyʹs sex, tooth‐
Roots, bark, ache, yellow fever, anemia, malaria,
Calotropis procera (Aiton) [14,51,88,91,104,13
Shrub/tree exudates, camel cough, poisonous, emetic, vomit‐
W.T.Aiton 2,134,141,142,147]
fruits, stems ing, diarrhea, stomachache, foreign ob‐
jects pierced into the body
Abdominal pains, infertility in women,
malaria, gonorrhea, syphilis, nose
bleeding, diarrhea, typhoid fever, lacta‐
tion, postpartum pain, pelvic pains,
backache, skin allergies, seizures, fever,
herpes zoster (shingles), amoebas, STIs,
measles, joint pains, afterbirth pains,
cancer, chest problems, cleans stomach,
cough, colds/flu, energy boost, high
blood pressure, painkiller, pneumonia, [14,41,64,68,71–
medicine antidote, rheumatism, TB, an‐ 74,76–79,81–
thelmintic, chest pains, polio, arthritis, 83,86–91,93,97–
chest pains, stomachache, asthma, al‐ 99,101–103,105–
Roots, fruits,
lergy, peptic ulcers, colic pain in infants, 108,112,113,118–
Carissa spinarum L. Shrub bark, leaves,
wounds, hypertension, diabetes, men‐ 120,123,124,129,13
seeds
strual pains, ingestion and abdominal 0,132,133,135–
pains during pregnancy, bone pain, 138,140–
toothache, dizziness, headache, theiler‐ 143,146,147,150,15
iosis, helminthiasis, salmonellosis, heart 1,154,168]
water, milk letdown, prevent first and
second trimester, abortion, vomiting, in‐
fertility (sheep, goat), milk let down,
mastitis, miscarriage (cow), tonic, con‐
stipation, eye infections, reduces body
fat, dysentery, aphrodisiac, abdominal
pains, breast cancer, acaricide, general
malaise, appetizer, swelling and bruises,
HIV/AIDs, strengthen bones, bloat,
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 30 of 151
heartburn, cathartic, gynecological dis‐
eases, softens stool, digestion and cough
(cattle), muscle pain, epilepsy
Carissa tetramera (Sacleux)
Shrub/tree Roots, leaves Convulsions [127]
Stapf
Wounds, skin rashes, cuts/burns, lung
Fruit, leaf,
Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold problems in livestock, mosquito repel‐ [74,76,87,106,108,1
Tree flower, bark,
(exotic) lant, congested nose in children, skin 43,150]
roots, fruits
disease, ringworms, induce sneezing
Throat/stomach/esophageal cancer,
Catharanthus roseus (L.) Leaves, whole [79,104,117,122,12
Herb/shrub pneumonia, chest pain, gastrointestinal
G.Don (exotic) plant, roots 4,143]
problems, malaria
Cryptolepis oblongifolia
Shrub Roots General body weakness [140]
(Meisn.) Schltr.
Cynanchum altiscandens Tuber, aerial Colds, stomachache, circumcision
Shrub [144,152]
K.Schum. parts wounds, increase milk letdown
Cynanchum ethiopicum Liede
Herb Roots Pneumonia [109]
& Khanum
Stomachache, abnormal vaginal secre‐
Cynanchum insipidum tion, anaplasmosis, Chira, malaria, eye [68,76,127,144,150
Herb Leaves, roots
(E.Mey.) Liede & Khanum problem, reproductive disorders, in‐ ]
crease milk letdown in animals
Cynanchum viminale (L.) L. Herb Roots, bark Syphilis, bone pain, body pains, cough [14,67,140]
Desmidorchis retrospiciens Eh‐ Infertility, chest problems, conges‐
Herb Whole plant [88,91]
renb. tion/wheezing
Desmidorchis speciosa
Herb Exudate Emetic [67]
(N.E.Br.) Plowes
Edithcolea grandis N.E.Br. Herb Exudates Ringworms [51]
Funtumia africana (Benth.)
Tree Leaves, bark Boils, dysentery, diarrhea [116]
Stapf
Diarrhea, diabetes, fevers, abdominal
Seeds, roots,
Gomphocarpus fruticosus (L.) pains, wounds, toothache (never to [83,99,136,140,141,
Shrub whole plant,
W.T.Aiton swallowed), liver diseases, kidney prob‐ 168]
exudate
lems, chest pains, headache
Gomphocarpus integer
Herb Roots Amoeba [147]
(N.E.Br.) Bullock
Stems, fruits, Stomach problems in women, tooth‐
Gomphocarpus physocarpus
Shrub roots, exu‐ ache, aids calf delivery in cows, flu, con‐ [67,76,109,152]
E.Mey.
date, leaves gested nose
Gum lesions, toothache, syphilis, gonor‐
Gomphocarpus semilunatus Leaves, whole rhea, gastroenteritis, malaria, [104,115,122,131,1
Shrub
A.Rich. plant nose infection, stomach problem, head‐ 43]
ache, infertility, purgative
Kanahia laniflora (Forssk.)
Shrub Epilepsy [142]
R.Br.
Landolphia buchananii (Hallier Back/joint ache, venereal diseases, ma‐
Liana Leaves, roots [78,84,111,168]
f.) Stapf laria, wounds, gonorrhea, molluscoid
Landolphia kirkii Dyer ex
Shrub Roots Stomach ailments [127]
Hook.f.
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 31 of 151
Leptadenia lanceolata (Poir.)
Liana Leaves General medicine [91]
Goyder
Marsdenia abyssinica (Hochst.)
Liana Bark, roots Diarrhea, heartburn, oral thrush [67,86,142]
Schltr.
Marsdenia angolensis N.E.Br. Liana Root Anthelmintic, runny nose, poison [14]
Marsdenia rubicunda
Liana Roots Postnatal care, threatened miscarriage [127,141]
(K.Schum.) N.E.Br.
Marsdenia schimperi Decne. Liana Root Abdominal pain [141]
Appetizer, fatigue, mineral deficiency,
aphrodisiac, respiratory problems, aller‐
gies, cough, colds/flu, dental disorders,
Roots, fruits, [14,41,66,99,105,10
Mondia whitei (Hook.f.) malaria, rheumatism, stomach disor‐
Shrub flowers, 7,110,125,133,142–
Skeels ders, indigestion, heartburn, kidney ail‐
stems, 144,146,168]
ments, asthma, gonorrhea, acaricide, an‐
orexia, STIs, stimulant after giving birth,
aphrodisiac, infertility, stomachache
Upper respiratory tract infections, gas‐
Nerium oleander L. (exotic) Shrub/tree Leaves trointestinal complications, blocked [68,122]
nose, chest pain
Orbea dummeri (N.E.Br.) Gastrointestinal ulcers, sores on
Herb Stems [139,140]
Bruyns lips/tongue, baby stomach problems
Pachycarpus concolor E. Mey. Herb Roots Cattle sores caused by skin maggots [67]
Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Exudate,
Herb/shrub Stomachache, rashes, dermatitis [67,132,141]
Chiov. roots
Infertility, abdominal pains in preg‐
nancy, ulcers, malaria, stomachache,
headache, backache, diarrhea, colds, flu,
cough, chest problems, bad smell of flat‐
ulence, mouth inflammation in children,
anthelmintic, retained placenta, fever, [41,78,83,84,87,88,
Roots, leaves,
Periploca linearifolia Quart.‐ joint pains, gonorrhea, teeth problems, 91,99,103,104,107,
Shrub stems, exu‐
Dill. & A.Rich. spinal cord problem, aphrodisiac, her‐ 109,120,128,131,13
date
pes zoster, oral thrush, pneumonia, can‐ 2,141,152,168]
cer, pre/postmenopausal symptoms,
lumbago in women, diabetes, syphilis,
pesticide, eye problems, amoeba,
wounds, skin sores/ulcers, typhoid,
body strength, warts
Bark, root,
Removal of thorn, wounds (cow, goat,
Plumeria alba L. (exotic) Shrub/tree leaves, exu‐ [14,73,146]
sheep, human), STI’s
date
Plumeria rubra L. (exotic) Shrub/tree Exudate Ringworms [122]
Allergies, amoebiasis, cough, colds/flu,
pneumonia, rheumatism, stomach dis‐
Bark, fruit, orders, respiratory disorders, body [14,41,80,100,143,1
Rauvolfia caffra Sond. Shrub/tree
root weakness, chest diseases, bloat, ECF, 46,147]
anthelmintic, trachoma in cattle, arthri‐
tis, skin care, toothache
Itching and pimples, arrow poison, ma‐
Rauvolfia mannii Stapf Shrub/tree Root, bark [14,145]
laria, headache, toothache, general body
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 32 of 151
weakness, cough, arthralgia, anthelmin‐
tic in chicken
Malaria, poison, venereal diseases,
Rauvolfia mombasiana Stapf Shrub/tree Bark, roots stomach pains, skin conditions, swell‐ [134,142]
ings
Saba comorensis (Bojer ex Prenatal care, diabetes, enlarged pros‐
Liana Roots, fruits [41,91,127]
A.DC.) Pichon tate
Schizozygia coffeoides Baill. Shrub Roots, bark Skin diseases [134,142]
Fever, headache, chest pain, malaria, fe‐
Secamone punctulata Decne. Liana Roots ver, stomach problems, gonorrhea, pre‐ [77,136,139]
vent abortion
Strophanthus kombe Oliv. Liana Poison [134]
Tabernaemontana pachysiphon Root, bark, Malaria, anthelmintic, typhoid, amoeba,
Tree [74,145,147]
Stapf stem, leaves pneumonia, livestock diseases
Respiratory disorders, cancer, breast
cancer, headache, stomachache, cough,
Tabernaemontana stapfiana Roots, bark,
Tree toothache, wounds/cuts, cattle diseases [14,78,88,99,117]
Britten fruits
(ECF, constipation), pneumonia, chest
problems, aids in delivery
Tabernaemontana ventricosa Amoeba, asthma, malaria, measles,
Shrub/tree Latex [41,142]
Hochst. ex A.DC. wounds
Tacazzea conferta N.E.Br. Liana Root Stimulate milk letdown (human/cattle) [142]
Vincetoxicum fruticulosum
Shrub/liana Root Tonic [99]
(Decne.) Decne.
Aquifoliaceae
Ilex mitis (L.) Radlk. Shrub/tree Bark Infertility, abdominal pains [141]
Araceae
Anchomanes abbreviatus Engl. Herb Roots Wounds, septic swellings [127]
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott Colds (human, cattle, sheep), sore
Herb Roots, leaves [14,127,144]
(exotic) throat, anxiety, fast heart beat
Culcasia falcifolia Engl. Herb Leaves Dry cough, ECF, edema, epilepsy [78]
Gonatopus boivinii (Decne.)
Herb Roots Mumps [127]
Engl.
Stylochaeton salaamicus
Herb Whole plant Induce salivation in babies [127]
N.E.Br.
Zamioculcas zamiifolia
Herb Whole plant Eardrops [127]
(G.Lodd.) Engl.
Araliaceae
Astropanax abyssinicus Leaves, exu‐ Bronchitis, cough, pneumonia, aphro‐
Tree [131,147]
(Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Seem. date disiac, cleaning the womb
Chest pains, malaria, pneumonia, live‐
stock diseases, fever, kidney problems,
colds, sore throat, whooping cough,
Astropanax volkensii (Harms)
Leaves, bark, swollen bodies, cough, inhaled to clear [67,91,109,120,132,
Lowry, G.M.Plunkett, Gostel Shrub/tree
stem, exudate blocked nose, typhoid, TB, goiter, 141,142,152,168]
& Frodin
rashes, allergies, headache, expectorant,
liver problems, skin diseases
(goats/sheep)
Cussonia arborea Hochst. ex Stomachache, childbirth, veterinary
Tree Leaves [116,144]
A.Rich. uses, constipation
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 33 of 151
Abdominal pains, bones/joints prob‐
lems, cough, colds/flu, kwashiorkor,
malaria, rheumatism, clear uterus after
[14,41,67,71,77,105
Cussonia holstii Harms ex parturition, fever, alcoholic tremors,
Tree Bark, roots ,136,138,142,147,1
Engl. stimulant, retained placenta, tonic, ear‐
68]
nose‐mouth infection, irregular men‐
struation, wounds (cows), backache,
stomachache
STI’s, fever, spinal cord problem, teeth‐
ing, abdominal upsets, stimulant, liver
Leaves, bark, [77,88,109,132,141,
Cussonia spicata Thunb. Tree enlargement, abdominal pains, diar‐
roots 145,152]
rhea, splenomegaly, painkiller, emetic,
malaria
Cussonia zimmermannii
Tree Roots Kwashiorkor [127]
Harms
Polyscias fulva (Hiern) Harms Tree Bark Obesity [78]
Polyscias kikuyuensis Sum‐ Joint pains, arthritis, rheumatism,
Tree Leaves, bark [41,88,109,168]
merh. wounds, skin diseases
Arecaceae
Skin rash, asthma, kidney problems,
Cocos nucifera L. (exotic) Tree Fruits, leaves [108,150]
wounds
Hyphaene compressa H.Wendl. Tree Bark Anthelmintic [14]
Root, leaves,
Phoenix reclinata Jacq. Tree Stomachache, chest problems, stimulant [14,41,80,152]
exudate
Aristolochiaceae
Cough, colds/flu, mental ailments,
Asarum canadense L. (exotic) Herb [41]
pneumonia, STI’s
Aristolochia albida Duch. Herb Snake antidote, poison [134]
Asparagaceae Root, leaves, exudate
Earache, burns, eye problems, injuries,
cuts/wounds, acaricide, gonorrhea, ap‐
Roots, leaves, [14,41,64,84,106,12
Agave sisalana Perrine (exotic) Tree petizer, anthelmintic, retained placenta,
exudates 0,133,139,144,152]
mosquito repellant, fed to livestock to
increase milk letdown
Albuca abyssinica Jacq. Herb Roots Arthritis, sores [67,154]
Albuca bracteata (Thunb.) Bone injuries, wounds, cancer, colds,
Herb Roots [14,67,91,152]
J.C.Manning & Goldblatt constipation/bloat (cattle)
Albuca virens (Lindl.) Diabetes, back pains, tonsils, arthritis,
Herb Roots [83,91,115,168]
J.C.Manning & Goldblatt poisonous to livestock
Boils, mental illness, wounds, venereal
diseases, cough, sore throat, skin infec‐ [67,89,94,123,135,1
Asparagus africanus Lam. Liana Roots, leaves
tions, urinary tract infections, arthritis, 54]
gonorrhea, parturition
Prevent second trimester abortion, preg‐
Asparagus buchananii Baker Shrub/liana Leaves, roots [81]
nancy edema
Stomach ailments, constipation, convul‐
Stems, roots,
Asparagus falcatus L. Herb sions, teeth problem, rashes, rheuma‐ [127,132,138]
leaves
toid arthritis
Asparagus flagellaris (Kunth) Leaves, roots, Boils, abscesses, stomachache, syphilis,
Shrub [94,99]
Baker fruits conjunctivitis
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 34 of 151
Arthritis, infertility in women, cancer,
boils, stomachache, gonorrhea, im‐
muno‐booster, syphilis, malaria, labor,
scrotum problems, removing thorn, [14,84,87,99,104,10
Asparagus racemosus Willd. Liana Leaves, roots rheumatism, improve sexual desire, in‐ 9,120,131,141,143,
digestion, kidney diseases, abdominal 146,147,152,168]
pains, bone setting, jaundice, venereal
diseases, HIV/AIDs, anthelmintic (cat‐
tle), retained placenta, lower back pain
Back pain in women, postpartum pain,
Asparagus setaceus (Kunth) STI’s, boils, toothache, abscess, diarrhea, [14,113,115,119,13
Herb Roots, leaves
Jessop sores, wounds, medicine for cattle, 8,147]
rheumatoid arthritis
Chlorophytum subpetiolatum
Herb Roots Reduce madness [99]
(Baker) Kativu
Leaves, roots, Stomach problems, swollen spleen,
Dracaena afromontana Mildbr. Shrub/tree [99,131]
stems chest pains
Dracaena arborescens (Cornu
ex Gérôme & Labroy) Byng Herb Roots, leaves Venereal diseases, snakebites [127]
& Christenh.
Dracaena fragrans (L.) Ker
Shrub/tree Leaves, roots labor pains, chase mosquitoes [144]
Gawl.
Dracaena frequens (Chahin.)
Herb Roots Immune booster [14]
Byng & Christenh.
Dracaena parva (N.E.Br.) Byng Leaves, exu‐
Herb Snakebites, wounds [126,143]
& Christenh. date
Dracaena perrotii (O.Warburg) Exudates, Gonorrhea, rheumatism, arthritis,
Herb [51,72,143]
Byng & Christenh. roots snakebites, earache
Cancer, toothaches, rheumatism, anthel‐
mintic, skin cancer, diabetes, stomach‐
Bark, leaves, [41,83,116,144,145,
Dracaena steudneri Engl. Tree ache, measles, diarrhea, veterinary med‐
roots 154]
icine (goat), reduce pains birth and pre‐
vent dizziness at childbirth birth
Bark,
Dracaena suffruticosa (N.E.Br.)
Herb branches, Gonorrhea [135]
Byng & Christenh.
roots, stems
Dracaena volkensii (Gürke) Exudates,
Herb Eye problems, STIs, snake repellant [91,92,95]
Byng & Christenh. stems
Drimia indica (Roxb.) Jessop Herb Root Ulcers, cancer [91]
Balsaminaceae
Impatiens hochstetteri Warb. Herb Roots Mouth infection in babies [109]
Impatiens sodenii Engl. & Difficult births in women, joint pain,
Herb Roots [77,141,152]
Warb. purgative
Impatiens stuhlmannii Warb. Herb Fruits Fever, dizziness, vitamin C [144]
Retained placenta, infertility, purgative,
Impatiens tinctoria A.Rich. Herb Roots [120,131,141]
abdominal pains, thrush in mouth
Basellaceae
Abdominal/colic pains, anemia, stom‐ [14,78,84,87,88,109
Basella alba L. Herb Leaves, roots achache, joint pains, burns, child deliv‐ ,115,120,131,132,1
ery, retained placenta, lumbago, blood 43,144,152,168]
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 35 of 151
cleanser, breathing difficulty, diarrhea,
amoebiasis, irregular menstruation, con‐
stipation, anthrax, bloat in cattle, anti‐
dote, increases milk production, stom‐
ach pain/constipation after birth
Berberidaceae
Stem, roots, Malaria, wounds, anthelmintic, stom‐
Berberis holstii Engl. Shrub [99,104,107,132]
leaves, bark achache, pain relief
Bignoniaceae
Chest medicine, female reproductive
Fernandoa magnifica Seem. Tree Roots [142,150]
disorders
Jacaranda mimosifolia D.Don
Tree Leaves STIs, acaricide [41,133]
(exotic)
Measles, liver diseases, edema, stom‐
achache, anemia, arthritis, asthma,
cleans digestive system, depression,
aphrodisiac, rheumatism, STIs, typhoid,
abortifacient, headache, malaria, purify
[14,41,72,73,76,78,
blood, amoeba, anthelmintic (cow, poul‐
79,84,88,89,98,103
try, goat, sheep, pig, human), dystocia
Bark, roots, –
(cow), breast/uterine/skin cancer, gut
Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. Tree fruits, leaves, 105,108,110,116,11
problems, gonorrhea, syphilis, kidney
seeds 7,121,132,139,141,
diseases, piles, snakebite antidote, lep‐
143,144,146,147,16
rosy, rashes, pneumonia, skin sores and
8]
ulcers, colds/flu, sores/wounds, pro‐
mote conception and pregnancy, choles‐
terol control, abdominal pains, infertil‐
ity in women, emaciation, skin diseases,
ulcers, diabetes, purgative, diarrhea
Eye infection (cattle/human), toothache,
snakebites, arthritis, skin inflammation,
myalgia, earache, malaria, cataract,
amoeba, back/joint/bone/chest prob‐
lems, diarrhea, family planning, inju‐ [14,41,66,76,87,101
Markhamia lutea (Benth.) Leaves, bark, ries/cuts/wounds, measles, pancreas ,116,117,119,120,1
Tree
K.Schum. root problems, rheumatism, STIs, stomach 22,124,125,133,143
disorders, typhoid, arthritis, colorectal ,147,154]
cancer, stomachache, sore throat, flu,
stomachache, measles, cardiac condi‐
tions, kidney ailments, acaricide, ring‐
worms, menstrual pains, pneumonia
Abdominal pain, bleeding and edema in
Markhamia zanzibarica (Bojer
Shrub/tree Leaves, roots pregnancy, snakebites, bleeding during [87,127]
ex DC.) K.Schum.
childbirth
Liver disorders, headache, sore throat,
stomachache, malaria, chest, backache,
Bark, leaves, STI’s, arthritis, tongue infections, cervi‐ [66,78,101,116,117,
Spathodea campanulata
Tree stems, exu‐ cal/bone/breast/colorectal/skin cancer, 119,120,122,142,14
P.Beauv.
date abortifacients, infertility, veterinary 4,154]
uses, rashes in children that turn into
wounds, appetizer, cut/wounds/burns,
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 36 of 151
chest pain, liver complaints, livestock
diseases (increase milk production,
bloat, cough, fever), sore throat, head‐
ache, colds
Roots, leaves,
Stereospermum kunthianum Cough, malaria, ulcers, venereal dis‐
Shrub/tree bark, flowers, [66,133,144]
Cham. eases, wounds, acaricide
fruits
Boraginaceae
Bourreria nemoralis (Gürke) Stomach problems, kidney ailments,
Shrub/tree Roots [41,127]
Thulin asthma
Bourreria petiolaris (Lam.)
Shrub/tree Roots Female reproductive disorders [150]
Thulin
Vitamins, pneumonia, broken limbs,
amoeba, back/joint/bone problems, can‐
cer, eye problems, family planning,
heartburns, injuries/cuts, wounds, live‐
Bark, leaf, [14,41,73,84,88,104
stock diseases, labor pains, stomach dis‐
Cordia africana Lam. Tree fruit, aerial ,105,119,120,144,1
orders, typhoid, prevents abortion, ma‐
parts 46,147]
laria, eye diseases pain (cow), general
weakness (cow, goat, sheep, pig), bone
injuries, toothache, cough, venereal dis‐
eases
Backache, diarrhea, leprosy, mental ill‐
ness, ocular disorders, retained pla‐
[67,71,77,80,89,99,
Roots, bark, centa, livestock diseases, fever,
Cordia monoica Roxb. Shrub/tree 105,135,136,145,14
leaves, fruits joint/chest pains, stomach disorder, ma‐
7]
laria, vomiting, eye ache/infection, frac‐
tures, gonorrhea
Eye problems, diarrhea, malaria, chest
Roots, flow‐
problems, pneumonia, fractures, wom‐
Cordia sinensis Lam. Shrub/tree ers, bark, exu‐ [67,68,72,77,95]
anʹs stomach, fevers, eye infection,
date
stomachache
Back/joint/bone problems, skin rashes,
Cynoglossum coeruleum [41,115,122,144,16
Herb Leaves ulcers, chest pain, wounds, parturition
Hochst. ex A.DC. 8]
(man, livestock), sore throat
Echiochilon lithospermoides
Herb Whole plant Livestock medicine [77]
(S.Moore) I.M.Johnst.
Gastrointestinal complications, upper
Ehretia bakeri Britten Shrub/tree Bark respiratory tract infections, malaria, [68,145]
muscle ache, toothache
Abdominal ulcers, livestock diseases,
malaria, rheumatism, anaplasmosis
(cow, ruminant), diarrhea/dysentery
(human, cow, poultry, goat, sheep, pig),
Leaves, roots, [14,41,73,78,84,88,
boils, stomachache, chest pain, boils,
Ehretia cymosa Thonn. Shrub/tree bark, aerial 91,116,122,141,144
aphrodisiac, typhoid, muscle ache,
parts ,145,147,168]
toothache, impotency, wounds, pain
killer, cough, colds, vomiting, venereal
diseases, pneumonia, epilepsy, ECF,
tonsils, mental problems, asthma
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 37 of 151
Euploca rariflora (Stocks) Di‐
Herb Root Joint diseases [149]
ane & Hilger (exotic)
Heliotropium steudneri Vatke Herb Leaves Fleas, arrow poison wounds [72,147]
Heliotropium zeylanicum
Herb Roots Boils, abscesses, [94]
(Burm.f.) Lam.
Symphytum officinale L. (ex‐ Wounds, joints/bones, problems, in‐
Herb Roots [168]
otic) flamed muscles, ulcers, boils, dry cough
Trichodesma zeylanicum Roots, leaves, Snakebites, TB, ulcers, stomachache,
Herb [84,99,148]
(Burm.f.) R.Br. whole plant colds/flu, wounds
Brassicaceae
Brassica oleracea L. (exotic) Herb Heartburns [41]
Cardamine obliqua Hochst. ex
Herb Scurvy Scurvy [147]
A.Rich.
Lepidium bonariense L. (exotic) Herb Stems, leaves Cleaning stomach after childbirth [77]
Bone/joint pains, fever, respiratory dis‐
Lepidium sativum L. (exotic) Herb Seeds [137]
eases, stomachache
Nasturtium officinale W.T.Ai‐ Peptic ulcers, anemia, allergies, blood
Herb Leaves [88,168]
ton (exotic) cleanser, respiratory diseases, cough
Spinacia oleracea L. (exotic) Herb Pneumonia [41]
Burseraceae
Chest, headache, ribs, diarrhea, stomach
Boswellia neglecta S.Moore Shrub/tree Bark, resin disorders, swollen legs and stomach [72,77,100,139]
pain in pregnant women
Abdominal pains, renal diseases,
wounds, skin moisturizer, jiggers, eye
problem, convulsions, venereal dis‐
eases, boils, skin rashes, edema, ulcers, [71,72,77,79,84,87,
Fruits, bark,
Commiphora africana (A.Rich.) swollen testicles, snakebite, typhoid, di‐ 89,92,96,98,104,10
Shrub/tree roots, exu‐
Engl. arrhea, stomach problems, malaria, 5,107,108,127,138,
dates
pneumonia, brucellosis, back/pain/joint 141,143,148,150]
pain, dysmenorrhea, burns, gum dis‐
eases, cough, gynecological problems
Stomach disorders, body swellings, ty‐
[51,77,100,139,145
Commiphora baluensis Engl. Tree Bark, roots phoid, malaria, diarrhea (human, poul‐
]
try), swollen diaphragm
Convulsions, diarrhea, sore throat,
Commiphora edulis (Klotzsch)
Shrub Bark, leaves pregnancy stomach pains, retained pla‐ [51,100,127,139]
Engl.
centa, tapeworms, cough, chest pains
After‐birth pains, constipation, hard
stool, rheumatism, STIs, stomach disor‐
ders, malaria, stomachache, skin rushes,
colds, pneumonia, anthrax, constipa‐
Roots, leaves,
tion, acidity, muscle pains, stomach [14,41,133,146,147
Commiphora eminii Engl. Tree branches,
crumps, measles, cough (cow, goat, ]
bark
sheep, poultry, pig, ruminants, human),
anaplasmosis (cow, ruminants), helmin‐
thiasis (cow, poultry, goat, sheep, pig),
diarrhea/dysentery (cow, poultry, goat,
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 38 of 151
sheep, pig), pleuritis, bloat,
cuts/wounds
Commiphora kataf (Forssk.)
Tree Fruits Toothache [64,77]
Engl.
Roots, bark, Body swelling, prenatal care, wounds,
Commiphora kua (R.Br. ex
Shrub/tree leaves, exu‐ ringworms, toothache, acaricide (goats, [51,94,100,127]
Royle) Vollesen
date cattle)
Commiphora oddurensis Chiov. Shrub Bark Abdominal pains [139]
Commiphora ovalifolia J.B.Gil‐
Shrub/tree Bark, exudate Cellulitis, scabies [80,94]
lett
Commiphora rostrata Engl. Shrub/tree Leaves, twigs Mild chest pains, cough [80]
Root, bark,
Commiphora schimperi Malaria, constipation, wounds
Shrub/tree leaves, exu‐ [97,100,111]
(O.Berg) Engl.
date
Commiphora swynnertonii
Shrub/tree Stems, leaves Gonorrhea [105,107]
Burtt
Buxaceae
Buxus obtusifolia (Mildbr.)
Shrub/tree Root Chest complaints [142]
Hutch.
Cactaceae
Opuntia ficus‐indica (L.) Mill.
Shrub Fruits Boils [147]
(exotic)
Rhipsalis baccifera (J.S.Muell.) Roots,
shrub Gonorrhea [99]
Stearn branches
Campanulaceae
Lobelia fervens Thunb. Herb Whole plant Body swellings [134]
Stems, roots, Urinary tract infections, joint aches, ma‐
Lobelia giberroa Hemsl. Shrub [77,145,147]
leaves laria, ECF
Lobelia holstii Engl. Herb Roots Cough, stomachache [99]
Canellaceae
Toothache, rheumatism, ease pains,
joint pains, cough, malaria, chest pain,
Warburgia stuhlmannii Engl. Tree Bark, leaves [134,142,150]
heart pain, antioxidant, veterinary med‐
icine
Eye problems, stomachache, internal
wounds, bloat, malaria, cough, appe‐
tizer, chest and lungs problems, diar‐
rhea, respiratory problems, back pain in [14,41,64,67,68,71–
women, cleansing uterus, colds/flu, 74,77–
healing after delivery, chicken pox, 79,82,84,86,88–
stinking feet, gonorrhea, pneumonia, 92,95,98,99,101,10
Bark, stems,
Warburgia ugandensis Spra‐ skin problems, livestock diseases, an‐ 4,105,107,109,110,
Tree leaves, roots,
gue thelmintic, headache, allergies, tooth‐ 116,119,120,123,12
seeds, fruits
ache, amoebiasis, asthma, 9,132,135,136,138,
back/bone/joints problems, diabetes, en‐ 140–
ergy boost, general body pains, high 144,146,147,152,15
blood pressure, meat appetizer, prostate 3,168]
cancer, rheumatism, STIs, swellings, TB,
typhoid, ulcers, abdominal disorders,
arthritis, constipation, general body
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 39 of 151
weakness, fever, muscular pains, inter‐
nal wounds, bacterial infections, heart
water, ectoparasites, black quarter,
emetic, trypanosomiasis, ECF, helmin‐
thiasis (cow, poultry, goat, sheep, pig),
pneumonia (cow, goat, sheep, poultry),
general weakness/dullness (cow, goat,
sheep, poultry, pig), sore throat, skin
diseases, oral thrush, gastrointestinal
problems, blood/mucus in stool, after‐
birth stomach pains, prophylaxis for
children diseases, cough (cattle), ano‐
dyne, expectorant, erectile, dysfunc‐
tion/impotence, abdominal disorders,
heart problems, gout, purgative, tonsils,
uvala problems
Cannabaceae
Wounds, diarrhea/dysentery (cow,
Leaves, flow‐ poultry, goat, sheep, pig), pneumonia
Cannabis sativa L. (exotic) Herb [73,144,146]
ers, seeds (poultry), Newcastle disease (poultry),
stimulant
Bone problems, livestock diseases, an‐
Celtis africana Burm.f. Tree Roots, stems [14,152]
tipruritic, stomachache
Roots, leaves, Backache, general body illness, infertil‐
Celtis gomphophylla Baker Tree [66,116]
roots ity, anthelmintic, STIs
Celtis philippensis Blanco Shrub/tree Roots Diarrhea [142]
Leaves, roots,
Chaetachme aristata Planch. Shrub/tree Malaria, strength, skin, boils, infertility [77,116,120]
bark
Afterbirth pains, bacterial infections,
chest problems, cough, colds/flu, stom‐
Trema orientale (L.) Blume Shrub/tree Roots, bark [41,144,148,168]
ach disorders, anthelmintic, yellow fe‐
ver, insect repellant, constipation
Capparaceae
Dental problems, detoxifier, eye prob‐
lems, meat appetite, pneumonia, pros‐
tate cancer, tonsillitis, stomachache,
fleas/mites, gonorrhea, malaria, burns, [14,41,51,64,67,72,
Leaves, roots,
Boscia coriacea Graells Shrub/tree hepatitis, livestock diseases, obesity, 77,80,91,100,132,1
fruits, seeds
food poisoning, abdominal pains, par‐ 39]
tial blindness/eye injuries in cattle, an‐
thelmintic and diarrhea (human, goats,
cattle)
Diarrhea, gonorrhea, cattle fever, gyne‐
cological disorders, malaria, retained af‐
Stems, leaves, [71,72,77,81,89,97,
Boscia integrifolia J.St.‐Hil. Tree terbirth, prevent first trimester abortion,
bark 103,104]
vomiting, hepatitis, diarrhea, joint
pains, swelling/bruises due to thorns
Boscia salicifolia Oliv. Tree Bark, leaves Backache, chronic joint pains [130,142]
Fruits, roots, Emetic, pregnancy anemia, STIs, colds, [72,100,134,135,14
Cadaba farinosa Forssk. Shrub/tree
stems, leaves fever, snakebites 2]
Cadaba glandulosa Forssk. Shrub Root Purgative [142]
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 40 of 151
Eye lotion, heartburn, peptic ulcers, skin
Root, bark, sores/ulcers, abdominal pains,
Capparis cartilaginea Decne. Shrub [67,91,139,141]
leaves swollen legs and body pains during
pregnancy, retained placenta
Venereal diseases, diarrhea, stomach‐
Roots, leaves, ache, colds, poisonous, wounds, burns, [67,72,76,79,108,12
Capparis fascicularis DC. Liana
fruits anthelmintic, false teeth, gastrointestinal 7,142,143]
problems, stomach pains
Poisonous, colds, emetic, purgative,
Capparis sepiaria L. Liana Roots, leaves chest pains, wounds, malaria, menstrual [74,142,150]
cramps
Respiratory problems, determine un‐
born babyʹs sex, poisonous to camels,
emetic/purgative, cough, colds/flu,
Roots, leaves, [41,77,88,105,136,1
Capparis tomentosa Lam. Liana back/bone joint problems, prostate can‐
fruits 42,145,150]
cer, wounds, burns, muscle ailment,
painkiller, female infertility, menstrual
problems
Venereal diseases, infertility, septic
Capparis viminea Oliv. Liana Roots [127,142,168]
swelling, poisonous
Crateva adansonii DC. Shrub/tree Amoebiasis [132]
Crateva kirkii (Oliv.) Chris‐
Shrub/tree Leaves Wounds [142]
tenh. & Byng
Maerua angolensis DC. Shrub/tree Leaves, fruits Toothache, colds, poison, wounds [134,136]
Leaves, roots,
Maerua crassifolia Forssk. Shrub/tree Wound, stomachache [132,142]
bark
Maerua denhardtiorum Gilg Shrub/tree Leaves Eye infection [77]
Sore joints, stimulant, amoeba, diabetes,
Maerua edulis (Gilg & Gilg‐ stomach problems, eye problems, swol‐ [67,86,100,139,142,
Shrub Roots, bark
Ben.) DeWolf len legs and body pains during preg‐ 143]
nancy
Swollen/bruised skin, purgative,
Maerua endlichii Gilg & Gilg‐ Stems, roots,
Shrub wounds, snakebites/spits, swollen dia‐ [14,51,77,80]
Ben. leaves
phragm
Constipation and stomach disorders,
Maerua kirkii (Oliv.) F.White Shrub/tree Leaves, roots [80,100]
wounds, sore throat
Colic pain, anorexia, blood cleanser,
Maerua subcordata (Gilg) De‐ pneumonia, mites, bone/joint pains,
Tree Roots, leaves [14,80,88,137]
Wolf gland complications, stomachache,
toothache, women’s health, malaria
Wounds, aphrodisiac, headache, tonic,
STIs, gonorrhea, backache, toothache,
chest congestion, skin disorders, burns,
boils, eye lotion, diarrhea, aphrodisiac, [72,76,77,88,90,99,
Leaves, roots,
Maerua triphylla A. Rich. Shrub/tree bone pain, pain in pregnancy, vaginal 113,136,138,140,14
shoots,
bleeding during pregnancy, eye prob‐ 3,152,168]
lems, rheumatism, venereal diseases,
cuts, sores, rheumatoid, arthritis, mouth
blisters
Caricaceae
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 41 of 151
STIs, malaria, gonorrhea, pneumonia,
afterbirth pains, allergies, asthma,
back/joint/bone problems, body weak‐
ness, chest problems, constipation,
cough, colds/flu, dental problems, diar‐
rhea, heartburn, injuries/cuts, wounds,
chicken diseases, retained placenta, [14,41,74,84,96,98,
Roots, leaves,
prostrate problems, rheumatism, skin 106–
Carica papaya L. (exotic) Tree stems, bark,
diseases, anthelmintic, stomach disor‐ 108,113,116,117,11
exudate
ders, typhoid, toothache, ulcers, syphi‐ 9,139,143,146,150]
lis, lung ailment, amoeba, respiratory,
pneumonia, miscarriage,
cervical/colorectal/breast, skin prob‐
lems, ringworms, bronchitis, venereal
diseases, gastrointestinal problems, diu‐
retic, cattle cough, induce labor
Caryophyllaceae
Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd.
Herb Aerial parts Fever [144]
ex Schult.
Pollichia campestris Aiton Herb Roots Malaria, emetic [67]
Heartburn, cough, sore throat, skin dis‐
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Herb Leaves [168]
eases
Celastraceae
Skin diseases, TB, cough, colds/flu, den‐
Bark, roots, tal problems, diarrhea, livestock flu, [14,41,67,72,74,77,
Catha edulis (Vahl) Endl. Shrub/tree leaves, aerial rheumatism, fatigue, toothache, gonor‐ 104,106,120,146,14
parts rhea, stimulant, gum, acidity, pneumo‐ 7,168]
nia, malaria, STI’s
Cuts, wounds, syphilis, respiratory dis‐
orders, diarrhea, urinary tract problems,
Elaeodendron buchananii Bark, roots, [89,104,105,123,13
Tree malaria, stomach problems, sores, ear‐
(Loes.) Loes. leaves 8,142,168]
ache, poisonous to livestock and hu‐
man, kidney problems
Fruit, leaf,
Gymnosporia arbutifolia Malaria, wound, acaricide, cough, tu‐
Shrub/tree stems, bark, [103,119,133,140]
(Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Loes. berculosis, general body itching
root
Gymnosporia buchananii Loes. Shrub/tree Bark, roots Stomachache, cancer [99,145]
Headache, diabetes, gonorrhea, malaria,
wounds, infertility in women, eye in‐
Bark, leaves, [71,77,99,103,104,1
Gymnosporia heterophylla flammation, prenatal care, venereal dis‐
Shrub/tree roots, fruits, 16,120,127,133,135
(Eckl. & Zeyh.) Loes. eases, liver problems, breathing prob‐
stems ,136,143,144,152]
lems, STIs, gut problems, syphilis, boils,
acaricide, chest pain
Gymnosporia mossambicensis
Shrub/tree Roots Prenatal care [127]
(Klotzsch) Loes.
Gymnosporia obscura (A.Rich.) Arthritis, cancer of breast and prostate
Shrub/tree Roots [84,154]
Loes. glands
Joint pains, diarrhea, toothache, ear in‐
Gymnosporia putterlickioides [77,80,96,104,129,1
Shrub/tree Roots, bark fections, malaria, tonic, stomachache,
Loes. 38,139]
abdominal pains
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 42 of 151
Malaria, gynecological conditions, lum‐
bago, blood cleanser, amoebiasis,
back/joint/bone problems, constipation,
cough, colds/flu, fever, indigestion, ma‐
laria, stomach disorders, mild stimu‐
[14,41,64,68,72,76,
Bark, roots, lant, TB, stomachache, toothache, boils,
79,80,84,88,105,10
Gymnosporia senegalensis aerial parts, arthritis, body aches, stomachache, aca‐
Shrub/tree 7,124,128,129,133,
(Lam.) Loes. leaves, stems, ricide, poison, pregnancy pain, good
140,142,144,146,14
fruits health of fetus, anthrax, wounds, sores,
7,168]
respiratory system, chest complaints, di‐
arrhea, dysentery, gastrointestinal dis‐
eases, menstrual pain, eye infections,
nausea, severe headache, aphrodisiac,
kidney problems
Gastrointestinal pains, diarrhea, colo‐
Loeseneriella africana (Willd.)
Liana Roots, leaves rectal/skin/breast cancer, aphrodisiac, [117,127,168]
R.Wilczek
male impotency
Maytenus acuminata (L.f.)
Shrub/tree Tonic, stronger bones [142,168]
Loes.
Diarrhea, antiseptic, wounds, teething,
Maytenus undata (Thunb.) Roots, bark, diarrhea, false teeth, tonic, malaria, [14,67,77,100,103,1
Shrub/tree
Blakelock stems, leaves stomach disorders, laxative, general 09,127,142,152]
body wellness
Mystroxylon aethiopicum Bark, leaves, Pneumonia, colic pain in children, stom‐
Shrub/tree [67,77,89,107,135]
(Thunb.) Loes. roots, seeds ach disorder, antiseptic, colic pain
Chrysobalanaceae
Parinari curatellifolia Planch. Bleedings, diarrhea, injuries, cuts,
Tree Bark [41,104]
ex Benth. wounds, malaria
Cleomaceae
Stomachache, colic pain in infants, ear
infection, blood cleanser, diarrhea, lep‐
Roots, leaves, [66,76,78,79,88,91,
rosy, acaricide, typhoid, stomach prob‐
Cleome gynandra L. Herb stems, whole 108,120,132,133,14
lems, conjunctivitis, thread worms,
plant 4,147]
stomach congestion, facilitate birth, epi‐
leptic fits, malaria, retained afterbirth
Cleome strigosa (Bojer) Oliv. Herb Leaves Earache [134]
Cleome usambarica Pax Herb Roots Eye problems, tonic [136]
Clusiaceae
Stomach problems, diabetes mellitus,
Twig, bark, chest pain, asthma, diarrhea, abdominal
Garcinia buchananii Baker Tree [82,85,131,133]
root, fruit discomfort, respiratory symptoms in
livestock, acaricide
Childbirth pains, stomach disorder,
Garcinia livingstonei T.Ander‐
Tree Bark, roots tonic, typhoid, stomachache, teeth prob‐ [67,77,132,140]
son
lems, liver pain and enlargement
Colchicaceae
Whole plant, Abortifacient, poison, abdominal pains, [89,134,141,143,14
Gloriosa superba L. Herb
roots, exudate wounds 4,168]
Combretaceae
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 43 of 151
Stomachache, constipation, wounds,
sores, malaria, gonorrhea, back pains,
Combretum aculeatum Vent. Shrub Roots, leaves [14,72,77,80,139]
hepatitis, dysentery, hiccup, retained
placenta, abdominal pains
Stomach pains, eye infections, hyperten‐
Roots, bark, sion, female infertility, gonorrhea, skin [14,80,86,91,99,119
Combretum apiculatum Sond. Shrub/tree
leaves diseases, bloody urine, scorpion bite, di‐ ]
arrhea, snakebites, cancer, ear problems
Infertility in women, snakebites, amoe‐
biasis, back/bone joints problems,
Root, bark,
cough, colds/flu, diarrhea, malaria, [41,79,87,126,133,1
Combretum collinum Fresen. Shrub/tree leaves, exu‐
pneumonia, stomach disorders, TB, ty‐ 43]
date
phoid, acaricide, gastrointestinal prob‐
lems, dysentery
Swollen legs and body pains during
Combretum exalatum Engl. Shrub/tree Roots [139]
pregnancy
Combretum hereroense Schinz Shrub/tree Leaves, roots Chest pains, tuberculosis, cough [51,127]
Leaves, bark, Venereal diseases, cough, colds, ma‐
Combretum illairii Engl. Shrub/liana [75,127,150]
roots laria, female infertility
STI’s, backache, respiratory problems,
kidney problems, back/joint problems,
cough, colds/flu, diarrhea, general body
pains, malaria, medicine antidote, ty‐
phoid, warts, liver disease, sore throat, [76,77,79,80,84,90,
Leaves, bark,
Combretum molle R.Br. ex rib pain, stomachache, boils, gonorrhea, 105,107,116,118,11
Shrub/tree roots, stems,
G.Don snakebites, acaricide, gastrointestinal 9,133,135,138,140,
branches
problems, colic pain, typhoid, abortion, 145,168]
leprosy, fever, pain, hookworm, bone
fractures, abdominal pain, constipation,
anthelmintic, dysentery, headache, HIV
infections
Combretum mossambicense
Shrub Exudate Earache [80]
(Klotzsch) Engl.
Combretum padoides Engl. & Bloody diarrhea, wounds, conjunctivi‐
Shrub/tree Roots, leaves [75,111]
Diels tis, malaria
Poisonous, STIs, joint ailments, stom‐
Combretum paniculatum Vent. Shrub/liana Roots, seeds [142,144]
achache, birth pains, fever
Combretum pentagonum
Liana Leaves Headache [142]
M.A.Lawson
Combretum schumannii Engl. Shrub/liana Bark Reproductive disorder, body swellings [150]
Combretum zeyheri Sond. Tree Stomach disorders [41]
Skin disorders emetic, fevers, colds,
cholera, flu, cough, eye problems, ma‐
laria, jaundice, amoebiasis, back/bone [14,41,51,64,68,74,
problems, diabetes, family planning, in‐ 80,81,84–
Roots, bark, flammations, injuries, cuts/wounds, 86,91,96,98,100,10
Terminalia brownii Fresen. Shrub/tree
leaves livestock diseases, pneumonia, rheuma‐ 4–
tism, stomach disorders, STIs, yellow fe‐ 106,129,130,132,13
ver, ulcers, clotting agent (human, cat‐ 7,139–146,148,151]
tle), joint stiffness/pains, excessive
bleeding after birth, sterilize dogs,
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 44 of 151
induce abortion, syphilis, gonorrhea,
heartburn, jaundice, arthritis, trypano‐
somiasis, prevent second trimester abor‐
tion, pregnancy edema, pregnancy ane‐
mia, allergy, kidney, family planning,
abdominal/colic pains, cancer, blind‐
ness, typhoid, stomachache, teeth prob‐
lems, waterborne diseases, asthma, uri‐
nary tract infection, dysmenorrhea, de‐
bility, abdominal pains, allergy, abor‐
tion, ringworm, anthelmintic in (hu‐
man, animals), toothache, poison for
hunting, infertility, edema, chest pains,
reddening of childʹs anal pore, retained
placenta, appetizer, swollen legs and
body pains during pregnancy, diarrhea
Terminalia kilimandscharica
Tree Bark Cough, STI’s [153]
Engl.
Terminalia mollis M.A.Law‐ Stems, roots, Gut problems, diarrhea, stomachache,
Shrub/tree [116,133]
son bark acaricide
Terminalia orbicularis Engl. &
Shrub/tree Bark Bone/joint pain [137]
Diels
Postnatal pains, mild madness, ring‐
Terminalia prunioides
Shrub/tree Bark, leaves worms, peptic ulcers, kidney pains, [51,80,142]
M.A.Lawson
aphrodisiac
Stomach ailments, jaundice, malaria,
Terminalia spinosa Engl. Shrub/tree Bark, roots [91,100,127,142]
sore throat
Terminalia tetraptera (Wick‐ Venereal diseases, wounds, men aphro‐
Tree Bark [150]
ens) Gere & Boatwr. disiac
Commelinaceae
Whole plant,
Aneilema aequinoctiale Malnutrition, colds, ocular disorders,
Herb leaves, flow‐ [77,89,134]
(P.Beauv.) G.Don children fever
ers
Aneilema leiocaule K.Schum. Herb Cough in children [136]
Whole plant, Fever, swollen organs, stomach ailments
Aneilema spekei C.B.Clarke Herb [92,144]
leaves and emaciation in animals
Stillbirth, fever, wounds, eyes, earache,
Leaves, exu‐
colds, cough, sores, diseases of the ear, [14,99,105,115,136,
Commelina africana L. Herb date, whole
hemostatic when umbilical cord cut, im‐ 140,141,144,145]
plant
mune booster
Commelina albescens Hassk. Herb Children’s fever [77]
Eye problems, children’s diseases, dislo‐
Leaves, exu‐ [41,67,74,95,115,12
Commelina benghalensis L. Herb cations, injuries, cuts/wounds, colds,
date 7,136,168]
earache, eye infections, cough
Commelina erecta L. Herb Spathe Sores [140]
Commelina foliacea Chiov. Herb Children’s fever, cough in children [77,136]
Commelina imberbis Ehrenb.
Herb Whole, flower Childrenʹs cough, fever [72,99]
ex Hassk.
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 45 of 151
Commelina ramulosa
(C.B.Clarke) H.Perrier (ex‐ Herb Malaria [124]
otic)
Cyanotis foecunda DC. ex
Herb Cough in children [136]
Hassk.
Ulcers in animals, knee problems, thin‐
Cyanotis lanata Benth. Herb Shoots, leaves [144]
ning in humans, fever, heart ailments
Compositae
Acanthospermum glabratum
Herb Leaves Broken limbs, boils [66,144]
(DC.) Wild (exotic)
Malaria, oral thrush, ulcers, nasal con‐
gestion, diarrhea, spinal cord problem,
Leaves, flow‐ halitosis, toothache, afterbirth, oral cav‐ [77,83,86,88,89,91,
ers, aerial ity infections, diabetes, fever, cough, 101,102,109,115,11
Acmella caulirhiza Delile Herb parts, whole mouth ulcers, ringworms, wounds, ear 9,120,122,123,132,
plant, fruits, discharge, craniotomy (surgery), gingi‐ 138,141,143,144,15
bark vitis, bad smell, gum diseases, stomach‐ 2,168]
ache, sore throat, insect repellant, bro‐
ken limps
Eye problems, mouth sores, tetanus,
wounds, chest pains, rheumatism, ma‐
[76,84,95,104,118,1
Ageratum conyzoides L. (ex‐ laria, stomachache, injury/cuts, bloody
Herb Leaves, roots 19,143,144,146,147
otic) diarrhea, bronchitis, poisonous to live‐
,168]
stock, hemostatic, stop epistaxis, sore
eyes, bowel problems
Artemisia abyssinica Sch.Bip. Heavy menstruation (menorrhagia),
Shrub Leaves [86,87]
ex A.Rich. (exotic) livestock diseases, common colds
ECF, malaria, anthelmintic, colds, influ‐
Whole plant, enza, fever, ear drop, abdominal pain, [99,104,105,120,13
Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd. Shrub
roots, leaves expectorant, cough, headache, loss of 2,141,147,168]
appetite
Artemisia annua L. (exotic) Herb Leaves Asthma, malaria, cough [14,41,98,104]
Stomachache, cough, pneumonia, yel‐
low fever, wounds, diarrhea, poison an‐
tidote, malaria, postpartum hemor‐
[14,74,80,81,104,14
Aspilia mossambicensis (Oliv.) Roots, leaves, rhage, prevent first/second trimester
Herb/shrub 0,143,145,147,151,
Wild whole plant abortion, vomiting, pregnancy edema,
168]
sore eyes/gums, ulcers (animals), bums,
eye diseases, anthrax, cuts, contracep‐
tive, retained placenta
Wounds, drippy nose in poultry, post‐
partum pain, headache, cuts, snakebites,
diabetes mellitus, malaria, skin diseases,
[51,79,85,96,104,10
Aspilia pluriseta Schweinf. ex liver damage, anthelmintic, coagulant,
Herb/shrub Leaves, roots 6,113,115,119,125,
Engl. anthrax, pimples, postpartum pains,
143,144,149,168]
gastrointestinal problems, joint diseases,
eye diseases, contraceptive, stomach‐
ache, fever, edema
Roots, leaves,
Baccharoides adoensis (Sch.Bip. Eye infections, malaria, TB, gastrointes‐ [79,99,119,133,142,
Shrub whole plant,
ex Walp.) H.Rob. tinal disorders, heart/kidney diseases, 144]
bark
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 46 of 151
stomachache, acaricide, livestock dis‐
eases, anthelmintic, gonorrhea
Baccharoides hymenolepis
Stomachache, abdominal pains, purga‐
(A.Rich.) Isawumi, El‐ Shrub Roots, leaves [99,119,141,143]
tive, infantile jaundice
Ghazaly & B.Nord.
Malaria, stomachache, shoulder pains,
backache, pneumonia, scurvy, chest
pains, burns, colds, spinal cord prob‐
lem, typhoid, allergies, amoeba, asthma,
cancer, dental problems, diabetes, heart‐
burn, hypertension, inflammation, ton‐
sils in cows, loose bladder, reduces ad‐
diction, reduces menstrual flow, rheu‐ [41,67,74,81,83,84,
Leaves, roots, matism, skin diseases, STIs, stomach 99,103,104,106,109
Baccharoides lasiopus
Shrub whole plant, disorders, lungs, dog poison, acidity, ,115,117,118,129,1
(O.Hoffm.) H.Rob.
bark, stems nausea, sexual weakness, rashes, cough, 31,133,138,142–
diabetes, crop pests, prevent first/sec‐ 147,152,168]
ond trimester abortion, vomiting, colo‐
rectal cancer, postpartum pains, skin
rashes, diarrhea, sore throat, acaricide,
scabies, venereal diseases, maggot in
sores, human/sheep anthelmintic, sup‐
purating ear, skin diseases, appetizer,
aphrodisiac, menstrual pains, fever
Roots, leaves, Arthritis, indigestion, amoeba, sores on [99,132,140,141,15
Berkheya spekeana Oliv. Herb
whole plant lips/tongue, abdominal pains 4]
Bidens hildebrandtii O.Hoffm. Herb/shrub Roots Stomach disorders, malaria [77]
Eye problems, snakebites, aphrodisiac,
infertility, skin infections, hemorrhage,
stomachache, amoeba, back/joint/bone
problems, cough, colds/flu, dizziness,
ear‐nose‐throat problems, eye problems,
heartburns, injuries/cuts/wounds, ma‐
Leaves, roots, [14,41,74,81,84,86,
laria, pneumonia, rheumatism, STIs,
shoots, whole 88,95,104,106,108,
stomach disorders, ear complications,
Bidens pilosa L. Herb plant, flow‐ 109,113,115,117,12
toothache, eye inflammation, malaria,
ers, aerial 2,126,132,133,138,
ringworms, gonorrhea, sore eyes, post‐
parts, stems 143–147,168]
partum hemorrhage, milk letdown,
first/second trimester abortion,
skin/throat cancer, anthelmintic, coagu‐
lant, diarrhea, stomach upsets, acari‐
cide, rashes, diabetes, urinary disorders,
liver/kidney problems, diabetes
Blumea axillaris (Lam.) DC. Herb Roots Gonorrhea [99]
Bothriocline longipes (Oliv. & Sores, sore throat, fever, malaria,
Shrub Roots, leaves [67,136]
Hiern) N.E.Br. strength and hygiene on babies
Brachylaena huillensis
Shrub/tree Leaves, roots Gastrointestinal complaints [150]
O.Hoffm.
Carduus keniensis R.E.Fr. Herb Roots Spinal cord problems [109]
Carduus schimperi Sch.Bip. Herb Whole plant Arthritis [154]
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 47 of 151
Chrysanthemum indicum L.
Herb Whole plant Cough [78]
(exotic)
Leaves, twigs,
Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. Herb Arthritis, heartburn [91,154]
whole plant
Conyza newii Oliv. & Hiern Shrub Leaves, roots Backache, pimples, expectorant [77,109,141]
Cotula anthemoides L. Herb Leaves HIV/AIDs, cough [143]
Crassocephalum montuosum
Herb Roots, shoots Infertility in women [144]
(S.Moore) Milne‐Redh.
Crassocephalum picridifolium
Herb Roots Stomachache [144]
(DC.) S.Moore
Stomach complications, malaria, mouth
Crassocephalum vitellinum Flowers,
Herb infection in babies, remove particles [109,168]
(Benth.) S.Moore leaves
from eyes, wounds/burns
Crepis carbonaria Sch.Bip. Herb Flowers Assist in parturition [67]
Dichrocephala chrysanthemifo‐
Herb Poisonous to cattle [168]
lia (Blume) DC.
Oral cavity infections, memory loss,
Dichrocephala integrifolia (L.f.) Fruits, leaves, [119,123,144,147,1
Herb measles, skin growths, stomach ail‐
Kuntze seeds 54]
ments, diarrhea, head rashes
Echinops amplexicaulis Oliv. Herb Roots Arthritis, chronic cough [140,154]
Echinops angustilobus S.Moore Herb Roots STIs [120]
Echinops hispidus Fresen. Herb Roots Chest congestion [86]
Emilia coccinea (Sims) G.Don Herb Stomach problems [115]
Stomach ailments, constipation, nausea,
amoeba, body aches, fatigue, malaria,
clean womb, skin rashes, allergy, ring‐
Emilia discifolia (Oliv.) C.Jef‐ Roots, leaves, worm, peptic ulcers, pregnancy stom‐ [14,78,84,140,143,1
Herb
frey whole plant achache, aching bones, infantile diseases 44,147]
that causes disability, appetizer, anthel‐
mintic, eye infection, chronic asthma,
eye infection
Toothache, snakebites, stomachache,
back pain in women, postpartum pain,
ringworms, wounds, headache, malaria,
meningitis, arthritis, heartburn, oral
thrush, gonorrhea, diarrhea, measles,
[74,86,99,113,115,1
stomach ailments, rashes, boils, itching,
Roots, leaves, 17–
Erigeron bonariensis L. (exotic) Herb liver diseases, dysentery, anaplasmosis
stems 120,122,125,126,14
(cattle), heartburn, STIs, colds,
6,147,152,154,168]
throat/breast/squamous cell carcinoma
of the gums, appetizer, tonsils, skin
pimples, throat infections, backache,
pimples, sore throat, postpartum pains,
fever
Erigeron canadensis L. (exotic) Herb Toothache [41]
Erigeron karvinskianus DC. Heartburn, oral thrush, sore throat,
Herb Leaves [86,144]
(exotic) cough
Erythrocephalum marginatum
Roots, leaves, Restore penile erection and sexual
(O.Hoffm.) S.Ortiz & Herb [96,106,127,129]
whole plant vigor, liver pains, malaria
A.P.Cout.
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 48 of 151
Eschenbachia subscaposa
Herb Roots, leaves Obesity, breast cancer, tonsils [78]
(O.Hoffm.) G.L.Nesom
Ethulia scheffleri S.Moore Herb/shrub Leaves Malaria [67]
Ethulia vernonioides
Herb Roots Retained placenta [67]
(Schweinf.) M.G.Gilbert
Euryops jacksonii S.Moore Herb Flowers Assist childbirth [67]
Wounds, tetanus, cough, colds, diabe‐
Galinsoga parviflora Cav. (ex‐ [14,83,117,141,147
Herb Leaves, roots tes, colorectal, skin care cancer, skin
otic) ]
sores/ulcers
Skin problems, oral cavity infections,
Gutenbergia cordifolia Benth. stomachache, malaria, livestock diseases [68,79,82,97,107,12
Herb Leaves, roots
ex Oliv. and hard dung, ticks, giardiasis, emetic, 3,138,143,144,168]
measles, eye ailments
Abdominal pains, arthritis, meningitis,
malaria, typhoid, epilepsy, diarrhea,
stomachache, stiches, acaricide, gastro‐
Gymnanthemum amygdalinum Whole plant, [64,76,79,87,101,11
Shrub/tree intestinal problems, typhoid, amoebia‐
(Delile) Sch.Bip. roots, leaves 6,132,133,144]
sis, teeth‐problems, constipation, flatu‐
lence, menstrual problems, cuts, trema‐
tode/termite control
Stomachache, earache, chest pains, an‐
thelmintic, menstrual pains, livestock
diseases, heartburn, peptic ulcers, labor,
malaria, pain in male private parts, after
[41,88,103,104,119,
Gymnanthemum auriculiferum Bark, roots, birth pains, amoebiasis, bilharzia, gas‐
Shrub 120,132,144,147,15
(Hiern) Isawumi leaves tritis, measles, typhoid, cough, colds,
2,168]
mouth wounds, snakebites, eye prob‐
lem, headache, influenza, kidney stones,
wounds, venereal diseases, diarrhea in
cattle
Gymnanthemum myrianthum Heartburn, oral thrush, impotence, an‐
Shrub Root, bark [86,141]
(Hook.f.) H.Rob. thrax, abdominal pains
Gynura scandens O.Hoffm. Herb Leaves Fever [144]
Gynura valeriana Oliv. Herb Whole plant Fever, mouth rashes, wounds [144]
Helichrysum formosissimum
Shrubs Leaves Sores on cattle [67]
Sch.Bip.
Helichrysum forskahlii
Whole plant, Nausea, vomiting, toothache, headache,
(J.F.Gmel.) Hilliard & Herb/shrub [71,99]
roots stomachache
B.L.Burtt
Helichrysum globosum
Herb Roots Expel placenta, chronic cough [99,140]
Sch.Bip.
Helichrysum glumaceum DC. Herb Roots Pregnancy edema [81]
Helichrysum luteoalbum (L.)
Herb Stems, leaves Tonic [67]
Rchb. (exotic)
Helichrysum nudifolium (L.)
Herb Leaves Tonic, keep illness away [67]
Less.
Helichrysum odoratissimum Anthelminthic, cough, headache,
Herb [115,168]
(L.) Sweet wounds, repel fleas and lice
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 49 of 151
Stomachache, wounds, colds, malaria,
Helichrysum schimperi Leaves, roots, [99,109,131,152,16
Shrub stomach disorders, fever, nausea,
(Sch.Bip. ex A.Rich.) Moeser stems 8]
cough, inflammation
Hirpicium diffusum
Herb Whole plant Eye lotion [77]
(O.Hoffm.) Roessler
Pneumonia, wounds, stomachache,
cough, malaria, eye infections, stomach [14,67,71,72,77,81,
Hoffmannanthus abbotianus acidity, constipation, poisoning, 84,91,103,104,107,
Roots, stems,
(O.Hoffm.) H.Rob., S.C.Kee‐ Liana first/second trimester abortion, vomit‐ 131,140–
bark, leaves
ley & Skvarla ing, skin rashes, emetic, typhoid, joint 142,144,146,147,15
pain/brucellosis/ back pain, fecal impac‐ 2,168]
tion in babies/children, anaplasmosis
Jeffreycia hildebrandtii (Vatke) Convulsions, stomach trouble, snakebite
Herb/shrub Roots [127,142]
H.Rob., S.C.Keeley & Skvarla antidote
Jeffreycia usambarensis
(O.Hoffm.) H.Rob., S.C.Kee‐ Shrub Flowers Cause eyes sores [142]
ley & Skvarla
Kleinia petraea (R.E.Fr.) C.Jef‐ Whole plant,
Herb Abdominal pains, sore eyes [141,168]
frey leaves
Asthma, amenorrhea, syphilis, jaundice,
Stems, aerial malaria, edema, cholera, thrombosis,
Kleinia squarrosa Cufod. Shrub parts, bark, second trimester abortion, pregnancy [51,81,96,102,106]
leaves edema, measles, smallpox, diarrhea in
poultry
Joint pains, cough, stomachache, rheu‐
Roots, whole
Lactuca inermis Forssk. Herb matism, diabetes, heartburn, gonorrhea, [74,83,99,130,147]
plant, leaves
syphilis
Snakebite, measles, afterbirth pains,
Laggera brevipes Oliv. & Hiern Herb Roots, leaves toothache, suppurating ears, baby skin [14,99,126,168]
care
Laggera crispata (Vahl) Hep‐
Herb Leaves, roots Hiccups, colds, measles [99,144]
per & J.R.I.Wood
Liver problems, gonorrhea, afterbirth
Laggera elatior R.E.Fr. Herb Roots [152,168]
pains, toothache, suppurating ears
Chira, chronic joint pains, malaria, am‐
oebiasis, diabetes, appetizer, aphrodis‐
iac, stomach disorders, typhoid, anthel‐
Leaves, exu‐ [14,41,51,83,84,86,
mintic, chest pain, throat cancer, ulcers,
Launaea cornuta (Hochst. ex date, whole 96,106,108,111,112
Herb dysentery, breast/prostate cancer, stom‐
Oliv. & Hiern) C.Jeffrey plant, leaves, ,129,130,139,144,1
achache, warts, toothache, liver prob‐
shoots 68]
lems, coccidiosis in poultry, measles,
stop sneezing, swollen testicles, small‐
pox, edema
Snakebites, boils, stomach ailments,
post/partum hemorrhage, first/second
Roots, leaves, [79,81,122,126,143,
Linzia glabra Steetz Herb trimester abortion, diarrhea, gastroin‐
whole plant 144,147]
testinal problems, stomach problems,
menstrual problems, oral thrush, fever
Lipotriche scandens (Schu‐
Shrub Leaves Teeth infections [144]
mach. & Thonn.) Orchard
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 50 of 151
Leaves, roots, Pneumonia, wounds, stomachache,
Microglossa densiflora Hook.f. Shrub [99,152]
stems menstrual pains, backache
Malaria, boils, abscesses, arthritis,
emetic, gum aches, eye lotion, skin
rashes, measles, cough, nose bleeding,
colorectal/skin/breast cancer, expel pla‐ [67,77,79,94,98,101
Microglossa pyrifolia (Lam.) Leaves, roots, centa, joints, wounds, toothache, acari‐ ,104,115,117,119,1
Shrub
Kuntze whole plant cide, snakebites, gastrointestinal prob‐ 26,133,142–
lems, promote fetal alignment or labor, 144,147,154,168]
colds, stomachache, anthrax, mental ill‐
ness, skin infections, promote appetite
premature birth
Microglossa pyrrhopappa
Herb/shrub Leaves, roots Malaria, abdominal pains [67,141]
(Sch.Bip. ex A.Rich.) Agnew
Mikania cordata (Burm.f.)
Herb Leaves Measles [144]
B.L.Rob. (exotic)
Orbivestus karaguensis (Oliv.
Herb Anthrax [143]
& Hiern) H.Rob.
Gerbera piloselloides (L.) Cass.
Herb Leaves Tonic [67]
(exotic)
Pluchea dioscoridis (L.) DC. Shrub Leaves Infantile ailments, pregnancy pains [142]
Abdominal pains, STIs, ectoparasites
(ticks, fleas), insecticide, wounds, burns,
malaria, scabies, skin infection, diar‐
rhea, urinary problems, cough, sore [68,71,72,76,77,91,
Leaves, roots,
Psiadia punctulata Vatke Shrub throat, colds, afterbirth pains, inflam‐ 97,99,105,107,113,
bark, flowers
mation, brucellosis, gonorrhea, edema, 115,140–144,168]
aphrodisiac, infertility, vertigo, ab‐
dominal pains, sexual stimulant, female
conditions, headache, afterbirth pains
Malaria, joint pains, diabetes, fever,
meningitis, stomach disorders, stomach‐[14,41,76,79,84,103
Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.) Leaves, whole ache, colds/flu, wounds, gastrointestinal ,104,115,118,129,1
Herb
Kuntze ex Thell. plant problems, plague, gingivitis, HIV/AIDs, 30,132,143,147,153
abdominal pains during menstruation, ]
vomiting
Roots, leaves, Malaria, diarrhea, myalgia, kidney dis‐ [72,88,109,141,152
Senecio hadiensis Forssk. Liana
stems eases, blood cleanser, baby tonic, colds ]
Senecio lyratus Forssk. Herb Roots Fever [77]
Senecio moorei R.E.Fr. Herb/shrub Cough [125]
Wounds, eye inflammation, stomach‐
Senecio syringifolius O.Hoffm. Liana Leaves, roots [111,152]
ache, malaria
Mouth wash/teeth cleaning, livestock
Solanecio angulatus (Vahl) Roots, stems, diseases, aphrodisiac, pneumonia, pros‐ [41,77,107,135,147
Herb
C.Jeffrey leaves, bark tate cancer, STIs, whooping cough, ]
backache, colds, gonorrhea
Solanecio cydoniifolius
Herb Leaves Skin rashes, joint pains [77,119]
(O.Hoffm.) C.Jeffrey
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 51 of 151
Snakebites, STIs, malaria, livestock, spi‐
nal cord problem, colds, chest infec‐
tions, heartburn, dental problems, poi‐
son antidote, rheumatism, arthritis,
[41,73,74,77,78,91,
sprains, boils, scurvy, wounds, stomach
Roots, leaves, 109,113,117,119,12
Solanecio mannii (Hook.f.) ailments, purgative, anaplasmosis
Tree fruits, whole 0,126,131,133,141,
C.Jeffrey (cow), trypanosomiasis (cow, goat),
plant 143,145,147,152,15
skin/breast/colorectal cancer, skin dis‐
4,168]
eases, acaricide, sterility, itchy rash, ab‐
dominal pains, livestock fever, stomach‐
ache, cancer, pneumonia, cough, epi‐
lepsy, typhoid
Solanecio nandensis (S.Moore) Malaria, stomachache, breast/colorectal
Liana Stems, leaves [117,131]
C.Jeffrey cancer
Roots, whole Amoeba, diabetes, erectile dysfunction
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Herb [41,78,83,84]
plant, leaves (impotence), tonsils, cough
Sonchus luxurians (R.E.Fr.) Leaves, whole
Herb Diabetes [83]
C.Jeffrey plant
Gonorrhea, STIs, diabetes, typhoid, liver
Sonchus oleraceus L. Herb Roots, leaves [83,113,115,168]
problems
Sonchus schweinfurthii Oliv. & Gastrointestinal problems, sore throat,
Herb Leaves, roots [79,143,144]
Hiern neck pains
Tonic, first/second trimester abortion,
Sphaeranthus bullatus Mattf. Herb Leaves, roots [67,81]
vomiting, pregnancy edema
Sphaeranthus confertifolius Fruits, leaves,
Shrub Smoothen skin, skin conditions [135]
Robyns roots, stems
Sphaeranthus kirkii Oliv. & Leaves, aerial Swollen legs during pregnancy, malaria,
Herb [51,139]
Hiern parts edema
Medicine for pregnancy, diarrhea,
Sphaeranthus steetzii Oliv. & Leaves, whole
Herb cough, inflammation, difficulty in [77,122,140,144]
Hiern plant
breathing, skin ulcers/rashes, madness
Leaves, flow‐ Postpartum pain, nasal congestion, ma‐
ers, whole laria, retained afterbirth, stomachache, [67,103,104,113,14
Sphaeranthus suaveolens DC. Herb
plant, shoots, rheumatism, cough, sore throat, flu, eye 4,152,168]
fruits ailments
Sphaeranthus ukambensis Food poisoning, stomachache, baby fe‐
Herb Stems, roots [91,139]
Vatke & O.Hoffm. ver
Fever, infertility, polio, muscle ache,
nose bleeding, malaria, meningitis,
amoeba, back/joint/bone problems,
[41,66,73,76–
cough, colds/flu, dental problems, dia‐
Bark, leaves, 78,109,113,115,118
betes, headache, herbicide, injuries/cuts,
whole plant, –
Tagetes minuta L. (exotic) Herb wounds, skin diseases, TB, arthritis,
roots, flowers, 120,122,129,133,14
asthma, toothache, control cock‐
shoots 1,143,144,146,147,
roaches/fleas, mosquito/ant repellant,
152,154,168]
ectoparasites (cow, poultry), skin dis‐
eases, stomachache, toothache, ab‐
dominal pains, ulcers
Flower, General ectoparasites i.e., mites, lice,
Tanacetum cinerariifolium
Herb leaves, stems, flea infestation (cow, poultry), tick infes‐[73,133]
(Trevis.) Sch.Bip. (exotic)
aerial parts tation (cow, poultry, goat, sheep, pig)
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 52 of 151
Taraxacum sect. Taraxacum
Herb Roots, shoots Barrenness, afterbirth pains [144]
F.H.Wigg. (exotic)
General body fatigue, wounds, skin in‐
Leaves, fections, asthma, cough, bronchitis, fe‐
[71,99,107,109,140,
Tarchonanthus camphoratus L. Shrub/tree stems, roots, ver, constipation, gastrointestinal dis‐
152,168]
bark eases, vitamin, nausea, headache, chest
diseases
Indigestion, sprains, livestock diseases,
malaria, snakebites, stomachache, head‐
ache, joint pains, typhoid, amoebiasis,
contagious diseases, cough, colds/flu,
insecticides, chicken diseases, pesticide,
[41,66,73,79,82,84,
Leaves, roots, pneumonia, stomach disorders, anthel‐
87,98,101,104,106,
Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) bark, whole mintic, herbicide, diabetes mellitus, sore
Shrub 108,115,118,119,12
A.Gray (exotic) plant, flow‐ throat, liver problems, livestock weak‐
2,126,129,130,133,
ers, stems ness, ectoparasites (cow), helminthiasis
143,144,146,168]
(cow, poultry, goat, sheep, pig), tonsils,
jiggers, acaricide, anaplasmosis, pim‐
ples, wounds, gastrointestinal prob‐
lems, asthma, skin diseases, venereal
diseases
Dental problems, injuries/cuts, wounds, [14,41,51,67,99,147
Tridax procumbens L. (exotic) Herb Leaves, stems
malaria, stomachache, toothache ]
Vernonia colorata (Willd.) Anthelmintic, cough, pneumonia, stom‐
Shrub Roots [74]
Drake achache
Vernonia galamensis (Cass.)
Herb Leaves Eye lotion, eye problems [77,136]
Less.
Vernonia holstii O.Hoffm. Herb/shrub Roots Abdominal pains, tonsils [99,100]
Connaraceae
Agelaea pentagyna (Lam.)
Shrub/liana Roots Impotence [144]
Baill.
Convolvulaceae
Astripomoea grantii (Rendle)
Herb Leaves Chronic headache [144]
Verdc.
Astripomoea hyoscyamoides
Herb Leaves Typhoid [144]
(Vatke) Verdc.
Astripomoea malvacea Malaria, stomach dysentery, constipa‐
Herb Roots [74]
(Klotzsch) A.Meeuse tion
Cuscuta australis R.Br. Herb Whole plant Typhoid, diarrhea [119]
Cuscuta campestris Yunck. Herb Exudate Scabies, pimples, warts, boils [168]
Bark, whole
Cuscuta kilimanjari Oliv. Herb Pregnancy edema, stomach pains [81,84]
plant
Dichondra repens J.R.Forst. &
Herb Leaves Snakebites, skin wounds, ringworms [118,126]
G.Forst. (exotic)
Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. Herb Leaves, roots Diarrhea, wounds, oral thrush [76,143]
Hewittia malabarica (L.)
Herb Roots Stomach swellings, constipation, pain [144]
Suresh
Hildebrandtia obcordata
Shrub Roots Constipation [142]
S.Moore
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 53 of 151
Stomach problems, upper respiratory
Hildebrandtia sepalosa Rendle Shrub Roots tract infections, gastrointestinal compli‐ [72,116]
cations
Leaves,
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (ex‐ Wounds from poisoned arrows, acari‐
Herb stems, exu‐ [133,147]
otic) cide
date
Breast/cervical/skin cancer, colds, mea‐
Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet Herb Leaves, roots [117,119]
sles
Ipomoea hildebrandtii Vatke Shrub Exudate Fungal infections [143]
Ipomoea jaegeri Pilg. Shrub Roots Emetic, gonorrhea [67,77]
Stomachache, typhoid, constipation, di‐
Leaves, roots, [41,76,80,98,100,10
Ipomoea kituiensis Vatke Shrub gestive disorders, cough, remove thorn
stems 8,142]
from flesh, snake poison
Twigs, roots, Ocular disorders, toothache, paresthe‐
Ipomoea lapidosa Vatke Liana [88,91]
leaves, stems sia, blood cleanser, STIs
Ipomoea longituba Hallier f. Shrub Roots Kwashiorkor [138]
Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker
Herb Leaves Anthrax [147]
Gawl.
Roots, exu‐ Eyes problems, eye lotion, ringworms, [72,76,77,99,136,14
Ipomoea spathulata Hallier f. Shrub
dates, leaves diarrhea, tonic, infertility 1]
Ipomoea tenuirostris Choisy Herb Leaves Rheumatism [99,141]
Ipomoea wightii (Wall.)
Herb Exudate Cuts/wounds [152]
Choisy
Cornaceae
Typhoid, amoeba, stomachache, vomit‐
Cornus volkensii Harms Tree [132]
ing
Crassulaceae
Teeth problem, skin infections, stomach
Cotyledon barbeyi Schweinf. complications, spinal cord problem,
Herb Leaves [67,109,142]
ex Baker painful parts of the body, fatigue pains,
rheumatism
Rheumatism and thinning, black water,
Crassula granvikii Mildbr. Herb Shoots, leaves dermatitis, increase blood, swelling of [144]
stomach/legs/whole body
Crassula schimperi Fisch. &
Herb Wounds [136]
C.A.Mey.
Navel infections in children, swollen ar‐
eas for muscle sprain and myalgia,
Kalanchoe crenata (Andrews) Leaves, exu‐
Herb stomach problems, bruises, wounds, [87,89,109,132]
Haw. date
umbilical cord problem, rashes, disin‐
fectant
Eye problems, joint pains, stomachache,
umbilical cord, wounds, muscle pains,
fast heartbeat, heartburn, heartache,
skin problems, rheumatism, muscu‐ [14,67,72,94,95,119
Leaves, roots,
Kalanchoe densiflora Rolfe Herb lar/bone dislocations, dermatitis, arthri‐ ,131,136,143,144,1
stems
tis, dislocated joints, stiff/swollen mus‐ 52,154,168]
cles, liver problems, boils, whitlow,
edema, poisonous, swollen body, abor‐
tifacient
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 54 of 151
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 55 of 151
Scabies, candidiasis, ringworms, lep‐
Lagenaria sphaerica (Sond.)
Herb Flowers, roots rosy, retained placenta, abdominal [114,131]
Naudin
pains
Momordica anigosantha
Herb Fruits Vomiting, emetic [132,141]
Hook.f.
Momordica boivinii Baill. Herb Roots Induce menstruation [114]
Trigeminal neuralgia, sinusitis, wounds,
teething problems, abdominal pains,
Roots, whole amoeba, fever, arthritis, heartburn, oral
plant, aerial thrush, colic pain in infants, emetic, dia‐ [82,85–
Momordica foetida Schumach. Herb parts, fruits, betes mellitus, skin rashes, fever, stom‐ 88,109,114,117,118
leaves, exu‐ achache, malaria, anthelmintic, cough ,120,132,154]
date (livestock, human), breast/cervical can‐
cer, poisonous, chest problems, head‐
ache, typhoid
Stem, bark,
Momordica friesiorum (Harms) Malaria, livestock diseases, emetic,
Herb leaves, roots, [67,88,89,114,152]
C.Jeffrey spleen, liver diseases, vomiting
seeds
Momordica pterocarpa Hochst.
Herb Ear infection, malaria [114]
ex A.Rich.
Malaria, brain stimulant, emetic, laxa‐
tive, swollen legs and body pains dur‐
Roots, leaves, ing pregnancy, retained placenta, ab‐
Momordica rostrata Zimm. Herb [114,131,139,144]
fruits, shoots dominal pains, fever, burns, stomach‐
ache, coccidiosis (poultry), measles,
trematodes, cuts, boils of livestock
Momordica spinosa (Gilg) Headache, hepatitis, respiratory dis‐
Shrub/liana Roots, bark [72,137]
Chiov. eases, fever, malaria
Peponium vogelii (Hook.f.) Leaves, fruits, Fever, dysmenorrhea, venereal diseases,
Herb [77,114]
Engl. whole plant headache, rash
Zehneria pallidinervia (Harms)
Herb Leaves Snakebites [127]
C.Jeffrey
Malaria, asthma, boils, wounds, consti‐
pation, livestock diseases, skin disor‐
Stems, leaves, [41,67,76,86,91,99,
ders, ringworms, gonorrhea, measles,
seeds, roots, 105,107,109,114,11
Zehneria scabra (L.f.) Sond. Herb colds, flu, hypertension, eye infections,
shoots, 5,131,132,138,147,
diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pains,
branches 152,168]
skin rashes, cough, cancer, recuperate
patients, eye/ear problems, warts, cuts
Cupressaceae
Cupressus torulosa D.Don ex
Tree Leaves, bark Colds, urinary bladder inflammation [152]
Lamb. (exotic)
Leaves, exu‐ Cancer, epilepsy, rheumatism, skin dis‐
Hesperocyparis lusitanica
Tree date, fruit, eases, typhoid, toothache, anthelmintic, [41,116,133]
(Mill.) Bartel (exotic)
bark, stems measles, dysentery, acaricide
Eye problems, whopping cough, stom‐
[41,72,86,88,95,117
Leaves, bark, achache, livestock diseases, cancer,
Juniperus procera Hochst. ex ,120,132,133,136,1
Tree branches, ex‐ wounds, breathing difficulty, amoeba,
Endl. (exotic) 40,141,145,152,168
udates, roots cough, colds/flu, diarrhea, gall bladder,
,64]
kidney problems, knock swells, malaria,
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 56 of 151
placenta removal, rheumatism, typhoid,
anthelmintic, broken bones, sore throat,
breast/throat/squamous carcinoma of
the gum, acaricide, aphrodisiac, expec‐
torant
Cyperaceae
Cyperus alternifolius L. Herb Roots Boils, rashes [80]
Malaria, body weakness, fever, pneu‐ [103,104,115,128,1
Cyperus articulatus L. Herb Roots
monia, hiccups 44,147]
Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.)
Herb Fever [136]
Hassk.
Cyperus dichrostachyus
Herb Fever [136]
Hochst. ex A.Rich.
Cyperus elegantulus Steud. Herb Fever [136]
Abdominal upsets, bad breadth, stom‐
achache, abdominal/colic pains, eye
Cyperus esculentus L. Herb Leaves, roots problems, typhoid, cough, blindness, [88,91,132]
backache, headache, chest problem, gin‐
givitis, appetizer
Cyperus impubes Steud. Herb Fever [136]
Cyperus laevigatus L. Herb Chickenpox, malaria, stomach disorders [41]
Cyperus niveus Retz. Herb Fever [136]
Pneumonia, headache, malaria, hyper‐
Cyperus papyrus L. Herb Leaves, roots [74,143,168]
tension, nutritional edema, HIV/AIDs
Cyperus rigidifolius Steud. Herb Fever [136]
Cyperus rotundus L. Herb Leaves Heart problems [144]
Dichapetalaceae
Dichapetalum ruhlandii Engl. Shrub/liana Poisonous [142]
Venereal diseases, menstrual disorders,
Dichapetalum zenkeri Engl. Shrub/tree Roots [127]
prenatal care
Dilleniaceae
Tetracera boiviniana Baill. Shrub Roots Stomach ailments, venereal diseases [127]
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea minutiflora Engl. Tubers, exu‐ Blood cleanser, viral diseases, rheuma‐
Herb [41,84,147,168]
(exotic) date tism, heartburn, gonorrhea, warts
Dioscorea praehensilis Benth. Herb Fruits Measles [144]
Dioscorea quartiniana A.Rich. Herb Roots Poisonous, fever [77,99]
Ebenaceae
Diarrhea, sores, laxative, malaria, ring‐
Diospyros abyssinica (Hiern) Seeds, bark, worms, skin rashes, internal injuries, oc‐ [66,89,116,120,125,
Shrub/tree
F.White roots, twigs ular disorders in livestock, STIs, vene‐ 144]
real diseases
Toothache, stomach ailments, skin dis‐
eases, respiratory problems, kidney
Roots, leaves,
Diospyros consolatae Chiov. Shrub/tree problem, gastrointestinal gas, snake‐ [127,150]
back
bites, arthritis, umbilical cord, hernia,
veterinary medicine
Diospyros loureiroana G.Don Shrub/tree Snakebites [134]
Diospyros scabra (Chiov.) Womenʹs stomach troubles, fever in
Shrub/tree Bark [91,142]
Cufod. children
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 57 of 151
Prenatal care, septic swelling, convul‐
Diospyros squarrosa Klotzsch Shrub/tree Roots [127]
sions
Sore throat, cathartic, malaria, constipa‐
tion, excessive menstrual flow, anthel‐
mintic, diarrhea, infertility, spinal cord
problem, abdominal upsets, skin disor‐
ders, blood cleansers, invigorant,
prophylaxis of cancer and respiratory
disorders, stomachache, amoeba, boils,
skin rashes, snakebites, dental prob‐
[14,41,66–68,71–
lems, dislocation, indigestions, livestock
74,79–82,85–
diseases, heartburn, toothache, cough,
88,91,98–
tonic, diabetes mellitus, anthrax, rheu‐
Stems, bark, 100,104,105,107–
matism, stomach rumblings, cleans the
Euclea divinorum Hiern Shrub/tree leaves, roots, 109,112,113,115,11
womb, headache, appetizer, joint pains
seeds, fruits 6,120,124,132,133,
in livestock, fever, venereal diseases,
135,138,141–
protracted labor, postpartum hemor‐
143,146,147,149,15
rhage, retained afterbirth, anaplasmosis
4,168]
(cow, ruminant), constipation (cow,
goat, sheep), sore throat, pneumonia,
chest pains, acaricide, problems during
pregnancy, arthritis, leprosy, asthma,
joint diseases, bleeding gums, loose
teeth, dysentery, menstrual pains, bloat,
laxative, ulcers, wounds, gonorrhea,
purgative, tonic for anemia
Diarrhea, poisoning, snakebites, diabe‐
tes mellitus, anthelmintic, mouth infec‐
Euclea natalensis A.DC. Shrub/tree Roots tions, stomach ulcers, gonorrhea, consti‐ [85,99,127,150]
pation, vaginal discharge, toothache,
earache
Poisoning, diabetes mellitus, liver, an‐
thelmintic, stomach disorders, Chira,
Root, bark, [14,76,77,85,127,14
Euclea racemosa L. Shrub/tree bloody diarrhea, stomachache, constipa‐
leaves 0,142]
tion, purgative, colic pain, general body
wellness
Ericaceae
Agarista salicifolia (Lam.)
Shrub/tree Leaves, bark Digestion, indigestion, poisonous [99,142]
G.Don
Euphorbiaceae
Snakebites, induce labor pains, liver,
wounds, scorpion/bee stings, fever in
[64,77,91,100,127,1
Acalypha fruticosa Forssk. Shrub Roots, leaves children, cerebral malaria, headache,
42,143,150]
gastrointestinal gas, gonorrhea, gastro‐
intestinal problems
Roots, stems,
Acalypha paniculata Miq. Herb/shrub Acaricide [133]
bark
Acalypha psilostachya Hochst.
Herb Roots Retained placenta [144]
ex A.Rich.
Acalypha volkensii Pax Shrub Leaves, roots Gonorrhea, sores, fatigue, dizziness [67,144,168]
Croton alienus Pax Shrub/tree Roots General health, rheumatism [168]
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 58 of 151
Gonorrhea, arthritis, polio symptoms,
chest pain, tonic, malaria, bone/joint
pain, respiratory diseases, fever, ab‐ [14,51,67,71,72,77,
Roots, bark,
dominal pain, oral thrush, chest conges‐ 84,89,91,98,105,10
Croton dichogamus Pax Shrub/tree leaves, seeds,
tion, asthma, cough, colds, rheumatism, 7,129,136,137,139,
stems
joint diseases, miscarriage, swollen legs 142,143,149,168]
and body pains during pregnancy, back
pains, stomachache, edema, infertility
Eye problems, sore throat, flu, TB, stom‐
achache, measles, dysentery, malaria,
respiratory disorders, ear infection, al‐
lergies, ringworms, dysmenorrhea, diar‐
rhea, fever in cows, typhoid, measles,
acaricide, asthma, bites, cough,
colds/flu, dental problems, general body
pains, heart problems, increase body
temperatures, injuries/cuts, wounds,
[14,41,66,67,81,84,
Roots, bark, livestock (pregnancy test in cows), mea‐
85,87,88,95,99,101,
Croton macrostachyus Hochst. leaves, seeds, sles, mumps, pneumonia, rheumatism,
Tree 104,116,117,119,12
ex Delile stems, exu‐ skin diseases, STIs, straighten muscles,
0,123,132,133,141–
date thorn pricks, anthelmintic, oral cavity
147,153,168]
infections, cleansing digestive and
blood circulation system, diabetes melli‐
tus, amoeba, venereal diseases, back‐
ache, fatigue, postpartum hemorrhage,
colorectal/skin/breast, sore throat, flu,
dysentery, asthma, headache, rashes,
purgative, aphrodisiac, cathartic, food
poisoning, asthenia, warts, fever in live‐
stock/man
Stomachache, malaria, respiratory con‐
ditions, back pain, amoeba, joint/bone
problems, body weakness, chest conges‐
tions, chest problems, cough, colds/flu,
dental problems, general body pains,
headache, injuries/cuts, wounds, live‐
stock diseases, pneumonia, rheumatism,
STIs, stomach acid, body swellings, ty‐ [14,41,51,64,68,72–
phoid, ulcers, anthelmintic, kidney fail‐ 74,77,85,91,92,98,9
Roots, bark, ure, lung problems, cancer, toothache, 9,105–
Croton megalocarpus Hutch. Tree
leaves diabetes mellitus, fever, diarrhea, ana‐ 107,113,116,121,12
plasmosis, diarrhea/dysentery (cow, 2,133,136,139,140,
poultry, goat, sheep, pig), paraly‐ 145,146,151,168]
sis/stroke, abortifacients, purgative, aca‐
ricide, boils, pneumonia, migraine, dia‐
phragm, throat infection, swollen legs
and body pains during pregnancy, re‐
tained placenta, abdominal pains, con‐
stipation, liver disease in poultry, aph‐
rodisiac
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 59 of 151
Influenza, malaria, pregnancy pains,
menstrual pains, muscle spasms, female
Croton menyharthii Pax Shrub Leaves, roots [67,100,142,150]
reproductive disorders, vaginal dis‐
charge, ulcers, respiratory problem
Convulsions, gastric lesions, inflamma‐
Croton pseudopulchellus Pax Shrub/tree Roots, leaves tion, convulsions, snakebite, rheuma‐ [127,150]
tism
Croton scheffleri Pax Shrub Roots Fever, malaria [77]
Stem, bark,
Croton somalensis Pax Tree Influenza, malaria, stomachache [107,142]
leaves, roots
Acaricide, malaria, stomach disorders,
Roots, bark,
Croton sylvaticus Hochst. Shrub respiratory infections, wounds, tonsilli‐ [14,133,134,142]
buds, seeds
tis, colds, stomachache
General body pains, inflammation,
Croton talaeporos Radcl.‐Sm. Shrub/tree Roots, leaves colds, stomach complaints, typhoid, hy‐ [127,142,150]
pertension, rheumatism
Erythrococca atrovirens (Pax)
Shrub Septic wounds [125]
Prain
Arthritis, livestock diseases, stomach‐
ache, Chira, acaricide, livestock diseases,
Leaves, roots, [66,67,76,77,133,14
Erythrococca bongensis Pax Shrub/tree dizziness, insect bites, ECF in cattle,
stems 0,142,143,168]
heartburn, backache, gynecological
problems, HIV/AIDs, anthelmintic
Erythrococca fischeri Pax Shrub/tree Roots Infertility, gonorrhea, chest pains [99]
Euphorbia abyssinica J.F.Gmel. Tree Branches Stomach pains in childbirth [67]
Eye problems, livestock diseases, ton‐
sils, ear complication, wounds, retained
Leaves, exu‐ placenta in cattle, ECF in cattle, poison, [14,41,73,100,106,1
Euphorbia bicompacta Bruyns Shrub/tree
date muscle pull, prevent termites, bloat, 42,146,168]
edema in cattle, swollen glands in
calves, asthma
Euphorbia bussei Pax Tree Branches Sore throat, flu, asthma [100]
Venereal diseases, infertility, gonorrhea,
flu, joint pains, STIs, eye problems, ma‐
laria, retained placenta, chest problems,
bronchitis, headache, barrenness, upper
[41,67,68,71–
Bark, roots, respiratory tract infections, gastrointes‐
Euphorbia candelabrum Tré‐ 73,77,100,105,107,
Tree latex, leaves, tinal complications, wounds, coenu‐
maux ex Kotschy 120,132,133,135,13
stems ruses, ECF in cows, stomach diseases,
8,142,145,150,168]
acaricide, poison, backache, mumps,
blood pressure, menstrual cramps, rash,
asthma, bronchial conditions, hernia,
leprosy, lumpy skin disease in cows
Euphorbia crotonoides Boiss. Herb Exudate Skin ulcers, warts [51,140]
Euphorbia cryptospinosa
Shrub Exudate Poisonous [142]
P.R.O.Bally
Roots, aerial Gonorrhea, constipation, increase fertil‐
Euphorbia cuneata Vahl Shrub/tree [77,80,105]
parts, exudate ity, dust in eyes, hepatitis in calves
Euphorbia engleri Pax Shrub/tree Poisonous [142]
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 60 of 151
Euphorbia friesiorum
Shrub/tree Exudate, bark Poisonous, elephantiasis, blindness [84,142,168]
(A.Hässl.) S.Carter
Warts (verrucae), ringworms, poison‐
Stems, roots,
Euphorbia gossypina Pax Shrub ous, swollen legs and body pains dur‐ [80,94,139,142]
exudate
ing pregnancy, fever
Malaria, gonorrhea, fever, gland com‐
Roots, stems, plications, respiratory diseases, ticks, ec‐
[68,72,73,77,100,13
Euphorbia heterochroma Pax Shrub exudate, toparasites, pneumonia, tuberculosis,
6,137,145]
whole plant acaricide, gonorrhea, chest problems, vi‐
rus diseases in chicken, HIV/AIDs
Euphorbia heterophylla L. Herb Leaves Chira, increase letdown in livestock [108,144]
Skin infections, stomach problems, chest
Leaves, roots, problems, asthma, respiratory and uri‐
Euphorbia hirta L. Herb whole plant, nary disorders, diarrhea, skin diseases, [109,119,144,168]
exudate male impotency, lactating moth‐
ers/cows, rashes
Leaves, roots, Gonorrhea, stimulant, to allay hunger,
exudate, prevent sleep, wounds, burns, skin ul‐
Euphorbia inaequilatera Sond. Herb [67,77,143,144]
whole plant, cers, glaucoma, snakebite, pregnancy
stems problems
Euphorbia joyae P.R.O.Bally &
Shrub Roots, stems Postpartum hemorrhage, cough [113,142]
S.Carter
Euphorbia meridionalis Malaria, STIs, induce diarrhea as a
Herb Stems [92]
P.R.O.Bally & S.Carter means of cleansing the body
Euphorbia milii Des Moul. (ex‐ Fruits, leaves,
Shrub Skin infections, warts [74,146]
otic) exudate
Euphorbia nyikae Pax ex Engl. Shrub/tree Latex Septic swelling, malaria, wounds/burns [127,136]
Euphorbia pereskiifolia Houllet
Shrub/tree Latex Fish poison [142]
ex Baill.
Euphorbia quinquecostata
Tree Insecticide in grain stores [100]
Volkens
Stems, exu‐
Vomiting, toothache, goat medicine,
Euphorbia scheffleri Pax Shrub date, roots, [51,77,81,100,138]
poisonous, stomachache, cuts
fruits
Shoots, exu‐
Euphorbia schimperiana Coughs, colds, poisonous,
Herb date, leaves, [67,99,144,168]
Scheele increase lactation in animals
branches
Euphorbia systyloides Pax Herb Wounds [72]
Euphorbia tenuispinosa Gilli Shrub Stems Poison, diarrhea in chicken/goats [100,142]
Eye infection, warts (verrucae), cancer,
eye problems, injuries/cuts/wounds,
livestock diseases, malaria, STIs, stom‐
ach disorders, typhoid, epilepsy, tooth‐
[14,41,66,86,94,100
Stems, bark, aches, pesticide in stored grains, wom‐
,116,127,133,137,1
Euphorbia tirucalli L. Shrub/tree exudate, enʹs health, acaricide, poisonous, infer‐
41–
branches tility, relieves pain and prevents infec‐
143,145,147,168]
tion to sores, eye infection, swollen
glands, poisonous to eyes, sore throat,
measles, removing specks from eyes,
pesticidal (aphids)
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 61 of 151
Euphorbia transvaalensis
Herb Latex Warts [77]
Schltr.
Euphorbia ugandensis Pax &
Herb/shrub Colds, cough [142]
K.Hoffm.
Branches,
Wounds, colds, stomach disorders, hy‐
Euphorbia uhligiana Pax Herb fruits, roots, [51,72,135]
pertension
whole plant
Poisonous, backache, joint swelling,
Euphorbia umbellata (Pax)
Shrub/tree Leaves, latex sore throat, respiratory problems, fun‐ [142,143]
Bruyns
gal skin disease, boils (cattle)
Euphorbia wakefieldii N.E.Br. Tree Stems Postnatal abdominal pains [127]
Excoecaria madagascariensis
Shrub/tree Bark, latex Poisonous [134,142]
(Baill.) Müll.Arg.
Burns, injuries/cuts, wounds, snake‐
Leaves, roots, bites, stomach disorders, mouth blisters, [41,74,106,138,143,
Jatropha curcas L. (exotic) Shrub/tree
fruits, leaves constipation, lice/flea control, miscar‐ 146,147,150]
riage, diarrhea, kwashiorkor
Root, bark, Stomach, chest problems, eyedrops,
Jatropha dichtar J.F.Macbr. Shrub [72,142]
exudates emetic
Jatropha ellenbeckii Pax Shrub Exudates Wounds [142]
Jatropha podagrica Hook. (ex‐
Shrub Leaves Chest problems, fever
otic)
Jatropha spicata Pax Herb/shrub Leaves, stems Laxative, diarrhea [100,142]
Jatropha velutina Pax & Leaves, exu‐
Herb Wounds [100,120]
K.Hoffm. dates
Macaranga capensis (Baill.)
Tree Bark Diarrhea [122]
Sim
Macaranga kilimandscharica Roots, leaves, Bilharzia, cough, stomachache, cancer,
Tree [41,99,131,133]
Pax stems acaricide
Mallotus oppositifolius
Shrub/tree Roots Chest pains [142]
(Geiseler) Müll.Arg.
Manihot esculenta Crantz (ex‐ Root, bark, Foot and mouth disease, acaricide, aph‐
Herb/shrub [14,96,133,139]
otic) stems, leaves rodisiac, abdominal pains
Neoboutonia macrocalyx Pax Tree Bark, exudate Warts, malaria [93,103,104,168]
Neoboutonia melleri
Shrub/tree Stems, roots Acaricide, poisonous [133,142]
(Müll.Arg.) Prain
Ruminal impaction, constipation, infer‐
tility, regulate menstrual cycle, chest
pains, stomachache (after‐birth), consti‐
pation, livestock diseases, snakebites, [14,41,51,64,67,68,
septic swelling, laxative, joint pains, 73,74,77,81,86,91,9
burns, diarrhea, vomiting, stomachache, 4,96,99,105,106,11
Leaves, roots, arthritis, bites, blood cleanser, burns, 1,113,115,118–
Ricinus communis L. Herb
seeds, bark cough, colds/flu, dental problems, de‐ 120,122,127,130,13
toxifier, family planning, hard stool, in‐ 2–134,139,141–
digestion, injuries/cuts, wounds, labor 145,147,151,152,16
pains, aphrodisiac, pimples, pneumo‐ 8]
nia, rheumatism, stomach disorders,
laxative, umbilical cord infection, dry
skin, ringworms, asthma, whooping,
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 62 of 151
malaria, fevers, retained afterbirth, pro‐
tracted labor, postpartum hemorrhage,
ECF, bloat (cow), skin rushes, urinary
problems, enhance appetite, abdominal
pains, syphilis, ulcers, acaricide, eye ail‐
ments (cloudy eyes), STIs, emetic, poi‐
sonous, smooth skin, ease parturition,
scorpion bites, earache, venereal dis‐
eases, gonorrhea, bilharzia, earache,
pinworms
Eye injury/infection in livestock, dental
Shirakiopsis elliptica (Hochst.) Bark, leaves, problems, malaria, colorectal/esopha‐ [41,66,116,117,119,
Tree
Esser seeds geal cancer, burns, asthma, acaricide, 125,133,144]
man/animal fattening
Roots, bark,
Spirostachys africana Sond. Tree Antiseptic, congestion, breast swelling [100,127]
stems
Spirostachys venenifera (Pax) Stems, leaves,
Tree Poisonous, livestock boils [14,142]
Pax branches
Suregada zanzibariensis Baill. Shrub/tree Roots Body swelling [127]
Hair loss, indigestion, ulcers, anemia,
hypertension, peptic ulcers, diabetes,
topical anesthetic agent, rheumatism,
[66,67,77,81,86,88,
purgative, snakebites, delayed/pro‐
Tragia brevipes Pax Herb Roots, leaves 91,99,115,117,141,
tracted labor, tonic, breast cancer, leuke‐
168]
mia, urinary problems, joint problems,
rheumatism, labor pains, diarrhea, anti‐
venom, purgative, impotency
Tragia furialis Bojer Herb Roots, leaves Skin diseases, diarrhea, tonic [77,127]
Tragia impedita Prain Herb Roots Retained placenta [139]
Flagellariaceae
Flagellaria guineensis Schu‐
Liana Leaves, fruits Venereal diseases [127,134]
mach.
Geraniaceae
Monsonia angustifolia E.Mey. Leaves, whole
Herb Black quarter in cattle, liver disease [67,77]
ex A.Rich. plant
Monsonia glauca R.Knuth Herb Roots Fleas on calves [67]
Pelargonium alchemilloides (L.)
Herb Leaves Sore eyes, eye diseases [99,141]
LʹHér.
Pelargonium quinquelobatum
Herb Roots Diarrhea [67]
Hochst. ex A.Rich.
Hamamelidaceae
Diarrhea, teeth problems, oral candidia‐
Trichocladus ellipticus Eckl. & Bark, roots,
Shrub/tree sis, digestion, stomach disorders, [67,77,88,109,152]
Zeyh. leaves
strength
Hernandiaceae
Gyrocarpus americanus Jacq. Tree Leaves Antiseptic [127]
Hydnoraceae
Roots, stems, Diarrhea, amoebic dysentery, diabetes, [77,81,83,102,143,1
Hydnora abyssinica A.Br. Herb
whole plant first/second trimester abortion, 68]
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 63 of 151
stomachache, retained placenta, female
conditions
Hypericaceae
Eye infection, scabies, flu, stomachache,
heavy menstruation, malaria, bloody di‐
arrhea, arthritis, breast development in
[66,74,98,101,112,1
Harungana madagascariensis Leaves, fruits, young, colorectal/skin/breast cancer,
Tree 16,117,119,122,133
Lam. ex Poir. bark, roots general body pains, dysentery, itchy
,142–144,154,168]
genitals, acaricide, infertility, wounds,
chest pain, jigger/thorn, headache,
cough, venereal diseases
Hypericum peplidifolium Whole plant, Injured/infected eyes, dermatitis, diar‐
Herb [144]
A.Rich. leaves, roots rhea
Hypericum quartinianum Leaves, roots,
Shrub Rheumatism, diarrhea [99]
A.Rich. branches
Joint pains, diarrhea, rheumatism,
Hypericum revolutum Vahl Shrub/tree Roots, leaves [99,109]
wounds
Fruit,
Psorospermum febrifugum
Shrub/tree bark/stem/lea Acaricide, fattening (goats, rams) [133,144]
Spach
f
Psorospermum orientale (Engl.)
Shrub/tree Roots Tonic [142]
Byng & Christenh.
Hypoxidaceae
Hypoxis obtusa Burch. ex Ker Baby/children skin rashes, stomach
Herb Roots [140,168]
Gawl. medicine
Icacinaceae
General body weakness, joints
pains/weakness, sore throat, malaria,
Apodytes dimidiata E.Mey. ex Seeds, fruits, chest pains, tonic, stomachache, anthel‐
Shrub/tree [67,77,140,152]
Arn. roots, bark mintic, diarrhea, internal injuries, blood
clot in muscles, livestock diseases,
spleen pain and enlargement
Jiggers, boils, rashes, aphrodisiac, fetus
Pyrenacantha kaurabassana
Herb Tubers development, labor pains, veterinary [142,150]
Baill.
medicine
Induce vomiting in pregnant women or
Pyrenacantha malvifolia Engl. Herb [92]
those suspected to have malaria
Iridaceae
Meningitis, malaria, diarrhea, asthma,
Gladiolus dalenii Van Geel Herb Roots [98,118,140]
allergy, joint pains, rheumatism
Juncaceae
Juncus oxycarpus E.Mey. ex
Herb Flowers Colds, chest pains [67]
Kunth
Lamiaceae
Leaves, whole
Aeollanthus repens Oliv. Herb Eye diseases, mouth thrush [141]
plant
Leaves, aerial Malaria, menstrual pains, indigestion, [7,14,41,64,66–
Ajuga integrifolia Buch.‐Ham. parts, whole abdominal pains, boils, chronic joint 68,73,74,77,84–
Herb
ex D.Don plant, stems, pains, amoeba, back/bone problems, 87,101,103,104,107
roots bites, cough, colds/flu, headache, ,110,115,122,129,1
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 64 of 151
livestock diseases, rheumatism, ty‐ 30,138,141,143,144
phoid, arthritis, fever, gonorrhea, tooth‐ ,147,153,154,168]
ache, epilepsy, diabetes mellitus, acid‐
ity, nausea, pneumonia, body pains,
dysentery, stomachache, retained pla‐
centa, anaplasmosis, mastitis, ECF
(cows), Newcastle disease (poultry), hel‐
minthiasis (cows, poultry, goats, sheep,
pigs), lung diseases (cows, goats, sheep,
poultry), anthelmintic, tonsils (cattle),
indigestion, menstrual problems, con‐
vulsions, dermatitis, liver problems, hy‐
pertension, afterbirth pains, measles
Clerodendrum hildebrandtii
Shrub/tree Roots Chest medicine, general medicine [134,142]
Vatke
Malaria, hypertension, heart pains, joint
Leaves, roots, pains, toothache, body pains, abdominal [14,88,99,101,104,1
Clerodendrum johnstonii Oliv. Shrub
shoots pains, aphrodisiac, dysmenorrhea, gen‐ 41,145,147,152]
eral weakness, stomach upsets/pains
Clerodendrum rotundifolium Leaves, roots,
Shrub Malaria, stomachache, fever [104,143]
Oliv. bark
Clinopodium abyssinicum Leaves, whole Cough, headache, indigestion, anodyne,
Herb [7,132,141]
(Benth.) Kuntze plant eye diseases, abdominal pains
Clinopodium uhligii (Gürke) Constipation, headache, chest conges‐
Herb/shrub [7,86]
Ryding tion
Coleus aegyptiacus (Forssk.) Stomachache, prenatal care, stomach af‐
Herb/shrub [77,127]
A.J.Paton ter giving birth
Abdominal pains, diarrhea, vomiting,
malaria, stomachache, joint pains, con‐
stipation, headache, backache, protru‐
sion of bowels, livestock diseases, body
swellings/legs, joint pain, liver diseases,
skin rashes, stomach upsets, dysentery,
amoeba, arthritis, bilharzia, brucellosis,
cough, colds/flu, dental problems, ec‐
[7,41,73,74,79,81,8
zema, eye problems, hypertension
4,86–
HIV/AIDs, injuries/cuts, wounds, neu‐
88,96,98,100,101,1
tralizes poison, rheumatism, typhoid,
Coleus barbatus (Andrews) 06,109,111,113,115
Shrub Leaves, roots anthelmintic, retained placenta, consti‐
Benth. ex G.Don ,116,119–
pation, tonic, sprains, stiff neck, muscle
122,129,132,133,13
cramp, colic pain in infants, eyes, oral
6,141,144,146,147,
thrush, measles, snakebites, skin
152,168]
growths, tooth/gum aches, pneumonia,
biopesticide, first abortion, vomiting,
pneumonia (cow), fractures, dysentery,
chest problems, skin diseases, abscess,
warts, acaricide, indigestion, painful
teeth, mouth ulcers, tetanus, disinfect‐
ant, asthma, allergy, strength, purga‐
tive, gonorrhea, eye ailments, induce
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 65 of 151
blood production, dermatitis, earache,
skin damaged (cow)
Coleus caninus (B.Heyne ex Cough, liver diseases, livestock dis‐
Herb Leaves, roots [7,77,99]
Roth) Vatke eases, toothache
Morning sickness, general body weak‐
Coleus cylindraceus (Hochst. Whole plant,
Herb ness, peptic ulcers, livestock diseases, [7,81,139]
ex Benth.) A.J.Paton stems
prevent first abortion
Coleus hadiensis (Forssk.)
Herb Leaves, stems Childbirth [72]
A.J.Paton
Coleus igniarius Schweinf. Shrub Bark Malaria, livestock diseases, strength [77,104,136]
Coleus lactiflorus Vatke Shrub Aerial parts Acaricide, stomach trouble [133,142]
Coleus lasianthus Gürke Herb Whole plant Kwashiorkor, edema in children [51]
Coleus maculosus (Lam.)
Herb Roots Stomachache, strength [7,136]
A.J.Paton
Coleus otostegioides (Schweinf.
Herb/shrub Whole plant Kwashiorkor, edema in children [51]
ex Gürke) A.J.Paton
Coleus prostratus (Gürke)
Herb Whole plant Skin problems [118]
A.J.Paton
Coleus succulentus Pax Herb Leaves, stems Abscesses [94]
Wounds, livestock diseases, allergies,
Coleus sylvestris (Gürke)
Herb/shrub Leaves amoebiasis, diarrhea, painkiller, tooth‐ [7,41,136,152]
A.J.Paton & Phillipson
ache, typhoid, constipation, strength
Roots, leaves, Smallpox, tonic, livestock diseases,
Coleus umbrosus Vatke Herb [7,51,142,168]
whole plant emetic, diarrhea, stomachache
Endostemon tereticaulis (Poir.)
Herb Roots, shoots Malaria, edema, diarrhea, backpains [51]
M.R.Ashby
Equilabium kamerunense
Shrub Whole plant Stomachache [7]
(Gürke) Mwany. & A.J.Paton
Equilabium laxiflorum (Benth.) Anthelmintic, sore throat, purgative, in‐
Herb Roots, leaves [99,141]
Mwany. & A.J.Paton fertility, eye diseases, abortifacient
Malaria, snakebites, pneumonia, ulcers,
infertility, mouth inflammation in chil‐
dren, respiratory disorders, ringworm,
abscesses, ophthalmia, problems, skin
complaints, colds, heartburn, oral
thrush, livestock diseases, diabetes
mellitus, stomachache, urinary infec‐
tions, ulcers, gonorrhea, venereal dis‐ [7,67,71,74,81,82,8
eases, postpartum hemorrhage, prevent 5,86,88,91,94,97,99
Leaves, roots,
first/second trimester abortion, preg‐ ,101–
Fuerstia africana T.C.E.Fr. Herb/shrub whole plant,
nancy edema, pregnancy anemia, eyes 104,115,117,119,12
shoots
infection, colorectal cancer, oral infec‐ 2,126,140,141,152,
tions, anthelmintic, respiratory disor‐ 168]
ders, internal injury, swollen legs,
wounds, bloody diarrhea, mouth ulcers,
boils, STIs, cuts, toothache, tonic, infant
postpartum care, sore/red eyes, ear dis‐
eases
female conditions, dandruffs, sore
throat, chest complaints, kidney
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 66 of 151
Prenatal care, convulsions, tonic,
asthma, cough, colds/flu, typhoid,
snakebite, aphrodisiac, constipation,
sore throat, postpartum hemorrhage,
prevent first trimester abortion, vomit‐ [7,41,51,64,75,81,8
Roots, leaves, ing, acaricide, colic pain in children, 4,91,111,112,127,1
Hoslundia opposita Vahl Shrub
whole plant ameba, oral thrush/wounds, cuts, pim‐ 31,133,144,145,148
ples/scabies, itches/rashes, anthelmintic, ,150]
stomach pains, sores, ulcers, boils, hic‐
cups, hemorrhoids, diabetes, blood pu‐
rifier, child delivery, snakebites, edema,
malaria
Cough, colds, sore throat, nose block‐
Hyssopus officinalis L. (exotic) Herb/shrub [168]
ing, indigestion
Malaria, wounds, heart problems, stom‐
achache, lungs/kidneys/liver problems,
cough, toothache, boils, heartburn, oral
thrush, acidity, anthelmintic, vomiting,
Leaves, buds, [7,14,67,76,79,81,8
diarrhea, gonorrhea, acaricide, gastroin‐
whole plant, 6,123,124,133,136,
Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R.Br. Herb testinal problems, abortion, anaplasmo‐
roots, aerial 138,142–
sis in cattle, insect bites, skin diseases,
parts 144,147,152,168]
colds, bleeding during pregnancy, con‐
junctivitis, headache and body weak‐
ness, eye treatment, fever, problems in
passing urine
Wounds, teething, amoeba,
back/joint/bone problems, cough,
colds/flu, dental problems, diarrhea, in‐
digestion, appetizer, malaria, rheuma‐
tism, ulcers, anthelmintic (human/ani‐ [7,41,67,84,86,89,9
Bark, roots,
Leonotis ocymifolia (Burm.f.) mals), antiseptic, skin rashes, blood pu‐ 9,109,115,129,138,
Shrub leaves, whole
Iwarsson rifier, dysentery, chest congestion, dia‐ 140,142,144,152,16
plant
betes, gall sickness, stomach pains, diar‐ 8]
rhea, urinary problems, sore lips and
tongue, anaplasmosis (cattle), insect
bites, skin diseases, venereal diseases,
fever, edema, problems in passing urine
Colds, cough, diarrhea, malaria, respira‐
tory problems, headache, tonic, pneu‐
monia, sprains, heartburn, peptic ulcers,
abdominal distension, colic pain in in‐
[7,79,86,87,101,105
Roots, bark, fants, amoeba, hypertension, renal dis‐
Leucas calostachys Oliv. Shrub ,120,125,133,141–
leaves orders, skin disorders, cancer, arthritis,
144]
acaricide, stomachache, gastrointestinal
problems, expectorant, dysmenorrhea,
abdominal pains, hernia, cuts, wounds,
livestock (diarrhea, chest problems)
Leucas deflexa Hook.f. Herb Eye infection in livestock [125]
Leucas glabrata (Vahl) Sm. Herb Root Child’s tonic [142]
Leaves, roots, Wounds, tonic, colds, persistent skin [7,14,74,84,120,141
Leucas grandis Vatke Herb/shrub
whole plant disease, anthelmintic, ear infection, ,144,168]
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 67 of 151
abdominal pains, ringworms, stomach‐
ache, diarrhea, anaplasmosis in cattle,
anti‐acid, earache, thrush (in children)
and sores
Leucas jamesii Baker Shrub Leaves Cholera, stomachache [92]
Eye problems, wounds, liver problems,
Leucas martinicensis (Jacq.) gastrointestinal troubles, constipation,
Herb Leaves [7,95,109,144]
R.Br. stomachache, black tongue, eye ail‐
ments, edema, fever, snakebite
Leucas tomentosa Gürke Shrub Roots Dysentery, stomachache, purgative [142]
Molluscoid, stomachache, diarrhea, skin
Mesosphaerum pectinatum (L.) [7,119,122,143,144
Herb/shrub Leaves, roots problems, gastrointestinal problems,
Kuntze ]
oral thrush, fever in animals
Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.)
Herb Leaves Skin wounds, fungal infections [118]
Kuntze
Chest pains, pimples, mouth inflamma‐
Roots, stems,
Micromeria imbricata (Forssk.) tion, livestock diseases, teeth problem, [7,109,131,152,168
Herb/shrub leaves, whole
C.Chr. pneumonia, stomachache, gastroenteri‐ ]
plant
tis, cough, colds
Nepeta azurea R.Br. ex Benth. Herb Leaves Backache, livestock diseases [7]
Malaria, delayed/protracted labor, post‐
partum hemorrhage, prevent first/sec‐
Leaves, whole
Ocimum americanum L. Herb ond trimester abortion, vomiting, preg‐ [81,100,104,134]
plant
nancy edema, stomach complaints, mos‐
quito repellant
Headache, morning sickness, allergies,
bites, cough, colds/flu, anthelmintic, na‐
sal/bronchial catarrh, stomachache, con‐
stipation, vermifuge, diabetes mellitus, [7,14,41,64,77,79,8
Leaves, roots, malaria, eye ailments, gastrointestinal 4,85,91,102,111,11
Ocimum basilicum L. Herb
whole plant problems, headaches, itching 2,115,129,141,143,
skin/rashes, repel insects (termites, fleas,147]
mites, weevils, mosquitoes), abdominal
pains, pain relief, rectal problems, preg‐
nancy and child birth problems
Headache, diarrhea, toothache, swelling
of the body, chronic joint pains, chest
pains, cough, colds/flu, fever,
ear/nose/throat problems, general body
weakness, malaria, rheumatism, anthel‐ [7,14,41,64,74,76,8
mintic, skin infection, stomachache, in‐ 4,90,99,111,115,11
Leaves, roots,
Ocimum gratissimum L. Herb/shrub secticide, body rash, pesticide of stored 7,119,122,127,129,
bark
grains, pneumonia, mosquito repellent, 130,141,142,145–
colorectal cancer, bronchitis, stomach 147,168]
ulcers, throat infections, constipation,
abdominal pain, sore eyes, hiccups,
hemorrhoids, control termites, runny
nose, ulcers
Nasal congestion, colds, flu, insect bites, [7,86,96,101,106,12
Ocimum kilimandscharicum Leaves, roots,
Herb general pains, malaria, diarrhea, dysen‐ 2,125,133,139,142,
Gürke stems, shoots
tery, constipation, cough, eye problems, 147,168]
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 68 of 151
congested chest, measles, stomachache,
repel insects, diabetes, sore eyes, acari‐
cide, wounds, respiratory problems, fe‐
vers, abdominal pains
Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. Respiratory disorders and common ail‐
Herb Leaves [14,168]
ex Benth. ments, stomachache
Ocimum spectabile (Gürke)
Shrub Leaves Asthma, cough, colds/flu, eye lotion [41,77]
A.J.Paton
Orthosiphon thymiflorus
Herb Leaves Stomach and oral cavity infections [123]
(Roth) Sleesen
Platostoma africanum P.Beauv. Herb Shoots Mouth thrush, sore throat [144]
Platostoma hildebrandtii
Herb/shrub Leaves Colds, wounds [7]
(Vatke) A.J.Paton & Hedge
Diarrhea, prenatal care, convulsions, in‐
Premna chrysoclada (Bojer) duce conception, dysentery, kidney [75,127,134,142,15
Shrub/tree Roots, leaves
Gürke trouble, purgative, fevers, female repro‐ 0]
ductive disorder, malaria
Premna hildebrandtii Gürke Shrub/liana Leaves, roots Convulsions, diarrhea, stomachache [127,142]
Premna oligotricha Baker Shrub Roots Joint/bone pain [77]
Premna resinosa (Hochst.) Fever, venereal diseases, fever, malaria,
Shrub Roots, leaves [77,80,127,129]
Schauer mosquito repellant, joint pains
Premna serratifolia L. Shrub/tree Leaves Headache [142]
Convulsions, headache, vomiting, gas‐
Rotheca microphylla (Blume)
Shrub Rots, leaves trointestinal gas, cerebral malaria, post‐ [127,142,150]
Callm. & Phillipson
natal problems
Sore throat, ear infections, malaria, gon‐
orrhea, syphilis, aphrodisiac, STIs, vene‐
real diseases, diarrhea, polio, joint
pains, abscesses, back/bone pains,
burns, cough, colds/flu, tonsilitis, arthri‐
tis, typhoid, rheumatism, emetic, gonor‐
rhea, heartburn, oral thrush, cancer,
throat cancer, diabetes mellitus, polio,
abortions, headache, clean the womb,
[14,41,66–
diabetes, gland complications, respira‐
68,72,77,79,83–
tory diseases, stomachache, gastrointes‐
86,91,94,97–
tinal disorders, lumbago, venereal dis‐
Roots, bark, 99,101,103,105,107
Rotheca myricoides (Hochst.) eases, pneumonia, sore throat, ear prob‐
Shrub leaves, shoots ,113,116,119,120,1
Steane & Mabb. lems, flu, dysentery, diarrhea, headache,
23,124,129,130,132
eye infections, chest pains, bronchitis,
,133,135–
indigestion, infertility, amoebic dysen‐
144,146,147,149,15
tery, anthelmintic, rheumatism, acari‐
4,168]
cide, venereal diseases, typhoid,
asthma, strength, splenic pain and en‐
largement, enema against extreme body
weakness due to chronic diseases, ab‐
dominal pains, threatened miscarriage,
joint diseases, stimulate spasms during
childbirth, menstrual pains, tonic, men‐
tal illness, abdominal pains during men‐
ses, HIV/AIDs, retained placenta, rabies,
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 69 of 151
measles, TB, colic, eye disease, swell‐
ings, wounds, asthma, aphrodisiac, la‐
bor pains, poultry fever, ECF in live‐
stock, toothache, purgative
Salvia coccinea Bucʹhoz ex Etl. Menstrual overflow, ulcers, bad eye,
Herb Leaves [117,147]
(exotic) breast/esophageal/colorectal cancer
Salvia leucantha Cav. (exotic) Shrub Shoots, leaves Burns, edema [144]
Chest problems, cough, colds/flu, pneu‐
Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. (ex‐ monia, retarded memory, rheumatism,
Shrub Leaves, stems [41,74,119,147]
otic) stomachache, stress, inappetence,
smelly body/feet
Malaria, inappetence, amoeba, catalyzes
vomiting, dental problems, general
body pains, heartburns, livestock dis‐
eases, malaria, pneumonia, rheumatism,
stomach disorders, cough, colds, flu,
bronchitis, stomach upsets, flatulence,
[7,14,41,73,105,121
Tetradenia urticifolia (Baker) Stems, leaves, mouth ulcers, diarrhea, fevers, boils,
Shrub ,141,142,144,146,1
Phillipson roots, mumps, stomach ailments, constipation,
47]
body pains, burns/scalds, anaplasmosis
(cow, ruminants), trypanosomiasis
(cow, goat), miscarriage (cow), cataract,
abdominal pains, cough in cattle and
goats, vomiting, asthma, edema, anthel‐
mintic
Abdominal pains, constipation, eye lo‐
Whole plant,
Tinnea aethiopica Kotschy ex tion, Chira, acaricide, stomach upsets, [76,77,127,133,143,
Shrub roots, leaves,
Hook.f. gastrointestinal complaints in children, 145,150]
fruits
measles
Diarrhea, vomiting, whooping cough,
Leaves, fruits, acaricide, allergies, colds, cancer of [84,98,120,133,144,
Vitex doniana Sweet Tree
bark breast and prostate glands, vitamin sup‐ 147]
plements, wounds
Vitex ferruginea Schumach. &
Shrub/tree Fruits, roots Appetite, gastrointestinal complaints [150]
Thonn.
Livestock diseases, acaricide, anti‐acid,
Vitex fischeri Gürke Tree Leaves, bark fever, infection [14,41,133,144]
stomachache
Venereal diseases, amoeba,
back/joint/bone problems, chest prob‐
Vitex payos (Lour.) Merr. Shrub/tree Roots [41,127]
lems, dental problems, diarrhea, in‐
crease blood, typhoid
Swollen testicles, otitis, earache, anthel‐
Volkameria eriophylla (Gürke) [51,74,103,104,142
Shrub/tree Leaves, roots mintic, amoeba, stomachache, snake
Mabb. & Y.W.Yuan ]
bites, malaria, edema
Lauraceae
Back pain, asthma, cancer, cardiac dis‐
orders, cough, colds/flu, dizziness, hy‐
Kuloa usambarensis (Engl.) Bark, leaf, [14,41,103,104,113,
Tree pertension, joints, malaria, pneumonia,
Trofimov & Rohwer roots 145–147,168]
rheumatism, typhoid, anthelmintic,
chest pains, appetizer, whooping cough,
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 70 of 151
body ache, swelling, tumors, measles,
muscular contractions, disturbed
breathing, stomachache, antidote, aph‐
rodisiac, clearing throat, relaxation
Toothache, anemia, invigorant, amoeba,
blood purifier, cancer, cough, colds/flu,
dental problems, ear‐nose‐throat prob‐
lems, energy boost, headache, immune
Bark, seeds,
booster, increase blood, malaria, pros‐ [14,41,83,88,116,11
Persea americana Mill. (exotic) Tree roots, leaves,
tate cancer, rheumatism, skin diseases, 7,119,152]
fruits
stomach disorders, diabetes, colorec‐
tal/skin/breast cancer, skin, gut prob‐
lems, STIs, toothache, cholesterol con‐
trol
Lecythidaceae
Barringtonia racemosa (L.)
Tree Bark Fish poison [142]
Spreng.
Fabaceae
Abrus fruticulosus Wall. ex
Shrub Roots Pneumonia [84]
Wight & Arn.
Eye problems, asthma, septic swelling,
gynecological pains, venereal diseases,
colds, cough, stomachache, diabetes
Leaves, roots, mellitus, febrifuge, fever, throat, skin [75,76,85,95,100,10
Abrus precatorius L. Shrub seeds, whole cancer, gonorrhea, emetic, inflamed 8,117,119,127,134,
plant breasts during breast‐feeding, family 142,143,150]
planning, emetic, poison, asthma, epi‐
lepsy, heart pain, snakebites, venereal
diseases, malaise
Typhoid, chronic joint pains, chicken‐
Leaves, pox, dental problems, measles, skin dis‐
Acacia mearnsii De Wild. (ex‐ [41,73,130,146,147,
Tree stems, bark, eases, smallpox, toothaches, wounds
otic) 152]
roots from poisoned arrows, cough (cows,
goats, sheep, poultry, pig, ruminants)
Heartburn, chest pain, cough, uter‐
Aeschynomene abyssinica Leaves, bark,
Herb/shrub ine/skin/squamous cell carcinoma of the [117,120,140]
(A.Rich.) Vatke roots
gums
Chest pains, stomachache, postnatal
Afzelia quanzensis Welw. Tree Roots, bark care, chest pain, snakebites, excessive [127,150]
menstruation
Muscle and bodybuilding, indigestion,
smooth baby skin and softens baby
faces, back/bone problems, cough,
Bark,
colds/flu, chest problems, joints, ma‐ [14,41,64,84,86,103
Albizia amara (Roxb.) B.Boi‐ branches,
Tree laria, peptic ulcers, hypertension, fe‐ ,104,107,128,135,1
vin fruits, roots,
male infertility, stomachache, emetic, 42,149]
stem
wounds, joint diseases, typhoid, piles,
diarrhea, gonorrhea, ulcers, dandruff,
cancer
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 71 of 151
Malaria, stomachache, backache, emetic,
induce bile release from the gall blad‐
der, purgative, tonic, helminthiasis, di‐
arrhea, convulsions, allergies, amoeba,
joint/bone pain, general body pains, [14,41,51,64,67,68,
gonorrhea, headache, women’s health, 72,80,84,90,92,96,1
Bark, roots, wounds, syphilis, arthritis, flu/cold, 00,102,105,107,110
Albizia anthelmintica (A.Rich.)
Tree leaves, aerial pneumonia, brucellosis, anthelmintic ,121,127,128,132,1
Brongn.
parts (human, animals), runny nose, cough, 34,135,137–
skin diseases, asthma, snakebite, aphro‐ 139,141,142,150,16
disiac, venereal diseases, edema, eye 8]
problems, retained placenta, abdominal
pains, tonic, fever, liver diseases (poul‐
try), cattle diseases (eye injuries, cough,
bloat)
TB, genital thrush, gonorrhea, malaria,
STIs, venereal diseases, pneumonia,
menorrhagia, postpartum hemorrhage,
sore eyes, livestock respiratory diseases,
breast/uterine/skin cancer, diarrhea, [66,76,79,82,104,11
Roots, bark, stomachache, eye problems, boils, flu, 6–
Albizia coriaria Welw. ex Oliv. Tree
stems, leaves colic pains, abdominal discomfort, con‐ 118,124,133,143,14
stipation, infertility, anthelmintic, 4]
joints/backbone, cardiac conditions, kid‐
ney ailments, acaricide, gastrointestinal
conditions, threatened abortion, whoop‐
ing cough, anthrax, jaundice
Albizia glaberrima (Schumach.
Shrub/tree Leaves Headache, stomachache [120]
& Thonn.) Benth.
Roots, bark, Gonorrhea, headache, stomachache, ac‐
Albizia grandibracteata Taub. Tree [120,125,133]
leaves aricide
Oral thrush, postpartum bleeding, STIs,
stomachache, malaria, liver diseases, ab‐
dominal ulcers, amoeba, back/joint/bone
[14,41,67,74,84,87–
Bark, roots, problems, chest problems, pneumonia,
Albizia gummifera (J.F.Gmel.) 89,101,103,104,116
Tree fruits, leaves, rheumatism, TB, typhoid, skin disor‐
C.A.Sm. ,117,119,125,129,1
gum ders, throat/skin cancer, gut problems,
41,142,145,168]
cough, flu, anthelmintic, ringworms,
HIV/AIDs, dental care, acaricide, im‐
mune booster
Albizia versicolor Welw. ex Convulsions, chest pains, venereal dis‐
Tree Roots, leaves [127]
Oliv. eases
Albizia zygia (DC.) J.F.Macbr. Tree Bark Pneumonia [98]
Astragalus atropilosulus
Herb Uterine pains after childbirth [67]
(Hochst.) Bunge
Joint problems, malaria, pneumonia,
Bauhinia taitensis Taub. Shrub Roots [41,80]
rheumatism, sores, wounds
Bauhinia tomentosa L. Shrub/tree Roots, bark Retained placenta, cough, malaria [14,80,146]
Bauhinia variegata L. (exotic) Shrub/tree Leaves Meat allergy, allergy rash [144]
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 72 of 151
Skin infections, urinary tract infections,
Biancaea decapetala (Roth) [14,123,142,144,14
Shrub Roots gum aches, poisonous, toothache, stom‐
O.Deg. 7]
achache
Cadia purpurea (G.Piccioli)
Shrub Bark Poison, flees and parasites [77,136]
Aiton
Allergies, joint pains, amoeba, bites, ma‐
Leaves, roots, laria, snakebites, stomach disorders, flu,
[41,84,105,130,139,
Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth Shrub branches, constipation, weight loss, stomachache,
146,150,151]
seeds tonsils, eye/ear problems, infertility,
nausea in pregnant women
Calpurnia aurea (Aiton)
Shrub/tree Poisonous [142]
Benth.
Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. Liana Root Urinary problem, passing blood in urine [144]
Malaria, diabetes mellitus, chest pain,
muscular pain, fever, ulcers, goat medi‐
cine, hypertension, hemostatic, yellow
fever, typhoid fever. fatigue, body
Aerial parts, aches, inflammatory skin diseases, pain‐ [51,85,100,128,139,
Cassia abbreviata Oliv. Tree bark, roots, ful joints, menstrual cramps, aphrodis‐ 142,145,148,150,15
leaves, pods iac, venereal disease, stomachache, 1]
swollen legs and body pains during
pregnancy, retained placenta, tooth‐
ache, cough, gonorrhea, kidney pains,
colds, pain in joints
Chamaecrista hildebrandtii Gastrointestinal problems, body pain
Herb Roots, leaves [79,140,143]
(Vatke) Lock including bones and joints, stomachache
Chamaecrista kirkii (Oliv.) Leaves, Wounds, meat allergy, skin rashes, men
Herb [144]
Standl. shoots infertility, livestock black water
Chamaecrista nigricans (Vahl)
Herb Roots, leaves Stomachache, anthelmintic [76]
Greene
Craibia brevicaudata (Vatke)
Shrub/tree Roots Hypertension [127]
Dunn
Craibia brownii Dunn Tree Roots Cough [80]
Craibia zimmermannii Bark, leaves, high blood pressure, fever, anthelmin‐
Tree [145]
(Harms) Dunn stems tic, animals (constipation)
Wounds, backache, colds, dirty body
system, skin infections, STIs, gonorrhea, [109,115,142,143,1
Crotalaria agatiflora Schweinf. Shrub/tree Leaves, roots
urinary infections, gastrointestinal prob‐52,168]
lems
Crotalaria axillaris Aiton Herb/shrub Leaves Sore eyes, fever, stomach upsets [100,142,145]
Stomachache, body swellings, gastroin‐
Crotalaria brevidens Benth. Herb testinal conditions, conjunctivitis in chil‐ [79,95,99,143]
dren
Stomach upsets (constipation, dyspep‐
sia), cough, anemia, strength, chest
Leaves, roots, [72,88,91,136,141,1
Crotalaria incana L. Herb pains, purgative, proper placement of
whole plant 44]
baby in womb, sore throat, mouth
rushes, wounds
Crotalaria keniensis Baker f. Shrub Roots Fever [109]
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 73 of 151
Helminthiasis (cow, poultry, goat,
Crotalaria laburnifolia L. Herb Roots [73]
sheep, pig)
Crotalaria lachnocarpoides
Herb/shrub Root Sore throat [140]
Engl.
Mouth infection in babies, asthma, uri‐
Crotalaria mauensis Baker f. Herb/shrub Roots, leaves [109,147,168]
nary infections
Crotalaria natalitia Meisn. Herb/shrub Strength, cough, chest pain [136]
Crotalaria pallida Aiton Herb Roots Oral infections [119]
Crotalaria polysperma Kotschy Herb Vomiting, diarrhea [132]
Cynometra webberi Baker f. Tree Leaves Children’s diseases [127]
General body pains, diarrhea, induce la‐
Dalbergia boehmii Taub. Shrub/tree Roots [127]
bor pains
STIs, diabetes, managing pain and in‐
Dalbergia lactea Vatke Shrub/liana Roots, leaves flammation, back pains, liver pains, [113,115,154,168]
gonorrhea
Gastrointestinal pains, prenatal care,
tonsils, venereal diseases, artery prob‐
Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. Bark, roots, lems, back/joint/bone pains, chest prob‐ [41,84,100,127,129,
Tree
& Perr. leaves lems, cough/colds/flu, dental problems, 134]
malaria, pneumonia, rheumatism, ty‐
phoid, tonic, liver problems
Dalbergia microphylla Chiov. Shrub Leaves Mouth ulcers [142]
Delonix elata (L.) Gamble (ex‐
Tree Bark Livestock diseases, wounds [14,51,80]
otic)
Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.)
Tree Bark STIs, stomachache [144]
Raf.
Diarrhea, prenatal care, cough, convul‐
sions, anesthesia, ulcers, gonorrhea, ma‐
Roots, bark, laria, poisonous, scorpion stings, snake‐ [51,89,104,111,112,
Dichrostachys cinerea (L.)
Shrub/tree leaves, bites, bones, injuries to reduce swelling, 127,134,142,143,15
Wight & Arn.
branches colds, asthma, toothache, gastrointesti‐ 0]
nal problems, constipation, amoebic
dysentery, body pains
Dolichos compressus
Herb Roots Infertility [120]
R.Wilczek
Dolichos kilimandscharicus Roots, stems,
Herb Acaricide [133]
Taub. leaves
Poisonous, dementia, epilepsy; fever in
Dolichos oliveri Schweinf. Herb/shrub Roots [77,142,143]
livestock
Scabies, flu, infertility, cough, anthel‐
mintic, body aches, dysentery, stomach‐
ache, edema, diarrhea, STIs, TB, child‐
[66,87,88,116,118,1
Entada abyssinica Steud. ex Bark, leaves, birth, joint/backbones, cardiac condi‐
Tree 20,125,133,143,144
A.Rich. roots tions, kidney ailments, cancer, veteri‐
]
nary uses, acaricide, sprained mus‐
cles/limbs, body swelling, heart ail‐
ments
Roots, bark, Tuberculosis, cough, boils, abscesses, [14,41,51,72,80,84,
Entada leptostachya Harms Liana leaves, exu‐ cuts/wounds, amoeba, eye problems, 94,96,100,139,142,
date knee problems, STIs, stomachache, 151,153]
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 74 of 151
snakebites/spits, arrow poison, polio,
back pain, anthelmintic (human, ani‐
mals), malaria, anemia, hemorrhage,
high fever, madness, gastroenteritis, ep‐
ilepsy, helps increase milk letdown,
edema, snake repellent, swollen legs,
body pains and hemorrhage in pregnant
women, retained placenta, abdominal
pains, eye injury, food poisoning, inter‐
nal injury
Eriosema glomeratum (Guill. &
Herb Roots Fever [144]
Perr.) Hook.f.
Eriosema robustum Baker Shrub Roots Cough [144]
Swollen lymph glands, abdominal/colic
pain in children, chickenpox, infertility,
malaria, urinary tract infections, cancer‐
ous wounds, stomach pains, postpar‐
tum pain, mouth, laxative, internal inju‐
ries, pneumonia, STIs, abscesses, aller‐
gies, amoeba, antidote, back/joint/bone
problems, bilharzia, cancer, cholera,
cough, colds/flu, dental problems, diar‐
rhea, ear‐nose‐throat problems, general
body pains, increase blood, inju‐
ries/cuts/wounds, livestock diseases,
male paralysis, measles, medicine anti‐
[14,41,66,67,73,74,
dote, prostrate problems, rheumatism,
81,84,86,87,91,94,9
RVF, stomach disorders, typhoid, ul‐
9,101,102,105,110,
cers, uterus problems, vomiting,
Stems, roots, 113,116,119,120,12
Erythrina abyssinica Lam. Tree whooping cough, anthelmintic, arthritis,
bark 3,129,133,135,138,
toothache, chest pains, peptic ulcers, hy‐
140–
pertension, mumps, gonorrhea, snake‐
147,151,153,154,16
bites, amoeba, diarrhea, pregnancy ane‐
8]
mia, pregnancy edema, anaplasmosis
(cow, ruminant), helminthiasis (cow,
poultry, goat, sheep, pig), skin diseases,
stomachache, mumps, body swellings,
chest problems, blood cleanser, evacua‐
tion of bowels, anemia, fever, liver in‐
flammation, acaricide, eye infection,
syphilis, abdominal pains, tonic, skin
sores/ulcers and swellings, allergy, gon‐
orrhea, diabetes, gout, liver disorder,
epilepsy, swelling of legs, anthrax, cattle
cough and bloat, elephantiasis, kidney
problems, menstrual problems
Bark, roots,
Erythrina excelsa Baker Tree Snakebites, STIs, loose stool [118,126,143]
exudate
Stomachache, venereal diseases, eradi‐
Erythrina melanacantha Taub.
Tree Bark cate mites from chicken/cattle, chest [14,80,146]
ex Harms
pain, colds, cough, snakebites
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 75 of 151
Erythrophleum suaveolens
Tree Bark, seeds Poisonous [142]
(Guill. & Perr.) Brenan
Faidherbia albida (Delile)
Shrub/tree Fruits Cancer, liver enlargement [91,132]
A.Chev.
Gelrebia trothaei (Harms)
Shrub Fruits Poisonous [142]
Gagnon & G.P.Lewis
Grona adscendens (Sw.)
Herb/shrub Stomachache [125]
H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi
Grona barbata (L.) H.Ohashi
Herb Leaves Edema [144]
& K.Ohashi
Strengthen sunken part of baby head
Grona setigera (E.Mey.)
Herb Leaves, roots and scalp and bring head to normal [144]
H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi
shape
Asthma, complications during menstru‐
Seeds, leaves,
Guilandina bonduc L. Liana ation, miscarriage, internal blood clots [127]
roots
in eyes
Eye problems, back pain in women,
back/joint/bone problems, cough,
[14,41,84,95,103,10
colds/flu, malaria, pneumonia, rheuma‐
Guilandina volkensii (Harms) Leaves, roots, 4,107,113,119,129,
Liana tism, STIs, typhoid, anthelmintic, acid‐
G.P.Lewis bark, seeds 138,142,143,146,14
ity, headache, general body pains, fe‐
7,168]
vers, venereal diseases, stomach ulcers,
sore throat, chest pain, stomachache
Hylodesmum repandum (Vahl)
Herb Stomach upsets [125]
H.Ohashi & R.R.Mill
Indigofera ambelacensis
Herb Roots Heart disease [99]
Schweinf.
Toothache, abdominal cramps/pains,
malaria, abortion, pain in urination, ar‐
thritis, chest pains, cough, colds, [14,86,88,91,99,105
asthma, diarrhea, skin rashes, stomach‐ ,115,119,120,132,1
Indigofera arrecta Hochst. ex
Herb Leaves, roots ache, anthelmintic, cancer, skin sores 38,139,141–
A.Rich.
and ulcers, anthrax, congested chest, 144,146,147,152,15
sore throat, aphrodisiac, retained pla‐ 4,168]
centa, hear problem, kidney ailment, fe‐
ver, edema
Indigofera atriceps Hook.f. Herb Teeth problems [132]
Indigofera bogdanii J.B.Gillett Shrub Roots Joint pain, bone pain [77]
Snakebites, cough, stomach problems,
Indigofera circinella Baker f. Herb Leaves, roots [67,126,143,144]
sore throat, stomachache
Indigofera colutea (Burm.f.)
Herb Shoots Kill mites, snakebites wounds [144]
Merr.
Indigofera conjugata Baker Herb Leaves Chest problems [144]
Indigofera dendroides Jacq. Herb Leaves Fungal diseases [118]
Indigofera emarginella Steud.
Herb/shrub Roots, stems Acaricide [133]
ex A.Rich.
Indigofera garckeana Vatke Shrub Roots Gonorrhea, joint pain [77]
Cough, colds/flu, epiglottis hair, anthel‐
Indigofera lupatana Baker f. Herb/shrub Roots mintic, malaria, pneumonia, backache, [14,41,51,74,80,96]
diarrhea, constipation
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 76 of 151
Roots, whole
Cough, wounds, burns, diarrhea, sore
Indigofera spicata Forssk. Herb plant, stems, [67,77,122,143]
throat
leaves
Indigofera spinosa Forssk. Herb/shrub Roots Strength [77]
Roots, whole Malaria, anthelmintic, body aches,
Indigofera swaziensis Bolus Shrub [77,147]
plant weaknesses, rheumatism, bone pain
Indigofera tanganyikensis
Herb Roots Baby diseases [140]
Baker f.
Indigofera trita L.f. Herb/shrub Leaves Headache, stomachache [99,142]
Kotschya africana Endl. Shrub Various parts Acaricide [133]
Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet Herb Seeds, roots Lung disease in sheep, poisonous [168]
Allergies, cough, colds/flu, malaria, ty‐
Millettia dura Dunn Shrub/tree Bark, roots phoid, anthelmintic, ECF in cattle, [14,41,74,146]
pneumonia, diarrhea, amoeba, madness
Millettia usaramensis Taub. Shrub/tree Roots Coughs, chest pains [127]
Mucuna gigantea (Willd.) DC. Liana Leaves Cough [120]
Bark, root,
Mucuna poggei Taub. Liana Acaricide [133]
aerial parts
Mundulea sericea (Willd.)
Shrub/tree Bark, leaves Fish poison, jiggers [142,150]
A.Chev.
Neonotonia wightii (Wight & Breast cancer, edema, excess bleeding
Herb Leaves [117,144]
Arn.) J.A.Lackey after miscarriage
Neorautanenia mitis (A.Rich.)
Herb Roots Abortifacients [141]
Verdc.
Malaria, anthelmintic, chest pains, gon‐
Newtonia buchananii (Baker) orrhea, blood pressure, anemia, im‐
Tree Bark, root [14,41,146]
G.C.C.Gilbert & Boutique mune booster, fatigue, runny nose (cat‐
tle), colds, cough
Chest problems, dysentery, asthma and
Newtonia hildebrandtii (Vatke)
Tree Bark other respiratory disorders, malaria, [41,72,77,80,129]
Torre
stomach disorders
Ormocarpum keniense J.B.Gil‐
Shrub Leaves Anthelmintic [80]
lett
Postpartum bleeding, threatened abor‐
tion, cuts, wounds, septic swelling, dia‐
Bark, roots, betes mellitus, headache, swollen [14,85,90,100,105,1
Ormocarpum kirkii S.Moore Shrub/tree
leaf breasts, stomachache, livestock stomach 27,142,143,145]
cleansing, diarrhea, dislocations, joint
swellings, malaria, colds
Ormocarpum sennoides Convulsions, prenatal care, gynecologi‐
Shrub/tree Roots, leaves [127]
(Willd.) DC. cal pains, burns, children’s diseases
Diarrhea, whooping cough, miscarriage,
Ormocarpum trachycarpum Leaves, roots,
Shrub/tree sunken fontanelle, swellings, cough, tu‐ [67,76,107,140]
(Taub.) Harms stems, bark
berculosis
Ringworm, stomachache, ulcers, main‐
tain pregnancy, pregnancy cramps, gas‐
Ormocarpum trichocarpum [67,71,77,79,94,96,
Shrub/tree Roots, leaves trointestinal disorders, bleeding after
(Taub.) Engl. 106,142,143]
miscarriage, diarrhea, stomach prob‐
lems, dislocations, joint swellings
Parkinsonia aculeata L. (exotic) Shrub/tree Roots Prevent miscarriage [144]
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 77 of 151
Philenoptera bussei (Harms) Convulsions, venereal diseases, prenatal
Tree Leaves [127]
Schrire care
Back/joint/bone problems, chest prob‐
lems, cough, colds/flu, aphrodisiac, ma‐
laria, pneumonia, eye infections,
Philenoptera eriocalyx (Harms) Leaves, bark, [14,41,80,84,100,10
Tree wounds, ulcers, diabetes, blood pres‐
Schrire roots 4,129,132,142,148]
sure, stomachache, waterborne diseases,
gonorrhea, rheumatism, digestion, chest
pains
Livestock medicine, asthma, TB, chronic
joint pains, amoeba, chest problems,
cough, colds/flu, malaria, typhoid, dys‐
entery, fever, respiratory ailments,
snakebites, hookworm, skin infections,
[14,41,66,74,80,82,
Piliostigma thonningii (Schu‐ Bark, leaves, livestock respiratory symptoms, pro‐
Tree 84,107,112,116,120
mach.) Milne‐Redh. roots longed menstruation, gonorrhea and
,130,133,142,143]
other venereal diseases, ear, stomach‐
ache, childbirth, fractures, colic pains,
acaricide, venereal diseases, chest pains,
bronchitis, diarrhea, blood pressure, cat‐
tle medicine, wounds/ulcers, diuretic
Platycelyphium voense (Engl.) Bone/joint pain, yellow fever, snake re‐
Herb Bark [100,137]
Wild pellant
Polhillides velutina (Willd.)
Herb/shrub Leaves Sore eyes [112]
H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi
Pseudarthria hookeri Wight &
Herb/shrub Roots Abdominal pains, diarrhea [87]
Arn.
Colds, cough (asthma), splenomegaly,
Pterolobium stellatum (Forssk.) [67,87,99,107,109,1
Liana Roots, leaves stomachache, TB, chest pains, joint
Brenan 13,138,142,168]
pains, backache
Rhynchosia elegans A.Rich. Herb Roots Cough, mental illness [98,143]
Rhynchosia hirta (Andrews)
Herb/shrub Ease child delivery, retained placenta [143]
Meikle & Verdc.
Rhynchosia resinosa (Hochst. Leaf, stems,
Shrub Acaricide [133]
ex A.Rich.) Baker roots, bark
Senegalia adenocalyx (Brenan
Shrub/tree Roots Septic swelling [127]
& Exell) Kyal. & Boatwr.
Senegalia ataxacantha (DC.) Cough, pneumonia, malaria, eyes, boils,
Shrub Roots, bark [14,77,80,84,129]
Kyal. & Boatwr. back/joint ache, gonorrhea
Wounds, ringworm, headache/fonta‐
nelle, back/bone joints problems, giddi‐
ness, cough, livestock diseases, malaria,
stomachache, diarrhea, itchy skin, [41,51,67,76,77,80,
Senegalia brevispica (Harms) Roots, leaves,
Shrub/tree rashes, removal of ganglion, colic pain 91,94,96,100,106,1
Seigler & Ebinger aerial parts
after meals, infertility, swollen repro‐ 37–141,143,168]
ductive organs in men, anthelmintic,
jaundice in infants, swollen legs and
body pains during pregnancy, edema
Senegalia hamulosa (Benth.)
Shrub Bark Diarrhea [77]
Boatwr.
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 78 of 151
Appetizer, tonic, indigestion, postpar‐
tum tonic, sore throat, ECF, convul‐
sions, snakebites, joint pains, cholera, [41,51,80,84,90–
asthma, gonorrhea, back/bone prob‐ 92,96,97,100,104,1
Senegalia mellifera (Benth.) Bark, roots,
Shrub/tree lems, chest problems, cough, colds/flu, 06,107,110,127,129
Seigler & Ebinger leaves
general body pains, malaria, wounds, ,130,138,139,141,1
STIs, stomachache, infertility, pneumo‐ 42,147,168]
nia, syphilis, rheumatism, back/joint
ache, swollen legs, diarrhea, purgative
Senegalia montigena (Brenan
Shrub Roots Anthelmintic [142]
& Exell) Kyal. & Boatwr.
Senegalia persiciflora (Pax)
Tree Bark Colic pain [140]
Kyal. & Boatwr.
Senegalia polyacantha (Willd.)
Tree Leaves Sores [168]
Seigler & Ebinger
Indigestion, stomachache, purgative,
[67,72,77,89,92,104
constipation, gonorrhea, diarrhea, ab‐
Senegalia senegal (L.) Britton Shrub/tree Roots, bark ,107,115,136,142,1
dominal disorders, abortion, malaria,
48]
skin rashes, eye medicine
Senna bicapsularis (L.) Roxb. Shrub Leaves Diarrhea, relax infant’s body [76]
Cathartic, malaria, back pain in women,
STIs, joint pain, eye infection, constipa‐
tion, Chira, fever, typhoid, allergies,
amoeba, bone problems, chest conges‐
tion, chickenpox, diarrhea, gall bladder,
general body pains, hard stool, heart‐
burn, measles, meat allergy, rheuma‐
tism, skin diseases, stomach disorders,
swellings, urinary system infections,
[14,41,67,73,76–
oral cavity infections, cancer, breast
79,84–
pain, skin swellings, emetic, purgative,
Leaves, 87,91,99,101,103,1
diabetes mellitus, anthrax, boils, scurvy,
Senna didymobotrya (Fresen.) leaves, bark, 04,108,109,113,115
Shrub/tree mosquito/bee repellant, anaplasmosis
H.S.Irwin & Barneby stems, aerial ,117,119,120,123,1
(cow), helminthiasis (cow, poultry, goat,
parts 29,131,133–
sheep, pig), hepatitis, colorectal cancer,
135,138,140–
back pains, pimples, pneumonia (cattle,
147,152–154,168]
human), skin rashes, tonsils, headache,
acaricide, ringworms, antihemorrhagic,
hypertension, gastrointestinal disorders,
pain/swelling of liver, anthelmintic (hu‐
man, animals), poisonous, stomachache,
enhance childbirth, constipation in cat‐
tle, skin care, abdominal and menstrua‐
tion pains, mental problems, insecticide,
asthma, gonorrhea, excess bile
Stomachache, cough, malaria, headache,
Senna longiracemosa (Vatke) Leaves, roots, fever, painkiller, abortifacient, vomiting, [14,72,77,80,139,14
Shrub/tree
Lock stems swollen legs and body pains during 2,145]
pregnancy, abdominal pains
Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S.Ir‐ Leaves, seeds,
Herb Childrenʹs medicine, abortifacient [91,142]
win & Barneby roots
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 79 of 151
Malaria, stomachache, diarrhea, ty‐
phoid, fever, backache, cough, chest
[14,51,76,79,80,101
pain, gastrointestinal problems, gastric
,108,111,118,119,1
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Shrub Leaves, roots complaints, cathartic, abdominal men‐
22,124,143,144,147
struation pains, fever and dizziness
,150]
(people, livestock), snakebites, kidney
problems, ECF, swollen testicles
Inhalant, anaplasmosis (cow), helmin‐
Senna septemtrionalis (Viv.) Leaves, roots, thiasis (cow, poultry, goat, sheep, pig),
Shrub [66,73,99,168]
H.S.Irwin & Barneby (exotic) seeds retained placenta, purgative, constipa‐
tion, afterbirth pains, stomachache
Snakebites, allergies, back/joint/bone
Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S.Ir‐ Roots, stems, problems, cough, colds/flu, headache, [41,106,126,133,14
Tree
win & Barneby (exotic) leaves injuries/cuts, wounds, malaria, TB, ul‐ 3,147]
cers, gonorrhea, acaricide, stomachache
Prenatal care, general body pains, vene‐
real diseases, anthrax, chickenpox,
cough, colds/flu, dental problems, indi‐ [14,41,68,77,84,85,
Leaves, bark,
Senna singueana (Delile) Lock Shrub/tree gestions, diabetes mellitus, malaria, fe‐ 127,129,133,142,14
roots
vers, diarrhea, stomach disorders, sore 5,147]
throat, anthelmintic, acaricide, anthrax,
elephantiasis
Chronic joint pains, cramping, back‐
Senna spectabilis (DC.) H.S.Ir‐ Bark, roots,
Tree bone, STIs, venereal diseases, joint ail‐ [106,116,130,144]
win & Barneby (exotic) leaves
ment
Sesbania macrantha Welw. ex
Shrub Leaves, stems Acaricide [133]
E.Phillips & Hutch.
Stomach ailments, ulcers, tonic,
Leaves, throat/uterine/skin cancer, Chira, flu,
stems, roots, childbirth, poultry, genital infections, [66,76,77,116,117,1
Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. Shrub/tree
whole plant, constipation, acaricide, hunchback, 19,133,143,144]
bark, seeds jaundice, livestock blindness, afterbirth
pains, retained placenta
Sophora tomentosa L. Shrub Fish poison [142]
Stylosanthes fruticosa (Retz.) Roots, leaves, Malaria, first trimester abortion, preg‐
Shrub/tree [81,96]
Alston whole plant nancy edema
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, malaria,
stomachache, headache, dizziness,
snake spits/bites, allergies, pimples,
joint pains, amoeba, back/bone prob‐
lems, chickenpox, cough, colds/flu, eye [14,41,51,66,76,77,
problems, appetizer, measles, ring‐ 80,85,88,96,98,99,1
worms, arthritis, gonorrhea, cancer, dia‐ 06,110–
Roots, fruits,
Tamarindus indica L. Tree betes mellitus, rheumatism, earache, 112,121,124,127,13
bark, leaves
dysentery, fevers, asthma, leprosy, ul‐ 2–
cers, liver disease, acaricide, sores, ul‐ 134,137,139,141–
cers, boils, rashes, amenorrhea, throat 147,150,151]
infections, anthelmintic, livestock dis‐
eases, laxative, tuberculosis, typhoid,
general body malaise, leech, pneumo‐
nia, anemia, retained placenta,
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 80 of 151
abdominal pain, tonsillitis, smallpox,
edema
Tephrosia emeroides A.Rich. Herb Roots Cough [140]
Tephrosia interrupta Hochst. & Poultry for fever, induce lactation
Shrub Leaves [144]
Steud. ex Engl. (cows), sore throat
Tephrosia noctiflora Bojer ex
Herb/shrub Roots Fever [77]
Baker
Tephrosia polyphylla (Chiov.)
Herb Roots Fever [77]
J.B.Gillett
Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. Herb Roots Malaria [74]
Tephrosia uniflora Pers. Herb/shrub Roots Fever [77]
Tephrosia villosa (L.) Pers. Herb Roots Prenatal care, cough, fever, malaria [51,127]
Diseases, constipation, control of ro‐
Roots, leaves,
dents ectoparasites, crop pests, general
Tephrosia vogelii Hook.f. Herb fruits, bark, [73,74,133,142]
ectoparasites (cow, poultry), acaricide,
seeds
fish poison
Teramnus labialis (L.f.)
Herb Roots Chira [76]
Spreng.
Trifolium baccarinii Chiov. Herb Leaves Infected gums [144]
Trifolium rueppellianum
Herb Shoots Fever in animals, measles, anthelmintic [144]
Fresen.
Epilepsy, infertility in women, renal dis‐
ease, cancer, epilepsy, constipation
(huma, livestock), gastrointestinal com‐
Tylosema fassoglense (Kotschy Roots, leaves, plications e.g., stomachache, anemia, fe‐ [79,82,86,87,98,133
Herb/shrub
ex Schweinf.) Torre & Hillc. whole plant ver, jaundice, pneumonia, hypertension, ,143,144]
fever/joint pains in livestock, acaricide,
flu, asthma, diabetes, obesity, venereal
diseases
Spinal cord problem, body weakness,
Vachellia abyssinica (Hochst. Bark, roots, [68,84,109,116,143,
Tree arthritis, gastrointestinal distress, lum‐
ex Benth.) Kyal. & Boatwr. leaves 154]
bago, wounds, colds/flu, skin problems
Vachellia amythethophylla
Leaves, roots,
(Steud. ex A.Rich.) Kyal. & Tree Acaricide [133]
bark
Boatwr.
Vachellia ancistroclada
Shrub/tree Roots, bark Indigestion, appetizer, tonic, malaria [92,138]
(Brenan) Kyal. & Boatwr.
Cleaning women after giving birth,
postpartum pain, infertility, tonic, uter‐
ine cleaning, TB, back/joint/bone prob‐
Vachellia drepanolobium [41,67,68,73,77,90,
Roots, bark, lems, cough, colds/flu, diarrhea, rheu‐
(Harms ex Y.Sjöstedt) Shrub/tree 92,105,121,129,135
branches matism, sore throat, diuretic, retained
P.J.H.Hurter ,138,142,143,168]
placenta in (human, cows), babesiosis,
gastrointestinal problems, malaria, live‐
stock diseases, sore throat, stomachache
Vachellia elatior (Brenan)
Tree Bark Diarrhea, stomach disorder, cough [67,77,142]
Kyal. & Boatwr.
Vachellia etbaica (Schweinf.) Bark, stems, Stomachache, colds, venereal diseases, [77,88,100,127,136
Tree
Kyal. & Boatwr. roots respiratory disorders, chest pains ]
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 81 of 151
Retained placenta, prostrate problems,
arthritis, wounds from poisoned ar‐
Vachellia gerrardii (Benth.) Stems, bark, [41,71,77,121,123,1
Shrub/tree rows, bone pain, joint pain, backache,
P.J.H.Hurter roots, seeds 35,147,154]
livestock diseases, digestion, stomach‐
ache, after‐delivery tonic
Cancer, STIs, childbirth, diarrhea, ma‐
laria, labor cramps, stomachache, boils,
swelling, gynecological problems, ab‐ [72,76,77,84,88,91,
Vachellia hockii (De Wild.) Sei‐ Bark, leaves,
Shrub/tree dominal/colic pains, fecal impaction, as‐ 97,99,118,136,140,
gler & Ebinger roots
tringent, colds/flu, gastrointestinal 141,143,144]
problems, cough, abscess, whitlow, ve‐
nereal diseases, joint ailments
Vachellia horrida (L.) Kyal. &
Shrub Bark Stomach disorders [77]
Boatwr.
Vachellia kirkii (Oliv.) Kyal. &
Tree Bark Abdominal pains [139]
Boatwr.
Vachellia lahai (Steud. &
Bark, roots, Skin eruptions, astringent, stomachache, [88,91,120,132,141
Hochst. ex Benth.) Kyal. & Tree
leaves, gum toxemias of pregnancy and bowels –143]
Boatwr.
Indigestion, tonic, painful joints/arthri‐
tis, stomachache, wounds, body aches,
stomachic, stamina, stimulant, gonor‐
rhea, chest pain, upper respiratory dis‐
eases, stomachache, joint pains,
colds/flu, cough, amoeba, arthritis,
back/bone problems, heartburn, burns,
malaria, medicine antidote, anthelmin‐
[14,41,51,67,68,71,
tic (human, cattle), eye infection, diabe‐
72,77,80,81,83,89–
tes, gastrointestinal complications,
93,96,99,100,102,1
babesiosis, pregnancy edema, women
Vachellia nilotica (L.) Bark, roots, 05–
Tree after giving a birth, aphrodisiac, acari‐
P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb. stems, seeds 107,110,112,123,12
cide, diarrhea, dysentery, leprosy, ul‐
7,129,130,132,133,
cers, cancers/tumors, abdominal/colic
135,138,139,141,14
pains, headache, tuberculosis, constipa‐
2,147–151,168]
tion, venereal diseases, sores, rashes,
sore eyes, eyelids, liver enlargement,
chest pains, firms stool, typhoid, stom‐
ach upsets/ulcers, spleen problems, kid‐
ney problems, fever, asthma, fibroids,
infertility, throat cleaning and bloat in
cattle, retained placenta, bleeding gums,
sore throat, tonsils, kwashiorkor
Retained placenta, STIs, postpartum
tonic, facilitate lactation, rejuvenation,
Stems, bark, diarrhea, womenʹs stomach pain, hepa‐
Vachellia oerfota (Forssk.) [72,77,90,92,107,13
Shrub roots, leaves, titis, fever, gonorrhea, bone disease,
Kyal. & Boatwr. 2,138,142,149]
seeds gonorrhea, malaria, rheumatism, ty‐
phoid, amoeba, joint diseases, facilitate
lactation, purgative, mouth blisters
Vachellia paolii (Chiov.) Kyal.
Shrub Bark Skin diseases [142]
& Boatwr.
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 82 of 151
Strengthener, appetizer, tonic/adap‐
Vachellia reficiens (Wawra &
Shrub/tree Bark, roots togen, laxative, stomach disorders, [77,90,99]
Peyr.) Kyal. & Boatwr.
stomachache, aphrodisiac
Retained placenta, livestock diseases,
Vachellia robusta (Burch.) [90,92,98,100,127,1
Tree Roots, bark chest pains, colds, cough, bronchial ob‐
Kyal. & Boatwr. 35]
struction, malaria
Diarrhea, cough, colds, blood cleanser,
chronic joint pains, amoeba, stomach‐
[41,64,88,111,127,1
Vachellia seyal (Delile) Roots, bark, ache, livestock diseases, headache, ab‐
Tree 30,132,135,141–
P.J.H.Hurter leaves dominal pains, induce perspiration, ap‐
143,168]
petizer, gastrointestinal problems, ma‐
laria
Bark,
Vachellia sieberiana (DC.) branches, Given to women after delivery to help
Tree [133,135]
Kyal. & Boatwr. fruits, roots, in healing, acaricide
stems
Vachellia stuhlmannii (Taub.) Roots, leaves, Cholera, pneumonia, cough, sores, ul‐
Shrub/tree [112,127]
Kyal. & Boatwr. bark cers, boils
Gonorrhea, malaria, stomachache,
back/joint/bone problems, cough,
colds/flu, pancreatic diseases, pains,
[41,51,72,77,80,81,
pneumonia, wounds, fever, polio, pro‐
Vachellia tortilis (Forssk.) Gal‐ Bark, roots, 91,92,97,100,104,1
Tree tracted labor, bone disease/strength, in‐
asso & Banfi fruits 06,129,138,139,142
digestion, clean kidneys, cancer, diar‐
,148]
rhea, chest pains, swollen legs, retained
placenta, abdominal pains/swelling,
mouth diseases/ulcers
Pneumonia, appetizer, skin disorders,
fatigue, typhoid, diarrhea, stomach dis‐
orders, peptic ulcers, amoeba, hyperten‐
sion, renal disorders, female infertility, [41,73,82,86,92,104
Vachellia xanthophloea (Benth.)
Tree Bark, roots mumps, cancer, arthritis, sore throat ,105,138,142,152,1
Banfi & Galasso
(human), cough (livestock, human), ma‐ 68]
laria, foot and mouth (ruminants, poul‐
try, cows), indigestion, constipation,
colds, receding gums, sore throat
Vachellia zanzibarica Stomachache, diarrhea, cough, asthma,
Shrub/tree Roots, leaves [127]
(S.Moore) Kyal. & Boatwr. septic swelling, snakebites
Vigna schimperi Baker Herb Leaves Tonsils [144]
Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. Herb Leaves, seeds Nutritional supplement [66]
Roots, leaves,
Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Herb Boils, conjunctivitis, poisonous [94,143,168]
seeds
Linaceae
Hugonia castaneifolia Engl. Shrub/liana Roots Snakebites, convulsions, colds [127,142]
Linderniaceae
Craterostigma plantagineum
Herb Toothache [143]
Hochst.
Loganiaceae
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 83 of 151
Arthritis, stomachache, malaria,
body/joint/bone pain, epilepsy, diabe‐
tes, back pain in women, postpartum
pain, amoeba, cough, colds/flu, head‐
ache, stomach disorders, swellings, ty‐
phoid, anthelmintic, mosquito repellant,
delayed labor, prevent first/second tri‐ [14,41,51,64,77,81,
mester abortion, vomiting, pregnancy 84,85,93,96,99,100,
Roots, leaves, edema, pregnancy anemia, postpartum 102–
Strychnos henningsii Gilg Shrub/tree branches, hemorrhage, fever, induce abortion, 105,107,113,129,13
bark make arrow poison, rheumatism, chest 0,135,138–
pain, strengthen bones, dysmenorrhea, 140,142,146,147,14
impotence, ulcers, muscular 9,151,168]
pains/swellings, diarrhea, general body
weakness, pneumonia, alcohol hango‐
ver, swollen legs and body pains in
pregnancy, wounds, gastrointestinal
complaints, snakebites, constipation,
kidney pains
Strychnos innocua Delile Shrub/tree Leaves, seeds Acaricide [133]
Strychnos madagascariensis Enhances conception and pregnancy,
Shrub/tree Roots, fruits [127,150]
Poir. jiggers
Stomach ailments, pneumonia, asthma,
Roots, seeds, [106,112,127,133,1
Strychnos spinosa Lam. Shrub/tree induce labor pains, colds, flu, acaricide,
leaves, bark 42]
jiggers, abortifacient, poisonous
Loranthaceae
Agelanthus oehleri (Engl.) Shoots, whole Prevent miscarriage, enhance concep‐
Shrub [77,144]
Polhill & Wiens plant tion in sterile women
Chest problems, malaria, fever, pneu‐
Agelanthus pennatulus (Spra‐
Shrub Leaves, roots monia, colds, joint pain, stomach com‐ [109]
gue) Polhill & Wiens
plications
Agelanthus sansibarensis Leaves,
Shrub Headache [99]
(Engl.) Polhill & Wiens branches
Emelianthe panganensis (Engl.)
Whole plant Prevent miscarriage [77]
Danser
Englerina woodfordioides
Whole plant, Pneumonia, liver/spleen diseases, pneu‐
(Schweinf.) Balle ex M.G. Gil‐Shrub [67,99,132,141]
bark, twigs monia, liver enlargement, heartburn
bert
Erianthemum dregei (Eckl. &
Bark Snake bite wounds [99]
Zeyh.) Tiegh.
Oliverella hildebrandtii (Engl.)
Shrub Whole plant Prevent miscarriage [77]
Tiegh.
Oncocalyx fischeri (Engl.) Whole plant, Pain, retained afterbirth, wounds, pre‐
Shrub [67,68,77]
M.G.Gilbert bark, twigs vent miscarriage
Whole
Clean umbilical cord wound, paralysis,
branch,
Phragmanthera usuiensis stroke, gout, stomach cancer, arthritis, [67,99,120,135,141,
Shrub branches,
(Oliv.) M.G.Gilbert pneumonia, pain, colds, stroke, gout, 154]
bark, leaves,
liver diseases
roots
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 84 of 151
Plicosepalus curviflorus
Shrub Twigs Pneumonia [67]
(Benth. ex Oliv.) Tiegh.
Tapinanthus buvumae (Ren‐
Shrub Heartburn [132]
dle) Danser
Lythraceae
Emetic, stomach problems, dysen‐
Lawsonia inermis L. Shrub/tree Roots tery/severe diarrhea, womenʹs stomach [72,77,142]
disorder after birth
Amoeba, infertility, malaria, meat appe‐
tite, STIs, stomachache, tonsilitis, pneu‐
Fruits, seeds,
Punica granatum L. (exotic) Shrub/tree monia, wounds, erectile dysfunc‐ [14,41,84,146,168]
roots
tion/impotence, gonorrhea, diarrhea,
anthelmintic, aphrodisiac
Blood cleanser, lumbago, peripheral
neuropathy, muscle cramps, joint pains,
Rotala tenella (Guill. & Perr.)
Herb Whole plant pre/post‐menopausal syndromes, obe‐ [88]
Hiern
sity, cardiovascular disorders, cerebro‐
vascular disorders, hyperlipidemia
Malpighiaceae
Caucanthus auriculatus Bone pain, rheumatism, backache, ma‐
Liana Roots [77]
(Radlk.) Nied. laria
Triaspis mozambica A. Juss. Liana Leaves Stomach medicine [142]
Malvaceae
Abutilon hirtum (Lam.) Sweet Herb/shrub Retained placenta [136]
Abutilon longicuspe Hochst.
Shrub Retained placenta [136]
ex A.Rich.
Abutilon mauritianum (Jacq.) Seeds, roots, Dysentery, retained placenta, expecto‐
Herb/shrub [136,141,142,168]
Medik. leaves rant, aphrodisiac
Dizziness, nausea, headache, hyperten‐
sion, children’s diseases, skin infections,
malaria, fly repellant, fumigant, arrow
poison antidote, erectile dysfunc‐ [14,80,84,100,111,1
Leaves, bark,
Adansonia digitata L. Tree tion/impotence, 27,129,134,139,145
fruits, roots
epilepsy, body swellings, kidney stones, ,150]
measles, appetizer, backache, stomach‐
ache, anthelmintic, abdominal pains, tie
umbilical cord
Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.
Tree Bark General body pains [116]
(exotic)
Ceiba speciosa (A.St.‐Hil.,
A.Juss. & Cambess.) Ravenna Tree Bark Wounds [116]
(exotic)
Wounds, infantʹs mouth, growth, teeth‐
Corchorus olitorius L. Herb Leaves [108,120]
ing in babies
Snakebites, applied to gums to treat
Corchorus trilocularis L. Herb Leaves plastic teeth in infants, sore throat, vom‐ [126,143,144]
iting
Cough, stomach ulcers, retained pla‐
Dombeya burgessiae Gerrard
Shrub/tree Leaves, roots centa, pneumonia, hiccups, wounds, [84,142,144]
ex Harv.
stomach upsets
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 85 of 151
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 86 of 151
body swellings, excessive menstrual
flow, remove thorns pierced into the
skin, retained placenta
Anthelmintic, stomachache, mouth in‐
Heritiera littoralis Aiton Tree Roots [76]
fection, toothache
Hibiscus aethiopicus L. Herb Roots Spleen pain [140]
Burns, rashes, boil, abdominal pains, fe‐
Hibiscus aponeurus Sprague & [67,77,141,143,147
Herb Roots, leaves ver, anemia, HIV/AIDs, dysentery, diar‐
Hutch. ]
rhea, dermatitis, stomachache, fever
Roots, leaves,
Shrub
Hibiscus calyphyllus Cav. aerial parts, Acaricide, abdominal pains [133,139]
stems
Malaria, appetizer, vomiting, diarrhea,
Hibiscus diversifolius Jacq. Shrub Bark [100,109,168]
colds, pneumonia
Hibiscus faulknerae Vollesen Shrub Roots, leaves Convulsions, toothache [127]
Hibiscus flavifolius Ulbr. Herb Leaves, roots Burns [67]
Cough, colds/flu, swollen feet, rheuma‐
tism, stroke, chest problems, wounds,
Roots, bark, [41,99,115,119,143,
Hibiscus fuscus Garcke Herb aphrodisiac, chest pain, induce spasms
seeds, leaves 144,147,168]
during childbirth, sprained mus‐
cles/limbs
Hibiscus greenwayi Baker f. Shrub Bark Colds [72]
Hibiscus kabuyeanus
Herb Leaves Boils [100]
Mwachala
Hibiscus ludwigii Eckl. &
Herb/shrub Wounds [136]
Zeyh.
Eye infections, boils, Chira, stomach ul‐
[14,76,77,80,84,100
Hibiscus micranthus L.f. Herb Roots, leaves cers, mental disorders, cuts, fever, ane‐
,143]
mia, HIV/AIDs, chicken diarrhea
Hibiscus vitifolius L. Herb Roots Inflammations, wounds, eyes problems [14,80,136]
Kosteletzkya adoensis (Hochst.
Herb/shrub Shoots Menstrual fever [144]
ex A.Rich.) Mast.
Malva parviflora L. Herb Roots Boils [152]
Exudate,
Malva verticillata L. Herb Wounds, boils, toothache [168]
roots
Melhania muricata Balf.f. Shrub Roots Arthritis, pneumonia, lung problems [92]
Melhania ovata (Cav.) Spreng. Herb/shrub Leaves Wounds, burns [72]
Chest blockage, sore throat, reduce fetal
movements, typhoid, flu, waterborne [89,109,120,132,14
Melochia corchorifolia L. Herb/shrub Roots, leaves
diseases, headache, mumps, retained 4]
placenta
Pavonia arabica Hochst. &
Herb Whole plant Fever [77]
Steud. ex Boiss.
Eye problems (chalazion, conjunctivitis,
Pavonia burchellii (DC.)
Herb Roots proptosis tumors, retina blastoma), diar‐[95,147]
R.A.Dyer
rhea
Pavonia urens Cav. Herb/shrub Roots Rheumatism, barrenness [41,138]
Rhodognaphalon mossambi‐
Tree Roots Asthma, coughs, diarrhea [127]
cense (A.Robyns) A.Robyns
Sida cordifolia L. Herb Roots, leaves Skin cancer, family planning [117,119]
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 87 of 151
Leaves, whole
Sida javensis Cav. Herb Internal injury, bleeding, back pain [122]
plant
Sida massaica Vollesen Shrub Leaves, roots Excess gas in stomach, sprains [146,152]
Remove retained placenta (cows),
Sida ovata Forssk. Herb/shrub [80,138]
wounds, kwashiorkor
Uterine/skin/squamous cell carcinoma
Sida rhombifolia L. Herb Leaves of the gums, diarrhea, stomachache, [76,117]
sunken fontanelle
Sida schimperiana Hochst. ex Roots, whole
Shrub Colic pain, anthelmintic [140,144]
A.Rich. plant
Respiratory disorders, peptic ulcers,
rheumatism, diarrhea, protracted labor,
Roots, leaves, pregnancy edema, boils, wounds, preg‐
[41,81,88,119,122,1
Sida tenuicarpa Vollesen Shrub whole plants, nancy complications, chest complica‐
38,143,147,168]
aerial parts tion, appetizer, chest pains, kidney
problems
sore throat, kwashiorkor
Bark, aerial Malaria, erectile dysfunction, stomach
[51,72,91,100,129,1
Sterculia africana (Lour.) Fiori Tree parts, seeds, upsets, diarrhea, heart problem, dysen‐
50]
roots tery, rectal prolapse, asthma
Sterculia appendiculata
Tree Roots Stomach ailments, hypertension [127]
K.Schum.
Sterculia rhynchocarpa
Shrub/tree Leaves, roots Induce labor pains, venereal diseases [127]
K.Schum.
Sterculia stenocarpa Back/joint/bone problems, indigestion,
Herb/shrub Roots, bark [14,41,77]
H.J.P.Winkl. malaria, anthelmintic, stomachache
Infertility in women, convulsions, septic
Thespesia danis Oliv. Shrub/tree Roots, leaves swelling, gonorrhea, fibroids, female [127,142,150]
sexual problems
Amoeba, back/joint/bone problems,
cough, colds/flu, malaria, typhoid,
Thespesia garckeana F.Hoffm. Shrub/tree Fruits, bark [41,140,147]
stomach disorders, acidity, epigastric
distress, heartburn, abdominal pain
Triumfetta brachyceras Boils, retained placenta, boils, malig‐
Shrub Boils, leaves [99,143,144]
K.Schum. nant cells
Triumfetta cordifolia A.Rich. Shrub Leaves Hepatic diseases [99]
Colorectal/uterine/squamous cell carci‐
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Herb/shrub Leaves, roots noma of the gums, labor pain, reduce [76,117,119,144]
blood flow after birth, whooping cough
Waltheria indica L. Shrub Leaves Skin/uterine/breast cancer [117]
Marantaceae
Maranta arundinacea L. (ex‐
Herb Tonsilitis [41]
otic)
Melastomataceae
Antherotoma naudinii Hook.f. Herb Increase milk letdown in livestock [144]
Antherotoma senegambiensis
Herb Leaves Falling person diseases [143]
(Guill. & Perr.) Jacq.‐Fél.
Dissotis speciosa Taub. Herb/shrub Leaves Diarrhea, cough [99,125]
Dupineta brazzae (Cogn.)
Herb Leaves Cough [144]
Ver.‐Lib. & G.Kadereit
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 88 of 151
Heterotis rotundifolia (Sm.)
Herb Leaves Cough [134]
Jacq.‐Fél.
Memecylon teitense Wickens Shrub/tree Leaves Malaria, fever [145]
Tristemma mauritianum Allergies, heart ailment, labor pains,
Herb Leaves [119,144]
J.F.Gmel. proper fetus positioning
Warneckea amaniensis Gilg Shrub/tree Roots Bronchial trouble [142]
Meliaceae
Eye/ear infections, typhoid, ringworms,
genital thrush, herpes, malaria, fever,
body pains, insect bites, pest control,
skin rashes, HIV/AIDs, Chira, cholera,
amoeba, back/joint/bone pains, blood
purifier, brucellosis, chest problems,
cough, colds/flu, dental problems, dia‐
betes, hypertension, injuries/cuts,
[14,41,64,66,68,73,
wounds, appetizer, numbness, pimples,
75,84,85,93,96,98,1
pneumonia, rheumatism, skin diseases,
Azadirachta indica A.Juss. (ex‐ Bark, leaves, 05–
Tree STIs, stomach disorders, anthelmintic,
otic) roots, fruits 108,110,111,125,12
helminthiasis (cow, poultry, goat,
9,133,138,144–
sheep, pig), weakness/dullness (cow,
147,150,151,168]
goat, sheep, poultry, pig), acaricide,
boils, pimples, hepatitis, leprosy, ulcers,
abdominal pains, infertility, edema,
continuous menstruation, contraceptive,
gonorrhea, diarrhea, gout, yellow fever,
arthritis, fatigue, antiseptic, insect repel‐
lant (moth/mosquito) skin care, arthral‐
gia, asthenia, measles
Diarrhea, stomach problems, difficult
delivery in women, chest problems,
pneumonia, earache, infertility in
women, menstrual disorders, joint
pains, kidney problem, spinal cord
problem, fever, typhoid, dysentery, skin
Bark, roots, allergies, backache, chest problems, di‐ [14,41,82,88,91,97,
flowers, arrhea (cow), fever, body swellings, ar‐ 99,104,109,117,120
Ekebergia capensis Sparrm. Tree
fruits, stems, thritis, malaria, anthelmintic, heartburn, ,131,133,141,145,1
leaves emetic, cough, colds, headache, gastri‐ 47,152,154,168]
tis, skin rashes, fungal infections, acne,
abscesses, livestock diseases (respira‐
tory symptoms, anthelmintic), tonic,
skin/throat/breast cancer, skin cancer,
TB, expectorant, acaricide, purgative,
abdominal pains
Lepidotrichilia volkensii
Tree Leaves Scalp in babies [144]
(Gürke) J.‐F.Leroy
Abdominal pains, STIs, malaria, mea‐
[41,76,79,87,101,10
sles, immunity booster, typhoid, colo‐
Leaves, bark, 4,108,116,117,119,
Melia azedarach L. rectal/esophageal cancer, stomachache,
roots 120,124,133,143,15
diarrhea, gut diseases, dysentery, kid‐
0]
ney ailments, blood cleanser, skin
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 89 of 151
diseases, headache, acaricide, colds/flu,
fever
Cholera, constipation, malaria, boils,
amoeba, chest problems, cough,
Roots, leaves, colds/flu, pneumonia, stomach disor‐ [14,41,51,77,80,96,
Melia volkensii Gürke Tree
fruits, bark ders, insecticide, gum/tooth ache, ear 139,147]
problems, swollen legs, abdominal
pains, edema
Trichilia dregeana Sond. Tree Bark Stomach ailments, poisoning [144]
Flu, general body weakness, fever,
stomachache, STIs, malaria, amoeba,
back/joint/bone problems, cough,
colds/flu, epilepsy, pancreas diseases,
rheumatism, anthelmintic, moisturizer,
poisoned arrow wounds, body aches,
pneumonia, inappetence,
breast/skin/colorectal cancer, scabies,
[14,41,66,74,80,84,
boils, chest problems, whooping cough,
Bark, leaves, 101,104,112,116,11
Trichilia emetica Vahl Tree TB, gut, constipation, prenatal care,
twigs, root 7,125,134,141,142,
abortifacients, infertility, measles, dys‐
144,145,147,168]
entery, diarrhea, cardiac conditions, vet‐
erinary, emetic, poisonous, cuts/bruises,
purgative, abdominal pains, kidney
problems, skin diseases, immune
booster, jiggers, body swellings, vene‐
real diseases, induce labor pains, stom‐
ach ailments in livestock, insecticide
(cockroaches, bedbugs)
Stem, bark,
Turraea abyssinica Hochst. Shrub/tree Tonic, anthelmintic [107,135]
leaves, roots
Turraea floribunda Hochst. Shrub/tree Roots Cough [142]
Acaricide, painkiller, nerval disorder,
Roots, leaves, laxative, menstrual cycle, anthelmintic
Turraea holstii Gürke Shrub/tree [133,144,145,168]
bark in cattle, measles, diarrhea, stomach
congestion
Turraea mombassana Hiern ex Fruits, roots, Emetic, malaria, dizziness, body pains, [67,104,105,107,13
Shrub
C.DC. stems, bark joint diseases, excess bile, fever 5,140,149]
Roots, bark,
Turraea robusta Gürke Tree STIs, anthelmintic, malaria, acaricide [104,118,133,147]
whole plant
Bark, roots,
Turraea wakefieldii Oliv. Shrub/tree Measles, chest pain, chickenpox, cough [150]
leaves
Melianthaceae
Urinary tract infections, STIs, enlarged
prostate gland, eye inflammation, colds,
stomach complications, fever, livestock
[66,85,86,108,109,1
diseases, birth difficulty, bleeding,
Roots, bark, 13,116,120,131,138
Bersama abyssinica Fresen. Tree stomachache, pneumonia, TB, malaria,
leaves ,141,142,144,152,1
amoebiasis, diabetes mellitus,
68]
joints/backbone, aphrodisiac, poisonous
to livestock, cancer, chest problems, in‐
fertility, syphilis
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 90 of 151
Menispermaceae
Chasmanthera dependens
Liana Stems Stomachache, diarrhea [51,139]
Hochst.
Malaria, hypertension, abortifacient,
Roots, leaves, stomach ailments, constipation, ab‐ [101,120,143,144,1
Cissampelos mucronata A.Rich. Liana
stems dominal pain, whooping cough, burns, 47]
snakebite antidote
Wounds, snakebites, amoeba, asthma,
diarrhea, typhoid, vomiting, anthelmin‐
tic, malaria, abdominal severe pains in [14,41,51,86,99,103
Roots, bark,
Cissampelos pareira L. Liana women, stomachache, hypertension, ,104,127–
leaves
cough, sore throat, colds, gastric com‐ 129,150,168]
plaints, urinary disorders, venereal dis‐
eases
Cocculus hirsutus (L.)
Liana Leaves Stomachache [142]
W.Theob.
Cocculus pendulus (J.R.Forst.
Liana Wood Emetic [142]
& G.Forst.) Diels
Jateorhiza palmata (Lam.)
Liana Roots Stomach medicine [142]
Miers
Liver problems, colic in infants, stom‐
Stephania abyssinica (Quart.‐ Roots, leaves, achache, malaria, diarrhea/dysentery [73,74,104,119,152,
Liana
Dill. & A.Rich.) Walp. bark (cow, poultry, goat, sheep, pig), heart 168]
problems, gonorrhea, impotency
Molluginaceae
Paramollugo nudicaulis (Lam.) Leaves, whole Flu, madness, cough, mental ill‐
Herb [76,98,143]
Thulin plant ness/madness
Monimiaceae
Xymalos monospora (Harv.) General body relief, anthelmintic, stom‐
Tree Bark, roots [14]
Baill. achache
Moraceae
Antiaris toxicaria (J.F.Gmel.) Leaves, bark, Fontanel gap, abdominal pains, STIs,
Tree [116,122]
Lesch. roots kidney ailments, ringworms
Fruits, bark,
Ficus amadiensis De Wild. Tree Acaricide [133]
roots, latex
Ficus asperifolia Miq. Shrub Latex Skin swellings in human/livestock [142]
Chest problems, diarrhea, headache,
Ficus benjamina L. (exotic) Tree [41]
livestock diseases, stomach disorders
Ficus bussei Warb. ex Mildbr.
Tree Roots, leaves Malaria [111]
& Burret
Bark, roots, Boost immunity, improve general
Ficus cordata Thunb. Tree [135]
stems health
Root, bark,
Ficus glumosa Delile Shrub/tree Stomachache, diarrhea, acaricide [77,99,133]
fruit, latex
Ficus ingens (Miq.) Miq. Shrub/tree Roots Diarrhea [142]
Leaves, roots, Sore throat, asthma, heavy menstrua‐
Ficus lutea Vahl Tree [116]
bark tion, general illness, veterinary uses
Fruits, bark,
Toothache, skin infections, teeth prob‐ [66,85,109,116,132
Ficus natalensis Hochst. Tree roots, latex,
lems, diabetes mellitus, arthritis ]
stems, leaves
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 91 of 151
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 92 of 151
Back pain, HIV/AIDs, amoeba, asthma,
clean blood, cancer, chest problems,
cough, colds/flu, detoxifier, fibroids, im‐
mune booster, malaria, protein source,
rheumatism, stomach disorders/acid, ty‐
Leaves, roots, phoid, hypertension, toothache, ulcers, [14,41,83,96,98,106
Moringa oleifera Lam. Shrub/tree
seeds, flowers whiten teeth, diabetes, fungal infection, ,110,145,150]
herpes zoster, genital thrush, herpes
simplex, syphilis, anemia, arthritis, ma‐
laise, vitamin/iron source, hysteria, con‐
junctivitis, reproductive disorder, diabe‐
tes
Moringa stenopetala (Baker f.)
Tree Roots Fever [77]
Cufod.
Musaceae
Infertility, snakebite, measles, runny
eyes, rumbling stomach, tapeworms,
livestock diseases, rheumatism, dental
Roots, exu‐ [41,87,91,100,116,1
Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) problems, dislocations, inju‐
Tree date, fruits, 20,126,132,141,144
Cheesman ries/cuts/wounds, STIs, arthritis, heart‐
stems ,145,152,154,168]
burn, liver diseases/enlargement, medi‐
cine for cows, eye infection, earache/in‐
fection, stomachache
Ear infections, asthma, cough, gonor‐
Roots, bark, [14,66,113,116,146,
Musa × paradisiaca L. (exotic) Tree rhea, family planning, wounds, female
exudate 150]
infertility, ant repellent
Musa acuminata Colla (exotic) Tree Bark Blood pressure [105]
Myricaceae
Urinary tract problems, tonic, tonsillitis,
cough, chest congestion, goiter, malaria,
[14,67,72,86,93,103
Myrica salicifolia Hochst. ex Bark, stems, livestock diseases, anodyne, abdominal
Shrub/tree ,104,107,120,121,1
A.Rich. leaves, roots pains, asthma, stomach upsets, analge‐
41,145,168]
sic, respiratory diseases, colds, anti‐acid,
intoxicating property, throat infections
Myrothamnaceae
Myrothamnus flabellifolius
Shrub Leaves Chest pain [77]
Welw.
Myrtaceae
Corymbia citriodora (Hook.)
K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson Tree Bark, leaves Fever, flu, cough [143]
(exotic)
Eucalyptus camaldulensis
Tree Leaves Colds [98]
Dehnh. (exotic)
Allergies, back/joint/bone problems,
chest problems, chickenpox, cough,
colds/flu, fever, headache, injuries,
Eucalyptus globulus Labill. cuts/wounds, livestock diseases, ma‐
Tree Leaves [41,84,115,116]
(exotic) laria, measles, pneumonia, rheumatism,
skin diseases, slow urine passing, small‐
pox, stomach disorders, measles, pim‐
ples
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 93 of 151
Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill ex Bark, leaves,
Tree Fever, colds, headache [150]
Maiden (exotic) roots
Eucalyptus regnans F.Muell.
Tree Leaves Chickenpox, livestock diseases [152]
(exotic)
Eucalyptus robusta Sm. (ex‐ Skin infections, chickenpox, measles,
Tree Leaves [109]
otic) asthma
Back pain in women, cough, colds/flu,
injuries/cuts, wounds, malaria, skin dis‐
Eucalyptus saligna Sm. (ex‐ [14,41,74,84,136,14
Tree eases, chicken diseases, fever, toothache,
otic) 5–147]
measles, stomach ailments, allergy, poi‐
son emetic, chickenpox, bloat in cattle
Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm.
Tree Leaves Smallpox [106]
(exotic)
Constipation, malaria, allergies,
amoeba, jaundice, back/joint/bone prob‐
lems, cough, colds/flu, chest problems,
goiter, painkiller, rheumatism, skin dis‐
[14,41,76,84,88,96,
eases, typhoid, stomachache, cancer,
Leaves, bark, 99,106,108,116,119
Psidium guajava L. (exotic) Tree STIs, nausea, diarrhea, colic pains, an‐
fruits, roots ,143,145,146,150,1
thelmintic (human, animals), typhoid,
68]
dysentery, inflammatory, ringworms,
ulcers, diabetes fever, hypertension,
toothache, reproductive disorders,
wounds, boils, runny nose
Colds, diarrhea, afterbirth stomachache,
Leaves, bark, stomachache, malaria, typhoid, [14,41,67,68,72,87,
Syzygium cordatum Hochst.
Tree fruits, stems, strength/tonic, gastrointestinal compli‐ 120,133,136,141–
ex Krauss
roots cations, acaricide, abdominal pains, 143,152,168]
cleaning blood
Dysentery, dysentery, gut problems, ac‐
Fruits, leaves, [66,98,116,122,133,
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Tree aricide, boils, stomach complications,
bark, roots 145]
emetic, cough, hypertension
Infertility, typhoid, wounds, paresthe‐
sia, cancer, invigorant, back/joint/bone
problems, cough, colds/flu, diarrhea, [41,66,67,77,88,109
Syzygium guineense (Willd.) Bark, roots, HIV/AIDs, malaria, tonic, rheumatism, ,116,117,119,132,1
Tree
DC. fruits stomachache, skin cancer, kidney ail‐ 33,140,144,145,168
ments, veterinary uses, menstrual pains, ]
acaricide, eye problem, heartburn, fever,
indigestion, aphrodisiac
Nyctaginaceae
Boerhavia erecta L. Herb Leaves Diarrhea, ringworm [76]
Commicarpus helenae (Roem.
Herb Tonic, malaria, earache, wounds [136]
& Schult.) Meikle
Commicarpus plumbagineus Malaria, earache, headache, cuts, re‐
Herb Leaves, roots [72,91,99]
(Cav.) Standl. moving ganglion
Nymphaeaceae
Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f. Herb Stems, leaves Stomach ailments, chest conditions [134]
Ochnaceae
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 94 of 151
Stomachache, emetic when poison in‐
Ochna holstii Engl. Tree [145]
gested
Roots, seeds, Strength, chest pain, diarrhea in chil‐
Ochna insculpta Sleumer Shrub/tree [14,77,140]
leaves dren, boils, children fever
Ochna mossambicensis
Shrub/tree Roots Stomachache [142]
Klotzsch
Sore/inflamed skin, stomachache, poi‐
Ochna ovata F. Hoffm. Shrub/tree Leaves [80,145]
son emetic
Ochna thomasiana Engl. & Menstrual disorders, leprosy, miscar‐
Shrub/tree Roots, leaves [127]
Gilg riage
Olacaceae
Strombosia scheffleri Engl. Tree Leaves, bark Stomachache, tonic, insecticide [77,84]
Malaria, stomachache, constipation,
uterine bleeding, tonic, venereal dis‐
eases, toothache, boils, skin rashes, ab‐
scesses, back/bone problems, dental
[14,41,71,77,79,84,
problems, rheumatism, skin diseases,
90,91,94,98,100,10
Stem, bark, stomach acid, thorn pricks, joint pains,
4–
Ximenia americana L. Shrub/tree leaves, roots, pneumonia, gum pains, diarrhea, acari‐
108,112,124,127,13
fruits cide, wounds, tonsillitis, mouth sores,
3,135,138,140,143,
fever, cough, anemia, menstrual pains
146,147,150]
(dysmenorrhea), gonorrhea, respiratory
problems, vomiting, constipation, gyne‐
cological problems, pleuritis, HIV, rheu‐
matoid arthritis
Ulcers, wounds, asthma, livestock dis‐
eases, anthelmintic, diarrhea, toothache,
Roots, fruits, painkiller, malaria, fevers, acute upper [14,68,72,74,76,77,
Ximenia caffra Sond. Shrub/tree
bark, leaves respiratory tract infections, dermatitis, 80,118,138,141]
ulcers, toothache, mouth infection,
stomachache, abdominal pains
Oleaceae
Diarrhea, oral thrush, chest pains, weak
Jasminum abyssinicum Hochst. Roots, leaves,
Liana joints, malaria, spinal cord aches, cough, [132,152]
ex DC. bark
aphrodisiac, wounds
Jasminum dichotomum Vahl Liana Leaves Menstrual pains, epilepsy [143]
Heartburn, headache, Wuoyo, snake‐
[71,76,77,86,99,142
Jasminum fluminense Vell. Shrub/liana Roots, leaves bites, cough, chest/joint pains, insecti‐
,143,168]
cide, wounds, menstrual pains, leprosy
Malaria, laxative, stomachache, diar‐
Leaves, roots, [67,109,120,140–
Jasminum grandiflorum L. Liana rhea, anthelmintic, cough, chest pains,
whole plant 143]
liver diseases, HIV/AIDs
Jasminum streptopus E.Mey. Shrub/liana Roots Headache, snakebites [77]
Noronhia battiscombei (Hutch.)
Shrub/tree Bark Malaria, back pains, anthelmintic [77]
Hong‐Wa & Besnard
Noronhia nilotica (Oliv.)
Shrub/tree Bark Stomach disorders [77]
Hong‐Wa & Besnard
Scabies, constipation, urinary infections, [14,41,66,72,88,90,
Bark, leaves,
Olea capensis L. Tree stomachache, peptic ulcers, tonic, colds, 99,103,104,117,120
fruits, roots
fever, livestock diseases, backache, ,125,131,133,136,1
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 95 of 151
diabetes, chest pains, mouth inflamma‐ 38,146,147,152,168
tion in children, malaria, pneumonia, ]
general body weakness/fatigue/pains,
amoeba, joint pains, anthelmintic, blood
cleanser, cough, TB, difficulty in breath‐
ing, amoeba, arthritis, inju‐
ries/cuts/wounds, aphrodisiac, prostrate
problems, rheumatism, skin cancer, aca‐
ricide, wounds
Malaria, pneumonia, anthelmintic, re‐
tained afterbirth, respiratory problems,
anaplasmosis, eye inflammation, stom‐
achache, joint pains, chest pains, umbili‐
cal cord, livestock diseases, diarrhea,
mouth infection in babies, fever, eye in‐
fections, seizures, ringworms, stomach [41,68,71–
rumbles, amoeba, back/bone problems, 73,77,82–
cough, colds/flu, dislocation, body 86,88,89,91,92,97,9
pains, headache, boost immunity, inju‐ 9,103–
Stems, bark, ries/cuts, wounds, internal injuries, ap‐ 105,107,109,110,12
Olea europaea L. Shrub/tree
leaves, roots petizer, muscle fatigue, rheumatism, 0,129–
body swellings, typhoid, urinary dis‐ 133,135,136,138,14
eases, liver disease, polio, gonorrhea, 0–
enlarged prostate, arthritis, skin disor‐ 142,145,147,149,15
ders e.g. allergy, cancer, mellitus, itchy 2,168]
rashes, Contagious Bovine Pleuropneu‐
monia in livestock, asthma, lumbago,
helminthiasis (cow, poultry, goat,
sheep, pig), bone fractures, acaricide,
eye ailments, heartburn, sore throat,
kidney problems, hypertension
Scabies, chest problems, flu, gut prob‐
lems, constipation, stomachache, child‐
Olea welwitschii (Knobl.) Gilg Bark, root, birth, prenatal care, infertility,
Tree [116]
& G.Schellenb. twigs joint/backbone problems, STIs, dysen‐
tery, diarrhea, cancer, urinary tract in‐
fections
Malaria, chest problems, sore throat,
toothache, diabetes mellitus, candidia‐
[41,67,68,71,77,85,
Schrebera alata (Hochst.) Bark, twigs, sis, anesthesia, stomach pains, bloody
Tree 136,140,142,145,15
Welw. leaves, roots stool, diarrhea, pregnancy pains, meat
2,168]
allergy, painkiller, poison antidote,
headache, cuts
Onagraceae
Epilobium hirsutum L. Herb Roots Stomach pains [84]
Opiliaceae
Roots, bark,
Opilia amentacea Roxb. Liana Malaria, diarrhea, fever [41,92,138,142]
branches
Pentarhopalopilia umbellulata
Shrub/liana Roots Venereal diseases, children’s diseases [127]
(Baill.) Hiepko
Orchidaceae
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 96 of 151
Aerangis kirkii (Rchb.f.)
Herb Leaves Convulsions [127]
Schltr.
Angraecum sacciferum Lindl. Herb Leaves Pneumonia [109]
Ansellia africana Lindl. Herb Branches Eardrops [99,127]
Bonatea steudneri (Rchb.f.)
Herb Roots Sores [67]
T.Durand & Schinz
Eulophia petersii (Rchb.f.)
Herb Roots Prevent first trimester abortion [81]
Rchb.f.
Habenaria cirrhata (Lindl.)
Herb Roots Abdominal pains [141]
Rchb.f.
Microcoelia exilis Lindl. Herb Leaves Convulsions [127]
Solenangis wakefieldii (Rolfe)
Herb Leaves Convulsions [127]
P.J.Cribb & J.Stewart
Vanilla roscheri Rchb.f. Herb Stomach pains, prenatal care [127]
Ypsilopus amaniensis
Herb Root Chest pain [77]
(Kraenzl.) Dʹhaijère & Stévart
Orobanchaceae
Asepalum eriantherum (Vatke)
Shrub Whole plant Backache [142]
Marais
Cistanche tubulosa (Schenk)
Herb Childbirth problems [72]
Wight ex Hook.f.
Striga hermonthica (Delile)
Herb Leaves Thrush [143]
Benth.
Oxalidaceae
Averrhoa bilimbi L. (exotic) Tree Fruits Aphrodisiac, appetizer [150]
Biophytum abyssinicum Steud.
Herb Rashes, smallpox [132]
ex A.Rich.
Whole plant,
Biophytum umbraculum Welw.Herb Arthritis, dizziness, stomachache [144,154]
leaves
Skin infections, memory loss, mouth ul‐
Oxalis corniculata L. Herb Leaves [122,123,141,154]
cers/sores, diseases of the eye
Passifloraceae
Adenia cissampeloides (Planch. Leaves,
Liana Wounds [99]
ex Hook.) Harms branches
Swollen legs and body pains during
Adenia ellenbeckii Harms Herb/shrub Roots [139]
pregnancy
Cough, gonorrhea, headache, miscar‐
Adenia gummifera (Harv.) riage, aphrodisiac, STIs, female repro‐ [14,77,100,127,142,
Liana Stems, roots
Harms ductive disorder, boost immunity, diar‐ 150]
rhea, colds, dysmenorrhea
Adenia kirkii (Mast.) Engl. Herb Stems, roots Complications in menstruation [127]
Adenia venenata Forssk. Liana Roots Cattle diarrhea [14]
Adenia volkensii Harms Herb/shrub Fruits, roots Poisonous [77]
Amoeba, cough, colds/flu, epilepsy,
heart problems, insomnia, nervous sys‐
Passiflora edulis Sims (exotic) Liana Stems, leaves [41,144,147,150]
tem problems, poisoning, stomachache,
rheumatism
Passiflora quadrangularis L.
Liana Amoeba [41]
(exotic)
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 97 of 151
Passiflora subpeltata Ortega
Herb Leaves Diabetes mellitus [85]
(exotic)
Pedaliaceae
Sesamothamnus busseanus
Shrub/tree Whole plant Bleeding [142]
Engl.
Sesamum angolense Welw. Herb Leaves Measles [99]
Sore eyes, hair relaxer, prevent first/sec‐
Leaves, roots, ond trimester abortion, vomiting, preg‐ [81,99,115,143,147
Sesamum calycinum Welw. Herb
seeds nancy edema, pregnancy anemia, stom‐ ]
achache, ringworm, constipation
Oliniaceae
Respiratory, STIs, pneumonia, colds,
cough, oral candidiasis, urinary tract in‐
[67,77,88,99,105,11
Bark, leaves, fections, chest problems, TB, rheuma‐
Olinia rochetiana A.Juss. Shrub/tree 3,120,131,135,140–
stems, roots tism, malaria, fever, bronchitis, indiges‐
142,147]
tion, tapeworms, anodyne, expectorant,
dysmenorrhea, abdominal pains
Peraceae
Menstrual cramps, spinal cord problem,
joint pains, appetizer, arthritis, colds,
rheumatism, liver pains, colic pain in in‐
fants, malaria, eye lotion, headache, [67,77,86,89,91,99,
Clutia abyssinica Jaub. & Bark, leaves, stomachache, influenza, indigestion, 103,104,109,132,13
Shrub
Spach roots liver pains, acaricide, erectile dysfunc‐ 3,138,140–
tion, teeth problems, prophylaxis, pain 142,154,168]
in pregnancy, aphrodisiac, infertility,
purgative, abdominal pains, diarrhea,
kwashiorkor
Joints pains, diarrhea, typhoid, men‐
strual problems, colds, appetizer, gen‐
Roots, leaves,
eral body weakness, anthelmintic, gon‐ [67,104,120,131,13
Clutia kilimandscharica Engl. Shrub aerial parts,
orrhea, constipation, stomachache, ma‐ 3,142,152]
bark
laria, aphrodisiac, tonic, indigestion,
rheumatism, acaricide, wounds
Phyllanthaceae
Amoeba, back/joint/bone problems,
blood purifier, cough, colds/flu, diabe‐
tes, immune booster, low libido, ma‐
Antidesma venosum E.Mey. ex Roots, leaves, [41,64,112,142,143,
Shrub/tree laria, pneumonia, rheumatism, stomach
Tul. twigs, sap 168]
disorders, tonsilitis, liver complaints,
livestock diseases, abdominal pain, poi‐
sonous
Bischofia javanica Blume (ex‐
Tree Roots Stomach infections [123]
otic)
Bridelia cathartica Bertol. Shrub/tree Leaves, roots Convulsions, prenatal care [127]
Boils, stomachache, STIs, dysentery, di‐
[14,41,66,67,74,111
arrhea, HIV/AIDs, back/joint/bone prob‐
Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Bark, roots, ,113,116,117,119,1
Shrub/tree lems, blood purifier, brucellosis, cancer,
Baill. leaves 20,133,140,142,144
chest problems, cough, colds/flu, cleans
,146,147,168]
uterus, dizziness, hypertension, increase
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 98 of 151
blood, malaria, pneumonia, rheuma‐
tism, skin diseases, typhoid, clean di‐
gestive system, tonic, livestock diseases,
acidity, earache, cervi‐
cal/breast/skin/colorectal cancer, dysen‐
tery, allergy, acaricide, epigastric dis‐
tress, immune booster
Stems, roots,
Bridelia scleroneura Müll.Arg. Shrub/tree Acaricide [133]
bark
Leaves, Cough, colds/flu, diarrhea, livestock
Bridelia taitensis Vatke & Pax Shrub/tree stems, whole diseases, earache, stomachache, laxative [14,51,80,139]
plant, bark abdominal pains, wounds
Malaria, venereal diseases, convulsions,
stomachache, kidney pains, childbirth
problems, amoeba, bilharzia, dental
problems, meat allergy, prostate cancer,
[14,41,75,77,80,81,
typhoid, irritated/itchy skin, cough,
Leaves, roots, 84,101,112,119,122
Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex joint aches, chest pains, vomiting, head‐
Shrub fruits, aerial ,127,133,139,142,1
Willd.) Royle ache, acaricide, boils, diarrhea, back
parts 43,146,147,150,168
pain, insect repellant, breast cancer, kid‐
]
ney problems, female reproductive dis‐
orders, aphrodisiac, HIV/AIDs, anthel‐
mintic, fatigue, chickenpox, retained
placenta
Hymenocardia acida Tul. Shrub/tree Bark, leaves Acaricide [133]
Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.)
Shrub/tree Bark Acaricide, pregnancy pain [133,140]
G.L.Webster
Phyllanthus amarus Schu‐
Herb Roots Arthritis [154]
mach. & Thonn.
Breast/skin/colorectal, skin diseases,
Leaves, fruits,
Phyllanthus fischeri Pax Shrub roundworms, HIV/AIDs, gynecological [117,119,142,143]
stems, bark
diseases
Phyllanthus kaessneri Hutch. Shrub/tree Cough [142]
Phyllanthus muellerianus
Shrub/tree Leaves Acaricide [133]
(Kuntze) Exell
Phyllanthus nummulariifolius
Shrub Fruits Roundworms, anthelmintic [67,144]
Poir.
Phyllanthus odontadenius
Herb Roots Stomach pains [144]o
Müll.Arg.
Phyllanthus ovalifolius Forssk. Shrub/tree Aerial parts Acaricide, corneal ulcers [133,143]
Phyllanthus physocarpus
Shrub/tree Roots STIs [142]
Müll.Arg.
Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. Shrub/tree Roots, leaves Convulsions, snakebites [127]
Malaria, constipation, general illness,
Phyllanthus sepialis Müll.Arg. Shrub Leaves, roots [74,84,101]
toothache
Phyllanthus somalensis Hutch. Shrub Roots Poisonous to livestock [142]
Phyllanthus welwitschianus
Herb/shrub Roots Fertility potions, aphrodisiac [134]
Müll.Arg.
Thecacoris spathulifolia (Pax) Stomachache, diarrhea, induce saliva‐
Shrub Roots [127]
Leandri tion in children
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 99 of 151
Phytolaccaceae
Hilleria latifolia (Lam.) H.Wal‐
Herb Whole plant Dermatitis [144]
ter
Fracture, antivenom, poisonous (hu‐
man, livestock), breast cancer, body
Phytolacca dodecandra LʹHér. Leaves, roots, pains, stomach problems, childbirth, [72,77,86,99,120,13
Shrub
(exotic) fruits emetic, purgative, roundworms, tape‐ 8,141–143,154,168]
worms, syphilis, skin rashes, enlarged
glands, abortifacient, barrenness
Phytolacca octandra L. Shrub Roots Pneumonia [152]
Picrodendraceae
Oldfieldia somalensis (Chiov.) Pneumonia, arthritis, fatigue, cough, tu‐
Tree Roots, bark [142,150]
Milne‐Redh. berculosis
Pinaceae
Pinus patula Schiede ex
Tree Leaves Flu, respiratory [116]
Schltdl. & Cham. (exotic)
Piperaceae
Cough, colds, kidney problems, ma‐
laria, depression, anthelmintic, diarrhea,
Leaves, roots, [14,97,99,125,147,1
Piper capense L.f. Herb/shrub sore throat, enlarged uvula, increase
stems 68]
milk letdown, arthritis, laxative, anthrax
(cattle)
Piper guineense Schumach. &
Shrub Roots Sore throat, fever, toothache [142,144]
Thonn.
Headache, fever, bronchitis, inflamma‐
Piper umbellatum L. Shrub Roots, roots tion, rashes, eye inflammation, anthel‐ [122,125,131,144]
mintic
Pittosporaceae
Pittosporum abyssinicum De‐ Emetic, malaria, nausea, purgative,
Tree Bark [131,142,168]
lile stomach problems
Boils, STIs, malaria, diarrhea, stomach‐
ache, urinary tract, emetic, fever, purga‐
tive, tonic, measles, oral infections, fe‐ [66,67,77,99,101,10
Roots, bark, ver, chest pains, amoeba, appetizer, con‐3,104,109,116,119,
Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims Shrub/tree
leaves stipation, acaricide, headache, vomiting, 120,132,133,140–
bronchitis, asthma, liver diseases, nose 142,144,152,168]
bleeding, rectum infection, infertility in
goats, mosquito repellant
Plantaginaceae
Tonsils, pneumonia, eye problems, ve‐
Plantago palmata Hook.f. Herb Roots [78]
nereal diseases, typhoid, diarrhea
Plumbaginaceae
Plumbago dawei Rolfe Herb/shrub Bark Diarrhea, malaria, stomach problems [136]
Boils, abscesses, burns, malaria, infertil‐
ity, aphrodisiac, anthelmintic, remove
Root, aerial
pseudo teeth in children, skin blisters, [51,72,74,77,94,107
Plumbago zeylanica L. Herb/shrub parts, roots,
swollen legs, stomachache, liver, an‐ ,138,143,144,147]
leaves
thrax, measles, sprained limps, skin dis‐
eases, fever, eye infection, gonorrhea,
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 100 of 151
eye injury (cattle), lung/liver diseases
(poultry)
Poaceae
Cenchrus americanus (L.) Mor‐ Chronic joint pains, malaria, vomiting,
Herb Bark, seeds [14,130]
rone asthenia, swelling on the body
Skin infections, ringworms, heartburns,
Cenchrus clandestinus diarrhea, anthelmintic, jaundice, tonsils, [41,88,109,115,168
Herb Leaves, roots
(Hochst. ex Chiov.) Morrone urinary problems, venereal diseases, ]
liver troubles
Bark,
Cenchrus hohenackeri (Hochst.
Herb branches, Malaria [135]
ex Steud.) Morrone
roots
Cenchrus purpureus (Schu‐
Herb Leaves Allergies, dermatological infections [41,143]
mach.) Morrone
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Headache, purify blood, clean pores,
Herb Leaves [108,119,143]
Stapf (exotic) flu/colds, diarrhea
Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Ren‐ Cough, colds/flu, fever, malaria, stom‐
Herb [41]
dle ach disorders
Whole plant, Kidney stones, stomachache, prevent
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Herb [81,96,106]
leaves, stems second trimester abortion, vomiting
Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.)
Herb Leaves Heartburn [91]
Willd.
Digitaria abyssinica (Hochst. Ringworms, pain inside umbilical cord
Herb Leaves [147,152,168]
ex A.Rich.) Stapf of adults, backache, urinary disorders
Ringworm, cough, colds/flu, measles,
Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. [41,94,138,143,146
Herb Seeds chickenpox, itchy rash, kidney prob‐
(exotic) ]
lems, diabetes
Eleusine jaegeri Pilg. Herb Leaves Wounds, skin infections [109]
STIs, back/bone joints problems, chest
Elymus repens (L.) Gould (ex‐
Herb problems, cough, colds/flu, gouts, ma‐ [41]
otic)
laria
Enteropogon macrostachyus
(Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Munro Herb Whole plant Trypanosomiasis [68]
ex Benth.
Hyparrhenia diplandra (Hack.)
Herb Leaves Insect repellant for safari ants [144]
Stapf
Balding, edema, blood cleanser, cough,
colds/flu, mental ailments, pneumonia,
Oldeania alpina (K.Schum.) Fruits, shoots, rheumatism, STIs, malaria, diarrhea, [14,41,88,132,147,1
Tree
Stapleton stems aphrodisiac, impotency, retained pla‐ 52,168]
centa (cattle, human), menstruation
problems
Oryza sativa L. (exotic) Herb Roots Colds [14]
Saccharum officinarum L. (ex‐ Leaves, roots, Acaricide, malaria, baby stomach prob‐
Herb [14,133,139]
otic) exudate lems
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench Measles, energy boost, acaricide, gastro‐
Herb Seeds [14,41,88,133,143]
(exotic) intestinal problems, diarrhea, colds
Sporobolus pyramidalis
Herb Roots Gonorrhea, stomach ailments [113,147]
P.Beauv.
Triticum aestivum L. (exotic) Herb Cancer [41]
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 101 of 151
Cough, heartburn, abdominal ulcers, re‐
[73,88,133,139,152,
Zea mays L. (exotic) Herb Cobs, flowers tained placenta (cows, human), acari‐
168]
cide, urinary disorders in men
Podocarpaceae
General body health, fever, malaria,
liver and spleen diseases, peptic ulcers, [14,67,68,88,91,109
Afrocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) Bark, roots,
Tree stomachache, measles, acaricide, hyper‐ ,118,132,133,135,1
C.N.Page (exotic) leaves, twigs
tension, arthritis, anodyne, itchy skin 41,168]
rash, chest troubles
Malaria, stomachache, dysmenorrhea,
Podocarpus latifolius (Thunb.) Bark, leaves, cleanse womb, afterbirth, asthma, gall [41,67,88,97,120,13
Tree
R.Br. ex Mirb. (exotic) roots bladder, indigestion, acaricide, chest 3,142,152,168]
troubles
Polygalaceae
Carpolobia goetzei Gürke Shrub/tree Roots, leaves Aphrodisiac [127]
Polygala erioptera DC. Herb Cough, whitlow, skin rashes [141]
Polygala persicariifolia DC. Herb Leaves Eye and ear diseases [141]
Leaves, stem, Infertility in women, eye inflammation,
Polygala sphenoptera Fresen. Herb [99,152,168]
roots stomachache, cough, aphrodisiac
Body swellings, chest pains, amoeba,
asthma, back/bone problems, cough
(human, cattle), colds/flu, general body
pains, malaria, mental disorders, tonsili‐
tis, anthelmintic, acidity, stomach ail‐ [14,41,74,111,118,1
Securidaca longepedunculata Roots, bark,
Shrub/tree ments, delayed delivery, purgative, diz‐ 29,133,139,142,146
Fresen. leaves
ziness, headache, acaricide, vaginal dis‐ ,147,150,168]
charge, menstrual cramps, infertility,
aphrodisiac, joint pains, sores, tooth‐
ache, retained placenta, abdominal
pains
Polygonaceae
Tonsillitis, conjunctivitis, boils, cellulitis,
toothache, diabetes mellitus, rashes,
dandruffs, burns, skin/throat cancer, [76,84,85,90,94,106
Oxygonum sinuatum (Hochst. Roots, leaves,
Herb body swellings, wounds, skin infection, ,115,117,118,143,1
& Steud. ex Meisn.) Dammer whole plant
stomachache, urinary problems, gonor‐ 47,168]
rhea, typhoid, venereal diseases, joint
pains, eye diseases, enlarged uvula
Persicaria setosula (A.Rich.)
Herb Leaves Revive the dying [67]
K.L.Wilson
Malaria, menstrual problems, stomach‐
ache, conjunctivitis (cow, poultry, goat, [41,67,73,101,119,1
Rumex abyssinicus Jacq. Herb Leaves, roots
sheep, pig), eye infections, general well‐ 68]
being, scabies, anthelmintic
Abdominal pains, hypertension, diabe‐
Rumex acetosella L. Herb Roots [86,91]
tes
Rumex hypogaeus T.M.Schust.
Herb Roots Venereal diseases [168]
& Reveal
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 102 of 151
Malaria, stomachache, fever, snakebites
Rumex nepalensis Spreng. Herb Leaves, roots paralysis, sore throat, livestock diseases [101,144,152]
(infection/stomach)
Anthelmintic, constipation, joint pains,
Rumex usambarensis (Engl.) vomiting, urinary tract infections, [81,105,119,122,13
Shrub Leaves, roots
Dammer cough, chest pain, difficulty in breath‐ 0]
ing
Portulacaceae
Wounds, burns, swollenʹ belly in chil‐
Portulaca foliosa Ker Gawl. Herb Whole plant [77,140]
dren
Wounds, burns, typhoid, cancer, diar‐
Portulaca oleracea L. Herb Whole plant rhea, urinary disorders, liver/kidney [77,91,115,168]
problems
Portulaca quadrifida L. Herb Whole plant Wound, burns [77,91]
Primulaceae
Joint pains, chest pain, malaria, colds,
Stem, bark,
anthelmintic, wounds, stomach prob‐ [107,109,131,142,1
Embelia schimperi Vatke Shrub/liana leaves, roots,
lems, fever, rheumatic fever, tuberculo‐ 68]
seeds
sis, pneumonia, brucellosis, diarrhea
Lysimachia volkensii Engl. Herb Wounds [136]
Flu, anthelminthic, appetizer, stomach‐
ache, STIs, malaria, backache, arthritis,
snakebites, skin allergies, heartburn,
chest pain, boils, colic pains, headache,
abdominal pains, pregnancy, kidney
[77,79,88,91,92,99,
Roots, fruits, diseases, acaricide, cough, fontanel in‐
101,116,120,122,12
Maesa lanceolata Forssk. Shrub/tree bark, seeds, flammation or wounds, veterinary use
6,133,141,142,144–
leaves as poison antidote, astringent, purga‐
146,168]
tive, dysmenorrhea, itchy skin rashes,
enlarged glands, abortifacients, fever
(humans, animals), sore throat, heart
problems, gonorrhea, healing umbilical
scar, dysentery
Gonorrhea, constipation, headache, ma‐
laria, respiratory disorders, anthelmintic
(human, livestock), heartburn, tubercu‐
losis, diabetes, bone/joint pain, kidney
diseases, helminthiasis, wounds, tonic, [67,68,72,77,83,88,
Bark, fruits, tranquillizer, fever, typhoid, tuberculo‐ 89,105,132,135–
Myrsine africana L. Shrub/tree
leaves, seeds sis, stomach problems, dysentery, chest 138,140,141,147,14
pain, abdominal disorders, backache, 9,168]
dysmenorrhea, internal boils due to in‐
juries or inflammatory diseases, purga‐
tive, copious perspiration, relaxation,
appetite, measles, stomachache
Anthelmintic, gonorrhea, heartburn,
weak bones, chest pains, joint pains, di‐ [14,41,67,68,88,99,
Myrsine melanophloeos (L.) Fruits, seeds, arrhea, malaria, general body weakness, 105,107,109,120,13
Tree
R.Br. ex Sweet bark pneumonia, stomachache, colds, rum‐ 1,132,141,142,145–
bling stomach, hypertension, livestock 147,152]
diseases, purgative, dysmenorrhea,
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 103 of 151
afterbirth pains, amoeba, back/bone
pains, blood purifier, constipation, inju‐
ries/cuts, wounds, kidney disorders, ap‐
petizer, prostate cancer, rheumatism,
skin diseases, typhoid, headache, pur‐
gative, arthralgia, body pain, fever
Proteaceae
Faurea rochetiana (A.Rich.)
Tree Bark Chronic cough [140]
Chiov. ex Pic.Serm.
Stomach upsets/ulcers, urinary tract in‐
fections, indigestion, tonic, asthma,
back/joint/bone problems, chest prob‐ [41,67,77,91,99,105
Faurea saligna Harv. Shrub/tree Roots, bark lems, cough, colds/flu, general body ,131,132,135,141,1
pains, stomach disorders, diarrhea, 42,168]
menstrual pains, stomachache, head‐
ache, itchy skin rash, abdominal pain
Back/joint/bone problems, cough,
Grevillea robusta A.Cunn. ex colds/flu, anthelmintic, sore throat, ear,
Tree Bark, roots [14,41,116]
R.Br. (exotic) chest problems, toothache, immune
booster, antidote
Macadamia tetraphylla
Tree Bark Allergies, skin cancer [41,117]
L.A.S.Johnson (exotic)
Putranjivaceae
Drypetes gerrardii Hutch. Tree Leaves, roots Wounds, acaricide [133,147]
Ranunculaceae
Mouth inflammation, stomachache,
chest pains, colds, headache, backache,
Roots, leaves, syphilis, gonorrhea, fever, arthritis, [77,97,103,104,122,
Clematis brachiata Thunb. Liana flowers, cough, malaria, amoeba, stomach ail‐ 131,140,142,143,14
stems ments, constipation, depression, flu, 6,147,152,154,168]
bleeding gums, toothache, body swell‐
ings, nasal congestion, snuff
Headache, colds, malaria, fever, ear
Roots, leaves, [14,67,83,98,104,10
Clematis hirsuta Guill. & Perr. Liana problem, chest problem, diabetes, an‐
bark 9,146]
thelmintic, antidote
Sinusitis, allergy, colds, cough, wheez‐
ing, chest pain, blocked nose, headache,
Roots, stems,
wounds, mouth inflammation, stomach‐ [67,86,87,132,141,1
Clematis simensis Fresen. Liana leaves, exu‐
ache, chest pains, malaria, purgative, 42,152,168]
date, flowers
rashes, meningitis, anodyne, abdominal
pains, oral thrush, bleeding gums
Stuffy nose and associated respiratory
Clematis villosa DC. Herb [125]
problems
Hydrastis canadensis L. (ex‐
Herb Painkiller [41]
otic)
Nigella sativa L. (exotic) Herb Seeds Headache, hypertension, stomachache [137]
Roots, seeds, Pneumonia, malaria, oral thrush, purga‐
Ranunculus multifidus Forssk. Herb [67,141]
leaves tive, expectorant
Thalictrum rhynchocarpum
Herb Roots Purgative, expectorant [141]
Quart.‐Dill. & A.Rich.
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 104 of 151
Resedaceae
Caylusea abyssinica (Fresen.) Roots, whole Abdominal pains, anthelmintic, cough,
Herb [99,140,141]
Fisch. & C.A.Mey. plant abdominal pains
Rhamnaceae
Diarrhea, men infertility, stomach disor‐
Berchemia discolor (Klotzsch) [14,77,80,86,91,142
Shrub/tree Roots, bark der, liver ailments, erectile dysfunction,
Hemsl. ]
typhoid, fever
Helinus integrifolius (Lam.)
Liana Bark Arthritis, paralysis [68]
Kuntze
Respiratory disorders, snakebites, stom‐
Helinus mystacinus (Aiton) Leaves, bark,
Liana achache, animal fever, anthrax, rinder‐ [77,88,139,144]
E.Mey. ex Steud. roots, shoots
pest, headache
Maesopsis eminii Engl. Tree Bark Cough [122]
Splenomegaly, infertility, cancer, syphi‐
lis, gonorrhea, arthritis, stomachache,
pneumonia, brucellosis, indigestion,
tonic, backache, arthritis, prostate, ma‐
laria, postpartum weakness, dizziness,
dirty circulatory system, headache, [14,41,67,72,77,83,
waist pains, constipation, weak joints, 86–
body weakness, fever, diarrhea, appe‐ 90,92,97,99,103–
Roots, seeds,
Rhamnus prinoides LʹHér. Shrub/tree tizer, amoeba dysentery, abdominal 105,107,109,110,11
bark, leaves
cramps, joint pains, allergies, amoeba, 3,131,132,135,136,
bone problems, blood cleanser, cough, 138,141,142,146,14
colds/flu, dental problems, rheumatism, 7,149,152,154,168]
typhoid, anthelmintic, colic pain in in‐
fants, renal disorders, skin disorders,
snakebites, neck stiffness, diabetes,
abortifacient, chest problems, pleuritis,
purgative, epilepsy, mouth diseases
Tonic, STIs, flu/colds, diabetes, endome‐
tritis, diarrhea, chest pains, heartburn,
stomachache, toothache, cough, malaria,
gonorrhea, syphilis, diabetes, chest [41,67,68,71,72,77,
pain, backache, fever, pneumonia, bone 92,97,99,103–
problems, dental problems, headache, 105,107,109,110,11
Roots, bark,
Rhamnus staddo A.Rich. Shrub/tree rheumatism, arthritis, venereal diseases, 8,121,135,136,138,
leaves, stems
polio, body aches, fever, hepatitis, men‐ 140–
strual problems, livestock diseases, ana‐ 142,147,149,152,15
plasmosis, typhoid, maleʹs libido, vom‐ 4,168]
iting in babies, epilepsy/tetanus, infertil‐
ity, hypertension, joint diseases, rheu‐
matic pains, kidney problems
Boosting immunity, stomachache, an‐
thelmintic, joint pains, prenatal care,
[68,71,77,88,127,13
tonic, pneumonia, respiratory disorders,
Roots, bark, 0–
Scutia myrtina (Burm.f.) Kurz Shrub/tree joint ache, retained afterbirth, allergies,
leaves, fruits 132,135,138,140,14
anemia, pregnancy pains, measles, in‐
1,143,147,151,152]
fertility, epilepsy, dizziness, fever, ring‐
worm, menstrual problems
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 105 of 151
Burns, kidney, asthma, pneumonia,
Roots, bark,
Ziziphus abyssinica Hochst. ex Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia in [77,82,104,120,133,
Shrub/tree leaves, aerial
A.Rich. livestock, malaria, stomach disorders, 153]
parts
acaricide
Tuberculosis, indigestion, diarrhea, in‐
Roots, leaves, digestion, cough, abdominal pains, colic [86,99,112,132,139,
Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Shrub/tree
bark pains, stomachache, dysentery, catarrhs, 141,142]
amoeba, rheumatism, retained placenta
Abdominal pains, prenatal care, body
inflammation, snakebite, arthritis, stom‐
[67,71,77,80,87,89,
achache, diarrhea, acaricide, wounds,
Ziziphus mucronata Willd. Shrub/tree 99,127,133,140,141
bleeding in miscarriage, fecal impaction
,148,149]
in babies/children, heartburn, pain in
pregnancy, rheumatism, joint diseases
Rhizophoraceae
Cassipourea celastroides Alston Tree Leaves Body wellness [139]
Cassipourea euryoides Alston Shrub/tree Bark Aphrodisiac, rheumatism [150]
Cassipourea malosana (Baker) Malaria, pneumonia, cancer, fibroids,
Shrub/tree Roots [41,152]
Alston wounds
Rosaceae
Backache, spinal cord problems, eye in‐
Alchemilla abyssinica Fresen. Herb Leaves [109]
fection, bruises, malaria
Infertility in women, livestock diseases,
amoeba, cough, colds, flu, headache,
Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) Flowers, bark, [41,67,109,132,141,
Tree rheumatism, typhoid, stomachache, di‐
J.F.Gmel. aerial parts 142,152,168]
arrhea, anthelmintic, allergy, gout, ab‐
dominal pains
Eye problems, joint pains, prostate can‐
cer, stomachache, urinary tract infec‐
tions, back pain in women, HIV/AIDs,
washing newborns to shed off dead
skin, appetizer, fever, malaria, vomit‐
ing, diarrhea, postmenopausal syn‐
drome, allergies, arthritis, amoeba,
back/bone problems, blood cancer,
blood cleanser, brucellosis, cancer,
[14,41,66,67,73,74,
cough, colds/flu, dental problems, dia‐
77,83,84,86,88,89,9
betes, epilepsy, family planning, fi‐
Bark, roots, 1,95,103–
Prunus africana (Hook.f.) broids, injuries, cuts/wounds, heart
Tree fruits, leaves, 105,107,109,113,11
Kalkman problems, increase blood, indigestion,
stems 6,117,120,125,131–
meat allergy, pneumonia, rheumatism,
133,135,136,141,14
tonsilitis, tumors, typhoid, ulcers, an‐
2,145–147,152,168]
thelmintic, chest pains, general body
weakness, peptic ulcers, hypertension,
rheumatism, brain fatigue, congested
chest, anthrax, body ache, joint ache,
cough (cow, goats, sheep, poultry, pig,
ruminants), tonic, colorec‐
tal/breast/skin/prostate cancer, STIs, ac‐
aricide, purgative, aphrodisiac, ab‐
dominal pains, astringent, gonorrhea,
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 106 of 151
breast cancer, liver diseases, indigestion,
meat allergy, anaplasmosis in cattle,
toothache, arthritis
Rhaphiolepis bibas (Lour.) Gal‐ Roots, fruits, Kwashiorkor, marasmus, diabetes,
Shrub [41,119,144]
asso & Banfi (exotic) bark stomachache, toothache, earache
Blood cleanser, malnutrition, prophy‐
Roots, leaves,
Rubus apetalus Poir. Shrub laxis of cancer, cough, colds, STIs, joint [88,144,147]
fruits
ailment, stomachache
Rubus keniensis Standl. Shrub Roots Stomachache, STIs, afterbirth problems [120,131]
Malaria, diarrhea, stomachache,
Rubus pinnatus Willd. Tree Roots, leaves [41,101,146,152]
amoeba, gonorrhea
Rubus steudneri Schweinf. Shrub Roots Cough, abdominal pains, stomachache [99,132]
Cough, colds, acidity, general body
Rubus volkensii Engl. Shrub Fruits [147]
health
Rubiaceae
Afrocanthium keniense (Bull‐
Shrub/tree Bark Liver problems [168]
ock) Lantz
Afrocanthium lactescens (Hi‐
Tree Roots, bark Backache, purgative [140,141]
ern) Lantz
Prenatal care, convulsions, skin infec‐
Agathisanthemum bojeri
Herb/shrub Roots, leaves tions, colds, stomachache, sore eyes, [75,112,127]
Klotzsch
ears, anthelmintic
Agathisanthemum globosum
Herb Roots Malaria [111]
(Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Klotzsch
Breonadia salicina (Vahl) Hep‐
Tree Roots, bark Malaria, headache [74]
per & J.R.I.Wood
Canthium glaucum Hiern Shrub Fruits Malaria [111]
Catunaregam nilotica (Stapf)
Shrub/tree Roots Constipation, stomach ailments [112,127]
Tirveng.
Back pain in women, allergies, appe‐
tizer, low libido, pneumonia, pregnancy
Coffea arabica L. Shrub/tree Roots [41,113,146]
problems, rheumatism, sleeping sick‐
ness, flu
Eye problems in livestock, heavy men‐
Coffea eugenioides S.Moore Tree Leaves [116,125]
struation
Conostomium quadrangulare
Herb Leaves, roots Purgative, lice infestation [141]
(Rendle) Cufod.
Malaria, aphrodisiac, erectile dysfunc‐
Coptosperma graveolens Bark, roots, tion, eyedrops, ulcers, sores, smallpox [104,119,134,139,1
Shrub/tree
(S.Moore) Degreef stems, leaves lesions, swollen legs and body pains 42]
during pregnancy
Craterispermum schweinfurthii Aphrodisiac, diarrhea, malaria, veteri‐
Shrub/liana Bark [116]
Hiern nary
Dirichletia glaucescens Hiern Shrub Leaves Insecticide e.g., termites [84]
Dolichopentas longiflora (Oliv.) Bark, roots, Laxative, skin, malaria, purgative, back [67,91,115,120,141,
Herb
Kårehed & B.Bremer leaves pains, lice infestation, warts 168]
Stomach ulcers, urinary infections,
Roots, whole
Galium aparinoides Forssk. Herb throat cancer in cattle, anaplasmosis in [89,105,168]
plant
cattle, nervous and urinary disorders
Galium simense Fresen. Herb Leaves Cancer, general body rashes [131]
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 107 of 151
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 108 of 151
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 109 of 151
Calodendrum capense (L.f.) Stomach upsets, emetic, fever, bleeding
Tree Bark [105,109,145]
Thunb. wounds (human, sheep)
Citrus × aurantiifolia Replacement milk for nursing mothers,
Shrub/tree Leaves, fruits [108]
(Christm.) Swingle colds, flu
Cough, colds/flu, arthritis, cancer, low
Roots, leaves,
Citrus × aurantium L. Shrub/tree libido, nose bleeding, rheumatism, eye [41,146,150]
fruits, bark
ache
Malaria, stomachache, flu, colds, ring‐
worm, asthma, back/joint/bone prob‐
lems, blood cleanser, chest conges‐
[14,41,74,94,106,10
Citrus × limon (L.) Osbeck Shrub/tree Fruits, leaves tions/pains, ear‐nose‐threat infections,
8,143,146,150]
appetizer, rheumatism, typhoid, skin
rashes, pneumonia, prostate cancer, in‐
fertility, anthelmintic
Malaria, anthelmintic, stomach prob‐
lems, prostate, convulsions, cough,
colds, mouth infection in babies, emetic,
blood cleanser, stroke, whooping cough,
body pains, constipation, poisoning, di‐ [14,74,81,84,88,99,
arrhea, pneumonia, teeth cleansing, pro‐101,103–
Clausena anisata (Willd.) Leaves, roots, tracted labor, retained placenta, post‐ 105,109,111,120,12
Shrub/tree
Hook.f. ex Benth. bark partum hemorrhage, headache, fever, 1,127,138,141–
indigestion, toothache, kidney/heart dis‐144,146,147,150,16
eases, livestock diseases, vertigo, ab‐ 8]
dominal pains, typhoid, chest pain, res‐
piratory problems, measles, chest dis‐
eases, tonsillitis, afterbirth pains, men‐
strual problems
Chest problems, gut problems, induces
menopause, amoeba, bone problems,
cough, colds, flu, diarrhea, dysentery,
[41,66,74,84,93,103
Fagaropsis angolensis (Engl.) Leaves, roots, livestock diseases, malaria, rheumatism,
Tree ,104,111,116,141,1
H.M.Gardner bark stomach disorders, typhoid, anthelmin‐
46,147]
tic, joint pains, stomachache, headache,
chest problems, STIs, expectorant, ab‐
dominal pains, backache
Morning sickness, womenʹs infertility,
malaria, asthma, ulcers, chronic joint
pains, abscesses, arthritis, cough,
Fagaropsis hildebrandtii (Engl.) Roots, bark, colds/flu, postpartum hemorrhage, milk [41,81,94,102,129,1
Shrub/tree
Milne‐Redh. leaves letdown, prevent first/second trimester 30,139]
abortion, vomiting, pregnancy anemia,
swollen legs and body pains during
pregnancy
Gonorrhea, syphilis, malaria, arthritis, [14,41,66,68,72,74,
STIs, stomach pains, body pains, diar‐ 76,77,79,80,84,90,9
rhea, stomachache, pneumonia, infertil‐ 3,98,100,102,103,1
Bark, leaves,
Harrisonia abyssinica Oliv. Shub/tree ity, eye ointment, ringworms, blood pu‐ 05,108,111,112,118
roots
rifier, cough, chest congestion, helmin‐ ,124,127,129,132,1
thiasis, amoeba, abscess, ECF, lumbago, 33,138,141–
rheumatism, retained placenta, 143,146,147,153]
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 110 of 151
inducing abortion, acaricide, headache,
pregnancy problems, typhoid, chest
problems, asthma, abdominal pains,
back ache/joint ache, wounds, swollen
breasts and testicles , boils, pregnancy
problems, bubonic plague, anthelmintic,
kidney problems, diabetes, menstrual
problems
Pneumonia, allergy, gonorrhea, diar‐
rhea, malaria, stomachache, weak
bones, rib bones, eye problem, colds,
flu, joint pains, skin rashes, chest trou‐ [51,67,68,71,77,83,
Roots, bark, bles, poisoning, diabetes, cerebral ma‐ 84,96,99,100,103–
Toddalia simplicifolia Engl. Shrub/tree
leaves laria, fevers, hepatitis, fever, oral trash, 105,111,128,129,13
wounds, typhoid, firm stool, stomach 6,139,147,149,152]
acid, tonic, blood pressure, joint dis‐
eases, swollen legs and body pains dur‐
ing pregnancy, edema
Vepris eugeniifolia (Engl.) Hepatitis, sore throat, malaria, body
Shrub Bark leaves [72,77]
I.Verd. pains
Vepris glomerata (F.Hoffm.)
Shrub/tree Roots Colds, snakebites [127]
Engl.
Toothbrush, brucellosis, aphrodisiac,
livestock diseases, malaria, headache,
joint pains, colds, pneumonia, anthel‐
mintic, chest pain, arthritis, backache, [41,67,84,86,88,89,
Bark, roots, blood cleanser, invigorant, stimulate im‐98,104,109,119,120
Vepris nobilis (Delile) Mziray Shrub/tree
leaves munity, stomachache, labor, back/bone ,133,135,136,140,1
problems, nausea, rheumatism, amoeba, 41,143,145,152]
acaricide, asthma, tonic, dizziness,
cough, expectorant, abdominal pains,
internal body pains/weakness, anthrax
Vepris samburuensis Kokwaro Shrub/tree Liver problems [136]
Vepris sansibarensis (Engl.) Snakebites, body inflammation, repro‐
Shrub/tree Roots [127,150]
Mziray ductive disorder
Abdominal pains, gynecological disor‐
ders including infertility, cough, colds,
cancer, renal disorders, anthelmintic in
cattle, malaria, backpain in women, [14,67,71,72,79,82,
mouth inflammation, joint pain, boils, 86–
chest pains, general body weakness, 89,98,99,103,107,1
headache, fever, mouth infection in ba‐ 09,115,118–
Leaves, roots,
Zanthoxylum asiaticum (L.) bies, pneumonia, stomachache, sore 120,123–
Shrub/tree bark, stems,
Appelhans, Groppo & J.Wen throat, tonic, respiratory disorders, TB, 125,129,131,132,13
fruits
urinary tract problems, arthritis, cancer, 4–
throat cancer, joint aches, food poison‐ 136,140,141,143,14
ing, rheumatism, asthma, irregular 4,147,150,152,154,
menstruation, back pains, indigestion, 168]
kidney problems, typhoid, amoeba,
aphrodisiac, firms stool, abdominal
pains, emesis in livestock
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 111 of 151
STIs, flu/cold, indigestion, throat infec‐
tion, pain in fallopian tubes, asthma,
pneumonia, malaria, ulcers, fever, gen‐
eral body pains, gastric lesions and
pain, urinary tract infections, venereal
diseases, bleeding gums, chest pains,
stomach problems, anthrax, measles,
epilepsy, psychotic disorders, oral
thrush, emetic, sore throat, livestock
diseases, joint pains, cholera, allergies,
back/bone problems, constipation, [14,41,51,64,72,74,
cough, dental problems, gouts, head‐ 76,77,79–81,84–
ache, injuries, cuts/wounds, rheuma‐ 86,88,91,92,96,98–
Roots, bark,
tism, ringworms, TB, ulcers, sores, dia‐ 100,102,103,106,10
Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. Shrub/tree leaves, seeds,
betes mellitus, chest congestion, mouth 9,111,112,127–
fruits
sores/ulcers, freshens the mouth, anthel‐ 132,134,138,139,14
mintic, toothache, delayed labor, first 1–143,146–
trimester abortion, vomiting, pregnancy 148,150,151]
edema, snakebite, keep gums hard and
healthy, amoeba, mouth ulcers, head‐
ache, typhoid, stomachache, waterborne
diseases, body pains, boils, muscular
pains, diarrhea, abdominal pains, epi‐
lepsy, peptic ulcers, obesity, reproduc‐
tive disorders, anthrax, immune
booster, cattle cough, swollen legs and
body pains during pregnancy, retained
placenta, kidney problems, edema
Asthma, bronchitis, sore throat, colic
pain, constipation, hepatomegaly, se‐
vere body inflammation, tongue, an‐
thrax, cough, colds, chest problems, ma‐
laria, rheumatism, joint aches, skin can‐
cer, scabies, gut problems, buccal/oral
[14,66,87,98,101,11
Zanthoxylum gilletii (De Bark, leaves, problems, headache, cardiac conditions,
Tree 6,117,125,142–
Wild.) P.G.Waterman seeds, roots gout, veterinary uses, asthma, pneumo‐
144,147,168]
nia, body malaise, fevers, anaplasmosis
in cattle, toothache, bleeding gums,
snakebites, headache, prostate cancer,
dental problems, arthralgia, joint pains,
fever, venereal diseases, stomachache,
scratches on body, wounds
Zanthoxylum holtzianum Leaves, roots,
Shrub/tree Ulcer, cough [145]
(Engl.) P.G.Waterman bark
Zanthoxylum rubescens
Shrub/tree Bark, leaves Breast/colorectal/skin/esophageal cancer [117]
Planch. ex Hook.
Malaria, diarrhea, postpartum weak‐
[41,67,68,77,93,103
Bark, leaves, ness, backache, joint pains, emetic,
Zanthoxylum usambarense –
Tree fruits, seeds, amoeba, arthritis, bone problems, body
(Engl.) Kokwaro 105,107,113,135,13
roots, stems weakness, brucellosis, cough, colds, flu,
7,138,140,142,168]
headache, rheumatism, STIs, stomach
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 112 of 151
disorders, tonsilitis, typhoid, ulcers,
throat infections, respiratory tract infec‐
tions, malignant catarrhal fever, fever,
chest pain, sore throat, livestock medi‐
cine, chest pain, pneumonia, toothache,
bleeding gums, bad breath, purgative
Salicaceae
Joint problems, abdominal pains, infer‐
Casearia battiscombei R.E.Fr. Tree Bark, roots [88,120]
tility, stomachache
Splenomegaly, arthritis, infertility, indi‐
gestion, postpartum weakness, diar‐
rhea, malaria, afterbirth weakness, joint
pain, STIs, backache, anthelmintic,
stomachache, general body weakness,
pneumonia, dirty circulatory system,
stomach ulcers, boost immunity, sei‐
[14,41,84,87–
Roots, stems, zures/epilepsy, muscle pains, invigor‐
Dovyalis abyssinica (A.Rich.) 89,105,113,131,132
Shrub/tree leaves, fruit, ant, blood cleanser, skin rashes, vene‐
Warb. ,135,138,141,142,1
bark real diseases, bone problems, cough,
46,147,152,168]
colds, flu, appetizer, rheumatism, gon‐
orrhea, toothache, chest pains, colic pain
in infants, headache, eyes problems,
wounds, body pains, boils, heartburn,
acidity, stomach ailments, chiggers,
aphrodisiac, abdominal pains, typhoid,
kidney problems, diabetes
Lack of appetite, malaria, rheumatism,
Dovyalis caffra (Hook.f. &
Shrub Fruits cough (cow, goat, sheep, poultry, pig, [41,73]
Harv.) Warb. (exotic)
ruminant)
Constipation, peptic ulcers, headache,
Roots, leaves, colds, joint pain, fever, malaria, breast
Dovyalis macrocalyx (Oliv.) [88,109,125,133,14
Shrub/tree whole plant, problem, stomach complications, body
Warb. 4,146]
fruits weakness, seizures/epilepsy, skin
rashes, boils, acaricide
Measles, chickenpox, dysmenorrhea,
STIs, back/joint/bone problems, malaria,
pneumonia, anthelmintic, arthritis, hy‐
Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Roots, bark, [41,74,86,87,99,111
Shrub/tree pertension, stomachache, indigestion,
Merr. leaves ,120,132,141,154]
asthma, indigestion, diarrhea, gonor‐
rhea, infertility, anti‐venom, abdominal
pains
Ludia mauritiana J.F.Gmel. Shrub/tree Roots Malaria [14]
Fruits, flow‐
Oncoba routledgei Sprague Shrub/tree Jiggers, biopesticide [74]
ers
Oncoba spinosa Forssk. Shrub/tree Leaves Skin diseases [144]
Scolopia theifolia Gilg Shrub/tree Roots STIs [142]
Scolopia zeyheri (Nees)
Shrub/tree Bark Gonorrhea [152]
Szyszyl.
Stem, bark, Malaria, brucellosis, postpartum weak‐ [67,77,86,104,105,1
Trimeria grandifolia (Hochst.)
Shrub/tree roots, fruits, ness, cough, backache, weak bones, 07,113,120,124,135
Warb.
leaves colds, heartburn, STIs, arthritis, ,136,138,140–
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 113 of 151
gonorrhea, heartburn, toothache, renal 142,145,147,152,15
disorders, cancer, arthritis, rheumatism, 4,168]
fever, chest pain, joint pains, dysmenor‐
rhea
Salvadoraceae
Azima tetracantha Lam. Shrub Roots Stomach disorders [142]
Dobera glabra (Forssk.) Juss. Roots, Eye problem, amoebiasis, anemia, rheu‐
Shrub/tree [100,132,150]
Ex Poir. branches matism, gouts
Malaria, flu/cold, colds, stomachache,
internal wounds, induce bile release
from the gall bladder, eye infections, an‐
thelmintic, constipation, tonic, respira‐
tory infections, pneumonia, abdominal
pain, colic pain, joint pains, abscesses,
typhoid, blocked nose, fever, abortion,
[14,41,64,68,72,77,
childbirth, retained placenta (cattle, hu‐
Stems, bark, 80,88,90–
man), ulcers, seizures, mange, trypano‐
Salvadora persica L. Shrub/tree roots, twigs, 92,94,96,100,105,1
somiasis, brucellosis, anthrax, cleaning
leaves 07,110,121,130,136
the stomach after birth, emetic, purga‐
,138,139,149,150]
tive, dental caries, toothache, gum dis‐
eases, livestock diseases, backache,
chest problems, chest pains, ulcers, aph‐
rodisiac, labor pain, obesity, hernia,
whitening teeth, rib pain, swollen legs
and body pains during pregnancy, eye
infections
Santalaceae
Osyridicarpos schimperianus
Shrub Malaria, swollen breasts [136]
(Hochst. ex A.Rich.) A.DC.
Ringworms, impotence, fatigue, boost
immunity, back/joint/bone problems,
cough/colds/flu, AIDS, allergies,
back/joint/bone problems, blood puri‐
fier, chest problems, general body pains,
fever, malaria, pneumonia, prostate can‐
[14,41,72,77,84,89,
Stems, bark, cer, rheumatism, stomach disorders, an‐
Osyris lanceolata Hochst. & 99,100,105,107,129
Shrub/tree leaves, roots, thelmintic, abdominal pains in children,
Steud. ,135,136,140–
seeds diarrhea, gonorrhea, pregnancy prob‐
142,145,147,168]
lems, swollen breasts, indigestion, ex‐
cessive bleeding after birth, mosquito
repellant, dysentery, typhoid, fever,
tonic, swollen udder in cows, purgative,
insecticide, cow fever, typhoid in live‐
stock
Viscum bagshawei Rendle Shrub Leaves, stems Enhance sexual performance [143]
Whole plant, Pneumonia, emetic, purgative, retained
Viscum fischeri Engl. Shrub branches, afterbirth, chest pains, hypertension, di‐ [67,77,99,168]
twigs arrhea, respiratory problems
Branches, Pneumonia, retained afterbirth, hyper‐
Viscum tuberculatum A.Rich. Shrub [67,68,99,168]
bark tension, diarrhea, respiratory problems
Sapindaceae
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 114 of 151
Boils, hunchback, rickets, colds, skin
problems, fatigue, boost immunity,
Allophylus abyssinicus Leaves, roots, headache, heartache, chest pains, child‐ [14,66,88,116,120,1
Tree
(Hochst.) Radlk. bark, fruits birth problems, STIs, crooked limps, ir‐ 44,146,152,168]
regular menstruation, fever, weight
loss, edema, toothache
Roots, stem Headache, prenatal care, colds, wounds,
Allophylus pervillei Blume Shrub/tree [75,127,150]
bark, leaves fibroids, female reproductive disorders
Allophylus rubifolius (Hochst.
Shrub/tree Roots, leaves Headache, prenatal care [127]
ex A.Rich.) Engl.
Aporrhiza paniculata Radlk. Tree Bark Tuberculosis [142]
Stems, roots,
Blighia unijugata Baker Tree Veterinary uses, headache, fever [112,116,144]
bark
Anthelmintic, amoeba, joint pains, ma‐
Cardiospermum corindum L. Herb Bark, roots laria, polio, snakebites, stomachache, [14,72,77,84,146]
STI’s
Snakebite, malaria, polio, antidote for
Seeds, roots,
Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Herb arrow poison, eye medicine, rashes, [136,143,168]
leaves
boils, sprained muscles
Septic swelling, stomachache, aphrodis‐
Deinbollia borbonica Scheff. Shrub/tree Roots [127,150]
iac, diabetes, gastrointestinal complaints
Deinbollia kilimandscharica
Shrub/tree Fruits Poisonous [168]
Taub.
Excessive menstruation, respiratory dis‐
orders, back/bone joints problems, diar‐
rhea, stomach disorders, malaria, ECF, [14,41,73,77,88,99,
Bark, twigs,
Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. Shrub/tree chest pain, pneumonia, stimulates milk 104,113,115,132,14
leaves, roots
after birth, respiratory disorders, rheu‐ 1,168]
matic, dysmenorrhea, colds, tonsills in
cattle
Haplocoelum foliolosum (Hi‐
Shrub/tree Leaves Eye lotion [77]
ern) Bullock
Lepisanthes senegalensis (Poir.)
Tree Fruits, leaves Poisonous [142]
Leenh.
Backache, tonic, appetizer, indigestion,
infertility, gout, stomachache, stamina,
aphrodisiac, typhoid fever, amoebic
dysentery, abdominal pain, excessive
[41,67,77,81,84,89–
menstruation, body/muscle building,
Stem, bark, 92,97,102,105,107,
tuberculosis, rib/joint pains, AIDs, ar‐
Pappea capensis Eckl. & Zeyh. Shrub/tree leaves, roots, 113,129,130,135,13
thritis, bone problems, chest problems,
seeds 8,142,147–
cough, colds, flu, diarrhea, malaria, dia‐
149,154,168]
betes, body aches, invigorator, rheuma‐
tism, body weakness, postpartum hem‐
orrhage, emetic, cancer, rheumatoid ar‐
thritis
Hiccoughs, acaricide, poisonous, diar‐
Paullinia pinnata L. Liana Leaves, roots [125,133,142,144]
rhea, snakebite
Leaves, roots, Miscarriage (bleeding), typhoid fever, [41,81,84,94,102,12
Zanha africana (Radlk.) Exell Tree
bark abscesses, malaria, pregnancy edema, 9,151]
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 115 of 151
dog poison, pneumonia, toothache, flu,
kidney ailments, allergies
Sapotaceae
Aningeria adolfi‐friederici
Tree Latex, bark Backache, stomachache, poisonous [77,99,120,168]
(Engl.) Robyns & Gilbert
Englerophytum oblanceolatum Ulcers in digestive track, boils around
Shrub/tree Fruits [116,125]
(S.Moore) T.D.Penn. belly, scabies
Manilkara discolor (Sond.)
Tree Bark Stomach disorders [77]
J.H.Hemsl.
Manilkara mochisia (Baker)
Tree Roots, bark Cough, colds, snakebites, fever [100,127,142]
Dubard
Manilkara sansibarensis (Engl.)
Tree Bark Pneumonia, rheumatism, cough [112,142,150]
Dubard
Cough, chest pains, snakebites, stings,
Manilkara sulcata (Engl.)
Shrub/tree Roots diarrhea, ulcers/stomach upsets, foot [100,127,134]
Dubard
and mouth disease in cattle
Chest pains, cough, disorders in men‐
Sideroxylon inerme L. Shrub/tree Roots, bark [127]
struation
Synsepalum cerasiferum
Tree Latex, bark Colorectal/esophageal cancer, wounds [117,142]
(Welw.) T.D.Penn.
Vitellariopsis kirkii (Baker)
Shrub/tree Roots Stomach ailments [127]
Dubard
Scrophulariaceae
Buddleja polystachya Fresen. Shrub Roots, leaves Infertility, eye diseases [99,120,141]
Simaroubaceae
Brucea antidysenterica J.F.Mill. Shrub/tree Arrow poison, malaria [136]
Smilacaceae
Smilax anceps Willd. Liana Shoots STIs [144]
Solanaceae
Eye problems, cellulitis, diarrhea/dysen‐
tery (cow, poultry, goat, sheep, pig),
dullness (poultry), Newcastle disease,
[73,94,95,117,119,1
Fruits, leaves, coccidiosis (poultry), weakness/dullness
Capsicum annuum L. (exotic) Herb/shrub 33,139,143,144,150
stems (cow, goat, sheep, poultry, pig),
,168]
throat/breast/squamous cell carcinoma,
joint problems, acaricide, tumors, con‐
stipation, abdominal pains
Stems, leaves,
Datura metel L. (exotic) Herb Poison, respiratory congestion [134]
flowers
Colds, mouth inflammation, toothache,
asthma, ectoparasites i.e., mites, lice,
flea infestation (cow, poultry), tick infes‐
tation (cow, poultry, goat, sheep, pig),
Seeds, leaves, [73,88,115,138,144,
Datura stramonium L. (exotic) Herb coccidiosis and Newcastle (poultry),
roots, fruits 152,168]
foot rot (cow, goat, sheep, ruminant,
pig), body swellings, tonsils, earache,
wounds, boils, asthma, fever, poison‐
ous, madness, epilepsy
Root, leaves, Malaria, rheumatism, breast swelling,
Lycium europaeum L. Shrub [72,77,137,142]
stem headache, backache, respiratory
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 116 of 151
diseases, rib pain, backpain, joint pain,
cough
Eye problems, malnutrition, insecticide,
wounds, colds, constipation, pesticide
of stored grains, stomach infections,
[68,73,88,96,109,12
babesiosis, gastroenteritis, chronic
Nicotiana tabacum L. (exotic) Herb Leaves, fruits 0,133,137,141,146,
cough, gingivitis, candidiasis, glossitis,
147,168]
ectoparasites i.e., mites, lice and fleas’
infestation (cow, poultry), acaricide, ex‐
pectorant, leech
Physalis lagascae Roem. & Leaves, whole Stomachache, boils, malaria, facilitate
Herb [76,119,144]
Schult. plant childbirth
Malaria, postpartum pain, diarrhea,
cholera, joint pains, stiff joints, skin al‐
lergies, respiratory disorders, tonsillitis,
arthritis, anthelmintic, cough, colds, [14,88,89,101,110,1
Roots, leaves, anemia, acidity, chest problems, ty‐ 13,115,119,122,133
Physalis peruviana L. Herb
fruits phoid, acaricide, mouth ulcers, ear dis‐ ,143,146,147,152,1
charge, stomachache, indigestion, con‐ 54,168]
stipation, diuretic, asthma, abdominal
ailments, headache, hiccups, bloat in
cattle/humans
Pneumonia, liver diseases, boils at
teething, chest problems, malaria, joint
pains, infertility in women, diarrhea,
gonorrhea, livestock diseases, eye prob‐
lems, fever, spinal cord problem, colds,
[14,67,82,87,99,109
toothache, nausea fever, osteomyelitis,
Leaves, roots, ,113,115,117,131,1
Solanum aculeastrum Dunal Shrub/tree backache, rheumatism, pesticide of
fruits 32,141,142,146,147
stored grains, warts, bleeding gums,
,152,168]
respiratory symptoms and contagious
bovine pleuropneumonia (livestock),
skin/breast/cervical cancer, tonsils,
wounds, bronchitis, venom, expecto‐
rant, dysmenorrhea, immune booster
Asthma, cough, colds, eye problem, fe‐
Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. Herb/shrub Roots, leaves ver, spinal cord problem, throat prob‐ [87,109,136]
lems, wounds
STIs, general body problems, chest
pains, joint pains, backache, stomach‐
ache, diarrhea, gonorrhea, headache,
mouth inflammation, toothache,
sprains, colic pain in infants, vita‐
min/mineral deficiency in pregnancy, [41,76,79,83,84,88,
Leaves, fruits,
Solanum americanum Mill. Herb amoeba, tonsils, anthelmintic, stomach 106,115,132,136,14
roots
crumps, acidity, indigestion, diabetes, 3–145,147,152,168]
earache, toothache, constipation, ty‐
phoid fever, teeth problems, stomach‐
ache, fever, throat, wounds, erectile dys‐
function (impotence), malaria preven‐
tion, respiratory disorders, burns, scalds
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 117 of 151
Skin problems, ringworms, infertility in
Solanum anguivi Lam. Shrub Fruits, roots women, stomachache, poultry (skin [73,152]
rashes, loss of feather)
Solanum arundo Mattei Shrub/tree Roots Fever, sore throat, wounds [77,89]
Solanum goetzei Dammer Herb/shrub Leaves Abscesses [142]
Solanum hastifolium Hochst. Eye lotion, livestock diseases (anthrax,
Shrub Roots, leaves [77,121,142]
ex Dunal black quarter), diarrhea, smallpox
Ear infection/ache, constipation, throat
infection, stomachache, malaria, oral hy‐
giene, tonic, sore throat, oral
wounds/thrush, diarrhea, respiratory
disorders, toothache, ringworms, joint
pains/swelling, anthelmintic, amoeba,
asthma, back/bone joints problems, bru‐
cellosis, chest problems, cough,
colds/flu, dental problems, family plan‐
ning, gastritis, poison/sting/snake/spi‐ [14,41,51,66–
der bite antidote, pesticide, pimples, 68,72,73,76,77,79,8
prostate cancer, rheumatism, ring‐ 1,82,84,85,88–
worms, skin diseases, TB, fever, chest 92,96,99–
pain, wounds, skin disorders, respira‐ 101,103,105,106,11
Roots, bark, tory disorders in sheep, arthritis, head‐ 1,115,119,120,125,
Solanum incanum L. Herb/shrub
fruits, leaves ache, sprains, rabies, whitlow, emetic, 128–
diabetes mellitus, polio, jiggers, warts, 130,132,133,135,13
fever, ingestion, ectoparasites/acaricide, 6,138,139,141–
delayed labor, prevent abortion, vomit‐ 144,146–
ing, helminthiasis (cow, poultry, goat, 148,150,152,154,16
sheep, pig), lumpy skin disease (cow), 8]
foot rot (cow, goat, sheep, ruminants,
pig), infection of umbilical cord, erectile
dysfunction, abdominal/colic pains,
backache, liver enlargement, scabies, ex‐
pectorant, boils, kidney problem, hasten
child delivery, typhoid, edema, leprosy,
chickenpox, pneumonia, HIV, swollen
legs in pregnancy, retained placenta,
measles, sheep (colds)
Anthelmintic, purgative, chest ailments,
pneumonia, anthrax (man/animals), ma‐ [67,89,131,132,136,
Solanum mauense Bitter Shrub Roots, fruits
laria, chest pains, teeth problems, flu, 142,168]
stomachache, fever, throat, wounds
Pneumonia, cough, asthma, malaria,
Solanum mauritianum Scop. Fruits, bark,
Shrub/tree splenomegaly, colorectal cancer, skin [87,115,117,144]
(exotic) roots
rashes, STIs, poisonous
Solanum nakurense
Herb/shrub Fruits Pneumonia, otitis media [131,152]
C.H.Wright
Teeth problems, ringworms, rashes,
colds, skin infections, joint pain,
Solanum nigriviolaceum Bitter Shrub Fruits, roots [67,87,99,109,143]
wounds, chest pain, fever, ear problem,
cough, livestock diseases
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 118 of 151
Solanum runsoriense C.H.
Liana Fever, throat, wounds [136]
Wright
Solanum schumannianum
Shrub Fever, throat, wounds [136]
Dammer
Roots, leaves, Arthritis, malaria, typhoid, stomach‐
Solanum taitense Vatke Shrub [92,105]
stems ache, respiratory
Arthritis, toothache, chest congestion,
Solanum terminale Forssk. Shrub/liana Fruits, roots [86,132,136,154]
rashes, fever, throat, wounds
Boils, abscesses, diabetes mellitus, fever,
typhoid, throat, wounds, threatened [51,72,77,85,94,123
Solanum tettense Klotzsch Shrub/tree Roots, leaves
miscarriage, stomach pains, retained ,136,139,141,142]
placenta, abdominal pains, diarrhea
Solanum tuberosum L. (exotic) Herb Bites, wounds [41]
Solanum zanzibarense Vatke Shrub Roots Toothache [142]
Tonic, backache, joint pains, galacta‐
gogue, appetite, livestock diseases, gon‐
orrhea, excessive menstrual flow, post‐
partum pain, meningitis, cerebral ma‐
laria, anthrax, detoxify meat from in‐
fected animal, urinary tract, rectal prob‐
[14,41,67,72,74,77,
lems, STIs, diarrhea, toothache, joint
81,84,85,88,90,91,9
Roots, bark, pains, bone problems, cough/colds/flu,
3,103–
whole plant, malaria, arthritis, pneumonia, pain‐
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal Herb/shrub 105,113,115,120,13
fruits, stems, killer, stomach upsets, burns, wounds,
0,132,133,141–
leaves headache, rheumatism, boils, allergic
143,146,147,154,16
conditions, retained afterbirth, eye dis‐
8]
eases, coagulant, acaricide, amoeba,
cancer, purgative, anodyne, anthrax,
skin sores/ulcers, gum diseases, ab‐
dominal pains, aphrodisiac, gynecologi‐
cal problems, jaundice, hepatitis, stom‐
achache, diabetes, blood pressure
Stilbaceae
Backache, stomachache, joint pains,
body weakness, respiratory disorders,
indigestion, menstrual pains, astringent,
Nuxia congesta R.Br. ex Leaves, roots, abdominal/colic pains, flu, malaria, ty‐ [14,88,91,99,109,13
Shrub/tree
Fresen. bark phoid, smallpox, pneumonia, rashes, 2,141,145,152]
varicose veins, vomiting, mumps, ton‐
sils, edema, dysmenorrhea, expectorant,
colds, cough
Talinaceae
Talinum caffrum (Thunb.)
Herb Roots Prevent abortion, fever [139]
Eckl. & Zeyh.
Talinum portulacifolium Arthritis, backache, STIs e.g., gonorrhea,
Herb Leaves, roots [77,92]
(Forssk.) Asch. ex Schweinf. wounds, boils
Theaceae
Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze
Shrub/tree Leaves Eye problems, stomach disorders, STIs [14,41,95]
(exotic)
Thymelaeaceae
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 119 of 151
Englerodaphne subcordata Constipation in children, allergy after
Shrub Roots [140]
(Meisn.) Engl. eating meat, poisonous
Gnidia involucrata Steud. ex
Herb/shrub Stalks Expectorant [141]
A.Rich.
Fibers are said to be poisonous, arrow
Roots, bark, poison, abdominal pains, back pains, [84,136,141,142,16
Lasiosiphon glaucus Fresen. Shrub/tree
twigs, leaves joint ache, insecticide, irregular men‐ 8]
struation
Poisonous, ulcers, evacuation of bowels,
Lasiosiphon latifolius (Oliv.) Roots, leaves, [96,99,100,142,145
Shrub/tree toxic to cows, pesticide, snakebites, pes‐
Brenan bark ]
ticide for maize storage
Struthiola thomsonii Oliv. Herb/shrub Roots Cough, stomachache [67,99,142]
Fruits, leaves, Anthelmintic, convulsions, wounds,
Synaptolepis kirkii Oliv. Shrub [127,142,150]
roots snakebite, female infertility, hydrocele
Typhaceae
Diabetes, diarrhea, impotency, female
Typha domingensis Pers. Herb Roots [83,168]
conditions
Typha latifolia L. Herb Roots Diarrhea, impotency, female conditions [168]
Urticaceae
Girardinia diversifolia (Link)
Herb Roots Tonic [77]
Friis
Laportea alatipes Hook.f. Herb Leaves Vitamin supplement [14]
Excessive menstrual bleeding, retained
Laportea ovalifolia (Schumach. placenta, diarrhea, stomach problems,
Herb Roots, leaves [99,144]
& Thonn.) Chew gastrointestinal infections, blood
booster
Leaves, bark,
Myrianthus holstii Engl. Tree Stomachache [14]
roots
Obetia radula (Baker) Baker ex
Tree Roots Barrenness [142]
B.D.Jacks.
Pouzolzia parasitica (Forssk.)
Herb Stems, roots Burn, livestock diseases [77]
Schweinf.
Urena lobata L. Shrub Roots Afterbirth, ease delivery [120]
Stomachache after birth, spider bites,
Urera hypselodendron (Hochst.
Liana Roots, leaves antidote, livestock diseases, pregnancy [67,142,152]
ex A.Rich.) Wedd.
problems, tonic
Urera sansibarica Engl. Liana Leaves Leprosy [127]
Diabetes, ulcers, boils, anthelmintic,
Urtica dioica L. (exotic) Herb Leaves, roots [105,120,123]
skin, stomach infections
Abdominal pains, stomachache, aphro‐
disiac, irregular menstruation, poison
antidote, infertility, malaria, sprains,
headache, typhoid, dirty circulatory sys‐
[41,83,85,87,90,99,
tem, joint pains, chest pains, mouth in‐
Roots, leaves, 104,107,109,113,11
Urtica massaica Mildbr. Herb flammation, muscle pains, body weak‐
whole plant 5,117,128,132,146,
ness, livestock diseases, kidney prob‐
147,152,154,168]
lem, bruises, arthritis, bone problems,
cough, colds, flu, diabetes, tonic, inju‐
ries/cuts, wounds, heartburn, hyperten‐
sion, leg swellings, appetizer,
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 120 of 151
pneumonia, rheumatism, stomach acid,
arthritis, adds blood in the body, cancer,
diabetes, anemia, skin/uterine/breast
cancer, pimples, urinary problems, ul‐
cers, vomiting, leukemia, skin rough‐
ness, problems of passing urine, frac‐
tures, venereal diseases
Velloziaceae
Whole plant,
Xerophyta spekei Baker Shrub Burns, dog bites, diabetes, snakebites [84,94]
stems
Verbenaceae
Diarrhea, measles, joint pains, amoeba,
back/joint/bone problems, cough,
colds/flu, dental problems, headache,
injuries/cuts/wounds, malaria, wounds,
change the sex of expected kids, tox‐ [14,41,73,76,80,84,
icity, pneumonia (cow, sheep), cough 86,104,106,108,111
Leaves, roots,
Lantana camara L. (exotic) Shrub (cow, goat, sheep, poultry, pig, rumi‐ ,115,119,127,130,1
whole plant
nant), sore throat, nose bleeding, breath‐33,142,143,145–
ing problems, acaricide, poison, anthel‐ 147,150]
mintic, hepatitis, rheumatism, tooth‐
ache, anticoagulant, liver problems, re‐
tained placenta, conjunctivitis/eye prob‐
lems, toothache, runny nose
Stomachache, malaria, diarrhea in live‐
stock, back/joint/bone problems, cough,
colds/flu, fever, pneumonia, hyperten‐
sion, heartburn, oral thrush, hepatic dis‐
eases, glandular disorders, rheumatism,
sore throat, livestock joint problems,
[41,74,82,86,91,92,
constipation, hiccups, chest problems,
Roots, leaves, 99,101,109,115,119
eye injury, anemia, ringworms, boil,
Lantana trifolia L. Shrub aerial parts. ,120,122,125,138,1
mouth ulcers, abdominal/colic pains,
twigs 40,141,143,145,146
enhance milk letdown, abdominal en‐
,154]
largement, general body weakness, as‐
tringent, anodyne, expectorant, menin‐
gitis, anthelmintic, hepatitis, toothache,
anticoagulant, liver problems, sore
throat, conjunctivitis, eye problems, kid‐
ney problems, urinary tract problems
Measles, malaria, smallpox, strength,
Roots, leaves,
Lantana ukambensis (Vatke) colds, headache, cough, asthma, medi‐
Herb whole plant [14,72,77,147]
Verdc. cine for pregnant woman, children skin
stems
rashes, runny nose
Lantana viburnoides (Forssk.) Leaves, whole Aphrodisiac, medicine for a pregnant
Shrub [77,80]
Vahl plant woman
Lippia abyssinica (Otto & Leaves, roots,
Shrub Acaricide, conjunctivitis, painful eyes [122,133]
A.Dietr.) Cufod. stems
Wounds, headache, chest congestion, [68,77,81,86,91,102
Lippia javanica (Burm.f.) Leaves, roots,
Shrub malaria, migraines, measles, postpar‐ ,104,115,131,140,1
Spreng. twigs, stems
tum hemorrhage, children skin rashes, 41,143,144,168]
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 121 of 151
colds/flu, anaplasmosis, amoeba, body
weakness, cough, anthrax, abdominal
pains, tapeworms, chest complaints,
toothache, stomachache, bloody diar‐
rhea, afterbirth pains, insect repellant
Respiratory problems, measles, live‐
stock diseases, chronic joint pains,
Lippia kituiensis Vatke Herb/shrub Leaves, roots [14,41,90,105]
cough, colds, flu, malaria, stomachache,
emetic
Priva curtisiae Kobuski Herb Leaves Ophthalmia [67]
Verbena bonariensis L. Herb Leaves Mouth infection in babies [109]
Viburnaceae
Sambucus africana Standl. Herb Flowers Colds [168]
Violaceae
Rinorea ilicifolia (Welw. ex
Shrub/tree Roots Snakebite antidote [134]
Oliv.) Kuntze
Vitaceae
Ampelocissus africana (Lour.)
Shrub/liana Roots Threatened miscarriage [141]
Merr.
Cayratia ibuensis (Hook.f.)
Herb Leaves Leprosy [144]
Suess.
Diarrhea, wounds, burns, boils, swollen
legs, body pains and pregnancy, hemor‐
Cissus aphyllantha Gilg Shrub/liana Roots [51,77,96,139]
rhage, retained placenta, headache,
pneumonia
Cissus phymatocarpa Masinde
Herb Stems Septic swelling, eardrops [127]
& L.E.Newton
Cuts, wounds, diarrhea, septic swelling,
ear drops, respiratory disorders in cat‐
tle, colds, malaria, stomach problems,
gastric ulcers, schistosomiasis, neurosis,
Leaves, ECF, rheumatism, epilepsy, TB, asthma, [51,67,68,72,76,77,
Cissus quadrangularis L. Herb stems, sap, colibacillosis, rib pain, livestock hepati‐ 89,100,105,121,127
roots tis, skin disorders, earache, chest pain, ,142,143,149,168]
pesticide, poisonous, fly infestation, vi‐
ral, joint diseases, eye infections, skin
problems, diarrhea/fever/virus in poul‐
try
Stomachache, septic swelling, ear drops,
allergies, swollen joints, spleen prob‐
lems, bee stings, throat infection, pneu‐
Leaves, roots, [51,67,71,77,84,88,
monia, cough, tonic, boils, skin diseases,
Cissus rotundifolia Vahl Liana stems, whole 98,100,127,139,142
body pains, cuts, skin inflammation, re‐
plant ,143]
tained placenta, abdominal pains, septic
wounds, poultry diseases (diarrhea, fe‐
ver, sneezing)
Cissus sylvicola Masinde &
Liana Stems Septic swelling, ear drops [127]
L.E.Newton
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 122 of 151
Stomachache, swollen abdomen, tuber‐
Cyphostemma adenocaule Roots, leaves, culosis, arthritis, malaria, jiggers, colo‐
[14,72,76,99,108,11
(Steud. ex A.Rich.) Desc. ex Liana bark, whole rectal/breast/skin cancer, syphilis, an‐
7,133,144]
Wild & R.B.Drumm. plant thelmintic, pneumonia, acaricide,
weight loss
Back/joint problems, cough, colds/flu,
Cyphostemma bambuseti (Gilg
HIV/AIDs, malaria, rheumatism, sore
& M.Brandt) Desc. ex Wild & Liana [41,136]
throat, STIs, stomach disorders, bone
R.B.Drumm.
pain, tuberculosis, aphrodisiac
STIs, tonic, galactagogue, stomachache,
malaria, dermatitis, eye problems, en‐
Cyphostemma cyphopetalum
Leaves, roots, larged glands, pesticide, teeth problems, [90,91,94,96,99,132
(Fresen.) Desc. ex Wild & Herb
whole plant gonorrhea, retained placenta, itchy skin ,139,141,152]
R.B.Drumm.
rash, chickenpox, swollen legs and body
pains during pregnancy
Cyphostemma heterotrichum
(Gilg & R.E.Fr.) Desc. ex Shrub Whole plant Acaricide [133]
Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma kilimandschari‐
cum (Gilg) Desc. ex Wild & Herb Bone pain, tuberculosis [136]
R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma maranguense
Herb Stems Anaplasmosis, malaria [115,168]
(Gilg) Desc.
Tonic, cervical/skin/breast cancer, acari‐
Leaves,
Cyphostemma serpens (Hochst. cide, abortifacient, abscess, boils, gyne‐ [67,91,117,133,143
Herb stems, roots,
ex A.Rich.) Desc. cological diseases, polio, dermatological ]
whole plant
problems
Cyphostemma ukerewense
Herb Leaves Tonsils [119]
(Gilg) Desc.
Stomachache, cuts, sores, burns, live‐
stock diseases, stomach disorders,
Roots, stems, strength, acaricide, antiseptic, gastroin‐ [67,77,79,98,100,12
Rhoicissus revoilii Planch. Liana
whole plant testinal problems, general body malaise, 7,133,142,143]
malaria, facilitate conception/preg‐
nancy, venereal diseases, leprosy
Wounds, malaria, cuts, sores, snake‐
bites, constipation, stomachache, diar‐
rhea, bilharzia, ear drops, oral cavity in‐
fections, arthritis, livestock diseases,
heartburn, peptic ulcers, renal disor‐
[67,68,86,87,99,101
ders, anemia, cleans blood, respiratory
,105,107,123,127,1
Rhoicissus tridentata (L.f.) Roots, stems, infections, fever, menstrual pains, fever,
Shrub/liana 33,140–
Wild & R.B.Drumm. bark, exudate acaricide, anthelmintic, prevent miscar‐
142,144,147,150,15
riage, prophylaxis for children/babies
4,168]
diseases, abdominal pains, skin dis‐
eases, hydrocele, tapeworms, red/pain‐
ful eyes, infertility, kidney and bladder
complaints, dysmenorrhea, livestock fe‐
ver
Asphodelaceae
Aloe ballyi Reynolds Tree Leaves Pneumonia, malaria [84]
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 123 of 151
Cathartic, gastrointestinal problems,
Aloe dawei A.Berger Shrub Leaves, roots hoof wounds, mouth diseases, anthrax [143,144]
dermatitis, kidney ailment
Aloe deserti A.Berger Shrub Leaves Malaria [111]
Aloe elgonica Bullock Shrub Leaves, roots Malaria, ulcers, urinary tract, acaricide [120,133]
Abdominal pains in infants, rashes/ring‐
worms, colds, infertility in women, ma‐
laria, headache, appetizer, livestock dis‐
[78,84,86,87,98,135
Aloe kedongensis Reynolds Shrub Roots, leaves eases, asthma, pneumonia, gonorrhea,
,168]
laxative, fever, wounds, anaplasmosis
in cattle, chicken diseases, typhoid, skin
diseases, ear problems, coccidiosis
Aloe kilifiensis Christian Herb Latex Headache [127]
Typhoid, laxative, wounds, constipa‐
Aloe lateritia Engl. Herb Leaves, juice [84,168]
tion, malarial skin conditions
Aloe macrosiphon Baker Shrub Leaves Malaria [111]
Tonic, ECF, headache, diarrhea, ty‐
phoid, edema, HIV/AIDs, STIs, blood
cleanser, infertility, respiratory disor‐
ders, allergies, obesity, joint pains, ab‐
scesses, cellulitis, cholera, ulcers, filaria‐
sis, fatigue, scorpion stings, arthritis,
[14,51,64,68,72,74,
rheumatism, eyes, tuberculosis, aching
Inflorescence, 80,81,88,90,94,96,9
ears, diabetes, malaria, chest pains, con‐
roots, leaves, 9,102–
Aloe secundiflora Engl. Shrub junctivitis, wounds, ectoparasites, re‐
exudate, 106,111,113,129,13
tained afterbirth, prevent abortion,
whole plant 0,132,139,146,147,
vomiting, pneumonia, chest pains,
151–153,168]
amoeba, rashes, anthelmintic, stomach‐
ache, acne, laxative, constipation, colds,
cuts, cough, body weakness, abdominal
pains, purgative, indigestion, skin con‐
ditions, antiseptic, peptic ulcers, dia‐
phragm swelling, diarrhea in poultry
Malaria, wounds, swelling, boils, laxa‐
Leaves, exu‐
Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. (exotic) Herb tive, constipation, malarian skin condi‐ [74,76,111,168]
date
tions
Headache, anthelmintic (livestock),
wounds, malaria, colorectal/esopha‐
geal/prostate cancer, whooping cough,
Leaves, roots, pneumonia, chest pain, cough, joint [71,92,99,109,117,1
Aloe volkensii Engl. Shrub
bark pains/swellings, fever, stomachache, di‐ 27,144,150]
arrhea, skin diseases, hypertension, eye
problems, veterinary medicine, sore
feet, jiggers
Zamiaceae
Encephalartos hildebrandtii
A.Braun & C.D.Bouché (ex‐ Tree Stems Septic swelling [127]
otic)
Zingiberaceae
Aframomum angustifolium
Herb Seeds Anthelmintic [147]
(Sonn.) K.Schum.
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 124 of 151
Aframomum mala (K.Schum.)
Herb Seeds Anthelmintic [143]
K.Schum.
Aframomum melegueta
Herb Seeds Amoeba [146]
K.Schum. (exotic)
Aframomum zambesiacum
Herb Leaves Colds [14]
(Baker) K.Schum.
Malaria, sore throat, respiratory dis‐
Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ex‐ eases, throat infections, internal body
Herb Roots [108,137,143,168]
otic) pains, flu, colds, fever, indigestion, cir‐
culatory stimulant
Zygophyllaceae
Stomachache, respiratory disorders,
itch, bone problem, bilharzia, constipa‐
tion, cough, colds/flu, headache, kwash‐
[41,51,67,71,72,76,
iorkor, burns, eyes, malaria, purgative,
77,80,88,91,96,97,9
Roots, bark, diarrhea, Chira, body/chest/rib pain,
Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile Tree 9,100,104,106,108,
fruits, resin rheumatism, blood cleanser, respiratory
110,138,139,141–
disorders, edema, heartburn, bilharzia,
143,147,148]
epigastric pain, expectorant, dysmenor‐
rhea, skin irritation, measles, aphrodis‐
iac, retained placenta, abdominal pains
Induce vomiting during pregnancy or if
Roots, one has malaria, induce bile release,
Balanites glabra Mildbr. &
Shrub/tree branches, pneumonia, cowpox, stomach upsets, [92,105,130,135]
Schltr.
fruits, bark emetic to clean the stomach, chronic
joint pains
Balanites pedicellaris Mildbr.
Roots Emetic, skin irritations [100,142]
& Schltr.
Urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal
Balanites rotundifolia (Tiegh.) Roots, leaves,
Shrub/tree complications (emetic), eye infection, [68,77,91,123,142]
Blatt. fruits
eye lotion, wounds, pesticide
Balanites wilsoniana Dawe & Bark, leaves, General body pains, muscle injuries, in‐
Tree [127,150]
Sprague roots somnia, amnesia
Tribulus terrestris L. Herb Whole plant Erectile dysfunction, arthritis [91,132]
Appendix B
Checklist of food plants in Kenya; introduced species are indicated in brackets as
‘exotic.’
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 125 of 151
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 126 of 151
Lannea triphylla (Hochst. ex A.Rich.)
Shrub/tree Fruits, roots; bark (tea) [13,18,142,156,163,167]
Engl.
Ozoroa insignis Delile Shrub/tree Gum [13,163]
Pistacia aethiopica Kokwaro Tree Roots (tea) [142]
Sclerocarya birrea (A.Rich.) Hochst. Tree Seeds, fruits [100,134,142,161,163,165,167]
Sclerocarya gillettii Kokwaro Tree Fruits [142]
Searsia crenulata (A.Rich.) Moffett Shrub/tree Fruits [100]
Searsia longipes (Engl.) Moffett Shrub/tree Fruits [100,167]
Searsia natalensis (Bernh. ex Fruits; leaves (chewed);
Shrub/tree [14,16,142,162,163,166,167]
C.Krauss) F.A.Barkley leaves, bark (tea)
Searsia pyroides (Burch.) Moffett Shrub/tree Fruits; leaves (tea) [14,16,142,167]
Searsia quartiniana (A.Rich.) A.J.Mill. Shrub/tree Fruits [167]
Searsia ruspolii (Engl.) Moffett Shrub/tree Fruits [167]
Fruits; leaves (chewed,
Searsia tenuinervis (Engl.) Moffett Shrub/tree [142,166,167]
vegetable)
Sorindeia madagascariensis (Spreng.)
Tree Fruits [100,142]
DC.
Annonaceae
Annona senegalensis Pers. Shrub/tree Fruits; bark (chewed) [16,142,167]
Annona squamosa L. (exotic) Shrub/tree Fruits [158]
Monodora myristica (Gaertn.) Dunal Tree Seeds [142]
Uvaria acuminata Oliv. Shrub/tree Fruits [100,142,167]
Uvaria denhardtiana Engl. & Diels Shrub Fruits [142]
Uvaria kirkii Oliv. ex Hook.f. Shrub Fruits [142]
Uvaria lucida Bojer ex Benth. Shrub/tree Fruits [161]
Uvaria scheffleri Diels Shrub/liana/tree Fruits [13,142,163,165,167]
Uvariodendron anisatum Verdc. Shrub/tree Fruits [14]
Apiaceae
Afroligusticum linderi (C.Norman)
Herb Roots [13]
P.J.D.Winter
Apocynaceae
Acokanthera oppositifolia (Lam.)
Shrub/tree Fruits [142,155]
Codd
Acokanthera schimperi (A.DC.)
Shrub/tree Fruits [142,155,167]
Schweinf.
Ancylobothrys petersiana (Klotzsch)
Shrub Fruits [100,142,155,161]
Pierre
Ancylobothrys tayloris (Stapf) Pichon Liana Fruits [142]
Baseonema gregorii Schltr. & Rendle Herb Tubers [13]
Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T.Aiton Shrub/tree Seeds [18]
Caralluma arachnoidea (P.R.O.Bally)
Herb General [164]
M.G.Gilbert
Carissa bispinosa (L.) Desf. ex Brenan Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Fruits, flowers; roots [13,14,16,18,100,142,155,156,16
Carissa spinarum L. Shrub/tree
(vegetable) 3,165,167]
Carissa tetramera (Sacleux) Stapf Shrub Fruits, roots [100,155,158,161]
Ceropegia ballyana Bullock Herb General [164]
Ceropegia johnstonii (N.E.Br.) Bruyns Herb Tubers [18,156,162]
Ceropegia stenantha K.Schum. Herb Tubers [13]
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 127 of 151
Ceropegia stenoloba Hochst. ex
Herb Tubers [13]
Chiov.
Ceropegia woodii Schltr. Herb Tubers [156,163]
Cynanchum hastifolium K.Schum. Herb Fruits [13,163]
Cynanchum insipidum (E.Mey.)
Herb Fruits; leaves (vegetable) [13,156,159,160,166]
Liede & Khanum
Raw stems edible; roots
Cynanchum viminale (L.) L. Herb [156,163,167]
(vegetable)
Desmidorchis retrospiciens Ehrenb. Herb General [163,164]
Dictyophleba lucida (K.Schum.)
Liana Fruits [142,155]
Pierre
Echidnopsis dammanniana
Herb General [163]
E.Dammann & Sprenger
Gomphocarpus fruticosus (L.)
Subshrub/shrub General [163]
W.T.Aiton
Hunteria zeylanica (Retz.) Gardner
Tree Leaves (vegetable) [158]
ex Thwaites
Landolphia buchananii (Hallier f.)
Shrub/tree Fruits [142,155,167]
Stapf
Landolphia kirkii Dyer ex Hook.f. Liana Fruits; leaves (vegetable) [142,155,158,167]
Leptadenia lanceolata (Poir.) Goyder Liana Leaves (vegetable) [18,162,166,167]
Marsdenia schimperi Decne. Liana General [162]
Mondia whitei (Hook.f.) Skeels Liana Roots [155,167]
Monolluma socotrana (Balf.f.) Meve
Herb Stems [13,163]
& Liede
Orbea dummeri (N.E.Br.) Bruyns Herb General [163]
Orbea tubiformis (E.A.Bruce &
Herb General [163]
P.R.O.Bally) Bruyns
Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov. Herb General [163]
Rauvolfia caffra Sond. Tree Stems (ferment beer) [155]
Saba comorensis (Bojer ex A.DC.) Fruits; plant used to make
Liana [16,142,155,158,161,165,167]
Pichon sour milk
Schlechterella africana (Schltr.)
Herb Tubers [156]
K.Schum.
Stathmostelma pedunculatum (Decne.)
Herb Roots [156]
K.Schum.
Stathmostelma propinquum (N.E.Br.)
Herb Tubers [167]
Schltr.
Strophanthus mirabilis Gilg Shrub Roots [142,155]
Tabernaemontana elegans Stapf Shrub/tree Fruits [155]
Vincetoxicum diplostigma Meve &
Subshrub General [163]
Liede
Vincetoxicum fruticulosum (Decne.)
Shrub/subshrub General [163]
Decne.
Aquifoliaceae
Ilex mitis (L.) Radlk. Shrub/tree Roots (vegetable) [156]
Araceae
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott
Herb Tubers; leaves (vegetable) [14,159,160]
(exotic)
Gonatopus boivinii (Decne.) Engl. Herb Famine food [161]
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 128 of 151
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 129 of 151
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 130 of 151
Shoots, roots, gum; bark
Commiphora schimperi (O.Berg) Engl. Shrub/tree [13,18,156,157,163,167]
(tea)
Cactaceae
Opuntia ficus‐indica (L.) Mill. (exotic) Shrub/tree Fruits [165]
Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. (exotic) Subshrub Fruits [161]
Campanulaceae
Cyphia glandulifera Hochst. ex
Herb Tubers; leaves (vegetable) [13,166,167]
A.Rich.
Lobelia fervens Thunb. Herb Whole plant (vegetable) [134]
Canellaceae
Warburgia ugandensis Sprague Tree Bark, fruits [18,142]
Cannabaceae
Celtis africana Burm.f. Tree Fruits [13]
Trema orientale (L.) Blume Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Capparaceae
Fruits, cotyledons; twigs
Boscia coriacea Graells Shrub/tree [18,100,142,157,162–164,167]
(flavor milk)
Bark (tea; roots) eaten like
Boscia integrifolia J.St.‐Hil. Shrub/tree [100,157,163]
potatoes.
Boscia mazzocchii (Chiov.) Fici &
Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Kers
Cadaba farinosa Forssk. Shrub/tree General [163,164]
Capparis erythrocarpos Isert Shrub Fruits [16]
Capparis fascicularis DC. Shrub/tree General [163]
Capparis tomentosa Lam. Shrub/tree Fruits [100,163]
Crateva adansonii DC. Shrub/tree Seeds [142]
Elaeodendron schlechterianum (Loes.)
Shrub/tree Fruits [100]
Loes.
Elaeodendron schweinfurthianum
Shrub/tree Fruits [100,142]
(Loes.) Loes.
Gymnosporia heterophylla (Eckl. &
Shrub Fruits; roots (vegetable) [100,142]
Zeyh.) Loes.
Gymnosporia mossambicensis
Shrub Fruits [100]
(Klotzsch) Loes.
Maerua angolensis DC. Shrub/tree General [164]
Maerua denhardtiorum Gilg Fruits/nuts [13,142]
Fruits; roots used in
Maerua edulis (Gilg & Gilg‐Ben.) [13,16,18,100,142,162,164,165,1
Herb soup/porridge; seeds, roots
DeWolf 67]
(water sweetener)
Maerua kirkii (Oliv.) F.White Shrub/tree Nuts [13]
Roots (chewed to quench
Maerua subcordata (Gilg) DeWolf Shrub thirst, boiled in broth, food); [156,157,163]
fruits
Maerua triphylla A.Rich. Shrub/tree Roots (porridge); fruits [100]
Maytenus acuminata (L.f.) Loes. Shrub/tree Roots used in soup [142]
Maytenus undata (Thunb.) Blakelock Shrub/tree Bark (tonic) [142]
Mystroxylon aethiopicum (Thunb.)
Tree Fruits [16,100,142]
Loes.
Salacia stuhlmanniana Loes. Shrub/tree Fruits [100]
Thilachium africanum Lour. Shrub/tree Fruits, roots (porridge) [13,100,134,142,156,161]
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 131 of 151
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 132 of 151
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 133 of 151
Fruits; leaves (vegetable,
Momordica rostrata Zimm. Herb [114,163,167]
tea)
Momordica spinosa (Gilg) Chiov. Shrub Fruits [142]
Momordica trifoliolata Hook.f. Herb Fruits [157,163]
Peponium vogelii (Hook.f.) Engl. Herb Fruits [13,114]
Zehneria anomala C.Jeffrey Herb Fruits [13]
Cyperaceae
Cyperus alatus subsp. albus (Nees)
Herb Bulbs [13]
Lye
Cyperus amauropus Steud. Herb General [163]
Cyperus blysmoides Hochst. ex
Herb Roots/bulbs [156,165,167]
C.B.Clarke
Cyperus comosipes Mattf. & Kük.
Herb Roots [13]
(exotic)
Cyperus rotundus L. Herb General [163]
Cyperus rubicundus Vahl Herb General [163]
Dichapetalaceae
Dichapetalum zenkeri Engl. Shrub/tree Fruits [127]
Didiereaceae
Calyptrotheca somalensis Gilg Shrub Root juice (quench thirst) [142]
Dilleniaceae
Tetracera litoralis Gilg Shrub/liana Fruits [158]
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea bulbifera L. (exotic) Herb Roots/tubers [167]
Dioscorea cayenensis subsp. rotundata
Herb Roots/tubers [14]
(Poir.) J.Miège (exotic)
Dioscorea dumetorum (Kunth) Pax Herb Tubers; leaves (vegetable) [127,134,158,167]
Dioscorea minutiflora Engl. (exotic) Herb Tubers [167]
Dioscorea schimperiana Hochst. ex
Herb Bulbs [156]
Kunth
Ebenaceae
Diospyros bussei Gürke Tree Fruits [127]
Diospyros consolatae Chiov. Shrub/tree Fruits [100]
Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex
Tree Fruits/seeds [165,167]
A.DC.
Diospyros natalensis (Harv.) Brenan Shrub/tree Fruits [127]
Diospyros squarrosa Klotzsch Shrub/tree Fruits [127]
Diospyros wajirensis F.White Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Euclea divinorum Hiern Shrub/tree Fruits [100,167]
Euclea racemosa L. Shrub/tree Fruits [100]
Euphorbiaceae
Acalypha indica L. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [157]
Acalypha volkensii Pax Shrub/subshrub Leaves (vegetable) [16,169]
Croton dichogamus Pax Shrub/tree Roots used in soup [142,156]
Croton pseudopulchellus Pax Shrub/tree Stem smoke (flavor milk) [127]
Erythrococca bongensis Pax Shrub/tree Leaves (vegetable) [16,159,160,169]
Erythrococca fischeri Pax Shrub/tree General [163]
Erythrococca kirkii (Müll.Arg.) Prain Shrub/tree Leaves (vegetable) [142]
Euphorbia bussei Pax Tree Roasted roots [100]
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 134 of 151
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 135 of 151
Senegalia polyacantha (Willd.) Seigler
Tree Gum [142]
& Ebinger
Senegalia senegal (L.) Britton Shrub/tree Gum, fruits [13,18,142,157,162–165,167]
Senna bicapsularis (L.) Roxb. (exotic) Shrub Leaves (vegetable) [16]
Senna didymobotrya (Fresen.)
Shrub/tree Leaves (vegetable) [165]
H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senna italica Mill. Herb/subshrub General [163]
Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S.Irwin &
Herb/subshrub General [163]
Barneby
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link (exotic) Herb Leaves (vegetable) [16,158–160,163,169]
Senna singueana (Delile) Lock Shrub/tree Fruit [142]
Fruit, leaves, seeds; fruit
[14,16,18,134,142,158,161–
Tamarindus indica L. Tree (food spice, vinegar
163,165–167]
substitute)
Tephrosia nubica (Boiss.) Baker Subshrub General [163]
Tephrosia pumila (Lam.) Pers. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [16]
Tephrosia villosa subsp. ehrenbergiana
Herb General [163]
(Schweinf.) Brummitt
Tylosema fassoglense (Kotschy ex
Herb Fruit/seeds [167]
Schweinf.) Torre & Hillc.
Vachellia bussei (Harms ex
Tree Bark (tea) [100]
Y.Sjöstedt) Kyal. & Boatwr.
Vachellia drepanolobium (Harms ex
Shrub/tree Galls, fruits, inner bark [13,142,167]
Y.Sjöstedt) P.J.H.Hurter
Vachellia elatior (Brenan) Kyal. &
Tree Bark (tea) [18,157,163]
Boatwr.
Vachellia etbaica (Schweinf.) Kyal. &
Shrub/tree Gum [157,163]
Boatwr.
Vachellia gerrardii (Benth.)
Shrub/tree Bark used in soup [142]
P.J.H.Hurter
Vachellia hockii (De Wild.) Seigler &
Shrub/tree Bark [142,167]
Ebinger
Vachellia horrida (L.) Kyal. & Boatwr. Shrub/tree Galls [13]
Vachellia kirkii (Oliv.) Kyal. &
Shrub/tree Bark (tea) [142]
Boatwr.
Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H.Hurter &
Shrub/tree Pods; pod, bark (used in tea) [100,163,167]
Mabb.
Vachellia oerfota (Forssk.) Kyal. &
General [162]
Boatwr.
Vachellia paolii (Chiov.) Kyal. &
Shrub Gum [142]
Boatwr.
Vachellia reficiens (Wawra & Peyr.)
Shrub/tree Bark/gum [13,18,142,162,164]
Kyal. & Boatwr.
Vachellia seyal (Delile) P.J.H.Hurter Shrub/tree Gum; bark (tea) [142,162,163,167]
Vachellia sieberiana (DC.) Kyal. &
Tree Gum [142]
Boatwr.
Vachellia tortilis (Forssk.) Galasso &
Shrub/tree Fruits/seeds, gum [13,18,142,157,162–164,167]
Banfi
Vachellia xanthophloea (Benth.) Banfi
Tree Gum [142]
& Galasso
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 136 of 151
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 137 of 151
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 138 of 151
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 139 of 151
Syzygium cordatum Hochst. ex
Shrub/tree Leaves (tea); fruits [14,142,167]
Krauss
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Tree Fruits [16]
Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC. Tree Fruits [14,167]
Nyctaginaceae
Boerhavia diffusa L. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [159,160]
Nymphaeaceae
Nymphaea lotus L. Herb Tubers [156,157,163]
Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea
Herb Roots, fruits, seeds, flowers [134,156,167]
(Savigny) Verdc.
Ochnaceae
Ochna atropurpurea DC. Shrub/tree Seeds/fruit [134,161]
Ochna inermis (Forssk.) Schweinf. Shrub/tree General [163]
Olacaceae
Strombosia scheffleri Engl. Tree Seeds [142]
[13,14,16,18,100,134,161–
Ximenia americana L. Shrub/tree Fruits/seeds
163,165,167]
Ximenia caffra Sond. Shrub/tree Fruits [13,14,142,163]
Oleaceae
Jasminum abyssinicum Hochst. ex
Liana Roots used in soup [156]
DC.
Olea capensis subsp. macrocarpa
Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
(C.H.Wright) I.Verd.
Olea europaea L. Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Olea welwitschii (Knobl.) Gilg &
Tree Fruits [142]
G.Schellenb.
Onagraceae
Ludwigia adscendens (L.) H.Hara Subshrub Leaves (vegetable) [16,159,160,169]
Opiliaceae
Opilia amentacea Roxb. Liana Fruits [100,142]
Opilia campestris Engl. Shrub/tree Fruits [13,142]
Pentarhopalopilia umbellulata (Baill.)
Shrub Fruits [142]
Hiepko
Orobanchaceae
Ghikaea speciosa (Rendle) Diels Herb General [163]
Pseudosopubia hildebrandtii (Vatke)
Herb General [163]
Engl.
Oxalidaceae
Oxalis latifolia Kunth Herb Leaves (vegetable) [159,160]
Pandanaceae
Pandanus rabaiensis Rendle. Tree Fruits [142]
Passifloraceae
Adenia ellenbeckii Harms Herb General [163]
Adenia venenata Forssk. Shrub Fruits [142]
Adenia volkensii Harms Herb/shrub Fruit, seeds, leaves [18,157,162,163]
Basananthe hanningtoniana (Mast.)
Herb General [163]
J.J.de Wilde
Pedaliaceae
Sesamum angustifolium (Oliv.) Engl. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [16,160,166,169]
Sesamum calycinum Welw. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [159,167]
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 140 of 151
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 141 of 151
Vegetable, salad; grain
Portulaca quadrifida L. Herb [16,159,160,163,166,167,169]
(flour)
Primulaceae
Maesa lanceolata Forssk. Tree Fruit [142]
Myrsine africana L. Shrub/tree Bark, seeds [18]
Putranjivaceae
Drypetes gerrardii Hutch. Tree Fruits [13]
Rhamnaceae
Phyllogeiton discolor (Klotzsch) [13,14,18,100,142,157,162,163,1
Shrub/tree Fruits, gum
Herzog 65,167]
Rhamnus prinoides LʹHér. Shrub/tree Roots boiled in soup [156]
Scutia myrtina (Burm.f.) Kurz Shrub/tree Fruits; roots boiled in soup [16,142,167]
Ziziphus abyssinica Hochst. ex
Shrub/tree Fruits [100,142,167].
A.Rich.
Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Shrub/tree Fruits [18]
Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Tree Fruits/seeds [134,142,157,158,162,163,167]
Ziziphus mucronata Willd. Shrub/tree Fruits [13,14,100,142,163–165,167]
Ziziphus pubescens Oliv. Shrub/tree Fruits [142,161]
Rosaceae
Rubus apetalus Poir. Shrub Fruits [142,167]
Rubus niveus Thunb. Shrub Fruits [167]
Rubus pinnatus Willd. Liana Fruits [14,142,167]
Rubus rigidus Sm. Shrub Fruits [13]
Rubus scheffleri Engl. Shrub Fruits [167]
Rubus steudneri Schweinf. Shrub/liana Fruits [142]
Rubus volkensii Engl. Shrub Fruits [167]
Rubiaceae
Afrocanthium keniense (Bullock)
Tree Fruits [142]
Lantz
Afrocanthium kilifiense (Bridson)
Tree Fruits [142]
Lantz
Afrocanthium lactescens (Hiern)
Tree Fruits [142,163,167]
Lantz
Afrocanthium pseudoverticillatum
Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
(S.Moore) Lantz
Bullockia dyscritos (Bullock)
Tree Fruits [142]
Razafim., Lantz & B.Bremer
Bullockia fadenii (Bridson) Razafim.,
Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Lantz & B.Bremer
Bullockia mombazensis (Baill.)
Shrub/tree Fruits [100,142]
Razafim., Lantz & B.Bremer
Bullockia pseudosetiflora (Bridson)
Shrub Fruits [18,142]
Razafim., Lantz & B.Bremer
Bullockia setiflora (Hiern) Razafim.,
Shrub/tree Fruits [13,142,163]
Lantz & B.Bremer
Canthium glaucum Hiern Shrub/tree Fruits [142,167]
Canthium oligocarpum Hiern Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Coffea arabica L. Shrub/tree Seeds (coffee) [14,167]
Conostomium quadrangulare (Rendle)
Herb Nectar [157,163]
Cufod.
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 142 of 151
Coptosperma graveolens (S.Moore)
Shrub/tree Fruits [134]
Degreef
Coptosperma littorale (Hiern) Degreef Shrub/tree Seed/fruit [134]
Cremaspora triflora (Thonn.)
Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
K.Schum.
Eumachia parviflora (R.D.Good)
Shrub Fruits [142]
Razafim. & C.M.Taylor (exotic)
Gardenia ternifolia Schumach. &
Shrub/tree General [163]
Thonn.
Heinsia crinita (Wennberg) G.Taylor Shrub/tree Fruits [142,158,161]
Keetia gueinzii (Sond.) Bridson Shrub/tree Fruits [16,142]
Keetia zanzibarica (Klotzsch) Bridson Shrub Fruits [142]
Lamprothamnus zanguebaricus Hiern Shrub/tree Fruits [142,161]
Meyna tetraphylla (Schweinf. ex
Shrub/tree Fruits [14,100,162,163,165,167]
Hiern) Robyns
Mussaenda arcuata Poir. Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Pavetta crassipes K.Schum. Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Pavetta gardeniifolia Hochst. ex
Shrub/tree Fruits [13]
A.Rich.
Pentanisia schweinfurthii Hiern Herb General [163]
Polysphaeria multiflora Hiern Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Polysphaeria parvifolia Hiern Shrub/tree Fruits [161]
Pyrostria bibracteata (Baker) Cavaco Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Pyrostria phyllanthoidea (Baill.)
Shrub/tree Fruits [100,142]
Bridson
Rothmannia fischeri (K.Schum.)
Tree Fruits [142]
Bullock ex Oberm.
Rytigynia uhligii (K.Schum. &
Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
K.Krause) Verdc.
Tennantia sennii (Chiov.) Verdc. &
Shrub Fruits [100,142,165]
Bridson
Uncaria africana G.Don Liana Fruits [13]
Vangueria apiculata K.Schum. Shrub/tree Fruits [142,167]
Vangueria infausta Burch. Shrub/tree Fruits [142,161,167]
Vangueria loranthifolia K.Schum. Shrub/tree Fruits [13]
Vangueria madagascariensis J.F.Gmel. Shrub/tree Fruits [13,14,100,142,158,163,165,167]
Vangueria schumanniana (Robyns)
Shrub/tree Fruits [167]
Lantz
Vangueria volkensii K.Schum. Shrub/tree Fruits [142,167]
Rutaceae
Harrisonia abyssinica Oliv. Shrub/tree Fruits, roots [100,142,163]
Vepris glomerata (F.Hoffm.) Engl. Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Vepris nobilis (Delile) Mziray Tree Fruits [142]
Vepris uguenensis Engl. Shrub General [163]
Zanthoxylum asiaticum (L.)
Shrub/tree Fruits (food flavor) [134]
Appelhans, Groppo & J.Wen
Fruits; leaves, bark, seeds
Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. Shrub/tree [18,100,134,161,163,167]
(flavor tea, soup)
Zanthoxylum holtzianum (Engl.)
Shrub/tree Fruits [158]
P.G.Waterman
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 143 of 151
Zanthoxylum usambarense (Engl.) Leaves/bark (flavor
Tree [167]
Kokwaro tea/soup)
Salicaceae
Dovyalis abyssinica (A.Rich.) Warb. Shrub/tree Fruits [13,16,142,167]
Dovyalis macrocalyx (Oliv.) Warb. Shrub/tree Fruits [167]
Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr. Shrub/tree Seed/fruits [18,134,142,161,163,167]
Oncoba spinosa Forssk. Shrub/tree Fruit [142]
Scolopia zeyheri (Nees) Szyszyl. Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Salvadoraceae
Dobera glabra (Forssk.) Juss. ex Poir. Shrub/tree Fruits [18,100,142,157,162,163,167]
Dobera loranthifolia (Warb.) Harms Tree Fruits [142]
Salvadora persica L. Shrub/tree Fruits/roots [13,18,142,157,162–164,167]
Santalaceae
Osyris lanceolata Hochst. & Steud. Shrub Fruits [142]
Sapindaceae
Allophylus africanus var.
Shrub/tree Fruits [13]
griseotomentosus (Gilg) Verdc.
Allophylus ferrugineus Taub. Shrub/tree Fruits [142]
Allophylus rubifolius (Hochst. ex
Shrub/tree Fruits [100]
A.Rich.) Engl.
Chytranthus obliquinervis Radlk. ex
Shrub/tree Fruits [142,158]
Engl.
Deinbollia borbonica Scheff. Shrub/tree Fruits [142,161,134]
Deinbollia kilimandscharica Taub. Shrub/tree Fruits [142,165]
Haplocoelum foliolosum (Hiern)
Shrub/tree Fruits [13,142]
Bullock
Haplocoelum inoploeum Radlk. Shrub/tree Fruits; leaves (vegetable) [142,158]
Lecaniodiscus fraxinifolius Baker Tree Fruits [100,161]
Lepisanthes senegalensis (Poir.)
Tree Fruits [16]
Leenh.
Pappea capensis Eckl. & Zeyh. Tree Fruits/seeds; bark (tea) [16,100,142,163,167]
Sapotaceae
Aningeria adolfi‐friederici (Engl.)
Tree Seed oil [142]
Robyns & Gilbert
Englerophytum natalense (Sond.)
Tree Fruits [142]
T.D.Penn.
Englerophytum oblanceolatum
Tree Fruit [142]
(S.Moore) T.D.Penn.
Gambeya albida (G.Don) Aubrév. &
Tree Fruit [142]
Pellegr.
Inhambanella henriquesii (Engl. &
Tree Fruits [142]
Warb.) Dubard
Malacantha alnifolia (Baker) Pierre Tree Fruits [142]
Manilkara butugi Chiov. Tree Fruits [142]
Manilkara discolor (Sond.)
Tree Fruits [13,142]
J.H.Hemsl.
Manilkara mochisia (Baker) Dubard Tree Fruits [100,142,158,161,163,167]
Manilkara sansibarensis (Engl.)
Shrub/tree Fruits [142,167]
Dubard
Manilkara sulcata (Engl.) Dubard Tree Fruits [100,142,161,167]
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 144 of 151
Plants 2023, 12, 1145 145 of 151
Cyphostemma adenocaule (Steud. ex
A.Rich.) Desc. ex Wild & Herb Fruits; leaves (vegetable) [158,163,165]
R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma bambuseti (Gilg &
M.Brandt) Desc. ex Wild & Herb General [163]
R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma cyphopetalum (Fresen.)
Herb Leaves (vegetable) [157,159,160,163,169]
Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm.
Cyphostemma serpens (Hochst. ex
Herb Leaves (vegetable) [13,16,169]
A.Rich.) Desc.
Zingiberaceae
Aframomum angustifolium (Sonn.)
Herb Seed/fruits [134]
K.Schum.
Aframomum mala (K.Schum.)
Herb Fruits [16]
K.Schum.
Zingiber officinale Roscoe (exotic) Herb Root [16]
Zygophyllaceae
Fruit, seed oil, gum; [14,16,18,100,142,162,163,165–
Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile Tree
leaf/shoots (vegetable) 167]
Balanites glabra Mildbr. & Schltr. Shrub/tree Fruits [142,164]
Balanites pedicellaris Mildbr. &
Tree Fruits, cotyledons [18,100,142,162–164,167]
Schltr.
Fruits, cotyledons; fruit
Balanites rotundifolia (Tiegh.) Blatt. Shrub/tree [13,18,142,157,162,163,167]
(flavor milk)
Tribulus cistoides L. Herb Leaves [18,162]
Tribulus terrestris L. Herb Leaves (vegetable) [159,160]
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