KWS Report

THE NATIONAL WILDLIFE
CONSERVATION
STATUS REPORT
2015 - 2017
Ministry of Tourism www.tourism.go.ke

and Wildlife
Republic of Kenya
Foreword
Wildlife Service in managing and protecting this
resource. During this period the government
financed the wildlife sector to the tune of Ksh
6.8billion for both recurrent and development
expenditures in addition to Kshs 513 million for
compensation of human wildlife conflict cases.
The sixth schedule, lists 245 endangered

species and each requires a recovery plan to be
developed. Currently only 22 endangered species
have recovery plans developed. In the next period
we shall be working with the various partners
and stakeholders to expedite the development
and implementation of endangered species
recovery plans while reviewing the species listed
in schedule three. The IUCN lists 463 endangered
species of flora and fauna in Kenya.
Section 44(1-4) requires all wildlife conservation

areas to have Gazetted management plans
developed and implemented in a participatory
manner. This will inform development in protected
areas. During this period three management plans
were gazetted by my ministry and we intend to
get more.
Hon. Najib Balala (EGH),
Cabinet Secretary, It is expected that the output of this report will
Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife enhance the formulation and implementation
of the Wildlife Policy and guide the formulation
The Wildlife Conservation Management Act of guidelines related to wildlife management
of 2013 (WCMA, 2013) requires the Ministry to and conservation in its entirety. The threshold
prepare and present to Parliament a Wildlife in terms of report as set out in the WCMA, 2013
Status report. I am pleased to present the section 49 is quite high but realistic and requires
second National Wildlife Conservation Status government and donor support, high level
Report (2015-2017). The wildlife sector is facing scientific input and appropriate technology to
numerous challenges and threats that require guide policy formulation and especially species
continuous assessment of our resources and status classification. Technology can enhance
adjustment of the intervention mechanisms to efficiency, reduce operational costs and release
address the issues resources to other areas where needed. I call upon
all stakeholders to join efforts to support wildlife
The government continues to be committed conservation in the country.
to support the sector and particularly Kenya
NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 3

Preface
This National Wildlife conservation Status report
presents an opportunity to audit the wildlife sector
especially in terms of resource allocation and utilization.
Allocation of resources to conservation sector will be

informed by efforts by all stakeholders to deliver the
desired conservation outcomes as presented in this and
subsequent reports. There is an urgent need to upscale
management efforts to reverse the present declining
trend of listed species in the schedule by developing
and implementing endangered listed species recovery
plans and conservation area management plans.
We will continue to engage all key stakeholders

in a deliberate and concerted effort to ensure the
consercation agenda receives the necessary support. It
is also critical to dedicate more resources and efforts on
proactive measures to address human wildlife conflict;
such measures will include working with the relevant
state and non-state actors.
Special focus will also be put on those areas that have

Dr. Susan J. Koech abundant wildlife but are presently not designated as
Principal Secretary wildlife conservation areas as such areas will be the
State Department for Wildlife next frontier in wildlife conservation in the country.
Finally we call upon all Kenyans to be on the forefront in

conserving our wildlife for posterity.
PAGE 4 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017

Acknowledgement
The Writing of this report was supported by
the United States Agency for International
Development(USAID) and African Wildlife
Foundation (AWF) who by themselves have
been strong partners in matters related to
Wildlife Conservation. Our Principal Secretary
Dr. Susan Koech interrogated the document
and gave very useful guidelines on the final
output of the report. Similar support came
from The National Museums of Kenya (NMK),
Department of Resource Survey and Remote
Sensing (DRSRS), Kenya Forest Service (KFS),
Kenya Fisheries Service and Kenya Marine and
Fisheries Research Institute (KEMFRI).
The Kenya Wildlife Conservancies Association

(KWCA) gave invaluable information on
Conservancies in the Country. Virtually all
reserves were contacted directly or through
secondary means- including their publications.
The World Conservation Union (IUCN) was
heavily relied on in reporting on Birds. Local
conservation bodies such as Watamu Turtle
Brig. (Rtd) J.M. Waweru, EBS, ndc(K). psc (K) Watch and others of similar caliber all over the
Director General, country provided invaluable information as
Kenya Wildlife Service the team traversed the country. Many experts
in our local universities and other institutions
of learning also gave very useful inputs. Lastly
I acknowledge the exemplary work done under but not least I want to acknowledge the
the able leadership of the Cabinet Secretary technical team who compiled this report. The
Tourism and Wildlife Hon Najib Balala in ensuring team work exhibited resulted in the report
compliance to the implementation of the WCMA, coming out within the set timeframe.
2013 which by itself forms the legal basis of this
report. In compiling this report, various divisions
within the Service were involved under the
stewardship of Director Biodiversity, Research
and Planning.

Executive Summary
The WCMA, 2013 in schedule 6 lists 245 wildlife species under various categories of
threats ranging from critically endangered to protected species. The WCMA, 2013
reqiures that the status of these species be reported to the National Assembly every
2years and the recovery measures being implemented to restore the said species
be indicated. This 2015/17 wildlife status report is a response to this requirement.
The report gives the status of the listed species in terms of population, location
and trendof each species. The status of the protected areas where these species
are found has also been highlighted. The report further enumerates the threats
and challenged to the species and their habitats while stating the management
measures in place to counter the factors that contribute to negative growth in
population of these species. The general outcome indicates that the magnitude
of these threats is severe resulting in the decline or stagnation in population of the
listed species. Some of the species have reached a level where the remaining
population is non-viable whereas a few are no longer being reported as being
sighted.
From the report the greatest challenge facing wildlife population increase in
the country is encroachment, invasive species, poaching and infrastructure
development besides other threats. The resultant effect especially of encroachment
has been loss of gazetted wildlife areas, wildlife corridors and dispersal areas
leading to fragmentations of wildlife habitats. Wildlife diseases is an emerging
major threat
Although management measures prescribed in the WCMA, 2013 are being taken
to address the threats and subsequent decline in listed wildlife species population,
the said measures need to be reenergized to become more proactive rather
than reactive. There is therefore need to use available resources in a more
innovative manner to accelerate the management measures such as in wildlife
diseases, management plans, poaching, securing more space for wildlife and
even genetic engineering. Presently only three protected areas in the country
have management plans that are gazetted and this is a major impediment in the
deployment of resources in the said areas. This situation is more pronounced in
the Conservancies and National Reserves.
Whereas the listed number of species in schedule 6 is 245, only 31 species recovery
plans have been developed out of which 13 have since expired. Concerted efforts
need to be put in place to accelerate the development and implementation
of species specific recovery plans especially for the species that are critically
endangered

TABLE OF CON T EN T
Table of Contents
LIST OF TABLES
LIST PLATES
LIST OF FIGURES
FOREWORD
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
C H A P T E R 1 :
INTRODUCTION THE NATIONAL WILDLIFE
CONSERVATION STATUS REPORT
1.1. CONSERVATION STATUS
1.2. SPECIES RECOVERY PLANS
1.3. SCHEDULE SIX OF THE WILDLIFE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT
ACT: -
1.4. INVASIVE SPECIES
1.5. MANAGEMENT PLANS IN PROTECTED AREAS
1.6. WILDLIFE COMPENSATION
1.7. WILDLIFE CRIME
1.8. CONSUMPTIVE WILDLIFE UTILIZATION LICENSING AND
REGULATIONS
1.9. CHALLENGES AND THREATS TO WILDLIFE CONSERVATION
1.10. FINANCING WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT IN KENYA
CHAPTER 2:
CONSERVATION, PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF
WILDLIFE IN KENYA
2.1. POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK
2.1.1. NATIONAL LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK
2.1.1.1. THE CONSTITUTION OF KENYA 2010
2.1.1.2. WILDLIFE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT ACT (WCMA) 2013
2.1.1.3. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION ACT (EMCA)
(AMENDMENT ACT 2015)
2.1.1.4. WATER ACT 2016
2.1.1.5. TREATY MAKING AND RATIFICATION ACT 2012
2.1.1.6. SESSIONAL PAPER NO. 3 OF 1975
2.1.1.7. THE KENYA NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY ACTION PLAN
2.1.1.8. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT OF 2007
2.1.1.9. LAND ACT NO 6 (2012)
2.1.1.10. VETERINARY SURGEONS AND VETERINARY PARA-PROFESSIONALS ACT 2011
2.1.1.11. COUNTY GOVERNMENT ACT, 2012
2.1.1.12. COMMUNITY LAND ACT (2016)
2.1.1.13. MARITIME ZONES ACT NO. 6 OF 1989
2.1.1.14. FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT ACT, NO. 35 OF 2016 29
2.1.1.15. FOREST CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT ACT, 2016
2.1.1.16. SESSIONAL PAPER NO.3 OF 2009 ON NATIONAL LAND POLICY 29
2.1.1.17. VISION 2030
2.1.1.18. ANIMAL DISEASES ACT CAP 364
2.1.1.19. VETERINARY POLICY 2015 29
2.1.2. INTERNATIONAL TREATIES, CONVENTIONS AND AGREEMENTS
2.1.2.1. CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD
FAUNA AND FLORA (CITES)
2.1.2.2. RAMSAR CONVENTION
2.1.2.3. IUCN RED LIST
2.1.2.4. CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
2.1.2.5. ANIMAL WELFARE POLICY GUIDELINES
2.1.2.6. CONVENTION OF THE PREVENTION OF MARINE POLLUTION BY DUMPING OF
WASTES AND OTHER MATTERS.
2.1.2.7. AFRICAN CONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL
RESOURCES
2.1.2.8. CONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF MIGRATORY SPECIES OF WILD ANIMALS
(CMS)
2.1.2.9. AFRICA-EURASIAN WATER BIRD AGREEMENT(AEWA)
2.2. STAKEHOLDERS IN WILDLIFE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT
2.3. MANAGEMENT PLANS
2.4. STATUS OF WILDLIFE HEALTH AND MANAGEMENT
2.4.1. STRATEGIES APPLIED IN MANAGING DISEASES IN WILDLIFE
2.4.1.1. DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF SICK AND INJURED ANIMALS
2.4.1.2. DISEASE SURVEILLANCE
2.4.1.3. INVESTIGATION OF DISEASE OUTBREAKS
2.4.1.4. RESEARCH ON WILDLIFE DISEASES
2.4.2. RESOURCES AVAILABLE FOR WILDLIFE HEALTH MANAGEMENT
2.4.2.1. COLLABORATIONS
2.4.3. EMERGING ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN MANAGING DISEASES IN WILDLIFE
2.4.4. IMMEDIATE NEEDS IN WILDLIFE HEALTH
2.5. WILDLIFE FORENSIC AND GENETICS LABORATORY
2.5.1. BUSH MEAT CASES
2.5.2. STATUS OF ONGOING PROJECTS
2.5.3. CHALLENGES AND NEEDS OF THE FORENSIC LABORATORY
2.6. TRANSLOCATIONS AND SPECIES MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES
2.6.1. TRANSLOCATIONS
2.6.2. SPECIES MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES
2.7. STATUS OF CAPTIVE WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AND ANIMAL WELFARE
2.7.1. OBJECTIVES OF CAPTIVE FACILITIES
2.7.2. SOURCES OF ANIMALS
2.7.3. REHABILITATION BACK TO THE WILD
2.7.4. EMERGING ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN CAPTIVE WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT
2.8. HUMAN WILDLIFE CONFLICT AND MANAGEMENT
2.8.1. STATUS OF WILDLIFE COMPENSATION
2.8.2. HUMAN WILDLIFE CONFLICT MITIGATION MEASURES
2.8.2.1. CSR AND FENCE PROJECTS BETWEEN 2016 AND 2017
2.9. WILDLIFE SECURITY AND LAW ENFORCEMENT
2.9.1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
2.9.2. STATUS OF POACHING TRENDS
2.9.3. ARRESTS
2.9.4. STATUS OF WILDLIFE CRIME PROSECUTION
2.9.5. STATUS OF CASES BEFORE COURT
2.9.6. STATUS OF RECOVERIES
2.9.7. LIVESTOCK INCURSION AND DRIVE OPERATIONS
2.9.8. WILDLIFE PROTECTION RANGER FORCE DEPLOYMENT
2.9.9. STRATEGIES IN COMBAT WILDLIFE CRIMES
2.9.10. WILDLIFE PROTECTION CHALLENGES
2.10. GOVERNMENT GAME TROPHIES
2.10.1. INTRODUCTION
2.10.2. STATUS OF ELEPHANT IVORY AND RHINOCEROS HORN STOCKS
2.10.3. DISPOSAL
2.10.4. ELECTRONIC RECORDS
CHAPTER 3:
THREATS AND CHALLENGES TO WILDLIFE CONSERVATION AND
MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 4:
STATUS OF KENYA’S WILDLIFECONSERVATIONAREAS
4.1. TERRESTRIAL PARKS AND RESERVES
4.1.1. STATUS OF NATIONAL PARKS
4.1.2. STATUS OF NATIONAL RESERVES
4.1.3. STATUS OF NATURAL FOREST RESERVES
4.1.4. STATUS OF NATIONAL SANCTUARIES
4.1.5. STATUS OF WILDLIFE CONSERVANCIES
4.1.6. CONSERVATION EDUCATION FACILITIES
4.2. STATUS OF MARINE PARKS AND RESERVES AND RAMSAR SITES
4.2.1. MARINE NATIONAL PARKS
4.2.2. MARINE NATIONAL RESERVES
4.2.3. KENYA’S RAMSAR SITES
4.3. PAPER (NON-FUNCTIONAL) PARKS AND RESERVES
4.4. DECLARATION OF PROTECTED AREAS
4.5. STATUS OF WILDLIFE CORRIDORS AND DISPERSAL AREAS
CHAPTER 5:
STATUS OF LISTED ENDANGERED WILDLIFE SPECIES
POPULATION AND TRENDS
5.1. KENYA’S BIODIVERSITY RESOURCES
5.2. DATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGIES
5.3. CARNIVORES
5.3.1. CHEETAH (ACINONYX JUBATUS)
5.3.2. AFRICAN WILD DOG (LYCAON PICTUS)
5.3.3. SPOTTED HYAENA (CROCUTA CROCUTA)
5.3.4. STRIPED HYAENA (HYENA HYENA)
5.3.5. LION (PANTHERA LEO)
5.3.6. LEOPARD (PANTHERA PARDUS)
5.3.7. STATUS OF SMALL CARNIVORES
5.4. HERBIVORES
5.4.1. RHINOCEROS
5.4.2. NORTHERN WHITE RHINO STATUS
5.4.3. STATUS OF ELEPHANT (LOXODONTA AFRICANA)
5.4.4. GIRAFFE
5.4.5. HIROLA(BEATRAGUS HUNTERI)
5.4.6. ROAN ANTELOPE (HIPPOTRAGUS EQUINUS)
5.4.7. SITATUNGA ANTELOPE
5.4.8. SABLE ANTELOPE(HIPPOTRAGUS NIGER ROOSEVELTI)
5.4.9. EASTERN MOUNTAIN BONGO(TRAGELAPHUS EURYCERUS ISAACI)
5.4.10. GREVY›S ZEBRA (EQUUS GREVYI)
5.4.11. COMMON HIPPOPOTAMUS (HIPPOPOTAMUS AMPHIBIUS)
5.4.12. LELWEL HARTEBEEST(ALCLEPHUS BUSELAPHUS)
5.4.13. SOEMMERRING’S GAZELLE (GAZELLA SOEMMERRINGII)
5.4.14. LESSER KUDU (TRAGELAPHUS IMBERBIS)
5.4.15. GREATER KUDU (TRAGELAPHUS STREPSICEROS)
5.4.16. GIANT FOREST HOG(HYLOCHOERUS MEINERTZHAGENI)
5.4.17. TANA CRESTED MANGABEY(CERCOCEBUS GALERITUS)
5.4.18. RED COLUBUS MONKEY(PILIOCOLOBUS RUFOMITRATUS)
5.4.19. EASTERN TREE HYRAX(DENDROHYDRAX VALIDUS)
5.5. OTHER LISTED SPECIES
5.5.1. SHREWS
5.5.2. STATUS OF LISTED BATS (CHIROPTERA)
5.5.3. RODENTS
5.5.4. MONTANE/KENYAN DANCING JEWEL (PLATYCYPHA AMBONIENSIS)
5.5.5. FISH
5.5.5.1. PLAIN NORTHOBRANCH (NOTHOBRANCHIUS BOJIENSIS)
5.5.5.2. ELONGATE NOTHOBRANCH (NOTHOBRANCHIOUS ELONGATUS)
5.5.6. STATUS OF LISTED TOADS AND FROGS
5.5.7. LIZARDS (SKINKS, CHAMELEONS & GECKOS)
5.5.8. STATUS OF LISTED SNAKES 233
5.5.9. STATUS OF LISTED TORTOISES AND TERAPINS
5.5.9.1. CREVICE (PANCAKE) TORTOISE (MALACOCHERSUS TORNIERI)
5.5.9.2. YELLOW-BELLIED HINGED TERRAPIN (PELUSIOS CASTANOIDES)
5.5.9.3. TURKANA/BROADLEYIMUD TURTLE (PELUSIOS BROADLEYI)
5.5.10. STATUS OF LISTED TREES IN KENYA
5.5.11. STATUS OF LISTED BIRDS
5.5.11.1. AVIAN BIOMES IN KENYA
5.5.11.2. ENDEMIC BIRDS OF KENYA
5.5.11.3. TERRESTRIAL BIRDS
5.5.11.4. MARINE AND INLAND WETLANDS BIRDS
5.5.12. STATUS OF KENYA’S IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS
5.6. STATUS OF LISTED MARINE WILDLIFE SPECIES
5.6.1. DUGONG(DUGON DUGONG)
5.6.2. SEA TURTLES
5.6.3. WHALES
5.6.4. SHARKS
5.6.5. RAYS
5.6.5.1. THE PORCUPINE RAY ( UROGYMNUS ASPERRIMUS)
5.6.5.2. BLACK BLOTCHED STING RAY (TAENIUROPS MEYENI)
5.6.6. OTHER LISTED MARINE FISHES
5.6.6.1. BOWMOUTH GUITARFISH\GIANT GUITARFISH (RHYNCHOBATUS DJIDDENSIS)
5.6.6.2. BIGEYE TUNA (THUNNUS OBESUS)
5.6.6.3. BRINDLE BASS (EPINEPHELUS LANCEOLATUS)
5.6.6.4. GIANT WRASSE (CHEILINUS UNDULATUS)

CHAPTER 6:
RECOVERY PLANS FOR THE LISTED SPECIES
6.1 LISTING CRITERIA
6.2 RECOVERY PLANS
6.3 CHALLENGES 297
6.4 INTERVENTION MEASURES FOR SPECIES RECOVERY
CHAPTER 7:
STATUS OF WILDLIFE UTILIZATION IN KENYA
7.1 LEGISLATION
7.2 REGULATIONS ON WILDLIFE UTILIZATION
7.3 POLICY ON WILDLIFE UTILIZATION
7.4 MULTI- LATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS
7.4.1 CITES
7.4.2 CBD
7.5 WILDLIFE USER RIGHTS GRANTED
7.5.1 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
7.6 WILDLIFE FARMING
7.7 BIO-TRADE
7.8 FILMING
7.9 WILDLIFE CONSERVANCIES
7.10 MINING
7.11 GOVERNMENT GAME TROPHIES
7.11.1 ELEPHANT IVORY AND RHINOCEROS HORNS STOCKS
7.11.2 DISPOSAL
7.11.3 ELECTRONIC SYSTEM OF GAME TROPHY MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 8:
FINANCIAL STATUS
8.1 FINANCIAL FUNCTION OF THE SERVICE
8.2 FINANCIAL PROVISIONS
8.3 BUDGET OF CONSERVANCIES

List of Tables
Table 1.1 Summary Of The Sixth Schedule - Listed Species By Taxa
Table 2.1 Status Of Development And Implementation Of Management Plans
Table 2.2: Status Of Veterinary Clinical Interventions In 2015 To 2017
Table 2.3: Wildlife Diseases Monitored In 2015 To 2017
Table 2.4: Status Of Disease Outbreaks In 2015-2017
Table 2.5: Research Activities On Diseases In Wildlife In 2015 To 2017
Table 2.6: Bush Meat Cases Analyzed In The Forensic Lab For Prosecution Purposes
Table 2.7: Ongoing Projects To Develop Genetic Databases
Table 2.8: Translocations In 2015 And 2017
Table 2.9: Species Management Activities In 2015 And 2017
Table 2.10: Status Of Captive Wildlife Facilities
Table 2.11: Crop Destruction, Livestock &Property Damage Conflict Reported Cases By Third Schedule Listed
Species
Table 2.12: Human Death And Injury Cases By Third Schedule Listed Species
Table 2.13: Status Of Paid Claims Per County For Human Injuries And Deaths
Table 2.14: Csr And Fence Projects Between 2015 And 2017
Table 2.15: Status Of Duration Of Sentences
Table 2.16: Contact Engagement And Firearms And Ammunitions Recoveries 2014 To 2017
Table 2.17: Annual Livestock Drive Operations Expenditure Estimates 2015 To 2017
Table 2.18: Elephant Ivory And Rhinoceros Horns In Kws Custody
Table 3.1 Status Of Threats
Table 3.2 Status Of Challenges To Wildlife Conservation And Management
Table 3.3 Status Of Listed Invasive Species In Kenya
Table 3.4 Analysis Of Impacts Of Threats On Protected Areas
Table4.1: Status Of National Parks In 2015/2017
Table 4.2: Status Of National Reserves In 2015/2017
Table 4.3: Status Of Forest Reserves In 2015/2017
Table 4.4: Status Of National Wildlife Sanctuaries In 2015/2017
Table 4.5 Status Of Community Conservancies 2015/2017
Table 4.6 Status Of Private Conservancies 2015/2017
Table 4.7 Conservation Education Programmes Undertaken 2015-2017
Table 4.8: Marine Parks
Table 4.9: Status Of Marine Reserves In 2015/2017
Table 4.10 Status Of Ramsar Sites In Kenya
Table 4.11: State Of Wildlife Corridors 2015-2017
Table 5.1 List Of Carnivores Species In Kenya
Table 5.2cheetah Distribution And Population Status
Table 5.3 Recent Cheetah Surveys
Table 5.4: African Wild Dog Population Estimate
Table 5.5 Recent Spotted Hyaenas Surveys
Table 5.6 Lion Population Surveys (2012 – 2017)
Table 5.7 Areas With Unsurveyed Lion Population
Table 5.8 Leopard Surveys
Table 5.9 Status Of Listed Small Carnivores In Kenya
Table 5.10: Kenya Rhino Population Status -2017
Table 5.11. Summary Of Elephant Population Status By End Of 2014, With Updated Information From Recent
Census Undertaken In Certain Areas
Table 5.12 Status Of Giraffes In Kenya
Table 5.13. Counts Of Reticulated-Giraffe Sub-Populations In Kenya
Table 5.14 Distribution Of Hirola In Kenya
Table 5.15. Population Status Of Sitatunga (2008)
Table 5.16 Results Of Camera Traps And Visual Sighting In Selected Eastern Mountain Bongo Areas 2015-2017
Table 5.17 Population Status Of Grevy›s Zebra In Kenya
Table 5.18 Status Of Listed Shrews In Kenya
Table 5.19 Status Of The Listed Bats In The Country
Table 5.20 Status Of The Listed Rodents In Kenya
Table 5.21 Listed Fish Species In Kenya
Table 5.22 Listed Frog And Toad Species
Table 5.23 Listed Lizard Species
Table 5.24 Status Of Listed Snakes
Table 5.25 Listed Tree Species In Kenya
Table 5.26 Avian Biomes In Kenya And The Total Number Of Bird Species Unique For Each Avian Biome
Table 5.27 Status Of Listed Endangered Bird Species
Table 5.28 Marine And Wetland Birds
Table 5.29 Status Of Kenya’s Iba’s
Table 5.30 Status Of Whales In Kenya
Table 5.31 Status Of Listed Sharks In Kenya
Table 6.1. Status Of Recovery Plans
Table 6.2 Intervention Measurs Used For In-Situ Species Recovery
Table 6.3 Intervention Measurs Used For Ex-Situ Species Recovery
Table 7.1: Status Of Proposals To Cites Cop 17
Table 7.2: Number Of Authorizations Issued By Kws For Wildlife Research
Table 7.3: Research And Development Projects
Table 7.4: Wildlife Farming Operations For Trade
Table 7.5: Summary Of Wildlife Trade Permits Granted
Table 7.6: Source Of Exported Wildlife Materials
Table 7.7: Purposes Of Imports/ Exports/ Re-Exports
Table 7.8: Exports And Re- Exports Select Specimens
Table 7.9: Filming Authorities Granted For Different National Parks
Table 7.10: Elephant Ivory And Rhinoceros Horns In Kws Custody
Table 8.1:
Table 8.2
Table 8.3
Table 8.4
Table 8.5
Table 8.6
Table 8.7
Table 8.8
List plates
PLATE: 1 DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN MASAI MARA ECOSYSTEM
PLATE: 2 CONFISICATED BUSH MEAT
PLATE: 3 TRANSLOCATION OF ZEBRAS IN NAIVASHA TO RIMOI NATIONAL RESERVE
PLATE: 4 EAR NOTCHED BLACK RHINO IN LAKE NAKURU NATIONAL PARK
PLATE: 5 LIVESTOCK DRIVE OPERATION IN SOUTHERN PART OF TSAVO WEST
PLATE: 6 HABITAT FRAGMENTATION MASAI MAU COMPLEX
PLATE: 7 ELEPHANT IVORY CARVINGS FOR EXPORT
PLATE: 8 OPUNTIA
PLATE: 9 PARTHENIUM
PLATE: 10 RHINO POARCHING
PLATE: 11 HYDROGEN SULPHIDE WATER POLLUTION
PLATE: 12 SPOTTED HYAENA
PLATE: 13STRIPED HYAENA
PLATE: 14 AFRICAN GOLDEN CAT
PLATE: 15 SPOTTED NECKED/THROATED
PLATE: 16 JACKSON’S MONGOOSE
PLATE: 17 ROAN ANTELOPE
PLATE: 18 SITATUNGA
PLATE: 19 SABLE ANTELOPE
PLATE: 20 EASTERN MOUNTAIN BONGO
PLATE: 21 GREVY›S ZEBRA
PLATE: 22 LELWEL HARTBEEST
PLATE: 23 SOEMMERRING’S GAZELLE
PLATE: 24 LESSER KUDU
PLATE: 25 GREATER KUDU
PLATE: 26 GIANT FOREST HOG
PLATE: 27 TANA CRESTED MANGABEY
PLATE: 28 RED COLUBUS MONKEY
PLATE: 29 EASTERN TREE HYRAX
PLATE: 30BLACK & RUFOUS ELEPHANT SHREW
PLATE: 31GOLDEN RAMPED ELEPHANT SHREW
PLATE: 32 MONTANE DANCING JEWEL
PLATE: 33 ELONGATE NOTHOBRANCH
PLATE: 34TURKANA TOAD
PLATE: 35SHIMBA HILLS REEDS FROG
PLATE: 36BROADLEYIMUD TURTLE
PLATE: 37TAITA THRUSH
PLATE: 38TAITA APALIS
PLATE: 39 INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ON TURTLE NESTING SITE
PLATE: 40PORCUPINE RAY
PLATE: 41BLACK BLOTCHED STING RAY
PLATE: 42 BOWMOUTH GUITARFISH
PLATE: 43BIGEYE TUNA
PLATE: 44 WHALE SHARK
PLATE: 45 GREAT WHITE SHARK

List of Figures
Figure 2.1: Human Wildlife Conflict Hotspot Map
Figure 2.2: Rhino Poaching Trends Between 2012 And 2017
Figure 2.3: Elephant Poaching Trends Between 2012 And 2017
Figure 2.4:No. Of Arrests Between 2015 And 2017
Figure 2.5: No. Of Arrests In Connection To Bush Meat Poaching Between 2015 And 2017
Figure 2.6: Category Of Offences In 2016 And 2017
Figure 2.7: Number Of Wildlife Crime Cases Prosecuted In 2016 And 2017
Figure 2.8: Nature Of Fines For Successfully Prosecuted Cases In 2016 And 2017
Figure 2.9: Summary Of Rhino Horn Recoveries Between 2014 And 2017
Figure 2.10: Elephant Ivory Recoveries Between 2014 And 2017
Figure 2.11: Bush Meat Recovery Trends Between 2015 And 2017
Figure 2.12: Livestock Driven Out Of Protected Areas Between 2015 And 2017
Figure 4.1 National Parks, National Reserves & National Sanctuaries
Figure 4.2: Kenya Forest Reserves
Figure 4.3: Conservancies In Kenya
Fig 4.4 Marine Parks & Reserves
Figure.4.5 Athi –Kaputei (Nairobi-Kitengela) - Wildebeest Corridor
Figure 4.6: Amboseli- West Kilimanjaro Elephant Corridor
Figure 4.7: Lake Naivasha-Elementaita-Lake Nakuru-Eburru Forest
Figure 4.8: Tsavo Mkomazi- Elephant Migratory Corridor
Figure 4.9: Serengeti-Mara- Wildebeest Migratory Corridor
Figure 5.1 Cheetah Distribution Range
Figure 5.2: Current Distribution Of African Wild Dog Range
Figure 5.3. Spotted Hyaena Distribution
Figure 5.4 Stripped Hyaena Range
Figure 5.5: Distribution Of Lion Ranges In Kenya
Figure 5.7 National Population Trends Of Black & Southern White Rhino 2007 -2017
Figure 5.8. Elephant Range Areas
Figure 5.9 Elephant Distribution In Kenya
Fig 5.10 Giraffe Range Map
Figure 5.11 Roan Antelope Distribution In Ruma National Park
Figure 5.12. Sable Sighting In Shimba Hills National Reserve
Figure 5.13. Current Eastern Mountain Bongo Range In Kenya
Figure 5.14. Grevy›s Zebra Historical And Current Range Distribution
Figure 5.15 Distribution Of Turtle Species
Fig. 7.1: Permitting Requirements For Accessing Biological Resources In Kenya
Figure. 7.2: Research Permits Applications For Various Fields Of Study
Fig. 7.3: Certificates For Legal Possession Of Wildlife
ACRONYMS
ADC- Agriculture Development Corporation
AEWA- Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Water birds
AWF- African Wildlife Foundation
CBD - Convention on Biological Diversity
CBO- Community Based Organization
CITES – Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna
CMS- Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals
COP- Conference of Parties
CWCCC –County Wildlife Conservation & Compensation Committee
DRSRS – Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing
DVS- Directorate of Veterinary Services
EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment
EMCA- Environmental Management and Coordination Act
EMP – Environmental Management Plan
ESMS- Electronic game trophy Stockpile Management System
FAO -United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization
FMD - Foot and Mouth Disease
GEC - Great Elephant Census
HCP- Hirola Conservation Programme
HPAI - Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza
ICIPE- International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology
IFAW- International Fund for Animal Welfare
ILRI- International Livestock Research Institute
IOSEA-Indian Ocean and South-East Asia
IUCN- World Conservation Union
JKIA – Jomo Kenyatta International Airport
JKUAT- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology
KALRO- Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Institute
KECOBO- Kenya Copyright Board
KEFRI- Kenya Forestry Research Institute
KENGEN- Kenya Electricity Generating Company
KEPHIS – Kenya Plants Health Inspectorate Service
KFS- Kenya Forest service
KIPI – Kenya Industrial Institute
Ksh- Kenya Shillings
KWCA- Kenya Wildlife Conservancies Association
KWS- Kenya Wildlife service
LATF- Lusaka Agreement Task Force
LPAI- Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza
MAT- Mutually Agreed Terms
MIKE- Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants
MOP- Membership of Parties
MTA- Material Transfer Agreements
NACOSTI- National Council for Science Technology and Innovation
NEMA – National Environment Management Authority
NMK – National Museums of Kenya
NRT – Nothern Rangeland Trust
PAC- Problem Animal Control
PIC – Prior Informed Consent
RCMRD- Regional Centre for Mapping Resource for Development
RhODIS- Rhinoceros DNA Indexing System
RSPB- Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
SOPs - Standard Operating Procedures
UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
WCMA- The Wildlife Conservation and Management Act, 2013
WWF- World Wildlife Fund

CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION THE
NATIONAL WILDLIFE
CONSERVATION STATUS
REPORT
A Wildlife conservation status report is a time- The National Wildlife Conservation Status
bound report of the audit of all factors human Report gives the status of: all National Parks
or otherwise that affect species health in totality and Reserves; Conservancies and Sanctuaries;
in a defined area. community wildlife scouts in Conservancies;
Management Plans; all listed species in
The National Wildlife Conservation Status Schedule 6 and 7 and their recovery status.
Report is a requirement in the Wildlife Focus is given to the conservation status of
Conservation and Management Act (WCMA, endangered listed species, their habitats and
2013). Part VI- CONSERVATION, PROTECTION factors that influence their population trends.
AND MANAGEMENT, section 49 (4) states that:
Besides the introduction the report has seven
“The cabinet secretary shall report biannually thematic areas namely:
to the National Assembly through the National
Wildlife Conservation Status Report on the • Status of Kenya’s Wildlife Conservation
status of the efforts to develop and implement Areas;
recovery plans for all nationally listed species
and on the status of all species for which such • Status of listed Wildlife species population
plans have been developed” and trends;
Section 87 sub section (b) of the WCMA, 2013 • Threats to Wildlife Conservation;
states; • Status of wildlife recovery plans;
“TheService shall maintain registers of- National • Wildlife management;
Parks, National Reserves, Wildlife Conservancies
and Sanctuaries established under this Act and • Wildlife utilization; and
management thereof”.
• Financing in the wildlife sector
In section (c) it notes that;
A short synopsis of the salient issues and
“The Service shall maintain registers of all concepts captured in the National Wildlife
community scouts involved in the Conservation Conservation Status Report is presented in the
and management of wildlife”. following pages:
In section (d) it notes-
“The Service will maintain registers of- all
management plans developed pursuant to
the provisions of this Act”.

1.1. Conservation Status status listing and ranking system classifies
threatened species into nine groups by the
The status of wildlife species in Kenya constitutes following criteria: rate of decline, population
factors that indicate the species viability over size and area of geographic distribution,
time and how the species is likely to become degree of population and its fragmentation,
extinct in the near future if recovery measures reduction in population size, geographic range
are not put in place. These factors include; the and population size. Also included are species
current population and its viability, population that have gone extinct since 500 AD. When
trends, breeding success rates, threats, and discussing the IUCN Red List, the official term
management interventions undertaken. “threatened” is a grouping of three categories:
Critically Endangered, Endangered, and
a) The World Conservation Union (IUCN) Vulnerable
Red List of Threatened Species
The IUCN Red list, a widely used conservation
Critically endangered (CR) - Extremely high risk of extinction in the wild
Endangered (EN) High Risk of extinction in the wild
Extinct (EX) No Known individuals remaining
Extinct in the wild (EW) Known only to survive in captivity, or as a

naturalized
Population outside its historic range
Vulnerable (VU) High risk of endangerment in the wild
Near Threatened (NT) Likely to become endangered in the near future
Least concern (LC) Lowest risk. Does not qualify for a higher risk
Category.
Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category
Data Deficient (DD) Not enough data to make an assessment of its risk of
extinction
Not Evaluated (NE) Has not yet been evaluated against the criteria

b) The Convention on International Trade (a) Give priority to those rare, endangered
in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and and threatened species: and
Flora (CITES)
(b) Incorporate in each recovery plan-
The convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora i. A description of such site-specific
(CITES) aims to ensurethat international trade management actions as may be
in specimens of wild animals and plants does necessary to achieve the plan’s goal
not threaten their survival. Many countries for the conservation and survival of the
require CITES permits when importing plants species
and animals listed by CITES. ii. Objective, measurable criteria which,
1.2. Species Recovery Plans when met, would result in the species
being removed from the list and
An endangered species recovery plan is
a document describing the current status, iii. Estimates of the time and the cost
threats and intended methods for increasing required to carry out the measures
rare and endangered species population needed to achieve the goal of the plan
sizes. Section 49 (1) of the WCMA, 2013 states: 1.3. Schedule six of the Wildlife
The Service may develop and implement Conservation and Management
recovery plans for the conservation and Act: -
management of all the species listed under
the sixth schedule (2)- The service shall, This schedule details the nationally listed
in developing the recovery plans, to the critically endangered, vulnerable, nearly
maximum extent practicable:- threatened and protected species. A
summary of the listed species by taxa is
presented in Table 1.1
Table 1.1 Summary of the sixth schedule - Listed Species by Taxa
Taxonomic group CR EN VN NT T Protected Total
Mammals 7 19 36 0 0 0 62
Birds 2 12 13 30 0 37 94
Fish 7 4 15 0 0 0 26
Trees 0 2 6 0 0 0 8
Insect 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Reptiles & Snakes 0 1 1 0 0 10 12
Amphibians Frogs 1 5 1 0 0 7 14
Toads 0 0 0 0 1 3 4
Tortoise 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Terrapin 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Gecko 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Skinks 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Lizard 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Chameleon 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
Turtles 1 2 0 0 1 4 8
Total 19 45 73 30 3 75 244

Source: WCMA, 2013 *Sperm whale is repeated in the schedule
A protected species is an animal or plant, of which the law forbids harming or destroying.

1.4. Invasive Species Damage, livestock and Crop Destruction in the
WCMA, 2013 unlike in the previous Act (Cap
An “invasive species” means a non-indigenous 376).
species trans-located to a place outside its
natural distribution range in nature and which 1.7. Wildlife Crime
dominates other indigenous species or takes
WCMA,2013 section 7 (k) gives the service
over the habitat. The seventh schedule on
powers to undertake and conduct
invasive species lists 1 mammal, 7 reptiles
enforcementactivities such as anti-poaching
and amphibians, 17 birds, 10 plants and 1
operations, wildlife protection, intelligence
invertebrate. The impacts of invasive species
gathering, investigation and other enforcement
are documented in Chapter four. Not listed in
activities. Part (h) gives provision for security for
the schedule is the now fast spreading noxious
wildlife and visitors in National parks, Wildlife
weedParthenium hysterophorusthat has been
conservation areas and sanctuaries.
documented to threaten biodiversity because
of its aggressive dominance. Also missing is the 1.8. Consumptive Wildlife Utilization
top level predator Nile Perch (Lates niloticus) Licensing and regulations
which has caused extinction or near extinction
of several hundreds of native fish species in The WCMA, 2013 grants the right to anyone
Lake Victoria. It was introduced in the lake in interested in dealing in a gainful (wildlife user
the late 1950’s. rights) manner with specified wildlife (tenth
schedule of the WCMA, 2013). Section 79
1.5. Management Plans in Protected prescribes the process in terms of permits
Areas and licenses. This part of the WCMA, 2013
will be guided by licensing and regulation
A management plan for a conservation area is
guidelines which are in the process of being
a time-bound and area specific document that
gazetted. Section 80 of the WCMA, 2013
provides an integrated planning framework.
prescribes wildlife user rights while sections 81
The WCMA, 2013 recognizes the management
and 82 deals with assignment of wildlife user
plan process (fifth schedule Part 1-General (3)
rights. Section 80 sub sections 1 of the WCMA,
which states that;
2013 states that, “the cabinet secretary may,
“A management plan process includes the upon successful registration of the applicant
production of an annual compliance report with the County Wildlife Conservation and
and a 5 year third-party management report”. Compensation Committee grant a general
It also states that “No development will be permit for non- consumptive wildlife user rights,
approved in the absence of a management including Wildlife based tourism, Commercial
plan approved” (Section 44 sub section 4 of photography and filming, Educational purpose,
the WCMA, 2013). Sub section 3 states that Researchpurposes, Cultural and Religious
“The cabinet secretary shall, by notice in the purposes”.
Gazette, publish the approved management
Sub section 3 of the WCMA, 2013 states that
plans in respect of National Parks, Marine
the Cabinet Secretary will, upon successful
Protected Areas, Wildlife Conservancies and
registration of the applicant with the County
Sanctuaries”.
Wildlife Conservation and Compensation
The management plan will be constituted by Committee, grant a license in accordance with
the following factors; a process (a plan is in the the provision set out in the Eighth schedule with
process of being done or reviewed), a Gazette regard to consumptive wildlife use activities,
notice, an annual compliance report and a 5 including- Game farming, Game ranching, Live
year third party report. capture, Research involving off-take, Cropping
and, Culling. The game farming is restricted to
1.6. Wildlife Compensation the 21 species of plants and animals listed in
the 10th schedule.
Section 25 of WCMA, 2013 describes the
provisions for compensation for human injury, These comprise of 9 animals species(crocodile,
death, loss or damage to Crop, livestock Tortoise,chameleon,snails,frogs,lizard,butterfly
and Property Damageoccasioned by wildlife snakes and other reptiles); 5 plants species
and the processes of seeking compensation (Aloe, Prunus Africana, East African sandal
thereof. The wildlife species inrespect of which wood, White Ginger and Camphor Basil); 7
compensation may be paid are listed in the bird species (Ostrich, pigeon, doves, ducks,
third schedule of the WCMA, 2013.It is likely Helmeted Guinea Fowl, Vulturine Guinea fowl,
that the upsurge in compensation is due Quelea).
to awareness and the inclusion of Property
NB it is likely the intended bird species was 1.10. Financing Wildlife
quails (farmed for its meat, eggs and feathers) management in Kenya
and not Quelea which is an agricultural pest.
Financing of the Wildlife sector is covered
1.9. Challenges and threats to under Part iii of the WCMA, 2013. It prescribes
wildlife conservation sources of funds and how they are to be
utilized. It allows sourcing of funds from donors
Section 48 of The WCMA, 2013 deals with
and establishment of an endowment fund. All
restricted activities involving listed species.
conservancies have their own ways of sourcing
Section 48(2) a & b clearly points out the
for funds. The WCMA, 2013 however gives them
negative impacts associated with illegal
a leeway in which they can utilize wildlife as a
dealings in wildlife species. Such activities would
source of income through wildlife user rights in
include trespass, encroachment, off take,
section 80. This includes consumptive and non-
pollution, water abstraction without a permit,
consumptive utilization.
illegal trade in wildlife products. Challenges
to wildlife conservation would constitute lack
or inadequate human or capital currency,
diseases, natural disasters and legal and policy
issues.

CHAPTER 2:
CONSERVATION,
PROTECTION AND
MANAGEMENT OF
WILDLIFE IN KENYA

2.1. Policy and Legal Framework
The conservation and management of wildlife overall responsibility of ensuring that institutions
in Kenya is guided by various national laws and and businesses premises carry out EIA. Under
policies as well as international protocols. Some this act, it is an offence for any person or body
of the critical National and International legal to commence, proceed with, execute or
frameworks that affect wildlife management conduct any project specified in the second
and conservation are listed below. schedule without approval irrespective of
whether any other approval had been granted
2.1.1. National legal and Policy by any other agency.
Framework 2.1.1.4. Water Act 2016
2.1.1.1. The Constitution Of Kenya This is an Act of Parliament meant to provide
2010 for the management, conservation, use and
Wildlife is a national resource under the control of water resources and for the acquisition
Constitution of Kenya. Section 69 of and regulation or rights to use water. This Act
the Constitution obligates the State to is also meant to provide the regulations and
ensure sustainable exploitation, utilization, management of water supply and sewerage
management and conservation of the services and to repeal the Water Act 2002 and
environment and natural resources for the certain provisions of the Local Government Act
benefit of the people of Kenya. Every person and for related purposes.
has a right to reasonable access to wildlife 2.1.1.5. Treaty Making and Ratification
resources and to enjoy the benefits accruing Act 2012
from them as governed by the WCMA, 2013,
and other relevant national laws. Various This Act specifies provisions under which
national legislations as provided for under international instruments, conventions and
Section 72 of the Constitution are in place for agreements including those applicable
the management of the environment, land to wildlife conservation, protection and
and natural resources. management shall be ratified before
implementation.
2.1.1.2. Wildlife Conservation and
Management Act (WCMA) 2013 2.1.1.6. Sessional Paper No. 3 of 1975
This is an Act of parliament to provide for the Kenya’s wildlife policy is embodied in the
protection, conservation, sustainable use and Sessional Paper No. 3 of 1975 entitled: “A
management of wildlife in Kenya and for Statement on Future Wildlife Management
connected purposes. Policy in Kenya”. The key elements of this policy
among others include:-
2.1.1.3.Environmental Management
and Coordination Act (EMCA) i. Identifies the primary goal of wildlife
(Amendment Act 2015) conservation as the optimization of
returns from wildlife defined broadly
Section 26 of the WCMA 2013 in respect to to include aesthetic, cultural,
conservation, protection and management scientific and economic gains, taking
of the environment provides that this shall into account the income from other
be in conformity with the provisions of the land uses
Environmental Management and Coordination
Act (EMCA). EMCA provides a framework for ii. Identifies the need to identify and
coordinated management of environment and implement compatible land uses and
development matters. It particularly provides fair distribution of benefits derived
instruments and tools for assessing proposed from wildlife including from both non-
development activities to ensure they are consumptive and consumptive uses
economically viable, socially acceptable and of wildlife
environmentally sound. Section 52 of EMCA
provides for consultations between NEMA and iii. Underscores the need for an
KWS while prescribing measures for conservation integrated approach to wildlife
of biological resources. This Act of parliament conservation and management in
under Section 58 gives the general provisions order to minimize human-wildlife
for the conducting of an Environmental impact conflicts.
Assessment (EIA). The Act gives NEMA the

A revised national wildlife conservation and that are within public lands and demarcate or
management policy was formulated in 2012 take any other justified action on those areas
but remains a draft. Objective 5 of the draft to prevent environmental degradation and
policy seeks to conserve and manage wildlife climate change. In performing these functions,
resources as a national endowment for NLC shall consult institutions dealing with
sustainable development, wealth creation and conservation.
employment. Amongst the recommendations
of the policy is the application of ex situ 2.1.1.10. Veterinary Surgeons and
conservation for species where this option is Veterinary Para-Professionals Act 2011
deemed necessary. This is an Act of parliament to make provision
2.1.1.7. The Kenya National Biodiversity for the training, registration and licensing of
Strategy Action Plan veterinary surgeons and veterinary para-
professionals, to provide for matters relating
This is a national framework of action for the to animal health survices and welfare, and for
implementation of the Convention on Biological connected purposes. The Act establishes the
Diversity (CBD) to ensure that the present rate Kenya Veterinary Board (KVB) which, amonsgt
of biodiversity loss is reversed, and that present other functions registers, licenses, controls and
levels of biological resources are maintained at regulates veterinary practice and veterinary
sustainable levels. Two important goals spelled laboratories, clinics and animal hospitals.
out in the action plan are:
2.1.1.11. County Government Act, 2012
i. To achieve sustainable utilization of
resource ecosystem for the benefit It gives effect to chapter 11 of the constitution
of the present generations while to provide for County Government’s powers,
ensuring their potential to meet the functions and responsibility to deliver services.
demands of future generations It mandates the County Government to
make legislation for the management and
ii. To preserve genetic resources and exploitation of county resources.
biological diversity in the nation’s
ecosystem and to preserve their 2.1.1.12. Community Land Act (2016)
cultural value The Act gives effect to article 63 (5) of the
2.1.1.8. Occupational Safety and Health Constitution to provide for the recognition,
Act of 2007 protection and registration of community
land rights, management and administration
The main objectives of this Act is to secure the of community land, to provide for the role of
safety, health and welfare of persons at work County Government in relation to unregistered
and to protect persons other than the ones at community land and for connected purposes.
work against risks to safety and health arising The Act also provides for the sustainable
out of or in connection with the activities of management of community land resources
persons at work. It assigns duties and liabilities for purposes of sustainable conservation of
to employers, employees and the public in land-based natural resources across counties
order to facilitate and promote healthy work and commits all respective registered
environment subsequently enhancing outputs communities to abide by the relevant
economically. This Act is relevant to the applicable laws, policies and standards on
management of wildlife in considering designs natural resources. It also provides measures
and layout of all developments in relation to to protect critical ecosystems and habitats;
interactions with people. incentives for communities and individuals to
invest in income generating natural resource
2.1.1.9. Land Act No 6 (2012) conservation programs; measures to facilitate
This Act gives effect to Article 68 of the access, use and co-management of forests,
constitution to revise, consolidate and water and other resources by communities
rationalize land laws and to provide for the who have customary rights to them; resources;
sustainable administration of land and land community participation in the management
based resources. It assigns the responsibility to and utilization of land-based natural resources.
the National Land Commission (NLC) to take 2.1.1.13. Maritime Zones Act No. 6 of
appropriate action to maintain public land that 1989
has endangered or endemic species of flora
and fauna, critical habitats or protected areas This Act of parliament provides for the exploration,
as well as identifying ecologically sensitive areas exploitation, conservation and management

of the resources of the maritime zones. It also 2.1.1.18. Animal Diseases Act cap 364
provides for the exploration, exploitation and
conservation and management of natural This is an Act of Parliament to provide for
resources in the Exclusive Economic Zone matters relating to the management of animal
(EEZ) which include regulation, control and diseases.
preservation of the marine environment. It also 2.1.1.19. Veterinary Policy 2015
provides for the application of the fisheries Act
in the management of resources within the The Veterinary Policy is provided for in the
territorial waters and the EEZ. Fourth Schedule of the Constitution of Kenya.
It aligns developments in the animal resource
2.1.1.14. Fisheries Management and industry to the Constitution as well as the Kenya
Development Act, No. 35 of 2016 Vision 2030 and the international animal health
This is an Act of parliament to provide for the laws, treaties, agreements and conventions
conservation, management and development ratified by Kenya. Amongst other objectives,
of fisheries and other aquatic resources the policy provides an enabling environment
to enhance the livelihood of communities for safeguarding animal life, health and welfare
dependent on fishing and to establish the and ensure that Kenyans benefit from quality
Kenya Fisheries Services; and for connected health by guaranteeing animal health, welfare
purposes. and production services. The policy recognises
wild animals’ as reservoirs of diseases that
2.1.1.15. Forest Conservation and can be transmitted to domestic animals and
Management Act, 2016 humans. Further, there are game farms which
supply game meat. Wild animals therefore
This Act gives effect to article 69 of the need to be considered in the Government’s
constitution with regards to forest resources. It disease control programmes.
provides for the development and sustainable
management, including utilization, of all 2.1.2. International treaties,
forest resources and for the socio-economic
development of the country and for connected Conventions and Agreements
purposes. The Act applies to all forest, public Section 109 of the WCMA provides for the
private and community. implementation of international instruments,
2.1.1.16. Sessional Paper No.3 of 2009 conventions and agreements ratified by Kenya
on National Land Policy in accordance to the provisions of the Treaty
Making and ratification Act 2012. These include
The overall objective of the National Land the following:
Policy is to secure rights over land and provide
for sustainable growth investments and 2.1.2.1. Convention on International
reduction of poverty. The policy provides a Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
raft of measures geared towards protection, Fauna and Flora (CITES)
conservation and sustainable management of To enhance the conservation of endangered
land and land-based resources. These cover species in accordance to the provisions of the
diverse resources and ecosystems such as WCMA 2013 Section 48 on restricted activities
lakes, drainage basins and wetlands, wildlife involving listed species, Kenya is a party to
and wildlife corridors, forests, fragile ecosystems the Convention on International Trade in
etc. Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
2.1.1.17. Vision 2030 (CITES), an international agreement whose aim
is to ensure that international trade in specimens
The objective of Vision 20130 is to transform of wild animals and plants does not threaten
Kenya into a newly industrialized middle their survival. States and regional economic
income country through three economic integration organizations adhere voluntarily
pillars: Social, economic and political by to CITES. Although the Convention is legally
the year 2030. One of its aims is to promote binding on the Parties – in other words they have
environmental conservation in support of the to implement it – it does not take the place of
economic pillars. Key flagship projects include national laws. Rather it provides a framework
conservation, rehabilitation of water towers, to be respected by each Party, which has to
securing wildlife corridors and improving waste adopt its own domestic legislation to ensure
management system. that CITES, is implemented at the national level.
Because the trade in wild animals and plants
is cross border, the effort to regulate it requires
international cooperation to safeguard certain
species from over-exploitation. 2.1.2.5. Animal Welfare Policy
Guidelines
2.1.2.2. Ramsar Convention
Whilst animal welfare issues lay emphasis on
To enhance the conservation and management the handling and caring of domestic animals,
of wetlands as provided for in Section 33 of the they have been extended to wild animals
WCMA 2013, Kenya is a Contracting Party to the especially those held in captivity or under the
Convention on Wetlands, called the Ramsar care of humans for whatever reason. The World
Convention, which is an intergovernmental Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) explains
treaty that provides the framework for national animal welfare as the way an animal is coping
action and international cooperation for the with the conditions in which it lives. An animal
conservation and wise use of wetlands and their is in good state of welfare if (as indicated by
resources, as a contribution towards achieving scientific evidence) it is healthy, comfortable,
sustainable development throughout the well nourished, safe, able to express innate
world. behavior and it is not suffering from unpleasant
Wetlands are among the most diverse and states such as pain, fear and distress. Good
productive ecosystems. They provide essential animal welfare requires disease prevention
services and supply all our fresh water. However, and veterinary care, appropriate shelter,
they continue to be degraded and converted management, nutrition, humane handling and
to other uses. The Convention entered into humane killing. Animal welfare is said to be
force in Kenya on 5th October, 1990. Kenya compromised if the animal fails to benefit from
currently has 6 sites designated as Wetlands of the five fundamental rights. These are:-
International Importance (Ramsar Sites), with i. Freedom from thirst and hunger by
a surface area of 265,449 hectares. These are: providing ready access to fresh water
Lake Nakuru National Park, Lake Naivasha, and diet so as to maintain full health and
Lake Baringo, Lake Bogoria, Lake Elementaita vigor
and Tana River Delta.
ii. Freedom from discomfort by providing
2.1.2.3. IUCN Red List an appropriate environment including
The list provides taxonomic, conservation shelter and a comfortable resting area
status and distribution information on taxa iii. Freedom from pain, injury and disease
that are facing a high risk of global extinction. by preventing or rapid diagnosis and
The list is necessary to address recovery plans treatment of diseases
of threatened and endangered in Kenyan in
accordance to Section 49 of WCMA 2013. iv. Freedom to express normal behavior
by providing sufficient space, proper
2.1.2.4. Convention on Biological facilities and company of the animals
Diversity own kind
This multilateral environmental agreement v. Freedom of fear from fear and distress
is dedicated to conservation of biodiversity by ensuring conditions and treatment
and to ensure sustainable use and equitable which avoid mental suffering
sharing of genetic resources in response to the
principles of agenda 21. The convention calls In Kenya, these fundamental rights are
for the conservation of genetic resources by safeguarded in the Prevention of Cruelty to
preserving sensitive ecosystems, rehabilitating Animals Act (CAP 360) and in the Veterinary
degraded habitats and enacting legislation Surgeons and Veterinary Para-Professionals Act
that protects endangered plants and animal 2011. Details of the provisions of these Acts
species and requests financial assistance are necessary at the EIA stages of any project
for developing countries so that they can development.
afford programmes designed to conserve
their biological resources. The convention led 2.1.2.6. Convention of the Prevention of
to conception and implementation of the Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes
national biodiversity Strategy and action plan and other Matters.
in Kenya. The Convention was established to prevent
indiscriminate disposal at sea of wastes that
could create hazard to human health, marine
life, damaging amenities or interfering with
other legitimate uses of the sea

2.1.2.7. African Convention on the 2.1.2.9. Africa-Eurasian Water Bird
Conservation of Nature and Natural Agreement(AEWA)
Resources
The agreement was developed in 1993 from
The agreement was established to facilitate deliberation of Bonn convention for the
sustainable use of the natural resources. management and conservation of Tana Delta
and associated wetland biodiversity resources.
2.1.2.8. Convention on the Conservation This agreement was triggered by the fact that
of Migratory Species of Wild Animals there are several migratory water birds that use
(CMS) the Tana Delta as wintering site. This has led to
This was established to facilitate close the development process for the Integrated
cooperation on the conservation of migratory Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) protocol
species within the range states and commit together with an action plan. ICZM provides for
states to act individually or in cooperation with the sustainable management for the marine
others in taking action that would ensure such and coastal resources within the Western
species are conserved. Indian Ocean (WIO) region.
2.2. Stakeholders In Wildlife Conservation And

Management
and Innovation (NACOSTI), Department
of Remote Sensing and Resource Surveys
The WCMA, 2013 in various Sections empowers (DRSRS), National Land Commission, the
the Service to involve stakeholders in the National Assembly, Brand Kenya, Kenya
performance of its mandate. For example Airports Authority, KENGEN, Ethics and Anti-
Section 44 (5) provides for initiation of public Corruption Commission, The Judiciary, Kenya
consultations for purposes of formulating Plant Health Inspectorate Service, Kenya
management plan guidelines, Section 49 (3) Ports Authority, Kenya Roads Board, Kenya
provides for the Service in developing and Tourism Board, Kenya Tourism Federation,
implementing recovery plans to enlist the Kenya Water Towers Agency, Office of The
services of appropriate public, private or non- Auditor General Kenya among others.
governmental organizations and institutions
and other qualified persons, and Section 49 ii) Research Institutions and Universities (Local
(5) provides for the Service to implement a and International):
system, in cooperation with the county wildlife
conservation committees, community wildlife State/private universities and other institutions
associations and wildlife managers, to monitor of higher learning, International Livestock
effectively for not less than five years the status Research Institute (ILRI), International Centre
of all species which have recovered to the for Insect Physiology and Ecology ICIPE),
point at which the measures provided pursuant Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research
to this section are no longer necessary and Institute (KALRO), Kenya Medical Research
which, in accordance with the provisions of Institute (KEMRI), Kenya Forestry Research
this section, have been removed from the lists Institute (KEFRI), Kenya Marine and Fisheries
published in the Sixth Schedule. Research Institute (KEMFRI); some of the
international institutions include, Tanzania
Pursuant to these provisions, the Service partners Wildlife Research Institute, Washington
with multiple stakeholders, both national and State University, Royal Veterinary College,
international, in fulfilling its mandate. These University of Pretoria among others
include:
iii) Non-Governmental organizations:
i) Other government agencies:
David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust, World Wildlife
Kenya Forest Service (KFS), National Fund (WWF), Animal Welfare Fund (AWF),
Environment Management Authority Born Free Foundation (BFF), International
(NEMA), Directorate of Veterinary Services Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), Tsavo
(DVS), Security agencies (Kenya Police Trust, Africa Network for Animal Welfare,
Service, National Intelligence Service, African Conservation Centre, African Fund
Kenya Defense Forces), Kenya Maritime for Endangered Wildlife, African Wildlife
Authority, National Museums of Kenya, Foundation, African World Heritage Fund,
National Council for Science Technology Amboseli Trust for Elephants, ARN security,
Bill Jordan Wildlife Defense Fund, Birdlife Organization, Forestry Bureau, World Bank,
International, Care for the Wild International, World Organization of Animal Health, Zoo
East African Wildlife Society, Eden Wildlife d’Amnéville, San Diego Zoo, Uganda Wildlife
Trust, Elephant Neighbors Center, Elephant Authority, United Nations Development
Research Trust Fund, Elephant Voices, Kenya Programme, United Nations Educational,
Land Conservation Trust, Giraffe Centre, Frei Scientific and Cultural Organisation, United
Geboren, Friends of Conservation, George Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),
Adamson Wildlife Preservation Trust, Wildlife United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,
Clubs of Kenya Wildlife Conservation Society, United States Agency for International
Wildlife Direct, World Wide Fund for Nature, Development, The World Conservation
Vad Den Berg, Green Belt Movement, Kenya Union (IUCN), Tanzania National Parks,
Association for Tour Operators, Nature Netherlands Environmental Assessment
Conservancy, Tsavo Elephant Research, Agency, Ngorongoro Conservation Area
Save the Elephants, Save the Mau Trust, Authority, Regional Centre for Mapping
Stand Out Shout Out, Stop Ivory, Kenya Resource for Development (RCMRD) Parks
Organization for Environmental Education, Canada, among others
Kenya Wildlife Conservancies Association,
Kenya Wildlife Trust, Marwell Preservation v) Community and Private Conservancies:
Trust, Nairobi Green Line, Northern Refer to table 3.5 and 3.6 on conservancies’
Rangelands Trust, Orpower, Park Action chapter 3
Committee Nakuru, Rhino Ark, Savannah
Club Japan, Save Elephant Foundation. vi) County Governments:
iv) International Institutions and All the 47 Counties and communities are
Intergovernmental agencies: stakeholders in the management of wildlife
resource.
US Fish and Wildlife, USAID, Zoological Society
of London, Lusaka Agreement Task Force, vii) Companies and Foundations:
African Union Inter-African Bureau of Animal
Resources, British Army Training Unit Kenya, CMC Motors, Development Alternatives
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Inc, EABL Foundation, Ecobank, Elizabeth
CITES Mike Programme, Council of Agriculture Glaser Paediatric AIDS Foundation, Kenya
TAIWAN, Delegation of the European Union Commercial Bank, Kenya Association of
to Kenya, Earthwatch Institute, Embassy of Manufactures, Kenya Association of Hotel
Brazil, Embassy of France, Embassy of Israel, keepers & Caterers, Bata Shoe Company,
Embassy of Italy, Embassy of the People’s Equity Bank Group, Finlays Horticulture,
Republic of China, Kenya Brazil Cooperation, Flamingo Hill Camp, Florensis Kenya Ltd,
International Union for the Conservation Toyota Kenya, The Mater Hospital, ICEA
of Nature, INTERPOL, Japan International Lion Group, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, Lake
Cooperation Agency, Global Environment Nakuru Lodge, Meridian
Facility, High Commission of Canada,
German Embassy, French Development Medical Centre, Nakumatt Supermarkets,
Agency, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute of Animal NIC Bank, Novartis Animal Health, Oserian
Health, Embassy of the United States, Development Company Ltd and Sarova
European Union, Food and Agriculture Lion Hill Game Lodge.
2.3. Management Plans

The WCMA 2013 in Section 44 provides that shall involve the participation of neighboring
every National Park, Marine Protected Area, communities.
Wildlife Conservancy and Sanctuary shall be
managed in accordance with a management The Act further in Section 44 (3) provides that
plan that complies with the requirements the Cabinet Secretary shall, by notice in the
prescribed by the Fifth Schedule. In preparing Gazette, publish the approved management
and adopting a management plan, the plans in respect of National Parks, Marine
Service shall consult with the County Wildlife Protected Areas, Wildlife Conservancies and
Conservation and Compensation Committee. Sanctuaries and in Section 44 (4) that no
In the case of protected areas, the formulation development will be approved in the absence
and implementation of management plans of management plans approved in subsection
(3).
The Act also requires that the Cabinet management of all protected areas in the
Secretary shall initiate public consultation for country have and continue to be guided by
purposes of formulating management plan management plans. Table 2.1 gives the status
guidelines (Section 44 (3). The guidelines for of the management plans with respect to the
the development of management plans requirements of the WCMA 2013 as per the
have been developed using a consultative reporting period.
process and presently awaits gazettment. The
Table 2.1 Status of Development and Implementation of Management plans

No Protected Area Management Plan Title and Status of Management Plan
Agency Duration
1. Tsavo East KWS Tsavo Conservation • The Plan was approved by KWS
Area Management Board of Trustees but not
2. Tsavo West Plan gazetted
(2007-2017) • No annual compliance report
3. Chyulu Hills National • 2012 and 2017 five year third
Parks Tsavo party report not available
Road/railway
4. Ngai Ndethya Makueni County No Plan No management plan-The The PA

National Reserve has been encroached
5. South Kitui National Kitui County South Kitui National • Plan is as yet to be gazetted
Reserve Reserve Management • Compliance report 2016 & 2017
Plan (2015-2025) not available
6. Amboseli National KWS Amboseli Ecosystem • The Plan reviewed in 2014 and
Park management Plan yet to be gazetted
(2008-2018) • Compliance report 2009-2017 not
available
• Five year third party plan due in
2013 not available
7. Nairobi National KWS Nairobi national Park • No management plan presently
Park Ecosystem • New management plan being
Management Plan developed
(2005-2010)
8. Ol Donyo Sabuk KWS No Plan The draft Plan in progress
National Park
9. Nairobi Safari KWS Nairobi Safari • Plan not gazetted

Walk/Animal Walk/Animal • No Compliance report from 2014
Orphanage Orphanage (2013- – 2017
2023) • First 5 year third party expected
in 2018
10. Hell's Gate and Mt. KWS Hell’s Gate-Mt. • Plan has expired
Longonot National Longonot Ecosystem • No compliance report for 2014 &
Parks Management Plan 2015
(2010-2015)
11. Lake Nakuru KWS Lake Nakuru Ecosystem • Plan has expired
National Park Integrated • Development of plan in process
Management Plan
(2002-2012)
12. Kamnarok National Baringo County Kamnarok National Plan has expired
Reserve Reserve management
Plan(1985)
13. Lake Bogoria Baringo County Lake Bogoria National Plan has expired
National Reserve Reserve management
Plan2007-2012
14. Masai Mara Narok County Masai Mara national • Plan notgazetted
National Reserve Reserve Management • No compliance reports for
Plan (2009-2019) 2014/15/16/17

15. Rimoi (Kerio Valley) KWS Rimoi National Reserve • Plan has expired
National Reserve management Plan • No compliance reports for
(2006-2016) 2014/15/16
16. Lake Elementaita KWS Lake Elementaita • Plan notgazetted
National Sanctuary Wildlife Sanctuary • No compliance reports for
Management Plan 2014/15/16/17
(2009-2019)
17. Naivasha National KWS No Plan No management plan
Sanctuary
18. Central Island KWS Lake Turkana National • Plan notgazetted
National Park Parks Conservation • No compliance reports for
area Management 2014/15/16/17
Plan
(2014-2024)
19. Mount Elgon KWS Mt. Elgon Ecosystem • Plan not gazetted
National Park Interim management • No compliance reports for
Plan (2012-2022) 2014/15/16/17
20. Ndere Island KWS Ndere Island National • Plan not gazetted
National Park Park Management • No compliance reports for
Plan 2015/16/17
(2014-2018)
21. Ruma National Park KWS Ruma National Park Plan has expired
Management Plan
(2012-2017)
22. Saiwa Swamp KWS Saiwa Swamp Plan has expired
National Park Ecosystem
Management Plan
(2002-2012)
23. Chepkitale National Bungoma Mt. Elgon Ecosystem • Plan not gazetted
Reserve County Interim Integrated • No compliance reports for
Management Plan 2015/16/17
(2012-2022)
24. Kakamega KWS/KFS Kakamega Forest • Plan not gazetted
National Reserve Ecosystem • No compliance reports for
Management 2015/16/17
Plan(2012-2022)
25. Lake Kanyaboli Siaya County No Plan No management presence
National Reserve
26. Nasolot National KWS Nasolot national Plan has expired
Reserve Reserve Management
Plan
(1996-2001)
27. South Turkana KWS/Turkana South Turkana national Plan has expired
National Reserve County Reserve management
Plan (1991-1996)
28. Kisumu Impala KWS Kisumu Impala Plan has expired
National Sanctuary Sanctuary
management Plan
(2010-2015)

29. Lake Simbi National KWS No Plan No management plan
Sanctuary
30. Ondago Swamp No Plan No management plan
National Sanctuary
31. Aberdare National KWS Aberdare Ecosystem • Plan not gazetted
Park management Plan • No compliance reports for
(2010-2020) 2014/15/16/17
32. Mount Kenya KWS Mt. Kenya Ecosystem • Plan not gazetted
National Park Management Plan • No compliance reports for
Mount Kenya KFS (2010-2020) 2014/15/16/17
National Reserve
33. Samburu Samburu Samburu-Isiolo • Plan not gazetted
Shaba County Conservation Area • No compliance reports for
Buffalo Springs management Plan 2014/15/16/17
National Reserves Isiolo County (2009-2019)
34. Laikipia National Laikipia County Laikipia National Plan has expired
Reserve Reserve Management
Plan
(1996-2001)
35. Laikipia National KWS No Plan No management plan
Park
36. Mwea National KWS/Embu Mwea National Plan has expired
Reserve County Reserve Management
Plan
(1998-2004)
37. Maralal National KWS No Plan No management presence
Sanctuary
38. Meru & Kora KWS Meru Conservation • Plan has expired
National Parks Area Management • No compliance reports for
Plan 2014/15/16
39. Mwingi National Kitui County
Reserve (2007-2017)
40. Bisanadi National Isiolo County
Reserve
41. Arawale National Garissa County No Plan No management plan
Reserve
42. Nyambene Meru County No Plan No management plan
National Reserve
43. Rahole National Garissa County No Plan No management plan
Reserve
44. Malka Mari National KWS No Plan No management plan
Park
45. Sibiloi KWS Lake Turkana National Plan is being developed
Parks Conservation
area Management
46. South Island
Plan

47. Central island (2018-2028)
National Park
48. Losai National Marsabit County No Plan No management plan
Reserve
49. Marsabit National KWS/KFS Marsabit Forest • Plan not gazetted

Reserve Ecosystem • No compliance reports for
Managemet plan 2014/15/16/17
(2015-2025)
50. Arabuko Sokoke KWS/KFS No plan No management plan
Forest Reserve
51. Kiunga KWS Kiunga-Boni-Dodori • Plan not gazetted
Boni Conservation Area • No compliance reports for
Dodori National Management Plan 2014/15/16/17
Reserves (2013-2023)
52. Shimba Hills KWS/KFS Shimba Hills Ecosystem • Plan not gazetted
National Reserve Integrated • No compliance reports for
Management 2014/15/16/17
Plan(2010-2020)
53. Tana River Primate KWS Tana River Primate Plan has expired
National Reserve National Reserve
Management Plan
(2001-2006)
54. Kisite Marine KWS Kisite-Mpunguti Marine • Plan not gazetted
National Park and Coservation Area • No compliance reports for
Mpunguti Marine management Plan 2014/15/16/17
National Reserve (2015-2025)
55. Malindi Marine KWS Malindi Marine • Plan not gazetted

Marine National Protected Area • No compliance reports for
Park & Reserve and Management 2014/15/16/17
Watamu marine Plan(2016-2026)
National Reserve
56. Mombasa Marine KWS Marine Protected Area • Plan not gazetted
National Park and Management Plan • No compliance reports for
Reserve (2016-2026) 2014/15/16/17
57. Diani Chale Marine KWS Mombasa Marine • Plan has expired
National Reserve National Park &
Reserve Management
Plan
(2001-2006)
The WCMA, 2013 requirement on management plans does not exclude Wildlife Conservancies.

2.4. Status Of Wildlife Health And Management
KWS has a Veterinary Services Department and The department applies five main approaches
7 satellite clinics strategically located in key to ensure healthy wildlife populations in
conservation areas to ensure quick response Kenya. These are diagnosis and treatment of
and effective monitoring of wildlife health sick and injured animals, disease surveillance,
in accordance to Section 52 of the WCMA investigation of diseases outbreaks and
2013. The satellite clinics are located in Tsavo, instituting appropriate prevention and control
Amboseli, Masai Mara, Naivasha, Nanyuki, Meru measures as well as undertaking research on
National Park and Lewa Wildlife Conservancy. diseases in wildlife.
The department was established in 1990 and has
since grown from the rudimentary unit to a fully- 2.4.1.1. Diagnosis And Treatment Of Sick
fledged department that is regularly consulted And Injured Animals
on matters of wildlife health in the eastern Rapid and accurate diagnosis of sick
Africa region and beyond. The department has animals is undertaken in order to facilitate
been modernizing its operations to meet the timely treatment, thus reducing mortalities
ever-evolving challenges in conservation and and preventing the spread of disease. The
management of biodiversity including diseases department’s main concern is the direct threat
which is one of the significant factors known of disease epidemics to the survival and health
to decrease species populations’ growths of all wildlife populations, with emphasis on
globally. endangered wildlife populations.
2.4.1. Strategies Applied In In the reporting period, various diseases and
Managing Diseases In Wildlife over 850 cases of animal injuries were attended
to nationally as summarized in the Table 2.2;
Table 2.2: Status of Veterinary clinical interventions in 2015 to 2017
No. Disease/Injury No of Region/Area Intervention

Cases
1. Infection by Eastern Mt. Kenya Wildlife Conservancy Affected animals treated, in-
Clostridium spp. Mountain contact animals vaccinated
bacteria Bongo
2. Arrows/spears 170 Masai Mara and Naivasha Foreign bodies removed, wounds
20 Meru topically treated and animals
covered with long acting broad
48 Tsavo East & West, Taita ranches spectrum antibiotics
70 Mt. Kenya, Laikipia ranches
60 Amboseli, Kajiado
3. Wire snares 170 Masai Mara and Naivasha Foreign bodies removed, wounds
50 Tsavo East & West, Taita ranches topically treated and animals
covered with long acting broad
30 Meru
spectrum antibiotics
60 Amboseli, Kajiado
4. Other traumatic 33 Masai Mara & Naivasha Treatment of infected wounds and
injuries attributed 12 Meru euthanasia in some cases
to humans but
exact causes not
established 10 Amboseli, Kajiado
21 Tsavo East & West, Taita ranches


2.4.1.2. Disease Surveillance early warning of disease outbreaks, including
those that could spread to livestock and
Passive and active surveillance of diseases are humans. Besides reducing the cost of disease
critical initiatives that mainly focus on diseases epidemics, such an approach ensures healthy
that cause mortalities in wildlife, those that have wildlife populations. Diseases of national and
a negative impact on livestock economies international importance monitored by the
and livelihoods and diseases of public health veterinary department between 2015 and
importance, each of which has important 2017 are enumerated in Table 2.3:
consequences for wildlife management.
This approach makes it possible to have an
Table 2.3: Wildlife Diseases Monitored in 2015 to 2017
No. Disease, Status in Wildlife

Aetiological
Agent
1. Peste des Petits Disease emerging after the eradication of rinderpest possibly due to loss of cross-
Ruminants (PPR), protection because the two diseases are caused by a virus of the same genus.
Morbillivirus Serological evidence in wild small ruminants demonstrated. More epidemiological
research ongoing in areas with wildlife-livestock interactions such as the Masai Mara.
2. Rabies, Lyssavirus Outbreaks partially responsible for near-extinction of the endangered wild dogs in
the Masai-Mara- Serengeti ecosystem in 1980s. Transmitted from wildlife to domestic
animals and vice versa. Is fatal in all mammalian species. Many wildlife species are
susceptible. Endemic in many wildlife areas
3. Anthrax, Bacillus Sporadic cases and outbreaks in multiple wildlife species reported in many areas
anthracis over the years. Recent outbreaks include in 2015 in Lake Nakuru national park
resulting in mass deaths of buffaloes and some endangered species like the rhino
and Rothschild giraffes. Earlier in 2011, there was an outbreak in Mwea national
reserve resulting to significant mortalities of the endangered Rothschild giraffes and
in 2005-2006 in northern Kenya resulting to massive deaths of the endangered
Grevy’s zebra. Endangered species are vaccinated during outbreaks
4. Canine This is a disease of wild carnivores and domestic dogs. Important for rare and
Distemper, endangered carnivores such as the wild dog. Important co-infection with protozoa is
Morbillivirus causing enhanced pathology in other species such as lions. Increased incidence in
felines suggests emergence of this virus in the cat family. The recent outbreak was in
wild dogs in Laikipia/Samburu ecosystem in 2017.
5. Bovine Low prevalence rates in baboons and buffaloes reported. A recent study concluded
tuberculosis, in 2015 in Masai Mara did not get any confirmed cases from samples collected in
Mycobacterium both live animals and carcasses. The disease has however been reported to be the
bovis cause of decline in lion numbers in South Africa and a major problem to the buffalo
populations. More studies required particularly in areas of high wildlife and livestock
interactions to establish disease prevalence in wildlife.
6. Trypanosomiasis, Diverse wildlife species including elephant, rhino, buffalo, warthog, hippo and
diverse various artiodactyls are maintenance hosts and are trypano-tolerant but can show
Trypanosoma high infection rates with various trypanosome species. Confirmed to have caused
species mortalities in immunologically naïve rhinos trans-located to tsetse infested areas
such as Masai Mara national reserve and Meru national park.
7. Malignant Wildebeests are reservoirs. Disease limited to areas where cattle and wildebeests
Catarrhal fever, interact. It is an emerging issue in Masai land where there is high interaction of
Alcelaphine wildebeests and cattle, and a potential cause of human-wildlife conflicts in these
herpesvirus-1 areas. It is fatal in cattle.
8. Foot and Mouth Buffaloes persistent carriers of South African Type (SAT)-1 and SAT-2 serotypes.
Disease (FMD), Endemic in many wildlife populations. It is a notifiable disease whose importance in
Aphthovirus wildlife is because of transmission to livestock where it causes significant negative
socio-economic impacts

9. African Swine Free-ranging porcine species especially warthogs are asymptomatic carriers of the
Fever (ASF), ASF virus. Widespread and endemic in many wildlife populations. It is a notifiable disease
virus whose importance in wildlife is because of transmission to livestock where it causes
significant negative socio-economic impacts
10. Rift Valley Fever, A zoonotic disease of great socio-economic importance. Sporadic outbreaks
Phlebovirus experienced after long inter-epidemic periods. Reported to have affected gerenuks
and gazelles in the 2001 outbreak. Studies in wildlife ongoing to understand its
epidemiological role
11. New castle Wild bird populations in various parts of the country have been affected by New
disease (NCD) Castle disease outbreaks in the recent past. Massive die-offs between 2015 and
2017.
12. Avian influenza Migratory wild birds are reservoirs of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI) viruses
but their role in transmission of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) viruses is still
not clear and requires further investigation and research. Kenya lies on a major wild
birds’ migratory route linking southern Africa, Europe, and the Middle East, and has
several important wetlands for migratory species, hence the risk of HPAI occurrence.
Surveillance and research on all the avian influenza viruses (including H5N1) in wild
birds is implemented by KWS and other partners following the outbreak in Asia in
2006. To date, no positive cases have been detected. KWS, however, remains alert
and continues with passive and active surveillance of the disease.
13. Sarcoptic mange The cheetah population in Masai Mara National Reserve is of significant value, being
in cheetahs in one of the cohesive populations and a major attraction. The population is
Masai Mara persistently sick and infested by parasitic mites such as Sarcoptes scabiei that causes
a skin disease called mange. The population is frequently treated by Ivermectin,
which is effective, but the animals are usually re-infected. In a recent study to
determine the transmission cycle of the mites, it was noted that the Thomson’s
gazelle was similarly infested by mites, a significant observation because the gazelles
are the preferred prey of the cheetahs. It therefore suggests that the mite
transmission pathway is sustained by the predator-prey interactions, and points to
the source of persistent re-infections. If untreated, mange causes death in cheetahs
and is therefore a real threat to the survival of cheetahs in the Masai Mara.
14. Tick borne Usually opportunistic in nature particularly during periods of prolonged droughts in
diseases malnourished and immune-compromised animals or trans-located naive
populations. Mortalities of multiple wildlife species usually experienced in different
parts of the country. The diseases include theilerioses, anaplasmosis and brucellosis.
Surveillance was done in Eastern Mountain Bongo surrogate species (cattle,
bushbuck) in Eburu forest and Mt. Kenya in preparation of re-introduction of captive
Eastern Mountain Bongo repatriated from US in 2002 back to the wild.
Plate: 1 Disease Surveillance in Masai Mara Ecosystem

2.4.1.3. Investigation Of Disease appropriate control and monitoring systems,
Outbreaks including vaccination of endangered species.
In the reporting period, there were several
This entails conclusive investigation of disease outbreaks as summarized in the Table
all outbreaks of diseases and instituting 2.4.
Table 2.4: Status of disease outbreaks in 2015-2017
No. Disease Outbreak Diagnosis Location Control and Total

prevention Mortalities
1. Anthrax (Bacillus Mass die- offs of Lake Prompt disposal of 678
anthracis) Buffaloes (669). Some Nakuru NP carcasses by deep
mortalities of burying and disinfection
endangered species of sites
(5 Black Rhinos, 3
White Rhinos, and 1
Rothschild Giraffe)
Buffaloes deaths (3) Nairobi Prompt carcass disposal 3
National through burying and
Park environmental
decontamination.
2. Opportunistic tick-borne Mortalities of 46 Zebras Solio ranch Water provided using 46
haemoparasite infection water bowser and fence
exacerbated by opened for the animals to
Starvation due to low move into Solio ranch
plane of nutrition and
inadequate water
supply.
3. Putative filariosis caused Large wounds in white Meru Infected individuals 1
by parasitic infection by and black Rhinoceros. National treated with an anti-
Stephanofilaria dinniki Some wounds were Park parasitic drug (Ivermectin)
deep below the combined with topical
epidermis. One rhino treatment of the wounds
that had expansive and systemic antibiotics
wounds died, which
showed that the
infection is a threat to
the Rhinos population
4. Tick-borne diseases Mass die-offs of Mugie Prompt carcass disposal 356
(Thereliosis & impalas, Oryx and ranch through burying and
Anaplasmosis) Buffaloes (200 disinfection. Pastoralists’
Buffaloes, 150 Impalas, livestock which were the
3 Hartebeests and 3 source of the pathogens
Oryx) removed from the ranch
5. Malnutrition & Death of common Oltepesi & Carcass disposal by
opportunistic parasites Zebras Magadi burning
infection areas in
Kajiado
6. Canine Distemper Mortalities of about 70 Southern In partnership with the 70
Wild Dogs and Jackals Laikipia Directorate of Veterinary
Services vaccinated
domestic dogs in the area

2.4.1.4. Research On Wildlife Diseases

The WCMA, 2013 in Section 7 defines one of decision making. The veterinary Department
the functions of the Service as conducting undertakes research to better understand
and coordinating research in the field of disease dynamics in wildlife populations so
Wildlife Conservation and management and as to inform the best management methods.
ensure application of the research findings in Table 2.5 gives the status of Research activities
conservation planning, implementation and of diseases in wildlife between 2015 and 2017.

Table 2.5: Research activities on diseases in wildlife in 2015 to 2017
No. Research Objectives Findings Remarks

1. Bat-borne • Application of non- • Except for filoviruses • This is the first country-wide
viruses invasive approaches using (these cause diseases surveillance of bat-borne
fresh faeces to detect such as Ebola), eight viruses in Kenya spanning
viruses of public health virus families were from 2012–2015 covering
importance circulating detected with sites perceived to have
within the diverse species varying distributions medium to high level bat-
of Kenyan bats across five and positive rates human interaction.
regions (former provinces) • Detected viruses • Many bats’ species are
• Viruses studied included were related to dwelling in houses.
Astroviruses, adenoviruses, human strains which • Fruit bats are migrating to
caliciviruses, raises public health human populated areas
coronaviruses, flaviviruses, concerns particularly including markets and
filoviruses, considering cities.
paramyxoviruses, increased human-bat • Thus need for active
polyomaviruses and interaction. surveillance
rotaviruses
2. New Castle • Determine the strains • Pigeon Paramyxovirus • The virus strain seems to be
Disease circulating in wild birds in type 1 is the cause of species specific to laughing
Kenya especially pigeons the mass deaths of doves, hence the
and doves that Laughing doves in population of the species is
underwent events of mass Kenya vulnerable
die-offs previously. • Current survey is country
wide to detect its
circulation in diverse
species of wild birds and in
diverse ecozones
3. Highly • To detect the zoonotic • The birds were not • There was no HPAI virus in
Pathogeni HPAI virus from parlearctic harbouring the virus. the wild birds
c Avian migratory birds (from • Active surveillance need to
Influenza Europe, America, Asia) be maintained since
(HPAI) outbreak occurred recently
in Uganda
4. Foot and • Buffalos are reservoirs of • Buffalo and Cattle • The research obtained one
Mouth FMD virus making farmers were highly exposed of the largest genetic
Disease intolerant to having to FMD virus based information on FMD virus
(FMD) buffalos in their land on Serology strains from buffalo
• Research intended to • Molecular typing • The information is important
determine the serotypes showed that buffalo for strategies on control and
found in cattle and had SAT1 and SAT 2 prevention
buffalo occupying a FMD virus while cattle
fenced habitat had Serotype A and
O
• Results showed
limited chance of
FMD virus strain
sharing between co-
occurring cattle and
buffalo
5. Anthrax • Conducted a • The results show that • Detailed data need to be
retrospective survey to early warning system collected to build in a
determine predictors of could be used to reliable early warning
anthrax outbreak in predict and prepare indicators
wildlife for anthrax outbreaks

6. Chimpanz • Captive chimpanzees at • The health monitoring • Scheduled health checks
ee health Ol Pejeta Conservancy determined that continue for humane care
status require health monitoring body mass index, of this populations whose
to ensure preventive age and sex are life history was traumatic
health care as majority critical indicators of
grow older inflammatory disease
in captive
populations
7. Wildlife • Human inflicted Injuries • The results in a zebra • Wound care in animals is
Injury are common in wildlife. population showed thus critical
Research determined that Injury has an
whether such injuries have effect on both
influence on parasite immunity and
infection and immune parasites that are
system normally harmless
8. Wild and • Interest in consumptive • Research highlighted • These traits are useful for
farmed wildlife motivated the key traits that conservation and farming
Quails and study to determine stakeholders could
guinea phenotypic differences in use to differentiate
fowls wild and farmed Quails the farmed and wild
types of these poultry
9. Rift Valley • Conducted a sero- • Results show that RVF • Wildlife plays a role in the
Fever surveillance survey in virus circulates in epidemiology of this
different wild species wildlife species during zoonotic disease
(elephants, buffalo, inter-epidemic
Rhinoceros) periods
10. Brucella • Sero-surveillance survey in • The results show • Occupational health risk
buffaloes and impalas populations of practice for veterinarians
buffalo and impala in
Laikipia are exposed
to Brucella spp
11. Q-fever • Sero-surveillance survey • African buffalo are • Disease is of public health
exposed to Q-fever importance because of
zoonotic potential
12. Poaching • Effect of poaching on • Findings showed that
and tusk elephant tusk size poaching of
size elephants has
contributed to
smaller tusked
elephants
13. Tick-borne • Diversity of Theileria and • Elephants and • Status for other animals
parasites Babesia in elephants and Wildebeests are need to be determined
wildebeests naturally infected
with diverse
genotypes, some
infectious to livestock


2.4.2. Resources Available For points and pastures. Because wildlife is
generally susceptible to the same disease
Wildlife Health Management agents as domestic animals, it is suffering a
2.4.2.1. Collaborations spill-over of diseases from domestic animals.
In undertaking wildlife health management, the • Inadequate knowledge on diseases in

Service has a strong network of local, regional, wildlife: Appropriate management of
and international partners working in the areas diseases in wildlife poses major challenges
of animal and human health. The network to wildlife veterinarians because there
provides exciting opportunities to develop is still inadequate knowledge of disease
innovative, collaborative, and integrated dynamics in wild animal populations,
approaches to wildlife management. The which limits the development of effective
partners include the University of Nairobi, strategies.
Directorate of Veterinary Services, International
• Limited options for disease control: Options
Livestock Research Institute, International
for disease control also limited and often
Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology,
have implications for wildlife welfare. Many
Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research
strategies such as culling and creation of
Organisation, Kenya Medical Research
barriers (for example disease-free zones),
Institute, Washington State University and Royal
invariably results in harm to wild animals.
Veterinary College amongst others.
Conventional approaches to animal disease
control such as vaccination or treatment
2.4.3. Emerging issues and to reduce transmission also have limitations
challenges in managing diseases in in wildlife populations. Specific vaccines
wildlife and treatments are often unavailable or
untested for use in wildlife and delivery in
There are several challenges that are evolving field settings is beset by logistic, financial,
in management of diseases in wildlife and ethical considerations.
populations. These include:
• Inadequate funding: Disease management
• Emergence of new diseases: Although very in wildlife populations is expensive in terms
little is understood about the dynamics of required resources such as immobilization
of diseases in most wildlife populations, drugs and darting equipment, transport
evidence demonstrates that wildlife plays as often wildlife is found in remote areas
a key role in emergence of many diseases. and difficult terrains and interventions
There are many possible reasons for this therefore require immense resources in
phenomenon including the consumption terms of transport and robust vehicles and
of wildlife as well as ecological factors sometimes a helicopter for darting.
that affect patterns of contact between
livestock and humans with wildlife for • Limited laboratory capacity for disease
example, deforestation, population diagnoses: The laboratory currently
movements, and intrusion of people and available only has basic diagnostic
domestic animals into wildlife habitats. equipment. Confirmatory diagnoses
Another reason is shifting weather patterns that require advanced procedures are
due to climate change that affects host- outsourced from other major reference
vector-pathogen dynamics. Additionally, laboratories within and outside Kenya.
in these days of rapid human and animal There is need to equip the laboratory and
movements and threats of bioterrorism, train personnel to enhance wildlife health
diseases may spread from one continent management.
to another very fast.
• To address the above challenges, the
• Increasing interactions between domestic Service is undertaking the following
animals, humans and wildlife: These initiatives:
interactions are a key issue in livestock
• Expanding the range of diseases under
economies in Kenya, where many
its surveillance programs. Surveillance is
communities live in close contact with
intended to act as an early warning system
wildlife. Interactions are increasing due to a
for any disease outbreaks. Focus is mainly
number of reasons, including rising human
on diseases that cause wildlife mortalities,
population and frequent droughts, which
those that impact on livestock economies
is bringing wild animals, livestock, and
and livelihoods and those of public health
humans into closer proximity at watering
importance.
• Enhancing collaborations with different early detection of disease outbreaks
stakeholders in the fields of animal, human and ultimately lower the cost of
and environmental health. managing disease epidemics
2.4.4. Immediate Needs In Wildlife iii. Establishment of an emergency fund

to ensure efficient and effective
Health response to disease outbreaks
i. Regular training of veterinary iv. Modernization of veterinary and
and laboratory teams so as to capture equipment to enhance
constantly be honed with current response to disease outbreaks
epidemiological and diagnostic including effective and efficient
skills. translocation of vulnerable
ii. Increased funding of disease endangered species where need
surveillance programs to enhance be.
2.5. Wildlife Forensic and Genetics Laboratory

for effective monitoring and application
of other interventions that would increase
In 2015, KWS launched the forensic and genetics and sustain Kenya’s rhino populations.
laboratory, making Kenya the second country
in Africa after South Africa to apply Wildlife DNA • Since Kenya is a hub for international flights,
forensic analysis in wildlife law enforcement. This smuggled wildlife and/or wildlife products
is in line with the implementation of the WCMA are frequently confiscated at JKIA. The
2013 Section 7 that defines the functions of the laboratory will aid the identification and
Service. possible source of products such as rhino
horns especially once the rhino DNA
The benefits of the facility include: indexing database is completed.
• Employing modern DNA technology that • Assist in the certification or licensing for
will assist in the provision of accurate export of products whose identification
identification of wildlife and wildlife is suspect e.g. ornaments made from
products in order to strengthen prosecution animal products, for business or research.
of wildlife crimes. This is important because This will curb illegal exploitation of Kenya’s
the rate of poaching for bush meat and biodiversity and genetic resources.
trophies especially for rhino horns and ivory
is leading to alarming decline of wildlife 2.5.1. Bush Meat Cases
biodiversity.
The Table below summarises the number of
• Assist in developing the Rhinoceros DNA bush meat cases analyzed by the Laboratory
Indexing System that will enable Kenya have for prosecution purposes:
a credible gene and data bank of rhinos
Plate: 2 Confisicated Bush meat

Table 2.6: Bush meat cases analyzed in the forensic lab for prosecution purposes
No. County No. Of Cases Species Identified

1. Kajiado 51 Zebra, common eland, impala, cattle, Grant's gazelle,
wildebeest, Plain's zebra, dikdik, Thompson's gazelle,
giraffe
2. Nakuru 17 Plain's zebra, warthog, buffalo, Donkey, Blue
wildebeest
3. Lamu 11 Lesser Kudu, Buffalo, Waterbuck, Hippopotamus,
Buffalo
4. Narok 10 Plain's zebra, hippopotamus, Common Eland, buffalo,
Red fronted gazelle
5. Mombasa 8 Green sea turtle, loggerhead sea turtle, leopard, rhino
6. Machakos 8 Hartebeest, wildebeest, Plain's zebra
7. Tana River 7 Buffalo, waterbuck, elephant
8. Taita-Taveta 6 Impala, elephant, common warthog
9. Garissa 5 Giraffe, lesser kudu
10. Kilifi 4 Donkey, Green Sea turtle, Hippopotamus, dikdik
11. Nairobi 4 Donkey, Common Eland, elephant
12. Laikipia 4 Buffalo, rhino
13. Malindi 4 Bush pig, Elephant, Grey francolin, dikdik
14. Makueni 3 Elephant, Cheetah, Leopard
15. Wajir 2 Giraffe
16. Kitui 2 Elephant
17. Garissa 1 Giraffe
18. Kisii 1 Cheetah
19. Nyeri 1 Aadvark
20. Isiolo 1 Degraded exhibit
21. Nyandarua 1 Bushbuck
22. Nanyuki 1 Bushbuck


2.5.2. Status of Ongoing Projects
Table 2.7: Ongoing projects to develop genetic databases
No. Project Status

Name
1. Elephant • Objective is to build a collaborative forensic network between Kenya, Tanzania
genetics and Uganda that will result in development of a genetic database for elephant
database for populations in East Africa. Over 200 samples of elephant tissue from different
east African populations have been collected and are at various stages of analysis.
region • The database will be used to enhance the detection and validation of poaching
hot spots within the region and link seized products to their original crime scene
to enhance prosecution of ivory traffickers
2. Rhinocerous • The project is developing a DNA forensic database for all rhinoceros in Africa
DNA indexing range states.
System • The database will be utilized to trace confiscated horns or other rhinoceros
(RhODIS™) material to a specific source. This will provide complete traceability of rhinoceros
Project products and build a basis for strong legal evidence in courts. It will also act as a
major deterrent to poaching activities as it will greatly enhance the ability of
enforcement agencies to secure prosecutions.
• Project commenced in 2012 in collaboration with University of Pretoria and WWF-
Kenya. The database will be fully secured and owned by Kenya with restricted
access.
3. Barcode of • Google’s Global Impact Awards program has provided funding for the project
Wildlife involving six countries including Kenya (represented by KWS and NMK)
Project • Project aims to build DNA barcode reference library for CITES and threatened
animal and plant species
• The DNA barcode will enable accurate identification of plant and animal
materials. This will assist in developing processes for border inspection, courtroom
prosecutions and other enforcement measures
• The project started in 2014. It is coordinated by the Consortium for the Barcode
of Life (CBOL) headquartered in Washington, DC
• So far, Kenya has over 1000 Barcodes in the GenBank. The forensic laboratory
has contributed over 200 of these from priority animal species
• The Service is currently using the DNA Barcoding reference library for timely and
easy exhibit identification, which is presented as evidence in court cases.
Convictions have been achieved in concluded cases using DNA barcode as
evidence.


2.5.3. Challenges and Needs of The staff as a matter of priority to work in the
lab and help achieve the envisaged
Forensic Laboratory objectives of the wildlife forensic
i. Inadequate computer hardware and laboratory.
software: There is need to acquire
iii. Training of laboratory personnel: There is
required computer hardware and
need to upscale training of lab personnel
software for the inventory of forensic
to maintain the database and first
and other wildlife samples in the lab
responders and sample collection teams
ii. Inadequate laboratory personnel: There on proper samples collection, how to fill
is need for recruitment of additional in sample collection forms, preservation
and maintenance of chain of custody.
2.6. Translocations And Species Management Activities

iii. Re-introduction of wildlife species into
former habitats
2.6.1. Translocations
iv. Mitigate habitat destruction through
Translocation of wildlife is usually considered a destocking
last resort by the Service in fulfilling its mandate.
However, as Kenya’s biodiversity faces the v. Mitigate human-wildlife conflicts
incessant threats of habitat loss, invasive species vi. Stocking species so as to increase
and climate change, this type of conservation genetic pool and improve breeding.
intervention is becoming more frequent. It is
undertaken to address various management The table 2.8 gives the translocation activities
purposes such as: undertaken in the reporting period.
i. Establishment of sanctuaries
ii. Introduction of wildlife species into new
habitats
Table 2.8: Translocations in 2015 and 2017

No. Species and Donor site Recipient site Objective for translocation
numbers
1. 13 Black rhinos Lake Nakuru National Sera Implementation of species
Park and Lewa Conservancy recovery plans for the black rhino
Conservancy by establishing a new in Sera
Rhino Sanctuary
2. 11 Oryx Haller Park in Bamburi Tindress Establish a private sanctuary
sanctuary in
Nakuru
3. 3 elands, 6 Haller Park in Bamburi Tindress Establish a private sanctuary
waterbucks sanctuary in
Nakuru
4. 29 warthogs Sumbatini farm in Nairobi National Mitigate human-wildlife conflict
Kajiado Park and rescue from starvation
following prolonged drought
5. 20 Common, Naivasha Rimoi National Restocking of Rimoi National
Zebras, 8 Reserve Reserve 7 giraffe trans-located
Rothschild giraffe, successful with 1 fatality
29 Waterbucks,
22 Impalas
6. 6 Lions Ol Pejeta conservancy Tsavo West N.P Mitigate human-wildlife conflicts,
Reduce predators in rhino
Sanctuary
7. 5 Giraffes, 6 Wileli conservancy in Bora Bora Establish a new private sanctuary
zebras, 9 Impalas Naivasha conservancy in
Diani, South
Coast
Plate: 3 Translocation of zebras in Naivasha to Rimoi National Reserve
2.6.2. Species Management

Activities listed under the Seventh Schedule. In Section
49 (2) (b) (i), the WCMA, 2013 empowers the
The table 5.12 gives the management actions
Service to incorporate in each recovery plan a
undertaken to support various species recovery
description of such site-specific management
plans as provided for in the WCMA 2013
actions as may be necessary to achieve the
Section 49 that empowers KWS to develop and
plan’s goal for the conservation and survival of
implement recovery plans for the conservation
the species.
and management of all species
Table 2.9: Species management activities in 2015 and 2017
No. Species Intervention Location Status

1. Black Rhinos Ear notching and Meru, Lake Nakuru, Enhance monitoring and
fitting microchips Masai Mara, individual identification
2. White Ear notching and Nairobi, Lake Nakuru Enhance monitoring and
Rhinos fitting microchips individual identification
3. Black rhinos Fit horn transmitters Tsavo West IPZ Enhance monitoring
4. Elephant Collaring Tsavo, Amboseli, Establish migratory corridors and
Masai Mara mitigate Human-elephant conflict
5. Lions Collaring Nairobi, Ol Pejeta, Mitigate Human-wildlife conflict
Soysambu,
6. Buffalo Collaring Masai Mara Establish wildlife-livestock
interphase for disease surveillance
7. Wildebeest Collaring Kajiado Establish migratory corridors
8. Wild dog Collaring Laikipia Enhance monitoring

Plate: 4 Ear notched black rhino in Lake Nakuru National Park
2.7. Status Of Captive Wildlife Management And Animal

Welfare
In undertaking its mandate, KWS endeavors the Cabinet Secretary may grant a permit for
to conserve wild animals free ranging in non-consumptive wildlife user rights, including -
their natural habitats. However, situations do
emerge that necessitate some animals to be i. Wildlife-based tourism
conserved ex situ in captivity to assure them of a ii. Commercial photography and filming
life. Captive facilities are therefore established
to take care of such animals. A captive wildlife iii. Educational purposes
facility therefore refers to a sanctuary or an
orphanage that provides shelter and care to iv. Research purposes
animals that have been abused, injured or
sick, abandoned or orphaned, illegally held or v. Cultural purposes
are otherwise in need. It also includes animals vi. Religious purposes.
kept for education and tourism purposes in
museums and education centers. Following these provision by the WCMA, 2013,
permits have been granted 20 private facilities
There are 3 public (KWS) managed facilities have been licensed and are operational.
in the country. The WCMA 2013 Section 80 Another 5 are provisionally approved and in
Section (1) on wildlife user rights provides that different stages of development.

Table 2.10: Status of captive wildlife facilities
No Name Location Wildlife Kept

Established and KWS Managed
1 Nairobi Safari Walk Nairobi Lions, leopard, rhino, cheetahs, hyaenas, pygmy hippo,
assorted ungulates, ostriches, primates, crocodiles, etc.
2 Nairobi Animal Nairobi Lions, leopard, mongoose, hyaenas, cheetahs, assorted
Orphanage ungulates, primates, crocodiles, etc.
3 Kisumu Impala Kisumu Lions, cheetahs, buffaloes, leopard, tortoises, parrots,
Sanctuary guinea fowls, assorted ungulates..
Established Private or Community Owned
4 Haller Park Mombasa Giraffe, eland, Oryx, tortoises, and snakes

(Larfage ecosystems)
5 Reteti Elephant Namunyak Elephants
Orphanage Conservancy
6 Eldoret nature and Eldoret Lions, crocodile, snakes, cheetahs, porcupines, ostrich,
conservation centre primates
(Poa Place)
7 Mt. Kenya Game Nanyuki Eastern Mountain Bongo, primates, cheetah, hyrax.
Ranch Have made a request for lions and developed suitable
infrastructure- animals not yet provided
8 David Sheldrick Wildlife Nairobi and Elephants and rhinos
Trust Tsavo East
9 Sweet waters Ol Pejeta Chimpanzees
Chimpanzee sanctuary Conservancy
10 Ol Jogi Nanyuki Leopard, pygmy hippo, eland, assorted birds, hyena,
cheetah, elephant, bear.
11 National Museums of Nairobi, Kitale, Snakes and tortoises
Kenya Kisumu
12 Institute of Primate Karen, Nairobi Primates

Research
13 Raptor Rehabilitation Karen Birds of prey
Centre
14 Giraffe Centre Karen Giraffes
15 Colobus Trust Centre Diani Colobus monkeys
16 Blue Post Thika Crocodiles
17 Watamu turtle watch Watamu Turtles
18 Mawingu Nanyuki Lion

19 Baringo Baringo Snakes
20 Mamba Village Mombasa Crocodiles
21 Mamba Village Nairobi Crocodiles and ostriches
22 Dari Estates Karen Impalas and Thompson gazelle


2.7.1. Objectives of Captive Facilities Wildlife Conservation and Management
WCMA, 2013 Laws of Kenya have been
The primary objective of a captive facility is to committed
nurture and provide care to animals found in
distress and where possible rehabilitate them vi. Other sources of captive animals
back to the wild. The presence of animals in may include donations of exotic and
captive facilities leads to the following uses: indigenous species.
i. Conservation Education and Awareness: Where an animal is to be rescued from the wild
All captive animal facilities are required to to be kept in captivity, the following 3 criteria,
have an active conservation education in order of priority, are employed:
and awareness program to educating
i. The conservation status of the animal
the Kenyan public about wildlife and
species: Threatened, endangered,
their habitats. They encourage learning
vulnerable and endemic species are
and engender positive attitudes and
given first priority
values towards animal welfare, nature
and its conservation. ii. Age of the animal: Only very young
animals found without any of their kind
ii. Promotion of tourism: Members of the
are rescued from the wild. Before such
public who visit captive facilities are
rescue, the animals are monitored for an
encouraged to visit parks and see free
appropriate period of time to ascertain
ranging wildlife in their natural habitats.
that they deserve rescue.
iii. Raising funds to conserve wild living
iii. Extent of the injury/disease: Only very
populations.
deserving cases that would require
iv. Research: Research in captive facilities close veterinary observation are
is encouraged and priority is given rescued for treatment and observation.
to research that will be of benefit to Otherwise, veterinary interventions are
conservation in the wild or to inform undertaken in the field. Upon recovery,
improvement of animal welfare. The the animals are assessed to determine
research methodologies employed are suitability for release back to the wild. If
non-invasive as much as possible. the injury/disease even after recovery
compromises its survival in the wild, the
2.7.2. Sources of Animals animal is retained in captivity.
Captive facilities do not take wildlife out of 2.7.3. Rehabilitation Back To The Wild
the wild to stock as this would defeat the
conservation ethic. KWS at all times endeavors Recognizing the important role each animal
to conserve wildlife in situ except for extremely species plays in the ecosystem, captive
deserving cases that need rescue for care facilities have release back to the wild
in a captive facility. Animals in the following strategies depending on whether the species
situations are considered for rescue: can be rehabilitated into the wild. However, in
some cases during the course of treatment and
i. Young animals found orphaned or care, some animal species such as the large
abandoned and which cannot survive carnivores get habituated making it extremely
on their own in the wild difficult if not impossible to rehabilitate them
back to the wild because of:
ii. Animals with severe injuries which would
compromise their survival in the wild i. Inability to fend for themselves because
hunting is learned from an early age
iii. Animals confiscated from keepers or from mothers
smugglers without valid licenses and
documents which on assessment are ii. Familiarity with humans which would
found to be habituated such that their make them move towards human
survival in the wild is not guaranteed settlements
iv. Exotic species confiscated from iii. Homing instincts which would make
smugglers at points of entry or exit them attempt to go back to their original
without valid documents home
v. Any animal in respect of which a iv. Territorial nature of the species which may
breach of any of the provisions of the lead to introduced animals being killed

or driven away by resident individuals. i. Poor designs such as undersized
and ‘barren’ cages and enclosures,
In addition, non-indigenous species confiscated unsuitable floor surfaces that can be
while on transit through Kenya without proper injurious to the animals and also difficult
documentation are also not released back to to clean to maintain good hygiene
the wild because of risks of hybridization with
local species. ii. Poor quality feed and nutrition
Consequently, captive animal facilities become iii. Inadequate veterinary/health care
the homes for un-releasable individuals for
purposes of nurturing them and assuring them iv. Poor management and maintenance
of a life. due to insufficient expertise in
appropriate animal care
2.7.4. Emerging Issues And Section 80 (2) of the WCMA 2013 provides that
Challenges In Captive Wildlife the permit issued for non-consumptive wildlife
Management user rights shall be in a prescribed manner
and may set conditions in regard to duration,
Keeping wildlife in captivity poses many infrastructure development and any other
challenges and difficulties among which are aspects as may be appropriate. In this regard,
ethical questions concerning animal welfare. the Service has developed Standard Operating
As knowledge and societal values change, Procedures (SOPs) to ensure animals kept in
so does the focus of wild animals in captivity captive facilities are rescued in accordance to
and the regulations governing them. Despite existing laws and regulations and are provided
these concerns and difficulties however, the adequate care after rescue. In addition, KWS
practice of rescuing animals found in distress has also developed policy guidelines that
will continue. It is the desire of KWS as the prescribe the purposes for which wildlife shall be
competent authority in wildlife conservation kept in captivity, sources of such animals and
and management to do its best to ensure the procedures and measures for acquiring
that captive wild animals are maintained in a them, minimum acceptable welfare standards
professional, humane and healthy manner to as well as inspections and audits by KWS and
ensure the welfare of each individual animal. stakeholders amongst other considerations.
A permit for wildlife user rights for keeping
Whilst there are many examples of good wildlife in captive situations may be withdrawn
practice, some captive wild animals pursuant to Section 82 (1) if the licensee is in
suffer because of poor welfare standards. breach of the terms and conditions thereof or
Shortcomings include: if the action is found necessary for purposes
of protecting and conserving wildlife or if the
licensee so requests.
2.8. Human Wildlife Conflict And Management

Human wildlife conflict (HWC) is the interaction i. Human demographic changes in terms
between humans and wildlife that results in of population increase on limited space
negative impacts on:
ii. Human encroachment into wildlife areas
i. Human’s social, economic or cultural life
iii. Increase land use pressure; incompatible
ii. Conservation of wildlife uses in wildlife areas such as agriculture,
settlement and urbanization
iii. The environment.
iv. Persecution of wildlife
Human wildlife conflict has emerged as a
great challenge to wildlife management and v. Competition for pasture, space and
a major threat to wildlife conservation. This is water due to reduced habitat, conflicting
because wildlife habitats are not only confined land uses and climatic changes.
to protected areas but also extend into
community and private lands. Factors which Human wildlife conflict is widespread in Kenya
have contributed to escalation of human but there are some specific areas where it is
wildlife conflict include: more pronounced (hotspots). Figure2.1 shows
the Human wildlife conflict hotspots in Kenya

Figure 2.1: Human Wildlife Conflict Hotspot Map

The table 2.11 gives the types and number of conflicts reported between 2015 to 2017 and the wildlife
species involved.
Table 2.11: Crop Destruction, Livestock &Property Damage conflict reported

cases by third schedule listed Species
Animal Incident Type 2015 2016 Jan-Feb Grand
2017 Total
Cheetah Livestock Injury/Death 14 30 3 47
Elephant Crop Destruction 949 1835 189 2973
Livestock Injury/Death 18 6 2 26
Property Damage 4 9 2 15
Hippo Crop Destruction 63 99 31 193
Livestock Injury/Death 6 5 2 13
Hyaena Livestock Injury/Death 330 240 40 610
Leopard Livestock Injury/Death 278 143 48 469
Lion Livestock Injury/Death 192 115 25 332
Snake Livestock Injury/Death 10 9 2 21
Wild Dog Livestock Injury/Death 58 28 3 89
Zebra Crop Destruction 66 16 1 83
Total Incidences 4,005 4,553 348 4,875

Table 2.12: Human death and injury cases by third schedule listed species
2015 2016 Jan to Feb 2017

SPECIES DEATH INJURY DEATH INJURY DEATH INJURY
Cheetah 0 1
Elephant 24 28 32 24 21 9
Hippo 14 17 10 21 4 5
Hyaena 1 34 4 19 0 5
Leopard 2 24 3 22 0 5
Lion 3 18 6 15 2 6
Rhino 0 1 0 0 0 0
Shark 0 8 0 2 0 0
Snake 119 1612 82 913 20 145
Sting Ray 0 6 0 1 0 0
Stone Fish 0 1 0 3 0 0
Wild Dog 1 16 0 8 0 0
Wild Pig 0 0 0 3 0 0
Total 164 1,766 137 1,031 47 175


2.8.1. Status Of Wildlife other relevant technical officers at the County
Government level. KWS County Wardens are
Compensation the secretaries to the CWCCC. The CWCCC’s
The WCMA, 2013 gives affected Individuals inter alia are responsible for receiving and
the right to claim for compensation for assessing all compensation claims from the
human death, human injuries, Livestock Injury/ Counties and make recommendations to the
Death loss, damage to Crop and properties Ministerial Wildlife Compensation Committee
occasioned by wildlife. This right is stipulated (MWCC). The MWCC reviews and validates/
in section 19(i) and section 25 (1) and (4) of rejects the claims and recommends payment
the WCMA, 2013. To facilitate this process, The of compensation claims as appropriate.
WCMA 2013 provides for the establishment
Forty seven (47) CWCCCs were gazetted on
of County Wildlife Conservation and
6th March 2015, inducted and commenced
Compensation Committees (CWCCC’s) which
discharging their functions as per provisions
are comprised of a Chairperson appointed by
of the WCMA, 2013. The table 2.13 gives a
the Cabinet Secretary through a competitive
summary of human injury and human death
process, four persons not being public servants
wildlife claims (per county) paid during the
nominated by community wildlife associations,
2015 to 2017 period.
a representative of the County Government and

Table 2.13: Status of paid claims per County for human injuries and deaths
NO. COUNTY 2015 2016 2017

1 Baringo 18 2 0
2 Bomet 1 0 0
3 Bungoma 1 0 0
4 Busia 1 0 0
5 Embu 28 0 2
6 Garissa 20 2 1
7 Homabay 7 3 3
8 Isiolo 1 0 1
9 Kajiado 16 2 1
10 Kericho 6 0 0
11 Kiambu 1 1 0
12 Kilifi 14 0 3
13 Kirinyaga 13 0 0
14 Kisumu 18 1 1
15 Kitui 120 1 0
16 Kwale 24 0 2
17 Laikipia 8 1 2
18 Lamu 0 1 5
19 Machakos 13 1 0
20 Mandera 8 0 0
21 Makueni 16 1 2
22 Marsabit 110 2 1
23 Marakwet 9 0 2
24 Meru 8 2 2
25 Nandi 9 0 0
26 Nakuru 2 5 1
27 Narok 26 6 5
28 Nyandarua 0 2 0
29 Nyeri 0 0 1
30 Samburu 0 5 6
31 Siaya 4 1 2
32 Taita Taveta 19 2 10
33 Tana River 0 8 7
34 Tharaka Nithi 7 0 0
35 Transnzoia 1 0 0
36 Turkana 13 0 0
37 Wajir 198 1 0
38 West Pokot 26 0 1
TOTAL 2,781 2,066 2,078

2.8.2. Human Wildlife Conflict non electric fences, predator proof bomas;
translocation of problematic species, use of
Mitigation Measures audio-visual deterrents, use of diversion tactics,
Communities living around the wildlife use of technology i.e. collars, education and
conservation areas and those that host awareness programs, strategic placement
wildlife in their land bear the blunt of HWC. To of the Problem Animal Management
address the Human Wildlife Conflict challenge, Unit, community support and provision of
KWS in collaboration with stakeholders has compensation for loss of Livestock Injury/Death,
adopted an integrated approach: through life and injury. KWS also endeavors to support
use of wildlife barriers such as electric and the livelihoods of these communities through
CSR projects.
2.8.2.1. CSR And Fence Projects

Between 2016 And 2017
Table 2.14: CSR and fence projects between 2015 and 2017
Name of the Project County Status Remarks

S/N
1. Ndebai classrooms Nakuru 100 % Project Completed and handed over on 11th
Feb, 2017
2. Ndurumo classrooms Nyeri 95 % Finishing works ongoing
3. Mulok classrooms Baringo 70% Ongoing
4. Pre- fabricated beds for Taita Taveta 100% Project Completed and handed over done on
Mwakitau dormitory 19th June 2017
5. Kabukuro Bore Hole Meru 20 % Ongoing
6. Kiwanja Ndege primary Wajir 100% Project Completed and commissioned on the 6th
school fence project April 3, 2017,
7. Mwakitau secondary Taita Taveta 100 % Projected completed and commissioned on 19th
school Girls Dormitory June 2017
8. Olorukoti secondary Trans- Mara 100 % Project completed and handed over on 23rd may
school laboratory 2017
9. Sibanga Community Bore Bungoma 95 % Power supplied, piping complete.
hole
10. Mathunzuni primary Makueni 80 % Ongoing
school -Makueni
11. Mwakitau Ndii fence - Taita Taveta 20 % Construction works launched on 19th June 2017
70km fence
12. Kamutonga –Bura 30km Taita Taveta 20 % Construction works launched on 19th June 2017


2.9. Wildlife Security And Law Enforcement
resource has suffered from the effects of human
economic activities, poaching, human-wildlife
2.9.1. Introduction And Background conflict and demand for wildlife products in the
illegal market amongst other factors. The crimes
WCMA, 2013 Section 7 (k) gives the service also pose a great threat to national, regional
powers to undertake and conduct enforcement and international conservation efforts. It also
activities such as anti-poaching operations, works against the spirit of the country’s Vision
wildlife protection, intelligence gathering, 2030 by jeopardizing our wildlife based tourism
investigation and other enforcement activities. industry and natural resource base. Wildlife
The WCMA, 2013, in Section 7 (h) also provides crime is often cited as a means to finance
for the provision of security for wildlife and the more violent and destructive activities of
visitors in National Parks, wildlife conservation criminal and terrorist organizations because
areas and sanctuaries. These govern how of the major financial benefits derived from
security of wildlife will be undertaken to ensure relatively minimal time, investment and low risks
its sustainability and posterity. of detection. The huge profits made from illicit
As a developing country, Kenya is wildlife trade acts as an incentive to organized
characterized by a high level of dependency crime networks and also lure more involvement
on natural resources for survival. This invaluable in crime by vulnerable segments of the public
wildlife resource is the target of illegal activities such as the youth and the unemployed.
such as poaching and illegal exploitation and
other wildlife crimes which have been on the 2.9.2. Status of Poaching Trends
increase all over the world in the recent past. Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) is mandated to
These environmental and wildlife crimes have enforce existing laws and treaties protecting
both direct and indirect negative impact on wildlife and continued to carry out its mandate
local communities, including depletion of of protecting Kenya’s biodiversity by eliminating
the resource base on which they depend for poaching within protected areas and reducing
their livelihoods besides altering of the local it to a bare minimum outside protected areas,
environmental conditions. ensuring the safety of tourists in the protected
With a significant population of wildlife living areas and safeguarding all KWS revenue, assets
outside the protected areas on a seasonal or and facilities.
permanent basis, the country’s wildlife
Figure 2.2: Rhino poaching trends between 2012 and 2017

The rhino poaching reduced by 10% in 2017 when poaching was at its peak in 2013 (and
as compared to 2016. This was also an 85% lowest in 9 years).
reduction in rhino poaching compared to
Figure 2.3: Elephant poaching trends between 2012 and 2017
The elephant poaching reduced by 7% in enforcement effort by Security personnel

2017 as compared to 2016. This was also a 79% in collaboration with stakeholders. Illegal
reduction in elephant poaching compared to possession of Game trophies, Livestock incursion
when poaching was at its peak in 2012 (and into protected areas, habitat destruction and
lowest in 10 years). poaching constituted the largest offences in
terms of the number of suspects arrested.
2.9.3. Arrests
During the year a total of 1401 suspects were
arrested and prosecuted for various wildlife
law offences as a result of enhanced law
Figure 2.4:
No. of arrests
between 2015
and 2017

Figure 2.5:
No. Of arrests in
connection to
bush meat
poaching
between 2015
and 2017
2.9.4. Status of Wildlife Crime 317 cases while the offences against habitat
totaled 33 thus representing 84% and 9%
Prosecution respectively, whereas the other cases such as
Wildlife law enforcement influences how Firearms, illegal entry etc. represented 7% of the
wildlife protection is sustained. In its endeavor total cases prosecuted. However, in the year
to enhance prosecution of wildlife crime, KWS 2017, the offences against wildlife numbered
has established a crime scene management 259 cases while the offences against habitat
unit to strengthen its prosecution section. 21 totaled 38 thus representing 84% and 12%
new prosecutors (Thirteen (13) Prosecutors and respectively, whereas the other cases such as
eight (8) Prosecution Assistants) were recruited Firearms, illegal entry etc. represented 5% of
from within the Service, this enhanced our own the total cases prosecuted. Out of these, the
capability to prosecute wildlife cases. highest number of ivory cases prosecuted over
the two years was 209 cases in 2016 and 169
In 2016, the offences against wildlife numbered cases in 2017.
Figure 2.6:
Category of
offences in
2016 and 2017

2.9.5. Status Of Cases Before Court
The total 685 cases were prosecuted during the
period (378 in the year 2016 and 307 in the year
and 2017 respectively) across 31 courts around
the country.
Figure 2.7: Number of wildlife crime cases prosecuted in 2016 and 2017
The service realized 69 and 76 new cases, 264 In total three (3) cases were reportedly
and 204 ongoing cases and 66 and 48 finalized withdrawn due to various reasons such as non-
cases in 2016 and 2017 respectively. availing of police files and nonattendance of
crucial witnesses who includes the Investigating
Four (4) life imprisonment sentences were Officers (I.O) and the experts from NMK or other
handed down in various courts around the quarters. Withdrawal of any ongoing case is
country in the year 2016 compared to one under the discretionary powers of the presiding
(1) life imprisonment sentence conviction prosecutor upon exhaustive consultations with
recorded in 2017, this might be attributed the relevant authority which in this case is the
to the fact that the use of section 92 of the Service. This application as aforementioned
WCMA, 2013 was rendered ambiguous by the may also include lack of enough evidence,
High Court in Nairobi and as such many courts absconding of court attendance by the
have been exercising caution in the use and accused persons or death of an accused
application of this section in any wildlife case person among many others. When the case is
before it and for the adherence of High Court withdrawn under Section 87(a) of the Criminal
precedence, yet it is the only section of the Act Procedure Code, the accused person may be
that provides for the life imprisonment. re-arrested and charged for the same offence
There are however, some deliberations to once he is found.
address the shortcomings that continues to Convictions ranged from Fines of KSh. 40 Million
be highlighted in the WCMA, 2013 during to KSh. 6,000/- on the minimum depending
prosecution of Wildlife cases such as lack of on the nature of offences committed over
the provisional section to address illegal fishing the period. It should however be noted that
or harvesting of East African sandalwood the service protects both wild flora and fauna
species (osyris lanceolata) which requires a lot which enjoys different protection regulations
of protection and which previously enjoyed the as well as punishment in terms of convictions
presidential protection decree/directive due for offences thereto.
to its destructive harvesting and exploitations.

Figure 2.8: Nature of fines for successfully prosecuted cases in 2016 and 2017
The highest fine was KShs. 40,000,000/- for a penalty being community service order (CSO)
case of possession of ivory while the highest and probations, while the highest penalty were
prison term other than life imprisonment is 20 the Life imprisonment where four (4) cases got
years custodial sentence in both years (2016 & the sentencing of a life imprisonment in 2016,
2017). while only one (1) case got a life sentence in
the year 2017.
The penalty that was most imposed was
payment of fines with the least imposed
Table 2.15: Status of Duration of sentences
2016 2017
Highest jail sentence 20 Year 20 Years
Lowest Jail sentence 5 Months 2 Months
Life Imprisonment 4 cases 1 case

Equally, rhino cases were prosecuted across and in total all other cases apart from ivory and
the various courts numbered 22 rhino cases in rhino horn cases represented 39% and 40% in
2016 and 16 rhino horn cases in the year 2017. both the year 2016 and 2017 respectively.
The total number of bush meat cases
prosecuted over the two (2) years was also high
2.9.6. Status of Recoveries
Figure 2.9: Summary of rhino horn recoveries between 2014 and 2017
There was no rhino horn recovered in 2017. This is due to it being portable and easy to conceal.
Figure 2.10: Elephant ivory recoveries between 2014 and 2017

Figure 2.11: Bush meat recovery trends between 2015 and 2017
Table 2.16: Contact engagement and Firearms and Ammunitions recoveries 2014 to 2017
Year No. of Contacts

Firearms Ammunition
2014 24 48 608
2015 16 23 295
2016 12 26 387
2017 12 9 109

2.9.7. Livestock Incursion And Drive put in place to restore the ecosystem health
including driving off the herds of Livestock
Operations out of protected areas, arrest of offenders
Livestock incursion in the protected areas still and sensitization meetings. A total of 356,736
remained a challenge especially in Tsavos, Livestock driven out of the protected areas
Meru and Sibiloi. This was amplified by the (233,181 heads of cattle, 12,524 goats and 274
prolonged dry spells. However, measures were camels).

Figure 2.12: Livestock driven out of protected areas between 2015 and 2017
Plate: 5 Livestock drive operation in southern part of Tsavo West

The exercise of preventing Livestock incursion financial resources. A total of Kshs. 147,021,022
and ensuring integrity of protected areas is was spent in Livestock drive operations for a
very demanding in terms of both human and period of three years.
Table 2.17: Annual Livestock drive operations expenditure estimates 2015 to 2017
Expenditure item
Amount
Year 2015 2016 2017
Fuel 15,985,683.00 18,269,352.00 19,300,000.00

Vehicle maintenance
6,394,273.20 7,214,644.00 12,500,000.00
Aircraft expenses 17,430,000.00 19,920,000.00 22,000,000.00
Personnel allowances 22,121,022.00 27,800,732.00 57,121,022.00
Ration 29,418,480.00 32,328,000.00 36,100,000.00
Total 91,349,458.00 93,532,728.00 147,021,022.00


2.9.8. Wildlife Protection Ranger b. Area specific strategies designed to
deal with unique security challenges
Force Deployment
c. Adaptive seasonal strategies
The emergence of new threats geared towards
wildlife and the existing challenges has made d. Adaptive wildlife security strategy to
KWS to rethink its deployment and assign cope up with emerging threats e.g.
personnel to combat the different challenges forward patrol teams which prevents
ranging from rhino monitoring and protection, intrusion by poachers
elephant monitoring, Livestock drives
operations which are becoming a routine with e. Owning the night by equipping with
the change in weather patterns increasing resources and training ranger force
Livestock influx into protected areas, habitat to enable them operate at night
loss and destructions, logging, bush meat
poaching, snaring of wildlife, protection water f. Enhanced deployments to poaching
catchment areas, visitor protection, camp hotspots
security geared towards preventing terrorism, g. Community supported anti-
KWS facilities and assets and key installations. poaching operations through Private
Changing mode of operandi of the poachers, Sanctuaries
operating both during the day and night
has made it a necessity for KWS personnel h. Identification, surveillance and
to operate effectively both during the day profiling of trophy dealers
and night. Also with the devolve governance
wildlife is facing threats due to change in land i. Arresting and prosecuting offenders
use diminishing the wildlife range. This calls iii. Enhanced capacity through training,
for enhancement of security operations and modern technology and resource
coverage requiring more rangers to effectively acquisition (Force Modernization
curb the threats. programme)
Wildlife protection and security provision iv. Implementation of security components
in general is a labor intensive undertaking in species recovery plans
with rangers having to physically manage
wildlife protected areas supported by aerial v. Enhanced Community engagement
surveillance. The emergence of new challenges
and existing one in wildlife protection has vi. Strengthening of specialized units such
reduced the ranger force effectiveness in as the canine unit
terms of numbers deployed to combat security
challenges as currently we are operating at vii. Strengthening Wildlife Prosecution
1446 rangers from the optimum of 2,484 rangers a. Sensitization of judicial and law
which is a deficit of 1038 rangers (41.79%). This enforcement stakeholders on wildlife
has resulted in gaps and not able to effectively crime and how to combat it
respond to security challenges.
b. Usage of the Wildlife DNA Forensic
2.9.9. Strategies In Combat Wildlife Lab for analyzing wildlife products,
Crimes wildlife identification, monitoring and
DNA assisting in combating wildlife
The WCMA, 2013, in Section 5: 2(a) gives KWS crime
the mandate to put measures in place for the
protection of wildlife species and their habitats viii. Inter - Agency Collaboration and
and ecosystems. KWS has put measures in Partnerships: KWS law enforcement
place to prevent and combat wildlife crimes. units work very closely with other law
They include:- enforcement agencies in all matters
of wildlife security at local, regional
i. Monitoring of wildlife movement and and international arena. Structured
migration to inform deployment of engagement with law enforcement
personnel. agencies, Government institutions, local
communities and other conservation
ii. Enhanced anti-poaching operations stakeholders have been intensified.
largely based on intelligence reports. Specific engagement with the County
Administration, National Police
a. Ground, vehicles and aerial patrols
Service, National Intelligence Service,
were done to secure wildlife.

Directorate of Criminal Investigation, 2.9.10. Wildlife Protection Challenges
Kenya Forest Service, Kenya Revenue
Authority, Kenya Ports Authority and Wildlife crime still poses threat to the survival
Kenya Airports Authority amongst others of wildlife species. Although poaching has
were enhanced in terms of surveillance declined in the recent years, it remains as one of
on poachers and prosecution of wildlife the main challenge to wildlife conservation as
cases. This has also been extended in it has become more organized, sophisticated
profiling of known poachers and dealers and international in nature and is occurring
in the country. Regionally, cross-border across all ranges including in those areas that
collaborations between Tanzania and were hitherto considered safe havens.
Uganda have also been put in place to
address crimes of trans-boundary nature Challenges facing the protection of natural
and have yielded results in tackling crime resources in the country are becoming more
along the shared borders. In particular diverse and complex as the demand and use
we are collaborating with Tanzania patterns change with time. This is as a result of
in the cross border wildlife security the following factors:
collaboration in the following key areas:- i. Poaching menace due to: high demand
a. Prevention of illegal firearms and prices of wildlife products especially
movements across the common rhino and elephant and pangolin scales,
border Increased poaching for bush meat as
observed by large numbers of snares and
b. Prevention of illegal dealing in wildlife other hunting apparatus confiscated,
trophies Continuous change in modus operandi
of poachers and dealers, Proliferation
c. Enforcement of biodiversity and of small arms, The motivating factors
tourism security in protected areas of which are the key drivers in illicit wildlife
the environs trade including high profits returns and
organized criminal syndicates with strong
d. Prevention of Livestock and human
funding basis, Involvement of local and
encroachment into protected areas
international well-to-do cartels in illicit
e. Management of controlled and wildlife trade
uncontrolled wild fires in protected
ii. Illegal trade in wildlife species and their
areas
products
f. Facilitate exchange of research
iii. Banditry
findings which are relevant to security
and biodiversity iv. Destruction of water catchment areas
The major stakeholder engagement and v. Bio- piracy which the Act defines as
operations undertaken by KWS include:- the exploration of biological resources
without the knowledge and non-
i. Collaboration with other National
coercive prior consent of the owners
and International agencies in joint
of the resources and without fair
investigations of ivory seizures,
compensation and benefit sharing
ii. Participation in international wildlife
vi. Encroachment into Wildlife habitats
law enforcement operations e.g.
including Livestock incursion
participation in Lusaka Agreement task
Force (LATF) coordinated operations vii. Frequent and prolonged droughts due
and activities. INTERPOL and Lusaka to changing climate resulting to scarce
Agreement Task Force have been water and pastures resources in wildlife
instrumental in facilitating, coordinating areas
and offering support where required,
especially in fight against illicit trafficking viii. Environmental Pollution
of wildlife trophies and ensuring that
local and international laws on wildlife ix. Limited livelihood opportunities
crimes are enforced. x. Habitat loss and fragmentation which
iii. Enhanced intelligence covert and affects all species
overt operations through sharing of xi. Non compatible land use patterns
information such as MIKE, Traffic, etc.
xii. Inadequate resources and partial xiv. Increasing interactions between wildlife/
adoption of modern technologies Livestock humans leading to increasing
Human-Wildlife Conflict which affect
xiii. Inadequate human resource and relationships with communities
budgetary allocations
2.10. Government Game Trophies

2.10.1. Introduction concern, especially, elephant ivory and rhino
horns. KWS has put in place an elaborate and
The WCMA 2013 section 83 outlines government prudent management system for the ever-
game trophies as any trophy found without accumulating stockpile. Various other game
an owner, any animal found dead or killed trophies originating from problem animal
by accident or mistake, any animal killed management and law enforcement are
in defense of life or in other circumstances secured in various KWS Stations and Parks. These
authorized by or under WCMA, 2013, any other game trophies are, from time to time and
animal or trophy in respect of which a breach on need-basis, issued to State formations and
of any of the provisions of Act or any animal registered groups for educational, cultural,
killed by a member of the Service in the course religious and heritage uses.
of duty.
2.10.2. Status of Elephant Ivory and Rhinoceros
Prior to the ban in hunting and dealership in Horn Stocks
wildlife products in 1977 and 1978, respectively,
all government trophies were quantified in Section 83 (3) of WCMA, 2013 mandates KWS
monetary terms and were part of Government to conduct an annual audit of government
revenue to the exchequer. However, after the game trophies in her possession and publish in
bans, the trophies no longer generate any the government gazette. Table 2.18 presents
revenue to the exchequer. At present the focus a summary of quantities of elephant ivory
is on securing government trophies of critical and rhinoceros horns in the custody of KWS
between 2015 and 2017.
Table 2.18: Elephant Ivory and Rhinoceros Horns In KWS Custody
Stock in stores Elephant ivory (Kg) Rhino horn (kgs)

2015 135,784.00 1,515.90
2016 40,176.15 364.9
2017 55,883.3 419.29


2.10.3. Disposal 2.10.4. Electronic records
The WCMA 2013 section 83 (4) provides for the The implementation of an electronic game
Cabinet Secretary, on recommendation of the trophy stockpile management system (ESMS)
Service, to prescribe appropriate measures, in 21 key Stations and Parks with the support of
rules and regulations and guidelines including Stop Ivory is on course. The ESMS will strengthen
those required for the disposal of Government the manual management system that has been
trophies. Pursuant to this provision, there has operational for many years. Sixty-eight (68) staff
been two disposals between 2015 and 2017 have been trained on ESMS at Headquarters
through burning aimed at sending a strong signal and 21 Parks and Stations. Suitable hardware
and statement to the world that poaching is a for its implementation including tablets, wireless
penance and is wiping out Kenya’s heritage. routers, a server and weighing scales as well as
Both occasions were presided over by H.E. a suitable software have been procured and
President Uhuru Kenyatta. These were: delivered to 21 selected Parks and Stations.
The ESMS is presently being tested and
i. 3rd March 2015- 15,000 kgs on the piloted for effectiveness before it can be fully
occasion to mark the 3rd World Wildlife implemented.
Day

ii. 30th April 2016- 105,037.13 kgs elephant
ivory and 1,350 kg rhino horns.

CHAPTER 3:
THREATS AND
CHALLENGES TO WILDLIFE
CONSERVATION AND
MANAGEMENT

3.1 Introduction
of agricultural land, invasive species (by 2017 the
Mara ecosystem had a record of 212 alien species),
In Kenya, the human population has been growing human wildlife conflict (crop destruction, livestock
at an annual rate of about 2.6% by 2016 and it is loss and injury, human injury and death), and soil
estimated that by 2017 the total population stood at loss especially in fragile lands and change in land
47 million people with about 30% of the population use. The rapid population increase also comes with
living in urban areas and the rest settled in rural areas. other demands on natural resources which have
The present population gives a population density of negative impacts on wildlife conservation. These
80.9 persons per square kilometer. The net impact of include: more demand on fuel resources (charcoal
this increase in population has been decline in land and firewood) and building materials (poles, posts,
availability especially in high and medium potential timber). This is manifested in areas such as habitat
areas and settlement in arid and semi-arid areas destruction and fragmentation, introduction and
which in most cases are wildlife inhabited areas. The spread of alien plant and animal invasive species,
emergence of irrigation agriculture and opening up Encroachment into wildlife areas, pollution, water
of infrastructure in the ASAL areas has acted as a abstraction, loss of wildlife corridors and dispersal
population pull effect. Such areas are now facing areas, loss of native vegetation for exotic species,
land sub division and evidence of man impact on proliferation of illegal harvesting and trade in wildlife
wildlife include: enlargement products. Table 3.1 and 3.2 below gives the present
status of threats in protected areas.
3.2 Definitions of some of the threats used in the text are

defined below.
3.2.1 Area of occupancy (AOO) is leading to species decline or in severe cases
defined as the area within its extent of occurrence extinction leads to decrease in biodiversity. The loss
which is occupied by a taxon, excluding cases of of migratory corridors, represent the most serious
vagrancy. The area of occupancy is the smallest representation of this facet. It can also be defined
area essential at any stage to the survival of as a process by which Habitat loss results in the
existing population or taxon. division of large continuous habitats into a greater
number of smaller patches of lower total area,
3.2.2 By-Catch is non-target fish and other isolated from each other by a matrix of dissimilar
marine species caught inadvertently by fishing nets habitat.
for a different species. Unregulated fishing is the
main cause of this problem. Trawlers are usually 3.2.5 Illegal trade in wildlife products-
non selective includes the trade of living or dead individuals,
tissues such as bones, skin, teeth, meat or any other
3.2.3 Extent of occurrence (EOO) is genetic material
defined as the area contained within the shortest
continuous imaginary boundary that can be 3.2.6 Invasive species- is a non-native
drawn to encompass all the known, inferred or or alien plant, fungus, or animal species in the
projected sites of the present occurrence of a ecosystem which establishes itself at the expense
taxon excluding cases of vagrancy.Is a parameter of the native species and that has undesired
that measures the spatial spread of the areas effects of variable magnitudes to the environment.
currently occupied by the taxon. The intentbehind The introduced species in many instances
this parameter is to measure the degree to which colonizes the area and the local species are driven
risks from threatening factors are spread spatially out directly or indirectly
across the taxon”s geographical distribution
3.2.7 Poaching- the illegal offtake of a listed
3.2.4 Habitat fragmentation is the wildlife species for food, trophy, recreation, trade,
deliberate or otherwise the emergence of unwarranted control, cultural, religious, medicinal
significant discontinuities in a species preferred or any other reason.
environment resulting to population fragmentation
and ecosystem decay. If the environment is 3.2.8 Pollution- is the introduction of harmful/
altered too fast, the species are unable to adapt poisonous solid, liquid or gaseous materials into the

environment (air, land or water). The pollutant can 3.2.9 Water Abstraction- is the removal of
act directly on the affected species or indirectly water permanently or temporarily from rivers, lakes,
through other means like the food chain (bio water pans, dams or underground in a manner as
magnification). The impact- depending on the to drastically alter the natural flow regime. It also
pollutant type and concentration- can impact involves also control of flow regimes
immediately or over time. Fish and birds are highly
susceptible to pollutants. 3.2.10 Wildlife Disease-pathological
condition occurring in a susceptible population
Plate: 6 Habitat fragmentation Masai Mau complex Plate: 7 Elephant Ivory Carvings for Export
Plate: 8 Opuntia Plate: 9 Parthenium
Plate: 9 Parthenium Plate: 11 Hydrogen Sulphide Water Pollution

Table 3.1 Status of threats
Threat Cause Policy and Location Status Remarks
defined Legal
framework
Habitat loss/ Human Section 102 Malka Mari NP • 2 permanent settlements and 5 villages, a primary
Fragmentation Encroachment WCMA, 2013 school and assistant county commissioner’s office
into conservation breach of comprising about 32Km2 of the park area.
areas Protected Areas • Unchecked Grazing of livestock by the local
regulation communities. 876 km2 of conservation land likely to be
lost
Tsavo East NP • Over 300 illegal structures near Maungu and Eviction notice given
stretching 1km in the Park
Ngai Ndeithya • Entire Reserve (212Km2) fully sub-divided and settlers

NR have allotment letters.
• Some Wildlife (especially birds) still evident but
decreasing.
EMCA, 2015 Tsavo Road • 212Km2 way leave to the Railway.

Provides for and Railway • A further 10Km2 eased to Standard Gauge
Environmental NR railway(SGR)
management Express- • Plans are underway to construct a dual carriageway
planning Mombasa- • Express highway from Mombasa to Nairobi will lead
Nairobi to further easement
Section 65 (2) of highway
WCMA, 2013
Section 34 of North Kitui NR • A stretch of 2Km along the western Boundary excised .
WCMA 2013 (Also Known resulting into a total 110km2 of land lost to local
Provides for as Mwingi community.
variation of National • Reserve is yet to be re-gazetted. Area already settled.
boundaries or Reserve)
revocation of a
National but is
silent on variation
of boundaries of
National Reserves).
Section 32 (1) (b) Laikipia • Community against area being gazetted as Park
WCMA 2013 National Park • Community in court against Gazettement of Park
Provides for
declaration of a
National Park
section 19 of Kora National • Entire town of Boka is in the park.

WCMA 2013 Park
Provides for
transitional clauses
under park
regulations
Section 119 WCMA Ruma The southern part of the park already settled
2013 Provides for National Park
transitional clauses
Nyambene • Official Gazettement indicates 640.6 Km2.

NR • Meru County proposes a 200Km2 re-Gazettement
• Isiolo County also claims ownership of the reserve
• Two ASTU camps at Erati wells
• Area around Ngare Mara River is fully under irrigation
(farms have no titles), part of Isiolo Airport, 78 Tank
Artillery are likely to be inside reserve
• Kula Mawe, Gambela and Ndomoru with all the
associated developments are in the Reserve
• Unregulated Soda ash mining at Magado crater,
marram around Gambela and Kula Mawe. Sand is
harvested in virtually all the laghas and is a source of
cess
Section 46(1), (2). Arabuko- • Entire area of 6Km2 is settled and farmed. Charcoal
(WCMA 2013 Sokoke NP burning
Provides for
protection of
endangered and
threatened
ecosystems

Section 46(1), (2). Losai National • 13 villages established inside the reserve
(WCMA) Provides Reserve • Unregulated free grazing
for protection of
endangered and
threatened
ecosystems
Section 1 of EMCA
2015 part
5Provides for Malindi • Billionaire’s club- on a turtle nesting sight.
Environmental • Wall being erected around the club will block turtles
management from nesting.
planning
Section 1 of EMCA Watamu • Hemingway’s-hotel has built a wall causing erosion on

2015 part 5 the beach.
Provides for
Environmental
management
planning
Section 102 (1) a Chyulu NP • Human settlement in the Park • 2016 Main removal
of settled persons
in the Park
undertaken
• 2017 all the
remaining families
(50) evicted from
the Park
Illegal logging, Section 102 (1) c, South Kitui, • South Kitui has highest number of charcoal kilns in any .
Charcoal Burning, h) (WCMA 2013 Tsavo, conservation area. Target species for charcoal e.g.
firewood (as an Provides for Kakamega acacia trees are on the decline.
economic activity- managing breach forest
Market in Nairobi, of Protected Area
Mombasa and regulations
Voi)
Section 102 (1) c, Masai Mara • Acacia trees in the decline due to charcoal burning,
h) WCMA 2013 Environs harvesting of fuel wood and building materials
Provides for
managing breach
of Protected Area
regulations
Plantations of Section 102 (1) c, Tsavo • A known cause of decline of Taita Apalis and Taita Decrease in land for
exotic trees, h) WCMA 2013 National Park Thrush wildlife conservation
emergence of Provides for and its • Loss of forage for other wildlife species e.g. elephants and especially
livestock ranches managing breach environs (Voi, specific habitats for
and sisal of Protected Area Wundanyi endangered endemic
plantations. regulations and birds
Mwatate).
Loss of migratory Land policy on Athi Kapiti Land subdivided, fenced and settled Hardly any migration
corridors migratory corridors Wildebeest
Section Migratory
corridor
Lots of settlement and farming around Tot, Aror Elephant still able to
Rimoi/Kamnar migrate but route
ok-South getting settled on.
Turkana, Insecurity still rife
Nasolot
elephant
corridor
Mt. Kenya,
Laikipia,
Samburu,
Marsabit
elephant
corridor

Invasive • Unregulated Schedule 7 of All • Solanum incanum spreading rapidly in Lake Nakuru, Presently all control
species movement of WCMA 2013 conservation Amboseli and Hells Gate National Parks. The species measures are manual
goods across Provides for areas where is unpalatable and seem to be not
international identification of such species • Lantana camara- Spreading rapidly in Meru, Nairobi effective. There is
boundaries invasive species occur and Oldonyo Sabuk.Black Rhino has been reported likelihood that some of
• Intentional feeding on it this species are spread
introduction of • Parthenium spp spreading rapidly in Nairobi National by wildlife.
alien species Park. It is a colonizer and unpalatable to all species.
either for • Opuntia-common in most of the conservancies in
commercial or Laikipia. It reduces native plant species spread
economic
purposes
• Accidental or
non-intentional
introduction
• Indian Crow& Indian Myna Are aggressive towards Has spread to as far as
other birds and a nuisance to tourist Nairobi. Control by the
avian poison starlicide
proved very successful
(in Australia) but the
chemical is now
banned worldwide
• Nile Perch introduced in lake Victoria in 1950’s for Is responsible for the
commercial purposes loss of over 150 fish
species some which
were endemic to the
lake.
Diani • Sea Urchin loss and degradation of sea grass beds Decline in Dugong
Chale,Watam which is a critical habitat for Dugongs population along the
u& Kenyan coast
Msambweni
Pollution • Industrial Diani Chale, • Sedimentation affecting growth of sea grass and thus
effluent Watamu & affecting food and habitat for aquatic herbivores e.g.
especially into Msambweni Dugong
water bodies &
emission Major towns • Dump sites(solid waste) Proliferation of the

(harmful gases) Lodges in • Effluent discharge into wetlands Indian house crow
• Agro- Protected • Plastic pollution into marine environment and Indian Myna
chemicals areas
Poisoning of aquatic
especially that Industries &
wildlife especially
results into bio commercial
magnification entities turtles
• Commercial & adjacent to
Domestic Conservation
especially solid areas
wastes e.g.
Plastic.
• Oils spills from Kenya Maritime Indian Ocean • 2015 oil spill at Makupa • Kills
oil tankers, Act- Oil spill Mangroves(Makup
boats, trawlers contingency plan a creek),Corals,
Sea grass& marine
Organism
• Bridge being
constructed to
restore mangrove
ecosystem at
Makupa
• Anti-fouling EMCA pollution • Indian • Increase in Ocean going ships and boats on lakes • Increase in the use
agents applied guidelines Ocean of the chemical &
to boats & • Lakes its impacts
ships
Poaching Subsistence meat Section 95 WMCA All • No of Rhinos killed Refer to chapter 5
& illegal trade. 2013 Provides for conservation • No of elephants killed • Rhino- 22 arrests
offences related Areas • Kilos of bush meat harvested
to dealing in • Trophies from other species e.g. Pangolins, sharks,
trophies. leopard skins , lion teeth & claws, Monitor lizard &
Section 96 (1) snake skins etc
WCMA 2013 deals • No of kilos of Sandal-wood recovered
with sport hunting
Section 97 WCMA
2013 subsistence
hunting
Section 98 WMCA
2013 deals with
offenses relating to
bush meat.
Trawling, dynamite Section 42 (6) Exclusive • Illegal, unreported and Unregulated fishing in the high Capacity to monitor
fishing Fisheries Economic seas- overfishing of marine species (fish, sea turtles, and enforce Act is
Management and Zone (Indian dugongs and other marine mammals), lacking
Development Act Ocean) • By-catch of endangered species in gill nets by
2016 trawlers
Unregulated/illega Section 42 (2) (3) All lakes and • Decline in fish species e.g. Tilapia in lakes Jipe, Challa, Capacity of
l fishing equipment of Fisheries Marine Parks Magadi and Victoria monitoring and
and lack of Management and • Decline in Marine species e.g. turtles, dugongs, sharks, enforcing Act is
surveillance Development Act sting rays etc. caught up in gill nets as bycatch lacking
2016
2013 subsistence
hunting
Section 98 WMCA
2013 deals with
offenses relating to
bush meat.
Trawling, dynamite Section 42 (6) Exclusive • Illegal, unreported and Unregulated fishing in the high Capacity to monitor
fishing Fisheries Economic seas- overfishing of marine species (fish, sea turtles, and enforce Act is
Management and Zone (Indian dugongs and other marine mammals), lacking
Development Act Ocean) • By-catch of endangered species in gill nets by
2016 trawlers
Unregulated/illega Section 42 (2) (3) All lakes and • Decline in fish species e.g. Tilapia in lakes Jipe, Challa, Capacity of
l fishing equipment of Fisheries Marine Parks Magadi and Victoria monitoring and
and lack of Management and • Decline in Marine species e.g. turtles, dugongs, sharks, enforcing Act is
surveillance Development Act sting rays etc. caught up in gill nets as bycatch lacking
2016
Snares Section 102(1)f) All PAs and • South Kitui, Meru, Tsavo, Ruma (major cause of Are non-discriminate
WCMA 2013 Conservancie decline in Roan antelope population). and thus maim or kill
Provides for s • Small mammals especially dikdiks any species that gets
management of • Kikopey area- target species- zebra, eland, greater in contact with it
breach of kudu, buffalo, and impala.
protected area They are rudimentary
regulations
High demand for section 46:1-2 Turtle nesting • Turtle nests reduced from 150 to 96 due to illegal off
wildlife products WCMA 2013 sites on take of eggs for commercial purpose
driven by buyers’ CITES appendix I& Kenyan
culture and II coastline
lifestyles. CMS appendix 1& • Sharks fins, teeth, skins
2
Section 84 & 85
dealing with
trophies and
permit respectively
CITES appendix 1 South • Pangolin market becoming a great threat to wildlife - Are the most
Section 84 & 85 Turkana, 500kg seized at JKIA in 2016 trafficked mammals in
WMCA 2013 Rimoi, the world
dealing with Turkana, All the 8 species in the
trophies and Tsavo world are
permit respectively experiencing
declining population
trend
Unmistaken belief that
its flesh and scales
have medicinal values
Prevalent Ecological factors section 52 1(c) All wildlife Filarial White Rhino-Meru
wildlife that enhance WCMA 2013 conservation Anthrax Buffalo and Rhino in
diseases contact between Provides for areas. Canine Distemper on Carnivores- Nakuru
livestock, humans Masai Mara
research on Trypanosomiasis-
and wildlife. Black Rhino Meru
wildlife diseases Rabbis
Changing weather Widespread
patterns which surveillance and
affect host-vector- control
pathogen
dynamics.
Rapid human and
animal
movements
facilitating rapid
disease spread.
Over Irrigation Water Act Meru NP • 2 permanent rivers have dried up
abstraction of agriculture on the
water newly settled dry
areas
Infrastructure Development Section 65 (2) of • SGR • Easement of 10km2 Fencing of wildlife
development WCMA 2013 movement routes
• Southern • Part of Nairobi National Park annexed
By- Pass
• Geotherm • More wells drilled in Hells Gate NP Eburu Forest and
al power Menegai
generatio
n at Hells
gate NP
• Lamu Port • Construction ongoing,
• Lamu • The 22billion 900MW coal plant in Lamu- EIA Matter in court
Coal conducted and license given 387 (Ha) of land
power needed for the
plant project


3.3 Challenges to Wildlife conservation and management
in Kenya
Challenges are operational matters that can mostly by human activities either directly or
lead directly to threats if not addressed. Wildlife indirectly.
in Kenya faces a myriad of threats caused
Table 3.2 Status of Challenges to Wildlife conservation and Management

Challenges Policy and Conservation Status Remarks
legal Area
framework
Fire Section 102 Tsavo • 2015- Ruma 70% of park

(1) b Meru burned. 2016- 2 fires.
Chyulu 2017- 2-minor fires
Ruma • Resource deviation
Impact on burrowing,
insects,
Drought Section 102 Tsavo & Chyulu • Drying of water pans, • Guidelines yet to be
(4) Meru rivers and dams (Aruba gazetted
Conservation Dam) • Water and hay provision at
Area • Movement of wildlife a cost
Mara outside park in search of • Rise in PAC cost- including
Conservancies water more personnel/ vehicles
Taita • Increase in deployment
Conservancies human/resource conflict
Kajiado • Rise in compensation for
Conservancies loss of human, injury and
Mt.Kenya crop destruction
Region • Habitat destruction
Boni-Dodori NR • Livestock incursion
and Forest • Poaching for game
Samburu NR, meat
Buffalo Springs
and Shaba
Periodical Meru • Inaccessibility of some Leads to insecurity due to
floods Ruma NP areas difficulty in patrols
Mt. Elgon NP • Destruction of Increases cost of maintenance
infrastructure like
bridges, roads,
Power Section 102 Hell’s Gate NP • Hydrology- More wells Management of wells and
generation (h) Mwea NR • Impact (death, and turbines as per the EMP
(Geo- entanglement) on birds
thermal, especially vultures e.g.
Hydro, Wind Rueppel vultures
and diesel) Section 89 • Production of toxic Have negative impacts on
chemicals such as vegetation. Hydrogen sulphide
hydrogen sulphide produces acidic rain
Kipeto (Kajiado • Proposed construction • Proposed Wind farm
wind power of 60 turbines 100MW located 14km from Kwenia
project) wind power farm on cliff a breeding site for
70km2 land Rueppel vultures
• Proposed wind farm

located on migratory birds
fly way
Human and Section 7 All • All logistics • Efficiency and effectiveness
monetary (a), (b) conservation • Ecological monitoring of delivery
Capital areas • Patrols • Ranger capacity
• Investigation • Research capacity
• Intelligence gathering • Vet
• Disease monitoring and • Vehicles
control • Aircrafts
• Translocation • Scientific Equipment
• Capacity building • Uniformed staff field
equipment
Livestock Section 102 Tsavo West • Kitani, Murka, Ziwani, • Ksh 20M spent on cattle
incursion (2) Rombo drive in Tsavo
(Cattle, Tsavo East • Sanga Kalamu, Sukela la
Camel, Ben, Huri Dabaduke,
Donkeys, Kone, Emusaya
Sheep and Meru • Boka, Bisanadi, Rapsu
Goats) Conservation
Area
Sibiloi • Kokai
Nairobi • Athi River
Malka Mari • Entire Park especially
along the Daua River
Marsabit •
Losai •
Nyambene • Especially in the Reserve
Rahole • The entire Reserve
Fenced L.Nakuru N.P, Management of lions as a
conservation biological control of
Areas buffaloes in question
Unsecured Tsavo East-Tana Agricultural development
Wildlife delta (5 routes) and settlements- 16200Ha
corridors Rimoi to South for Rice production (through
Turkana Qatar government) and
350Km2 for Biofuel and sugar
Development of
horticulture, irrigation
(6000acres) and Arror
power (80MW) through
KVDA. Project will involve
20000families


In the seventh schedule of the WCMA, 2013 provides guidelines to wildlife managers on
contains a list of invasive species that occur criteria of management of these species.
in the country; the list is not exhaustive but
Table 3.3 Status of listed invasive species in Kenya

No Species Scientific Origin Location Status Remarks
Common Name
Name
1 Coypu Rat Myocastor Argentina Lake Naivasha • No control
coypus measures in place
• Has commercial
value
Birds
1. Speckled Colius striatus Southern Widespread Pest
Mouse bird Africa or especially in
Cameroon urban areas and
in cereal and
coffee growing
areas
2. Ring-necked Phasial us China and Game farms Sold as ornamental
pheasant colchicus East Asia birds
3. Mute swan Cygnus olor Eurasia and
Northern
Africa
4. Chaffinch Fringilla
coelebs
5. House Finch Haemorhous USA, Usually replace house
mexicanus Canada and sparrow
Mexico
(original
home)
6. Common Acridotheres
Indian Myna tristis
7. Rose Ringed Psittacula
(Ring-Necked) krameri
Parakeet
8. Common Sturnus vulgaris Temperate Widespread Increasing • Has 12 sub-species
(European) Europe • Due to large flocks
Stirling they are a hazard
to air traffic
• They outcompete
native birds for food
and nesting sites
• Global population
is 310 million with an
E00 of 8,870,000km2
9. Rock Dove Columba livia Europe, Wide spread Stable World oldest
(Feral pigeon) North Africa domesticated bird
& South West
Asia
10. Beautiful Fruit Ptilinopus New Guinea,
Dove (Rose pulchellus West Papua
fronted Pigeon &Indonesia
or Crimson
capped fruit
dove)
11. Black-chinned Ptilinopus Taiwan and Forest dweller
fruit leclancheri Philippines
dove(Black
throated
fruit/Leclalcher
’s dove)

12. Coroneted Ptilinopus New Guinea IUCN-LC Rain Forest dweller
Fruit pulchellus Global population
Dove(Lilack 10,000
capped)
13. Mariana Fruit Ptilinopus Endemic • Global The dove weighs 57g
Dove(Rose roseicapilla Mariana Populat
capped fruit Island ion
dove) decrea
sing
• IUCN-
EN
14. Pink-spotted Ptilinopus New Guinea Kakamega Forest
fruit Dove perlatus
15. Wompoo Fruit Ptilinopus New Guinea Population Kenyan population is
Dove magnificus and North is declining captive none in the
Eastern wild
Australia
16. House crow Corvus India, Introduced in Has spread • It’s an omnivorous
(Indian / splendens Pakistan and Mombasa in as far as scavenger
greynecked / Maldives 1940’s and then Nairobi • Several
Ceylon/Colom colonized the unsuccessful
bo Crow) coastal strip control campaigns
have been carried
out at the coast
17. Red billed Quelea quelea Sub-Saharan Kenya has 2 sub- Population • cereal pest
quelea Africa populations increasing • Drinks on daily basis
(red billed (South & North) thus found within
weaver/dioch 30km of water
bodies
• Global population
estimated at 1.5
billion
Reptiles and Amphibians
18. Red headed Agama agama Sub-Saharan Wide spread
Agama lizard Africa
19. Brother’s Island Sphenodon New Zealand IUCN - VU
tuatara guntheri
20. Orange Aspidoscelis Mexico &
throated hyperythra USA(California
Whiptail Lizard beldingi )
21. Rainbow Kopje Lampropholis Australia Out Compete other
Skink (Garden delicata invertebrates for food &
skink) feed on other
invertebrates
22. Brown Tree Boiga irregularis New Guinea Aggressively Decimates
Snake & Northern population of small
and Eastern vertebrates
coast of
Australia
23. Red Diamond Crotalus exsul USA(south IUCN_LC
Rattle Snake Western
Calofornia),
Mexico
24. Burmese Star Geochelone
Tortoise platynota
Plants
25. Mathenge Prosopis Mexico, Baringo, Garissa, Rapidly Used to control soil

juliflora Central & Mwingi spreading erosion
Northern
South
America
26. Tickberry Lantana Mexico , Wide spread Grown for Fallen leaves produce
camara central across the hedge and allelopathic substances
America, the country stems used that prevent other
Caribbean& for plants from
tropical handicrafts germinating
South
America
27. Nile Cabbage Pistia stratiotes Unknown Lake Naivasha • Introduced in lake
(water lettuce, Naivasha in the
water early 60’s
cabbage or • Indicator of high
shell flower) nutrients
• 2 known specific
eaters(biological
control) south
American weevil
&larvae of the
moth spodoptera
practinicornis from
Thailand
28. Yellow Thevetia Mexico and Wide spread Grown as a Listed in the Global
Oleander peruviana central across the garden Invasive Species
America country ornamental Database (GISD 2010)
plant
29. Mauritius Thorn Caesalpinia India Wide spread • Injurious to animals
decapelata across the • Causes trees to
country collapse
• Uses excessive
amounts of water
• Increases fire risk
30. Jimsons weed Datura Mexico Along roads sides Seeds can Seeds are spread by
stramoniun and highways remain birds
(Devils snare) dormant
even for
years until
soil is
disturbed
31. Yellow Bells Tecoma stans Tropical Naturalized as a Common Entire plant is poisonous
America(Me garden along river to people animals &
xico) ornamental banks & environment
savannah
areas
especially
where
there are
pastures
32. Mexican Argemone Texas, Wide spread Since it is extremely
Poppy mexicana Mexico and across the drought resistant it is an
Central country easily established
America weed
It is poisonous
especially to livestock
and poultry

33. Long spine Opuntia Peru (South Naivasha Spreading Used as a hedge since
cactus exaltata America) it outcompetes local
species
34. Sweet prickly Opuntia ficus- Mexico Nairobi national Spreading • Used as a hedge
pear indica Park. Naivasha • Out do local
species
• Fruits are edible
35. Drooping Opuntia Mexico Spreading • Used as a hedge
prickly pear vulgaris • Out do local
species
• Fruits are edible
36. Water hyacinth Eichhornia South Lake Victoria Spreading 1st recorded in the 80s
crassipes America but Lake Naivasha Biological Control via
entered lake (limited) the weevil neochetina
from (introduced in1997) has
Rwanda not had much success
through the
Kagera River
Invertebrates
37. Crown of thorn Acanthaster Australia& Kenya coast Feed on coral polyps
star fish planci indo-pacific (coralivores) and thus
regions destroy the coral
ecosystem

3.4 Analysis of threats to protected areas
Threats to wildlife conservation and (32% of the protected areas) were susceptible
management are human activities and natural to over 70% of the threat factor types and three
processes that affect wildlife species and (6% of the protected areas) were susceptible
habitats in negative and detrimental ways. to over 80% of the threat factor types. The
Threats may be direct, affecting a species or protected areas most susceptible to the
habitat through intermediary actors or process. majority of the threat factors were- Masai Mara
It is important that once the threats have been NR, Ndere Island NP, Lake Nakuru NP, Aberdares
properly identified and defined all Protected NP, Mt. Elgon NP, Kiunga Marine NR, Mt. Kenya
Areas Susceptibility Index (PASI) needs to be NP, Mombasa Marine NP, Watamu Marine NP,
calculated to give a proper status of the areas. Ruma NP, Kisite NP, Malindi Marine NP, Mwea
In 2007, Kiringe and OkelloAnalyzed, based on NR, Kamnarok NR, Rimoi NR and Nairobi NP. All
ten identified threats factors, protected areas marine protected areas were very susceptible
susceptibility to threats. They found out that and threatened by the identified threat factors.
thirty two (64% of protected areas in Kenya) This was followed by the montane protected
protected areas were susceptible to over half areas. An analysis carried out today would
of the identified threat factors. Twenty seven reveal perhaps a similar trend but with newer
(54% of the protected areas) were susceptible protected areas taking a lead because of new
to over 60% of the threat factors types. Sixteen challenges.
Table 3.4 Analysis of Impacts of Threats on Protected Areas

No Protected Area Encroachment Poaching Livestock Fires Pollution Invasive Habitat
Incursion species degradati
on
A National Parks
1. Aberdares 5 4 5 3 5 3 4
2. Amboseli 3 3 2 5 4 4 4
3. Chyulu 2 4 4 2 4 3 3
4. Hells Gate 3 4 3 4 1 3 1
5. Kora 2 3 1 4 5 4 4
6. Laikipia 3 3 1 4 5 3 3
7. Lake Nakuru 5 3 5 3 2 2 2
8. Malindi Marine 3 3 3 N/A 3 3 3
9. Malka Mari 3 2 1 3 5 4 3
10. Marsabit 3 3 2 4 4 3 3
11. Meru 4 3 2 3 3 3 3
12. Mombasa Marine 3 3 3 N/A 2 3 3
13. Mt. Elgon 5 4 5 5 4 3 4
14. Mt. Kenya 3 4 4 3 3 5 4
15. Nairobi 3 3 2 3 3 2 3
16. Ndere 5 2 5 2 5 2 3
17. Ol Donyo Sabuk 2 4 3 3 5 4 4
18. Ruma 2 2 4 2 4 2 3
19. Sibiloi 2 3 2 5 5 4 4
20. Longonot 2 2 2 2 4 3 4
21. Saiwa 5 4 5 5 3 3 4
22. Arabuko Sokoke 1 1 1 5 1 1 1
23. Kisite 5 4 N/A N\A 4 4 4
24. South Island 5 5 5 5 5 4 5
25. Tsavo East 3 3 2 3 3 3 3
26. Tsavo West 3 3 1 3 3 3 3
27. Central Island 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
28. Watamu 5 4 N/A N/A 4 4 4
1: Acute (very serious) 2. Serious 3; Moderate (Bad) 4; onset (Traces) 5. Insignificant
B NATIONAL RESERVES

NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 on
PAGE 82
1. Arawale 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2. Bisanadi 2 3 2 3 4 3 3
3. Bogoria 5 4 4 4 4 3 4
4. Boni Dodori 4 4 4 4 5 4 4
25. Tsavo East 3 3 2 3 3 3 3
26. Tsavo West 3 3 1 3 3 3 3
27. Central Island 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
28. Watamu 5 4 N/A N/A 4 4 4
B NATIONAL RESERVES

on
1. Arawale 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2. Bisanadi 2 3 2 3 4 3 3
3. Bogoria 5 4 4 4 4 3 4
4. Boni Dodori 4 4 4 4 5 4 4
5. Buffalo Springs 5 3 3 4 4 2 4
6. Chepkitale 3 4 3 5 5 4 5
7. Diani Chale 5 4 N/A N/A 4 4 4
8. Ngai Ndethia 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
9. Kakamega 4 4 4 4 4 3 4
10. Kamnarok 4 4 1 3 4 3 4
11. Losai 1 1 1 3 4 4 3
12. Malindi 5 4 N/A N/A 4 4 4
13. Marsabit 3 3 2 2 4 3 3
14. Masai Mara 2 3 1 3 3 3 3
15. Mwea 5 3 3 3 4 3 4
16. Mombasa 5 4 N/A N/A 3 4 4
17. Mpunguti 5 4 N/A N/A 4 4 4
18. Mwingi 2 3 2 3 4 3 4
19. Nasolot 5 3 1 3 4 3 4
20. Nyambene 2 1 1 1 5 3 2
21. Samburu 4 4 3 4 4 4 4
22. Shaba 4 4 3 4 4 4 4
23. Shimba Hills 4 3 4 4 4 2 4
24. South Kitui 2 2 1 1 5 3 1
25. South Turkana 5 2 3 3 4 4 4
26. Rahole 2 1 1 2 4 2 3
27. Rimoi 4 3 3 3 4 3 4
28. Tana river primate 2 3 2 4 4 3 4
29. Watamu 5 4 N/A N/A 4 4 4
30. Tsavo east Railway 2 2 1 4 4 3 3
31. Yala swamp 3 3 3 5 4 3 3
C NATIONAL SANCTUARIES

on
1 Kisumu Impala 4 5 5 5 3 4 4
2 Naivasha Wildlife 5 3 4 4 4 4 5
sanctuary
3 Ondago
4 Maralal 1 5 1 5 1 1 1
5 L.Simbi 3 5 3 5 2 5 5
6 L.Elementaita 3 3 3 4 4 4 4

1: Acute (very serious) 2. Serious 3; Moderate (Bad) 4; onset (Traces) 5. Insignificant

CHAPTER 4:
STATUS OF
KENYA’S WILDLIFE
CONSERVATION AREAS

The WCMA, 2013 defines a wildlife conservation is one of the requirements of the land policy to
area as a “tract of land, lake or sea that is win more space for wildlife.
protected by law for purposes of wildlife and
biological diversity conservation and may Several infrastructure projects that affected
include a national park, national reserve, the protected areas were initiated during this
game reserve or sanctuary”. The WCMA, 2013 reporting period notably the Standard Gauge
also defines a Wildlife Conservancy as “land Railway (SGR) that traversed the Tsavo’s; the
set aside by an individual landowner, body Nairobi southern bypass (Nairobi National
corporate, group of owners or a community for Park), the KETRACO 400KV transmission line
purposes of wildlife conservation in accordance (Tsavo National Park, Taita ranches, Machakos,
with the provisions of this Act”. Kenya offers Kajiado Conservancies, Athi Kapiti) and the
a variety of habitat types that include coral new Kenya Pipeline through Tsavo West and
reefs,mangroves, savannah grasslands and Nairobi National Park was completed. The
woodlands, tropical rainforests, fresh and salt- construction of the Lamu port was initiated-
water lakes, deserts and semi-deserts, and the impact of this mega infrastructure both on
montane habitats.Kenya is a country that is land and the coastline is yet to be manifested.
highly dependent on its biological resources An EIA license was also awarded to put up the
that are essential in provision of ecosystem first coal powered electricity (with a capacity
goods and services for its social, cultural to generate 900MW) plant in Lamu. Several
and economic development. In this regard, wind powered electricity plants were also
the government through the Constitution given licenses to commence construction.
and Vision 2030 recognizes the importance The 310MW Turkana Wind power Project at
of sustainable use of natural resources, Loyangalani in Marsabit county covers 400Km2-
reducing loss of biodiversity and maintaining the 428Km long 400KV transmission line to Suswa
ecosystem processes for economic growth. passes through wildlife conservation areas
Wildlife conservation and sustainable tourism (Conservancies in Marsabit, Samburu, Laikipia
is therefore identified as one of itssocial- and Narok). EIA License to construct a 400MW
economic pillars in the Vision 2030. Meru Wind power station was also granted
and it apparently lies partly in the Nyambene
The valuation of the ecosystem goods and National Reserve. In Hells Gate National Park
services is yet to be done and neither are the and its environs more geothermal wells were
returns directly accruing from the goods and sunk. The 60MW power plant on the Arror dam
services commensurate with the value. To on the Kerio River lies on the elephant migratory
safeguard its rich biodiversity resources, Kenya corridor between Rimoi, South Turkana and
has designated a significant proportion of its NasolotKipeto 100MW wind power project
total land area as wildlife conservation. By 2015 in Kajiado. The Mombasa - Nairobi express
forests, woodlands, National Parks, National highway was also licensed and runs through
Reserves and Conservancies covered slightly the Tsavo’s. These constructions came with a
over 20% of the total land area. cost as wildlife lost critical habitats and space.
Over the years, some of the protected sites Wildlife Conservation Areas in Kenya include
have experienced habitat changes, through a) National Parks, b) National Reserves,c)
human settlements, livestock incursion, NationalSanctuaries and d) Wildlife
pollution, infrastructure development and Conservancies, Forest Reserves which are
other anthropogenic induced changes under the Forest Act also have a variety of
leading to some protected areas becoming wildlife species.Kenya is a signatory to several
‘Paper Parks’. The main management focus International Multi-lateral agreements on
by KWS is enshrined in the WCMA, 2013 which conservation,some of which have been
empowers it to manage all issues related to domesticated and implemented,notable
wildlife conservation. Identification mapping among them being Ramsar and World Heritage
and gazetement of wildlife corridors and Sites.
dispersal areas connecting conservation areas
4.1. Terrestrial Parks and Reserves

4.1.1. Status of National Parks
In an effort to achieve ‘in-situ’ conservation of National Park system where the diverse
biodiversity, Kenya has a well-established ecosystems, habitats and wildlife are
represented and managed directly by Kenya

Wildlife Service. Presently, Kenya has 24 only Amboseli, Mpunguti (Kisite-Mpunguti) and
terrestrial National Parks which are distributed Marsabit have gazettedmanagement plans.
in 17 Counties. These parks occupy an area of The rest are at various stages of development.
29,504Km2 that is approximately 5.08% of the In addition, all of them have legal notices of
total area of Kenya. Tsavo East and Tsavo West their gazettement while a number of them
National Parks -including the Tsavo National have title deeds. The management plans
Road and Railway Reserve- cover 71.2% of will form the basis of evaluating the state of
the area occupied by all National Parks. This conservation areas. The WCMA, 2013 requires
is followed by Kora (6%), Sibiloi (5.3%) and that the managers will every year give a
Malkamari (3%). compliance report of the management plans.
During this reporting period, the parks received The economic benefits of wildlife conservation
2,055,667 visitors. Lake Nakuru National Park were mainly channeled to neighboring
recorded 422,883 visitors (20.57%) followed by communities through CSR projects. Direct
Nairobi National Park 306,615 visitors (14.92%), benefits accruing from wildlife conservation
Hells Gate National Park with 304,212 visitors will be dependent on the formulation of
(14.80 %) and Amboseli National Park with regulations on access and benefit sharing.
218,987 visitors (10.65 %). Tsavo East and Tsavo During this period the said regulations were
West combined had 273,592 visitors (13.31 %). formulated and are awaiting gazettment.
Amboseli and Mt. Kenya are designated by The strategy to use fences as a measure to
UNESCO as Man and Biosphere Reserves reduce human wildlife conflict during this
(MAB); Tsavo East and West and Central Island period was undertaken in several parks.
are equally designated by UNESCO as World However in certain areas, notably Tsavo East
Heritage Sites; While Aberdares, Mt. Kenya, and Meru; Electric fences were constructed
Chyulu and Mt. Elgon are National Water towers. inside the Park to create Rhino sanctuaries.
Sibiloi hosts Koobi Fora which is regarded as the The Meru one was an extension of the existing
cradle of Mankind. Kenya has Ramsar Sites of sanctuary.Other similar projects were initiated
which LakeNakuru is a Park, Lake Bogoria is a but not completed due to the requirement of
Reserve while the other 4 (Tana River Delta, environmental impact assessment. The cost of
Lake Elementaita, Lake Baringo and Lake construction and maintenance of these fences
Naivasha) do not enjoy other protection status. continues to be astronomical.
All the parks are required by law to have
management plan that are gazetted. Presently

Figure 4.1 National Parks, National Reserves & National Sanctuaries
Source KWS2017

Table4.1: Status of National Parks in 2015/2017
No Protected Area Legal Remarks Other Visitor Visitor Accommo Electric Roads Air
Area (Km2) notice/ (Values,& Threats) Protection statistics statistics dation Fences (Km) strips
Gazettement Status (2015- (2016- (Km) (No)
2016) 2017)
1. Aberdares 765.7 Legal notice • Among the listed IBA 35,063 42,312 2lodges & 400 (Phase 2 1
no… 1950 species include the 2 guest Under
and legal Eastern Mountain house rehabilitation
notice No. Bongo, Black Rhino, )
172 of 1968 white and black
colobus monkey,
leopard, lion,
African Golden Cat
• The park is a black
Rhino sanctuary
• Has over 250 bird
species
• Water tower
• Rare & Endemic bird
species
• Increasing invasive
species
• Annual forest fires
2. Amboseli 392 1974 • Loitoktok- Emali road UNESCO 91,485 127,502 2 Lodges,5 31 ( 1. 150km 2
tarmacked Man and bandas, constructed unclassifi
• Electricity from biosphere since 1996) ed
Kimana town to park reserve, .144km
HQ IBA classified
• Community have
concession for
livestock watering
• Kimana- Namanga
Road goes through
park
• The Kuku Elephant
corridor facing
subdivision
3. Arabuko 15 Legal notice • Fully Encroached IBA 113 - 114( 0 0
Sokoke no. 426 of • Ader”s duiker and Constructed
1990 the golden-rumped 2002-2012)
elephant shrew Fence
found in the forest requires
• Fischer”s turaco, rehabilitation
sokoke pipit and
amani sunbird still
present but AOO is
leading to Critically
endangered
4. Central 5 Legal notice • More than 350 bird IBA 43 157 1 camp 0 0 0
Island no. 18 of species site
1983 • Crocodile breeding
site (April-M34
species of European
migrant birds
• 23 species of birds
breed here
• Large concentration
of crocodiles ay)
5. Chyulu 734 1983, • Declared as a Water 380 378 160 1
hills National Water tower
tower
• Listed species
include Rhinos,
elephants, leopards
• Fire is a major threat
• Charcoal burning is
a major threat to
habitat

6. Hells gate 68.25 Legal notice • More geothermal IBA 133,463 170,749 2 N/A 58 0
No. 13 of wells sunk- present campsites
1984 capacity is 155MW
and target from
Olkaria is 1200MW by
2025- meaning more
wells
• Only breeding
ground for the
globally
endangered
Ruppells Vulture in
Kenya now
destroyed
• Prospects for five
industrial parks inside
the park are at an
advanced stage
• Part of the South
Lake road runs
through the Park and
remains a threat to
wildlife-many kills
have been reported
• Has over 103 species
of birds-
lammergeyer not
spotted any more
7. Kora 1,788 Legal notice • EIA for fencing of None None None 2 0 221 3
No. 339 of park rejected by Campsites
1989 Boka community but
accepted by Asako
community
• Livestock incursion is
a serious threat to
habitat
• No revenue Gates
8. Laikipia 69 Not • Proposed National None No 0
gazetted Park Gates
• Donated to KWS
by AWF in 2011
• Ownership
contested in court
by community
9. Lake 188 Legal notice • Lake levels rising IBA 190,529 232,354 5 lodges 78 (10Km 262 1
Nakuru no. 137 of and water quality rehabilitated
1968 changing, Ramsar during
• declining Lesser reporting
Flamingo population UNESCO period)
(park is Ramsar site MAB
due to Lesser
Flamingo)
• Park has more than
450 bird species
• Black and White
Rhino sanctuary
• Invasive species
increasing
(colonizing)-
especially the toxic
non palatable
solanum incanum
• Population of
Buffalos well above
maximum carrying
capacity

10. Malka 876 Legal notice • Encroachment & None No 0 0
Mari no. 338 of settlements by the Gates
1989 nomadic Gurreh
herders
• Listed species
include the Somali
Giraffe, Spotted
hyaena, Crocodiles
on the Daua River
• Livestock incursion
here is totally
unregulated
• The juba Weaver
and the white
winged Dove have
been recorded here
11. Marsabit 68 Legal notice • Encroached by 1 Water 2,120 4,092 1 lodge 21 (6.7Km 1
no. 366 of village inside park tower rehabilitated
1967 • Management plan during
gazette reporting
period)
12. Meru 870 Legal notice • Rhino sanctuary IBA 18,629 18,336 2 lodges, 116 KMs Classified 16
no. 4756 of extended by 25km2 2 guest (inclusive of 50 Kms
1966 • Serious livestock houses, 30 KMs of (Murera-
incursion 1hostel, 4 community Ura road)
• Water diversion and bandas, 1 fence
abstraction outside tented around Unclassifi
the park is a serious campsite Rapsu and ed 700
threat to the Kinna towns) KMs
wetlands inside park
that provide dry
season forage
• Tsetse menace a
major hindrance to
rhino conservation
• Has over 350 bird
species
13. Mt .Kenya 715 Legal notice • Water tower IBA 17,465 19,404 3 guest 180
No. 69 of 6th • Eastern Mountain WHS houses 3 (construction
June 1949 Bongo sanctuary lodges in progress
and • Increasing invasive and with a target
extension of species several of 400Km)
1968 • Annual fires cottages
14. Mt. Elgon 169 Legal notice • 0ver 300 birds’ IBA 7,131 9,925 1 banda 18 (fence 0
no. 112 of species including 40 require
1968 restricted range. 56 rehabilitation
of the 87 afro )
tropical highland
biome species live
here
• IUCN has listed 37
faunal species as
globally threatened
(22 mammals, 2
insects and 13 bird
species of which 9
are endemic)
15. Mt. 52 Legal notice • Besides Mount 55,556 66,349 2 N/A 9 N/A
Longonot no. 13 of climbing/hiking the Campsites
1983 park is rich in
Giraffes, Zebras and
Grant gazelles
• Drilling for
geothermal power
increasing
16. Nairobi 117 Legal notice • Park lost 178.2 h of IBA 139,933 166,682 1 tented 73 254km none
No. 48 of land to infrastructure camp (constructed
1946 development(southe between
rn bypass, pipeline, 1984-1997.
Ketraco) Requires
• Sporadic livestock rehabilitation
incursion is still )
experienced
• Rhino sanctuary

17. Ndere 4.2 Legal notice • tsetse infestation still None 1,580 1,035 none 0 0 0
Island no. 368 of a great hindrance to
1986 any investment
• Over 100 bird
species
• Illegal fishing by local
communities remains
a major problem
18. Ol Donyo 18 Legal notice None 11,345 16,007 Oldonyo 9.6 km
Sabuk no. 274 of Sabuk
1967 Guest
House
19. Ruma 120 Legal notice • Is a black Rhino IBA 4,428 9,769 1 guest 74km 1
100 of 1983 sanctuary house (Constructed
• Roan population has 1 campsite between
gone down to 17 1993-2011)
which is not viable
• Subsistence
poaching remains a
problem
• Fires caused by
communities remain
a major problem
• Rothschild giraffe
have done
considerably well
here (a success story
of translocation)
20. Saiwa 3 Legal notice • Is a sitatunga None 2,891 2,383 1 Tree 0 0 0
Swamp no. 11 of sanctuary house
1974 • De Brazza monkey
• Over 370 bird
species recorded
here including the
Ross’s turaco and
the blue-headed
coucal
• Upstream agriculture
is a threat to the
swamp in terms of
water abstraction
and agrochemicals
21. Sibiloi 1570 Legal notice • Archaeological WHS 2 guest 2

no. 160 of sites-Koobi for a houses
1973 • Volcanic
formations,
petrified forests,
22. Southern 39 Legal notice • migrant
Lesser waterfowls
flamingoes IBA 0 0 0
Island no. 13 of • Abundant
feeding groundwildlife
1983 • 34Rich
speciestraditional
of
cultures migrant
European
birds
• 23 species of birds
breed here
• Large concentration
of crocodiles
23. Tsavo East 13,747 Number 17 • Sobo rhino sanctuary IBA 80,618 101,538 14 (Lodges Ithumba 2389KM 17
of 6/4/48 99.5 km2 established and 60Km
and 23 of • SGR- Easement for permanent Total
29/9/53) the new railway line tented 96Km(constr
• Ketraco has camp) ucted
easement for the between
440KV lines 1996-2002)
• Settlement in the
park
remains a threat
24. Tsavo 7,000 Number 17 • SGR-Easement for IBA 35,928 55,508 1,640 11
West of 6/4/48 the new railway line 67Km
and 23 of • Ketraco-Easement (constructed
29/9/53 for the 440KV 3 lodges, 2 between
national grid line Tented 1990 to date)
• Livestock incursion camps, 2 Taveta
remains a major bandas, 1 station
threat to wildlife and guest 127KM
habitat house Total 204Km
• Charcoal burning
remains a major
problem to habitat
health
• Unregulated Mining
of rubies

4.1.2. Status of National Reserves designated as Ramsar sites. Apart from Marsabit
National Reserve none of the other Reserves
There are 31 terrestrial National Reserves in presently has a gazetted Management Plan.
Kenya occupying 17,358.8km2 which is 3% of
the country’s total area. These Reserves are The lack of gazetted management plans, which
distributed in 21 out of the 47Counties. Most of is a prerequisite to any development in a wildlife
the National reserves are managed by county conservation area, is a major impediment to
governments with technical advice from development of infrastructure in these reserves.
KWS. However Marsabit, Mt.Kenya, Mwea, This includes zonation of use and no use areas
Kakamega and Shimba Hills are managed by resulting to human encroachment and thus
KWS. There are seven Reserves each covering posing serious threats to wildlife health and
an area larger than 1000km2. UNESCO has survival. The various County governments have
designated Mt.KenyaNational Reserve as a invested little in terms of human capital and
MAB under World Heritage Sites while Lakes currency in most of these Reserves. Table 4.2
Bogoria and Baringo National Reserve are summarizes the status of National Reserves in
Kenya
Table 4.2: Status of National Reserves in 2015/2017

No Protected Area Legal Remarks Other Management Annual Accommod Km of Km of No of
Area (Km2) notice/ (Values& threats) Protection authority Visitor ation electric Roads airstrips
Gazettement Status statistics facilities Fences
(2015-2017
average)
1. Arawale 533 Legal notice • Hirola & grevys Garissa No None
no. 272 of Zebra presently the county Revenue
1966 only area with gates
hunters heartbeest.
• Poaching of small
game is rampant
• No lodges or tented
camps
• Roads are virtually
non existent
2. Bisanadi 606 Legal notice • Has elephant, lion, None Isiolo county No 1 lodge 0 0
261 of 1979 cheetah Revenue
• Has 400 species of gates
birds including the
Hindes babbler
• Included in the
Meru Conservation
Area management
plan
• Livestock incursion is
a major threat
3. Boni 1339 Legal notice • Critically UNESCO Garissa No None 0 0 0
no. 7 of 1976 endangered Aders man & county Revenue
duiker, elephants biosphere gates
• Sokoke pipit sighted reserve,
globally,
prized
conservation
site
4. Buffalo 131 Legal notice • Samburu-Isiolo IBA Isiolo county 2 lodges
springs no. 189 of conservation area
1985 management
plan(2009-2019)
approved
5. Chepkitale 172 Legal notice • Settlements inside None KWS &, No
no. 88 of Reserve by Bugoma revenue
2000 Ndorobo county gate
• .Resident elephant
population above
bamboo line
• Population
(elephant)
estimated to be
above 100
6. Dodori 877 Legal notice • Critically UNESCO Lamu No 0 0
no.75 of endangered Aders man & Revenue
1976 duiker biosphere gates
reserve,
globally,
prized
conservation
site
7. Kakamega 44.7 Legal notice • Electricity supply IBA KWS 3,894 2 Bandas 0 0
no. 95 of • Endemic birds (2015/2016
1985 species, Snakes, ) NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 93
butterflies
• 5,020
(2016/2017
)
no.75 of endangered Aders man & Revenue
1976 duiker biosphere gates
reserve,
globally,
prized
conservation
site
7. Kakamega 44.7 Legal notice • Electricity supply IBA KWS 3,894 2 Bandas 0 0
no. 95 of • Endemic birds (2015/2016
1985 species, Snakes, )
butterflies
• 5,020
(2016/2017
)
8. Kamnarok 87.7 Legal notice • Elephant corridor Baringo No 0 0 0

no. 101 of between Rimoi and county Revenue
1983 Nasolot gates
9. Lake 107 Legal notice • Population of • Ramsar Baringo 71,000(201 26 1
Bogoria no. 270 of greater Kudu site county 5)
1970 estimated at 35 • IBA
• Flamingos • World
• Over 370 birds heritage
species site
10. Lake 41.4 Legal notice • Community in court None Siaya county No 0 0 0 0
Kanyaboli no. 158 of contesting Revenue
2010 gazetment gates
• Sitatunga is present
but population
status as yet to be
established
• Land Use plan
(Yala Swamp SEA
Land Use Plan)
gazetted by
National
Environment
Management
Authority(NEMA) on
25.01.2017
•
11. Losai 1,806 Legal notice • No management None Marsabit No 2
no. 8 of 1976 presence county Revenue
• Encroached 13 gates
villages
12. Marsabit 1,552 Legal notice • Encroached 1 None KWS & No 1
no. 936 of village inside park Marsabit Revenue
1948 • Management Plan county gates
gazetted
13. Masai 1510 Legal notice • Free ranging black IBA Narok county 146,900 2 lodges 0 170 5
Mara no. 271 of Rhino sanctuary and 50
1974 camps
101 camps
and lodges
in the
surrounding
conservanc
ies
14. Mwea 48 Legal notice • Elephant census IBA KWS & Embu 826 0
no. 6 of 1976 conducted in 2017 county (2015/2016
)
15. Mwingi 745 Legal notice• MOU between None Kitui county No none 0 0
(North No. 187 of County Revenue
Kitui) 1979 Government and gates
KWS on
management
prepared but yet
to be signed
16. Nasolot 194 Legal notice • Kengen guest None KWS No None 1
no. 85 of house available Revenue
2000 • KWS admin offices gates
outside reserve
17. Ngai 212 Legal notice • Entire reserve Fully Makueni No None 0 0 0
Ndeithya no. 9 of 1976 encroached, county Revenue
settled and farmed gates
• Settlers have None
allotment letters
• Paper Park
18. Nyambene 640.6 Legal notice • 1 ASTU camp in the None Meru/Isiolo No None 0 0 0
no. 86 of Reserve counties Revenue
2000 • Part of Isiolo Airport gates
in the Reserve
• Part of Military
Barracks in the park
• Two primary schools
and a village in the
reserve
• Management of
Reserve
controversially
between Isiolo and
NWCS REPORT 2015-2017Meru Counties
PAGE 94
• Part of the Reserve
settled and farmed
by Somali, Turkana,
Borana & Meru
outside reserve
17. Ngai 212 Legal notice • Entire reserve Fully Makueni No None 0 0 0
Ndeithya no. 9 of 1976 encroached, county Revenue
settled and farmed gates
• Settlers have None
allotment letters
• Paper Park
18. Nyambene 640.6 Legal notice • 1 ASTU camp in the None Meru/Isiolo No None 0 0 0
no. 86 of Reserve counties Revenue
2000 • Part of Isiolo Airport gates
in the Reserve
• Part of Military
Barracks in the park
• Two primary schools
and a village in the
reserve
• Management of
Reserve
controversially
between Isiolo and
Meru Counties
• Part of the Reserve
settled and farmed
by Somali, Turkana,
Borana & Meru
19. Rahole 1,270 Legal notice • Beisa oryx & grevys Garissa No None
no. 54 of zebra county Revenue
1976 gates
20. Rimoi/ 66 Legal notice • KWS has a PAC KWS &Elgeyo One 1 Campsite 30km 70Km(
Kerio valley no. 13 of Outpost Marakwet revenue perimet constr
1983 • 10 Km fence line County gate er ucted
rehabilitated during electric betwe
this reporting period fence en
• 10 scouts and one done. 2015-
county 2km 2017))
chief warden remaini
accommodated ng
inside the Reserve.
21. Samburu, 165 Legal notice • Samburu-Isiolo IBA Isiolo county 8,500(2015) Has 4
no. 188 of conservation area tented
1985 management plan camp sites
(2009-2019)
approved.
• Listed species
include the
reticulated giraffe,
lion, leopard,
cheetah, elephant
23. Shimba hills 192 Legal notice • Simba
Has over hills350 IBA KWS 17,465 4 bandas 136Km
no. 298 of ecosystem
species of birds (constr
22. Shaba 239 1968
Legal notice • management
Samburu-Isiolo plan IBA Isiolo county (2015/2016 ucted
no. 268 of (2010-2020)
conservation needs
area ) betwe
1974 review and
management plan en
approval.
(2009-2019) Area 20,479 1990-
surveyed
approved. and (2016/2017 2012)
following up on )
23. Shimba hills 192 Legal notice • deed
Simbaplanhills IBA KWS 17,465 4 bandas 136Km
no. 298 of • Sable antelope
ecosystem (constr
1968 • 6.7 Km of fence
management plan (2015/2016 ucted
rehabilitated
(2010-2020) needs during ) betwe
this reporting
review and period en
24. South Kitui 1,833 Legal notice • Charcoal
approval. burning
Area None Kitui county 20,479 1990- 0
186 of 1979 rampant
surveyed usingand the government (2016/2017 2012)
wasteful
followingtraditional
up on )
kilns.
deed plan
• Indiscriminate
Sable antelope and
• unplanned
6.7 Km of fence felling of
trees especially
rehabilitated during
acacia (tortillas
this reporting and
period
24. South Kitui 1,833 Legal notice • tamarind being the
Charcoal burning None Kitui county 0
186 of 1979 most
rampantpreferred)
using the- government
• Listed
wastefulspecies
traditional
include
kilns. Lions,
• leopard and aand
Indiscriminate
variety
unplannedof birdsfelling of
25. South 1,091 Legal notice KWS has
• trees a Security
especially KWS &Turkana No None 0 0
Turkana no. 29 of camp at(tortillas
acacia Lobokat and county Revenue
1979 tamarind being the gates
most preferred) -
• Listed species
include Lions,
leopard and a
variety of birds
25. South 1,091 Legal notice • KWS has a Security KWS &Turkana No None 0 0
Turkana no. 29 of camp at Lobokat county Revenue
1979 gates

26. Tana River 169 Legal notice • Tana river IBA KWS No 0
Primate no. 4 of 1976 mangabay & Red Revenue
Colobus gates
• Community (250
were to be
resettled)
settlements still
inside reserve
• The 13Km2 riverine
forest is rapidly
being depleted
• Primates inhabit the
16 patches of
forests along the
river
• 2007 high court
ruling against the
reserve
establishment still
stands
• The very rare white
winged apalis is still
seen
4.1.3. Status of Natural Forest

Reserves national monuments (3 sites covering 401 ha)
and trust land (1 site covering 188,2017ha) with
Kenya are presently has 257 sites categorized
a total area of 24,142.59km2 which is 4.2% of
as natural forests.They harbor a variety of
Kenya’s total area . These forests are important
wildlife species and are also water towers or
wildlife habitats. However, it’s only in Mau,
water catchment areas. Some wildlife species
Aberdares, Mt. Kenya, and Shimba hills where
are endemic to these forests.
comprehensive biological resource inventories
These natural forests fall under 4 key have been initiated. Marsabit forest ecosystem
management regimes namely; community management plan 2015-2025 is underlegal
forests (52 sites covering 180, 245 ha), forest noticeNo. 1894 of March 2016. Table 4.3 gives
reserves (201 sites covering 2,045, 406 ha), the status of some of the major forest reserves
in Kenya.

Table 4.3: Status of Forest Reserves in 2015/2017
No Protected Area Legal Remarks

notice/ (Values, & Threats)
Area (Km2) Gazettement
1 Mt. Elgon 737.05 Legal notice • Prunnus Africana

no. 44 of 1932 • Elephant
• Presence of KWS & Kenya Water Towers, KFS
2 Kakamega 197.92 Legal notice • Prunnus Africana
no. 14 of 1933 • IBA
• Variety of listed snakes
• Presence of KWS & KFS
3 Malava 7.19 Legal notice • Prunnus africana
no. 14 of 1933 • IBA
• Variety of listed snakes
• Presence of KWS & KFS
• African grey Parrot
4 Bunyala 8.27 Legal notice • IBA
no. 421 of 1956 • KFS
5 Marsabit 157 Legal Notice • Presence of KWS, KFS

no. 44 of 1932 • Gazetted integrated wildlife & forestry Management plan
• Elephant
6 Arabuko 416 Legal notice • Dual Gazettment (KFS/KWS/NMK/KEFRI)
Sokoke no. 44 of 1932 • 114Km Fence (requires rehabilitation)
and legal
notice no. 180
of 1979
7 Cherangani 956 • Tea plantation farming encroachment
• Illegal logging of indigenous tree species
8 Mau 2,733 • Elephants
• Encroachment & degradation
9 Eburu • 43.7Km fence maintained by KFS

Figure 4.2: Kenya Forest Reserves

4.1.4. Status of National Sanctuaries conservation education and rescue centers; or
due to historical reasons. Lake Simbi, Ondago
There are 5 National Sanctuaries in Kenya swamp and Maralal National sanctuaries fall
located in Nakuru, Samburu, Kisumu and under the County Government land. Maralal
Homa bay counties. They cover12.47km2 of town has encroached fully into the Maralal
the country. These sites were designated as Sanctuary. Table 4.4 gives the status of the
Sanctuaries for various reasons amongst them: Sanctuaries
spectacular views and abundant birdlife;
Table 4.4: Status of National wildlife Sanctuaries in 2015/2017

No Protected Area Legal Other Visitor statistics (2015- Status of Site Values
Area (Km2) Protectio 2017 average) Infrastructure
notice/ n Status (Remarks & threats)
Gazettement
1. Naivasha 6.47 None N/A Classes, hostels & Wildlife Training Institute
offices
2. Kisumu 0.34 Legal notice no. None 202,560 • Wildlife cages Impala Sanctuary
Impala 418 of 1992 • 3Km Fence
(2015/2016) Educational center with caged
wildlife species
292,075
Impala B –yet to be developed
(2016/2017)
3. Lake Simbi 0.42 Legal notice no. IBA N/A None • Lesser Flamingo
85 of 2000 • No revenue gates
4. Ondago 0.24 Legal notice no. IBA N/A None • Lesser Flamingo
swamp 85 of 2000 • No revenue gates
5. Maralal 5 None N/A Lodge • Fully encroached by Maralal

town
( closed) •
4.1.5. Status of Wildlife Conservancies different levels of development in both human

and infrastructure capital. They mostly operate
The WCMA, 2013 recognizes conservancies as as Community Based Organizations (CBOs),
a form of wildlife land use and according to Trusts or private companies. The Northern
the WCMA, 2013, any person or community Rangeland Trust (NRT) supports a large number
who own land on which wildlife inhabits may of conservancies especially community based
individually or collectively establish a wildlife ones. Other noticeable support comes from
conservancy or sanctuary in accordance with private companies, government institutions
the provisions of the WCMA, 2013.Since the (e.g. Agriculture Development Corporation
Regulations for the registration of conservancies (ADC), NEMA, NGOs (e.g. World Wildlife Fund
is as yet to be gazetted, all conservancies have (WWF), AWF, USAID, Nature Kenya) and County
been operating on an adhoc basis. Governments.
There are over 160 conservancies covering According to the Kenya Wildlife Conservancies
over 63,600Km2 representing 11% of the Association (KWCA)-an umbrella association
country’s area as indicated in Figure 4.3. Of for all conservancies – website, the first
these, 4 are Marine, 76 are community, 58 conservancies were established in the 1970s,
are private, and 26 are group while 60 are and have continued to grow in number
listed under World Database Protected Area and complexity.Currently they have 160
(WPDA). All these areas are crucial to the conservancies registered with them in 28
land owners and the local community around counties. Of these 110 are operational,
them as they derive their livelihoods from them 42 emerging and 8 proposed.Of these 76
as they continue to conserve the biological are on community land, 26 are formed by
resources therein. Some harbor critically grouping together private lands and 58 are on
endangered and/or endemic species with private individual land ownership. The largest
unique habitats.Depending on their resources community conservancy in the country is the
or sponsorship, the Conservancies are at Melako 5467Km2 followed by Malkahalaku

conservancy which covers 4800Km2and then by their various umbrella associations. NRT,
Lokichar 4540Km2. the KWCA and the Masai Mara Wildlife
ConservanciesAssociation are the three largest
These conservancies are host to 90% of the umbrella Conservancy associations in Kenya.
global population of Grevy’s Zebra and Hirola. The conservancies are grouped based on
They also support community livelihoods with areas of region thus; Amboseli ecosystem, Athi
over 707,460 households -1,809 non uniformed Kapiti, Laikipia, Lamu, Masai Mara, Rift Lakes,
staff, 2,991 rangers and 206 staff employed by Southern rangeland, Northern rangelands,
regional association. Ksh257m was invested Taita Taveta, Tsavo, Western and North Eastern.
in community developments by NRT in their The associations deal with the governance,
operational areas in 2015. Ksh71m was invested laws, policies and regulations affecting the
in community development within the Mara member conservancies. Table 4.5 and 4.6 gives
region in 2015-2016. the status of Conservancies in Kenya.
The conservancies have administrative and
management structures which are defined
Figure 4.3: Wildlife

Conservancies in
Kenya

Table 4.5 Status of Community Conservancies 2015/2017
# Conservancy Year Area Scouts No. Regional County Values

Established. Trained Association/Man
(Ha) (No) agement (Remarks & Threats)
1. Cheborbwa 688 0 0 Western Wildlife

Conservancy Conservancies
Association
2. Ngenyin 2001 49 1 1 Rift Lakes Baringo •
Community Conservancies
Conservation Association
Area
3. Ruko 2007 17,897 16 10 Rift Lakes Baringo • Sanctuary for Rothschild giraffe
Conservancies introduced in 2011
Association
4. Kiborgoch 2015 51 0 0 Rift Lakes Baringo •
Wildlife & Association
Wetland
Conservancy
5. Kabarion 2011 25,000 15 0 Rift Lakes Baringo •
Association
6. Irong 2010 400 0 0 Rift Lakes Baringo •
Conservancy Association
7. Kosetei Wildlife 2016 21,000 18 8 Western Wildlife Baringo
Association
8. Kibargoi wildlife 2016 4,000 4 0 Western Wildlife Elgeiyo
Conservancy Conservancies Marakwet
Association
9. Kapkurumoi Western Wildlife Elgeiyo
Cultural & Conservancies Marakwet
Conservation Association
10. Gwasi Hills 2009 4,835 0 0 Western Wildlife Homa Bay • Birds & Snakes
Conservancies
Association
11. Oldonyiro 2016 55338 60 Northern Isiolo • Land ownership unresolved since the
Rangeland Trust conservancy is where the livestock
holding grounds under GoK
• Mpus Kutuk conservancy is now part
of oldonyiro
• It is an elephant corridor
• Habitat for Grevy Zebra
• Traversed by the 400MW Ethiopia –
Kenya power line.
12. Leparua 2014 32,835 16 Northern Isiolo • Elephant corridor linking ilngwesi,
Community Rangeland Trust Lekurruki, Nasuulu and Mpus Kutuk
Conservancy (Oldonyiro)
• Elephant and Grevy Zebra
• It is home to the last remaining
population of Elands in Northern
Kenya
13. Nakuprat-Gotu 2013 71,254 28 Northern Isiolo • Borders Shaba National Reserves
Community Rangeland Trust • Has one of the largest Beisa Oryx
Conservancy Ltd population
• Mainly it’s a wildlife corridor between
reserves and conservancies
• 1 tented campsite
14. Nasuulu 2010 34,601 26 Northern Isiolo • Buffer to Shaba National Reserves
Community Rangeland Trust • Faced with constant inter-tribal
Conservancy conflict and cattle rustling among the
four pastor-nomadic tribes
• Has Grevy Zebra
15. Biliqo-Bulesa 2007 378,520 36 Northern Isiolo • Giraffe, Leopard, lion
Rangeland Trust • Important Elephant corridor
between Sera conservancy and
Samburu National Reserves, buffalo
Springs and Shaba
• Is developing a “ sustainable land use
plan”

16. Masai 2002 4800 103 44 Amboseli/Tsavo Kajiado • Has an Eco-lodge (kambi ya kanzi)
Wilderness Ecosystem Trust • It’s an Elephant migration corridor
Conservation between Amboseli and Tsavo
National Parks
Trust(Kanzi)
• Operates the Wildlife Pay policy
which financially compensates
herders who lose their livestock to
predators
• Donor funded operations
17. Kitirua 1986 30000 10 4 Amboseli Kajiado • It’s an Elephant migration corridor
(established acres Ecosystem Trust between Amboseli and Tanzania
) • Tortillas Camp is the 1st lodge to
operate 100% on solar and lodgers
pay a conservation fee and scout
training levy
• The area still experiments on
“elephant Enclosures” to rejuvenate
woodland
18. Sidai Oleng 2014 2428.2 34 34 Amboseli Kajiado • It is situated at the base of Mt.
Wildlife Ecosystem Trust Kilimanjaro
Sanctuary • It’s an Elephant migration corridor
between Amboseli and Tanzania
(kimana)
•
19. Kilitome (Tawi) 2009 2400 6 6 Amboseli Kajiado •
Ecosystem Trust
20. Olerai Wildlife 2006 3561 10 10 Athi-Kapiti Kajiado •

Community Wildlife
Association
21. Enkusero Sampu 2013 2,428 2 Southern Kajiado •

Rangeland
Association of
Land Owners
22. Golini 2014 2,630 6 0 Taita Taveta Kwale • Established by community as an
Mwaluganje Wildlife Elephant sanctuary
Conservancies • 1 lodge
Association
23. Ol-Lentile Trust 2005 10000 33 21 Laikipia Wildlife Laikipia • Located in community owned Kijabe
Forum group ranch
• Lion, Wild dog, Grevys zebra,
Leopard, Stripped & Spotted Hyaena,
Greater Kudu, Elephant
• 1 lodge fully powered by Solar
• Have a conservancy management
plan
24. Sossian 1999 9452 50 0 Laikipia Wildlife Laikipia • 1 lodge
Samburumburu Forum • Lion, leopard, Cheetah, Wild dog,
Elephant, Hippo, Grevy zebra, Giraffe
• Over 300 species of birds
• 30 Reptile species
• Over 70 Mammal species
• Ewaso-Narok river passes through
25. Laikipia Nature 2002 36500 45 20 Laikipia Wildlife Laikipia • Managed from its worldwide office in
Conservancy(Ol Forum Arlington, Virginia USA
Ari Nyiro) • Illegal grazing a major threat
• Has 62 manmade lakes, the
permanent Mukutan River
• Besides elephants has giraffes, lions,
leopards and cheetah
• Has over 400 bird species (85that are
either Vulnerable or endangered)
26. Il Ngwesi group 1996 9,433 17 Northern Laikipia • Has a Award winning Eco-lodge
ranch Rangeland Trust • Provides the largest number of cattle
to the NRT livestock Programme
27. Lekurruki 1999 15,872 38 Northern Laikipia • Has elephants and reticulated
Conservation Ltd Rangeland Trust giraffes
• Part of Mukogodo forest is found and
has 210 different species of birds
• Has 1 lodge
28. Naibunga 2004 47,105 26 Northern Laikipia • Has 3 lodges and 1 cottage
Conservancy Rangeland Trust • Has elephants, Cheetah, lions and
Trust grevy Zebra
29. Ngare Ndare 2000 5,511 24 (14 Northern Laikipia, • Land gazetted under KFS (it is a forest
trained at Rangeland Trust Meru reserve)
FTS- • Elephant corridor linking Lewa and
Mt. kenya
manyani)
• Has red Cedar trees

30. Awer 2013 157,540 15 6 Northern Lamu • Located in the Lamu archipelago
Community Rangeland Trust between the Dodori and Boni Forest
Conservancy Coast
31. Hanshak 2013 32,000 11 6 Northern Lamu • The Ox-bow and Bird rich Lake Moa
Nyongoro Rangeland Trust is found in this conservancy
Conservancy Coast • Is within the Ramsar site of the Tana
Delta
32. Kiunga Marine 2013 23,936 18 15 Northern Lamu • This is a community group that
Community Rangeland Trust partners with kiunga Marine Park
Conservancy Coast especially in the conservation of
turtles, birds and mangroves
33. Pate Island 2013 27,831 10 6 Northern Lamu • This is a community group and not
Conservation Rangeland Trust a conservancy
Group Coast
34. Chachabole 2013 Mandera
Community
Environment &
Wildlife
Conservation
Group
35. Songa 2011 103,868 14 0 Northern Marsabit • A relatively new conservancy and
Community Rangeland Trust presently is in the process of setting
Conservancy up infrastructure- a HQ, Roads and
tourism facilities
• It borders Marsabit National Park
• Has greater Kudu, Elephant, gravy
Zebra, Giraffe, lion
36. Jaldesa 2012 52,079 14 12 Northern Marsabit • Main listed species include elephant,
Community Rangeland Trust gravy zebra, giraffe, leopard
Conservancy • Intensified farming and increase in
livestock numbers along the riverine is
a threat to the existence of wildlife
• Since the conservancy is still relatively
new it is more inclined presently in
infrastructure development
37. Shurr 2013 417,098 14 Northern Marsabit • Listed species include elephants,
Rangeland Trust giraffe, grevy zebra,
• Wildlife poaching remains the
biggest threat
• Since the conservancy is still
relatively new it is more inclined
presently in infrastructure
development
38. Melako 2004 549,125 38 Northern Marsabit • Has over 200 Grevy Zebra
Rangeland Trust • High levels of poaching
• The conservancy is next to Ethiopia
and Somalia
39. Kigio Wildlife 2007 1,400 12 2 Rift Lakes Nakuru • 34 rosthchild giraffe
Association
40. Hippo-point 2003 200 9 2 Rift Lakes Nakuru • Masai giraffe
Naivasha Conservancies
41. Lentolia Farm 2004 44 2 0 Rift Lakes Nakuru • Python, Masai giraffe
Conservancies
Association
42. Mundui Estate 405 12 8 Rift Lakes Nakuru • Located on the shores of Lake
Conservancies Oloiden
Association • Has hippos, giraffe and most of the
400 bird species of lake Naivasha can
be viewed here
43. Kongoni 2000 356 10 7 Rift Lakes Nakuru • Hyaena, leopard, spring hare among
Conservancy Conservancies others are represented here
Association • Has I lodge and 2 cottages
44. Sanctuary Farm 1979 160 2 0 Rift Lakes Nakuru •
Conservancies
Association
45. Soysambu 2008 19,200 64 5 Rift Lakes Nakuru •
Association
46. Loldia 2002 2,000 0 0 Rift Lakes Nakuru •
Association

47. Crater Lake 1995 4,047 9 9 Rift Lakes Nakuru •
Game Sanctuary Conservancies
Association
48. Oserengoni 7,000 24 24 Rift Lakes Nakuru •
Conservancies
Association
49. Kibirong 2015 267 17 5 Western Wildlife Nandi
Conservancies
Association
50. Mara North 2008 27,788 41 Masai Mara Narok • 1 lodge and 9 tented campsites
Conservancy Wildlife
Conservancies
Association
51. Lemek 2009 7,397 18 2 Masai Mara Narok • 2 lodges and 3 tented campsites
Conservancies
Association
52. Olare Orok 2005 8,000 22 Masai Mara Narok •

conservancy Wildlife
Conservancies
Association
53. Olchorro Oirowa 1992 6,472 12 Masai Mara Narok • 4 tented campsites
Conservancies
Association
54. Olarro 2009 7,497 8 Masai Mara Narok • 1 tented campsite

Conservancies
Association
55. Ol kinyei 2005 7,544 20 Masai Mara Narok •
conservancy Wildlife
Conservancies
Association
56. Enonkishu 2011 2,399 13 Masai Mara Narok • 2 tented campsites

Conservancies
Association
57. Oloisutuk 2011 20,225 13 Masai Mara Narok •

Conservancies
Association
58. Motorogi 2006 4,160 11 Masai Mara Narok • 5 tented campsites

Conservancies
Association
59. Siana 11,595 8 Masai Mara Narok • 4 tented campsites

Conservancies
Association
60. Olderkesi Wildlife 2011 3,079 15 Masai Mara Narok • 1 tented campsite
Trust Conservancies
Association
61. Pardamat 25,989 16 Masai Mara Narok •

Conservation Wildlife
Area Conservancies
Association
62. Nashulai Maasai Narok • Is a critical migratory corridor and

Conservancy Landowners Elephant nursery
•

63. Nkoteiya 2011 17000 25 Northern Samburu •
Rangeland Trust
64. Kalama 2002 49,674 30 Northern Samburu • Located in Gir Gir group ranch
Community Rangeland Trust • Listed species include the lesser kudu,
Wildlife elephant, grevy Zebra, reticulated
giraffe, wild dog and cheetah
Conservancy
• 1 lodge and campsites
65. Ltungai 2007 19,308 23 Northern Samburu • Found in the Longewan and lolmolog
Community Rangeland Trust group ranch
Conservancy • Has Grevy Zebra, elephant, lion and
cheetah among the listed species
• One of the areas where greater Kudu
is common
66. Meibae 2013 101,648 27 Northern Samburu • Traversed by the 400MW Ethiopia –
Community Rangeland Trust Kenya power line.
Conservancy
67. Westgate 2005 36,253 40 Northern Samburu • In Ngutuk Ongiron group Ranch
Community Rangeland Trust • Has listed species- Grevy Zebra,
Conservancy Elephant, Lesser Kudu,
• Ewaso Lions Community group has its
footing here and is involved in Lion
conservation
• Has an 18 bed tented camp and one
camp site
68. Namunyak 1995 288,228 85 Northern Samburu • Conservancy surrounded by the
Rangeland Trust Mathews Ranges
• Has Elephants, Leopards, Reticulated
giraffes, Wild dog, greater Kudu and
the rare De Brazza colobus Monkey
• It’s part of the elephant corridor to
Mt. kenya
• Has the IUCN listed powsyll an
endemic sub species of
cycadencephalartos tegulaneus
(Mathew cycad)
• Due to its large size it is divided into
three management units each
independent and with an HQ but
under an Umbrella Board and
manager
• Has two tented camp sites
• Traversed by the 400MW Ethiopia –
Kenya power line.
69. Sera Community 2012 339,336 93 33 Northern Samburu, • Black Rhino Sanctuary- 20 trans-
Conservancy rangers Rangeland Trust Marsabit, located in 2015
and Isiolo, • Listed species include African Wild
Dog, Elephant, giraffe and Grevy
another
Zebra
12
• 1 luxury banda and a camp site
trained
by
British
Army
70. Lumo Wildlife 2001 45,788 14 12 Taita Taveta Taita Taveta •

Conservation Wildlife
Trust Conservancies
Association
71. Taita Ranch 1964 38,040 0 0 Taita Taveta Taita Taveta • Listed Species Elephant, Hyaena,
Wildlife Cheetah
Conservancies
Association
72. Oza group ranch 11,200 0 0 Taita Taveta Taita Taveta •
Wildlife
Conservancies
Association
73. Wangala Ranch 2,000 5 0 Taita Taveta Taita Taveta •
Wildlife
Conservancies
Association
74. Rukinga 1997 34,398 85 Taita Taveta Taita Taveta •
Wildlife
Conservancies
Association
75. Kasigau 1980 20,800 5 0 Taita Taveta Taita Taveta •
Ranching Wildlife
Company ltd Conservancies
Association
76. Mkuki Ranch 1975 2,427 0 0 Taita Taveta Taita Taveta •
Wildlife
Conservancies NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 105
Association
77. Amaka Ranch 2007 5,988 5 0 Taita Taveta Taita Taveta •
Wildlife
Conservancies
Conservancies
Association
75. Kasigau 1980 20,800 5 0 Taita Taveta Taita Taveta •
Ranching Wildlife
Association
76. Mkuki Ranch 1975 2,427 0 0 Taita Taveta Taita Taveta •
Wildlife
Conservancies
Association
77. Amaka Ranch 2007 5,988 5 0 Taita Taveta Taita Taveta •
Wildlife
Conservancies
Association
78. Maungu 21,619 0 0 Taita Taveta Taita Taveta •
Ranching Wildlife
Company ltd. Conservancies
Association
79. Wushumbu 19,468 0 0 Taita Taveta Taita Taveta •
Ranch Wildlife
Conservancies
Association
80. Dawida 4,000 0 0 Taita Taveta Taita Taveta •
Ranching Wildlife
company ltd Conservancies
Association
81. Kambanga 2001 13,600 5 0 Taita Taveta Taita Taveta • Listed species Elephant, Leopard,
Ranching Wildlife cheetah, Hyaena
Association
82. Mgeno 21,200 5 0 Taita Taveta Taita Taveta • Listed species Elephant, giraffe, Lesser
Ranching Wildlife Kudu, Lion, Stripped Hyaena,
Company ltd Conservancies Cheetah
Association
83. Bura Ranch 1977 15,355 0 0 Taita Taveta Taita Taveta • Listed species Lion, Cheetah,
Wildlife Elephant
Conservancies • Snakes & variety of bird species
Association
84. Mramba Ranch 1995 11,874 10 4 Taita Taveta Taita Taveta
Wildlife
Conservancies
Association
85. Kamungi 2015 2,800 12 0 Tsavo Taita Taveta
Conservancy Conservation
Group
86. Ndera 2010 116,261 10 10 Northern Tana river • Falls within the designated Ramsar
Community Rangeland Trust site and borders Ishaq Bin
Conservancy Coast • The critically endangered Tana
mangabey and the Red Colobus are
found here
• Over 200 bird species have been
recorded
• It’s a critical ecosystem without a
management plan
87. Ishaqbini 2007 68,174 37 Northern Tana River • The only established Hirola sanctuary
Rangeland Trust in the country
Coast • Has a predator free fence
88. Galana Wildlife 2009 24,000 4 0 Tsavo Tana River
Conservancy Conservation
Group
89. Malkahalaku 480,000 12 0 Tsavo Tana River
Conservation
Group
90. Lower Tana 2004 50,000 12 6 Northern Tarasaa and • Falls within the designated Ramsar
Delta Rangeland Trust Kipini sub site
Conservation Coast county • The critically endangered Tana
mangabey and the Red Colobus are
trust
found here
• Has a mangrove forest
• It’s a critical ecosystem without a
management plan
• Lodge charges guests conservation
fee whichis forwarded to the
Management (Trust)
• 1 community lodge and bandas
91. Kitale Nature 2010 120 Western Wildlife Trans Nzoia • Sitatunga
Association
92. Kainuk 2015 19 Northern Turkana •
Rangeland Trust
North Rift
93. Lokichar 2014 30 Northern Turkana •
PAGE 106 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Rangeland Trust
North Rift
94. Katilu 2015 20 Northern Turkana •
Rangeland Trust
North Rift
91. Kitale Nature 2010 120 Western Wildlife Trans Nzoia • Sitatunga
Association
92. Kainuk 2015 19 Northern Turkana •
Rangeland Trust
North Rift
93. Lokichar 2014 30 Northern Turkana •
Rangeland Trust
North Rift
94. Katilu 2015 20 Northern Turkana •
Rangeland Trust
North Rift
95. Lochakula 2015 18 Northern Turkana •
Rangeland Trust
North Rift
96. Kaimosi Mission 2011 80 5 1 Western Wildlife Vihiga
Wildlife Conservancies
97. Masol 2015 300,000 16 Northern West Pokot • bandas
Rangeland Trust
North Rift
98. Pellow 2015 500,000 17 Northern West Pokot •
Rangeland Trust
North Rift

These are conservancies set up on land on or corporate body for the purpose of wildlife
leasehold or freehold by a private individual conservation.
Table 4.6 Status of private conservancies 2015/2017
No Name Location Area Year Management and Infrastructure Remarks

(Km2) Established Management Plan
1. Lewa Wildlife Meru 250 1995 • Lewa Wildlife • 1 Airstrip • Has the big five and is a Black Rhino
conservancy Conservancy • 1 lodge sanctuary
(Lewa downs) • It is the HQ of • 4 tented • 12% of Kenya’s Grevy Zebra
population
NRT camps
• More than 400 bird species
2. Ol Jogi Laikipia 270 1965 • Has the big five and the African (is a
black Rhino sanctuary) Wild Dog is
a common site
• Has over 400 Grevy Zebra and
reticulated Giraffe and three
species of primates
• In 2016 opened a wildlife corridor to
neighboring conservancies
• Has a wildlife rescue centre
• Use of modern technology in wildlife
surveillance
3. Ol Pejeta Laikipia 360 2005 • By 2016 300 bird species had been
recorded
• Is a Chimpanzee sanctuary (at
sweet waters
• Has the largest black and white
Rhino sanctuary in the country and
the home to remaining Northern
White Rhino (moved here from the
Dvur Kralove Zoo in the Czech
republic)
• Has Grevy Zebra and also the
African Wild Dog
4. Sangare Laikipia 2428 2010 Family 1 tented camp • Situated between Mt. Kenya and
Conservancy management the Aberdares
• Trout fishing is a major attraction
• It is thus a major Elephant corridor
and has over 60 animal species
• The Saline Sangare Dam is a Bird
Paradise
• The Fresh water springs and marshes
are important wildlife watering
points
• Has over 300 bird species
• It also keeps livestock
5. Solio Nyeri 190 1970 Private Fully fenced • Black Rhino Sanctuary
1 lodge • Land ownership dispute still in court
6. Borana Laikipia 48.5 1992 Private 1 lodge • Is a black rhino sanctuary since 2103
• Fence between it and Lewa was
brought down to create a wildlife
corridor
• Has more than 50 indigenous tree
families
• 300 bird species
7. Mara Narok 200 Base camp have a NWCS
6 tented REPORT
• Houses2015-2017 school107
koiyaki GuidingPAGE
Naboisho 15yr management campsites • Mara naboisho lion project is housed
lease here
8. Kipwa Machakos 121 • 1 eco-lodge •
(Ha)
• The Fresh water springs and marshes
are important wildlife watering
points
• Has over 300 bird species
• It also keeps livestock
5. Solio Nyeri 190 1970 Private Fully fenced • Black Rhino Sanctuary
1 lodge • Land ownership dispute still in court
6. Borana Laikipia 48.5 1992 Private 1 lodge • Is a black rhino sanctuary since 2103
• Fence between it and Lewa was
brought down to create a wildlife
corridor
• Has more than 50 indigenous tree
families
• 300 bird species
7. Mara Narok 200 Base camp have a 6 tented • Houses koiyaki Guiding school
Naboisho 15yr management campsites • Mara naboisho lion project is housed
lease here
8. Kipwa Machakos 121 • 1 eco-lodge •
(Ha)
9. Olerai Nakuru •
sanctuary
10. Kwa kyelu Machakos 1500 •
Sanctuary
11. Wileli House Nakuru Cottages • On Moi south lake road and
(naivasha) adjacent to L. Naivasha
• Giraffes & Hippo
• Variety of water birds
12. Cheploch Baringo/ •
nature Trails Elgeyo
13. Silole Kajiado/ 400 Under Nairobi 1 Lodge • Divided from Nairobi N.P by
Nairobi acres National Park Mbagathi river
management plan • Lease programme for Nairobi
National Park until 2015
14. Crater lake Nakuru 15Ha •
tented Camp (Naivasha)
and Game
sanctuary
15. Kongoni Nakuru 405 Ha 2000 Community •
Wildlife
16. Hippo Point Nakuru 2011 1 lodge at • Stretches both on lakes Naivasha
Wildlife hippo point and Oloiden
Conservancy • Hippo, Giraffe & birds
17. Lentolia Farm Nakuru 2004 •
18. Sanctuary Nakuru •
Farm (L. Naivasha)
19. Oserengoni •
Wildlife
Sanctuary
20. Mundui Estate Nakuru 2011 1 Lodge • Located on Lake Oloiden
• Listed species Giraffe, Hippo,
Leopard
• Birds
21. Soysambu Nakuru 480 2008 • Over 450 bird species (28% of world’s
Lesser flamingo)
• Over 50 mammal species(10% of
world’s Rothschild Giraffe)
• Migratory corridor between L.
Elementaita &L. Naivasha
22. Kigio Wildlife Nakuru 14Km2 Has a lodge • Has a breeding population of
and a tented rothschild giraffe
camp • Has over250 bird species and has
one of the largest population of the
grey crested helmetshrkes
23.
24. Marula Estates
Green Park Nakuru ••
25. Kedong Nakuru 303Km2 1974 1 lodge • Heavy encroached by livestock

Ranch
26. Ziwani Island •
27. Yala Swamp Dominion •
28. Mugie Laikipia 200 1 Camp& Guest •
house
29. Lisa Ranch Kajiado 2428 • Cheetah, Giraffe, Lesser Kudu, Lion


4.1.6. Conservation Education The Nairobi Orphanage and Nairobi Safari
Walk are two educational facilities run by KWS
Facilities in Nairobi.A similar facility, the Kisumu Impala
The country has several wildlife conservation Sanctuary is based in Kisumu. A total of 717,223
education facilities which are either private visitors, mainly students visited these three
or public. Among the key private ones are facilities. Of these 48% visited Nairobi Animal
Lafarge (Haller) Park at Bamburi in Mombasa, Orphanage, 21% Nairobi Safari Walk and 31%
Mt. Kenya Education Center (William Holden) visited Kisumu Impala Sanctuary.Table 4.7
in Nanyuki, Giraffe Center in Nairobi, Blue Post gives the Conservation Education Programmes
Orphanage in Thika and Poa Place in Eldoret. undertaken 2015-2017
Table 4.7 Status of Conservation Education Programmes 2015-2017

Activity 2015/16 2016/17 Remarks
Out-reach programs 160 67 Targeted learning institutions and organized community

groups. Different wildlife conservation issues tackled
through lecture/talks and video shows
Stakeholders Not undertaken during this period
workshop
In house programs 355 Learning institutions and organized community groups
visiting the education facilities. Different wildlife
conservation issues tackled through lecture/talks and
video shows
International 2 3 Took part in the planning and execution of world wildlife
biodiversity day day and world environment day celebrations
celebrations respectively.
Media programs 12 6 programs filmed and aired in collaboration with k24(
Just Kids Program)
Wildlife conservation 1 A total 25 learning institutions participated in this
essay competition activity. Best students were awarded with different
and awards prizes
Conservation None undertaken
exhibitions
Road shows 2 Done at Narok and Nanyuki towns respectively
Conservation 4 7 creating awareness to the general public
exhibitions
Essay competitions Awards to winners to be done in 2017/18
and awards
Agricultural Society of 2 7 The department represented the organization.
Kenya (ASK) shows


4.2. Status of Marine Parks and Reserves and Ramsar sites
4.2.1. Marine National Parks Kisite-Mpunguti Marine Protected Area
Management Plan 2015-2025 was finalized and
There are 4 Marine National Parks distributed in gazetted through gazette notice no. 1896 of
Kilifi, Kwale and Mombasa Counties. These are March 2016.
Kisite, Mombasa, Watamu and Malindi Marine
National Parks. They cover a total gazetted Malindi and Watamu were grouped together
area of 54km2with Mpunguti Marine Park being and both are internationally recognized by
the largest while Malindi is the smallest. UNESCO as Man and Biosphere Reserves. Table
4.8 gives the status of Marine Parks in Kenya
Table 4.8: Status of Marine Parks

No Park Area Legal Other Visitor Values
(Km2) Protection statistics
notice/ Status (2015-2017 (Remarks& Threats)
Gazettement average)
1 Malindi 6 Legal notice UNESCO 26,540 • More than 600 fish species,145 types
no. 98 of Man & (2015/16) of hard coral, 12 species of
1968 Biosphere 31,555 echinoids,135 types of gastropods &
200 species of benthic cover algae
reserve, (2016/17)
• Billionaires club beach wall erected
1978
on turtle nesting site
• Listed breeding turtle species Hawks
bill, green olive ridley & loggerhead
2 Mombasa 26.093 None 25,906 • Encroachment on KWS Office/
(2015/16) residential land
29,565 • No Management plan
• Listed species shark, Rays,
(2016/17)
leatherback turtle, hawksbill turtle &
green turtle
3 Kisite 28 Legal notice IBA 30,088 • Management plan 2015-2025
No. 216 of (2015/16) gazetted
1978 38,328 • No Compliance report for 2016&
2017
(2016/17)
• 45 species of corals and 350 types
of fish species, turtles , humpback
whale
4 Watamu 10 Legal notice UNESCO 29,707 • Hemingway beach wall on turtle
no. 98 of Mann & (2015/16) nesting sites
1968 Biosphere 40,266 • Over 500 fish species
• Listed species Whale Shark, Rays,
reserve, (2016/17)
Green turtle, Hawksbill turtle,
1978
Leatherback turtle and Olive Ridley


Fig 4.4 Marine Parks & Reserves

4.2.2. Marine National Reserves
There are 6 marine national reserves in the have their management plans development at
counties of Lamu, Kilifi, Mombasa and Kwale various stages. Kisite-Mpunguti Management
with a total acreage of 871km2. These Marine Plan was gazetted in 2016.
Reserves are appendages of the National
Presently the Reserves are facing various
Marine Parks except Diani Chale and Kiunga.
pressures including illegal fishing by trawlers,
Kiunga Marine National Reserve is the largest,
pollution especially by solid waste, dynamite
followed by Mombasa Marine National
fishing, climate change and invasive species
Reserve while Mpunguti is the smallest. Malindi
which are undermining the health status of the
and Watamu are internationally recognized by
Reserves.Some of these threats are highlighted
UNESCO as Man & Biosphere Reserve (1978).
specifically in chapter 3. Table 4.9 summarizes
Only Diani Chale Marine National Reserve is as the status of the Marine Reserves during the
yet to develop a management plan, the rest reporting period
Table 4.9: Status of Marine Reserves in 2015/2017

No Protected Area Legal notice/ Recognition Visitor Remarks
Area statistics
(Km2) Gazettement (local/ (2015-
2017)
international)
1 Malindi 213 Legal notice UNESCO Mann Same to • Beach wall being constructed
no. 99 of 1968 & Biosphere Malindi MP by the Billionaires club on a
Reserve, 1978 turtle nesting site
• Management plan in
preparation process
2 Watamu 32 Legal notice UNESCO Mann Same to • Turtle nesting sites being
no. 98 of 1968 & Biosphere Watamu fenced off by emerging
Reserve, 1978 MP beach walls
• Management plan in
preparation process
• Green turtle,
3 Mombasa 200 1988 Same to • Solid waste disposal from the
Mombasa city is a growing threat
MP • No Management plan
4 Mpunguti 11 Legal notice Same to • Same as Kisite MP

No. 216 of Kisite MP
1978
5 Kiunga 250 1979 47 • Dugong sighted in 2017
(2015/16) Kiwayu/Kiunga, Olive ridley &
180 leather back turtles
(2016/17)
6 Diani 165 1995 Not • Dugong sighted in 2017 at
Chale managed Funzi Island

4.2.3. Kenya’s Ramsar sites
The Convention on wetlands came into effect at least one out of the nine set conditions.
in Kenya on 5th of October 1990. Presently First, it must contain rare or unique wetland
Kenya has six designated Ramsar sites that type. The other eight conditions cover sites of
cover an area of 2654Km2. For an area to be international importance for conserving and
designated as a Ramsar sites it must fulfill sustaining biological diversity. Table 4.10 gives
the status of the six Ramsar sites in Kenya
Table 4.10 Status of Ramsar Sites in Kenya

NO Ramsar Year of Protection Reason For designation Remarks
Site Designation Status
1 Tana River 07/09/2012 • IBA • Due to its unique habitat • Ramsar site 2082
Delta • African caused by confluence of • Water abstraction
Eurasian saline and fresh water it hosts and land
a variety of species that
Water Bird reclamation pose
include shrimps, prawns,
Agreement the greatest
bivalves and fish
(AEWA) • Five listed species of turtles danger to this very
• Is not a are found here fragile ecotone
gazetted • The critically listed Tana River • The migratory and
conservatio Mangabey and the Tana resident water birds
n area River Red Colobus are also are dependent on
found here. The White-
the seasonally
Collared monkey is also
found here flooded grasslands
• Over 600 plant species borassus palm
including the endangered savannahs that
cynometra lukei and cover some
gonatopus marattioides are 70,000Ha of the
found here Tana Delta
• It is a critical feeding and
wintering ground for several
migratory birds such as the
Waders, gulls and terns.
2 Lake 05/06/1990 • National • Has several listed • Ramsar site 476
Nakuru Park endangered bird species • Site is 188Km2
• Is also a including the South African • fencing is a major
UNESCO Darter, great Egret, Grey hindrance to
WHS crested shrike, lesser Kestrel wildlife migration
and the Madagascar pond • The lake is under
heron massive pressure
• It is also a Black Rhino from invasive
sanctuary species
3 Lake 10/4/1995 • IBA • The lake holds 1% of the • Ramsar site 724
Naivasha • Is not a worlds red-knobbed coot • Pollution from
gazetted (fulica cristata ) agrochemical from
conservatio • Has over 350 bird species horticulture farms
n area both residents and migratory
4 Lake 27/08/2001 • Is also a • T6he lake holds over 90% of • Ramsar Site No
Bogoria UNESCO Kenya’s Black-necked grebe 1097
WHS and cape Teal • The site is 107Km2
• Is a • One of the remaining places
National where one can easily see the
Reserve threatened greater Kudu

5 Lake • IBA • Has an Endemic fish species- • Ramsar site No 1159
Baringo • Is not a oreochromis niloticus • The site is 314Km2
gazetted baringoensis • Deforestation and
conservatio • Is a feeding and refuge for water diversion for
n area over 500 local and migratory irrigation is a major
bird species some of which threat to the site
are of regional or global • The invasive Pistia
conservation significance. (Nile cabbage) is a
Over 20000 birds are reported new threat
6 Lake 05/09/2005 • Is also a • On average over 600000 • Ramsar site No 1498
Elmemtaita UNESCO individual water birds • Site is 108Km2
WHS comprising over 450 species
(residents and migrants) are
present of which about 80
are waterfowls
• Naturally is a feeding site for
over 1million (about 28% of
the global population) Lesser
flamingo which is designated
as near Threatened

4.3. Paper (Non-Functional) Parks and Reserves
A ‘Paper Park’ is defined as a legally established Apart from Ngai Ndethya National Reserve
protected area where experts state that and the 6km2 Arabuko Sokoke National Park
current protection activities are insufficient which in their true sense are now Paper Park,
to halt degradation.” It is an internationally many of the Reserves seem to be heading
recognized term which implies that they have towards similardirection. These include Losai,
absence of management, or are “benign/ Rahole, Arawale and South Kitui South Kitui is
neglected” and only exist on maps and in presently the Reserve with the highest number
legislation but offer little real protection for of charcoal kilns while Losai has several villages
wildlife species and their habitats. These areas established inside it. Malka Mari is slowly being
represent failure of efforts to protect resources settled while its wildlife is being threatened by
and ecosystems. livestock incursion.
4.4. Declaration of Protected Areas

10,320-14,000Km2this is an area equivalent
to Tsavo East National Park, sparsely
Section 31 (1) of WCMA, 2013 deals populated, rich in wildlife species and
withdeclaration of a protected area, thus would provide a suitable wildlife
subsection (e) gives the Cabinet Secretary land. Wildlife conservation would have to
the legal framework on how to publish, be integrated with the 5 local nomadic
after consultation, a wildlife rich area as a communities.
protected area(Park, Reserve, Sanctuary or
Conservancy). The areas that look promising in c. Lotikipi Plains (Turkana County). This massive
this regard include the following; savannah grassland in the extreme North
West of the country which is dissected by
a. Gurar (Wajir County). The area is known to the seasonal Tarach River has a healthy
have a variety of wildlife species. Though population of Oryx antelopes and gazelles.
no biodiversity inventory has been carried No biodiversity assessment has been
out, the area is known to have a variety of carried out.
herbivores, birds and carnivores. The species
of wildlife include ostrich, hyaenas,lion, d. Suguta Valley. Lake Logipi (18Km2), a
giraffe and a variety of birds seasonal saline lake which lies north of the
Suguta valley is a flamingo haven. The lakes
b. Ilemi triangle. The area measures between

shore line has several saline hot springs. The per square kilometer. Presently the area
changing color of the lake is due to the is coming under pressure of irrigation
algae concentration. agriculture.
e. Forole (North Horr). Is found in Marsabit g. Lakes, Dams, Swamps, River
County between Turbi to the east and Systems. Kenya’s major rivers (Tana,
Maikona to the NorthWest. Wildlife found Athi,Nzoia,Ewaso Ngiro,Yala,Mara, Kuja),
in this area include Oryx, Somali Ostrich, swamps(Yala and Lorian), lakes(Ol
grants gazelle bollosat,Magadi,Victoria,Kenyatta,
Challaand Naivasha)and dams(Masinga
f. Omo Delta. This is a designated Important and Turkwel) harbor various water
Bird Area. Lake Turkana has over 350 dependent animal species including local
recorded bird species and perhaps the and migratory bird species.
highest concentration of Nile crocodile
4.5. Status of Wildlife Corridors and Dispersal Areas

• Tsavo East to Arabuko Sokoke Forest
Reserve through Galana-Kulalu ranches
Kenya has several wildlife corridors with the
major ones being the Amboseli-Kilimanjaro • Tsavo East to Mwaluganje & Shimba Hills
and Mt. Kenya-Lewa downs-Samburu-Meru through community ranches
elephant corridors. The latter is a world heritage
site .Other wildlife corridors include; • Tsavo West to Amboseli through Kuku ranch
• The corridors connecting Nairobi • In the southern rift ecosystem, the area
National Park with Athi Kaputei (wildebeest around Lake Magadi and Natron in
migratory corridor & dry season wildlife dispersal Tanzania, Nguruman ranges with Ewaso
area) Ngiro River being the only permanent
source of water(Elephant corridor)
• MasaiMara Serengeti wildebeest migratory
corridor.(It includes wildlife dispersal areas • The elephant corridor connecting
especially in the ranches & conservancies) Aberdares and Mt. Kenya through Sangare
/Solio ranch and Kabiroini forest reserve
• The Tsavo National Park Elephant dispersal
areas: • The corridor connecting L. Nakuru National
Park, with Hells Gate National Park through
»» Chyulu National Park, South Kitui Elementaita wildlife sanctuary and
National Reserve, Kibwezi forest Naivasha wildlife conservancies(zebra)
reserve, adjacent group ranches which
constitute Tsavo ecosystem. • Elephant corridor between Kamnarok
National Reserves, South Turkana to Nasolot
»» Of particular importance are the four National Reservesalong the Kerio River.
key corridors that sustain the ecological
integrity of the ecosystem Table 4.11 gives the status of the wildlife
corridors in Kenya
• Tsavo East to Mkomazi in Tanzania through
Kasigau forest and the community ranches

Table 4.11: Status of Wildlife Corridors 2015-2017
No Corridor Connectivity Area Identified mapped Gazetment Status
Km2
1 Mt. Kenya- Mainly for done done Not yet • KDF in the process of
Lewa- elephants fencing without (no EIA
Samburu- migration done) NEMA approval
Marsabit-
Meru
2 Athi – Mainly zebra, done done Not yet • Severe sub division of land
kaputei- wildebeest, and peri-urban
(Nairobi- giraffe, development on the
kitengela) increase. Proposed Konza
Amboseli City
3 Kerio- South Elephant done done Not yet • Settlements, land
Turkana- subdivision, habitat loss
Nasolot and irrigation agriculture
by KVDA increasing.
Possibility of HEP and oil
exploration
4 Tsavo- Elephant, done done Not yet • Corridor through ranches
Mkomazi- Giraffe being subdivided and
Amboseli fenced therefore need to
be gazetted
5 Lake Buffaloes, done done • Entire corridor is within
Naivasha- giraffes Soysambu Conservancy
Elementait and can easily be
a-Lake gazetted
Nakuru-
Eburru
Forest
6 Lake Zebra, giraffe, done done • Part of the corridor is found
Natron- Buffalo in conservancies e.g.
Magadi Shompole
Area
7 Serengeti- Wildebeest, done done done • 95% of migratory corridor
Mara Zebra, within protected area.
Dispersal areas being
subdivided, fenced and
farmed
8 Amboseli- Elephants done done • Illegal logging and
west uncontrolled nomadic use
kilimanjaro of pasture
• The corridor is within
conservancies
9 Tsavo East Elephant, 100 done done Not yet • 5 routes exist into the delta-
National Buffalos, 2 from the North East and 3
Park- Tana Antelopes, from the North West and
Delta Giraffes West
• These migratory routes are
the same used by
pastoralist when herding
cattle between the delta
and wet season grazing
areas.

Figure.4.5 Athi –kaputei (Nairobi-kitengela) - Wildebeest Corridor

Figure 4.6: Amboseli- West Kilimanjaro Elephant Corridor

Figure 4.7: Lake Naivasha-Elementaita-Lake Nakuru-Eburru Forest

Source DRSRS
Figure 4.8: Tsavo Mkomazi- Elephant migratory Corridor

Source DRSRS
Figure 4.9: Serengeti-Mara- Wildebeest Migratory Corridor

CHAPTER 5:
STATUS OF LISTED
ENDANGERED WILDLIFE
SPECIES POPULATION
AND TRENDS

5.1. Kenya’s Biodiversity Resources
Kenya has an array of bio-geographical zones the African continent for its wealth of mammal
spread along altitudinal gradients from the which are associated with certain specific
coast to the snow-capped peaks of Mt. Kenya, wildlife species. These biomes contain high
reaching over 5000m above sea level. The levels of animal species diversity and genetic
latitudinal gradient in Kenya is bisected into two variability, and have many endemic, rare,
by the equator and some species e.g., Grevy’s endangered and threatened species. There are
zebra, Reticulated Giraffe, Beisa Oryx respond 393Mammals in Kenya consisting of 2 golden
to this gradient. Globally Kenya is classified in moles; 43 even toed ungulates; 4 odd toed
the second group of mega-biodiverse nations. ungulates; 36 carnivores; 26 Whales, 5 dolphins
and porpoises; 105 bats; 39 hedgehogs;
The foundation for Kenya’s vertebrate and 4 hyraxes; and 4 Lagomorphs; 5 elephant
invertebrate diversity is the richness and shrews; 3 pangolins; 20 primates; 1 proboscis;
abundance of its plant life and bio-geographic 94 rodents; 1 Dugong and 1 aardvark. Kenya
spread. Africa is known to have 29,614 has over 260 reptiles (Snakes, lizards, geckos,
vascular plant species including; 706 ferns, 44 skinks, chameleons, tortoise, turtles, terrapins,
gymnosperms and 28,864 angiosperms. The crocodile) and amphibians (toads, frogs,
East African region has a documented 12,317 salamanders) species; 1,105 bird species; 769
species: this is the highest plant diversity per Fish species (362 fresh water) of which 5 are
unit area across mainland tropical Africa. Of likely to be extinct , 168 arthropods, arachnids.
these at least 7,004 (57 per cent) are found in
Kenya. With the advent of more advanced The 2017 IUCN list of threatened species
taxonomic and biodiversity survey tools such showed that Kenya had 463 plant and
as molecular techniques, this number is likely animal species which were threatened. Of
to change as new species will be established these, 30 mammals, 43 birds, 73 fish and 234
and recorded. Currently 4,623 plant species plants. The broad classification by IUCN while
within 1,387 genera are documented (source: listing threatened species includes. Critically
NMK). In addition, 766 species of bryophytes, endangered, endangered, vulnerable, near
511 ferns and 2,071 species of fungi and lichens threatened, least concern, data deficient, and
have been recorded. not evaluated.
The Kenya–Tanzania borderland stands out on
5.2. Data Collection Methodologies

The Service has developed an Ecological • Road counts based on defined transects
monitoring protocol manual (first edition) to in a defined area
guide monitoring various species parameters
as population status (numbers, densities, • Call back- used for carnivores especially
presence or absence and threats). Some of Lion and Hyaena Counts
the methodologies used include: d. Capture mark recapture: long term method
a. Aerial Counts used in some areas for monitoring certain
wildlife populations. The method is based
• Total Counts- for large mammals such on individual identification unique pattern
as; elephants, giraffes, buffaloes, grevy or marks.
zebra, eland and large marine mega
fauna e. Marine underwater transects e.g. for sea
grass and coral
• Sample Counts- hippos, impala,
wildebeest, zebra, birds f. Informed guess from persons who interact
with a specific area on a regular basis.
b. Dung Counts undertaken for large mammals
in forested areas such as Elephants
c. Ground counts -a monitoring tool for
presence or absence of a species, it
includes:

5.3. Status of Carnivores
Kenya has variety of large and small carnivores The population status of carnivores in most
of which 6 are large and 30 small carnivores areas is not well known as monitoring of
(table 5.1). Carnivores play a vital role carnivores is a challenging undertaking. Most
ecologically and economically in Kenya’s large carnivores range widely and in some
tourism sector. However, survival of the ecosystems are difficult to track.
carnivores in Kenya is severely threatened by
habitat loss, anthropogenic factors, landuse A National carnivore survey is planned for
change, and reduction in wild prey base, 2018/2019; the objective of the survey will be
human-carnivore conflicts, diseases, range to determine their distribution, density as well
reduction and road/rail kills. as threats.
Table 5.1 List of Carnivores species in Kenya

Listed species in WMCA 2013
Listed
1. Lion Panthera Leo Felidae
2. Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus Felidae
3. Leopard Panthera pardus Felidae
4. African Golden Cat Caracal aurata Felidae
5. African Wild Dog Lycaon pictus Canidae
6. Spotted Hyaena Crocuta corocuta Hyaenidae
7. Stripped Hyaena Hyaena hyaena Hyaenidae
8. Small spotted Genet Genetta genetta Nandiniidae
Non Listed
9. Serval Cat Leptailurus serval Felidae
10. Black Serval Melanistic Felidae
11. Caracal Caracal caracal Felidae
12. African Wildcat Felis silvestris Felidae
13. Silver/Black Backed Jackal Canis mesomelas Canidae
14. Golden Jackal Canis aureus Canidae
15. Side-Stripped Jackal Canis adustus Canidae
16. African Golden Wolf Canis anthus Canidae
17. Bat Eared Fox Octocyon megalotis Canidae
18. Aardwolf Proteles cristata Hyaenidae
19. African large spotted Genet Genetta maculata Nandiniidae
20. Servaline Genet Genetta Servalina Nandiniidae
21. African Civet Cevittictis civetta Viverridae
22. African Palm civet Nandinia binotata Viverrid
23. Stripped polecat(Zorilla/African skunk) Ictonyx striatus Mustelidae
24. African clawless Otter Aonyx capensis Mustelidae
25. Spotted Necked Otter Lutra maculicollis Mustelidae
26. African stripped Weasel Poceilogale albinucha Mustelidae
27. Somali dwarf Mongoose Helogale hirtula Herpestidae
28. Common dwarf mongoose Helogale parvula Herpestidae
29. Somali slender Mongoose Herpestes ochraceus Herpestidae
30. Slender Mongoose Herpestes sanguineus Herpestidae
31. Marsh Mongoose Artilax paludinosus Herpestidae
32. Banded Mongoose Mungos mungo Herpestidae
33. White-tail Mongoose Ichneumia albicauda Herpestidae
34. Sokoke bushy- tailed Mongoose Bdeogale omnivora Herpestidae
35. Jackson’s Mongoose Bdeogale jackson Herpestidae
36. Bushy-tailed Mongoose Bdeogale crassicauda Herpestidae

5.3.1. Status of Cheetah (Acinonyx Historical data shows that, cheetahs were
widely distributed within Kenya; however,
jubatus) recent surveys have shown that, cheetahs in
The Cheetah is listed in the sixth schedule Kenya have experienced a reduction in their
of WCMA, 2013 as an endangered species, geographic range and now occupy 23% of
however in the IUCN red list, it is categorised as their historical range with the largest population
vulnerable with its worldwide population noted occurring in Laikipia-Samburu, Tsavo and
as decreasing. The current global cheetah Mara ecosystems. Table 5.2 and 5.3 gives the
population is estimated at 6,674 individuals by population of cheetah in some specific surveys
IUCN. in Laikipia/Samburu, Serengeti/Mara/Tsavo
Table 5.2 Cheetah Distribution and Population Status
Name Area (km2) Population estimate

total protected
Laikipia/Samburu 47,390 2,074 450*
Serengeti/Mara/Tsavo (trans- 98,616¶ 36,177¶ 710†¶
boundary population with
Tanzania)
Grand total: 146,006¶ 38,251¶ 1,160¶
KWS, 2008)
(Source
*Population sizes estimated from the size of the polygon using a conservative density of 1 adult per 100km2
¶Estimate includes some land outside Kenya and some animals resident on the land, in trans-boundary populations.
Table 5.3 Recent Selected cheetah surveys
Area Type of survey Population Year Source

Estimate
Maasai Mara Ground count 30 2016 Broekhuis and
Ecosystem (capture- Gopalaswamy
recapture)
Tsavo Spoor transects 130 2014 Henschel et. al.,
ecosystem

(Source KWS, 2008)
NB/These recent surveys do not represent the national Cheetah population status but it is expected that the 2018-2020 status report
will have an updated status arising from the ongoing National carnivore survey.

Figure 5.1 Cheetah Distribution range
Legend interpretation for figure 5.1 above
1. Resident: cheetahs are known to be present
2. Possible: cheetahs likely to be present
3. Connection: cheetahs likely not to be resident, but may be transiting through occupied areas, or to re-colonise extirpated
range. Such connections might take the form of ‘corridors’ of continuous habitat or ‘stepping stones’ of habitat fragments.
4. Unknown: status is currently unknown and cannot be inferred using knowledge of the local status of habitat and prey.
5. Extirpated: land where the species has been extirpated. This can be further divided into:
6. Out of historic: areas where cheetahs have never occurred
7. Recoverable: presently no cheetah but habitat favourable for cheetah habitation

5.3.2. African Wild Dog (Lycaon past decline, wild dog numbers have increased
in recent years with the largest population
pictus) being found in parts of Tsavo ecosystem,
The African Wild Dog is listed by IUCN as critically Samburu, Laikipia and Isiolo/Meru. Wild Dogs
endangered and in the sixth schedule (WCMA, are also gradually increasing in number and
2013) as endangered. The major threat is re-colonizing the Mara-Serengeti ecosystem
habitat fragmentation, increased interaction following a die-off in 1990.
with human being leading to conflict and
The table 5.4 gives the population while figure
competition with other large carnivores.
5.2 shows distribution range of Wild Dogs in the
The African Wild Dog was widely distributed country
across Kenya in the past but currently occupy
only 13% of their historical range. Despite this
Table 5.4: African Wild Dog population estimate
Location Population Estimate

Number* Packs
Ijara-Lamu (probably trans-boundary population 130 11
with Somalia)
Isiolo 30 2
Kajiado-Loliondo (trans-boundary population 100 8
with Tanzania)
Kora-Kitui 20 2
Machakos 220 20
Tsavo 100 12
Grand Total 845 57
KWS, 2009
Source
*Number represents Adult individuals

Figure 5.2: Current distribution of African Wild Dog range (Source: KWS ,2015)

5.3.3. Status of Spotted Hyaena Threats include persecution by humans
through conflict (poisoning, spearing and
(Crocuta crocuta) shooting), road kills, disease, habitat loss and
The sixth Schedule of WCMA, 2013 lists the fragmentation.
Spotted Hyaena as vulnerable while IUCN lists
Table 5.5 shows recent surveys undertaken
it as least concern with the global population
while figure 5.3 shows the Spotted Hyaena
being 27,000 to 47,000 individuals. Mills and
distribution in Kenya.
Hofer (1998) estimated the number of spotted
hyaenas in Kenya to be about 2,000-4,000.
Table 5.5 Recent Spotted Hyaenas surveys
Area Type of survey Population Year Source
estimate
Meru National Call Back-Capture 98 2016 KWS
Park recapture
Aberdares Call Back-Capture- 247 2015 Manchester
National Park recapture Metropolitan University
Lake Nakuru Informed Guess 30 2015 KWS

National Park
Tsavo Ecosystem Spoor Transects 3,914 2014 Henschel et al
Amboseli Call Back-Capture- 346 2014 KWS

Ecosystem recapture
Naivasha Ground Count 62 2012 NWC

Ranches

(Source: KWS, 2015)
Plate: 12 Spotted Hyaena

Figure 5.3. Spotted Hyaena distribution
(Source KWS, 2015)

5.3.4. Status of Striped Hyaena individuals. The National carnivore surveys
of 2018-2019 will endeavour to establish the
(Hyena hyena) number and distribution of the species.
The IUCN red list classifies the species as near
Threats to this sub-species include persecution
threatened while in the WCMA, 2013 sixth
from humans, decreasing natural and
schedule, it is classified as endangered. The
domestic sources of carrion due to decline of
national population is estimated to be 1,000
population of other species, road kills along the
individuals. (KWS, 2008). In 2014 a survey carried
Mombasa-Nairobi highway in Tsavo and along
out by Henschel et al in Tsavo ecosystem using
Isiolo- Marsabit highway; and retaliatory killings
spoor transect gave a population estimate of
due to Human wildlife conflict.
660; In 2016 a survey by KWS in Meru National
Park using call back gave an estimate of 9
Figure 5.3. Spotted Hyaena distribution (Source KWS, 2015)

Plate: 13 Striped Hyaena
5.3.5. Status of Lion (Panthera leo) surveys have been undertaken in some areas
between 2012 and 2017 as shown in Table 5.6.
Lions occur in a number of Kenya’s conservation Table 5.7 shows areas where lion population
areas. Large populations are found in the Masai are known to exist but surveys to establish their
Mara and the Tsavo ecosystems. In addition, status is as yet to be done. These areas will be
there are sizeable populations in Laikipia/ covered under the National Carnivore surveys
Samburu, and Kajiado. Many Conservancies that end in 2019. It is important to note that
especially in the northern and Machakos several lion populations are held in captivity in
area frequently report presence of lions. In the several orphanages and educational facilities
coastal region, lions are found in Boni Dodori spread all over the country.
National Reserves while cases of infrequent
visits are still reported in Arabuko Sokoke forest The national population of lions is estimated at
Reserve. Lion presence has been reported in 1,970 individuals (KWS, 2008). Lion’s permanent
community areas of Gurar in Wajir and areas range is estimated to be over 18 % (see figure
adjacent to Sibiloi National Park. Lion population 5.5) of the total area of the country.
Table 5.6 Lion population surveys (2012 – 2017)
Conservation Area County Estimate Year Source
Tsavo East and West National Parks Taita 700 2014 Living with
Taveta/Kitui lions and
Panthera
Masai Mara National Reserve and Narok 420 2017
adjacent Conservancies
Amboseli National Park and Kajiado 122 2017 Lion
adjacent conservancies guardians
Olpejeta Conservancy Nyeri 61 2017 Olpejeta
Meru National Park Meru 58 2016 KWS
Nairobi National Park Nairobi 45 2017 KWS
Lewa and Borana Wildlife Meru/Laikipia 42 2017 Lewa
Conservancy
Solio Conservancy Laikipia 26 2012 KWS report
Samburu and Shaba National Isiolo/Samburu 17 2013 Ewaso lions
Reserve annual
report
Lake Nakuru National Park Nakuru 16 2017 KWS
Buffalo Springs National Reserve Samburu 15 2013
Soysambu Conservancy Nakuru 14 2017 KWS
Shompole and Olkiramatian Kajiado 70 2015 Soralo
Table 5.7 Areas with unsurveyed lion population
No Area Remarks
1. Machakos Area Machakos,Athi-Kapiti Plains
2. Lamu Lamu,Tana River, Ijara, Hola, Baomo, Boni Dodori
National Reserves, Kipini
3. Marsabit Marsabit National Park and Reserve, Moyale, Sibiloi
National Park, Malka mari National park
4. Garissa Garissa,Losai National Reserve, Losai,Rahole National
Reserves, Bura, Arawale National Reserve
5. Turkana & Nasolot South Turkana National Reserve/West Pokot, Lodwar
and Kalokol areas ,Nasalot National Reserve
6. Kitui North Kitui National Reserve(Mwingi National Reserves),
Bisanadi National Reserve ,South Kitui National Reserve
7. Taita ranches Taita ranches
8. Other Parks Aberdares National Park, Mt. Kenya National Park,
Laikipia National Reserve
9. Laikipia Ranches Sengare Ranch conservancy, Oljogi Conservancy
10. Samburu Maralal area,Shaba National Reserve, Baffalo springs
National Reserve
11. Narok Loita forest
12. Conservancies in
Kajiado

Lions face a variety of threats that range from depletion, loss and fragmentation of habitat.
cultural practices, diseases, and retaliatory Figure 5.5 shows the lion range in Kenya
killing due to human wildlife conflict, prey base

Table 5.7 Areas with unsurveyed lion population

5.3.6. Status of Leopard (Panthera includes loss of habitat, livestock incursions into
leopard range, land use change, poaching
pardus) and illegal trade for their skins and bones in
Leopards are widespread both inside and oriental markets thus listed in CITES Appendix I.
outside protected areas, the national status of
Table 5.8 gives leopard population estimates,
leopards is unknown mainly due to their shy and
in certain locations of Kenya where surveys
nocturnal nature which makes them a difficult
have been undertaken
species to study. The species however like other
carnivores faces a number of threats that are
detrimental to its survival. Among these threats
Table 5.8 Leopard surveys

Conservation Survey Type Population Year Source
Area
Estimate
Meru National Park Call back-Capture- 18 2016 KWS

recapture
Tsavo ecosystem Spoor Transects 489 2014 Henschel et
al
Nairobi National Camera Traps 8 2013 Yumi
Park Yamane
Borana Wildlife Ground Counts 6 - 12 2010 Report
Conservancies
Naivasha Ranches Ground Counts 15 2007 NWC

(Source: KWS, 2015)

Table 5.9 Status of listed small carnivores in Kenya
Common Scientific Listing Location Population Remarks
Name Name Status
African golden Profelis • IUCN-VU - - The only member of the
cat aurata • WCMA- genus profelis
Taxonomy under review
by IUCN
Jackson’s Bdeogale • IUCN- Aberdares, DD Forest loss due to logging
mongoose jacksoni • WCMA- Mt. but believed to
Kenya&Mt. be decreasing
Elgon N.P
Spotted Lutra • IUCN- Lake Victoria DecliningReed- Habitat degradation,
Necked/Throated (hydrictis) • WCMA- & it’s Smith et al polluted waterways,
Otter maculicollis tributaries 2010 human animosity &
poaching for meat, skins
2015)
(Source: KWS,
Other threats include infrastructure species. Small carnivores that burrow are the
development, human activities including most affected. Presently the study of small
farming and urbanization, subsistence and carnivores in the country has centred on the
commercial poaching, fragmentation of caracal, jackals, aardwolf and serval cat.
habitats, planting of exotic trees and invasive
Plate: 14 African golden cat
Plate: 16 Jackson’s mongoose Plate: 15 Spotted Necked/Throated Otter

5.4. Herbivores
5.4.1. Rhinoceros
Three out of five sub-species of rhinos in the consolidate the remaining rhinos by creating
world are found in Kenya. The Black rhino – sanctuaries. Presently there are 10 black rhino
Diceros bicornis michaeli is native to the country sanctuaries in National Parks with two of the
while the Southern white rhino – Ceratotherium parks, Tsavo East and West having free ranging
simum simum and the Northern white rhino- rhinos in Intensive Protection Zones (IPZ). Only
Ceratotherium simum cottoni are exotic. In the one National Reserve- Masai Mara- is a rhino
1970’s Kenya had a population of 20,000 black Reserve and 8 Conservancies have rhino
rhinos widely spread mainly in the protected sanctuaries. The Sobo Rhino Sanctuary in Tsavo
areas. The upsurge of poaching in the 1970’s East is the latest sanctuary to be established but
to mid the 1980’s decimated the population to is yet to receive any rhinos. The population and
a handful. In the late 1980’s the government distribution of Rhino population in the country is
made a deliberate effort to given in Table 5.10.
Conservation County Sanctuary Year of Black Rhino Southern Northern Total

Area establishment White White current
Current Current Current

population population population
Parks
Aberdare Nyeri Historical range 6 - - 06
National Park
Chyulu National Makueni Historical range 7 - - 7
Park
Lake Nakuru Nakuru 1984??? 69 14 - 83
National Park
Meru National Meru Historical, population 32 72 - 104
Park decimated, re-established in
2004
Nairobi National Nairobi Historical range 101 16 - 117
Park
Ruma National Homa Bay Historical, population 22 15 - 37
Park decimated, re-established in
2011/2012
Tsavo East Taita Historical range 15 - - 15
National Park- Taveta
Free range
Tsavo East Taita Sanctuary construction 0 - - 0
National Park- Taveta completed in 2017
(Sobo)
Tsavo West Taita Historical, re-established in 2008 20 - - 20
National Park- Taveta and 2010
IPZ
Tsavo West Taita Historical,1985 95 - - 95
National Park Taveta
(Ngulia)
367 117 - 484
Reserves
Masai Mara Narok Historical range 56 - - 56
National
Reserves&
Triangle
Il Ngwesi Laikipia 0 2 - 2
community
conservancy
Lewa - Borana Meru/Isiol Historical 87 80 - 167
landscape o
Ol Choro Narok 1990 0 2 - 2
Oirouwa
community
conservancy
Ol Jogi Laikipia Historical 59 28 - 87
IPZ
National Park Taveta
(Ngulia)
367 117 - 484
Conservation County Sanctuary YearReserves

of Black Rhino Southern Northern Total
Area
Masai Mara Narok establishment
Historical range 56 White
- White
- current
56
National
Current Current Current
Reserves&
population population population
Triangle
CommunityParks
Conservancies
Aberdare
Il Ngwesi Nyeri
Laikipia Historical range 6
0 2- - 06
2
National
community Park
Chyulu National
conservancy Makueni Historical range 7 - - 7
LewaPark - Borana Meru/Isiol Historical 87 80 - 167
Lake Nakuru
landscape Nakuru
o 1984??? 69 14 - 83
National
Ol Choro Park Narok 1990 0 2 - 2
Meru National
Oirouwa Meru Historical, population 32 72 - 104
Park
community decimated, re-established in
conservancy 2004
Nairobi National
Ol Jogi Nairobi
Laikipia Historical range
Historical 101
59 16
28 - 117
87
Park
Ranch/Pyramid
Ruma National
Ol Pejeta Homa Bay
Laikipia Historical,
Historical, population in
supplemented 22
114 15
30 3- 37
147
Park
Conservancy decimated, 2006 re-established in
Sera Laikipia 2011/2012
Historical, re-established 12
in 2016 0 0 12
Tsavo East
Community Taita Historical range 15 - - 15
National
Conservancy Park- Taveta
Free
Solio range
Sanctuary Laikipia Historical 49 250 0 299
Tsavo East Taita Sanctuary construction 0 - - 0
Sub-Total 321 392 3 716
National Park- Taveta completed in 2017
(Sobo) Educational & Orphanages
Nairobi
TsavoSafari
West Nairobi
Taita Part re-established
Historical, of National Park
in 2008 20 1- -- 1
20
Walk
National Park- Taveta and 2010
Sheldrick IPZ Nairobi Part of National Park 1 - - 1
Orphanage
National Park TavetaSub-Total 1 1 - 2
(Ngulia)
Sub-Total 745
367 510
117 3
- 484
NATIONAL TOTAL 1,258
Reserves

Masai Mara Narok Historical range 56 - - 56
National
Reserves&
Triangle
Il Ngwesi Laikipia 0 2 - 2
community
conservancy
Lewa - Borana Meru/Isiol Historical 87 80 - 167
landscape o
Ol Choro Narok 1990 0 2 - 2
Oirouwa
community
conservancy
Ol Jogi Laikipia Historical 59 28 - 87
Ranch/Pyramid
Figure 5.6 Distribution of Rhinos by Areas of conservation

(Source KWS, 2017)

Both the White and Black Rhino have shown a from government and other donor agencies
positive trend in their population growth (see in rhino conservation, h) creation of National
figure 5.7). This can be attributed to a number awareness in matters of Rhino conservation.
of factors among them: a) the creation of
specific rhino sanctuaries, b) Heightened Threats facing rhinos in Kenya include:
security against poaching, c) strict control of poaching (Mugie had rhinos trans-located due
diseases, d) Tsetse management and control e) to security), diseases, loss of habitat, diminishing
collaboration with other stakeholders especially gene pool, lack of enough areas to create
conservancies in creating rhino sanctuaries, more sanctuaries, large lucrative international
f) development and implementation of a markets for rhino horn.
National Rhino strategy g) Financial support
Figure 5.7 National Population trends of Black & Southern White Rhino 2007 -2017
(Source KWS, 2017)
5.4.2. Status of Northern White Rhino 5.4.3. Status of Elephant (Loxodonta

The 3 (1 male and 2 females) Northern White Africana)
Rhino hosted at Ol Pejeta Conservancy in Nyeri In the early 1970’s Kenya’s elephant population
County. These are the only remaining living was estimated at 167,000 dropping to 16,000
individuals globally. The Northern White Rhino by 1989. In the 1970’s alone Kenya lost more
Steering Committee in collaboration with than a half of its elephant population. Elephant
international experts is assessing the best way hunting was made illegal in 1973. By 1980s
forward (both in-situ & Ex-situ) to save this great there were 73,000 individuals. 90 % of the
sub species from extinction. Kenyan elephant are found in the rangelands.
IUCN data indicates that the elephant range in
Kenya is 110,972km2 which translates to 19% of
the total land area in Kenya.
Figure 5.8 shows the elephant range in the1990s
& 2016. Figure 5.9 shows the distribution of
elephants in Kenya.

Figure 5.8. Elephant range areas
(The areas circled in red indicate ranges that are no longer being utilized by elephants.)

Figure 5.9 Elephant Distribution in Kenya

Table 5.11. Summary of elephant population status by end of 2014, with updated Information from recent
census undertaken in certain areas
Elephant areas Survey type Year Estimate Estimate

2015/17 2000-14
1. Aberdare Ecosystem Dung count 2017 3,939
2. Marsabit Ecosystem Aerial total Count 2017 181
3. Masai Mara Ecosystem Aerial total Count 2017 2,493
4. Meru Conservation Area Aerial total Count 2017 674
5. Mwea National Reserve Aerial total Count 2017 125
6. Samburu-Laikipia Ecosystem Aerial total Count 2017 7,166
7. Shimba Hills Ecosystem Aerial total Count 2017 35
8. Tsavo Conservation Area Aerial total Count 2017 12,843
9. Mau Forest Complex Dung count 2016 652
10. Mt Kenya National Park & Dung count 2016 2,579
Forest Reserve
11. Lamu Ecosystem Aerial total Count 2015 60
12. Nasalot, S. Turkana, Rimoi- Aerial total Count 2015 662
Kamnarok National Reserves
13. Amboseli-Magadi ecosystem Aerial total Count 2014 1,766
14. Arabuko Sokoke Forest Dung count 2002 184
15. Mt Elgon National Park & Informed guess 2002 139
Forest
16. Boni & Dodori National Dung count 2000 50
Reserves
Sub-Total 31,409 2,139
Grand Total 33,548*


5.4.4. Status of Giraffes
There are four distinct species of giraffe National Park. Nairobi Giraffe centre which was
three of which are founddistributed in 27 established in 1979 as a giraffe rescue centre
of the 47 counties of Kenya. The Masai has to date released over 500 giraffes into the
giraffe (Giraffacamelopardalis tippelskirchi) wild including Soisambu, Kigio, Sergoit (Eldoret)
is distributed from Nairobi National Park and Mwea National Reserves. Table 5.12 gives
southwards through the Athi Kapiti plains and the status while figure 5.10 show the habitat
towards the Amboseli Maara ecosystem. Other extends of the 3 subspecies of giraffes in Kenya.
areas with Masai giraffe include the Tsavo Threats facing giraffes include loss of suitable
ecosystem. The Reticulated giraffe habitat due to agricultural expansion into
their former habitats; logging of acacia trees
(G. c. reticulata) is found in the ASAL parts of for charcoal burning firewood and building
northern Kenya spreading from the northern (rampant in Kitui South National Reserve, Tsavo
part of Tsavo East National Park towards the National Park & Masai Mara area); poaching;
Kenyan, Ethiopia Somali border. The Rothschild’s predation of calves by carnivals; and diseases
giraffe (anthrax).
(G. c. rothschildi) is spread in small enclaves
spread in the country including Ruma National
Park (highest population) and Lake Nakuru

Table 5.12 Status of Giraffes in Kenya
NUMBER SOURCE YEAR Remarks
MASAI GIRAFFE
Tsavo 4,068 KWS 2017 Population is stable

Amboseli 3,470 KWS 2013 Population is stable
Namanga and 1,577 KWS 2013
Magadi
Masai Mara 2,607 KWS 2017 Population is stable & increasing
Nairobi National 112 KWS 2017 Population stable & increasing
Park
Maanzoni-Malinda 47 KWS 2016 Population decreasing due to shrinking
and Mwalimu habitat
Ranches
Athi-Kapiti and 303 KWS 2005 Population decreasing due to shrinking
Machakos Ranches habitat
Naivasha-Nakuru 529 NWC 2017
Shimba Hills 4 KWS 2017 Population decreasing(Introduced
population)
TOTAL 12,717
ROTHSCHILD’SGIRAFFE
Ruma National Park 176 KWS 2016 • In 1983 27 trans-located from Soi
ranch in Eldoret
• Population stable & increasing
Ruko Community 8 KWS/NRT 2017 In 2012 8 trans-located to Ruko
Conservancy
Soysambu Wildlife 155 Soysamb 2017 Population stable
Conservancy u
Kigio Wildlife 34 Kigio 2017
Conservancy
Lake Nakuru 74 KWS 2017 Population stable
National Park
Mwea National 25 KWS 2017
Reserve
Mt. Elgon National 2 KWS 2017 In 2007 7 were trans-located from ADC
Park farm
Rimoi National 5 KWS 2017
Reserve
Giraffe Centre 10 2017
TOTAL 489


Table 5.13. Selected Counts of reticulated-giraffe sub-populations in Kenya
Area Year Source
2011 2015 -
2017
Number Number
Mandera County 130 Ogutu et al 2016
Marsabit Ecosystem 342 KWS aerial count
Wajir (Gurar) 3,797 Ogutu et al 2016
Laikipia - Samburu 4,019 KWS aerial count
Meru conservation area 876 KWS aerial count
Nyeri (Aberdare Country 30 KWS
Club)
Garissa (South) 4,356 Ogutu et al 2016
Lamu(including Boni Dodori) 1,974 GEC aerial count
Total 15,524*
In 2011 DRSRS recorded, a reticulated giraffe population of 6988 in their Garissa County transect
Fig 5.10 Giraffe Range Map

5.4.5. Status of Hirola(Beatragus
hunteri) other previously affected species, the Hirola
population has never recovered. The threats
The four eyed Hirola is the mostrare antelope
facing the Hirola include diseases; poaching of
and is listed as critically endangered. Its
elephants which open up wooden vegetation
distribution range is found between the eastern
to grassland vegetation; bushfires; competition
boundary of Kenya and south west boundary
for pasture between livestock and wildlife;
of Somali. Presently its population is found within
drought; predation by carnivores especially of
its native range and restricted communal lands
mother and calves which isolate themselves
of Bura, Galmagala, Ijara, Garissa, Masalani,
from the herd immediately after calving. Table
Gedilun of Garissa County and parts of Tana
5.14 gives the population distribution of Hirola
River, and Tsavo East National Park. The current
in Kenya during this reporting period. Presently
estimated population of Hirola is less than 500
conservation efforts are being hampered by
individuals. In the 1980’s rinderpest killed about
insecurity in the Hirola range. The only Hirola
85 -90% of the existing 15,000 hirola together
sanctuary is the Ishaqbini sanctuary in Ijaara
with other wildlife species. Despite the disease
sub-county.
being eradicated unlike
Table 5.14 Distribution of Hirola in Kenya
Area Population Method Population Source

Estimate status
Tsavo East 60-70 aerial and ground Stagnant/decli KWS

counts ning
Ishaqbini sanctuary 90 aerial and ground Increasing NRT
counts
Sangailou(Garissa) 60 scout based Declining HCP
estimate
Bura 50 scout based Declining HCP
estimate
Gababba(Garissa/Tan 40 scout based Declining HCP
a delta) estimate
Ijara – east of 30 scout based Declining HCP
Masalani estimate
Ishaqbini (outside the 60 - 80 aerial Stagnant/decli NRT
sanctuary) reconnaissance ning
Bodhei 30 aerial Declining NRT

(Garissa/Lamu) reconnaissance
Total population 420-450
estimate


5.4.6. Status of Roan Antelope
(Hippotragus equinus) individuals (adult males 2 females 2, unsexed 12
juvenile 1). The viable population for the Roan
The Roan antelope Hippotragus equinus
is 50 individuals preferably in two herds. The 37
is the third largest bovid in Africa after the
Roan trans-located from Ithanga sanctuary in
Africa buffalo and Eland. It was once widely
1970 to Shimba Hills National Reserve became
distributed through the savannah woodlands
extinct by 1985 for unclear reasons. The threats
of east, central, southern and western Africa.
facing this species include encroachment,
But during the last 40 years the population has
subsistence poaching, snaring, fire, loss of
declined rapidly throughout much of its range.
habitat, decreasing gene pool, highway on
Listed by the IUCN as LC the WCMA, 2013, lists
the northern part of Ruma National Park. The
it as CE. Like in the Serengeti National Park in
species is known to face carnivores and this has
Tanzania the Roan is now extinct in the Mara.
proved in many occasions to be detrimental to
The Roan population in Ruma National Park
the species. Figure 5.11 shows the location of
has declined from over 200 in the mid 1970’s to
Roan Antelope in Ruma National Park.
the present population (survey 2016) of 17
Figure 5.11 Roan antelope distribution in Ruma National Park

5.4.7. Staus Sitatunga Antelope
The Semi aquatic Sitatunga is mainly distributed 5.15. The population estimate needs to be
along the shores of Lake Victoria and the updated since the existing habitats are facing
associated wetlands of its main tributaries the severe threats that include a) Loss of wetlands
Nzoia and Yala rivers. The recently gazetted especially due to agricultural development
Kanyaboli National Reserves besides being (Dominion farms, Bunyala rice irrigation
a bird sanctuary is also the second Sitatunga scheme), b) harvesting of wetland resources
sanctuary after Saiwa. Other notable areas with e.g. Brick basket making, mats and roofing
Sitatunga include Ndere National Park, Kitale materials, c) Water abstraction for agriculture,
Nature Conservancy, and KingwalSwamp in commercial, industrial and domestic use
Nandi, Lewa Wildlife Conservancy, Bunyala d) poaching especially for subsistence
swamps and Yala swamp. consumption, e) burning of papyrus reeds
which constitutes sitatungas habitat.
The national population in 2008 gave a
population of 256 individuals as shown in table
Table 5.15. Population status of Sitatunga (2008)
Area Population Estimate

Saiwa swamp 39
Lewa 8
Kingwal /Kimondo 125
Kibabet tea estate ) 20
Kesses dam 50
Boits farm ( Marula swamp) 8
Kisumu impala 6
Total 256*

Plate: 18 Sitatunga

5.4.8. Sable Antelope(Hippotragus herds in the Park. The viable population for the
Sable is 50 individuals preferably in two herds.
niger roosevelti) Threats faced by the species include predation
The Sable antelope (plate7) which is listed by leopards and hyenas, fire, decreasing gene
by IUCN as LC but CR under WCMA 2013 is pool, poaching, snares, habitat degradation
endemic to Shimba Hills National Reserve in (a sizable area of the Reserve is under exotic
Kenya. The population has declined from forest plantation). The impact of tsetse fly in
approximately 265 individuals in 1960 to about the Park, on wildlife is yet to be established.
34 individuals in 2012 (KWS aerial census report, Sightings of Sable antelopes within Shimba Hills
2012) and 41 individuals in 2017 (KWS aerial National Reserve are given in Figure 5.12.
census report, 2017). Presently they occur in two
Plate: 19 Sable Antelope
Figure 5.12. Sable sighting

in Shimba Hills National
Reserve

5.4.9. Status of Eastern Mountain undertaken in Mt. Kenya conservancy where 18
individuals from Northern American zoos were
Bongo(Tragelaphus eurycerus introduced in 2004. Sixty one Eastern Mountain
isaaci) Bongos are held in captivity in USA in a breeding
programme. In 2015, 18 calves were born at
The shy and reclusive Eastern MountainBongo Mt. Kenya conservancy. The species in the last
is the largest of the forest antelopes and is listed 50 years has been facing a myriad of threats
by WCMA 2013 as E and as CE by IUCN. It is including unrestricted hunting, poaching, loss of
endemic to the Aberdares, Mount Kenya, the habitat, decreasing gene pool, fires, predators,
Mau and Cheranganis, with a few individuals illegal logging and diseases. The population of
left in the Eburu, West Mau and Londiani forests. the species is highly susceptible to rinderpest as
The present population is estimated to be 96 was seen in 1890’s and 1990’s. Table 5.16 gives
individuals with the highest population being Camera traps and Visual sighting in selected
in Aberdares National Park (50). The viable Eastern Mountain Bongo areas while Figure
breeding population for the Eastern Mountain 5.13 shows the current Eastern Mountain Bongo
Bongo is placed at 250 (Donald Bunge). A range in Kenya.
programme to reintroduce the species was
Plate: 20 Eastern Mountain Bongo
Table 5.16 Results of Camera traps and Visual sighting in selected Eastern
Mountain Bongo areas 2015-2017
Area Population Monitoring Results
estimate
The Aberdare National Park ( BSP estimate is based 40- 50 • Up to 39 potential. 15+ calves observed.
on Honi population, no presence registered for 2+ • However, take into consideration concerns for Kanjwiri group (4) not seen in 2
years N. Aberdare - Kanjwiri and 5+ years S. years.
Aberdare) • S. Aberdare BSP accessibility issues. (Helicopter utilised in 2008 surveillance)
Mt. Kenya National Park and 6 • 4 female individuals photographed
Reserve (Ragati) – based on Camera Traps and
visual forest information collected
Eburu – based on trap photographs and visual forest 6 • individuals
information collected
SW Mau Forest Reserve. Based on trap photographs 6- 9 • 6-9
and visual forest information collected.
Masai Mau. Based on Trap photographs and visual 25 • Up to 18 on camera trap and 7 visual
forest information collected.
Total population 96 77


Figure 5.13. Current Eastern Mountain Bongo range in Kenya

5.4.10. Status of Grevy’s zebra to 2,350 individuals presently. This translates to
an 85% decline in the number of Grevy’s Zebra
(Equus grevyi) over a period of about 30 years. Kenya has an
The species is listed as endangered by both the enormous national and global responsibility
WCMA, 2013 and IUCN. Historically, the species to ensure that this species is conserved for
was also found in Eritrea, Djibouti, and Somalia posterity. It is estimated that 95% of the current
and with reported sighting in Sudan. Numbers population of Grevy’s zebras is found in Kenya.
of Grevy’s zebra have declined from an Of these 90% are found in conservancies.
estimated 15,000 individuals in the late 1970’s
Plate: 21 Grevy›s zebra
Figure 5.14. Grevy›s

zebra historical and
current range distribution

Table 5.17 Population status of Grevy›s Zebra in Kenya
# Area Population Remarks
Estimate
(2016)
1. Isiolo 268 Mainly in the conservancies

2. Samburu 429 Mainly in the conservancies
3. Marsabit 75 Mainly in the conservancies
4. Laikipia 1,206 Mainly in the conservancies
5. Meru 8 Meru National Park. Population is declining from the initially introduced 20.
Only 1 birth has ever been recorded.
6. Oserian 6 Introduced population
7. Others 34 Wamba ,Tsavo, Gurar,South Horr

5.4.11. Status of Common diversion, and water pollution. Habitat loss
and degradation has resulted to conflict with
hippopotamus (Hippopotamus agricultural development and farming.
amphibius)
The species is listed as Vulnerable by both IUCN
5.4.12. Status of Lelwel
and the sixth schedule (WCMA, 2013). Global Hartebeest(Alclephus buselaphus)
estimate of Hippos numbers by IUCN in 2016
It is one of the eight (Cokes, Western,
was between 116,000 to 130,000 individuals. In
Red, Lichtenstein, Swayne, Northern, Tora)
Kenya the species is found in most fresh water
subspecies of the hartebeest and is classified
lacustrine and palustrine wetlands including
as endangered by both the IUCN and the sixth
L.Victoria, Lake Turkana, L.Naivasha, L. Baringo,
schedule (WCMA). Globally the population
L.Kenyatta, Tana and Athi- Sabaki Rivers,
has declined from 285,000 in the 1980s to
MaraRiver, Kuja River, Yala Swamp, Lorian
less than 70,000 in 2017(IUCN). In Kenya it is
Swamp, Mzima Spring amongst others. Hippos
found in Laikipia, Naivasha (Kongoni Island),
are also found in manmade wetlands such
Ruma N.P and Masai Mara. Threats facing the
as the Masinga, Kiambere, Kamburu dams
Lelwel Hartebeest include habitat loss in its
and Ruai sewerage ponds. IUCN estimates
rangeland caused by human encroachment
Kenya population to be 6,500 individuals.
especially due to agricultural development;
Major threats include habitat degradation,
subsistencepoaching. The population status of
illegal and unregulated subsistence poaching
the Lelwel Hartbeest is yet to be established.
and trophy, over abstraction of water and
Plate: 22 Lelwel Hartbeest

5.4.13. Status of Soemmerring’s 1999.The major factors of the drastic decline in
population are attributed to the great drought
gazelle (Gazella soemmerringii) in the Ogaden area and rampant over grazing.
IUCN and WCMA lists’ theSoemmerring’s gazelle Other exacerbating factors werehunting and
species as vulnerable. The species distribution is habitat destruction.
the Ogaden area and other lowlands of Eastern
Ethiopia. It occasionally ventured as far south
of Ogaden to extreme north east Kenya. No
sightings have been reported in Kenya since
Plate: 23 Soemmerring’s gazelle
5.4.14. Status of Lesser Kudu Meru conservation area (Meru andKora

National Park, Bisanadi and North Kitui National
(Tragelaphus imberbis) Reserves), Bogoria, Samburu, Lamu, Tana River
The species is listed as vulnerablein WCMA, and Garissa.Threats to the species include
2013 and as threatened by IUCN. The species predation, encroachment, and habitat
has a wide range but is basically a wooded conversion, subsistence poaching and high
grassland species. It is found in many of the susceptibility to rinderpest. Population status is
protected areas including conservancies in yet to be established but presently believed to
Laikipia, Mara, Kajiado and Taita. Notable be stable especially in the protected areas.
populations are found in the Tsavos, Marsabit,
Plate: 24 Lesser Kudu

5.4.15. Status of Greater Kudu strepsicerosstrepsiceros. Presently there are
some populations in Meru, Samburu, and
(Tragelaphus strepsiceros) Garissa and in a few conservancies in Laikipia.
Schedule six lists the species as vulnerable According to DRSRS census, in the 1970’s the
and least concern by IUCN. The last global National population of the species was 272,
estimate done by East, 1999 estimated a in the 1980’s 400, in the 1990’s 704 while in the
total population of about 482,000 individuals. early 2000’s there were 762 individuals. The
There are 4 sub-species of strepsiceros. Two population in Tsavo is likely to be extinct. Threats
of these are found in Kenya. In the north facing the species include loss of habitat;
Samburu, Marsabit, Laikipia, Bogoria and Meru deforestation and subsistencepoaching. Its
is the Tragelaphus strepsiceroschora while in population status in the country is unknown but
the south Tsavo and Mara is the Tragelaphus believed to be declining drastically.
Plate: 25 Greater Kudu

5.4.16. Status of Giant forest hog Aberdare National Park, Mt.Kenya National
Park & Reserve, Kakamega Forest and possibly
(Hylochoerus meinertzhageni) in the Mau Forest. The status of this species is
The Giant forest hog is native to montane presently unknown.Threats facing the species
wooded habitat but do not tolarate low include poaching, loss of habitat due to illegal
humidity. Their range resembles exactly the one logging.
for the Eastern Mountain Bongo. They occur in
Plate: 26 Giant Forest Hog
5.4.17. Status of Tana Crested in the Tana river Primate Research while the rest
is found in adjacent forests and on trust and
Mangabey (Cercocebus galeritus) government land.
This critically endangered(WCMA,2013)
The species is threatened by deforestation,
endemic long tailed monkey is a primate
burnning of grassland which slows forest
species in the family Cercopithecidae. IUCN
regeneration, livestock incussions into forests
lists the species as endangered.The species is
and damming of the Tana river upstream which
restricted to about 30 patches of forests along
affect the water table and thus the forest.
the lower Tana with an EOO of 60km from
They are predated on by African Crowned
Nkanjonja to Hewani. The present population is
Eagle, Martial Eagle and Nile Crocodile. The
estimated to be about 1000 individuals in 1 sub-
species is also persecuted due to raiding of
population. The species is listed under appendix
Crop Destruction. The court oder in 2007 to
I of CITIES and class A of the African Convention
degazette the Reserve further agrivated the
on the Conseervation of Nature And Natural
conservation status of the species.
Resources. about 60% of the population lives
Plate: 27 Tana Crested Mangabey

5.4.18. Status of Red Colubus about 1000 individuals divided into about 80 to
90 groups.
Monkey(Piliocolobus rufomitratus)
The species is threatened by deforestation,
Due to its small EOO (50km2) and the increasingly
burnning of grassland which slows forest
smaller isolated AOO has resulted in the species
regeneration, livestock incussions into forests
being listest as endangered by IUCN and
and damming of the Tana river upstream which
critically endangered by WCMA,2013. Presently
affect the water table and thus the forest.
the species occurs in some clear localized
Poaching for meat and skin on a local basis is
area which are facing rapid destruction. The
equally a threat to the species. The proposed
area runs from Kipende on the lower Tana
Tana intergrated sugar project that will occupy
riverto Mitipani where the Tana flood plains
about 200km2 is likely to be a serious threat to
begins. This area has about 30 patches of
the existence of this species.
fragmented forests which surpport the species.
The population presently is estimated to be
Plate: 28 Red Colubus Monkey
5.4.19.Status of Eastern Tree Hyrax in Abaderes they occupy the mid-montane

and riverine forest. The main threat facing the
(Dendrohydrax validus) species include forest loss, degradation and
This species belong to the familiy procavidae fragmentation as well as hunting for meat and
and is listed as of near threatenedby IUCN. It is skins.Although it occurs in a number of Reserves
found in the Aberdare range,Mau forest and much of its habitatremains unprotected.Their
Mt. Kenya regions. The species are found in status is presently unknown.
fig trees and riverine forest in Mt.Kenya while
Plate: 29 Eastern Tree Hyrax

5.5. Other Listed Species
5.5.1. Status of Shrews Table 5.18 gives the status of the 10 listed
(schedule 6 of WCMA, 2013) shrew species in
There are more than 330 species of shrews Kenya. Most of the shrews have a relatively low
found all over the world.These are mole-like extent of occurance (EOO) which basically
mammals in the order of eulipotyphia. They is montane and lowland forest. Their areas
are animalvorous ie they eat small live prey of occurance (AOO) are equally highly
mostly inverterbrates although some prey on specialised and therefore limited within very
small verterbrates.Shrews need to consume specific range. Any slight interferance in their
200 – 300 % of their body weight in food every ranges constitutes a threat to their existence.
day in oder to survive. There are 38 species 10 Some of these threats include habitat loss and
of which are listed as being endangered. change,encroachment,destruction of their
ground nests, logging, pollution,farming and
Table 5.18 Status of listed Shrews in Kenya introduction of invasive species.
s/n Common Scientific Listing Location Populatio Remarks
o Name Name n
Status
IUCN WCM
A
1. Golden Rhynchocyon E E Boni forest, 20,000 Last estimate done by clare de

ramped chrysopygus Arabuko fits debon 1994 arabuko forest
elephant sokoke,
shrew Dakatcha Dakatcha woodlands facing
severe encroachment
2. Black & Rhynehocyon LC V Arabuko DD It is ranked 46th out of 5000

rufous petersi sokoke, mammal species based on the
elephant Gede ZSL scoring system for the
shrew/the forest world’s mammals based on
black and their evolutionary distinctiveness
rufous sengi (ED weighted by global
or zanj endangerment (EDGE)
elephant
shrew
3. Aberdare Surdisorex LC V East side of DD Lives in the high tropical high

shrew\Aberd norae the altitude bamboo and
are mole Aberdare grassland.
shrew mountain
rangepde Threatened by climate change
(kerbis
peterhans
et al 2009)
4. Mt.Kenya Surdisorex LC V Mt.Kenya DD Habitat Tropical high altitude
shrew polilus bamboo & grassland
5. Elgon shrew Crocidura LC V Mt. Elgon DD Habitat – sub tropical or tropical

elgonius moist montane forest
6. Fischer’s Crocidura DD V Kajiado DD Extent yet to be established

shrew fischeri nguruman due to taxonomic issues
surrounding its relationship with
Voi shrew yet to be resolve
7. High land Crocidura LC V Mt.Kenya, DD Threatened by agricultural
shrew allex Aberdare expansion in other parts of its
ranges, NWCS REPORT 2015-2017
range.AOO PAGE 159
under severe
Mau forest, pressure
Nanyuki
4. Mt.Kenya Surdisorex LC V Mt.Kenya DD Habitat Tropical high altitude
shrew polilus bamboo & grassland
5. Elgon shrew Crocidura LC V Mt. Elgon DD Habitat – sub tropical or tropical

elgonius moist montane forest
6. Fischer’s Crocidura DD V Kajiado DD Extent yet to be established

shrew fischeri nguruman due to taxonomic issues
surrounding its relationship with
Voi shrew yet to be resolve
7. High land Crocidura LC V Mt.Kenya, DD Threatened by agricultural
shrew allex Aberdare expansion in other parts of its
ranges, range.AOO under severe
Mau forest, pressure
Nanyuki
8. Rombo Crocidura LC V Mt. Elgon DD Additional studies are needed
Shrew monax into the taxonomy, distribution,
abundance, general ecology
and threats to this little-known
specie
9. Smokey Crocidura LC V Mt.Kenya & DD Threatened by habitat loss
white fumosa Aberdare
toothed range
shrew
10. Vermiculate Crocidura LC V Tsavo DD Population outside protected
shrew xantippe National areas being threatened by
Park. decreasing AOO
Plate: 30 Black & rufous elephant shrew Plate: 31 Golden ramped elephant shrew
5.5.2. Status of Listed Bats nocturnal mammals and that combine sight
(bats are not blind) with echolocation for
(Chiroptera) movement in search of food and avoidance
About one quarter of all mammals found in of hindrances and predators.
the country are bats. Kenya has about 110
Threats to Bats basically by human activities
bat species divided into 10 families. Kenyan
thyat include- disturbances of their roosts,
bats are distributed throughout the country
environmental pollution, persecution (cultural
and inhabit virtually all types of physical and
beliefs), and fragmentation. The evolution of
natural geographical and environments states.
wind farms for power generation in the last
The largest aggregations of bats in the country
decade is now prooving to be a major factor
are found in coral caves along the coast. One
in bat mortality. The table 5.19 below gives the
such cave in Kilifi County supports millions of
status of the listed bats in the country.
bats with about 6 different species. Bats are

Table 5.19 status of the listed bats in the country
# Common Scientific Location Listing Population Threats
name name Trend
1. Percival”s Cleotis Isolated IUCN- Unknown Roost disturbance

short eared percervali population LC
Trident bat on coast of WCMA-
Thomas Kenya VU
1901
2. East African Myonycteris Narrowly IUCN- Decreasing Habitat loss through logging,
little relicta distributed LC harvesting of firewood and
Collared in SE Kenya WCMA- conversion of land to agriculture
Fruit Bat, VU
Bergmans
1980
3. Hildegarde’s taphozous Distributed IUCN- Last Loss of forest habitats and
tomb bat hildergadeae along the VU population disturbance of caves on which the
Coast of WCMA- done in species depends
South east VU 1988
Kenya from yielded
lower Tana 1500
River individuals
Southwards. in 3 caves
4. Macinnes Rhinopoma Northern IUCN- Unknown Habitat loss but this needs
mouse- macinnesii Kenya but DD confirmation
tailed bat endemic to WCMA-
Hayman, East Africa VU
1937 (Ethiopia,
Kenya,
Uganda;
Somali)
5. Hamilton’s Taphozous Western IUCN- unknown Threats facing this species are
tomb bat hamiltonii shores of DD unknown. It could be declining
Lake WCMA- due to habitat loss through
Turkana VU agriculture, but the data to
confirm this is lacking
6. Kenyan big Tadarida Maungu IUCN- unknown There appear to be no identifiable
eared free- lobata Hills &North DD threats to this species (IUCN)
tailed bat west of WCMA-
Kenya VU
7. Large-eared Otomops Lava tubes IUCN- Decreasing Disturbance of their cave habitat.
free-tailed martiensseni in Chyulu NT Threats to these caves include
bat Hills, Tsavos WCMA- blocking of entrances,
(matschie and Suswa VU recreational caving and
1897) unregulated tourism activities

5.5.3. Status of Rodents 1; domice 3, Porcupine 3;Rats & Mice 63,
Nesomyds 6, Spring hare 1,Squrrels 10,Mole-
Presenttly kenya has 194 rodents which are Rats 1 and Cane Rats 2 Table 5.20 gives the
divided into 11 families. Anomolures 1, 3 status of the listed rodents in Kenya.
Mole rats , Hamstes Voles, Lemings and Allies
Table 5.19 status of the listed bats in the country

s/no Common Scientific Listing Location Population Remarks
Name Name IUCN WCMA Status
1. Hopkin’s Pelomys DD VU Lake Unknown • Endemic to L.Victoria basin

groove- hopkinsi Victoria • Change in land
toothed useespecially to
swamp rat agricultural use and
therefore treating the
species as a pest
• Loss of papyrus swamp(It’s
Habitat)
2. Audacious Tachyoryct LC VU Abedar Unknown • Endemic to Kenya
mole es audax es, • Since most of its habitat is
rat(Abeda Mt.Keny in protected areas , its
res a population seems to be
mountain stable
mole rat)
3. Lesser Beamys LC VU Arabuko Unknown • Threatened Habitat
hamster- hindei sokoke, (tropical & subtropical
rat(long Gede lowland forest) – mainly
tailed due to agricultural and
pouched associated practices
rat) • captured as pets
• illegal trade
4. Dwarf Mastomys DD VU Kajiado, Unknown • Its habitat is tropical &sub-
multimam pernanus Narok tropical grassland
mate savannas & grasslands
mouse mainly lost to wheat
farming & rapid
urbanization
• Its area EOO has greatly
been affected by change
in land use especially
farming\
• Its AOO is now restricted to
small fragmented natural
grassland areas with
minimal livestock incursion.
5. Springhare Pedetes LC VU Unknown • Hunted for food and
capensis clothing
• No recent sightings have
been reported
6. Red bush Paraxerus LC VU Arabuko Unknown • Deforestation and
squirrel(Th palliatus forest,G degradation of original
e red ede coastal forest habitat is a
bellied Taita hills major threat
coast
squirrel)


5.5.4. Status of Montane/Kenyan
Dancing Jewel (Platycypha between 1600 and 2000M above sea level.
amboniensis) The species is critically in danger of extinction
due to severe habitat loss and degradation.
This is the only listed insect species and is listed The forest under which its EOO is defined
as critically endangered by the IUCN and has been cleared leaving only fragmented
WCMA, 2013. The species belongs to the African pockets (AOO) where it presently occurs. The
Damselfly and in the family chlorocyphidae continued illegal logging, charcoal burning
which has about 10 species. The species is and clear cutting has further aggravated the
endemic to the montane forest streams of the survival of the species.
Aberdares and Mt.Kenya and only found
Plate: 32 Montane Dancing Jewel
5.5.5. Status of Fish are listed as endemic.Kenyan lakes and rives

are home to a variety of fishes some which
There are 355 fish species recorded in the show endemism and some which though wide
country as fresh water fishes but currently only spread and due to a variety of reasons are now
332 species are confirmed present, 15 species listed as threatened.Table 5.21 gives the status
are recorded as possibly present while 8 are of the 11 listed fish species in Kenya.
extipated. Presently 25 fresh water fish species

Table 5.21 Listed Fish Species in Kenya
Common Scientific Protection Location/ Status Threats
Name Name classification Remarks 2015-2017
1 Singidia Oreochromis IUCN-CR Established Population • Heavy fishing pressure
tilapia (local esculentus into lake declining • unregulated fishing
name – WCMA-CR Jipe in 1976 • marked reduction of diatoms
mwekundu) and is now from phytoplankton’s at the
the expense of “unpalatable”
dominant cyanobacteria
species • massive typha species
infestation of the spawning
and nursery grounds
• increased siltation due to
agricultural and cattle grazing
practice in the area
• clearance of water-laden
woodlands for agriculture and
for fuel wood
• pollution from domestic and
agricultural effluents
2 Rainbow Ptyochromis IUCN- Endemic to Population Threats unknown
Sheller sp nov lake declining
WCMA-CR Victoria
3 Lake Xenoclaris IUCN Endemic to Possibly • predation by Nile Perch

Victoria eupogon Lake extinct (no • increased eutrophication of
deep water WCMA-CR Victoria recorded the lake
catfish landing) • overfishing
4 Lake Chala Oreochromis IUCN Endemic to Population • Weed infestation- increased

Tilapia hunteri Lake declining surface plankton whose
WCMA-CR Chala- decomposition depletes
(extent of oxygen
occurrenc • Siltation and erosion
e < 2Km2) • Lake is strongly stratified and
on the thus little mixing and only the
eastern top 20m depth (epilimnion)
slopes of supports life
Mt.
Kilimanjaro
5 Lake Jipe Oreochromis IUCN Endemic Population • Competition for habitat with
tilapia jipe to lake Jipe declining the more dominant
WCMA-CR oreochromis esculentus
On Kenyan • High level Siltation
side of the • Weed-typha domingensis,
lake the cyperus papyrus and
lake falls phragmites mauritianus-
within infestation
Tsavo West • Overfishing especially by nets
National

park and is • Increasing salinity due to
thus reduction in lake levels
protected
6 Victoria Oreochromis IUCN- CE Lake Population • Over fishing using illegal

Tilapia variabilis Victoria & declining methods& gear
it’s • Competition for habitat & food
tributaries Estimated with exotic species(introduced
EOO Nile Tilapia)
Restricted <100km2 • Predation by introduced Nile
toa few Perch
small
satellite
lakes
7 Magadi Alcolapia Lake Population • Overexploitation due to use of

Tilapia alcalicus Magadi declining small meshed nets, beach
(lakes seines in particular and
Natron and intensive fishing efforts
Manyara in • Decrease in water levels
Tanzania) • Sedimentation is a major
problem
8 Victoria Marcusensius IUCN-LC Yala Population • Predation by Nile Perch
stonebasher victoriae swamp, declining • Water turbidity and siltation as
WCMA-EN Lake but a consequence of erosion
Kanyaboli, deemed to and farming expansion
Lake be stable • Regression of wetlands due to
Victoria farming and human
and settlements
mouths of • Irrigation
rives • Eutrophication
entering • Loss of riverine migratory routes
lake • Illegal fishing methods
Victoria,Ma
ra river
10 Kyoga Xystichromis IUCN-CR Species Population • Presence in Kenya is not

flameback nuchisquamul endemic to declining documented
atus WCMA-EN lake • Likelihood of hybridization due
Victoria to decrease in water
transparency
• Predation by Nile perch
11 Ewaso nyiro Labeo IUCN-VU Only in the Population • Likely to be affected by
labeo percivali northern status is change in water quality and
WCMA-EN part of unknown quantity
Ewaso
nyiro river

5.5.5.1. Status of Plain Northobranch 5.5.5.2. Status of Elongate
(Nothobranchius bojiensis) nothobranch (Nothobranchious
This endemic species to Kenya belongs to elongatus)
the family Aplocheilidae and is found in the This species of the Aplocheilidae family inhabits
northern Ewaso ngiro drainage in the seasonal temporary pools of water along the Mombasa
waters of Boji plains near Merti. It is listed both Kaloleni road. It is only found between 170-
by the IUCN and WCMA 2013 as vulnerable. It’s 200M ASAL and thus has a very restricted EOO
EOO and AOO is very restricted. There is very and AOO. It habitat is intermittent freshwater
scanty information on its population status and marshes- ephemeral ponds. It is listed by both
threats to this species the IUCN and WCMA-2013 as Vulnerable. The
species usually dies as the ponds dry but the
eggs survive and hatch during the next wet
season. Its lifespan is thus very short and rarely
exceeds 6 months. It reaches maturity in about
20 days.
Plate: 33 Elongate Nothobranch
5.5.6. Status Of Listed Toads And

Frogs
Researchers have expressed concern over the species listed as endemic.Human activities such
rapid decline of frog populations in Kenya and as logging and agricultural expansion , climate
Africa in general, citing disease (chytrid fungus- change and alien species invasion have been
which has been documented to be responsible blamed for the declinning frog population in
for the demise of frogs in other countries) and Kenya.Poor waste management leading to
destruction of natural habitats(fires & land pollution of water bodies ,which constitutes
conversion) which have been cited as major home to amphipians , has also contributed
threats to their existance.The situation has been to this decline. Construction of hydro-electric
further compouded by the lack of information power is a majot threat to migratory frog and
on the species. Data from IUCN shows 1,800 toad species. Most of these species have a
species of amphipians across the world face narrow EOO and thus are easily affected by
extinction. Presently Kenya has 20 amphipian any anthropogeneous interfearance.

Table 5.21 Listed Fish Species in Kenya
# Common Scientific Name Protection Location/ Remarks Status 2015-2017 Threats
Name classification
1. Du toit”s Peptropedetes IUCN- Endemic to Kenyan side DD • Last recorded in 1962

Torrent Frog dutoiti/ of mount Elgon in the • Suspected cause was
(kenya rocky arthroleptides WCMA- CR upper rocky montane chytridiomycosis
river frog) dutoiti streams
2. Nairobi Toad Bufo Nairobiensis IUCN- Highlands around • Taxonomic status as yet • unknown
Nairobi, to be resolved to
WCMA-VU Mt.Kenya,Kinagop differentiate with
plateau M.Tandy&
M.mocquardi
• Population status
unknown
3. Silvery tree Leptopelis IUCN-LC Coast of Kenya- but in DD • Pet trade (though not very
Toad (triad argenteus savanna woodland pronounced)
tree frog) areas with many trees
and bushes
4. Taita Toad Bufo taitanus/ IUCN- LC Sandy areas of DD • Loss of habitat due to land
mertensophryne woodlands, grasslands or conversion
taitana open savanna of south
eastern Kenya
5. Mount Kenya Phrynobatrachus IUCN-EN Irangi forest in Meru Decreasing (Drewes et al • Habitat loss and change
frog irangi 2004)
Kimande- on the slopes
of Aberdares Not sited during this
reporting period in Kimand
6. Montane tree Hyperolius IUCN-NT Endemic to Kenyan Decreasing • Livestock grazing in forests
frog cystocandicans highlands- Kimande- • Illegal logging
Muranga; Nyambene • Reclamation of wetlands
hills; Chogoria- Mt. • Agrochemicals are suspected
Kenya; Kiambu, Tigoni, to affect the species
Kikuyu, Limuru; Kinangop
plateau; nyandarua
and thompsons falls;
Aberdares National Park
7. Shimba hills Afrixalus IUCN- EN Forests of South East decreasing • Hybridization with Afrixalus
banana frog slyvaticus Kenya- Shimba Hills stuhlmanni
National Reserve • Maintenance of its habitat in
the unprotected lowland
Recorded in Tana River forests is critical for its survival
8. Shimba hills Hyperolius IUCN-EN Shimba Hills National Decreasing outside Shimba • Change in habitat quality and
reeds frog rubrovermiculate Reserve Hills National Reserves extent especially out of the
s reserve
Buda Forest • EOO is only 426Km2
• Chytrid fungus is a likely threat
Gongoni Forest
(Kielgast et al 2010)
9. Yellow Leptopelis IUCN-LC Arabuko sokoke DD • Agricultural extension to its
spotted Tree flavomaculatus habitat
Frog • Logging
• Increasing human settlement
10. Turkana Toad Amietophrynus IUCN-DD Endemic to Kenya DD • Infrastructure development &
turkanae/ settlements, Climate change,
sclerophrys Loiyangalani Water abstraction
turkana/bufo
Ewaso Ngiro River in
turkanae
samburu

11. Delicate spiny Afrixalus IUCN-LC Coastal parts of the In urban areas is found in • Sugar cane farming near
reed frog / delicatus country isolated well vegetated Ramisi
Pickersgill”s water hazards and • Spread of eucalyptus which
banana frog stagnant seepages dry up wetland habitats
12. Painted reed Hyperolius IUCN-LC Naikara near Narok, • 13 subspecies • Habitat loss through drainage
frog/ marbled marmoratus transmara,Voi sagala • They live in hundreds or of wetlands and afforestation
Reed Frog hills,Kajiado thousands of individuals • Establishment of exotic
• Due to different color eucalyptus plantation which
of individuals there is lower the water table thus
unresolved issue and drying pans
confusion on taxonomy
13. Long reed Hyperolius IUCN-LC Nakuru, Chemilil, DD • It occurs widely in areas of
frog nasutus Mpeketoni limited human impact.
Lamu, Tana River delta,

Diani
,Msambweni&
Shimoni
14. Spotted reed Hyperolius IUCN-EN Southern Coastal parts of DD • Habitat loss- decline in dry
frog puncticulatus the country(shimoni) forest, moist forest &bush land
15. Water lily reed Hyperolius IUCN-LC Found in diverse DD • Declining habitats especially
frog pusillus environments especially open savannah bush land and
in southern Kenya and grassland
far west of Kenya
towards Uganda
Plate: 34 Turkana Toad Plate: 35 Shimba hills reeds frog

5.5.7. Status of Lizards (Skinks, into 8 families thus; Gekkonidae 33species,
Agamidae 7, Chamaeleonidae 17, Scincidae
Chameleons & Geckos) 22, Lacertidae 12, Cordiydae 5, Varanidae 2
There are 99 species of lizards in Kenya(Stephen and Amphisbaenidae 1. The table 5.23 gives
Spawsand Damaris Rotich) which are divided the status of the listed Lizard species in Kenya.

Common name Scientific Location Population Listing Threats Remarks
name
IUCN WCM
A
Tropical geckos Hemidactyla Ngatana along the Tana DD DD VU Infrastructure • Endemic to Kenya
us modestus River, and from the development • Common name wrongly
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest referred to as tropical gecko
(Kilifi District) and Ukunda instead of Tana river gecko
(Kwale District) (Spawls et
al. 2002).
Baobarb gecko Hemidactyla Northern and eastern DD DD VU Habitat

us Kenya and Coast where destruction
platycephalu there are large tree
s localities Gede,
Kora,Malindi,Mandera,Mo
yale,Taita & Wajir
Keel belied lizard Gastropholis Watamu, Arabuko-Sokoke DD NT VU Expanding

parasina Forest,Diani,Malindi human
populations
along the fertile
East African
coast, and
associated
agricultural
development.
Writhing skink Lygosoma Wide spread in Kenya’s DD DD VU Land use

tanae woodland, Savannah & conversion/cha
semi desert(Eliye nge and
springs,Mandera,Mumias, infrastructural
Nairobi,Nyambene hills , development
Sokoke forest,Tambach &
Wajir habitat confirmed to
< 2000m

Girdled lizard Cordylus Dry forests in Kilifi DD DD DD Those that are
tropidosternu arboreal are
(Dwarf Sungaza) m affected by
deforestation
while those
which are
rupicolous are
affected by
blasting of rocks
Savannah monitor Varanus Baringo, Bura, Diani, DD DD VU Hunted for Common name should start with
lizard albigularis Garissa, leather ,meat& white throated Savannah
Isiolo,Kainuk,Kakuma, international monitor
Kibwezi, Kwale, Lamu, pet trade
Lodwar, Lake Magadi, Wide spread in northern and
Malindi ,Mombasa, Mutito eastern Kenya and coast.
Andei, Ngulia, Sankuri, Voi, Usually found below 1500m
Wajir & Watamu altitude.
Side stripped Chamaeleo Njoro, Nyahururu subukia, DD DD VU No known Five former subspecies of this
chameleon bitaeniatus athi river, Gilgil, Kedong, tangible threats chameleon have now been
Laikipia, Nairobi, Lake elevated to full species.
nakuru, Ngong hills.
Traded under appendix II of
CITES
Flap necked Chamaeleo Gede,Kitui, Largely LC VU Collected for Savanna and woodland of most
chameleon dilepis Kwale,Machakos,Makindu distributed international of SE Kenya including coast alt
,Mombasa,Namanga,Sult pet trade <1500M
an Hamud, Voi,
Kakamega Kisumu Is the 3rd most heavily exported
chameleon species in the world
Elliots Chamaeleo Cherangani DD DD VU Habitat Traded under appendix II of

chameleone(Mont ellioti hills,Kakamega,Kapsabet, degradation & CITES
ane Side-striped Kitale, North Nandi forest alteration (but
Chameleon) and saiwa swamp species still Last record 2011 Kenya
thrives in open exported 635 individuals
and disturbed
areas)
High Casqued Chamaeleo Aberdares, cherangani Largely LC VU Species is Highland of central and western
Chamelion Hohnelii /Von hills mt,Elgon kaptagat, distributed resilient to Kenya. In bush grassland .Alt
hohnel’s kijabe, Kipkabus,Limuru, anthropogenic >1500
eastern mau, impacts
Muranga,Nairobi,
Naivasha, Nyeri and north
kinagop
Jackson chamelion Chamaeleo Mid altitude forests and DD LC VU Un regulated Is the 9th most heavily traded
jacksoni woodland of highlands of harvesting from chameleon species in the world
Kenya ; Chogoria.Chuka, the wild with virtually all exports from
Embu.,Meru,Muranga,Nair Kenya being farmed.
obi and Sagana,
Aberdares Np, Mt.Kenya
National Park
Mt.Kenya Chamaeleo Native to Kenya Stable NT VU Natural Fire to Endemic to Kenya from high
chamelion/Kenya schubotzi its habitat moorlands of Mt. Kenya of
side stripped Mt.Kenya(Mt.Kenya Alt>3000M
chamelion National Park)
Black and Red Lygosoma Central African forest DD VU

Skink(Red-flanked fernandi species recently recorded
skink) in Kakamega

5.5.8. Status Of Listed Snakes
Presently 171 snake species divided into 4
families have been recorded in Kenya

Common Name Scientific Listing Status Location Remarks
Name
Lamu worm snake/ Leptotyphlops DD Data deficient Manda Island, Lamu Island
Manda Flesh-pink Blind boulengeri
Snake
Gunther’s Centipede- Aparallactus IUCN-LC Common/Stabl Coastal bushland ,Montane No major threats to the species
eater (cape capensis e grassland & moist Savannah
centipede-eater) areas
East Africa egg eating Dasypeltis IUCN-LC Population Lamu Island Species is mostly found in protected
snake medici stable areas and thus stable in population
Large Brown spitting Naja ashei IUCN-EN Northern and Eastern Kenya Threatened by human activities
cobra/ Ashe’s spitting
cobra
Black-necked spitting Naja nigricollis IUCN-EN Coastal Kenya • It’s a terrestrial snake found
cobra mainly in savannahs and semi
arid regions.
• In some regions, it will be found in
coastal scrubs
Speckled bush snake/ Philothamunus IUCN-EN Arabuko Sokoke forest edges
spotted green snake punctatus/
ahaetulla kirkii
Puff Adder Bitis arietans IUCN-EN • Widespread all types of

savannah and semi-desert;
Nairobi, Tsavo, Coastal
Kenya, Kajiado, Meru
Green Mamba Dendroaspis IUCN-EN Kibwezi, Chyulu Hills, Taveta • It’s mainly arboreal but also
angusticeps among other places inhabit bamboo thickets, mango
groves and coastal shrub land
• Diurnal
• Extremely venomous
Kenya Sand Boa Eryx IUCN-LC, Northern Kenya in (semi-arid Over-collection for pet trade
colubrinus/Gon
gylophis CITES- desert regions)

colubrinus Appendix
II
Gaboon Viper Bitis gabonica IUCN-EN Habitat is rainforest & woodlands • Harvested for its venom
adjacent to rain forest. • Illegal trade
Kakamega Forest
Rock Python Python sabae Not listed Wide spread in rocky and marsh • Threats include reduction prey
by IUCN areas with adequate prey. base
• Its hunted for its meat & skin
CITES • Persecution
Appendix • Collection for pets & trade
II • Destruction & degradation of its
habitat especially by quarrying
Mt. Kenya bush viper Atherts desaixi Not listed EOO 2- Igembe Chuka Forest, South eastern • Threats include Habitat loss&
by IUCN & Chuka Mt.Kenya & Igembe in the degradation through Illegal
Northern Nyambene range collection, overgrazing, fuel wood
CITES collection, logging & Agriculture
Appendix • Restricted range (EOO)
II • Limited reproduction potential

5.5.9. Status of Listed Tortoises and 5.5.9.2. Yellow-Bellied Hinged
Terapins Terrapin (Pelusios castanoides)
This semi-aquatic species is found in
5.5.9.1.Crevice (Pancake) Tortoise
rivers,swamps and marshes.IUCN redlist
(Malacochersus Tornieri) classifies the speciea as of least concern
while in the WCMA,2013 it is classified as
This is a small soft shelled dorso- ventrally
vulnerable. By 2002 total population estimation
flattened species that basically inhabits
by IUCN was 100 adults distributed in 6 isolated
crevices in rocks. Only a small percentage of
populations. The species lost 80% of its range
this species lives in protected areas. About
through drainnage in the late 1990’s and
95% of the species population is found outside
early 2000’s. It is deemed that the population
the protected areas. It is distributed in two
is still decreasing.Threats facing this species
distinctpopulation thus; Southern and Northern
are habitat loss and deterioration caused by
sub-population. The southern sub-population
the drainnage, reclamation pollution(rubbish
covers the county of Tharaka and Kitui while
dumping,sewerage and/or pestiside run off)
the Northern sub-population covers the
and marsh I nvasion by water lettuce.
counties of Marsabit, Samburu and Isiolo. Its
population status is as yet to be established.
Shifting cultivation and illegal trade are the
5.5.9.3. Turkana/BroadleyiMud Turtle
major threats to its survival. Other threats (Pelusios broadleyi)
include Quarrying and encroachment.
This species is also reffered to as the lake
Turkana hinged terrapin and is a species of
turtle in the pelomedusidae family. The turtle is
endemic to lake Turkana and is only confrimed
to be present on the Kenya part of the lake.
The status of this species is presently unknown.
Plate: 36 Broadleyi Mud Turtle

5.5.10. Status of Listed Trees in Kenya threatened. 112 of the threatened species are
endemic to Kenya. Taita hills have over 86% of
Kenya has 356 plant species listed in appendix the threatened species. Table 5.25 gives the
VI out of which 23 are critically endagered,83 status of tree species listed under WCMA, 2013.
endagered, 169 vulnerable and 81 are near
Table 5.25 Listed tree species in Kenya

# Common Scientific Population Status Location Remarks
Name name
1. Voi Cycad Encephalatos IUCN-EN decreasing Maungu Hills, Mulilonyi, • Habitat loss- due to
kisambo Nyangala, sagala, Rukinga and charcoal burning
Kasigau hills • Clearance of land for
agriculture
• EOO and AOO are within
threshold for endangered
listing
2. East African Osyris IUCN-Not Samburu, Pokot, Baringo and • overexploitation food,
sandalwood lanceolata evaluated but other parts of the North Rift medicine and source of
locally wood, and for essential
oil which is used in
endangered
making perfume
3. Red Prunus IUCN- VU Kakamega forest, Mt. Elgon, Mt. • Harvesting of its bark for
stinkwood africana Kenya, other highlands of medicinal uses
Kenya
4. Meru Oak Vitex kiniensis IUCN- VU decreasing Endemic to Kenya • loss of Forest habitat due
Imenti Forest to agricultural expansion
Nyeri (Plantation) • illegal logging
Mt. Elgon
Londiani
Nandi Hills
Kakamega Forest
5. Camphor Ocoten IUCN- VU • Over-exploitation for
kenyensis wood
6. Parasol tree Polyscias IUCN- VU •
kikuensis
7. Rat aloe Aloe ballyi IUCN-EN Native to Kenya and Tanzania •
WCMA-VU
8. Tana River Populous IUCN-VU Tana, Athi and Uaso-Nyiro river • habitat loss
poplar ilicifolia


5.5.11. Status of Listed Birds
Kenya has one of the richest avifauna diversities 5.5.11.1. Avian Biomes in Kenya
in Africa, with around 1,105 bird species
recorded. Of these, 800 species are year-round There are six avian biomes (Table 5.26) in Kenya
residents, 60 species are afro-tropical migrants (Fishpool and Evans 2001), all with characteristic
moving within the continent and 170 are bird species. The Somali Masai biome is the most
Palearctic migrants that journey from Eurasia widespread and has the most representative
each winter. The major migratory flyways in species, (Bennun and Njoroge 1999). The
Kenya include the 550km long coastline with its Guinea-Congo Forest biome, though only
associated creeks, reefs and beaches, and the represented in Kenya by the Kakamega rain
chain of lakes stretching along the Rift Valley Forest is represented by 43 species in Kenya.
from Turkana in the north to Magadi in the The Sudan and Guinea savannah is marginal in
south. Some 170 Palearctic migrant bird species Kenya, being at its extreme eastern limit. Most
migrate south to Kenya from Eurasia during the species in this biome are not found elsewhere
northern hemisphere’s winter. Eleven of these in the country apart, from Kongelai Escarpment
species have local breeding populations that and its environs.
are year-round residents. By 2017 the listed
(Endangered, Vulnerable, rare, Indeterminate,
out of danger or insufficiently known) number
of threatened bird species in Kenya by IUCN
was 43.
Table 5.26 Avian biomes in Kenya and the total number of bird
species unique for each avian biome
Biome Location Number of species
present in Kenya
Somali-Masai Biome Kenyan ASAL 92
Afro-tropical Highlands Biome Mt. Kenya, Aberdares, Mt.Elgon 67
Guinea-Congo Forest Biome Kakamega forest 43
East African Coast Biome Kenyan Coastal forests 30
Lake Victoria Basin Biome Lake Victoria Basin 9
Sudan and Guinea Savannah Biome Machakos Athi Kapiti 13

(Source:Bennun and Njoroge 1999)
5.5.11.2. Endemic birds of Kenya The 7 endemic bird species include; Williams
Lark (Mirafra williamsi), Sharpe’s Longclaw
Seven bird species have been identified as (Macronyx sharpie), Hinde’s Babbler (Turdoides
being endemic to Kenya. These birds are spread hindei), Taita thrush (Turdus helleri), Taita
in Four globally recognized Endemic Bird Areas Apalis (Apalis fuscigularis), Aberdare Cisticola
(EBA’sas identified by Stattersfieldet al 1998. Of (Cisticola aberdare), Clarke‘s Weaver (Ploceus
these EBAs, the Jubba and Shabeelle valleys in golandi), Jackson’s Francolin (Francolinus
North eastern Kenya is marginally represented jacksoni). Presently these areas are facing
with the bigger portion lying outside the Kenya severe anthropogenic pressure resulting to
boundary. EBAs are defined as places where these birds habitats being threatened and
two or more bird species with a world distribution thus their population facing a decline.The sixth
of less than 50 000 km2 occur together. Kenya schedule lists 98 endangered listed bird species
has two globally recognized secondary areas that are found in Kenya. Some of this species
of importance - Kakamega and Nandi forests, are migrants.
and the northern Kenya short-grass plains.
5.5.11.3. Terrestrial Birds

Table 5.27 gives the status of the listed
endangered bird species found in Kenya.

Table 5.27 Status of listed endangered bird species
NO. Listed bird species- Site Protection Level of Population Listing Challenges/ Threats Other remarks
wildlife Act 2013 (Location) status of protection Estimates
site of site 2015-2017 2013 IUCN
(Location) Act Red
List
1. Taita Apalis(Apalis Taita hills None Very low DD CR CR Land use change • Endemic
fuscigularis) • Action plan for
conservation
species 2015-
2020 in place
• About 210-400
individuals exist
2. Taita Thrush None Very low DD CR CR Land use change •

(Turdus helleri)
3. Saker falcon None Very low DD EN EN Degradation of dry • Palearctic

(Falco cherrug) grasslands due to agriculture migrant
• 12800-30800
worldwide
4. Egyptian Vulture None Very low DD EN EN • lead poisoning • Also recorded in
(Neophron • Direct poisoning Mara Amboseli
percnopterus) • electrocution & Tsavo
• reduced food availability
• 13000-41000
& habitat destruction
worldwide
5. Sokoke Scops-owl Arabuko Forest Medium DD EN EN • Habitat degradation Available data 1996
(Otus ireneae) Sokoke reserve especially removal of 1500
Brachylaena tree where it
Dakatcha nests Persecution
woodland • Intensive clearance of
forest woodlands for agriculture
6. Spotted Ground- Medium DD EN EN • Intensive logging pressure Also found in Diani

thrush (Geokichla Forest.
guttata)
7. Amani Sunbird Medium 5 pairs ( EN VU -Destruction of Brachystegia

(Hedydipna Mulwa, woodland
pallidigaster) et.al. 2017)
8. Sokoke Pipit Medium 9 pairs , EN EN -Habitat loss and 5500 Individuals
(Anthus (Mulwa, degradation (Destruction of remain in Arabuko
sokokensis) et.al., 2017) Dakatcha Woodland Sokoke (Otieno
through tree felling for timber
et.al, 2014)
and fuelwood, as well as
agriculture (pineapple
farming)
-Intensive charcoal
production
-Fragmented habitat
-Degradation of its western

Palearctic breeding grounds
9. Aberdare Aberdare Forest Medium DD EN VU Tussock grasslands/mountain

Cisticola forest reserve, grasslands facing rapid
(Cisticola IBA fragmentation due to
aberdare) Mau-Narok
cultivation and livestock
Molo production
10. Sharpe’s Aberdare Forest Medium DD EN EN Tussock grasslands/mountain 2000 (D. Kimani,
Longclaw forest reserve grasslands facing rapid 2009)
(Macronyx fragmentation due to
sharpie) Mau-Narok
cultivation livestock
Molo production and
Mooreland fires
11. Turner’s Kakamega Forest Medium DD EN EN -Forest fragmentation Also found in Nandi
Eremomela Forest Reserve South Forest
(Eremomela -Charcoal burning
turneri) Dakatcha
-Encroachment
woodlands
-over grazing -Commercial
logging especially of Croton
megalocarpus
12. Clarke’s Weaver Forest Medium 51 (Mulwa, EN Globa -Clearance of woodland -Also occurring in
(Ploceus golandi) et.al, 2017- lly (especially brachylaena tree) Arabuko Sokoke

Reserve in Arabuko Threat for agriculture is the main and Dakactha
Sokoke) ened threat Forest (first noticed
in 2014)
13. Lappet-faced Forest Medium DD VU VU -Poisoning (direct, indirect -8000 in Africa

Vulture (Torgos Reserve and secondary poisoning)of
tracheliotos) the sub-population -About 500 in the
Middle East
-Persecution
-Habitat alteration
14. White-backed Forest Medium DD VU CR -Habitat loss 52% decline in

vulture (Gyps Reserve population in 15
africanus) -conversion of habitats to years (M. Virani in
agro pastoral system litt. 2006, Virani et al.
2011)
-decline in ungulate
population
-hunting for trade
-poisoning (by carbofuran)
15. Greater Spotted Nairobi National Highest DD VU VU -Habitat loss -there is strong
Eagle (Aquila National Park Park evidence of
clanga) -persistent persecution hybridization
between this
species and the
Lesser spotted eagle
Aquila pomorina
(Bergagmanis;
Lohmus and Vali,
2001;Dombrovski,
2002; Vali, et al,
2010)
-Europe has a
breeding
population of
about 1,100
breeding pairs
16. Eastern Imperial DD VU VU -Habitat loss and -It’s a migratory bird

Eagle(Aquila degradation
heliacal) -adult mortality through
persecution
-collision with power lines
-nest robbing
-prey depletion
17. White-winged DD VU VU Encroachment for agriculture -Possibly extinct in
Apalis (Apalis and unsustainable tree-felling Kenya last seen in
chariessa) for poles and others uses in the Lower Tana in
Tana River forests 1961
-Presently recorded
in Tanzania, Malawi
and Mozambique
-1600-6000-Globally
18. Blue Swallow Ruma National National Highest DD VU VU -Destruction and -Its intra African
(Hirundo Park Park degradation of its grassland migratory species
atrocaerulea) and wetland habitat on both with its Northern
IBA its breeding and non- most range being
breeding grounds Ruma National Park
-Also found in
Kakamega forest
19. Hinde’s Pied Mt. Kenya, IBA Medium DD VU LC • Increasing human
Babbler Nyambene population
(Turdoindes and Meru • Intensive farming
hindei) • Fragmented habitats
20. Abbott’s Starling Aberdare IBA Highest DD VU VU • Forest loss and habitat
(Poeoptera National degradation of nesting
femoralis) Mt. Kenya park sites
Forest • Illegal logging
reserve • Agricultural
encroachment (land use
change)

21. Olive ibis IBA Highest DD Prote LC -decline of range size Commonly known
(Bostrychia National cted -Fluctuation of habitat as the African
olivacea) park extent and quality Green Ibis
Forest -Severe fragmentation
reserve
22. Chapin’s Kakamega IBA Medium DD VU VU -Clearance of forests for Global population
Flycatcher forest agriculture and timber estimated at 2,500-
(Fraseria lendu) -Forest fires 9,999 mature
-Land fragmentation
individuals based on
an assessment of
known records,
descriptions (IUCN)
23. Ring-necked Kakamega IBA Medium DD NT NT -Reasons for decline not Approx 6000-15,000
Francolin Forest,Aberdar known but habitat mature individuals
(Francolinus es,Mt.Kenya modification is likely a factor exist globally
streptophorus)
24. Red-footed Tsavo, Mau National Highest DD NT NT -loss and degradation of Sighted also at
Falcon (Falco Narok/Molo Park natural nest sites. Elementaita and
vespertinus) grassland East of L. Victoria
25. Sooty Falcon Mau, Variable Variable DD NT VU -Pressure in wintering grounds -It’s a Palearctic
(Falco concolor) Narok/Molo -Pressure on its migration in migrant
grassland Africa -Global population
-Increased pesticides use 30000
(bioaccumulation) -Likely not be in the
country
26. Taita Falcon Taita Hills IBA Medium DD NT VU -Competition for food and 1000 mature
(Falco nesting sites with the bigger individuals
fasciinucha) peregrine falcon
-Spraying of pesticides
through operations to control
quelea and locust
27. Ruppell’s Vulture Nairobi.Kajiado Variable Variable DD NT CR Habitat loss Sighted in L.kwenia
(Gyps rueppellii) , Masai Mara, -Bioaccumulation(by
carbofuran)
-persecution
-Collision (bird strikes)
-Decline in ungulates
-Hunting for trade
28. Ostrich (Struthio Widespread High in Variable Not Prote LC -Fluctuating range size 30% decline over 10
camelus) (Nearly all some quantified cted -decline in habitat extent years but estimated
protected areas, in population and quality to have over 10,000
areas, and some -severe fragmentation mature individuals
game farms) areas low -poaching of eggs (Birdlife
International)
29. Secretary bird Wide spread Variable Variable DD Prote • Habitat degradation
(Sagitarrius cted • Disturbance
serpentarius) (Samburu, ) • Hunting
• Capture for trade
30. White headed Lowland Tana Variable Variable DD Prote VU -Reduction on availability of Global population
vulture and Sabaki cted suitable food sources 10500-18000
(Trigonoceps river areas, -Loss of habitat due to the individuals in total
occipitalis)
spread of urban and
Masai Mara, agricultural development
Samburu -poisoning through baits set
for other carnivores such as
jackals and hyenas
-Targeted poisoning of
vultures
-Introduction of the anti-
inflammatory drug
(diclofenac) which is fatal to
all vultures
-Persecution
31. Ayres’s Hawk Mau IBA Medium DD Prote LC -Pesticides especially DDT Global population
Eagle (Aquila Narok/Molo cted through the food chain estimates 670-6700
ayresii) grassland, -Development of wind farms mature individuals
Arabuko in Kenya
Sokoke, -Electrocution
Marsabit -Habitat loss/fragmentation
and destruction
32. Martial eagle Nairobi Variable Variable DD Protet VU -Incidental poisoning 20 breeding pairs in
(Polemaetus National Park ed -Habitat loss the entire Masai
bellicosus) Masai Mara -Reduction in available prey, Mara ecosystem,
Samburu, pollution and collisions with with at lleast 6 pairs
Tsavo, NWCS
power lines.REPORT 2015-2017 utilizing Mara177
PAGE
Kongelai Triangle (Hatfield, S.,
escarpment, 2017)
Meru
Sokoke, -Electrocution
Marsabit -Habitat loss/fragmentation
and destruction
32. Martial eagle Nairobi Variable Variable DD Protet VU -Incidental poisoning 20 breeding pairs in
(Polemaetus National Park ed -Habitat loss the entire Masai
bellicosus) Masai Mara -Reduction in available prey, Mara ecosystem,
Samburu, pollution and collisions with with at lleast 6 pairs
Tsavo, power lines. utilizing Mara
Kongelai Triangle (Hatfield, S.,
escarpment, 2017)
Meru
33. Crowned Eagle Kakamega Variable Variable DD Prote NT -Deforestation, collisions with Global population
(Stepanoaetus forest cted anthropogenic structures estimated to be
coronus) Gatamaiyu and between 40000-
electrocution on utility
forest 50000 mature
networks (S. McPherson in litt.
Mt. Kenya individuals
2016, B. Reeves in litt. 2016),
Arabuko - Competition with humans
Sokoke Forest for prey species, Direct
persecution
and Human disturbance
(Ferguson-Lees and Christie
2001, Hockey et al. 2005,
Thomsett 2011, McPherson
2015)
-Human disturbance and
conflict (McPherson et al.
2016b).
34. Pallid Harrier Manguo Variable Variable DD NT NT - Destruction and Terrestrial and fresh
(Circus Ponds, Masai degradation of water
macrourus) Mara, Mau 2grasslands through
conversion to arable
Narok,
agriculture
L. Naivasha,
- Burning of vegetation
L. Nakuru, - Intensive grazing of wet
L. Victoria, pastures
Kakamega - Intensive grazing of wet
Forest, pastures and the
Samburu, clearance of shrubs and
Kinangop tall weeds (
plateau, L. - Poisoning from pesticides
Baringo and other toxic
chemicals
35. Denham’s Masai Mara National Medium DD NT VU -Hunting 5000-50000 mature
Bustard (Neotis Reserve -Conversion of grasslands for individuals globally
denhami) agricultural uses -Also found in
-Collision with power lines Nairobi
-Accidental poisoning by
pesticides
36. Striped Flufftail Mt. Kenya, IBA Medium DD Prote LC -Loss of its grassland habitat
(Sarothrura affinis) Aberdares, Mt. cted through overgrazing,
Elgon afforestation and too
frequent burning (Birdlife
International)
37. Karamoja Masai Mara National Medium DD VU VU -Destruction of Acacia
Apalis(Apalis Reserve habitats
karamojae)
38. Cape Eagle–Owl Mt. Kenya, IBA Medium DD Prote LC -Persecution

(Bubo capensis) Eburu forest cted
39. Red Chested Kakamega IBA Medium DD Prote LC -fluctuating range size,
Owlet Forest, Mau cted habitat extent and quality
(Glaucidium Forest - severe fragmentation
tephronotum)
40. Black-rumped DD Prote LC -Habitat destruction

Buttonquail (Turnix cted
hottentotus)
41. Nyanza Swift L. Nakuru, L. Variable Variable DD Prote LC Habitat destruction
(Apus niansae) Naivasha, L. cted
Victoria, Masai
Mara, Hell’s
Gate, Eburu
forest, L.
Nakuru, Mau
Narok/Molo
grassland

42. Forest Wood- Kakamega IBA Medium DD Prote LC Habitat destruction Also referred to as
Hoopoe Forest, L. cted Forest Scimitarbill
(Rhinopomastus Nakuru
castaneiceps )
43. Violet Wood- Tsavo, L. IBA Medium DD Prote LC Habitat change
Hoopoe Nakuru cted
(Phoeniculus National Park
damarensis)
44. Taita Fiscal (Lanius Masai Mara Variable Variable DD Prote LC Habitat destruction
dorsalis) Samburu, cted
Meru, Tsavo
East and West
National Parks
45. Piapiac (Ptilosto Widespread None None DD Prote LC Habitat destruction • EOO 20,000Km2
mus afer) cted • Habitat
destruction
• Population seem
to be stable
• Is a member of
the crow family
46. Thekla Lark Dida Galgalu IBA None DD Prote LC Habitat loss due to Global population
(Galerida desert, cted agricultural intensification size is 23,300,000-
theklae) Marsabit -Increased predation 37,900,000 mature
individuals (IUCN)
47. Southern Hyliota Kakamega Variable Variable DD Prote LC

(Hyliota australis) Forest cted
48. Pale-breasted Tsavo, Athi Variable Variable DD Prote LC Habitat destruction

Illadopsis Plains Taita Hills cted
(Illadopsis
rufipennis)
49. Red-billed Marsabit,Lake Variable Variable DD Prote LC Habitat destruction
Oxpecker Nakuru cted
(Buphagus National park,
erythrorynchus)
Lake Baringo
50. Yellow-billed Lake Nakuru Variable Variable DD Prote LC Habitat destruction
Oxpecker National park,
(Buphagus Masai Mara, cted
africanus) Lake Baringo
51. Tsavo Sunbird Tsavo IBA Medium DD Prote LC Habitat destruction

(Cinnyris cted
tsavoensis)
52. Kenya Rufous Lake Naivasha, Variable Variable DD Prote LC Habitat destruction
Sparrow (Passer Nairobi cted
rufocinctus) National Park
53. White-Winged NE Kenya DD NT NT Destruction of its riverine

Collared-dove woodland habitats owing
(Streptopelia conversion to agriculture and
reichenowi) for fuelwood
54. Grey Parrot It inhabited the - DD NT EX Species population greatly Sighted in

(Lophopsittacus forests – declining due to December 2017 bird
bensoni) southern part census.
of Kakamega Hunting for trade.
forest
55. Fischer’s Turaco Boni forest, IBA Medium DD NT NT -Trapping for cage bird trade Population
(Tauraco fischeri) Shimba Hills estimated at 1,500-
National Park -Habitat degradation by 7,000 mature
clearance of coastal forests individuals
for firewood, charcoal
production, timber extraction
and agriculture

56. European Roller Nairobi Variable Variable DD NT LC -Persecution during migration The species is a
(Coracias National Park, -Shooting for food migrant from Europe
garrulous) Ol pejeta -Loss of suitable breeding
habitat from changing Global population is
Conservancy,
agricultural practices estimated at
Masai mara,
Tsavo, Lake 188,000-395,000
Naivasha, Mt. mature individuals
Kenya or 282,000-593,000
individuals (IUCN)
57. Grey-crested Lake Nakuru Variable Variable DD NT NT Habitat degradation resulting The species is
Helmet-shrike National Park, from increased livestock scarce and
(Prionops Masai Mara production and cultivation believed to
poliolophus) National Park, experiencing a
Lake Naivasha, rapid population
Longonot, decline
Menengai
Crater
58. East Coast Akalat Arabuko- IBA Medium Arabuko- NT NT Extraction of timber and Global population is
(Sheppardia Sokoke Forest, Sokoke deadwood in coastal forests estimated at 15,000-
gunning) Shimba Hills forest has by man, and elephant 29,999 individuals
an estimate damage in Shimba Hills
of 7,500
pairs or -Others include clearance of
15,000 forests for agriculture
mature
individuals
59. Semi-collared Mt Kenya, IBA Medium DD NT LC Habitat degradation mostly The global
Flycatcher Kakamega by destruction Quercus and population size is
(Ficedula Forest , Masai other riparian forests estimated at 58,000-
semitorquata)
Mara 350,000 mature
individuals (Birdlife
Int)
60. Jackson’s Mau Narok- IBA DD NT NT Destruction and

Widowbird Molo fragmentation of montane
(Euplectes grasslands grassland mostly for
jacksoni) agriculture
Eldoret,Nandi
east Laikipia,
Mt Kenya,
Aberdares,
Loita
Nguruman Hills
61. Malindi Pipit Tana Delta, IBA Medium DD T LC -Burning of grassland areas It’s is found in both
(Anthus Boni-Dodori and grazing terrestrial and
melindae) aquatic
-Demand for arable land thus environments
diminishing water resources
62. Southern Banded Tana Delta IBA Medium DD NT NT -Degradation and -Population by 1990
Snake-Eagle fragmentation of coastal was 22,000 mature
(Circaetus forests individuals
fasciolatus)
-Charcoal burning
-encroachment due to
cultivation
63. Lesser Kestrel Found N/A N/a Stable LC Habitat loss and degradation • Summer migrant
throughout the population due to agricultural to Kenya
(Falco naumanni) country intensification • Native non
breeding
64. Yellow flycatcher Along R.Tana Lc
(Erythrocercus Arabuko
holochlorus) Sokoke forest

Plate: 37Taita Thrush
Plate: 38 Taita Apalis

5.5.11.4. Marine and inland wetlands birds
No. Listed species Name of wetland Population Listing Challenges/ Threats Other remarks
(water dependent)- status
wildlife Act 2013 2015-2016 2013 IUCN
Act Red List
1. Papyrus Yellow Lake Victoria, Yala Data VU VU -Loss of habitat due to Also found in Uganda,
Warbler Swamp deficient drainage for cultivation of Rwanda and Burundi
(Calamonastides Crop Destruction and for fuel
gracilirostris) -Approx. 10000-20000
and building materials
(Birdlife Int, 2014)
-Invasion by water hyacinth
-Ecological changes that are

manmade
2. Lesser Flamingo L. Nakuru, L. Bogoria, L. 21,793(2015 NT NT -Soda ash mining and In 2010, more than 1M
(Phoeniconaias Baringo, L. Magadi,L. – 4 sights hydroelectric power schemes birds were recorded
minor) Turkana,L. Elementaita, bogoria, affecting the main breeding
L. Ondago swamp, L. nakuru,Ele site (L. Natron in Tanzania) 2015-19,778
Sonachi, Sabaki, Tana mentaita,N
-Introduction of alien brine 2016-no count
Delta, L. Longipi, L. aivasha
Oloiden shrimp to clean the soda off
2017-58,000 (IUCN)
algae
-Encroachment
-water pollution
-dilution of alkaline water by

inflow of fresh water
3. Basra Reed-wabler Tana River delta Data EN NT -Accelerating drainage of its -Palearctic migrant
(Acrocephalus deficient breeding habitats especially from Iran
griseldis) the 130,000 hectares Tana
River Delta -Entire population
passes through Tsavo
-Conversion of the Delta for West National Park
cultivation
-Prospecting for oil and gas
4. Madagascar Data VU VU -Declining wetland habitat -Afro-tropical migrant

Pratincole (Glareola deficient especially in Madagascar
ocularis) where it breeds -Also found in the
Mida creek and
Sabaki River-Mouth
5. Saddle billed stork L. Nakuru, L. Data Protec LC -Wetland degradation 3000 (RSPB, 2012)
(Ephippiorhynchus Elementaita, L. Turkana, deficient ted
senegalensis) L. Victoria, L. Naivasha, -Wetland conversion to
Sabaki river, Masai agriculture
Mara, Amboseli, Meru
-Wetland pollution
6. Great White Egret Widespread ( including Data Protec LC -Wetland degradation 6700-17000, mature
(Ardea alba) Marshes, swamps, deficient ted individuals
mangroves, deltas and -Wetland conversion to
estuaries and riverine agriculture
areas, Mau Narok/Molo
-Wetland pollution
grassland)
7. Great Crested Data Protec LC Predation e.g. by coypu rat in 915000-1400000
Masai Mara, Saiwa
Grebe (Podiceps deficient ted L. Naivasha (Wetlands Intnal,2015)
cristatus) Swamp, Samburu,

8. African Fish Eagle Amboseli, L. Victoria, Data Protec LC -Buildup of organo-chlorine Over 350 bird species
(Haliaatus vocifer) Busia grassland, deficient ted pesticides in water bodies and
Manguo ponds, Lake therefore in their fish prey Presence of the red
Nakuru, Mau resulting in egg shell thinning knobbed coot
Narok/Molo grassland,
-Extraction An endemic snake
Mt. Kenya
species
-Agro chemicals
-Invasive species
9. Grey crowned Data Protec LC -Habitat loss

Crane (Balearica deficient ted
regulorum) -Illegal removal of birds and
eggs (poaching) from the wild
-Degradation of wetland
breeding areas
-Drainage and overgrazing
-Use of pesticides in agriculture
10. African darter L. Baringo, L. Naivasha, Data Protec LC -destruction of wetland Global population
(Anhinga rufa) Sabaki river,Tana Delta, deficient ted habitats estimated at 25,500-
L. Nakuru, Samburu 127,000 (Wetlands
- pollution by agro chemicals International 2016)
11. Baillon’s Crake Lake Baringo Data Protec LC -degradation and loss of -The birds are found in
(Zapornia pusilla) deficient ted seasonal and ephemeral terrestrial areas,
wetlands through, drainage, freshwater as well as
overgrazing and cultivation marine areas.
(del Hoyo et al. 1996,
-It is a migrant
-Reed cutting and burning
-collisions with powerlines

(Taylor and van Perlo 1998).
12. African Finfoot Masai Mara, Boni- Data Protec LC -Habitat degradation from The bird is both
(Podica Dodori, Mt. Kenya, deficient ted increased river siltation terrestrial and
senegalensis) Nairobi Freshwater
-Reduced river flow resulting
commercial afforestation)
(Hockey et al. 2005)
-pesticide contamination
13. Taveta Golden Taita hills, Data Protec LC Habitat destruction The bird is both
Weaver (Ploceus Amboselinational park deficient ted terrestrial and
castaneiceps) Freshwater
14. Corncrake (Crex Masai Mara, Nairobi Data NT LC -Habitat loss Global population
crex) National Park Deficient estimated at 3-7million
-Chick mortality resulting from mature individuals The
mechanized mowing bird is both terrestrial
and Freshwater
-Increased predation
15. Black Crowned- Samburu National Data NT VU • Degradation of suitable • CITES appendix II
crane (Balearica Reserves, Masai Mara Deficient wetland habitat due to • Population in
pavonina ceciliae) National Reserves increasing human Kenya has
population adapted to man-
• Increased grazing pressures made landscape
altering wetland habitats especially around
and that influence agricultural land
abudance of insect prey with artificial
and availability of nest wetlands
habitat
• Increased human
population via wetland
damming, drainage,
increased sedimentation
through deforestation and
use of agro-chemicals
• Poaching of eggs
• Illegal trade in countries
which are not to CITES
16. Chestnut-banded Lake Magadi Data NT NT -pollution The total population
Plover (Charadrius Deficient has been
NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 183 at
estimated
pallidus) -siltation 16,200-17,500
individuals, roughly
-water abstraction
equivalent to 11,000-
12,000 mature
increased sedimentation
through deforestation and
use of agro-chemicals
• Poaching of eggs
• Illegal trade in countries
which are not to CITES
16. Chestnut-banded Lake Magadi Data NT NT -pollution The total population
Plover (Charadrius Deficient has been estimated at
pallidus) -siltation 16,200-17,500
individuals, roughly
-water abstraction
equivalent to 11,000-
12,000 mature
individuals
17. Great Snipe Lake Victoria, Lake Data NT NT -Nesting habitat loss in The bird is both
(Gallinago media) Naivasha Deficient conversion to agriculture terrestrial and
-Wetland drainage Freshwater
-Eutrophication
-Hunting
18. Black-tailed Godwit Amboseli National Park Data NT NT -Loss of nesting habitat owing -The bird is terrestrial,
(Limosa limosa) Deficient to wetland drainage and freshwater and marine
agricultural intensification
-The global population
-Conversion of wetlands to is estimated at
arable land 614,000-809,000
-Increased fertilization and individuals (Wetlands
drainage of grassland
International 2016).
-Spring burning and scrub
encroachment
-Increased predation of eggs
and chick
19. Eurasian Curlew Mida Creek Data NT NT -Loss and fragmentation of the The bird is terrestrial,
(Numenius arquata) Deficient moorland habitats from freshwater and marine
afforestation and agricultural
development - The global
population is
-Hunting estimated to number
835,000-
-High egg and chick mortalities 1,310,000 individuals
(Wetlands
-High predation
International, 2016)
- susceptibility to avian
influenza
20. White-eyed Gull Lake Turkana Data NT NT -Introduction of predators e.g. It’s both terrestrial and
(Larus rats in the breeding islands marine. Global
leucophthalmus) Deficient -Egg and chick- collection population estimate is
37,000-44,000
individuals overall
(IUCN
-First records for Kenya:

Lake Turkana, 18–21
December 1983(East
African Rarities
Committee Report
2010–2013)
21. African Soysambu conservancy, Data NT NT -Destruction of their favored -The bird is terrestrial,
Skimmer(Rynchops Lake Elementeita, Lake Deficient habitats (large rivers) by freshwater and marine
flavirostris) Turkana, Lake Naivasha human activities such as dam-
building, farming practices - Global population
causing reduced flows and estimated about
siltation of large rivers 10,000-17,000 mature
-Egg-collection and trapping
individuals (IUCN)
of adults
-Disruption by recreational
fishermen impacting breeding
colonies
-Bioaccumulation
-Reduced food supply as a
result of overfishing and
introduction predatory fish
22. Papyrus Gonolek Yala swamp, Lake Data NT NT Drainage, burning and the -The bird is both
(Laniarius Victoria, Dunga Swamp Deficient over-exploitation of wetlands terrestrial and
mufumbiri) -Conversion of wetlands points Freshwater
to agricultural development -Estimated at around 2
million mature
individuals (Maclean
et al. 2013)

23. Plain-backed Shimba Hills National Data NT NT Habitat loss resulting from -Population is
Sunbird (Anthreptes Reserve Deficient deforestation suspected to be
reichenowi reducing due to
continued habitat
destruction
- The bird is both

terrestrial and
Freshwater
24. Maccoa duck Mau Narok/Molo Severe long NT NT -Link between population -Global population
(Oxyura maccoa) grassland, Lake term trends and threats not 9000-11000
Naivasha decline understood
-Sighted occasionally
at
Ol Pejeta
Conservancy
25. Papyrus Canary Yala Swamp, Lake Data Protec LC Habitat degradation due to The AOO is
(Crithagra koliensis) Victoria deficient ted drainage and land severelydeclining
reclamation
26. Shining-Blue Around Bunyala Data VU LC Vagrant in Kenya

Kingfisher (Alcedo wetland deficient
quadribrachys)
27. Madagascar Pond- Coastal mangroves, Decreasing VU EN • Loss of habitat due to

heron inland pools and lagoon clearing ,drainage &
ponds , fresh water conversion
(Ardeola idea)
marshes & streams • Exploitation eggs & young
• Competition by the
Squacco heron
Protection status
1. Highest- gazetted conservation areas with international recognition ( e.g IBA, Ramsar, WHS, MAB)
2. High-gazetted (nationally protected e.g National Parks and Reserves
3. Medium-has some protection but not legally binding
4. Low-no known protection yet

5.5.12. Status of Kenya’s Important IBA. The criteria include 1) when the site has a
globally threatened species- birds threatened
Bird Areas with extinction, 2) restricted range species-
Presently Kenya has a total of 63 important birds that have highly restricted distribution
Bird Areas that cut through a variety of 3) Biome restricted species- a series of bird
geographical areas. The four criteria for species characteristic of a particular biome 4)
designating an IBA are all represented either exceptionally large numbers of flocking birds.
individually or as a combination in the country’s The status of Kenya’s IBA’S is given in table 5.29
Table 5.29 Status of Kenya’s IBA’s
No Area Name IBA Type County Birds Status Remarks
1. Aberdares Montane forest, Murang'a, Sharpe's Longclaw,Aberdare Aberdare National Large% of IBA
Mountain grassland, Nyandarua Cisticola,Abbott's Park,Mt.Kenya area outside
bamboo and and Nyeri Starling,Jackson'sWidowbird National protected area
moorland Park,Mt.Kenya Forest and facing
Reserve threats of land
use change.
2. Amboseli Papyrus swamps, Kajiado Madagascar Squacco Heron, Amboseli National Area outside
National Park acacia woodland and Lesser Flamingo, Lesser Kestrel Park park now
open grassland and and also possibly the Shoebill facing rapid
scrub land use
changes
3. Arabuko sokoke Coastal woodland Kilifi Southern Banded Snake Arabuko Sokoke
and evergreen forest Eagle,Fischer's Turaco, Sokoke Forest Reserve
Scops Owl, Spotted Ground
Thrush,Sokoke Pipit, East Coast
Akalat,Amani Sunbird, Plain-
backed
Sunbird and Clarke's Weaver
4. Busia Wetlands Agricultural area which Busia Great Snipe, Blue Swallow • No protection Birds facing
includes seasonally • Wetland severe threat
flooded grassland and from human
riverine scrub activities
5. Cherangani Hills Montane forest, Elgeyo No globally-threatened species Some area under Illegal
grassland, scrub, Marakwet but rich in bird diversity protection by KFS settlements,
bamboo and moorland and West logging &
Pokot development
of tea
plantations
6. Chyulu Hills Montane forest, brush Makueni Abbott's Starling Protected Fire, illegal
Forest and rough grassland logging &
charcoal
burning
7. Dakatcha Coastal woodland Kilifi Southern Banded Snake Eagle, Non Protected area Illegal logging
Fischer’s Turaco, Sokoke Pipitand for charcoal
Clarke's Weaver
8. Dandora Sewage works- treated Nairobi Southern Pochard Restricted area Constructed
water released into and Northern Shoveller found wetland
Nairobi river here
9. Diani Deciduous coral rag Kwale Southern Banded Snake Eagle, Protected
forest Fischer’s Turaco, Spotted
Ground Thrush and Plain-backed
Sunbird
10. Dida Galgalu Black-lava desert Marsabit Williams's Lark Un protected Fragile
Desert ecosystem
11. Dzombo Hills Coastal mixed Kwale Fischer's Turaco, Sokoke Pipit and Forest Reserve
Forest forest Plain-backed Sunbird
12. Dunga Swamp Papyrus swamp Kisumu Papyrus Gonolek, Papyrus Yellow Wetland Encroachment
Warbler
13. Gede Ruins Coastal semi- Kilifwi Southern Banded Snake Eagle, Protected
National deciduous forest Fischer's Turaco, Spotted
monument Ground Thrush, Sokoke Pipitnd
Plain-backed Sunbird
14. Kakamega Tropical rainforest Kakamega Chapin's Flycatcher, Turner's Protected
Forest containing grassy Eremomela
clearings and bushy
glades
15. PAGE
Kaya186
GandiniNWCSDry deciduous
REPORT 2015-2017 Kwale Fischer's Turaco, Spotted Ground Culturally protected
Cyanometra-Terminalia Thrush, Sokoke Pipit
forest and Plain-backed Sunbird
16. Kaya Waa Coastal Cyanometra- Kwale Fischer's Turaco, Spotted Ground Culturally protected
Drypetes forest on coral Thrush
7. Dakatcha Coastal woodland Kilifi Southern Banded Snake Eagle, Non Protected area Illegal logging
Fischer’s Turaco, Sokoke Pipitand for charcoal
Clarke's Weaver
8. Dandora Sewage works- treated Nairobi Southern Pochard Restricted area Constructed
water released into and Northern Shoveller found wetland
Nairobi river here
9. Diani Deciduous coral rag Kwale Southern Banded Snake Eagle, Protected
forest Fischer’s Turaco, Spotted
Ground Thrush and Plain-backed
Sunbird
10. Dida Galgalu Black-lava desert Marsabit Williams's Lark Un protected Fragile
Desert ecosystem
11. Dzombo Hills Coastal mixed Kwale Fischer's Turaco, Sokoke Pipit and Forest Reserve
Forest forest Plain-backed Sunbird
12. Dunga Swamp Papyrus swamp Kisumu Papyrus Gonolek, Papyrus Yellow Wetland Encroachment
Warbler
13. Gede Ruins Coastal semi- Kilifwi Southern Banded Snake Eagle, Protected
National deciduous forest Fischer's Turaco, Spotted
monument Ground Thrush, Sokoke Pipitnd
14. Kakamega Tropical rainforest Kakamega Chapin's Flycatcher, Turner's Protected
Forest containing grassy Eremomela
clearings and bushy
glades
15. Kaya Gandini Dry deciduous Kwale Fischer's Turaco, Spotted Ground Culturally protected
Cyanometra-Terminalia Thrush, Sokoke Pipit
forest and Plain-backed Sunbird
16. Kaya Waa Coastal Cyanometra- Kwale Fischer's Turaco, Spotted Ground Culturally protected
Drypetes forest on coral Thrush
rag
17. Kianyanga Steep river valleys with Kirinyaga Hinde's Babbler Wetland Farming and
valleys cultivation land use
change
18. Kikuyu Montane forest Kiambu Abbott's Starling Forest Reserve
Escarpment
forest
19. Kinangop Montane grassland and Nyandarua Pallid Harrier, Sharpe's Longclaw, Wetland Farming and
Grasslands farmland and Aberdare Cisticola, Jackson's land use
Nakuru Widowbird change
20. Kisite Island Low scrub andcoral Kwale hosts large numbers of Roseate Protected
rock Tern
21. Kiunga NMR Sandy beaches, Lamu hosts large numbers of Crab- Protected
mangroves and plovers and Roseate Terns
coral shelves
22. Koguta swamp Papyrus swamp Kisumu Papyrus Gonolek, Papyrus Unprotected
Yellow,Warbler wetland
23. Kusa swamp Papyrus swamp Kisumu Papyrus Gonolek Unprotected
wetland
24. Lake Baringo Shallow freshwater Baringo Madagascar Squacco Heron, Unprotected
lake with swampy Lesser Flamingo, Pallid Harrier, wetland
margins surrounded by Lesser Kestrel
basalt cliffs, bush and
acacia woodland
25. Lake Bogoria Alkaline lake, hot Baringo Lesser Flamingo (this is an Protected
springs, woodland and important feeding area and hosts
brush large congregations). Also hosts
large numbers of Greater
Flamingo and Black-necked
Grebe

26. Lake Elmemtaita Alkaline lake, acacia Nakuru Greater Spotted Eagle, Lesser Protected
woodland, Kestrel, Lesser Flamingo, Grey-
Tarchonanthus crested Helmet-shrike, Jackson's
bushland and grassland Widowbird. Also hosts large
congregations of Black-necked
Grebe, Great White Pelican,
African Spoonbill, Greater
Flamingo, Pied Avocet
27. Lake Magadi Heavily alkaline lake Kajiado Lesser Flamingo Unprotected
with a fringe of brush wetland
28. Lake Naivasha Freshwater lake with a Nakuru Grey-crested Helmet-shrike, Basra Unprotected Pollution from
papyrus swamp fringe Reed Warbler, Lesser Flamingo. wetland flower farm
and surrounding Acacia Also has large congregations of and land use
xanthophloea Red-knobbed Coot, African change
woodland. Spoonbill and Little Grebe
29. Lake Nakuru Alkaline lake with Nakuru Madagascar Squacco Heron, Protected
National Park surrounding Acacia Lesser Flamingo, Pallid Harrier,
xanthophloea Greater Spotted Eagle, Grey-
woodland and crested Helmet-shrike. Also hosts
grassland large congregations of Greater
Flamingo, Black-necked Grebe,
Little Grebe, Great White Pelican,
Yellow-billed Stork, African
Spoonbill, Black-winged Stilt, Grey-
headed Gull and Gull-billed Tern
30. Lake Turkana Alkaline lake surrounded Marsabit Lesser Flamingo. It is also notable 3 protected areas
by sandy and because over 10% of the rest unprotected
and rocky areas Turkana the East African/South East Asian Wetland
wintering population of
Little Stint are found here
31. Masai Mara Vast rolling grasslands, Narok Madagascar Squacco Heron, Protected
National riverine Lesser Kestrel, Pallid Harrier,
Reserves forest, swamp, Acacia Corncrake, Grey-crested Helmet-
woodland and scrub as shrike, Red-throated Tit,
well as Croton and Jackson's Widowbird
Tarchonanthus scrub
and rocky cliffs and
scarps
32. Machakos Acacia xanthophloea Machakos Hinde's Babbler Unprotected Illegal
valleys woodland, riverine bush grassland harvesting of
trees
33. Masinga Dam Freshwater reservoir set Embu Hinde's Babbler also hosts Restricted wetland
in open Acacia- congregations of White-winged
Commiphora bush Tern and Great Cormorant
34. Marenji Forest Coastal mixedforest Kwale Fischer's Turaco, Sokoke Pipit, Forest reserve
35. Mau forest Montane forest, Nakuru, Grey-winged Robin and the Protected
complex bamboo groves and Kericho, Purple-
grassland. Narok and throated Cuckoo-shrike
Bomet
36. Mau Narok/ Montane grassland Nakuru Lesser Kestrel, Pallid Harrier,Great Unprotected Wheat farming
Molo Grasslands and farms and Narok Snipe, Sharpe's Longclaw,
Aberdare Cisticola, Jackson's
Widowbird

37. Meru National Acacia-Commiphora Meru and Hindes Babbler, Saddle-billed Protected
Park bushland, wooded Tharaka- Stork is known to breed in the
grassland Nithi area
38. Mida Creek, Sandy beaches, Kilifi important congregatory area for protected
Whale Island, mangroves, Crab-plover, Lesser and Greater
Malindi/Watamu intertidal rock, sand Sand plover, Roseate and
and mud, sea-grass Saunder's Tern
beds and coral reefs
39. Mirima Hill Forest Coastal mixed Kwale Fischer's Turaco, Spotted Ground Forest Reserve
forest Thrush and Plain-
backed Sunbird
40. Mt. Elgon Montane forest, Trans Nzoia Sharpe's Longclaw Protected
moorland,
bamboo and wooded
grassland
41. Mt. Kenya Montane forest, Embu, Lesser Kestrel, Sharpe's Longclaw, Protected
National Park montane grassland, Kirinyaga, Abbott's Starling,
&R bamboo and moorland Nyeri, Jackson's Widowbird
Laikipia,
Meru,
Tharaka-
Nithi,
Nyambene
42. Mukurwe-ini Steep river Nyeri Hinde's Babbler Unprotected Farming and
Valleys valleys with land use
cultivation change
43. Mwea National Bush and woodland Embu Madagascar Squacco Heron Protected AOO quite
Reserves with restricted for
open glades Hindes babbler
44. Nairobi National Grassland, woodland, Nairobi Madagascar Squacco Heron, Protected
Park thickets, Corncrake Lesser Kestrel, Red-
dams and ponds and throated Tit and Jackson's
upland dry Widowbird. In January 2000 this
forest IBA was the centre of attention
because of the discovery of what
is believed to be a new pipit
45. North Nandi Tropical and montane Nandi Chapin's Flycatcher Forest reserve
Forest forest
46. Ol Donyo Basalt cliffs and Samburu Taita Falcon Forest reserve
sabache Juniperus-Podocarpus
forest
47. Ruma National Grassland, thickets Homa Bay Blue Swallow Protected
Park and open
woodland
48. Sabaki River Estuarine site with Kilifi Malindi Pipit also an important Unprotected Encroachment
Mouth Mud banks, area for Madagascar Pratincole, wetland and land
sandbanks, dunes Sooty Tern, Saunder's Tern and reclamation for
and freshwater Lesser Crested Tern farming
Pools.
49. Samburu, Acacia tortilis Isiolo and Taita Falcon and Lesser Kestrel Protected
buffalo Springs woodland, rocky Samburu
National cliffs and
Reserves escarpments, open
bush and grassland
50. Shaba National Commiphora bushland, Isiolo Lesser Kestrel and Williams's Lark Protected
Reserves riverine woodland and
thickets, open lava
desert,
alkaline swamps and
grassland

51. Shimba Hills Coastal forest, Kwale Southern Banded Snake Eagle, Protected
National grassland and scrub Fischer's Turaco, Spotted
Reserves Ground Thrush, Sokoke Pipit, East
Coast Akalat and Plain-
backed Sunbird
52. Sio Port swamp Papyrus Swamp Busia Papyrus Gonolek Unprotected Threatened by
extensive rice
farming and
papyrus reed
harvesting for
handicrafts &
fishing gear
53. South Nandi Tropical forest and Nandi Turner's Eremomela Forest Reserve
Forest montane forest
54. South Nguruman Acacia tortilis Kajiado Red-throated Tit, Grey-crested Unprotected Wildlife
woodland, Acacia- Helmet-shrike, Jackson's dispersal area
Commiphora brush, Widowbird
Tarchonanthus
thicket, grassland and
sub-montane forest
55. Taita Hills Forest Forest Hills Taita Southern Banded Snake Eagle, Forest Reserve Illegal logging
Taveta Taita Falcon and Abbott's and charcoal
Starling as well as the 3 globally- burning
endangered endemic
species; Taita Thrush, Taita White-
eye and Taita Apalis
56. Tana River Delta Inter- tidal zone with Tana River Southern Banded Snake Eagle, Unprotected/Ramsar Encroachment
riverine forests Malindi Pipit and Basra Reed site and land
Warbler. Also hosts internationally reclamation
important levels
of Gull-billed Tern, Caspian Tern,
Lesser Crested Tern
Saunders's Tern, Pink-backed
Pelican, Yellow-billed Egret,
Great Egret, Open-billed Stork,
Yellow-billed Stork, African
Spoonbill, Lesser Sand plover,
Little Stint and Marsh Sandpiper
57. Tana River Forest Evergreen forest, Tana River internationally important levelsof Not protected but Encroachment
deciduous Gull-billed Tern, aspian primate reserve especially by
woodland, bush and Tern, Lesser Crested protected beach
grassland TernSaunders's Tern, Pink-backed developers,
Pelican, Yellow-billed Egret,Great farming,fishing
Egret, Open-billed Stork, &illegal logging
Yellow-billed Stork,
AfricanSpoonbill, Lesser
Sandplover,Little Stint and Marsh
Sandpiper
58. Tsavo East Acacia-Commiphora Tana River, Lesser Kestrel,Basra ReedWarbler Protected National Severe
National bush, bushed Taita- andFriedmann's Lark Park & National encroachment,
Park/South Kitui grassland, bushland Taveta Reserves illegal logging
National and riverine scrub and Kitui and massive
Reserves charcoal
burning
59. Tsavo West Acacia- Taita Corncrake, Basra Reed Protected including especially in
National Park Commiphora bush, taveta Warblerand Friedmann's Lark the neighboring South Kitui
grassy plains and ranches National
59. Tsavo West Acacia-scrub
riverine Taita Corncrake, Basra Reed Protected including Reserves
60. National
Yala Park
Swamp Commiphora
Papyrus swampbush, taveta
Siaya and Warblerand
Papyrus Friedmann's
Gonolek, PapyrusLark
Yellow the neighboring
Unprotected Drainage and
grassy plains and Busia Warbler ranches land
riverine scrub reclamation for
60. Yala Swamp Papyrus swamp Siaya and Papyrus Gonolek, Papyrus Yellow Unprotected Drainage
rice and
farming
61. Busia Warbler land
62. reclamation for
63. rice farming
61.
category
IBA
62.
1. Site has a globally threatened species- bird is threatened with extinction
63.
2. Restricted range species
3. Biome restricted species
4. Exceptionally large numbers of flocking birds

5.6. Status of Listed Marine Wildlife Species
The Kenyan coastline is rich in marine biodiversity
which ranges from Whales, Dugong, Sea cows, 5.6.2. Sea turtles
Rays, Tuna,Sharks,Dolphins, birds,Turtles among Five species of sea turtles have been reported
others some of which are resident and others to either nest, forage or migrate through
migratory. Kenyan waters. These species include
the critically endangered hawksbill turtle
5.6.1. Dugong(Dugon dugong) (Eretmochelys imbricate), the endangered
Dugongs are large aquatic marine mammals green turtle (Chelonia mydas), and the
and is one of the four living species of the vulnerable olive - ridley turtles (Lepidochelys
oder Sirenia. This includes three species of olivacea). The endangered loggerhead turtle
Manatees. Historically, the dugong inhabited (Carettacaretta) and the leather back turtle
the entire shallow coastal waters of Kenya. (Dermochelys coriacea) occasionally forage
Herds of hundreds were recorded in the 1960’s. and migrate through Kenyan waters.
However, their numbers have dropped sharply Turtles were the dominant mega-fauna
over the years (WWF-EAME, 2004).During the recorded during an aerial census in December
2015 marine census only two individuals were 2016, accounting for 38% (161 of all sightings).
sighted. In March 2017, turtle sightings accounted
Presently their population is threatened by for about 31 % (135 of all sightings). Larger
degradation of sea grass habitat due to aggregations of sea turtles were recorded in
coastal development and industrial activities the March census compared to the December
that cause water pollution. Bycatch especially census. Some of the recorded sea turtles were
by trawlers resulting into entanglement in nets hawksbill, olive-ridley and leather back. The
is a major threat to their survival. figure 5.15 shows census result of some selected
marine
Figure 5.15 Distribution of Turtle Species

All the 5 listed turtle species(see NB below on that are associated with their behaviour. These
the black turtle) are under appendix I of CITES threats include by catch incidents - especially
and II of CMS Which means that no trade in the by trawlers, Pollution- especially ingestion of
species or its products at all.Besides the CITES plastics, Commercial & subsistence poaching
and CMS protection status , the Leatherback leading to Illegal trade in eggs and its meat
and the loggerhead turtles are given further , Habitat destruction (beach infrastructure
protection through the Memorandum of development) -Encroachment on nesting sites,
Understanding on the Conservation and Climate change- affects sex ratio, Invasive
Management of Marine Turtles and their and other problematic species, diseases ,high
Habitats of the Indian Ocean and South-East speed boat propellers and artificial lighting
Asia (IOSEA). discourages nesting and makes it hard for
hatchlings to find their way to the ocean.
Both the migratory and breeding turtles in the
Kenyan coast face certain specific threats
Plate: 39 Infrastructure development on turtle nesting site
N/B Though listed in the WCMA, 2013 the status of Black turtle (Chelonia agassizii) in Kenyan
waters is not clear since this species is recorded in the western pacific ocean.
5.6.3. Whales and Minke whale (B. acutorostrata) have been

recorded. Kenya is part of the migration route
These are marine mammals belonging to the for the Humpback whale. The humpback is the
order cetacean of which Eight are Baleen, most reported whale species in kenya, (knowno
2 of Sperm and 13 toothed whales which as Chongoe in Kiswahili) often associated with
occur in the Western Indian Ocean region. In destruction of fishermen gill nets. (NEMA, 2009)
Kenya Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera edeni), . The status of the listed whale species is given
Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) in table 5.30.
Plate: 39 Infrastructure development on turtle nesting site
# Species Conservation Status Status 2015 Threats Remarks

(Scientific and status 2012 - 2017
common name) - (population
2014 status)
1. Humpback Nationally 198 • Pollution ( e.g. International Whaling
Whale listed as micro plastics, noise, Commission ( Indian
(Megaptera ‘Vulnerable’ oil spills) Ocean is a whale
• Energy production
novaeangliae) and Least sanctuary)
and mining
Concern
( exploration of oil and
under IUCN gas)
Red List. • Biological resource
use ( by catch)
Listed in • Transportation and
Appendix I of service corridors
• Climate change
both CITES
(toxic algae blooms,
and CMS. extreme weather
conditions- storms
and hurricanes)
2. Sperm whale Listed as 1 No • Pollution ( e.g. micro
(Physeter ‘Vulnerable’ sightings plastics, noise, oil
macrocephalus) both spills)
• Energy production
nationally and
and mining (
under IUCN
exploration of oil
Red List and gas)
• Biological resource
Categorized use ( by catch)
under • Transportation and
Appendix I of service corridors
• Climate change
CITES and
(toxic algae blooms,
Appendices I extreme weather
and II of CMS conditions- storms
and hurricanes)
3. Blue Whale Listed 3 • Pollution One of this type sighted
(Balaenoptera Endangered • Climate change in the December 2016
musculus) both and severe weather and 3 in the March 2017
nationally and • Biological resource
census.
under the use
IUCN Red List. • Transportation and
service corridors.
The species is
on Appendix I
of both CITES
and CMS.
4. Coalfish/Sei Categorized • Biological resource
whale as use- by catch
(Balaenoptera Endangered resulting in the
borealis) both whale being
nationally and entangled
under the List.
IUCN Red
This species is
included in
CITES
Appendix I
and Appendix
II of CMS.

5.6.4. Sharks pollution especially from plastics and oil spills
and persecution. Various international treaties
There are 440 species of sharks worldwide and and organizations presently are in place to
generally their population is on the decline. They monitor and regulate all issues related to shark
are a group of elasmobranch fish characterised and theier conservation, The most notable
by a cartilaginous skeleton with 5 to 7 gills on the is the Convention on the Conservation of
head and pectrol fins that are not fused to the Migratotory Species of Wild Animals(CMS – also
head.They are classified into 12 oders 4 of which known as Bonn Convention) of which Kenya is
are extinct.The value of shark fins has led to an signatory.in 2009 IUCN named 64 shark species
increase of shark catches world wide and it is as being at risk of extinction due to fishing and
now estimated that over 100 million sharks are shark finning.The table 5.31 gives the status of
harvested every year. Apart from commercial the 5 listed sharks in Kenyan coastal waters.
fishing other threats include habitat alteration,
damage and loss from coastal development,
Table 5.31 Status of Listed Sharks in Kenya
# Species Conservation Status 2015 - 2017 Threats Remarks
(Scientific and status (population status)
common name)
1. Grey Nurse shark (Sand IUCN-VU Population status in • Poor breeders- two pups at • Inhabits the continental
tiger shark, spotted Kenyan water a time and breed only shelf
ragged-tooth shark or remains unknown every second or third year • Have low reproduction
blue-nurse sand tiger)- • Popular and highly prized rate and this is aggravated
Carcharias taurus food I demand by trawlers by intrauterine cannibalism
and anglers (adelphophagy)
• Its hide, liver (for cosmetic
oil) and fins are also in great
demand
• Pups are highly susceptible
to pollution
2. Oceanic white tipped IUCN-VU • Indiscriminately fished • Is a Requiem shark found
shark ( also known as including bottom trawls commonly around 150M
Brown Milbert’s Sand • Hunted for its fins below surface
bar shark; brown shark; • Is the major cause of
Nigano shark; oceanic human- shark conflict
white-tipped whaler’ worldwide
Silver tip shark)
3. Great white shark IUCN-VU • Population status • Hunted for food (especially • It is a mackerel (lamnidae)
(carcharodon (listed in in Kenyan water fins) and for sports shark
carcharias)- appendix ii) and worldwide is • Teeth are kept and sold as • Is found in all the major
Other names: White WCMA-VU unknown but jewelry oceans of the world and
pointer declining • Caught as bycatch weighs up to 1900Kg at
White death maturity
• Can live up to 70yrs and
females at 33 at 26yrs and
males mature
• They can swim at depths of
over 1000m
• Is one of the shark species
with high number of
Shark/Human conflict
• Are a major attraction to
divers
4. Shorttail nurse shark IUCN-VU • Population status • Valued for its skin which • Belongs to the family
(pseudoginglymostoma WCMA-VU is unknown but produces high quality ginglmostomatidae
brevicaudatum) declining leather • Endemic to the coast of
• Its fins are highly prized Kenya, Tanzania and
• Caught as a by-catch in Madagascar
longline and gillnet fisheries
5. Whale shark IUCN-VU East African Whale • Greatly hunted for meat, • The largest fish in the world
(Rhincodon typus)- (listed in shark trust fins, aphrodisiac and and can weigh up to 20
papa shillingi appendix ii) (Mombasa) keeps medicinal tons
database • Though they are
(population, carnivores, they are
Movement and basically filter feeders
habits) for this (plankton)- cross flow
species filtration

Plate: 44 Whale Shark Plate: 45 Great white shark
5.6.5. Rays 5.6.5.1. The Porcupine Ray

(Urogymnus asperrimus)
There are over 600 species of ray fish in the
world divided into 26 families. Like sharks, rays This is a non venomous stinging ray (the only non
are catilagenious of the Oderbatoidei and are venomous ray) that is abenthic invertebrate
placed in the same class chondrichthyes. Rays and bony fishes feeder. It is classified by the
are classified into the following groups electric IUCN as vulnerable.The porcupine ray skin
rays, sawfishes, skates, and sting rays(whip tail (made into a form of leather called shagreen)
rays).About 20 species of electric rays are known is of commercial value as a luxury ornamental
to inhabit tropical waters. Only two ray fishes cover for swords and sheaths especially in
– porcupine ray and black blotchedstingray - oriental Asia. Unregulated fishing has led to the
are listed as endangered in the WCMA-2013. species decline in many parts of its range. Its
habitat is degraded by coastal development
and also the species faces depletion of it food
supply as a result of overfishing. Its status on
the coastal waters of Kenya is as yet to be
established.
Plate: 40 Porcupine Ray

5.6.5.2. Black Blotched Sting Ray Speckled Stingray. The species inhabits coral
(Taeniurops meyeni) reefs and estuaries mostly on the sandy
bottoms- they are bottom feeders. The species
This species is referred to also as the Taeniura is listed by the IUCN as vulnerable. Its status in
meyeni; Marbled Ray; Marbled Ribbontail Ray; Kenyan waters has not been established. It is
Giant Reef Ray; Bull Ray Barb; Black Spotted fished commercially for meat and cartilage
Ray; Black Spotted Stingray; Black Blotched and as a sport fish. It appears in instances as a
Stingray; blotched Fantail Ray; Fantail Ray; by catch
Fantail Stingray; Round Ribbontail Ray and
Plate: 41 Black Blotched Sting Ray
5.6.6. Other Listed Marine Fishes and muddy areas in estuaries, lagoons and
near coral and rocky reefs down to about
5.6.6.1. Bowmouth Guitarfish\Giant 50M. Its status in Kenya is not well established
but appears as a by catch. It is a target for
Guitarfish (Rhynchobatus djiddensis) fishermen.Habitat modification/degradation
The species is also referred to as the White is most likely to be the threat to this species. It
spotted Wedge fish and belongs to the family is likely that interference by fishermen to the
Rhinidae. It is found along the eastern coast of inshore nursery areas and pollution could be
Africa from the Red Sea to South Africa. It is affecting this species
a bottom feeder and is found around sandy
Plate: 42 Bowmouth Guitarfish

5.6.6.2. Bigeye Tuna (Thunnus
obesus) introduced measures such as particular sized
Besides being a major food fish, it is a renowned vehicles, spatial and temporal closures, trip
highly valued sport fish that belongs to the duration limits, observer requirements and limits
wider mackerel family scombridae. Both IUCN on catches. It is only in the Indian Ocean where
and WCMA-2013 classifies it as vulnerable. the species is deemed to be “not overfished”.
Commercial fisheries of this and other Tunas in Longline fleets are the main causes of fishing in
the Indian Ocean are managed by the “Indian the Indian Ocean.
Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC). This has
Plate: 43 Bigeye Tuna
5.6.6.3. Brindle Bass (epinephelus 5.6.6.4. Giant Wrasse (Cheilinus

lanceolatus) undulatus)
Other Names- Brown spotted cod; bumblee The Giant Wrasse (the fish grows to about
grouper 2meters and weighs about 108Kg) which is also
referred to as the hump head wrasse is located
This highly prized food fish which belongs to in the east coast of Africa and the Red sea. Its
the serrandae family can grow to a weight habitat is mainly the sandy ranges that border
of 300kg thus making it the largest bony fish in coral reef waters. It is however also found in
the coral reefs. It habitat extends to estuarine, lagoons. It’s basically found in small groups
under water caves and rocky reefs. It is well or larger combinations within their habitats.
represented from the Red sea down to South The species is a protogynous hermaphrodite
Africa. It is listed by both the IUCN and WCMA- (changing sex from female to male). It is listed
2013 as vulnerable species. Its population status under appendix II of CITES and exports of the
is not established. However its vulnerability as species are banned. The species population
a species is very high. Threats to the species has been declining due to destructive fishing
include techniques, habitat loss and degradation,
• It’s a much sort for food and recreational over fishing, illegal trade. Since it feeds on the
species Crown of Thorn star fish it is important in the
conservation of corals.
• It is not a good breeder and research
(Froese and Pauly-2005)has shown it takes
more than 14 years to double its population

CHAPTER 6:
RECOVERY PLANS FOR
THE LISTED SPECIES

Section 49 (4) WCMA, 2013 states that; the the list and
Cabinet Secretary shall report biannually to the
National Assembly through the National Wildlife iii. Estimates of the time required and
Conservation Status Report on the status of the cost to carry out those measures
efforts to develop and implement recovery needed to achieve the goal of the
plans for all nationally listed species and on the plan
status of all species for which such plans have
been developed.
Schedule six of the WCMA, 2013 lists 211 species
Section 51 (1) of the WCMA, 2013 states- as follows:-
1. The Service may develop and implement 1. Mammals: Seven as critically endangered,
recovery plans for the conservation and nineteen as endangered and thirty seven
management of all the species listed under as vulnerable.
the sixth schedule.
2. Birds: Two are listed as critically
2. The service shall, in developing the recovery endangered, twelve as endangered,
plans, to the maximum extent practicable:- thirteen as vulnerable and thirty as near
a. Give priority to those rare, endangered threatened. Thirty seven bird species are
and threatened species: and listed as protected.
b. Incorporate in each recovery plan- 3. Reptiles: two are listed as critically

endangered, eight as endangered, three
i. A description of such site-specific as threatened while thirty eight are listed as
management actions as may be protected.
necessary to achieve the plans goal
for the conservation and survival of 4. Fish: seven species are listed as critically
the species endangered, four as endangered and
fiftteen as vulnerable.
ii. Objective, measurable criteria
which, when met, would result in 5. Tree: Two tree species are listed as
the species being removed from endangered while six are under the
category of vulnerable.
6.1 Listing Criteria

subpopulation; % of mature individuals
in one subpopulation
The species listing is based on a national
species status and IUCN criteria. The factors e. Extreme fluctuations in the number of
are taken into consideration when assessing mature individuals
conservation status includes:
f. Very small or restricted population:
a. Population size reduction. Population number of mature individuals, restricted
reduction (measured over the longer of area of occupancy or number of
10 years or 3 generations) locations with a plausible future
threat that could drive the taxon to
b. Geographic range: either extent of criticallyendangered or Extinct in a very
occurrence and/or area of occupancy short time.
c. Small population size and decline: g. Quantitative Analysis: based on
Number of mature individuals and calculated probability of extinction in
an observed, estimated or projected the wild
continuing decline of at least (up to
a max. of 100 years in future) AND/OR h. The convention on International Trade
an observed, estimated, projected or in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna
inferred continuing decline and at least and Flora (CITES) aims to ensure that
1 of the following conditions: international trade in specimens of wild
animals and plants does not threaten
d. Number of mature individuals in each their survival.

6.2 Recovery Plans
Section 49 (3) states that the Service may, in The 2015-2017 status report has developed
developing and implementing recovery plans, a guide on key components that are to be
enlist the services of appropriate public, private considered in development of listed species
or non-governmental organizations, institutions recovery plans (Annex 1).
and other qualified persons.
Table 6.1 provides a summary of receovery
Though, previously it was not a legal plans that have been developed;
requirement to develop endangered species
recovery plans, KWS in collaboration with
relevant stakeholders has developed and is
championing implementation of 19 species
specific recovery plans.
Table 6.1. Status of recovery plans

# Name of the Duration IUCN/ Vision and Goal 2015-2017 Populatio Target Budget Remarks
Recovery plan of the National Implementation n Estimate population by
Recovery Listing status (Year) end of
plan implementation
1 Conservation 2017-2021 CR Vision:To have a Meru Rhino 1,258 – To achieve a 650 million; for To be
and meta- Sanctuary Black meta- identified laucnhed in
Management population of at extension (745) S. population of activities e.g. April 2018
Strategy for least 2,000 black completed White 830 black rhinos translocation,
the Black rhinos of the (sanctuary (510) N. by the end of ear notching,
Rhino in Kenya eastern African extended by White (3) 2021; constrcution of
(6th Edition) subspecies in 35km2 from 48 (2017) sancuaries,
Kenya, and in km2 to 83 km2) operational
suitable 99.5 km2 Tsavo costs
habitats as a East NP
global heritage RhinoSanctuary
completed
2 Conservation 2012-2021 EN Vision: A secure Mid Term 34, 010 Target is to 250 million, for The strategy is
and future for Reveiw secure census, being
Management elephants and undertaken in populations, translocationsan implemented
Strategy for their habitats, 2016 habitats and d securing
the Elephant in based on connectivity corridors
Kenya peaceful and
beneficial co-
existence with
people, now
and for
generations yet
to come.
3 National 2009-2014 Cheetah Vision: To secure Range maps Cheetahs Estimates to be 35 million to The strategy is
Conservation - Vul viable and updated 1,160 provided in the undertake being
and Wildog - ecologically Wild dogs 2nd edition national census implemented
management EN functioning 845 being and disease (Expired)
Strategy for cheetah and (2008) developed surveillance for

Cheetah and wild dog wild dogs
Wild dogs in populations as
Kenya valued
components of
development in
Kenya
4 National 2009-2014 Lion – Vul Vision: To sustain Carnivore Lions – Estimates to be 25 million to 2nd Edition to
Conservation Spotted viable survey 1,970 provided in the undertake be
and hyeana – populations of methodology Spotted 2nd edition national census developed
management LC lions and Harmonisation hyena – being February –
Strategy for Striped – hyaenas in workshop held; 2000-4000 developed April 2018
Lion and NT healthy National Stripped
Hyena in ecosystems as a carnivore survey hyeana –
Kenya world heritage plan completed 1,000
benefiting local to be (2008)
communities implemented in
and the 2018-2019
people of Kenya
5 Conservation 2017-2021 EN Vision: To have National census 2,350 45 million for Awaiting
and viable and undertaken in (2017) national survey publication
Management sustainable 2017 and drought
Strategy for Grevy’s mitigation
Grevy’s Zebra zebra programmes
(Equus grevyi) populations and
in Kenya their habitats for
present and
future
generations.
6 Strategy for 2008 Vision: To The strategy is
Conservation contribute to being
and improved implemented
Management livelihood for
of Commercial Kenyans
Aloe Species In through
Kenya sustainable
utilisation of
viable Kenyas
aloe
populations
7 Strategy for 2011 Provide a Ksh. 9,884,000
Bioprospectiun framework to
g within and guide the
Outside country’s bio
protected prospecting
areas activities
8 National 2013-2018 - The plan is

Strategy and being
Action Plan for implemented
the
Management
of Invasive
species in
Kenya’s
protected
Areas
9 National 2011-2015 Green Vision: To have 80%
strategy for turtle E viable and implemented
conservation Hawksbill resilient sea
of sea turtles CE turtle
Olive populations and
ridley V their ecosystems
Loggerh for the benefit of
ead E Kenyans and as
Leatherb a world heritage

ack CE Goal: To reduce
and mitigate
threats, reverse
declining sea
turtle
populations and
enhance
ecological,
social and
cultural benefits
10 National 2013-2017 LC - 41 (2017) Kshs. 38 million Implementati
strategy for IUCN for development on is at 33%
conservation Rare- of a predator with only 6
of sable National free sanctuary out of 18
antelopes argets having
been or in
the process
of
implementati
on
11 Coral reefs 2014-2018 Vision: Hard coral 36% with only
and sea grass Ensure healthy cover - few activities
ecosystems coral reef and 18% having been
conservation sea grass or in the
strategy ecosystems process of
sustainably implementati
provide goods on
and services for
posterity.
Goal:
Maintain and
restore the
ecological
integrity of coral
reef and sea
grass
ecosystems
through
improved
research and
Management in
partnership with
stakeholders.
The intent of this
goal is to
address existing
and potential
threats affecting
coral reef and
sea grass
ecosystems by
identifying key
strategic
objectives
targets and
activities that
promote healthy
and resilient
ecosystems.
12 National 2017-2021 NT Vision: Envisage Recovery plan 96 (2017) Secure 105 million for Draft in
strategy for viable, free- completed; remaining securing atleast place,
conservation ranging and site committees populations one breeding Awaiting
of Eastern genetically for and habitats sanctuary and approval
Mountain representative management of and plan for securing
Bongo populations of Mt. Kenya repatriation to habitats of the
Eastern Game ranch boost wild wild populations
Mountain captive populations
Bongo, thriving population and

across intact establishment of
historic Eburu Sanctuary
mountain
ecosystem
ranges,
cherished by the
Kenyan people
and the global
community.
13 National 2017-2021 Vision: To have Updating Masai Secure habitat 30 million for Draft
strategy for Rothschil viable, free- national Giraffe for the existing working groups awaiting
conservation d - EN ranging population (10,030) populations activity plans publication,
of giraffes Masai - populations of estimates Rothschild Awaiting
Vul all three giraffe undertaken for (415) approval
Reticulat subspecies, the 3 sub spices Reticulate
ed -Vul recognizing their and working d (8,606)
ecological role, groups for the 3 (2016)
Kenya’s unique sub species
heritage and established
legacy as the
world centre of
giraffe diversity,
and ensuring
benefits to
Kenyans.
14 National 2017-2021 LC - Vision: To secure Request for 2 16 (2016) Boost the Kshs. Draft
strategy for IUCN viable Hirola herds made to population with 38,581,825.00 to awaiting
conservation Rare- populations in the Peoples 2 herds to for construct a finalisation
of roan National well-managed Republic of enhanced predator free
antelopes landscapes and Tanzania, breeding breeding
as valued through sanctuary
components of MOE&&NR
community through
development. MOFA&IT
15 National Expired in LC - - 256 (2013) 45 million To be

strategy for 2017 IUCN drafting a new reviewed
conservation Rare- plan, national
of sitatunga National survey and
protecting the
habitats
16 National - EN - - National
strategy for Primate
conservation taskforce
of red colobus initiate the
and tana process
crested
mangabey
17 National 2018-2027 CR Population in 420-450 Have at least 2 300 million for Recovery
strategy for the Ishaqini (2017) growing extension of plan
conservation sanctuary populations, Ishaqbini completed
of hirola established in habitat sanctuary, 1
antelopes 2012 with 48 restoration in predator free
individual the free ranging sanctuary and
double to 110 areas range
individuals,; rehabilitation
plans to extend programmes on
the sanctuary the free ranging
are in place populations
18 Single species 2015-2020 CR Vision: To have Main aim is to - 1 million In
action plan for a well managed protect implementati
conservation Sagalla thehabitat on phase
of Sagalla Caecilian
Caecilian Population and
(Boulengerula habitat
Niedeni) providing
ecosystem

services for the
benefit of the
local people
19 Action plan for 2015-2020 CR Vision: To have Main aim is to - 5 million In
the healthy protect the implementati
conservation populations of habitat on phase
of critically Taita Apalis and
endangered Taita Thruish as a
birds in Taita global heritage
Hills (Taita benefiting the
Thrush, Taita local people
Apalis)
National - - - - - - - National Bird
strategy for Taskforce to
conservation spearhead
of Birds: formulation
International EN Main aim is to ±200 pairs National and

Action Plan protect the International
for Spotted habitat (BirdLife/Natu
Ground Thrush re
(Zoothera Kenya/KWS/K
guttata) FS)
Blue Swallow 2002 Vulnerab International-

le EWT/Birdlife/R
SPB
20 Lesser 2008 NT International-
Flamingo CMS/AEWA
21 Madagascar 2008-2013 EN International-
Pond Heron AEWA
22 Maccoa Duck 2007-2012 Vul International-
AEWA
23 Grey Crowned 2015-2025 EN International-
Crane AEWA
24 Lappet-faced 2008 EN Multi-species
Vulture action plan
for all vultures
in Africa and
Europe under
CMS Raptor
MoU to be
developed

The above list of listed species recovery plans is not conclusive, the process of formulating
species recovery plans is continuous and is prioritised based on availability of resources and
priority for species recovery.

6.3 Challenges
a. Number of listed species for which d. Due to limited human resource and
recovery plans are to be developed is technical capacity on some specific
immense (211), thus the need to identify areas, there is inadequate information
those which can be grouped together on some of the listed species thus
their population status is listed as data
b. Though WCMA,2013 mandates KWS deficient
with conservation and management of
wildlife in Kenya, KWS works with various e. Remnant population of some of the
stakeholders enumerated in the chapter listed species are non viable e.g. the
on wildlife management in Kenya to Roan antelope and the bearded
effectively deliver the mandate thus vulture. The management through the
collating all available information MOE&NR has requested for two herds
related to wildlife conservation is a of roan antelopes and a pair bearded
rigorous and lengthy process vulture from the People Republic of
Tanzania and Ethiopia respectively thus
c. Huge amount of financial resources are require follow up.
required to develop and implement the
recovery plans
6.4 Intervention Measures for Species Recovery

The species recovery plans have a five or ten The plans have also profiled the main threats
years implementation period. A mid-term and facing the species and recommended several
end term review is recommended half way interventions measures that should be put
through the implementation period so as to in place. These management intervention
measure achievements, review challenges measures for species recovery can either be
and lessons learnt, thus inform conservation in-situ or ex-situ as indicated below:-
efforts. All the plans also recognise the need
to prioritise short term activities that will have In-situ
immediate conservation impact on the Population of some wild ungulates has been
species. To champion the implementation of on the decline due to various factors amongst
recovery plans, KWS set up species specific them predation. To enhance the management
taskforces, whose membership constitutes of these ungulates in their natural systems,
species experts, community representatives various interventions have been put in place.
and various research and donor organisations.

Table 6.2 Intervention measurs used for In-situ Species recovery
# Intervention Description Species Locality
1. Predator proof Predator proof bomas are Hirola Ishaqbini Hirola Sanctuary
Sanctuaries enclosed areas set up to Garissa
exclude predators. To grow the NWR, Oryx, Olpejeta conservancy
population and later release to Grevy’s Zebra,
re-populate the natural range Ostrich
Various Marula
ungulates
Eastern MKWC
Mountain
Bongo
2. Sanctuaries A fenced off area, with Black and In 9 National Parks, 5 Private
intensified security white areas, 1 County government
Rhinoceros area, 3 community areas
3. Ecosystem/range Includes habitat restoration Hirola Ishaqbini conservancy and
rehabilitation and improved husbandry other hirola natural range
practices through habitat
manipulation i.e. mechanical
removal of invasive species, Grevy's zebra Conservancies within grevy's
grass and trees re-seeding zebra range
Various Control of invasive species in
various national parks
4. Exclusion zones Sections of particular To keep out Amboseli, Lewa wildlife
conservation areas are fenced Elephants and conservancy
off to keep certain wildlife out other large
so as to prevent further habitat ungulates
degradation and allow habitat
recovery
5. Surveys/Monitoring Population status surveys are Various species range regions
carried out to update, monitor
and establish population
status. This also aids in
determining the effectiveness
of conservation measures put
in place


Ex-situ
Conservation of endangered species, plants or
animals outside its natural range to enhance
their recovery.
Table 6.3 Intervention measurs used for ex-situ Species recovery

# Intervention Description Species Locality
1. Repatriation Repatriations are carried out to Northern White Rhino Ol Pejeta
augment existing populations or to Eastern Mountain MKWC
re-establish populations in areas Bongo
where the species was formerly
extant.
2. Assisted Where a species cannot Northern White Rhino Ol pejeta
reproduction reproduce under natural
circumstances, technology is used
to facilitate reproduction
3. Captive Carried out for endangered Eastern Mountain MKWC
gardens species with an aim to bolster an Bongo
breeding existing population or achieve a
population size large enough to
allow the species to be
reintroduced in their natural range
4. Donation Certain species exist in very low Roan antelope Ruma National Park
numbers that are not adequate to Sable antelope Shimba Hills
recover the populations. Thus National Reserve
other countries that host similar Bearded vulture Raptor
species requested to donate to rehabilitation
aid in population recovery Centre
5. Genetic Bio-repository which preserve Northern White Rhino, San Diego Zoo,
banks genetic material. Various plants and NMK, KARLO, Gene
Kept as duplicate specimens in mycological bank, Royal botanic
repositories both in Kenya and collections Gardens, Kew in
foreign countries in the form of London
DNA, semen, biological material,
progeny, living libraries for
breeding purposes and bio banks.
Specimens can be retrieved at
later stages.
6. Botanical establishment where plants are Sandal wood, Prunus KEFRI
gardens grown for scientific study, display Africana, rose wood
to the public and preservation for
future generations


ANNEX 1. Structure of recovery plans
8.1 species description

8.1.1History and taxonomic relationship of listed species
8.1.2 Biology and ecology of the listed species
8.1.3 Population status, Reproduction and distributionl of the listed species
8.1.4 Diet and foraging (home range)
8.1.5 Refuge, nesting and requirements
8.1.6 Movement and social organization
8.2 Conservation status
8.2.1 International (IUCN/CITES)
8.2.2 National (Wildlife Act 2013, Schedule 6)
8.3 National laws/Regulations/policies and International Obligations
8.4 Habitat and Distribution
8.4.1 Historical distribution of listed species in Kenya
8.4.2 Current distribution
8.4.3 Viable population sizes
8.4.4 Critical habitat suitability for species survival
8.5 Population trends for the listed species
8.5.1 National
8.5.2 Site level
8.6 Threats to the listed species
8.7 Present Site Conservation measures
8.8 Recovery, Management practices and policies
8.8.1 Recovery goals and objectives
8.8.2 Listed species recovery actions
8.8.2.1 Genetic profiling of existing subpopulations
8.8.2.2 Translocation
8.8.2.3 Health monitoring
8.8.2.4 Captive breeding
8.8.2.5 Public awareness
8.8.2.6 Species recovery team
8.9 Implementation
8.9.1 Strategy Implementation matrix
8.9.1 Budget
RECOVERY PLANS
S/N Species Numbers Location Remarks

Carnivores Cats 3 Vulnerable
Mongoose 8
Leopard 1
Civet
Birds Passarime
Vultures

CHAPTER 7:
STATUS OF WILDLIFE
UTILIZATION IN KENYA

Wildlife resources provide non-consumptive consumptive user rights include game farming,
and consumptive values, namely, economic game ranching, research involving off-
benefits, recreation, scientific, ecological and take, live capture, cropping and culling. The
existence needs as well as physical needs (food coordination, administration and regulation of
and other necessities for human survival). Wildlife wildlife utilization are done within a framework
is a national resource under the Constitution of the WCMA, 2013 and other relevant national
of Kenya. Wildlife user rights are provided for legislations and relevant wildlife- related multi-
in two broad categories: consumptive and lateral environmental agreements (MEAs)
non- consumptive wildlife utilization as outlined Kenya has assented to.
in Section 79 and 80 of the WCMA, 2013. The
non-consumptive user rights include wildlife- This chapter outlines the prevailing legislative
based tourism, commercial photography and policy framework for wildlife utilization in
and cinematography, education, research, Kenya, and presents reports the various wildlife
cultural and religious purposes, while the utilization activities permitted during the period
between 2015- 2017.
7.1 Legislation
Section 69 of the Constitution of Kenya obligates 3. The Forest Conservation and Management
the State to ensure sustainable exploitation, Act 2016.
utilization, management and conservation of
the environment and natural resources for the 4. Protection of Traditional Knowledge and
benefit of the people of Kenya. Every person Cultural Expressions Act 2016.
has a right to reasonable access to wildlife 5. The Seed and Plant Varieties Act
resources and to enjoy the benefits accruing (amendment) Act 2012.
from them as provided for by the WCMA,
2013 and other relevant national laws. Various 6. The Biosafety Act (amendment) 2012.
national legislations as required under Section
72 of the Constitution of Kenya are in place 7. The Mining Act 2016
for the management of the environment, land
and natural resources. These include: 8. The Science, Technology and Innovation
Act 2013
1. The Environmental Management and
Coordination Act (amendment) Act 2015 9. Intellectual Property Laws: Industrial
and Environmental Management and Property Act 2001, Trade Mark Act Cap 506,
Coordination (Conservation of Biological Copyright Act 2001, Anti-Counterfeiting
Resources, Access to Genetic Resources Act 2008.
and Benefit Sharing) Regulations of 2006. 10. Film and Stage Plays Act (amendment)
2. The WCMA, 2013 which is presently under 2012
review and various amendments are 11. The Water Act, 2016
awaiting parliamentary approval.
7.2 Regulations on Wildlife Utilization

Various regulations under the WCMA 2013 have Licensing and Wildlife User Rights, Activities
been formulated for the better implementation in National Parks, Mining and Game Trophy
of the WCMA 2013, and in particular, for Management. The first four have gone through
implementing wildlife utilization programmes. drafting, public participation and validation
These include regulations for Conservancies processes and are awaiting gazettement. The
and Sanctuaries, Community Participation, last has been gazetted.

7.3 Policy on Wildlife Utilization
The substantive policy for wildlife conservation wildlife conservancies across the country. The
in Kenya is Sessional Paper No. 3 of 1975 on vibrant wildlife industry envisaged by this policy
the policy of wildlife in Kenya. The policy seeks under consumptive wildlife utilization could not
to optimize returns from wildlife from both be realized due to the ban on hunting and
consumptive and non-consumptive uses. dealership in wildlife products which were
The latter uses have been achieved through enacted by parliament in 1977 and 1978,
maintenance of a system of National Parks, respectively.
National Reserves and sanctuaries managed
by KWS and various County Governments The enactment of the WCMA of 2013 which
as well as over 160 community and private has allowed a broad range of wildlife user
rights calls for a new policy.
7.4 Multi- lateral Environmental Agreements

Section 109 of the WCMA, 2013 makes it a and the Scientific Authority and the NMK
requirement for the Cabinet Secretary to to as the Scientific Authority for purposes of
publish the status of Kenya’s implementation implementing CITES. Kenya has largely
of wildlife- related multi-lateral environmental achieved all these four requirements as
agreements (MEAs) Kenya is party to. Two shown in Chapter 5.
MEAs key in wildlife utilization in Kenya are the
Convention on Trade in Endangered Species 3. To submit to the Secretariat information
of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the on their planned and ongoing projects
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). related to the use of electronic systems
and information technologies improving
7.4.1 CITES the management of CITES trade. This has
been achieved through the ongoing
CITES aims to ensure that international trade development of web-portal for regulatory
in specimens of wild animals and plants does agencies of the government that are
not threaten their survival. This is achieved involved in regulating research and
through a system of permits and international development in the country (see Figure
cooperation. As part of implementing CITES 7.1). KWS participated in a questionnaire
decisions during CITES COP 17, party states are survey from the Secretariat on the status of
required: e-permitting in April 2017. KWS is represented
in the CITES e- permitting Working Group.
1. To ensure that their domestic legislation
provides for: Kenya participated in CITES Conference of
Parties (COP) 17 in 2016 in South Africa from
i. designation of at least one Management 24th September to 4th October 2016. Kenya
Authority and one Scientific Authority; presented several proposals some of which
ii. prohibition of trade in specimens in resulted in the listing of various species and
violation of the Convention; passing of decisions on key species including
the African elephant, rhinoceros, pangolins,
iii. penalizing such trade; or Mt. Kenya bush viper and Kenya horned viper
(see Table: 7.1 below). The decisions took
2. Confiscation specimens illegally traded or effect immediately.
possessed. The government has designated
KWS as both the Management Authority

Table 7.1: Status of proposals to CITES COP 17
Species Kenya’s proposal/ Species within the COP 17 Decision

range state
1 Giant pangolin (Manis Transfer from App II to App I All 8 species of
gigantea), long-tailed pangolin were moved
pangolin (Manis tetradactyla) to Appendix I
and white- tailed pangolin
(Manis tricuspis)
2 African elephant (Loxodonta Include all populations of African elephant Rejected
africana) in Appendix I through the transfer from
Appendix II to Appendix I of populations of
Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and
Zimbabwe
3 Pygmy chameleons Include genera Rhampholeon spp. and Moved to Appendix II
(Rhampholeon spp. and Rieppeleon spp. Appendix II
Rieppeleon spp.)
4 Ashe’s bush viper (Atheris Include in Appendix II Moved to Appendix II
desaixi)
5 Kenya horned viper Include in Appendix II Moved to Appendix II
(worthingtonii)
6 Thresher sharks (Alopias spp.) Include genus Alopias spp. in Appendix II Moved to Appendix II
7 Rosewoods (Delbergia spp.) Include the genus Delbergia spp. in Moved to Appendix II
Appendix II
7.4.2 CBD Parties) COP 13, and of its two protocols- the
Nagoya Protocol COP (Meeting of Parties)
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) MOP 2 and Cartagena COP MOP 8 in Cancun,
has three main objectives: 1. the conservation Mexico, from 4th to 17th December 2016. Two
of biological diversity, 2. the sustainable use key resolutions that came out of these meetings
of the components of biological diversity, are:
and 3. the fair and equitable sharing of the
benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic 1. On ratification of the Nagoya Protocol
resources. Genetic resources (plant, animal and its implementation and on Aichi 16-
and microorganisms) are used for basic by 2015, all member States to ensure that
research, and development of products. the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic
Users of genetic resources include research Resources and the Fair and Equitable
institutes, universities, and private companies Sharing of Benefits Arising from their
in various sectors of the economy, namely, Utilization is in force and operational and
pharmaceuticals, horticulture, cosmetics, consistent with national legislation.
agriculture and biotechnology. The Nagoya
2. Cartegena Protocol- member States to
Protocol of the CBD has established new
focus on streamlining permitting and
governance systems to provide a transparent
licensing to promote utilization of biological
and predictable legal framework for the fair
resources, especially on sustainable
and equitable sharing of benefits arising out
utilization of resources and sustainable
of the utilization of genetic resources between
development goals. The scope included
resource providers and users. By helping to
granting user rights in respect of emerging
ensure benefit-sharing, the Nagoya Protocol
issues like synthetic biology, digital
creates incentives to conserve and sustainably
sequences, commodity trade and bio-
use genetic resources, and therefore enhances
trade.
the contribution of biodiversity to development
and human well-being. Kenya participated The country has been able to put in place
in the meetings of the CBD (Conference of relevant national legislation (see Section 6.1),

set up a regulatory framework and designate 3. An access permit from the National
competent national authorities for purposes Environment Management Authority
of implementing ABS requirements under
the Nagoya protocol. These achievements 4. Export permits from KWS, phytosanitary
are seen in the outline of requirements to certificates from Kenya Plant Health
access genetic resources for research and Inspectorate, a veterinary health certificate
development in Kenya below and in Figure 7.1: from the Directorate of Veterinary Services,
export/ import/ transit certificates from
1. Prior Informed Consent (PIC) from the National Biosafety Authority for genetically
resource provider (Mutually Agreed Terms modified organisms.
+ Material Transfer Agreements + detailed
proposal) mostly from KWS, Kenya Forest The existence of an effective ABS institutional
Service, local communities and legislative framework is reflected by the
number of ABS agreements, the number of
2. Research Permit from the National technical assistance programmes available for
Commission for Science Technology and strengthening national ABS programmes, and,
Innovation potentially, the value of benefits shared.
Fig. 7.1:
Permitting
requirements
for accessing
biological
resources in
Kenya

7.5 Wildlife User Rights Granted
A number of licenses were granted for and development are being developed
various user rights during the reporting period. through the development of a web portal for
These included research and development linking the regulatory institutions to enhance
authorizations, wildlife farms, bio-trade and streamlining research and development.
filming. Figure 7.2 below shows that approximately
5% of all research projects processed by the
7.5.1 Research and Development National Commission for Science, Technology
and Innovation in 2015/16 were in biological
We have no comprehensive monitoring system. sciences.
However, mechanisms for monitoring research
Figure. 7.2: Research permits applications for various fields of study

KWS issued 283 wildlife research authorizations subjected to the Nagoya access to genetic
at various levels between 2015 and 2017 as resources and sharing of benefits from their
shown in the Table 7.2 below. Table 7.3 shows utilization (ABS) regulations.
research and development authorizations
Table 7.2: Number of authorizations issued by KWS for wildlife research

Level of study 2015 2016 2017 Total
1. Certificate 2 5 2 9
2. Diploma 2 2 3 7
3. Undergraduate 16 23 18 57
4. Masters 22 30 22 74
5. PhD 14 20 18 52
5. Post- doctoral 19 22 43 84
Total 75 102 106 283
Table 7.3: Research and Development Projects
Year Project
Export permit
Proponents
Research
permits
Access
MAT
MTA
PIC
2015 Understanding seasonality of Catherine Badgley P P P P P P
resource use by animals in
Amboseli National Park
Microbial ecology on glacier and Dr. Jun Yuu Uetake P P P P P P
its effect to glacier melting in Mt
Kenya
Ecological and social Sara Elizabeth Heisel P P P P P P
considerations for endangered
species protection in Laikipia and
Samburu districts of Kenya
Nutritional strategies of blue Maressa Takahashi P P P P P P
monkeys (Cercopithicusmitis) in
Kakamega forest Kenya
The development, structure and Joan Barbara Silk P P P P P P
function of social bonds among
baboons
Mara Hyena Project Dr. Kay E. Holekamp P P P P P P
The Amboseli Baboon Research Prof. Susan Alberts P P P P P P
Project for demography,
behaviour and genetics
2016 Coping with environmental Dr. Dustin Reid P P P P P P
uncertainty, behaviour, Rubenstein
morphology, genetics and
physiology of African birds
An analysis of the Nutritional and Abigael Koppa P P P P P P
Mechanical properties of East
African Savanna plants and
baboon foods
An ecolocal trap for parasites Dr. Sharon Okanga P P P P P P
and its impacts on human disease
risk, nutrition and income
2017 Monitoring of lion movement in Francis Lesilau P P P S S P
Nairobi National Park
Analysis of the Nutritional and Abigale Koppa P P P P P P
mechanical properties of east
African Savanna plants and
baboon food
Snail related studies of Gerald Mkoji P P P P P P
transmission and control of
schistosomiasis in Kenya
Key: P - Available S -Not Available

7.6 Wildlife farming
Section 80 of WCMA makes provision for as well as cropping are practiced by licensed
consumptive wildlife user rights, including game game farming operations. These sales help
farming, game ranching, and live capture, stock newly licensed game farms and supply
research involving off-take, cropping and the export market with live animals for the
culling. There were no permits granted for live pet industry and a range of products. Table
capture of wildlife, research involving off-take 7.4 presents a summary of various wildlife
and culling from the wild during the reporting farming operations for trade and where they
period. Game farming involves rearing of wildlife are located. A number of certificates for legal
in an enclosed and controlled environment for possession of live animals, mainly small wild
wildlife conservation, trade (commerce) and birds, and other trophies were also granted
recreation. The gazettement of regulations during the period as shown in Figure 7.3 below
on Licensing and Wildlife User Rights will be as per the provisions of Section 95 of the WCMA,
instrumental in guiding consumptive wildlife 2013.
user rights. Live capture and sale of animals
Table 7.4: Wildlife farming operations for trade

Wildlife farming activity No Location
Crocodile farming 4 Sagana, Kilifi, Baringo, Mombasa
Tortoise 4 Mogotio, Namanga, Kitui
Chameleon 2 Kiambu, Kirinyaga
Biological organisms for pest control 3 Naivasha, Kiambu
Ostrich 1 Kitengela
Aloe 4 Kiambu, various self-help groups- Kwale, Laikipia
Kitui
Butterflies 3 Kakamega, Kilifi
Snails 4 Migori, Kisumu, Nairobi
Captive keeping for ecotourism >10 Various location across the country
Fig. 7.3: Certificates for legal possession of wildlife

7.7 Bio-trade
This covers both CITES- listed and non- CITES exports of products from licensed wildlife farms
specimens obtained from licensed wildlife farms for trade/commercial purposes. Over three-
and those harvested from the wild for research, quarters of all trade consisted of exports during
biomedical or cosmetics development the period. Twenty-two percent of the total
purposes which have been exported from or number of trade permits (import/export/re-
imported into or re-exported from Kenya with export) were for CITES- listed wildlife materials
or without monetary value on the specimen. (Table 7.5).
The bulk of the biological materials is traded as
Table 7.5: Summary of wildlife trade permits granted
2015 2016 2017 Grand Total

EXPORT
CITES 190 289 297 776
Non- CITES 1,796 1,936 1,958 5,690
EXPORT Total 1,986 2,225 2,255 6,466
IMPORT
CITES 28 25 31 84
Non- CITES 26 19 27 72
IMPORT Total 54 44 58 156
RE-EXPORT
CITES 159 100 159 418
Non- CITES 31 5 27 63
RE-EXPORT Total 190 105 186 481
Grand Total 2,230 2,374 2,499 7,103

An analysis by source of exported wildlife contribute to the economy of the country
material during the three years reveals that through creating employment opportunities
26.2% was from licensed operations for artificial thereby improving local people’s livelihoods.
propagation of plants and 70% from licensed Exploitation of animal and plant materials
operations for breeding animals in captivity from wildlife farming helps ease the pressure of
and ranching (Table 7.6). This demonstrates depleting them from their natural habitats.
that wildlife farming has the potential to
Table 7.6: Source of exported wildlife materials
SOURCE 2015 2016 2017 Grand

Total
Artificially propagated plants 145 64 126 335
Animals, parts and derivatives bred in captivity 225 342 288 855
Confiscated or seized specimens 1 1
Pre-Convention specimens 3 3
Ranched specimens 7 8 10 25
Specimens taken from the wild 59 59
Grand Total 377 414 487 1278


An analysis of the purposes for trade of the employment opportunities thereby improving
wildlife materials during the reporting period local people’s livelihoods and contributing to
reveals that 87% was for commercial materials the creation of wealth. Exploitation of animal
that is from captive animal breeding and and plant materials from wildlife farming helps
artificial propagation of plants (Table 7.7). ease the pressure of depleting them from their
Wildlife farming has the potential to contribute natural habitats.
to the economy of the country through creating
Table 7.7: Purposes of imports/ exports/ re-exports
PURPOSE 2015 2016 2017 Grand

Total
Hunting trophy 1 1
Law enforcement / judicial / forensic 3 1 4
Medical (including biomedical research) 16 37 12 65
Personal 8 14 12 34
Circus or travelling exhibition 1 1
Scientific 17 15 16 48
Commercial 336 345 443 1124
Zoo 1 1
Grand Total 377 414 487 1,278

A total of 50,570 live tortoise hatchlings including a network of out-growers consisting of local
leopard tortoise, hinge-backed tortoise and members of communities around Arabuko
pancake tortoises were exported from licensed Sokoke Forest Reserve and Shimba Hills National
tortoise farms (see Annex 1). Hong Kong and Reserve. The butterfly farming programme not
Taiwan were the main destinations of export. only provides supplemental income to the
A total of 24,395 live chameleons consisting of local participating households but is important
various species were exported from licensed in motivating local people to conserve wild
chameleon farms (Annex 2). The main export vegetation on which butterfly life depends. The
destinations were Germany, Spain and Hong live butterfly pupae were exported mainly to
Kong. There was a total of 19,783 Nile crocodile the United Kingdom and the USA (Annex 4).
skins exported between 2015 to 2017. These
were mainly exported to Singapore (Annex 3). Predatory mites, beneficial fungi and beneficial
Two kinds of crocodile farming are practiced nematodes bred in three licensed game farms
in Kenya, namely captive breeding which is a constituted the bulk of non-CITES permits
closed intensive farming which does not rely on granted for trade (commercial) purposes. The
the wild for breeding and ranching which relies demand for these beneficial organisms is on the
on an annual quota of harvesting of wild eggs increase as is demonstrated by the increase in
from the lower Tana River for rearing. The latter quantities exported between 2015 and 2017
form maintains linkages with local people who (Annex 5). The continued production and
derive benefits from such harvesting through export of bio-control technology to deal with
egg collection fees paid to egg collectors pests in in-door and out-door flower and food
engaged by the licensed farmers, social crop production is not only environmentally
development projects to the community, friendly but demonstrates the important link
collection of levies by the County Government between wildlife resources and other sectors
of Tana River and reduction of human- of the economy.
crocodile conflicts. Three crocodile farms were The demand for aloe derivatives for manufacture
given permits to collect 45,000 crocodile eggs of cosmetic, cultural and pharmaceutical
from lower Tana River during the three egg products has been observed. The utilization
collection seasons between 2015-17. of commercial aloes is guided by the WCMA,
There are three licensed butterfly farmers in the 2013 and other relevant national legislations
country. Two of these farmers are in Malindi with (see section 1.1 above) as well as the report on

the Status and Distribution of Commercial Aloes One licensed company in Kiambu has been
in Kenya, the Strategy for Conservation and engaged in the artificial propagation of
Management of commercial Aloes in Kenya Rhipsalis spp and Aloe spp. and re-exporting
and the Aloe Regulations of 2007 as provided the same. The starter suckers were initially
for by the transitional clause 119 (c) of the imported from the Netherlands. During the
WCMA, 2013. An upcoming women self- help years 2015, 2016 and 2017, the company
group in Doldol- Laikipia which is registered to exported 2,198,975 and 994,000 unrooted
artificially propagate aloe for export has been cuttings (stems) of Rhipsalis spp. and Aloe spp.,
mainly exporting Aloe secundiflora leaves to respectively, mainly to the Netherlands (Table
Canada, United Kingdom and Japan with 7.8). During the period, 1,543.9 kgs (gross) and
the help of a strategic partner (see Annex 6). 5,000 pieces of fishing flies made from peacock
Aloe gum was obtained from registered aloe (Pavo cristacus) feathers were re-exported to
farming self-help groups in Kwale through the various countries, with the main destination
help of a strategic partner and from controlled being the USA. Importing of peacock feathers,
wild harvests from West Pokot and parts of Rhipsalis spp. and Aloe spp. For value addition
Baringo. Regulated trade in aloe promotes or for propagation for re- export has not only
sustainable utilization of aloe, competitiveness created jobs for local people but enabled
and improved living standards of the local economic growth for the country.
people. Regions where aloes occurs naturally
experience arid or semi- arid climatic conditions
and low economic growth and the sustainable
utilization of aloe has the potential for incomes
for local communities.
Table 7.8: Exports and Re- exports select specimens
Species/ Export/ Description Quan 2015 2016 2017 Grand

Specimen Re-export tity total
Aloe secundiflora Export Gum kgs 15,980 286,970 280,056 583,006
Leaves pcs 1,110 680 370 2,430
Rhipsalis spp. Re- export Stems (unrooted pcs 1,436,97 185,000 577,000 2,198,975
cuttings) 5
Aloe spp. Stems (unrooted pcs - 50,000 944,000 994,000
cuttings)
Pavo cristacus Re- export Feathers on fishing Kgs 318.13 755.36 470.31 1,543.8
(peacock) flies (gross)
Pcs 2,500 - 2,500 5,000


7.8 Filming
Commercial photography and and cinematography in KWS- managed Parks
cinematography in National Parks is governed (Table 7.9). Amboseli, Nairobi and Tsavo East
by the Film and Stage Plays Act and the National Parks were top ranking destinations
WCMA, 2013. A total K Sh 3,051,600 was for commercial filming/ photography among
generated during the period 2015-2017 out of KWS- managed Parks and Reserves.
224. Filming Authorities were issued for filming
Table 7.9: Filming Authorities granted for different National Parks
Park 2015 2016 2017 Total

Aberdare - 1 2 3
Amboseli 13 14 23 50
Chyulu Hills 1 - 1 2
Hell’s Gate 1 6 9 16
Kakamega Forest - - 2 2
Kisite Mpunguti Marine - - 1 1
Kiunga Marine - 1 - 1
Kora - - 1 1
Lake Nakuru 3 1 2 6
Malindi Marine - 2 1 3
Meru 1 3 2 6
Mombasa Marine 1 3 2 6
Mt. Elgon - - 1 1
Mt. Kenya 1 3 4 8
Mt. Longonot - 2 1 3
Mwea - 1 - 1
Nairobi 5 27 21 53
Nairobi Animal Orphanage - 2 3 5
Ol Donyo Sabuk - 1 - 1
Safari Walk - 1 - 1
Sibiloi - 1 - 1
Tsavo East 7 13 14 34
Tsavo west 3 7 8 18
Watamu Marine 1 2 2 5
Total Filming Authorities issued 37 89 98 224
7.9 Wildlife conservancies

The WCMA, 2013 identifies conservancies as a CWCCC. There are 160 wildlife conservancies
land use. Section 80 provides for the CS to grant a that have been in existence and operational
general permit for non-consumptive user rights before the enactment of WCMA 2013. The
including cinematography and photography, Regulations that are envisaged to help govern
wildlife-based tourism, tourism, research and wildlife conservancies (Conservancies, Wildlife
cultural uses after registration by the relevant Associations and Wildlife Managers) as required

by WCMA 2013 are awaiting gazettement. The when the regulations become gazetted.
wildlife conservancies are set to be licensed
7.10 Mining
The Mining Act, 2016 vests the powers to incidences of poaching. An inter-ministerial
access, regulate and control prospecting committee was set up to look into the mining
and mining activities in the Commissioner of in protected areas in 1990s to guide the
Mines. This Act excludes all wildlife protected government. Several recommendations were
areas (National Parks, National Reserves and made, including only serious miners who
wildlife conservancies and sanctuaries) unless had invested to be allowed back in the park
conformity with the WCMA 2013. The WCMA and additional regulations be developed to
requires any person who would like to mine or address the issues of insecurity and mitigation
quarry to obtain approval and consent of the of environmental concerns. A caveat was
Service. The Service shall only approve and placed, as recommendation by the inter-
give consent for mining and quarrying where: ministerial committee, no new claims will be
a) the area does not contain endangered or allowed in the National parks. At present,
threatened species; b) the area is not a critical there are six mining companies licensed to
habitat and ecosystem for wildlife; c) the mine in Tsavo West National Park. These mining
area is not an important catchment area or companies were in existence in the 1980’s prior
source of springs; d) an environmental impact to the suspension of mining in protected areas
assessment has been carried in accordance due to environmental concerns and increased
with EMCA, 2015; e) approval has been incidences of poaching. More requests for
obtained in accordance with the appropriate consent to mine in Tsavo West continue to be
law regulating mining; and, f) a bond to received.
rehabilitate the site upon completion of the
operation has been executed. Exploration and extraction of oil or gas in
National Parks requires the consent of the
Mining in protected areas was suspended Cabinet Secretary and prior approval of the
on several occasions in the 80’s due to National Assembly.
environmental concerns and increased
7.11 Government game trophies

The WCMA, 2013 outlines government game is on securing government trophies of critical
trophies as any trophy found without an owner, concern, especially, elephant ivory and rhino
any animal found dead or killed by accident or horns. Kenya Wildlife Service has put in place
mistake, any animal killed in defense of life or in an elaborate and prudent management
other circumstances authorized by or under this system for the ever- accumulating stockpile.
Act, any animal or trophy in respect of which a
breach of any of the provisions of this Act or 7.11.1 Elephant ivory and rhinoceros
any animal killed by a member of the Service horns stocks
in the course of duty.
The WCMA, 2013 mandates KWS to conduct
Prior to the ban in hunting and dealership in annual audit government game trophies in
wildlife products in 1977 and 1978, respectively, her possession and publish in the government
all government trophies were quantified in gazette. Table 7.10 presents a summary of
monetary terms and were part of Government quantities of elephant ivory and rhinoceros
revenue to the exchequer. However, after the horns in the custody of KWS.
bans, the trophies no longer generate any
revenue to the exchequer. At present the focus

Table 7.10: Elephant ivory and rhinoceros horns in KWS custody
Elephant ivory Rhino horn

Stock in stores Qtty (kgs) Qtty (kgs)
2015 135,784.00 1,515.90
2016 40,176.15 364.9
2017 55,883.3 419.29

7.11.2 Disposal 7.11.3 Electronic system of game
The government has had two disposals through trophy management
burning during the report period to send a The implementation of an electronic game
strong signal and a statement to the world, that trophy stockpile management system (ESMS)
poaching was a penance and was wiping out in 21 key Stations and Parks is on course. The
the country’s heritage. Both occasions were ESMS will strengthen the manual management
presided over by H.E, The President Hon. Uhuru system that has been operational for many
Kenyatta. years.
a. 3rd March 2015- 15 tonnes on the occasion
to mark the 3rd World Wildlife Day
b. 30th April 2016, 105,037.13 kg elephant ivory
and 1,350 kg rhino horns.

ANNEXES

Annex 1: Captive- bred live tortoise hatchlings exported
Year Country Quantity (pcs)
2015 Germany 160
Great Britain 65
Hong Kong 6,520
Japan 30
Malaysia 100
Pakistan 330
Singapore 10
Taiwan 2,160
Sub-total 9,375
2016 Czechoslovakia 170
Germany 1,655
Spain 700
Great Britain 110
Ghana 30
Hong Kong 6,920
Japan 125
Pakistan 350
Singapore 30
Malaysia 250
Taiwan 1,400
Sub-total 11,740
2017 China 1,400
Germany 800
Hong Kong 22,055
Japan 30
Korea 68
Malaysia 260
Netherlands 125
Poland 700
Spain 300
Taiwan 5,946
Thailand 156
UAE 100
United Kingdom 300
Vietnam 15
Sub-total 29,455
Grand Total 50,570

Annex 2: Captive- bred live chameleons exported
2015 Canada 180
Germany 1,240
Spain 1,200
Great Britain 480
Hong Kong 1,273
Japan 270
Netherlands 315
Singapore 10
Taiwan 830
USA 285
Sub- total 6,083
2016 China 120
Germany 2,040
Spain 2,050
Great Britain 734
Hong Kong 3,276
Japan 400
Taiwan 624
Sub- total 9,244
2017 Canada 125
United Kingdom 180
Germany 2,233
Hong Kong 2,580
Japan 180
Netherlands 780
Chameleon 50
Spain 1,000
Taiwan 250
United Kingdom 700
USA 890
Sub-total 9,068
Grand total 24,395
Annex 3: Nile crocodile skins exported

2015 Korea 904
Singapore 5,600
Sub- total 6,504
2016 Korea 1,459
Singapore 4,000
Sub- total 5,459
2017 Italy 120
Korea 1,000
Singapore 6,200
Zimbabwe 500
Sub- total 7,820
Total 19,783
Annex 4: Live butterfly pupae exported to various countries
Year Destination Species name Quantity (pcs) mixed species
country Grand total
2015 Belgium Gynanisa maja 20 20
Ethiopia Papilio dardanus 20 50
Papilio demodolus 20
Papilio nireus 10
France Charaxes brutus 100 500
Hypolimas Montaronis 100
Papilio Jacksonii 100
Papilio nireus 100
Papilio Pardanus 100
United Amauris spp 55 29,723
Kingdom Argema spp 1020
Charaxes spp 10924
Euxanthe spp 3706
Graphium spp 4884
Hypolimas spp 9009
Junonia spp 50
Papilio dardanus 25
Papilio demodolus 25
Papilio phoicas 25
Papilio spp 5744
Netherlands Argema mimosae 150 890
Epiphora mythimnia 58
Graphium spp 10
Gynanisa maja 72
Hypolimas spp 200
Papilio Dardanus 200
Papilio phsicas 200
2016 France Argema Mimosae 150 4950
Charaxes spp 2000
Nymphalid spp 600
Papilionid spp 1800
Saturniid spp 400
United Argema spp 1112 64,183
Kingdom Charaxes spp 20203
Graphium Spp 10864
Hypolimnus spp 27,384
Papilio spp 36,270
Japan Charaxes spp 80 100
Nymphalid spp 20
Netherlands Papilio dardanus 3340 7548
Papilio phorcus 3508
Papilio nireus 350
Papilio parhassus 350
Turkey Argema mimosae 700 15700
Catopsilia florella 200
Charaxes spp 2970

country Grand total
Graphium spp 2200
Hypolimnus spp 1270
Junonia oenone 490
Papilio spp 6500
Salamis spp 950
Saturniid spp 420
USA Charaxes spp 46000 71300
Lepideptora 6900
Nymphalid spp 13800
Papilio spp 4500
Saturnid spp 1000
2017 Canada Argema mimosae 200 940
Charaxes spp 120
Epiphora mythimnia 70
Graphium antheus 50
Junonia oenone 60
Papilio spp 440
United Argema spp 450 11780
Kingdom Charaxes spp 2900
Hypolimnus spp 950
Papilio spp 4600
Salamis spp 2880
Netherlands Charaxes spp 750 3000
Nymphalid spp 750
Papilionid spp 750
Saturniid spp 750
Saudi Arabia Byblia anvatara 100 6360
Charaxes Spp 2200
Danaus chrysippus 100
Hypolimnus misippus 100
Papilio demodocus 3100
Turkey Argema mimosa 700 11470
Belenois creona 100
Charaxes Cithaeron 2750
Charaxes pythodoris 50
Charaxes varanes 120
Graphium angolanus 800
Graphium antheus 1400
Graphium colonae 1200
Junonia oenone spp 220
Papilio constantinus 600
Papilio dardanus 2100
Papilio nireus 2120
Papilio 1000
ophidicephalus

country Grand total
USA Charaxes spp 12525 30870
Nymphalid spp 4125
Papilionid spp 11325
Saturniid spp 2895
Mixed butterfly species Grand Total 259,384
Annex 5: Bio-control organisms bred and exported to various countries1
Year Destination Description Species name Quantity Quantity in Pcs

country in Kgs
2015 Belgium Predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis 100,000,000
Canada Predatory mite Amblyseius andersoni 188,000,000
Amblyseius californicus 32,000,000
Phytoseiulus persimilis 234,000,000
Denmark Predatory mini- Diglyphus isaea 20,100,000
wasps
Predatory mites Neoseiulus californicus 2,000,000
Neoseiulus cucumeris 20,000,000
Denmark Predatory mites Amblyseius Andersoni 36,000,000
Ethiopia Amblyseius californicus 592,000,000
Amblyseius cucumeris 208,000,000
Predatory mites Amblyseius Swirskii 481,000,000
Predatory mites Phytoseiulus persimilis 997,000,000
United Predatory mites Amblyseius californicus 1,483,000,000
Kingdom Amblyseius cucumeris 1,367,000,000
Amblyseius swirskii 1,372,000,000
Morocco Beneficial fungi Paecilomyces lilacinus 50
Bio-nematicide, Trichoderma asperellum 50
bio-fungicide,
bio- fertilizer
Netherlands Predatory mites Phytoseiulus persimilis 60,000,000
Beneficial Steinernema Feltiae 750
nematodes
Rwanda Bio-nematicide, Trichoderma asperellum 100
bio-fungicide,
bio- fertilizer
Turks and Predatory mites Phytoseiulus persimilis 500,000
Caicos
Islands
Tanzania Predatory mites Phytoseiulus persimilis 1,000,000
Uganda Beneficial fungi Arbuscular mycorhizae 100
Beneficial fungi Paecilomicus Lilacinus 100

1
More beneficial organisms have been sold locally.

country in Kgs
USA Predatory mites Phytoseiulus persimilis 200,000,000
South Africa Amblyseius andersoni 75,000,000
Amblyseius Swirskii 3,000,000
Beneficial fungi Beauvaria Bassiana 5850
Predatory mites Neoseiulus cucumeris 120,000,000
Beneficial fungi Paecilomyces lilacinus 5550
Beneficial Phasmarhabditis 8300
nematodes hermaphrodita
Beneficial 8750
nematodes Steinernema feltiae
Bio-nematicide, 10,350
bio-fungicide,
bio- fertilizer Trichoderma asperellum
Beneficial fungi Vertiallium lecanii 4850
Zambia Predatory mites Neoseiulus californicus 500
Zimbabwe Beneficial fungi Beauvaria bassiana 350
Beneficial fungi Paecilomicus lilacinus 300
Beneficial
nematodes Steinernema feltiae 50
Bio-nematicide,
bio-fungicide,
bio- fertilizer Trichoderma asperellum 600
Trichoderma harrianum 250
2016 Belgium Predatory mites Amblyseius californicus 78,000,000
Predatory mites Amblyseius cucumeris 6,300,0000
Predatory mini- 42,000,000
wasps Diglyphus isaea
Canada Amblyseius californicus 162,000,000
Amblyseius andersoni 115,000,000
Amblysieus andersonii 8.000,000
Predatory mites Hypuasps miles 20,000,000
Denmark Predatory mites Amblyseius californicus 1,000,000
Predatory mini-
wasps Diglyphus isaea 100,000

country in Kgs
Predatory bug-
egg and lava of
leaf mining
moths Nesidiocoris tenuis 200,000,000
Ethiopia Predatory mites Amblyseius californicus 824,000,000
Predatory mites Amblyseius swirskii 556000000
Beneficial
nematodes Beauvaria bassiana 2450
Beneficial fungi Lecanicillium lecanii 500
Beneficial fungi Paecilomyces lilacinus 2,000
Bio-nematicide,
bio-fungicide,
bio- fertilizer Trichoderma asperellum 1600
Beneficial fungi Verticillium lecanii 3050
United Predatory mites Neoseiulus californicus 28,000,000
Kingdom Predatory mites Amblyseius californicus 733,000,000
Predatory mites Amblyseius swirskii 8,000,000
Italy Predatory mites Amblysieus califonicus 20,000,000
Predatory mini-
wasps Diglyphus isaea 20,000,000
Morocco Beneficial fungi Paecilomyces lilacinus 100
Netherlands Predatory mites Neoseiulus cucumeris 20,000,000
Predatory mites Amblysieus califonicus 190,000,000
Predatory insect Cryptolaemus
montrouzieri 20,000,000
Predatory mini-
Beneficial Phasmarhabditis
nematode hermaphrodita 1650
Predatory mites Phytoseiulus persimilis 210000000
Beneficial
Rwanda Predatory mites Phytoseiulus persimilis 2,000,000
Uganda Predatory mites Amblysieus califonicus 30,000,000
Beneficial fungi Paecilomyces lilacinus 1700

country in Kgs
nematodes hermaphrodita 600
Beneficial
nematodes Steinernema feltiae 1,200
Bio-nematicide,
bio-fungicide,
bio- fertilizer Trichoderma Asperellum 2,000
Beneficial fungi Trichoderma harzianum 200
USA Predatory mites Amblyseius californicus 120,000,000
Hypuasps miles 120000000
South Africa Predatory mites Neoseiulus californicus 120,000,000
Bio-nematicide,
bio-fungicide,
bio- fertilizer Arbuscular mycorrhiza 1,500
Beneficial
nematodes Beavaria bassiana 9,500
Predatory mini-
Beneficial fungi Metarhizium anisopliae 500
Predatory bug-
egg and lava of
leaf mining
nematodes hermaphrodita 11,500
Beneficial
Bio-nematicide,
bio-fungicide,
bio- fertilizer Trichoderma asperellum 12,500
Beneficial fungi Trichoderma harzianum 1,000
Beneficial fungi Verticillium lecanii 1,000
Zambia Predatory mites Amblyseius californicus 20,000,000
Beneficial fungi Beauvaria bassiana 1,500

country in Kgs
Beneficial
Zimbabwe Predatory mites Amblyseius californicus 60,000,000
Predatory mites Amblyseius californicus 20,000,000
Beneficial fungi Beauvaria bassiana 6,200
Predatory mini-
Predatory mites Amblyseius californicus 60,000,000
Beneficial
Bio-nematicide,
bio-fungicide,
Beneficial fungi Verticillium lecanii 4,200
2017 Belgium Predatory mites Amblyseius californicus 52,000,000
Canada Predatory mites Amblyseius californicus 3,000,000
Ethiopia Predatory mites Amblyseius californicus 178,000,000
Amblyseius swirskii 67,000,000
Bio-nematicide,
bio-fungicide,
Beneficial fungi Verticillium lecanii 800
United Predatory mites Amblyseius californicus 190,000,000
Kingdom
Hypuasps miles 5,000,000
Beneficial Steinernema feltiae 100

country in Kgs
nematodes
Italy Phytoseiulus persimilis 40,000,000
Netherlands Predatory mini-
wasps Diglyphus isaea 50,000
Neoseiulus Cucumeris 20,000,000
Beneficial
USA Predatory mites Amblyseius californicus 60,000,000
Neoseiulus cucumeris 50,000
Neoseiulus californicus 50,000
South Africa Predatory mites Amblyseius californicus 40,020,000
Beneficial fungi Beavaria bassiana 1,600
Predatory bug-
egg and lava of
leaf mining
nematodes hermaphrodita 1,500
Beneficial
Bio-nematicide,
bio-fungicide,
Predatory mites Verticillium lecanii 1,600
Zambia Beneficial
nematodes Beauvaria bassiana 1,000
Beneficial Heterorhabditis
nematodes bacteriophora 500
Beneficial
Zimbabwe Predatory mites Amblyseius californicus 40,000,000

country in Kgs
Beneficial fungi Beavaria bassiana 100
Beneficial
Bio-nematicide,
bio-fungicide,
Predatory mites Verticillium lecanii 600

CHAPTER 8:
FINANCIAL STATUS

In the 2015/2016 financial year the largest 15. Goal number 14 stated “Conserve and
budgetary allocation of government funding sustainably use the oceans, seas and Marine
went to Education both in terms of recurrent resources for sustainable development”.
and development expenditure taking 38.2% Goal number 15 stated “protect, restore
and 57.4% respectively. During this period, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial
KWS wasallocated Ksh 3.8 billion which besides ecosystems, sustainably manage forests,
normal recurrent expenditure targeted three combat desertification and halt and reverse
main areas- (a) to raise ranger coverage land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.
area to 1 ranger per 16Km2; (b) to reduce These two goals together with goal number 13
poaching incidences countrywide by 40% (take urgent action to combat climate change
and (c) increase wildlife population by 10%. and its impacts) was given an allocation of
Environmental protection which included Ksh 4.653 billion. However half year analysis
wildlife and Forestry was equally catered for in of expenditure to Gross estimates showed
the budget but at the middle tire of it as Table that the Environmental protection, water and
8.1 shows. In the 2016/2017 funding for global natural resources had an absorption rate of
goals- The wildlife sector was highlighted 24% for recurrent and 14% for development.
under 2 goals-thus goal number 14 and
Table 8.1:
COFOG* **Compensation Other Total % 0f

Classification to Employees Recurrent recurrent
Expenditures Spending
1. Education 225.04 74.56 299.60 38.2
2. General public 76.19 69.42 145.61 18.6
service
3. Defense 67.63 44.84 112.47 14.3
4. Public Order 72.63 32.37 105.00 13.4
and safety
5 Economic Affairs 33.23 25.44 58.67 7.5
6.Health 18.47 10.05 28.52 3.6
7. Environmental 10.23 6.81 17.04 2.2
Protection
8. Social protection 5.12 4.19 9.31 1.2
9. Housing and 3.42 1.62 5.04 0.6
community amenities
10. Recreation, culture 1.36 1.59 2.95 0.4
and Arts
Recurrent Spending 513.32 270.88 784.20 100


Table 8.2
COFOG GoK External Amount % 0f

Classification Funding Funding Development
(Including Spending
local A/A)
1. Economic Affairs 161. 16 252.68 413.84 57.4
2. General Public 99.50 33.77 133.27 18.5
Service
3. Environmental 17.07 26.66 43.73 6.1
Protection
4. Education 32.20 4.46 36.66 5.1
5 Health 11.64 19.02 30.66 4.3
6. Housing and 15.09 13.47 28.56 4.0
community amenities
7. Social protection 13.31 2.27 15.58 2.2
8. Public Order and 15.16 0.15 15.31 2.1
safety
9. Recreation, culture 3.50 0.14 3.64 0.5
and Arts
10. Defense 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.0
Recurrent Spending 368.63 352.66 721.29 100

In the 2016/2017 budget allocation the Ministry allocation of 92.9b. The Ministry Of Environment,
of Education again got the highest allocation Natural resources and RDAs under which the
of Ksh 339biliion while the sector under wildlife sector (together with KFS and KFRI) is
Environmental Protection (Ministry of water, housed received an allocation of 26billion-
Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources representing 1% of the total Government
and RDAs and Ministry of Mining) received an Budget of Ksh 2479.4 billion
8.1 Financial function of the service

The financial functions of the service are sustainable wildlife conservation. Section 7 (e)
enumerated in Part II- Establishment of the states-collect revenue and charges due to
Service section 7 (d) and (e). Section 7 (d) the national government from wildlife and, as
states- promote or undertake commercial and appropriate, develop mechanisms for benefit
other activities for the purpose of achieving sharing with communities living in wildlife areas
8.2 Financial Provisions

Are covered under Part III- Financial Provision b. (b)
Such money or proceeds from
investments as may vest in the service from
Section 14- the funds of the service shall the performance of the duties; and
comprise of –
c. (c) Any sum lent or donated to the service
a. (a) Such money as may be approved and revenue from joint partnership on bio-
allocated to the service by the National prospecting
Assembly as part of the budget process;

Table 8.3
INCOME 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018
KSH.000 KSH.000 KSH.000
KWS A-in-A 2,822,613 3,034,421 3,131,446
GoK Subvention- Recurrent 754,681 1,380,827 2,380,827
GoK Subvention- Development 360,950 733,000 893,380
Grants (Development partners) 1,376,533 1,025,123 1,329,137
Kenya Roads Board 500,000 866,871 1,151,287
KeNHA/SGR Funds 2,693,940 894,100 0
OVERALL INCOME 8,508,717 7,934,342 8,886,077
RECURRENT EXPENDITURE
Salaries, allowances and benefits 4,052,408 4,199,520 4,526,830
Operating and maintenance expenses 2,685,772 2,702,957 3,462,042
Total Capital Expenditure 1,270,537 1,495,327 1,774,010
Depreciation 500,000 1,100,000 1,120,000
TOTAL EXPENDITURE 8,508,717 9,497,804 10,882,882
SURPLUS / (DEFICIT) - (1,563,462) (1,996,805)
Table 8.4
Item 2015
Donor agencies 452,953,000
Donations 240,075,000
GoK Subvention 3,186,758,000
3,879,789,000

Table 8.5
2015
Donor agencies Donations GoK
expected Received remarks Expected Received Expected received
45295300 240075000 318675800

During the said period the organization raised revenue through various means as
indicated in the table 8.6 below
Table 8.6
No 2015/2016 2016/2017
1 Park Entry Fees 2,084,000,000
2 Rental income 208,067,000
3 Hire of aircrafts and 169,789,000
vehicles
4 Tuition Fees-KWSTI 95, 331,000
5 Training services 47, 9433,000
6 Accommodation and hire 47,794,000
of training facilities-
KWSTI
7 Insurance compensation 24,234,000
8 Airwing sales 2,2614,000
9 KWS shops 18,331,000
10 KWS officers Mess 11,996,000
11 Telecommunication 5,496,000
facilities
12 Other miscellaneous 94,289,000
income
Total 2,866,279,000
During the reporting period the disbursement to the various areas was
Table 8.7
No 2015
1 Salaries and allowances 3,146,147,000
2 Leave pay accrual 106,893,000
3 Gratuity contribution, 252,682,000
pension and NSSF
4 Passage and leave expenses 57,191,000
5 Medical expenses 247,925,000
6 Operating and maintenance 2,946,257,000
expenses
7 Total 6757095200
10 Deficit 3890816200

8.3 Budget of Conservancies
In the year 2016 the 35 member conservancies under each county (under NRT management)
had an operating budget of Ksh 862,807,701 and the total operating budget per county.
and employed a total of 938 persons. The table
8.8 below shows the number of conservancies
Table 8.8
No County No of Operating Budget

conservancies
2015/2016 2016/2017
1 Baringo 1 9,488,466
2 Garissa 1 37, 458,277
3 Isiolo 5 73,786,681
4 Laikipia 4 75,038,229
5 Lamu 4 145,123,316
6 Marsabit 4 77,019,461
7 Meru 1 23800,990
8 Samburu 7 160,624,493
9 Tana 2 63,688,470
10 Turkana 4 131,186,212
11 West Pokot 2 65,593,106
Total 862,807,701
There are 245 species listed in the sixth abstraction). Although considerable effort has
schedule which cut across different species been expended and successfully to secure
both terrestrial and marine. The major threat large species such as the Elephant and Rhino
presently facing conservation in the country similar such species are facing severe pressure
is encroachment into conservation areas. and can easily be decimated. These include
This is manifested in the form of direct loss of the greater Kudu, Lelwel hartebeest, Roan
land, change in land use and introduction Antelope (17 remaining), Sable Antelope (41
of negative attributes into conservation remaining). This situation is more precarious
areas ( invasive species, pollutants etc) and with birds, fish (has been the most affected),
interfering with attributes that maintain systems turtles and small wildlife species
in the conservation areas (massive water

ANNEXES
Annex I IUCN Endangered Species List
No Common name Scientific Name

1 Abbott”s Starling
2 Aberdare Cisticola
3 Aberdare Mole Shrew
4 African White-backed Vulture
5 African Gray Parrot
6 African Skimmer
7 Amani sunbird
8 Asian Dowwitcher
9 Basra Red Warbler
10 Black Crowned-crane
11 Black-tailed Godwit
12 Blue swallow
13 Buff-breasted Sandpiper
14 Chapin”s Flycatcher
15 Chestnut-banded Plover
16 Clarke”s Weaver
17 Corncrake
18 Denham Bustard
19 East Coast Akalat
20 Egyptian Vulture
21 Eurasian Curlew
22 Eurasian Peregrine Falcon
23 Fischers Turaco
24 Gray-crested Helmet-shrike
25 Great Snipe
26 Greater Spotted Eagle
27 Hinde”s Pied-babbler
28 Jackson”s Widowbird
29 Karamoja Apalis
30 Lappet-faced Vulture
31 Lesser Flamingo
32 Lesser Kestrel
33 Maccoa Duck
34 Madagascar Pond heron
35 Madagascar Pranticole
36 Malindi Pipit
37 Morden”s Owlet
38 Pallid harrier
39 Papyrus gonolek
40 Papyrus yellow warbler
41 Plain-backed Sunbird
42 Ring-necked Francolin
43 Rueppell’s Vulture
44 Saker Falcon
45 Semi-collard Flycatcher
46 Sharpe”s Longclaw
47 Shoebill
48 Sokoke Pipit
49 Southern Banded Snake-eagle
50 Spotted Ground thrush
51 Taita Apalis
52 Taita Falcon
53 Taita Thrush
54 Turner”s Eremomela
55 White-headed Vulture
56 White-winged Collared Dove
MAMMALS
1 Ader”s Duiker
2 African Elephant
3 African Golden cat
4 African Lion
5 African White-Bellied Pangolin
6 Arrogant Shrew
7 Barbour”s Vlei Rat
8 Beisa Oryx
9 Black and Rufous Elephant Shrew
10 Black Rhinoceros
11 Eastern Mountain Bongo
12 Cheetah
13 Common Hippopotamus
14 Decken”s Horseshoe Bat
15 Delectable furred Mouse
16 Dugong
17 East African highland Shrew
18 East African Collard Fruit Bat
19 Gerenuk
20 Giant Ground Pangolin
21 Giant Thicket Rat
22 Golden-rumped Elephant Shrew
23 Grevy”s Zebra
24 Hildergarde”s Tomb Bat
25 Hunter”s Antelope
26 Indo-pacific Hump-backed Dolphin
27 Jackson”s Mongoose
28 Large-eared Free-tailed Bat
29 Lesser Kudu
30 Mountain Dwarf Galago
31 Mt. kenya Mole Shrew
32 Smoky White-toothed Shrew
33 Sokoke Bushy-Tailed Mongoose

34 Straw-coloured Fruit Bat
35 Stripped Hyaena
36 Stripped Roundleaf Bat
37 Taita Shrew
38 Tana River Mangabey
39 Tana River red colobus Monkey
40 Tanzania Vlei Rat
41 Temnick”s Ground Pangolin
42 Thomsons”s Gazelle
43 White Rhinoceros
FISHES
1 Barbus Sp. Nov. Nzoia
2 Bigeye Tuna
3 Black-blotched Stingray
4 Blacksaddled Coral Grouper
5 Blackspot Shark
6 Bowmouth guitarfish
7 Brindle Bass
8 Brown-marbled Grouper
9 Bumphead Parrotfish
10 Camouflage Grouper
11 Ctenochromis aff. pectoralis
12 Dwarf Bigeye Scraper
13 Estuary Cod
14 Ewaso Nyiro Labeo
15 Giant Guitarfish
16 Giant Wrasse
17 Graham Cichlid
18 Gray Nurse Shark
19 Great White Shark
20 Hammerhead Shark
21 Haplochromis sp. Nov amboseli
22 Haplochromis acidens
23 Haplochromis argenteus
24 Haplochromis cavifrons
25 Haplochromis chilotes
26 Haplochromis chromogynos
27 Haplochromis granti
28 Haplochromis bayoni
29 Haplochromis heusinkveldi
30 Haplochromis ishmaeli
31 Haplochromis lividus
32 Haplochromis Maculipinna
33 Haplochromis maxillaris
34 Haplochromis megalops
35 Haplochromis nuchisquamulatus
36 Haplochromis obliquidens

37 Haplochromis paropius
38 Haplochromis phytophagus
39 Haplochromis prodromus
40 Haplochromis sauvagei
41 Haplochromis serranus
42 Haplochromis spekii
43 Haplochromis victorianus
44 Hardnose Shark
45 Harpagochromis sp. Nov
“frogmouth”
46 Labeo sp. Nov Baomo
47 Labeo sp. Nov. Mzima
48 Labeo sp. Nov trigliceps
49 Lagynias pallidiflora
50 Lake Magadi Tilapia
51 Lake Victoria Deepwater Catfish
52 Macropleurodus bicolor
53 Malabar Grouper
54 Marcusenius sp. nov Malindi
55 Marcusenius sp. nov Turkwell
56 Marcusenius victoriae
57 Northobranchius bojiensis
58 Northobranchius elongatus
59 Northobranchius interruptus
60 Northobranchius sp. nov Lake
Victoria
61 Northobranchius patrizili
62 Northobranchius willerti
63 Oceanic Whitetip Shark
64 Oreochromis andersonii
65 Oreochromis esculentus
66 Oreochromis hunteri
67 Oreochromis jipe
68 Oreochromis variabilis
69 Paralabidochromis victoriae
70 Platyaeniodus degeni
71 Porcupine Ray
72 Ptyochromis sp. nov “rainbow
sheller”
73 Ptyochromis sp. nov “rusinga oral
sheller”
74 Pundamilia nyerere
75 Rhabdalestes leleupe
76 Roving Coralgrouper
77 Spotted Eagle Ray
78 Synodontis victoriae
INSECTS

1 Chlorocnemis pauli
2 Chlorocnemis abboti
3 Chlorocypha jacksoni
4 Coryphagrion
5 Montane Dancing-jewel
6 Notogomphus maathaiae
7 Onychogomphus styx
8 Pseudagrion bicoerulans
9 Red jungle-Skimmer
10 Seychelles Fineliner
11 Thermochoria jeanneli
REPTILES
1 Crevice Tortoise
2 Turkana Mud Turtle
AMPHIBIANS
1 Du Toits Torrent Frog
2 Forest Banana Frog
3 Irangi River frog
4 Jozani River frog
5 Lonnbergs Toad
6 Sagala Caecilian
7 Shimba Hills Reed Frog
8 Tigoni Reed frog
Plants
1 Afrocarpus usambarensis
2 Allophylus zimmermannianus
3 Aloe ballyi
4 Angylocalyx braunii
5 Aristogeitonia monophylla
6 Baphia keniensis
7 Bauhinia mombassae
8 Bread palm
9 Bread Palm
10 Brown mahogany
11 Brucea macrocarpa
12 Buxus obtusifolia
13 Camptolepis ramifora
14 Canthium robynsianum
15 Canthium kilifiensis
16 Canthium keniense
17 Cephalosphaera usambarensis
18 Chytranthus obliquinervis
19 Coffea fadenii
20 Coffea pseudozanquebariea
21 Colpodium chionogeiton
22 Colpodium hedbergii
23 Combretum chaetocarpa
24 Combretum tenuipetiolatum
25 Cynometra lukei
26 Cynometra suaheliensis
27 Cynometra webberi
28 Dasylepis integra
29 Deschampsia angusta
30 Dialium holtzii
31 Dicraeopetalum stipulare
32 Diospyros amanuensis
33 Diospyros greemwayi
34 Diospyros shiambaensis
35 Diphasiopsis fadeni
36 Entandrophragma angolense
37 Erythrina sacleuxii
38 Euphorbia cussinioides
39 Euphorbia tanaensis
40 Euphorbia wakefieldii
41 Fig tree
42 Gardenia transvenulosa
43 Gigasiphon macrosiphon
44 Holmskiodia gigas
45 Julbernardia magnistipulata
46 Kola nut
47 Kola Nut
48 Kraussia speciosa
49 Lettowianthus stellatus
50 Macaranga conglomerate
51 Memecylon teitense
52 Micrococci scariosa
53 Mildbraedia carpinifolia
54 Mimusops riparia
55 Mkilua fragrans
56 Moringa arborea
57 Multidentia sclerocarpa
58 Newtonia paucijuga
59 Ocotea argylei
60 Ocotea kenyensis
61 Ouratea schusteri
62 Oxystigma msoo
63 Pandanus kajui
64 Pavetta linearifolia
65 Pavetta tarennoides
66 Polyscias kikuyuensis
67 Populous ilicifolia
68 Premna maxima
69 Psychotria alsophilia

70 Psychotria crassipetala
71 Psychotria petitii
72 Psychotria pseudoplatyphylla
73 Psydrax faulknerae
74 Pycnocoma littoralis
75 Rosewood
76 Rothmannia macrosiphon
77 Rushfoil
78 Rytigynia eickii
79 Sapium triloculare
80 Sclerocarya gillettii
81 Sorindela calantha
82 Sterculia schliebenii
83 Strychnos mellodora
84 Stuhlmannia moavi
85 Synsepalum kassneri
86 Synsepalum subverticillatum
87 Tarenna drummondii
88 Toussaintia orientalis
89 Uvariodendron anisatum
90 Uvariodendron gorgonis
91 Uvariodendron kirkii
92 Vepris glandulosa
93 Vepris sambruensis
94 Vepris sansibarensis
95 Vitellariopsis kirkii
96 Vitex keniensis
97 Vitex zanzibarensis
98 Warbugia stuhlmannii
99 Zimmermannia ovata
CORALS, JELLYFISH and SEA
ANEMONES
1 Acropora coral
2 Acropora coral
3 Acropora coral
4 Acropora coral
5 Acropora coral
6 Acropora coral
7 Acropora coral
8 Acropora coral
9 Acropora coral
10 Acropora coral
11 Acropora coral
12 Acropora coral
13 Acropora coral

14 Acropora coral
15 Acropora coral
16 Acropora coral
17 Acropora coral
18 Acropora coral
19 Acropora coral
20 Acropora coral
21 Alveopora allingi
22 Alveopora daedalea
23 Alveopora fenestrata
24 Alveopora sponglosa
25 Astreopora expansa
26 Blue Coral
27 Bracket Coral
28 Bubble Coral
29 Cat’s Eye Cynarina coral
30 Caulastrea connate
31 Caulastrea tumida
32 Cauliflower coral
33 Closed Brain coral
34 Crisp Pillow Coral
35 Crust Coral
36 Crust Coral
37 Diploastrea Brain Coral
38 Echinopora forskaliana
39 Echinopora mammiformis
40 Echinopora robusta
41 Elegance coral
42 Fungia curvata
43 Fungia fungitea
44 Goniastrea Columella
45 Goniastrea deformis
46 Goniastrea favulus
47 Goniastrea minuta
48 Goniastrea palauensis
49 Goniastrea peresi
50 Goniopara lobata
51 Goniopora minor
52 Goniopora stokesi
53 Grape Coral
54 Green Torch Coral
55 Horastrea indica
56 Hydnophora Coral
57 Hydnophora Coral
58 Isopora brueggemanni
59 Isopora cuneate
60 Isopora palifera

61 Knob Coral
62
63 Knob Coral
64 Knob Coral
65 Knob Coral
66 Knob Coral
67 Knob Coral
68 Knob Coral
69 Knob Coral
70 Least valley
71 Leptoseris incrustans
72 Montastrea annuligera
73 Montastrea magnistellata
74 Montastrea serageldini
75 Montastrea valenciennesi
76 Monitipora calcearea
77 Monitipora caliculata
78 Monitipora cryptus
79 Monitipora efflorescens
80 Monitipora effusa
81 Monitipora foliosa
82 Monitipora foveolata
83 Monitipora nodosa
84 Monitipora peltiformis
85 Monitipora stilosa
86 Monitipora undata
87 Monitipora venosa
88 Moon Coral
89 Moon Coral
90 Moon Coral
91 Moon Coral
92 Moon Coral
93 Moon Coral
94 Moon Coral
95 Moon Coral
96 Moon Coral
97 Moon Coral
98 Moon Coral
99 Octopus coral
100 Octopus Coral
101 Open Brain Coral
102 Organ Pipe Coral
103 Oulophyllia crispa
104 Pachyseris rugosa
105 Pavona cactus
106 Pavona decussate
107 Pavona venosa

108 Pearl Bubble Coral
109 Pectinia africanus
110 Pectinia lactuca
111 Platygyra acuta
112 Platygyra carnosus
113 Platygyra crosslandi
114 Platygyra lamellina
115 Plesiastrea devantieri
116 Porites cyclindrica
117 Porites echinulata
118 Porites lobata
119 Porites murrayensis
120 Porites nigrescens
121 Porites somaliaensis
122 Psammocora contiqua
123 Smooth cauliflower coral
124 Starry cup coral
127 Turbinaria coral
SNAILS
1 Bellamya constricta
2 Bellamya costulata
3 Bellamya jocunda
4 Bellamya phthinotropis
5 Bellamya trochearis
6 Bellamya Tuna
7 Bulinus hightoni
8 Bulinus transversalis
9 Burnupia crassistriata
10 Burnupia stuhlmanni
11 Cleopatra cridlandi
12 Cleopatra exarata
13 Gabbiella rosea
14 Gulella snail
15 Pila speciosa
16 Subuliniscus arambourgi
17 Thapsia buraensis
18 Zingis radiolata
CRUSTACEANS
1 Deckenia imitatrix
2 Deckenia mitis
3 Potamoautes gerdalensis
4 Potamoautes pilosus

5 Potamoautes platycentron
6 Potamoautes raybouldi
7 Thrmodiaptomus galebodies
8 Tropodiaptomus neumanni
9 Tropodiaptomus stuhlmanni

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THE NATIONAL WILDLIFE

Ministry of Tourism www.tourism.go.ke

The sixth schedule, lists 245 endangered

Section 44(1-4) requires all wildlife conservation

NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 3

Allocation of resources to conservation sector will be

We will continue to engage all key stakeholders

Special focus will also be put on those areas that have

Finally we call upon all Kenyans to be on the forefront in

PAGE 4 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017

The Kenya Wildlife Conservancies Association

NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 5

PAGE 6 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017

PAGE 10 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017

NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 11

PAGE 16 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017

PAGE 18 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017

Critically endangered (CR) - Extremely high risk of extinction in the wild

Endangered (EN) High Risk of extinction in the wild

Extinct (EX) No Known individuals remaining

Extinct in the wild (EW) Known only to survive in captivity, or as a

Vulnerable (VU) High risk of endangerment in the wild

Near Threatened (NT) Likely to become endangered in the near future

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2.2. Stakeholders In Wildlife Conservation And

2.3. Management Plans

Table 2.1 Status of Development and Implementation of Management plans

4. Ngai Ndethya Makueni County No Plan No management plan-The The PA

9. Nairobi Safari KWS Nairobi Safari • Plan not gazetted

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49. Marsabit National KWS/KFS Marsabit Forest • Plan not gazetted

55. Malindi Marine KWS Malindi Marine • Plan not gazetted

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Table 2.2: Status of Veterinary clinical interventions in 2015 to 2017

No. Disease/Injury No of Region/Area Intervention

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Table 2.3: Wildlife Diseases Monitored in 2015 to 2017

No. Disease, Status in Wildlife

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Plate: 1 Disease Surveillance in Masai Mara Ecosystem

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Table 2.4: Status of disease outbreaks in 2015-2017

No. Disease Outbreak Diagnosis Location Control and Total

2.4.1.4. Research On Wildlife Diseases

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No. Research Objectives Findings Remarks

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In undertaking wildlife health management, the • Inadequate knowledge on diseases in

2.4.4. Immediate Needs In Wildlife iii. Establishment of an emergency fund

2.5. Wildlife Forensic and Genetics Laboratory

Plate: 2 Confisicated Bush meat

No. County No. Of Cases Species Identified

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No. Project Status

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