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Kitchen J Fruit J v.
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The Management of
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WITH THE ' r-k

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WINE
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Methods of MAKING and PRESERVING 9

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According to the prefent Practice of »i-

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The moft fkilful Vignerons Wine Countries in Europ. in the feveral

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TOGETHER WITH
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DIRECTIONS
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From REAL Practice and Experience,
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TIMBER TREES
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H E i
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G H T H E D I 'V"
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BOTANY
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Revifed and Altered according to the S lateft of and ^

Embelliflied with feveral Copper-Plates, which were not in fome former Editions.
t

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M
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Gardener to the Worfhipful Company of A their Botanic Garden

Chelfea^ and Member of the Botanic Academy at Florence

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, . . . Disrna manet divini z^oria ruris. Virg. Georg. , -,. :.

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Printed for the AUT H O R ' '

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And Sold by John Francis

and Rivington, at No. 62, St. PauPs Church-yard; A Millar,
Whiston, W. Strahan,'J. Hinton, R. Baldwin, B. White, L. Hawes and
.
J.
W. CLARKEandR. Collins, W.Johnston, T. Caslon, S. Crowder, T. Longman,
B. Law, C. Rivington, J.
Dodsley, W. Griffin, T. Cadell, T. Lovv^ndes,
S. Bladon, G.Robinson and J. Roberts, and T.Payne.
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M. DCC. LXVIII. < -.'-

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Mo.Bot.Garden
1908 *, •

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<p^^ii/cjr tnt^ ei-^cit

To the Mofl Noble

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Duke and Earl of NORTHUMBERLAND >

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Baron Warkworth of Warkworth Caft I- 9

Lord Lieutenant and Cuftos Rotulorum of the Counties of

Middlesex and Northumberland >

Of the City and Liberty of West minster 9

And of rile
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Town
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and County of Newcastl e upon Tyne i

T
ICE Admiral of all AM A,
And of the County of Northumberland y

One of his M A J E S T Y's Moft Honourable Privy Council 9

Knight of the Moft Noble Order of the GARTER 9

And Fellow of the ROYAL SOCIETY.

 *

MAY IT PLEASE YOUR GRACE,

OUR Grace V kind Acceptance of two form er
Editions 'of tKis Work, lias
I T
emboldened me to
ay this Vour Grace\ Feet, as a
at public Ac
- - • < ' ^ ,•

knowledo-rhent the many ufeful Obfervations

! : *:-

and Inftruflions. which Your Grace has at feveral

Times communicated to me for its Improvement.
If I have been fo happy as to emolpy theni fuch manner, as to i,r>

>bation, -f fhall haye lefs Reafon to doubt

merit Your Grace's Approbati
that of the Public ; fmce'the'rildn: fkilful Perlons in this ufeful Branch
of Science, pay the higheft Regard foYoiir Grace s Judgment.

The many Improvements which Your Grace is annually making

fo happily upon Your various Eftates, fufficiently demonftrate
+
Your
Grace's fuperior Judgment ; but more particularly in a Country
almoft deftitute of Timber : Where, if Your Grace* continues
planting, fo ardently as for feveral Years " paft, the whole^Face of
the Country will be much altered for the better, and Your Grace's
Eftate thereby greatly improved. n ^
<•'

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That Your Grace may long live to continue thefe Improvements 1

and to be an Example to others, is the fincere Wifh of

- _

*0 ' •

Your G R A c E 's

Moft obedient humble Servanti

Chelsea,
March I, 1768

Phili Miller.
 ; -•"'
1

R A E.

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T HE Gardeners Dictionary

return his thanks for the khid reception his

ppofed
rge on that fubject.
having already gone through

work has met

The author
wifh.
the nature of
efo
feveral editions,
which renders
it,

himfelf obhgcd to
it may
I-

4;

- J

But as may be fome. w ho may think that the republifliing it is doing them an injury
cfpecially thofe w^vho have pur a former may y
for this.

When was pubUfiied, gardening was then much lefs known than at prefent and
the firfl edition ;

therefore, as the knowledge of the art increafed, it became more neceflary to en.large on the
fubje6l, by adding the new^ improvements to the former, without which it would have been deem-
ed imperfect : for as the author's fituation in life rendered him capable of being well informed of the
progrefs made in the art, by his great correfpondence both at home and abroad, he thought it

would not be unpleafing communicate thofe improvements to the public

to : in doing which, he has
been careful not to publifli any thing imparted to him, until he was fully fatisfied of the fatSls by
,
-\*

experiments
* •<

i- -. .

*
Others have fuggefled, that printing the improvements feparately would give an
:

in this point J but the author had made trial of former purchafers fome years paft .<
' _

feveral fheets of new articles, by way of Supplement, which there was fcarce any
for d^

the few which were fold, would not defray the expence of paper and printing.
4
'

As the number of plants now cultivated In England, are more than double thofe which were here '

* ,

when the firft edition of this book was publiflied, the mentioning of them, together with their
1.

culture. a work of this nature, therefore the author hopes his care in T-

cenfured 1 J

i. y

•- i

feem to be only a Dictionary on the art of

the branches of agriculture are Included in it, in a more complete manner than can be found in
any other book extant, though written wholly on the fame fubject. Nor are the in(tru£tions
-
- -J,

^1

for perfoi work in

the every part taken up haftily, or upon expei
of refult of more aft differ

where the author has been permitted to fuperintend and direct the efore he can affu *.'•- i

the public he has been very cautious in recommending any thing, lot thoroughly coi

vinced to be true. *! f

- *'
f

It isamazing to fee, in moft of the books which have been publifhed concerning hufbandry, that
fcarce any of the compilers have taken the leaft notice of the' common practice of fowing eight times
the quantity of Corn upon land that is neceflary, to the great' expence and detriment of the farmers,
who are fo wedded to their old cuftoms, as not to be convinced of the error for fo obftinate are :

they in this matter, that unlefs the whole ground be covered with the blades of Corn by the fpring,
I

they judge it not worth fl:anding, and in confequence thereof frequently plough up their Wheat V

and V. inter Corn, to fow the land with Barley, or other Lent Corn; whereas, if the former
had been left (landing, it would have produced a better crop than any land can do where the blades
are very thick, as the author has frequently obferved. I have mentioned this to feveral faiv
i ,

mers, but the anfwcr has conltantly been, that on rich ground a thin crop of roots will often pro-r
». , d

duce a large crop of Corn, but on poor land it will not pay coft, which is a very great abfurdity
for liovv is it poflible, that bad land can fupply proper nouriflimcnt to a greater number of roots
than better ground ? and where this practice is obferved, feldom more than three or four bufliels aie
reaped from one fown; whereas, where the fame quantity is ,fown upon the fame, or a like and foil,

has room to grow, the produce will be at leait fix or feven bulhels. Yet I have k^n growing
tjpon land iiot Vexy good, and uncultivated, for more than twenty years, which and was fovrn w ith
a W'licat
/'

A-
'.V

-',
 ^

p R E F C E
Wheat an acre, a produce of nine quarters
where three gallons of feed were allowed to
In drills,
per acre now this is no more than an eighth part of the feed ufually fown by farmers, who lel-
;

dom reap more than one-third of this produce j by which It appears plainly, that in the common
method of hufbandry, there is at leaft eight times the quantity of feed fown upon the hnd that is

one to judge, efpe-

neceflary. How great a faving this would be in a whole country, I leave every

cially in fcarce years, when Corn is dear ; and what an expence is occafioned by the contrary prac-

tice to the farmers, who notwithftanding feem ujiwilllng to alter their ancleht cuftoms. Thefe
matters are treated of under the articles Avena, Hordeum, Secale, and Triticum.

Nor are the common farmers better managers of their pafture lands; for on them they feldom
/-
are at the trouble of rooting up bad weeds, which frequently over-run them ; thefe are often permit-
ted to fcatter their feeds, by which the land is flocked with a fupply of weeds for feven years or more^
tho' the utmoft care be taken afterward to deftroy them but tho' there are fome farmers who may be :

fuppofed more careful in this refpcd, yet thefe leave in their head lands, and on their banks, hedge-
rows, and the fides of ditches, a fufficlent number of weeds to ftock their fields when the feeds

are permitted to fcatter : befide, thefe paftures have rarely a fufficient quantity of manure allowed
them, where there is much arable land ^ nor is the drefling laid on at a proper feafon ; the
efpecially
general rule with moft of the farmers being to carry and fpread the dung upon their paftures, foon after
the crop of hay is taken off the ground; and as this is done in fummer, the heat of the fun draws all
the moifture from it, whereby the greater part of its goodnefs is evaporated and loft.- But as thefe
points are more fully treated of in the body of ^this work, the author defires the reader to refer
to them. •

F I

On Timber perhaps many may fuppofe, the author has been too diffufe in his in-
the article of
ftrudions but if thofe who are of that opinion will only confider, how^material an article this is
i

to the welfare of this country, he flatters himfelf they will change their fentiments, efpecially when
they refle6l upon the great yafte that has been made of it for many years paft as alfo that the ;

perfons now employed by the government to cultivate and improve it, deriving their own profits fro lu
the wafte of timber, feem to think, that as their predeceffors have long pradlifed it, \hey have a
right do the fame ^ this is now carried to fo great an extravagance, that unlefs a fpee3y ftbp be
to
put to it, the government will be greatly diflrefled for their marine. For although this praaib^ began*
, in the Royal Forefts; &c. yet feveral of the nobility and gentry, who had very great quantities of tim-
ber growing upon their eftate$, have deftroyed a confiderable part of theirs alio; therefore, from a due
regard for the public, the author has treated of the beft methods for propagating and preferving
'

timber, which he hopes may not be dilpleafing to the generality of his readers. ^ •
..

^ ' r
' i

'
The feveral plants here propofed for trial in the Britifh dominions in America, are fuch as there
is reafon to believe will fucceed in thofe parts where the experiments are defired to be made,
and confined to fuch only, as may be of utility to the public, and real advantage to the inha-
bitants of thofe countries :' furthermore, thefe experiments are propofed to be tried upon plants which V f
•
\'i •

will not fucceed well in England, fo as to render their culture pradlicable, and therefore will not in- J.
...

terfere with the growth or trade of this country, and the confumption of which is very great here, ma-
H _

ny of them being of very confiderable ufe in our manufa6lures, which cannot be carried on without
them; as namely the Safflower, Indigo, and feveral other forts ufed in dyeing, none of which will thrive
in this country to advantage, with many medicinal drugs, which, if introduced into the iflands of Ame-
rica, will certainly thrive there as well as in their native foils. Coffee and Chocolate grow equally well
there but the former being gathered before It Is ripe, ill dried, and brought over to England in
;

Ihips freighted with rum and fugars, the effluvia of thefe commodities are imbibed by the Coffee,
whereby it is rendered lefs valuable : as to the latter, it was formerly cultivated by the Spaniards in
the ifland of Jamaica, when they were in poffelTion of it, fo as to furnifh the inhabitants with a quan-
tity fufficient for their own confumption ; whereas the Englifh inhabitants now refident there, pur-
chafe it of the Spaniards : thefe articles therefore require the public attention, for if the above commo-
dities may be produced in the Britifh colonies in America, they will not only fupply us with
eafily
fuch as are genuine, but alfo turn the balance of trade, greatly to the advantage both of Great-Britain
V and her colonies. . ,

It is alfo a great negleft of the inhabitants of the fugar iflands in America, to commit the care
of their plantations to overfeers, who at beft go on in their ufual courfe, planting eight or ten
fugar canes in each hill, fo that if five or fix of them grow, they will be fo clofe as to fpoil
eaclv
other ; for whenever thefe plants are ftinted in their growth, they are foon attacked
by vermin,
which fpread and multiply fo greatly, as frequently to deftroy the whole crop, or at leaft very much to
damage it ;
and this they lay upon Inclement feafons, calling it a blight, whereas It proceeds from their.
own covetous cuftom.
J
bequeathed to him upon his arrival there, was determined to make trial of the horfe-hoeing hufbandry
among
 ' '

R A E.
' I ^

";^>.A '

among his canes. Accordingly he fet out one acre of land in the middle of a large piece, which
he caufed to l)e planted with canes at five feet diflance, putthig but one to each grew t«
hill ; thefe

a very large lize, and when ripe were cut, as alfo an acre from the beft part of the piece in which
the ^ - .
— —
h
*

was nearly equal in the weight of fugar j but where the plants grew fmgle, the juice was boiled
with a ninth part of the fuel which the other required, and he fold the fugar for fix lliillings per
hundred weight more than he could get for the former. This fliews what advantages may be ex'-

Det^ed,

The
if the pofiefTors of lands were careful to

alterations made
'',,
in the catalogued of trees
w
make
,1-'
and
trials.

whichplants
« '

are added at the end of the book,

», - h
^'

therefo
ngth h .

i-'
denote them according to their refpe6tive fpecies referred to in the body of the book, the reader is '
^ -^: :'
t'

defired to turn to the feveral genera, where under each article, their fpecies with their refpe^ive titles
are inferted at length, as alfo their culture and natural places of growth. /The life of thefe ca- • .

.r^i
talogues, efpecially to fuch as are not acquainted with the art of gardening, but particularly to
thofe who fet up for defigners of gardens, may be of great fe; vices fo^ g
duly attended to, there would not be fo many abfurdities committed, as
*
are now to be found in mofl
fee fhrubs placed the largeft r '
h

Ihould

1 '

whol pally
thofe who are lef$

truth
^•'

thing as fuch, but what he has been fully convinced of by his own experience : he hopes therefore for *
'

•
f
/
L
t

indulgence from the public, for any imperfe6iions or omilTions which

1

appear •-

1
I
- t

bly hoped
there will not be found in it many faults.
i \ I I

K
4,
'*
M'
of the prefs have accidentally crept in, occafioned by the author . I

the country during the time it was printing ; but as

'- -

moil s of therafelves of great importance, he hopes the can-

I

did reader will pardon them. /

moft of the former editions, is in this omitted, many edi-

iftferted in *'
^ ',

tions of that piece having been printed in oclavo ; it is prefumed therefore that few perfons who
have any inclination for the innocent diverfion of gardening, are without it j and as the adding any
- - F-

.*.
\

m ' p-

>f

thing to this work would have fwelled it greatly, which the author wilhes he could have ftill further ,
-\ ,

V'. -V

fliortened ; and moreover it having been obferved to him, by many of his friends, that few per- 1

^' . ' fons would chufe to turn over fo large a volume, to find in it the articles they may have in a porta-
. ble one, the omiffion of the Kalendar was thought more advifeable.

In thelaft edition of this work, the author adopted in a great meafure the fyftem of LinuaDuS; which"
.'

was the prevailing method of ranging plants then in ufe among botanifts ; but as many of the plants
which were treated of in the Gardeners Di6lionary, were not to be found in any of Linn^us's w^orks
then publifhed, Tournefort's applied not fully known to'

profeflbr
and thofe additions being generally confulted for the names of plants, the author has now applied
- !»

' !

:pt '
V.

tunity of feeing the plants growing, they are ranged by "him in wrong clafles j as for inftance, the Ilex >^-'

or Agrifolium is with thofe plants whofe flowers have four ftamina or male
ranged in his fourth clafs,
organs, and four fligmas or female parts of generation whereas thofe plants have male flowers upon -,

has nlaced in his nintli

parts but
fliould alfo be ranged in his twenty-fecond clafs, for all the fpecies of this genus
flowers on difterent plants. Thefe, with fome other alterations from Linnseus's fyft:em, have been
reafons for fo doing, which he hop
ii
' .V

proved by the public.

1 ri

,
Many plants are likewife of them' natives of England, but rarely
cultivated in our gardens; accidentally \ feeds, as are moft of

I have fwelled
however, moft of thefe varieties are cafually mentioned, to inform the reader of their refpedlive difference.
which the author hopes will be deemed fufficient the variety
lent

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lent plants, have been moft^of tliem, at leaft the fine forts, greatly improved by culture, they are fully
treated of under their proper genera.

On this article a long feries of obfervatlons has been made by the author, who for hear fifty years
has applied himfelf clofely to this fubjeft j for as many former botanifls have ^numerated a great
number of varieties as fo many fpecies, the ftudy of botany was thereby rendered greatly pei'plexed;
fbme of the modern writers on this fubje<5l, by going Into the contrary extreme, have abridged the
fpecies almoft as much. be afcertaining the real fpecific difference of
plants, would be of great fervice to the fcience of botany but this cannot be done otherwife, than ;

from many years experience in their culture, efpecially by obferving the varieties which arife from
different
good There "are likewife many other varieties which
have arifen from feeds, faved from plants, and grown near others of a different fpecies, by which
means they have partaken of both ] but thefe hybridine plants rarely producing any feeds afterward,
the alteration eoes no farther. ' /

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ROOT, kadix, is that part of a plantj by

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firft order (a) called rays, the fecond (^) Pedicles,-
is
' !."

which it naturally receives its nourifliment. That umbel which confifts of one pedicle only is called ' 'I

nl

There are feveral forts of thefe, as a fimple umbel. See fig. 15. plate i. That which
A
fibrous Root, Radix fibrofa^ is that which 1 compofed both of rays and pedicles, is called a
is

confifts only of fibres. See plate i. figi 3. compound umbel, as fig. 13.
A tuberous Root, Radix tuberofa^ is that which confifts A Corymbus diflTers from an umbel, in that the rays or - t

of an uniform fleftiy fubftance, and is of a roundifti. ^ pedicles are difpofed in fuch a manner, as to form a
figure. See plate i. fig. i, 2. where it is cut ho- '
fphere* See plate i. fig. 14.;.,
rizontally through the middle.. A twining ftalk, one which twifts about
caulis volubilis^ is

A bulbous Root, Radix bulbofa^ is that which confifts any prop or tree without the help of tendrils;
of feveral coats involving one another, as is Ihewn A climbing Stalk, Caulis fcandens, is that which faftens
plate %• 4, 5. or of feveral fcales lying over itfelf to any prop or neighbouring fupport by the help
one another, as in plate i. fig. 6. The firft of thefe of tendrils.
is called a tunicated Root, the laft a fquamous Root. A creeping Stalk, Caulis repens^ is that which lies on th«r ' _

I
h

A granulous Root, Radix granuhfa^ is a kind of gru- ground, and propagates itfelf by emitting roots at the
mous root, with fmall knobs refembling fo many joints
grains of Corn. See plate T. fig. 7 ftaik
A tefticulated Root, Radix tefiiculata^ is a double tuber- that which lies on the ground unlefs it is fupported,
ous root, confiftingof two fleftiy knobs refembling a but not emit roots.
<3oes
/
pair of tefticles. See plate i. fig. 8. A Tendril, Capreolus or Clavicula^ iS apartof alialk, or
/.

An afphodel Root, Radix afphodeli^ is a kind of gru- rather a branch from the fide of a ftalk, placed oppo-
mous whofe fleftiy fibres fwell into large knobs
root, fite to the leaf, which curls and lays hold on any adja-
toward the bottom, refembling the dugs of animals. cent body, and thereby fupports the ftalk, as ia the .'4

See plate I. fior. 9 Vine, &c«

A grunious root. Radix grumofa^ is one which is com- A Fruit, FruSus^ is that part of a plant which contains t -

pofed of feveral fleftiy knobs ending in fibres. See

"
the feed with its covering. Of this there are many
plate I. fig. 10. . •;
-.
different forms, v -
,
.
,/ - ,

A Stalk, CauliSy is a part of a plant, receiving the A Cone, Coms^ is a dry feed-vefl^el, confiftnng of feve-
nourifliment from the root, and diftributing it into ral ligneous parts, adhering clofely together, and fe-
the other parts with which it is cloathed, not having . parating when ripe. Of this there are feveral forts
one fide diftinguiftiablefrom the other. The ftalk of which differ in their form and
texture, as in plate 2.
a tree is called the trunk or ftem, i. e. Caudex. ^ fig. i. is a cone of the PineafteV, whofe ligneous fcales
A Branch, RamuSj the divifion of a ftalk*
is In trees end in ftiarp protuberances, which open by th^ warmth
'

it is generally called a bough. of the fun in the fpring, and eafily emit the feeds.
A Pedicle, Pediculus, is that part of a ftalk, which im- Fig. 2. plate 2. ftiews the cone of the Cedar ofLiba
-

mediately fuftains a leaf, a flower, or a fruit. Dr. nus, whofe fcales are fmooth, lying-clofe over each I ,

j
Linnaeus has diftinguiftied thefe. Thofe which fuf- other, and drop off", leaving the middle column on the
tain the leaves he calls Petiolus, and thofe which fuf- branches. Fig. 2: plate 2. exhibits a cone of the Fir >; '

tain the fruit, Pedunculus. -/tree, whofe fcales are fmooth, and the form oblong,
\
* ^

A Spike, Spica^ a part of a ftalk thick fet with flowers

is Fig. 4, 5. "plate 2. ftiews the cone of the Cyprefs,
or fruits, in fuch a manner as to form an acute cone. ..which is of an irregular fpherical form, and the fcales -yf

\ *

See plate I. %• 12. feparate, emitting the feeds from between them. Fig.
A Thyrfe, fee ThyrfuSy difil^rs from a fpike in that the 6. plate 2.reprefents the cone of the Pine-tree, whofe
>
flov/ers or fruits are fet more loofely on it, fo that there fcales terminate in
blunt protuberances.
are fpaces vifible between them. Dry Seed-veflTels, according to the number of cells into
A Panicle, Panicula^ a ftalk difflifed into feveral pe-
is which they are divided, are called Unicapfulaf, Bi-
dicles fuftaining the flowers or fruits. See Plate i. *
capfular, Quinquecapfular, &c. Seeplate 2. fig. 8, 9. ,1

fig. II. An Apple, Pomum^ is generally underftood to be a fleftiy

An Umbel, Umbellay extremity of a ftalk or
is the fruit inclofing feveral hard feeds in the center ^ but ic
is very difficult to know what the ancients meant by
4
branch, divided into feveral pedicles or rays, begin-
ning from the fame point, and opening in fuch a man- the title Pomum, for this title is frequently ufed in '
;

ner as to form an inverted cone. See plate i. fig. 13, their writings to exprefs things of different forms,
When the pedicles which the ftalk is di-
(^), into therefore this epithet ftiould be only applied to thofe *.
-'1

vided, are Subdivided into others of the fame form, fruits which are umbilicated, and contain many feeds.
4
I.
upon v/hich the flowers or fruits are difpofed {by The See fig. II, 12, plate 2.
b AcinA
\

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An Explanation of the Technical Terms of B

Grapes A regular fiolypetalous flower, is when the petals arc
Acini isby fome fuppofed to be the berries of
equal in fize, and agree in pofition, as in fig. 3. plate 3.
and Currants, but is ufed in a more extenfive fenfe
An irrecrular polypetalous flower is when the petals do
by moil of the writers on botany, who ftile the imall
not agree together in figure and pofition. See fig.
protuberances of Mulberries, Strawberries, &c. fig. 9,

plate 2. Acini. 10. plate 3.

7.
A labiated, orLip-flower^ Flos lahiatus^ is an irregu-
A ClullcT, Racemiis^ is a (lalk divided or branched into
lar monopetalous flower, divided ufually into two
fcveral pedicles, luftaining the flowers or fruits thick
See fig. 12. plate 2. lips, as in fig.* 6. plate 3. The upper lip a, is called
together in an oblong form.
fct

The firftof thcfe conditions diftinguilhes it from a the Crcfl:, Galeae and, the under one b^ the Beard,
from a panicle. .'
'' -% Bnrba. Sometimes the crefl: is wanting, as in fig. 4.
fpike, the laft
plate 3. and then the fl:yle and flamina fupply its
A Pod, long membranaceous
Siliqua, is a feed-vefTel,
place..' This is by fome called an unilabiated flower.
either flat or round, containing one or two rows of
^
feeds. See fig. 13, 14. plate 2. Some of thefe are A papilionaceous Flower, Flospapilionaceus, in fome mea-

jointed, each of the fwellii>gs containing one feed, as fure refeinbles a butterfly with its wings extended.
''-\-\- See fig. 5, 7. plate 3. It always confifl:s of ^thefe four
(hewn, fig. 15. plate 2.
is
the ft:andard, Vexillum^ a-, which is a large feg-
The Seeds of Corn and Grafs are called Grains, Gr^w^. parts :

The leaf which covers the grain is called Chaff, Glumay ment or petal the two Wings, Ah, b, v^hich compofe
•,

fig. 16. plate 2. a The Beard, irijla.. J" is a fmall and the Keel, Carina, c, which is a concave
the fides ;

needle proceeding from the chaff, The chaff which petal or fegment, refembling the lower part of a boat

has no beard is called naked. * -v the keel is fometimes of one petal or fegment and en-
A Plum, Prunum, is a flefliy veffel inclofing a hard tire; fometimes it confifl:s of two petals or fegments

brittle Ihell, in which one or two feeds. is adhering pretty clofely together. / '

A "Nut, Nu;)C. isa feed covered with a hard, dry, brittle A Floret, Flofculos, is a little tube expanded at the top,

ihell. •
: .
' » > I
•
..ufually into five fegments. See fig. 17, 20. plate 3.
A- Flower; Flos, is the organs of generation of both and fitting upon the embryo of a fingle feed a \ from
fexes, adhering to a common placenta, together with [the inner part of the floret arife five Itamina b, which
their common coverings, or of either fex feparately, uniting together form a flieath c ; from the embryo of
"with its proper coverings, if it have any. ^j •
'

:
,.'
the feed a, arifes a fl:yle d, which paflTes through the
;

Flowers are either male, female, or hernaaphrodite. •

(heath r, to which it is connected, and is terminated
The male flowers have ftamina and fummits, but have . by a bifid fl:igma which is generally reflexed, e, Thefe
no ovary or {lyle. Female flowers' have an^ovary and are hermaphrodite.
flyle, but have no fl:amina or fummits. Hermaphro- A Semifloret, Semifiofculus^tubulous at the bafe, and is

dite flowers have both organs of generation.

• ^ I .. c afterwards expandedin form of a tongue. See fig. 18.
The Ovary, Ovarium^ or Germen, according to Linnaeus, plate 3. Thefe generally form the rays of compound
is the rudiment of the fruit. See a, fig. 13. plate 3. flowers, and are female. , ,
,
.

. - ahd fo is properly the female organ of generation. A compound Flower, Flos compfitus^ is that which is
The Style, Stylus^ is a body accompanying the ovary, compofed either of florets, fig. 19. plate 3. or femi-
"
^ either arifing from the top of See b fig. 13. plate
it. florets, fig. 15. plate 3. or both together, fig. i5.

Vg.' or fl:andin| as an axis in the middle with the em- and fig. 20. \ -
.

: bryos of the feeds round it, fig. 12. plate 3.^ and c A Piflc, Difcus, is an aggregate of florets forming, as it

i B istheftigma. ../ :;.": . were, a plain furface, as in fig. 19. plate 3. Such
The Empalement, Calyicy \% generally uriderftood to flowers are called difcous flowers.

. *
•
tender leaves, which cover the other
mean, thofe lefs A Ray, Radius, is fevcral femiflorets fet round a difk.
parts of the flower.
• See fig. 11. a, plate 3. Thefe, See fig. 16. a, plate 3. in form of a radiant fl:ar. Such
according to Mr. Ray, are of an herbaceous colour,; flowers are called radiated difcous flowers -, thofe
t ^

The ?ctd\s, Petala, are thofe tender fine-coloured which have no fuch ray, are called naked difcous, as
..
-'w

\
•
' ^ . *
'
which are the moft confpicuous parts of a
leaves, ^ fig. 19. plates. •

;
flower;-" Seefig. II. ^, plate 3. ;• v v j ; A headed flower, Flos capitaius^ that which is com- is

The' Stamina or Filaments, according to Linri^us, pofed of florets and femiflorets collected into a round-
which fome call Chives, are thofe flender threads whic]i ifh head, and are all inclofed in one common fcaly
generally furround theilyle. See c, fig. 11. plate 3. empalement, as in fig. 14. plate 3. ^
The Summits, or Apices, which Linnaeus calls Anthera, A whorled Flower, Flos verticillatus, is when the flowers
are thofe bodies which contain the farina foecundans, are coUefted in whorls round the ftalksat the bafe of
"or prolific powder, analagous to the male fperm in the leaves, as in 20. plates. .:
fig. '

animals ; thefe generally terminate the fummits, See A Mofs Flower, which rifeson a (lender foot-fl:alk from
*r *- h
di fig. II. plate 2. the plant, 27, plate 3. with the head {ovCapitu-
'

- fig.

Flowers, according to the number of their petals, are km), fig. 28. and the cover (or Calyptra) which opens
-^-
called monopetalous^ ' dipetalous, tripetalous, tetra- and falls off when the feeds are ripe. ^

'
petaloUS, &C. ..'^"'! / '
f:;: .AA-^ A Cone cut through the middle longitudinally to repre-
^-*.
A regular monopetalous flower is that in which the pe- ^. fent how the feeds are lodged between the fcales. See
- tal isnot at all divided. See fig. i. plate 3. or if di- 22. plate 3.
fig-
vided, the fegments are equal, as in fig. 2. plate 3, Fig. 24. plate 3. fhews the parts of a flower, a the is,
, >

An irregular monopetalous flower, is that in which the empalement, b the germen, c the llyle, dxht ftigma.
parts of the petal are uheqUal, as in fig. 3. plat6 3. /
thefe Dr. Linnasus calls ringent flowers.-:. Mr. Ray, Fig. 2t. plate ;?. (hews a flower with feveral neftari-
Tournefort, and others, call all thofe hionopetalous ums which fit clofe to the germen a, -

fiov/ers, whofe petals are connefted at their bafe, and Fig. 25. a fhews a germen, b a fl:yle, and c a ftigma.
fall off without feparating; but Dr. Linnaeus calls Fig. 26. fhews a grain of farina foecundans magnified.
them tetrapetalous or pentapetalous, when the^petal U t iv ,$ v.-
'»
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is divided into To many parts near the bottom. ;A n/-
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Contains the figures which explain the Syft em of Dr. LinnceuSy who claffe^ the fla,nt^ 1^
4

- '

by the number of ftamina in their flowers.

'

'( -7

t I

IG. Ihews
I. a flower with one ftamina and one Fig. 17. ftiews a flower with four long and two fliorter
^.i

ftyle, which he titles Monandria Monogynia.

ftamina, and one ftyle, which he titles Teiradynamia.
fhews a flower with two ftamina and one ftyle, Fig. 18. fhews a flower^ith five ftamina, which are
Fig 2.

which he titles Biandria Monogynia. body

^

pig, n ftiews a flower with three ftamina and one ftyle, Monadelpl <

which he titles Triandria Monogynia. Fig. 19, fhews a flower with ten ftamina and one ftyle,
Ficr. 4. ftiews a flower with four ftamina and one ftyle, which are joined at the bafe into one body, which he
titles T^etrandia Monogynia.
' titles Monodel^hia Decandria.
which he . - H
. f

Fio-. 5. ftiews a flower with five ftamina and one ftyle, Fig. 20. fhews a flower with many ftamina joined in one
"
whice he titles Pentandria Monogynia. body, with a many-pointed ftyle, which he title; Mo .

' 1
--

Fig. 6. ftiews a flower with five ftamina and two ftyles, nadelphia Polyandria, L _

which he pentandria Digynia.

titles Fig. 21, fhews a flower with joined in twq fix ftaniipa \ •'

f <'

Fio-. 7. fliews a flower with fix ftamina and one ftyle,

bodies, which he titles Diadelphia Hexandria.
which he titles Hexandria Monogynia. Fig. 22. fliews a flower with ten ftamina, nine of which

Fig. 8. ftiews a flower with fix ftamina and three ftyles, are joined together dX their bafe, and the other is fc- :•: >'

which he Hexandria Trigynia.

titles parated, with one ftyle, This he titles Diadelphia
Ficr. g, ftiews a flower with feven ftamina and one ftyle, Decandria. t-

which he titles Heptandria Digynia. Fig. 23. ftiews a flower with many ftamina, which ar?
Fig. 10. fliews a flower with eight ftamina and one ftyle, ^ connefted at their bafe into feveral clufters or bunches,

which he titles 05iandria Bigjnia. which he titles Polyadelphia Polyandria.

-*
* -

Fio". 1 1, fliews a flower with nine ftamina and one ftyle, Fig. 24. fhews a fingle floret of a compound flower, 1

which he Enneandria Monogynia^

titles
'

Thefe which are hermaphrodite have five ftamina and

''-,«

Fig. 12. fliews a flower with ten ftamina and one ftyle, <^ Th
~ '
*
Monogy ejii

flower whofc ftamina are connc(£ted

1^

Fig. 13. Ihews a flower with twelve ftamina and one [Fig. 25. (hews a
Mmogyn with, and feem to proceed from, the ftyle, which 13

Fig.' 14. fhews a flower with more than twelve ftamina, divided into two parts. This he tkhs Gynandria. I

but lefs than twenty, and thefe from the arife either pig. 26, fhews a flower of the fixreenth clafs, which 15
petals or the empalement, and with one ftyle, which of a different figure from thofe before reprcfented. i
i

V
ht iitlts Icofandria Monogynia. , ,The ftamina of this ftand round the column formed
Fig. 15- fhews ^ flower with a great number of ftamina ! by the ftyle. *
ft*

and one ftyle, which he titles Polyandria Monogynia. Fig. 27. Ihews a floret of the compound flowers fitting
>
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Fig. i6. fhews a flower with two long, and two fliorter th %'

1 '

ftamina, and one ftyle, which he titles Didynamia. tQpof theftyl !

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ACT. Phil.
the Royal Society.
The Philofophical Trahfaaiohs
Plants/ Prihted at Bafil 167 C4t6;^:\^^^^^^ ;' "
bflC.B.P. Cafpar Bauhinus*s' Pinax to^his Theatre of

A<^. Reg. Sc. TheMemoIrspf the Royal Aca-JC.B. Prod. Cafpar BauhinusXProdromus'tp his Thea-
demy of Sciences at Paris. tre of Plants. Printed at Bafiri^7i,*'4tc);-'".
'

Aldin. A.Defcription of fome Rare Plants which were Cluf. Hift. Charles Clurrus's Hiftoiy of Rare Plants.
cultivated in the Farnefian Gardens at Rome, by To- Printed at Antwerp 1605, ;fd./;;v\)' \
" ". . - •

bias Aldinus. Printed at Rome 162^, fol. '

Cluf, Exot. Charles. Clufius's Exotics, irv ten Books. ' '
.

Alpiri. iEgypt, Profper, Alpinus*s Natural Hiftoiy of Printed at Antwerp 160 r, fol. \^[ ,. 0* '-- ' '^.
\
'

Egypt, in two Parts. Reprinted in 4t6 at Leydeh, Column. Ecphr. Fabius Colun1na*s Ecptirafis, in two
1 /^5*- - -
Parts. • Reprinted in 4to at Rom'ei 1^16,
- \ ' - • *
'

Alpin. Exot. Profper Alpiniis ofExotic Hants In two Commel. Rar, Defcriptions and Figures of Rare Exotic
Books. Printed in'4td at yehide,'i6^6i,''*^ "' ' Plants, which were in the Phyfic-Garden at Amfter--
Amman. Char. Paul Amman*s Characters of Plants. dam, by Cafpar Commclin. Printed at Leyden 1 70^,
J - 1 '

Printed in
I

1 2m6.'^'
Amnian. Paul AmntaA^s Defcription of the Plants Commel.
Hbt-r; ' Prsel. Cafpar Commelin's Prelude to Botanv.
"''
in the Garden of Bofius. Printed iri^4toi ^

Amman }oh. John Amman's Hiftory ol" Rulfian Plants.

^"'^
Corn: James -oriiutus'^ Hiftbrv of Plants.
Printed in 4to at Peterlburgh, 1739. ^ ;-ii ': *:» ^,;i.
J -

Printed at Paris 1635, 4to;:' * t ,

Banifter. A
Catalogue of Plants obferved in Virginia, Dale. Samuel paleVPharmacologiae,* two volumes m
by John Banifter. Printed in Ray*s Hiftory of Plants. 8vo. Printed at London 1710, and "reprinted in one
Barrel. Icon. Jacob Barrelier's Hiftory and Figures of volume in 4to at Londoh, 1735.7 1; 7 ,, ,

the Plants which he obferved in France, Spain, and Dale. Thorn, Thoinas Dale's bbfervations
on many new
Italy. Printed at Paris in fol. 17 14. Plants which he difcovered in America. MS.
Bocc. Ran Figures and Defcriptions of Rare Plants, ob- Dalech, Hift. Jacob Dalechamp*s General
Hiftory of
ferved by Paul Boccone in Sicily, &c. Printed at Plants. Printed at Lyons 1587, intwdvolsVfol.
Oxford 1674, in 4to. Dillen. Cat. John Jacob Dillenius's Catalogue of the . .,

Bocc. Muf. Paul Boccone's Mufeum of Rare Plants. Plants which grow naturally about GifTam in Germa-
Printed in Italian, in two Parts, at Venice, 1697, ny. Printedat Frankfort 7 8vo. 1 19,
4to. ^ \
Dod. Pempt. Dodpnseus's Six Pemptedes. Printed at
•
1 .

Boerh. Ind. An Ii;idex of the Plants growing in the Phy- Antwerp 16 16, fol. .
.
-

fic-Garden at Leyclen, by Dr. Herman Boerhaave. Dodart. Dodart's Commentaries

to the Hiftory of Plants,
Printed at Ley den '1719^ in 4to. Printed at Paris 1676, fol.
Breyn. Cent. I. The firft Century of Exotic Plants, by Elchr. Elchrodt*s Index to the Plants
iii tfie Garden at
Dr. James Breynius., Printed at Dantzick, 1678, Carolfruhan. In three parts,^ 8vo. '' • '

olio. Fcrraf. Hefp.-

; .
- -. .
John Baptift Ferrarius's Hefperides,
Breyn. Prod. I. &
11. The firft and fecond Prodromus Printed at 1646, fol. Rome ; •

to the CoUeftion of Rare Plants, by Dr. James Brey- Ferran Fl. Cult. The Culture of Flowers, by
J. Baptift
nius. The firft printed in 1680, the fecond in 1689, Ferranus. Printed at Rome 1633, 4to.
at Dantzick, in 4to. Both reprinted at Dantzick in Feuille. Ludovick Feuille's Phyfical, Mathematical, and
4to, by his Son John Philip Breynius. Bo^^"lcal Obfervations, made in South America.
Burman. Dec. John Burman's Decades of Rare African Printed in three vols. 4tp, at Paris. The firft and
Plants. Printed in 4to at Amfterdam, 1738. fecond in 1)14, and the third 1725.
Burman. Thef. John Burman's Treafury of Ceylon Flor. Virg, Flor. Virginica, or an Account
of^the Plants
Plants. Prihted in 4to at Amfterdam, 1737." which have been obferved to grow in Viro^inia
Buxbaum. Cent. I. & II. John Chriftian Buxbaum's by
John Clayton, Efq; Publiftied by Frederic Grono-
Century the Firft. Printed at Peterft)urgh 172S, the vius at Leyden, in two parts, 8vo,
Second 1729, bothin4to. .>
1739. -

Flor.Lugd. Flora Lugduno Batava, or a Catalogue-

.

Casfalp. Andrew Casfalpinus of Plants. Printed at Flo- of the Rare Plants which Were growing in the
rence T583, in 4to.
Garden
at Leyden. Printed in 8vo at Leyden,
Camer. Hort. Joacim Canierarius's Garden of Plants, Flor, Zeyl. Flora 1695.
Zeylanica, or a Catalogue of the
Printed in 4to at Frankfort, 1588. Plan^ which were coUefted by Paul
Cateft). Hift. Mark Cateft)y's Herman in the
Natural Hiftory "of Caro- llland
of. Ceylon, from 167010
lina, Florida, and the Bahama 1677. Printed at
Iflands. In two large Amfterdam 8vo, 1748, by Dr. Linn^us. m
volumes, fol. with cuts. Printed at London in k- Garidel, Peter GaridePs Hiftory of
the Plants crrowlno-
veral years. ""
about Aix in Provence. Printed at Paris
* .
1710, fol
Ger.
 r
' >

THORS
- I

An Explanation of the AU Names. \,-i

Gcr. Emac. Gerard's Iliflory of _Plants, improved by |

Lob. Adv. Matthias Lobcl's Advcrfaria Stirpiunr
J London 1633, folio.
I^rintcd at Printed at Antwerp 1676, folio.
'-
.
' '.

Grew. Neliciniah Grevv's Anatomy of Plants. Printed MattI Printed

at London 1652 foL at Antwerp 1576, fol.
Horr. Chclf. A
Catalogue 6f the Plants in the Chclfea- Lugd." A general Hiftory of Plants by Dalechamp.
Garden, by Mr. Ilaac Rand, P. R. S, Printed at Printed at Lyons 1586, two volumes in fol.
London 1739, 8vo. Mao:n. Peter M; ' r

Amft. I'hePIiftory of Rare Plants which were D

Ilort.
the
in ing about Montpelier,
in 16S6.
Printed in'Svo at M
J
Commeiin, in two volumes, folio. Printed at Am- M
fterdam 1697, and 1701! Mo Printed at Montpelier
H. Bcaum. A
Catalogue of the Exotic Plants wliich in 1697, 8v6.
My M
Plolland. Printed at the Hague 1690, Svo.
79
Ilort. Kith. Hortus Elthamenfis, or a Defcription of Marcg. George Marcgrave, his Natural liiilory of Bra-
the Rare Plants which were growing in the Garden at
H J

fil. Printed at Leyden 164.8, fol. - '

Eltham, by John James Dillenius, in tv/o volumes, Martyn. Cent. John Martyn, ProfeiTor of Botany I

at 1-' .

with figures.
fol. Printed at London 1732. Cambridge, his .five Decades of Rare Plants. Printed
Ilort. Mai. The Plants which grow naturally at Mala- at London 1728, 1729, &c. in large folio,
with fi-
bar, figured and defcribed by Plenry Rheedc Van gures of the Plants in their proper Colours,
Draakenilain, in twelve volumes folio. Printed at M atth, Peter Andrea Matthiplus, his
Commentaries on
Amlterdam from 1679 to 1703. .
Diofcorides.' Printed at Venice 1558, fol.
Hort. Maur. A
Catalogue of the Plants in the Garden Men
of^'igniorMauroccni, by Anthony Tita, 8yo. Printed Languages., Printed at Berlin in fol. 1682.
ral '«

at Padua 1713. Michel. Peter Antliony Micheli, his New Genera

of
Hort. Cliff. Hortus Cliftortianus, or a Catalogue of the Plants. Publiftied at Florence 1729, fol.
Garden of Plants at Hartechamp, belonging to Mr. Morif. H. R. Robert Morriflbn, his Catalogue '
of the
Gcor Clifford of Amfterdam, ranged according to Royal Garden at Blois, to which isjoined his Prelude
the new Method of the fexes of Plants, by Dr. Charles to Botany. Printed at London 1699, Svo.
Linnaeus. Printed at Amfterdam in folio 1736, with Mor. Hift. An univerlal Hiftory of Plants, by
».-

Robert
elegant figures. Morriflbn. Printed at Oxford 1679, 1680, and 1609,
\ .

'-.

H. C. Hortus Catholicus, i. e. theUniverfal Garden, by ,

three volumes in folio. v
"^ ' -i
L
.'-

Franicifcus Cupani. Printed at Naples \6(^6^ 4to. Munt. Aloid. AnHiftory of Aloes, by Abraham Mun-
H. Edin. A
Catalogue of ihe Plants growing in the tmgius.
Printed at A.m.fterdam 1668, 4to.
I '

"hyfic-Garden Edinburgh, by James Sutherland.

at Munt. Phyt.' Muntingius's Phytographia. Printed
at
Printed at Edinburgh 1683, 8vo. Leyden 1702, fol.
H. Eyft. Hortus Eyftettenfi,^ by Bafilius Befler. Print- Munt. Herb. Muntingius's trueHerbaBritannica,
Brit.
ed at Neurenberg 1613, fol. 4to, to which Is frequently added his
Aloida;rum.
H. L. A Catalogue of the Plants growing in die Phyfic- Printed at Amfterdam in 4to, 1698.
. 4.

Garden at Leyden, by Paul Herman, M. D. Printed Niflbl. Niffole, his. Memoirs of Plants.
' Printed in the
Leyden 1687, 8vo.
at . .
'

Ads of the Academy of Sciences at Paris.

H. R. Monfp. A Catalogue of the Plants growing in Par. Bat. Prod. The Prodromus to the Paradifus
Batavus:
the Royal Garden at Montpelier, by Peter Magnol. Printed at Leyden 1998, 410.
Printed at Montpelier 1697, 8vo. Park. Parad, The Garden of pleafant Flowers, by
11. R. Par. A John
Catalogue of the Plants growing in the Parki^nfori. J'rin^ed at London 1629,
- --.

- P.oyal Garden at Paris. Printed at Paris

^ fol. I
..t

1665, fol. John

. .
Hort. Upfal. Hortus Upfalienfis, or a Catalogue of n. Printed at London 1 649, fol.
the Exotic Plants growing in the Garden at Upfal in
J
Sweden, by Charles Linnaeus. Printed at Amfter- Printed at London
with cuts, 1713^
in fol.
dam in 8vo,
1748. -

Pif.Braf. William Pifo, his Natural Hiftory of

BrafiK
Houft. Houftoun, Dr. William, a Manufcript Cata- Printed at Leyden 1648, fol,
logue of the Plants which he had obferved growing Pluk. Aim. Almageftum Botanicum, by Leonard Pluk-
in the Illands of Jamaica and Cuba as alfo at Cam-
; net. London 1696, fol.
Printed at
peachy and La Vera Cruz, in the years 1728, 1729, Pluk Amal. Amaltheum Botanicum, by Leonard Pluk-
"
and 1732. ,

net. Printed at London 1703, fol.

J, B. An UniverfalHiftory of Plants, by John Bauhin, Pluk. Mantiff. Mantiffa Almagefti Botanici, by Leonard
m three volumes. Printed at Embrun 1650, fol Pluknet. Printed at London 1700, fol
Juir. Juffieu. Anthony Juffieu, Profeffor of Botany in Pluk. Phyt. Pluknet's Phytographia, i. e. a Delinea-
the Royal Garden at Paris, who has publilhed fome tion of Plants. Printed at London 1691, and 1692
Me fol.
'
- ' -

Sciences at Paris,
Plum. Cat. Father Charles Plumier, his Catalogue of • 1

J Juffi Dcmonftrator of American Plants. Printed at Paris 1703, 4to?

the Plants in the Royal Garden at Paris, who
has de- Plum. Nov. Gen. New Genera of American Plants, by
livered to the Royal Academy of Sciences
many cu- Father Plumier. Printed at Paris 171 3, 4:0.
. *

rious Obfervations on Plants which are

printed in Plum. PI. Am. A Defcription of American Plants, by
Memoirs.
their
Father Plumier.^' Printed at Paris 1693, fol.
Kemp. Ex. Dr. Englebert Koempfer's Defcription 'of
John his Defcription of the Plants
Jap Mo Baldus and Verona. Printed
ed at Limoguen
1712, 4to. in Antv/erp 1601, fol.
at
Lin. Gen. Plant. Charles Linnaeus, F. R. S.
Dcftor of Ponted. Pontedera, his Anthologia, or Difcourfc on the
Phyfic, and Profeffor of Botany at Upfal in Sweden,
Flowers of Plants. Printed at Padua 1720, 4to.
who has publiftied feveral
Editions of his Method Raii Hift. Ray's Hiftory of Plants.
»

Printed at Lon-
of ranging Plants according to their Parts of
Genera- don 1686, and 1704, in three volumes, folio.
tion. Thefirft at Leyden in 1737, and the fecond
Raii Meth. John Ray, his Method of claffino- Plants
in 1754, at Stockholm, Svo.
improved and augmented. Printed at Lond. i yo-^.Svo.
Lin. Sp. Plant. The Species of Plants by the fame
thor in two volumes, 8vo.
Au- Raii Syn. A
Synopfis of the Britifti Plants, by John
Printed at Stockholn 1 m Ray, augmented, by Dr. Dillenius. Printed a't Lon-
and the fecond Edition in
17.5.^ 65.
Lin. Mat. Med. Linnceus'.s Materia"
n don 1724, Svo.
Med Svo. P.auw. Leonard RauwolPs Travels in the E^ft. Printed -I

Printed at Stockholm 1749,

at London.
c Rea *
 1 '
"
** .
!^ ' #
I.
4

ExPLANATiofJ of the AUtHORS-NAMEs;

- •
John Rea. Printed
•^
1
Tab.
1590, tol. ,-
Ic. W. of Plan, by Taber„.n,„n.a„.,s. I r.nt

ed at Franckfort . .

at London 1676, fol. Jofcph Pitton

louni. luiL. Alii*.*'-'-... -- /: ^ ' '

Rivini, nis uraeroi i^iiigini^, r^

4to.^
Rivin. AugiiftusQuirinus Printed at Pans 171 6,
Printed in Tournefort.
Plants by the Figures of their Flowers. Inlitutions of But.ny,
Leipfic in 1690, 1691, and 1699, in Tourn.Cor. Corollary to the
Par.s 1703, po^
A
five ClalTcs at Printed at
by J. Pitton Tournefort.
fol. with figures. Trew, Dodor of Phyfic, !• R V
of Bo- TrewChrift. Jacob
Roy. Flor. Leyd. Adrian Van Royen, Profeflbr
Natural Cunofuics who has
or Catalogue of the and of the Academy of
tany at Lcyden, his Prodromus, of Rare Plants, finely illumi-
publilhed feven Decades
^

Plants growing in the Phyfic-Garden at Leyden,

.

nated, in folio, at Neurenberg. _

.

Printed at Leyden 1741, 8vo. fctta, his Obfervations gn

•

by Fr. Sauvage. Hague, 8vo, '

Joh
Sauv. Flora Monfpelienfis, thel liftoryofthe PLin:s
r

the Ve^lid^of Plants, with

growing about Rome. Printed at Rome 1685, 4to.
Schcuch. John Jacob Scheuchzer, his Obfervations
Tnumf. Bjptift Tnumfetta, his Syllabus of Syl. John
of the Plants he difcovcred growing on the Alps, in
the Phyfic-Garden at Rome.
Leyden, in two volumes the Plants in
three Journies. Printed at Genera of 1 lant.. New
his
Vaill. Sebaftian Vaillanr,
4to, 1723. '.
Academy of Sciences.
Printed in the Memoirs of the
•
. 1

Sloan. Cat. A
,

Catalogue of the Plants growing m the

Difcourfe on the Struc-
VaiU. Dif. Sebaftian Vaillant's
Ifiand of Jamaica, by Sir Hans Sloane, M. D.
Printed at Leyden 1 7 1 8, 4to.
ture of Flowers.
Printed at London 1696, 8vo.
.

An Account of 1 lants in
by Sir Hans Volk. Flora Neurenbergenfis.
Sloan. Hid. A natural Hiltory of Jamaica, the Garden of Neurenberg, of Dr. Volkamer. Print-
Sloane, M. D. Printed at London 1707, and 1725,
cd at Neurenberg 1 700, 4|to.
in two volumes, fol. I*
Jacob
Swert. A
Florilegium, or a Colleftion of Flowers, by '
Bologna 1C75, fol
' * 1

at
Swertius. Printed at Franckfort 161 2, foji -T J }
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BELE-trec. SeePopuLus. i
II

.^ 1

ABIES ; the Fir-tree. ^Abies taxi foliis, ddorebalfami Gileadenfis. Raii Hift. t

The name is derived from i App. .,.

'^ ', rv

aheo^ to extend' or ad- '

\adenfu
,

.
^
vance. . Others/ay, it is Newfoundland White
^-

derived from dbeo^ to •

Abies foliis pice^ brevioribus^ conis paryis biunciali-
' go away, becaufe -the bus laxis. Kand.- * ;"; • - *' -i

bark fplits, and, as it (Ml , /

were, falls away, or is mis of North

^^m broke off
,
The Characters are,
eafily.. r, \ :

6.
fmall
Abies (JmiricanayfoYns
>, I

linearibiis obtufiufculis bi-

*

-1
.,

-I'

if .-
.-y

* « I « The male flowers are dif- .; fariam veffis 'conis fubrotundis. The Hemlock Spruce
7-1- • .,
-^
^fidin a
.

loofe hunch^ having 770 corolla, but many a-

ft I ^

form of a column at their hafe, hut fepa- There of Fir, which has been of
is alfo another Tort
rate above^ female fit late years introduced from North America, by the
fi
r •

bfc title of Red Spruce Fir of Newfoundland ; but fo •>

h have no
a fmall germen with a fingle fiig-
corolla., far as we can judge by the y6ung trees now growing
ma. Thefe are Jucce'eded by 'membranaceous winged feeds. in the Engliih gardens", it appears to be only a va-
Dr. LinnjEiisjprofeffor of botany. at. Upfal, whofe riety of the Black Newfoundland Spruce Fir. .There .

fydem is generally followed at prefent, ranges this was alfo many years paft a tree of the China F''ir,
genus in the ninth feftion of his twenty-firft clafs of growing in the garden of. Mr. Morgan bf.Weftmin-
plants, which includes fuch as have male ajid female fter, which is mentioned by Dr. Pluknet, but being
flowers, placed at diftances on the fame tree, whofe in a badfituation.it made little progrefs, the fmoke
fc

ftamina are joined together in form of a column. of London being very hurtful to all forts of ever- \ ?

To this genus he joins the Pine, Cedar, andLarch- -green trees-,' but whether it was killed in that garden. ; k I

tree, fuppofmg them only different fpecies of one ge- or removed to any other, I do not know, for the 1

nus
however, as there is great difference in the cul-
; ground has been built upon many years.
ture of thefe trees, we fiiall choofe to continue the The firft and fecond forts of Firs are very common in 1 1'

former method of arranging them under their different gardens and plantations of evergreen trees.
genera. may
not be amifs however to obferve, that
It The firft grows in great plenty about Strafburgh, and
. in the, formeV editions of Linn^us's Genera Planta- other parts of Germany j from whence the turpentine ', r

rvim, thefe plants were ranged under the article Abies, is brought to England. But it is fuppofed, that miOft,
,
but in the laft editibnrhe has thought proper to place if not all of thefe were originally planted ; however, J
them under Pinus:--' -' '
"

'
.

the moft beautiful of thefe trees are now o-rowino- up- \

TFie Species, which are at prefent to be found in on mount Olympus, from whence I have received
• ,

the Englifli gardens, are,

-_ ^

cones, which were upwards of a foot in length. Thefe »

I. Abies (Jlba) foliis fubtus argenteis apice emargi- are certainly natives 'of the place. Dr. Tourncfort,
^ J

natis, conis ereftis. whofe in his travels, mentions the Firs of mount Olympus
their nnder-fide, a as the moft beautiful trees in the Levant.
.4

called Abies taxi folio, frudlu furfum

Silver Fir, >.

The fecond fort, which is very common, in the woods .

" .

-f
--'la
'J
''
fpeftante. Tourn. Inft. R. H. „ -; -
; of Norway, is* the tree that affords the white deals,
2. Abies {Picea) foliis iubulatis mucronatis Isevibus bi- and grows in the vallfes where the foil is very deep.
fariam verfis. *
' -

The Norway Fir, or Pitch-tree. Abies There are two varieties of this fpecies, greatly differ-
tenuiore folio, fru6lu deorfum infiexo. Tourn. Inft, ing in the length and colour of their leaves, as alfo - - r "I
. "k-' -

R. H. 1
I

3 the fize of their cones ; one of which has been dif- -'

• —

3 If tinguiftied by nurfery-gardeners, under the title of

A Long I'

i~

<.
'-^f" .'T..
X v

'a-
"->
 . ;

A I
- I

A
Long Coned CorhiOi Fir. The leaves of this aire the fun in the middle of the day, by c6vering the
whiter, and much longer than the others-, the cones beds with mats, becaufe too much fun frequently de-
common ftroys the plants when they are young. In this bed
are alio of a greater length than thofe of the
fort, fo that by the appearance of the any per- trees, the plants ftiould remain unul the following fpring,
fon might fuppofe them to be a diflinft fpecies. But when there fhould be a number of beds prepared iil

the hurfcry to receive the fecdlings. In the begin-

from the feeds which were carefully taken from this
fort, both varieties of plants have rifen, therefore they
ning of April they fliould be tranfplanted into the
muft be only deemed varieties. beds, at the difiance of fix inches row from row^ and
From this tree the pitch is drawn, and hence it had in the rows at three inches afunder, fetting them in

of Picea, or Pitch-tree. a quincunx order. In removing thefe plants, they

'

the title

The third was formerly' growing in the Bilhop of

fort fhould be very carefully raifed up with a trowel, fo
London's garden at Fulham ^ and of late years there as not to break off the fibres of their roots j nor fhould
has been a great number of the trees raifed from the they be Jcept long out of the ground. During the
feeds which liave been brought from America. This time they are out, their roots fliould be covered, to
fort makes very little progrefs .after eight or ten years prevent the wind from drying their fibres ^ and in
crrowth the only place in which the trees have made planting, the earth fliould be prelfed clofe to their
i

any figure, is at his Grace the Duke of Bedford's at roots, to prevent the air from penetrating to them.

Woburn-abbey in Bedfordfhire. If the fealbn proves dry, it will be proper to water

The fourth fort North America, from
is a native of the plants every week once or twice, according to the
whence the feeds have been brought to England, and warmth of the weather ; the beds fliould alfo be co-
great numbers of the plants raifed. This is called by vered with mats, to fcreen the plants from the fun,
the inhabitants in America, the White Spruce Fir. and drying winds, until they have taken good root
It grows naturally on the mountains and higher lands, after which time they v/ill require little farther care,

ancl arrives to a"much greater fize than moft of the than to keep them clean from weeds. In thefe beds
other forts. Thofe in the gardens of the late Duke the plants may remain two years, at the end of which
of Argyle, atWhitton near Hounflow, are by much they fliould be tranfplanted into an op^n fpot of
the fineft I have feen but there muft be fome trees
:
ground, for their roots will in that time meet quite
of a greater age in Devonfliire, unlefs they have been over the beds. This ground, to which they are to
deftroyedi for in the year 1724, I received fome be removed, fhould be well trenched and cleared
branches of this tree full of cones, from a gentleman from all noxious weeds, and made level. The be-
of that county, who had feveral of the trees then ginning of April, juft before the plants begin to
growing, which were of a confiderable fize. fhoot, v/ill be a good time to remove them. In take-

The fifth fort grows naturally on moift land, in many ing up the plants, great care fliould be taken not to
parts of North America, but rarely arrives to the fize tear off or injure their roots nor fnould too many
,

of the fourth however, the inhabitants of Am.erica

:
^ofthe plants be taken up at one time, but rather
ufe the branches of both indifferently in making of plant them as faft as they are taken up, that they
Spruce-beer, from whence the trees obtained the title may be as little time out of the ground as pofTible.
of Spruce-trees. * .
' For the drying winds, which ufualiy happen at this
From both thefe fpecies of Fir, exfudes a fine clear feafon, will greatly injure the roots of thele plants, if

turpentine of a ftrongfcent, which the native Indians much expofed thereto.

life to cure green wounds, and alfo for fome internal The diftance at which they fhould be placed in the
diforders ; and of late years the Englifh phyficians in nurfery, fhould be four leet row from row, and in
North America, have likewife adopted it into their the rows two feet afunder. This diftance may by
pradice. fome be thought too great ; bu-: if it be confidered
The fixth fort is alfo a native of Anierica, from how much their roots fpread in the ground, as alfo
whence the feeds have been brought into Europe. that when they are planted nearer together, it will be
This tree does not thrive well in any part of England, very difficult to take up the plants again without cut-
nor in many places of America ; though in fome par- ting and tearing off their roots, efpecially if they are
ticular fpots I have been informed there are very not all taken up clean at the fame time thefe con- :

large high trees now growing. It is a native of many fiderations mufl have greater weight than that of the
parts of North America. lofs of a little ground, with all who have any regard

Thefe trees are all raifed from feeds taken out of to the future welfare of the plants. In planting them,
their polyfpermous cones. The way to get out the it will be advifeable to draw a line crofs the ground,

feeds is, by expofing the cones to a gentle fire, Which and to dig out a trench of a foot wide, into which
will caufe their fquamous cells to open, and readily the plants may be placed at the diftance of two feet
emit the feeds but they fliould not 6e expofed to
: afunder. Then fill the earth into the trench, cover-
too great a heat, for the cones of all the Firs open ing the roots of the plants with the fineft part of it,

much eafier than thofe of Pines, efpecially thofe of fcattering it carefully between the roots -, and when
the Silver and Balm of Gilead Firs, which, if per- . the whole trench is filled in, prefs the earth gently
mitted to hang late in the autumn, fall to pieces down with your feet but by no means tread it too
•,

and fcatter their feeds. This ought not to be done hard, efpecially if the ground be ftrong, or apt to
until the time of fowing them, which is beft perform- bind too clofe.

ed the latter end of March. When the plants are thus planted, if the feafon fhould
Thefe plants Ihould be all raifed in a nurfery, where prove dry, they ought to be watered, in order to fet-
they may be protcdled from the birds, otherwife they tle the earth to their roots \ and if this be repeated

will be in danger of being deftroyed when they firft three or four times, (if the feafon fl:iould continue
come up. For as they bring up the huflc of the feed dry) it will greatly promote their taking new root,
on the top of the plant, the birds, in picking off the and fecure them from the injuries of the drying winds.
hufk, will break off the tops of the plants, whereby In this nurfery the plants may remain two or three
a whole bed may be loft in a few hours, if not care- years, according to the progrefs they fhall have made ;
fully guarded from them. and during this time, the ground between the plants
The beft time for fowing thefe feeds is about the fhould be conftantly kept clean from weeds, and dug
latter end of March, or the beginning of April, ac- between the rows every fpring ; in doing of which,
cording as the feafon is more or lefs forward, on a care muft be taken not to cut or injure the roots of
bed of light earth, covering the feeds about half an the plants : this is all the culture they will require
inch deep with the fame mould. If this bed be . during their continuance in the nurfery. When they
netted over to keep off the birds, it will be a fure are tranfplanted into the places where they are to re-
method of preventing them from deftroying the main, the neceflfary care to be taken is, in taking
young plants at their firft coming out of the ground -,
them up, not to injure or cut off their roots, and to
at which time they fliould likewife be fcreened from let them be as little time out of the ground as poflible ;

7 and
 ; ; '

>

A A s
>

i-

iahd while they are out, guard their roots frorn the
to 1
I ,

drying winds". The fureft time for removing thefe The methcd cf raifmg the ether forts of Firs, ^
'

L4

trees is about the beginning of April ; for though

they may be, and often are, removed with fuccefs at About
the latter end of March, or the beginning of
Michaelmas, yet the fpring is the more fure feafon, April (according to the forwardnefs of the feafon, by
efpecially in nioiil land. .which every perfon muft be guided) prepare a very
Moft of the kinds of Firs may be removed at the moderate bed, in length proportional to the quantity
heio-ht of or feven feet ; but thofe of two feet high
fix of feeds to be fown, and where there are frames whicli ^ ,
\

are muchbetter totranfplant,andwill in afewyearsgain can be fpared for this purpofe, thefe may be placed 1 1

the afcendant of taller trees I would not, therefore,

: upon the bed ; but wliere thefe are wanting, the bed
advife the traniplanting of thefe trees when they are fliould be cradled over with hoops, that they may be
much above two feet high, efpecially if they have covered with mats or canvafs then plunge the bed
-,

flood in the nurfery unremoved. For then their full of fmall pots, fuch as are commonly fold about
roots will have extended themfelves to a diftance, London for four fliillings and twopence per hundred.
which mufi: be cut in taking them out of the ground Thefe pots fhould be filled with light undunged earth,
I .1

and where great amputation is ufed either to the roots and the interftices between the pots may be filled up .
» •

or branches of thefe trees, the quantity of turpentine with any other earth which is neareft to the place ; ' I

- '*-

which commonly ifTues from thefe wounds, will great- then fow the feeds in thefe pots, covering them about .*..
.-A'-
: f

ly weaken the trees. There is another advantage alfo half an Inch with the fame light earth. In drying winds
in planting them when fmall, which is that of not - the bed fliould be covered, to prevent the earth from
requiring (taking to fecure them from being blown drying too faft, which would prove hurtful to the
down by ftrong winds, which in tall trees is a great feeds ; nor fliould the feeds have too much wet, which
trouble or expence. And whoever will give them- would be equally injurious to them therefore the :

felves the trouble to obferve, how much trees of two earth fliould be but feldom watered, and it muft ne-
feet high exceed in growth thofe which are removed ver be given in great quantities. When there is any
at a much greater height, will, I am fure, be con- appesPrance of froft at night, the bed fliould alfo be
vinced of the truth of what is here faid. covered. With this management the plants will ap-
The common Spruce Fir is what affords the white pear in five or fix weeks time, when they muft be
deals. The trees grow in the deep ftrong foils of carefully guarded from was before direfted
birds, as
Norway and Denmark ; but will grow likcwife in al- for the common forts, and alfo fcreened from the fun
moft any foil or fituation in England, provided it be in the middle of the day ; but they muft now have
not within the reach of the fmoke of great cities, frefli air admitted to them at all times when the wea-
which is very injurious to all thefe forts of trees nor *, ther will permit. They may alfo be allowed to re- , *

do they thrive near fo well in dunged land, as in frelh ceive any gentle fliowers of rain, but they fliould not
uncultivated foils. The difrepute thefe trees have have too great plenty of moifture, which will fre-
been under for fome years been occafioned
paft, has quently rot the young plants, and caufe them to
by their being planted too clofe together, or too near drop. Upon the judicious care of this, depends
-

other trees, whereby the air has been excluded from the whole fuccefs ; for I have frequently feen great
their branches, which has occafioned moft of their numbers of thefe plants deftroyed in one day, by be-
under branches to decay ; fo that when viewed from ing either too much expofed to the fun, or from hav- -I.

the ground under their branches, they have a greater ing too much wet.
appearance of dead than living trees. But where they It may, perhaps, feem ftrange to many, that I fliould
have been allowed a good diftance, and planted in a direft the fowing the feeds of thefe trees which are fo
ftrong frePa foil, they have had their branches quite very hardy upon a hot-bed but from many trials I
-,

1 J.

feathered within fix or eight feet of the ground, and . have always found they have fucceeded much better
that too in trees upward of fixty feet high j therefore this way than any other, for the gentle warmth of
-, '

Ihould not be planted nearer than twelve feet apart, the bed will not only caufe the feeds to vegetate much
nor ftiould they be fo near, where the plantation is fooner than they would naturally do in the cold ground,
more than three rows deep. In this cafe, eighteen but the plants will alfo rife much ftronger, and, con-
or twenty feet afunder will be full near enough, efpe- fequently, be in lefs danger of rotting in their flianks.
cially where the trees are defigned to have their And as the warmth of the bed is only to bring up the
branches feathered near the ground, in which one of plants, fo there fhould be but little dung employed
the beauties of thefe trees confifts. in making' it; for after the plants are up, they muft
The Silver Fir requires a ftronger land than the be inured to the open air, and treated as hardily as
Spruce, for in dry ground they feldom make any thecommon forts.
great progrefs ; and many times, even after they have There may be others, perhaps, who will objed: to
arrived to a confiderable fize, are deftroyed by very the direftions given for fowing the feeds in fuch -^
^

dry feafons, where the foil is ftiallow, or too dry., fmall pots, becaufe, where there is any quantity of
But when they are planted in a proper foil, they grow the feeds, it is ufual to fow them in boxes, or large
to a very large fize, and are extremely beautiful, hav- pots but I can from many years experience aver,
;
\
ing the under fide of their leaves white, and the up- that moft forts of feeds fucceed better when fown in \

per of a dark green colour..

fide fmall pots, than in boxes, or larger ones, and there-
.* I

This fort of Fir, however, is frequendy injured by fore recommend this practice.
frofts, when they happen late in the fpring, efpecially As the feeds of the Hemlock Fir will frequently re-
while the plants are young. For when thefe are plant- main in the ground fpur or five months, the pots,
ed in a warm fituation, they are apt to fhoot pretty in which they are fown, fliould not be difturbed, if
early, and if any fharp frofts happen after they have the plants come not up fo foon as may be expedbed
puflied, the young ihoots are killed they ; fo that for unlefs upon ftirring the ground, the feeds are
lofe a year's growth, and are rendered fo very un-
fk

found to be decayed, there may be hopes of then-

fightly, that many times they have been pulled up growing the fecond fpring, for I have fometimes had
and thrown away. In cold fituations, however, where the feeds remain a whole year in the ground, and af-
they do not begin to ftioot fo early, they are not fub- terwards come up very well this caution, therefore,
:

jeft to this difafter ; and, in many fuch places, thefe is given to prevent the pots from being too haftily

their be I turned out.

have fometimes feen fome of this fort of
fine trees The plants of thefe forts of Fir muft be afterwards
Fir, which grew upon natural bogs, where, by ex- treated in the fame way as the common forts, with
tending their roots, they had drained the ground to this difference only, that they ought to be tranfplant-
a confiderable diftance round them. There were fome ed into a more fliady fituation and moifter foil. For
trees of this kind lately growing in England^ up- while the plants are young, they will not thrive if they
wards of ninety feet high. are much expofed to the fun, gr in a dry foil > but
v/hen \

;• V

H I
 ^ '

A A A A
when have obtained ftrength, they will bear the
tliey J
open fun very well,' and in a moifl: foil will make '
grows This is alfo an annual plant.
in great plenty.

great progrefs whereas iu dry ground they frequent-

-, which in England feldom exceeds the former lort in .

ly Hint, and produce plenty of male flowers and cones, its ftature. The leaves of this greatly refemble thofe
by the time they get to the height of four or five feet. of the annual Nettle, and (ling full as much when
Wlien the branches of thefe rees are cut off to trim touched.. It is too tender to thrive in the open air in
them up to have ftems, it fliould be done gradually, England, therefore the feeds fliould be fown in pots,
never cutting more than one tier of branches in one plunged into a hot-bed and if the plants do not come \

year; for if too many wounds are made at the fame up the firft year, (which often happens) the pots
time on thefe refinous trees, the turpentine will ifllie fliould be put in flieker in winter, and the following
out in fuch quantities a& to weaken and check their fpring plunged^ again into a hot-bed, which will bring
growth. The beft time for pruning thefe trees is in up the plants. 'Thefe muft be traniplantedinto pots,
September, at which time they abound not fb much and brought forward in hot-beds, ocherwife they v«^ill
' '

'
in turpentine as in the fpring, and, confequently, do ' not produce feeds ripe in England. '

not bleed much. What flows out at that feafon, is L

^
Thefe plants have no beauty to recommend them, but
feldom more than is neceflary for covering the wounds, as they are preferved in feveral gardens for the fake
to prevent the wet and cold of the fucceeding winter •^
of variety, I thought it neceflfary to infert them hei*e.

from penetrating the wounded parts. Thefe branches ACANACEOUS plants [fo called from ^"x^^S:.,

fliould be cut clofe to the trunk. ' '

" Gr. a thorn or prickle] are fuch as have prickly heads.
.

AC ANTHUS [^xavfl^,
^ ;

ABROTANUM, or Southernwood. See Artemisia. fo called,' as fome fay,

ABROTANUM FCEMINA. SccSantolina.
^ — \ "from a>tai'9a, a thorn.] It is alfo called Branca Urfina,
ABRUS. See Glycine. '
" '
-
'or BearVbreech. ;
'"
"
\
'
' .
^

A B S I N T HI U M, Wormwood, See Artemisia. The Characters of this plant are, \ ',

ABUtlLON. 'See'SiDA. ;; '

The empalement is compofed of three pair of unequal

ACACIA, Egyptian Thorn, or Binding Bean Tree. '
leaves. The flower is unequal^ of one leaf with a jJoort
See Mimosa. /' ' ' '
' tubcy the beard^ or lower lip^ being large^ plain'y hhd
AC A L Y P H A,' three feeded Mercury. This genus fi'
"
*of plants by Dr. Linn^us ranged in the ninth fec-
is occti^
"f
'
tion of his twenty-flrft clafs, wliich comprehends fuch heyon . empa.
• '

plants as have their male flov/ers furniflied with one which chfely coalefce to the
floorter ftamina^ ^

let of united flamina. is fJuated upon a roundifb germen^ and afterwards be-
"
;"

The Characters are,

'
^' »
i
-
(
come an oval capfule^ having two cells^ each co7t'taining '

7*he male flowers are in clujlers fituated ahove the female cne flefljy fnooth oblcng feed.' '

.
'''-.,'','
in the fame plant. have a
.
Thefe have no corolla : they This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnasus ranged in
four leaved em-palement with feveral fl.wrt ftamina^ which the fecond feftion of his fourteenth clafs, intiried Di-
are joined at their hafe^ having roimdifo fmmnits'.
. The '
dynamia Angiofpermia, from the flowers having two
*"
''^em'dte flowers have a large empalemerity a three leaved cup long, ahd two fliorter ftamina, arid the feeds grow- "

'
which is permanent : Jhey have no corolla, roundiflj '
A •- -

ing in a cover.
> I

^
'/
J

'-i
'

*
4- r

• r-

The Species are. / "

I

germen with three branching ftyles^ and a long fligma.

-
' •- * » . . * \

*'
The cup afterwards 'turns to a capfule with three cells (Mollis) foliis
^ -H 1
S

J
.eacp fontaining one roundifh feed. comkon, 'or ft
/•'
The Species are," •" Acanthus Sativus yel Mollis Virgilii.'^ C. B. '"'
'

*!: AcALYPHA {Virginica) involucris foemineis cordatis in- 2. Acanthus (Nigra) foliis firiuatis inefmibus glabris
cifis, foliis ovato-lanceolatis petiololongioribus. Hort. lucide virens Portugal Bear*s-breech^ with fmcoth Jinn-
•,

Upfal. 290. i. e. Three feeded Mercury^ whofe female ated leaves of a lucid green colour'. Acanthus Lufirani- '

'
flowers have a hcart-fhaped empalement^ and oval fpear- '

cus ampliflimo folio lucido. Jufl^ -

\
'
'

'
flmped leaves^ with long foot-ftalks. Mercurialis tri- 3. Acanthus {Difcoridis) foliis lanceolatis inregerrimis
*
coccos hermaphroditica. margine fpinofis. Gron. Ov. Middle Bear's-breech^ with
2. AcALYPHA (Virgata) fpicis fcemineis involucris cor- intire leaves., having fpi'nes' on their borders. -
'

*
datis ferratis ^ mafculis aphyllis diflinftis foliis lanceo- 4. Acanthus {Spinofus) foliis pinnatifidis Ipinofis. Hort.
'
lato-ovatisi Amoen. Acad.
410. Three feeded Mer- 5. p. Cliff. 326.' Prickly Beards-breech.'^' Acanthus aculea-
cioy^ whofe female flowers have an indented heart-fhaped
I '
"
tus. C. B. P. 383. • '

'
empalement^ diftinB from the male. "
,
-
- -
5. Acanthus repandls dentato-fpinofis,
{Ilicifolius) foliis

3 AcALYPHA {Indica) involudns fcemineis cordatis fub- caule fruticofo aculeato. Ofb. it. 92. Shrubby Bear's-
crenatis, foliis ovatis petiolo brevioribus. Flor. Zeyl. breech., with pri'kly leaves like Holly. '
Acanthus mala-
/ *

341. Mercury^ whofe female fliowershave'heart-floapcd barius, agrifohi folio. Pet. fic. 10."
crenated cmpakments^ and oval leaves. '
"

The firft fort is what is ufed in 'medicine, and is

The grows naturally in Virginia, and feveral
firft fort fuppofed to be the Mollis Acanthus of Virgil. The
other parts of North America, from whence I re- leaves of this plant are cut upon the capitals of Co-
ceived the feeds. It is an annual plant, which fel- ,
rinthian pillars.
dom -grows more than a foot high, fending out fe- -Various nave been the difputes among the learned
veral fide branches towards the bottom. The leaves are about the plant, which is mentioned under this title
very like thofe of the broad leaved Pellitory'of the by Virgil, who have given fo many different charac-
wall, and are placed alternately, having longToot- ters to it, that no plant yet known will agree
ftalks, from the alas, or wings of the lear The flpw- with them all. Many, therefore, have been of
ers are prodiiced in fmall clufl;ers, the male always '

opinion, that there were two forts of the Acanthus,

being above the female. Thefe make but a poor ap- " one of them a tree, and the other an herb. The tree
pearance, and refemble thofe of the Pellitory fo much, is fuppofed to be the Egyptian Acacia, and the plant
any perfon might fuppofe
that at a fmall diftance, the firft fort here mentioned j but there yet remains
them to be the fame, till convinced by a nearer in- a difficulty with regard to fome of the epithets applied
'
.^
fpeftlon. . : I

to that plant, as firft, where it is mentioned to be an

If the feeds of this fort are permitted to fcatter, the evergreen berry-bearing plant. Baccas femper fron-
plants will come up in the fpring, better than if fown dentis Acanthi. As to its being evergreen, that may
by hand ; for if they are not put into the ground in •
be eafily conceived of our Acanthus, in the warm cli-
^

Autumn, they grow the firft year. All the cul-

rarely '
mate of Italy ; for in England, where the plants grow
ture this plant requires, is to keep it clear from weeds, in a warm fituation, they are feldom deftitute of leaves
and let it remain where it was fowh, for it doth not •
more than fix weeks, unlefs the winter proves very fe-
bear removing well, It-flowers in Auguft, and the vere. We may alfo fuppofe, that the flefliy oval feed-
feeds ripen in Oftober. of
veffels this plant might be taken for berries. But
The fecond fort is a native of the warmeft countries. -1 -.I ' * 1 "^1 • • ... , jj .

plant, jiext
tacuiffem
 A A A
^-
f :

I'

',

vhncn acanthi^ it v/ill by no means agree

ijfem [
they are tranfplanted in the autumn, and the
foUowin^t ^ -

with this, or the Egyptian Acacia. However, as the winter prove cold, they will be in danger of
bdn""'
botanifts in general have agreed that the plant here deftroyed.
S
mentioned is the Acanthus of Virgil, and there being Thefe plants take root very deep in the ground, fo
feveral entire columns of the Corinthian order yet that when they are planted in wet ground, their
roots
remaining at Rome, upon whofe capitals the leaves will rot in winter: I have frequently traced
tliem more
of this plant are fo well exprefled, as not to admit of than four feet, therefore they fhould not be removed
any doubt of their being defigned from our Acanthus, after they have been growing long in a place,
hut the I _

and thefe columns being as antient as the time of .

fide flioots'may be annually taken off; efpccially
from
Vitruvius, there can be no doubt that this is the creeping kinds, otherwife they will fpread fo far,
the plant from whofe leaves Callimachus, a famous as to over-bear any of their neighbouring plants
or
archited:, compofed the capitals of the Corinthian fhrubs. When
the forts with creeping roo^s are once
pillars. eftablifhed in a garden, they are with difficulty eradi-
The fecond fort was difcovered in Portugal by Dr. cated, for every root which may happen to be left,
Bernard de JulTieu, demonftrator of plants in the royal • will fhoot again, fo as to become troublefome.
garden at Paris, from whom I received the feeds in A C A R N A. See Cnicus.
f

1725, which fucceeded in the Chelfea garden, and ACAULIS, or ACAULOS [of a neg. and catdis a ^; -r

frequently perfects feeds there ; which being fown, ftalk or ftem; i. e. without ftalk
;] a plant is faid to »n

conftantly produce the fame plants as the parent, and be acaulis^ or without ftalk, whofe flower refts on 1 •

therefore muft be a diilindl Ipecies. the ground, having no vifible ftalk.

The third fort is very rare in England ; it
at prefent ACER [fo called according to Voffius, from acris, L.'
grows naturally in the eaft, and is by Dn Linnaeus becaufe of the very great hardnefs of its wood.] The
fiippofed to be the Acanthus of Diofcorides, but with Maple-tree.
what certainty I cannot determine. This fort is not The Characters of this tree are,
fo hardy as either of the two former, fo requires ihel- The empalement oftheflovjer is mmopetalus^ coloured., and
ter in the winter ; therefore the plants while young, cut into five arp fegments at the brim, and is permanent.
ft)
fliould be kept in potSj and placed under a common The corolla is compofed
of five oval petals which fpread
frame during the winter feafon ; where they may en- cpen^ and are larger than the empalement. It hath eight
joy the open air in mild weather, but fcreened from ftjort awlfhapcdfiamina crowned by fimple ft The
hard frofts. Wlien the plants have acquired ftrength, ejjed, and immerfed in the large perforated
fome of them may be turned out of the pots, and receptacle. efiyle is fiender. It haih two acuminated
planted in a border near a fouth wall, and in hard Jiigma ipfules
frofls if they are covered with mats or hand-glafies, bafe\ they are roundifJj
they may be fecured, and thefe plants will more cer- lofing one roundifh feed
tainly flower than thofe in the pots. This ranged by Dr. Linn^us, in his twenty-third
is

The leaves of the fourth fort are deeply jagged, in clafs of plants, entitled Polygamia Monoecia
very regular order, and each fegment is terminated The Speqies are,
with a Iharp fpine, as are alfo the foot-ftalks of the Acer {Pfeudo Platanus) quinquelobisinasqualiter
foliis
leaves, and the empalement of the flower, which ren- ferratis floribus racemofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1054. The
ders it troublefome to handle either of them. greater Maple^ falfely called Platanus, Acer majus mul-
The fifth fort grows naturally in both Indies ; I re- J
ceived it from the Spanifh Weft-Indies. There is a 2. ipefi\
good figure of this plant in Pluknet's Phytographia, Lin. Sp. Plant. J055 fmall, or common Maph
tab. 261, fig. 4. under the following title, Frutex In- Acer campeftre & minus. C. B. P. 43 1 . By the French,
dicus fpinofus, fbliis Agrifolii filiqua geminata brevi. Petit erable des bois. .-

This is a Ihrub which rifes about four feet high, is 3 Acer {Negundo) compofitis floribus racemofis.
foliis
divided into many branches, garnilhcd with leaves, Hort 144. The Virginia Aflo-leaved Maple. Acer maxi-
very like thofe of the common Holly, both in fize and mum foliis trifidis vei quinquefidis Virginianum. Pluk.
fliape, and are armed with fpines in the fame manner; Phyt.
the flowers come out fingly, which are white, and 4. Acer {Platanoides) foliis quinquelobis acuminatis a-
ihaped like thofe of the common Acanthus, but cute dentatis glabris floribus corymbofis. Lin. Flor.
fmaller. After the flower is paft, the germen becomes Suec. 303. Norway Mapl
an oval bicapfular veflel, having one oblong feed in Munt
each cell. This Ihrub is evergreen, but is too tender
,

5. Acer {Rubrum) foliis

quinquelobis fubdentatis fubtus
to thrive out of a ftove in England, and can only be glaucis pedunculis fimpliciffimis aggregatis. Lin. Sp.
propagated by feeds, which do not ripen in Europe. Plant. ^<^55 fcarlet flowering Maple of
The other fores are lafting plants, which may be pro- Acer Virginianum folio majore fubtus argenteo fupra
pagated either by feeds, or parting of their roots; if viridi fplendente. Pluk. Aim. 7.
by the former method, the feeds Ihould be fown in 6. Acer {Saccharinum)
quinquepartito-palmatis a-
foliis
a light dry foil, towards the end of March: if the cuminato dentatis. Lin. Sp. Plant 1055. The American
r . ^

feafon proves favourable, the plants will appear in Mapl

* '

May, and all the culture they require, is to keep them ifylvanicum) foliis trilobis acuminatis ferru-
.1

7
clean from weeds, and where the plants are too clofe, latis floribus racemofis. Lin. Sp. Plant, 1055. The
to thin them, fo as to leave them about fix inches Mountain Maple of America.
afunder, which will be room enough for them to grow Acer minime
8. {Opalus) foliis lobatis, incifis fmftu ra-
till autumn, when they fhould be tranfplanted
where cemofo. Mapl
they are defigned to remain. The firft, fecond, and third Acer major folio rotundiore minus laciniato & opalus
forts, being tenderer than the others, ought to be Italorum. Raii Hill.
planted in a warm border near a wall; and as thefe Acer {Monfpefulanum) {oYmtn\oh\^\nl^g(irnm\s. Prod.
do not multiply fo faft by their roots, fo they do not Montpelier Maph
require more room than three feet; but the fourth B. P. 431.
fort fpreads its roots to a great diftance, therefore muft 10. Acer (Cretica) foliis trilobis integerrimis fubtus pu-
have more than twice that room. This being hardy befcentibus. Cretan Maple with three entire lobes to the
in refpeft to cold, maybe planted between Ihrubs, to leaves^ which are fomewhat hairy on their under fide.
fill up vacant fpaces, where it will thrive faft
enough, Thefe trees are eafily propagated by fowing their
provided the ground be light, and not over wet, and feeds, which fhould be done foon after they are ripe,
when the plants are in flower, will make an agreeable in a bed of common earth, covering them about half
variety. If this fort is propagated by its root, it may an inch thick with light mould. The fpring following
be performed either in fpring or autumn; but the they above
_^ will appear
^^ _...^ if kept clear from
ground, and, ^

three firft muft only be removed in the fpring, for if '

weeds, fdme of the forts will grow'above a foot high
B th /^
 ' '

ACE ^

fanimer.
tliC firft The autumn follovving (if they made the experiment ^ but I believe can fcarce fail.
it

arc dole in the Iccd-bed) it will be proper to trani- Moft, if not all the other forts of Maples, take very
pLmt them into a nurferyj in rows at three tcct diftance, well upon eacli other.
and two feet afuader-in the rov;s-, in which place they The American Sugar Maple has fome refemblancc to
iTiay remain tliree or four years, by whijch time they the Norway, wiaen the plants are youiig; but as they
will be ia!ge enough to plant out for pood. grow up the leaves are morc deeply di\ided, and tiieir
If the feeds of any of the forts cf Maple arc kept out furfaces lefs fmooth, fo that they are then eafily dilLiu-
of the ground liil fpring, they rarely com.e up the fame guiflied.From this tree the inhabiia-nts of Nortii
year, .nd many tim.csdo not grow; fo that the fureft America make a very good fort of fugar, in large
method of raifmg them is, toiow the feeds as foon as
"

quantities,by tapping the trees early in the fpring, and

pofTiblc when tliey are ripe-, and, if the feeds are to boiling the juice, which drawn out till the faeces fub-
he tranfported to any diitance, it will be proper to fide, is the fugar; butcf opinion, that the people I am
put them up in fond, or earth, whereby their growing make fugar from more than one fort of Maple in
"

quality will be preferved. , . ,

- v ., America, for I have found that the Afli-leaved Maple
The Hrft and fourth very proper to make
forts arc abounds with a faccharine juice, in full as great plenty
plantations near the fca, or to flicker fuch plantations as any other fort. Mr. Ray and Dr. Lifter, prepared
of trees as are too nearly fituated thereto. For both a tolerable good fort of fugar from our greater Maple,
thefe forts thrive, and retifts the fpray, v/hich is ufually by tapping fome .of the trees in their bleedingTeatcn-,
blown from the fea, better than moft other trees do. and have obferved, upon cutting off. branches from
I
Tlie variegated fort is alfo nrlfed from feeds of the the fcarlet Maple in February, a great quantity of a
fame kind; and moft of the plants fo raifed, will be ver\'- fxveet juice hath flowed out for feveral days to-
as finely ftriped as the old plant from whence the feeds
't ' '

gether.;
were taken, w^hich is not common to many otlier va-
-'
M
riegated plants. '
•
.
'

parts ot Italy, but particularly ^bout Rome, where it

The common Maple is too well known to need any is one of the largeft trees of that country, and is
particular account, growing, very frequently, in
it efteemed for the fize of the leaves, which are large,
hedge-rows in moft parts of England. It is railed In affording a great ftade; fo that thefe trees are fre-
the fame manner with the former. quently planted by the fides of roads, and near habi-
The Virginian flowering Maple was raifed from feeds, tations. In England this tree
very rarely to be met is
y

which were brought from Virginia many years fince with, though it is hardy enough to bear the open air;
by Mr. John Tradefcant, in his garden at South Lam- but as the leeds have not been brought over to Eng-
beth, near Vauxhall, and fince, in the gardens of the land till lately, there arc no large plants in the Eng-
Bifhop of London, at Fulham, where the trees liave lifh gardens at prefent. ^
' ^

flowered for feveral years, and produced ripe feeds, The ninth fort is.common in the fouth of France and
from which feveral trees have been raifed. be It may Italy; the leaves of this refemble thofe of the common
alfo propagated by laying down the young branches Maple, but of a much thicker fubftance, and not
are
early in the fpring, giving them a little flit at a joint, -fo large, but are of a fhining' green' colour. They
by which means they will have taken fufficient root in continue in verdure very late in the autumn,' which
two years, to be tranfplanted elfewhere. They require renders the trees more valuable/ At prefent, this Tore
.a fituation defended from the north-caft winds,
a little is not commonEngland. I raifed feveral plants
in
efpecially while young-, and delight in a moift light - from feeds, fome' df which have for feveral years pro-
foil, in which they thrive much better than in "a dry duced good feeds in the Chelfea garden^ where^from ,
*

ground, and will produce mor£ flowers, and bitter the fcattercd feeds the plants come up annually in
feeds. This tree commonly flowers in the beginning '
plenty^ . ) i .
^
^
'\. ,
. - '
, ^ ;...". , .
^ .
' : . ..

ot April, and the feeds are ripe in five or fix weeks ' The tenth fort hkih fome refemblance to the ninth.
'

after, at which time they fliould be fowed; for they The' leaves of this fort are of a Mich thinner -tex-
are very apt to perifli, if kept long out of the ground. ture, "and their foot-ftalks are covered with a foft
There is another variety of the flov/ering Maple, '^haiiy down,' whereas thofe of the other are fmooth
which was fent from America to Sir Charies Wager, and ftiff: This Ibrt grows naturally in the Levant.
I
«nd flouriflied feveral years in liis garden at Parfons- Moft of the forts of Mapk which" feme from Aine-
green, near Fulham, . This
by the gardeners titled is -rica, are very impatient of heat while young; their
Sir Charles Wager's flowering Maple. The flowers .

feeds therefore ^fhould.be fown in a Iheltered fituation,

of this kind come out in large clufters, and furround for if the plants ai^e expofed to tlie'M fun but one
the younger' brahches, fo as to appear at a fmall dif- day, when they appear, few^of t!fiem will furvivc
firft
tance covered with them. It Is now^ become pretty
common in iome of the nurferies near London, fo
itV^bvjt efpecially the Sugar Niaple, v/hich fort I W
:d&liffantly loft moft of the plants, tirf I had the pre- '

that the former lore is not fo much efteemed, being 'CaX)tion to plac^e the pots, in which the feeds were
Ids beautiful ; but it is doubtful if they are dif- fown, entirely in the fliade; for hoTdoner are they '

tind fpecies. :'.*.. ^ -^ilv',; (-^y:''- -,

' ^

expofed to the fun, but they are imfn^diately attacked

The Afh-leaved Maple is a very fl:rong fliootirtg tree, by infe<5ts, v/hich in one day will/devour their feed
and is, in Virginia, one of the largeft trees of this leaves^ after whic!rthe plants fuddenly drop to the
land. It muft be planted in places not too much ex- '

ground. This precaution therefore is* HeceJTary to be

'

pofed to violent v/inds, being fubjed to fplit'thereby. obferved, in raifmg moft of the forts of Maple frbm
This tree^ripens feeds very well in England, by which feeds; - '' f-^'- ov :'; >.i
' .f ' ' 1

means it is eafily propagated, or by cuttings planted

Mapl
in autumn. v •..'. ^
.o:Kn^'> the Beech tor all ufcs of the turner, particularly diiHes,
;
The Noway Maple has a milky fliarp juice, fo that -
cups, trenchers, and ^owls; and when it abounds with
'

fev/ infedb care to prey thereon, by which means the

knots (as it very often doth), it is highly efteemed by
leaves are feldom eaten or defaced; and being fmooth, the joiners for ihlayings, &c. and alfo for the light-
and of a fliining green, theyhave a much better ap- nefs of the wood, is often emplbyed by thofe
that
pearance than thole of the Sycamore; andin the fpring, make mufical inftrufncnts^ and for the whitcnefs of its
w^hen tie flowers are out, have great beauty. Thts wood, was form.erly
it ingreat requeft for tables, &:c.
tree is alfo raifed by feeds, of wh.ich it afibrds great
ACETOSA [oi acefoftis, L. eager, four.] The Sorrels
quantities, which rife and grow from the fcattcred feeds
are by Dr. Linnasus joined to the genus of Dock,
as well as^the common forc^ it will alfo grow from under the title of !Rumex; but as all the known fpe-
cuttings, if they are planted in autumn. t-he cies of Sorrel, liave male flowers growing
The variegated kind may alfo be propagated by in- upon dif-
tinft roots ft'om the female, therefore by his
oculating a bud of the ftriped kind into one m.ethod
of the Aould be ranged in his twenty-fecond clafs titled Di-
plain fort, though I am not at prefent fure
v/hcther It (Eceia^ tlierefore I have taken the liberty to feparate
wall talce upon any other fort of Maple,
not havin^r thefe from the Docks, ratlier to preferve their aid tide,
as
 .
fi.

--.

T
H V-;

:i3 the plants !iave been long ufcd both in the kitchen been continued in iheDifpenfaries as a medicinal
plant
t
and Ihops. . fo it is here infcrted. '
> .

The CiiAP.ACTERS arc, . », The low creeping Northern Sorrel, is preferved in

mak arJ female flo'wers in different plants-y the many gardens for the fake of variety, but has not been
/ ivers have a three leaved evApalement^ in ^v^hich ufed in the kitchen. This fort grows wild in
moll oi
'dcdf^x Jlaraina^ crowned 'with fiat oblong ftumnits^ the northern counties, as alfo in Wales.
I have k-en
c no corolla: the female flowers have alfo a three it growing greatplenty in Yorkfhire and Weilmore-
in
npalernent^ in the center of which is fituated a three land. The leaves of this fort have very Ihort foot- I .. -

germen^ fupporiing atrifidftylus, 'The germen af- ftalks, and are indented at both ends.
Thefe ^^^row
tcrw feed near to' the ground, and the flower-ftems rarely
rife
The Species are, '^'
above fix inches hio;h. rhe roots creep in the ground, • •

I. AcETOSA (Pratenfts) foliis wherebyit multiplies excee

xeedingly in a properfituation.
^^^_
culatis cauluiis fefTilibus. Meado As this for: grows naturally in'fhady moift places, fo
Acetofa pratenfis. C. B. P. 114. whoever is defirous to have it thrive in a garden, muft ( -.

AcETOSA [Acetofella) foliis lanceolato-haftatis radice plant it in a north border and in a m.oill foil, where '1

repente. Common Sheep's SorreL Acetofa arvenfis lan- it may be propagated in plenty, and be
ufed for the \' .:

ceolata. C. B. P. 114. fame purpofes as the others. '^e.

3. AcETOSA cordate haftatis radice re-
{Scutattis) foliis The Alpine Sorrel is full as hardy as the common,
pente. Round leaved or French SorreL Acetofa rotun- and as the leaves are much larger^ fo they are better \
t

difolia hortenfis. C. B. P. 114. for the ufes of the kitchen, having as pleafant an acid
4. AcETOSA {Digynus) humilis rcpcns folio rotundo emar- tafte, and being much more fucculent. This may be
ginato. Low creeping Sorrel zvith a round indented leaf. propag;atcd cither by feeds, or parting of their roots,
Acetofa rotundifolia repens Eborafcenfis folio in r^e- in the lame manner as the common fort; but the plants
dio deliquium patiente. Mor. Hift. require more room, for v/hich reafon they ought not
5- AcETOSA {Alpina) fohis cordatis acuminatis arhplexi- to be nearer than a foot from each other, efpeciallv
/

-/. in good ground.

the ftalks ACETOSELLA. ^See Oxalis.
cc. Muf ACHILLEA, Milfoil Yarrow, or Nofebleed.
6. AcETOSA {Lunaria) foliis fubcordatis, caule afboreo. The Characters are,
diffj heart-ftj Acetofa It hatio a compound radiated flower., conflfting of many
arborcfcens, fubrotundo folio. Pluk. Aim. 8. tubulous florets^ which are hermaphrodite^ and compofe 4
\

/
AcETosA {Rofea) foliis efofis, valvuke altcrius ala the di/k of the flower-, the female flowers are ranged round
maxima membranacea declinata. Sorrel from Egypt the border-, thefe have their corolla retched out on one
ft fide
nth bitten leaves^ and large membranaceous valves declin-
ing. Acetofa ^gyptia rofea feminis involucro. Shaw. 'imonfcaly empalement. The hermaphrodite flowi ve
PI. Afr.
hflvefljortflenderftamina^ accompanying a fmall
8. AcETOSA oblongis pedunculis breVif-
(Sterilis) foliis
f^t
fimus raro florens. Northern barren SorreL This is the ifterwafds becomes a fingle oval feed
Acetofa Mufcovitica fterilis.' Mor. Hift. having a down adhering to it.
The lirft of thcfe forts, though but fmall in the fields, The Species are,
yet, when fown in gardens, will produce fair large' I. Achillea nlefoUum) io\ii% bipinnatis nudis, lad-
leaves; this is cohimonly cultivated in gardens. It nils rinearibus dentatis. I-Jort.
.
Cliff. 413. Common
mud be fown early in the fpring, in a mady ihoift Tarfow^ '

called alfo Milfoil^ Sttatiotes, and Nofebleed.

*

border; atid if the plants are afterward removed into a variety with purple flowers, which
9^5^^.!^^^'^ is \ :

another (hady border, at the diftance^of four or fix is oTtenTound growing naturally in England.
inches fquare, they will produce larger leaves, "and 2. AQHiLhY.A\Santolina) foliis fetaceis
J
-s
> :^

dentatis, denti-
continue longer. This is the common Sorrel ufed in culis'fubintegrisTubulatis reflexis. Hort. Cliff. 412. \
T
/

^ '^ftern^neezworiw^^^^
1

medicine i but the Northern barren Sorrel is preferred

leaf an da large
to it in the kitchen-garden^ becaufe it rarely runs to
fi^
feed, but is .increafed by parting the foots either in
3 'omentofc.
fpring or autumn, and is fit for ufe all theyeai*.. '21
i

The round leaved (or French) Sorrel, is a rnofe grate- /<

ful acid, fo by many perfons is preferred to the other
4 hefc
two forts for kitchen ufe; this is alfo a medicinal plant, latis m^ Hort. Cliff. 413. lanigeiis.
and fhould not be wanting in any good garden it is :
Eaflerp^Sneezwort with hoary tanfey leaves^ and the rays
a great runner at the root, by which means it is eafily
of iBe flower of a pale yellow colour. '.'..,
propagated, and the roots planted at the diftance Achillea
5 decom-
(Jbrotanifolia) foliis pinnatis fupra
of two feet fquai-e at leaft: it will agree better/ with pbfitis, laciniis linearlbiis diftantibiis. Flor. Leyd.
.
an open fituation than the other two foftsl And if Procf. 175. Talkfl Eaftern Tarrow, with a IVormwood
the flower-ftems and rambling branches are cut off in
leaf and yellozv flci^ers,
"
•
'l.

in the beginning of July, the roots will foon Achillea {Clavenh^)JoXns pinnatifidis planis obtufis
i)ut out 6.
new leaves, which will be tender and much better for tomentofis. Lin. Sp.'Plant. 8^i Broad-leaved Alpine
kitchen ufes, than the older leaves; fo that by cutting ihelUfi
down o/fome plants at different times; there
the flioots
'{fidnac'etifi .0 iineari
will always be a fupply of young leaves, which is the furfum auctis. Flor. Leyd. Prod. 176.
laiiceolatis bafi
only part of the plant ufed in the kitchen. Ahd this EaflernSheeirwort with hoary Tanfey ' '

fort much preferable to the common Sorrel for foujps,

is
i> -*> <

fo many perfons have of late years cultivated it in 8. Achillea (Jgeratim) foliis lanceolatis oBtufis acute
their gardens, fince the ufeof Sorrel has been gi^eatly 'lefratis. Hort. ClirF.^f 2. Commonly called Sweet Maud-
increafed in England, by the introdu6lion of French tin. -
[
., / .- . .

cooker)- it being an ingredient in many of their fauces AcrtiLLEA^ {Mgyptidca)

.

9. foliis plnnafis foliclis obtuse

,
and foups! Infomuch that about Paris, Sorrel is cul- lanceolatis ferrato dentatis. Hort. Cliff. 413.
tivated in as great quantity as almoft any other ef- Sneezwort with crefled'pinnule.
;
,

culent plant.' '

' " '

Achillea {Ptarmka)
10.^ acuminatis foliis lanceolatis
'
argute ferratis. Lin. Sp. Plant. ^j)t. Comynon Ptarmica
of England, growing upon dry banks and in gravelly cr Sneezzvort. Of this fort there is a variety with double
foils in great plenty; for as it propagates
very faft' by flowers which is pi*eferved in gardens.
its creeping roots, fo
wherever it once gets poffcffion II . Achillea ^iV/^(:r(?^^^^^^^ incifo
In the ground, it foon multiplies.
This is raf-ely ad- ferratis extimis majoribus coadunatis. Lin. Sp. Plant.
mitted to have a place in gardens, but as it has long 1265. Alpine Sneezwort with Feverfew leaves
6 1 f^

J
 ;;

A H A C H
12. Achillea (A'^?;/.'?) foliis plmiatis dentatis hirfotiiTi- any of itcultivated in the gardens for falc; and when
I

mis floribus gloir.erato urnbcilatis. Lin. Sp. Flant. it is afivcd for, the people in the markets commonly

2671. Hoar^ /Ilpine Milfoih ''^^^f^ a ftcdous f,0\vei\ give the fourteenth fort for it, which being a very
i^. Achillea {Nobilis) foliis bipinnatis, interioribus nu- hardy plant, and eafily propagated, is now generally
dis planis, fupcrioribus obtufis romentofis corvmbis fold for the other. For though the true Maudlin is
convexis confertlfTimis. Lin. Sp. 126S. Noble or Sweet hardy in refpetSt to cold, yet in wet winters th^? roots
Milfoil are often killed by moifture, efpecially thofe which
ij,. AcHiLLi-A { Alpine) foliis lanccolatis dcntato-fcrratis are in good ground ; but when the plants grow out of
lenticuktis tenuinime ierratis. Hort. Cliff. 413.
1
Al- the joints of walls, orinrubbifli, tliey will live many
fi'ne Siicezzvcrt -jvith leaves deeply fcrrated^ commonly called years without care. There are two other variedes of
IVhite Maudlin, this plant which are found growing naturally in Spain,
The here enumerated, is the common Yar-
firft fort one of them having longer and more compaft UiTibels
row or Milfoil, which grows naturally on banks and of flowers, and the other hath broader leaves and
by the fides of foot-paths in moll parts of England, fmallef flowers ; but thefe approaching fo near to the
fo is rarely allowed a place in gardens; but being an common fort in every other particular, I thought it

officinal plant, it is here mentioned to introduce the v/ould be needlefs to enumerate them as difl:in6t ij^e-
others.^ Of with purple flowers,
this there is a variety cies. The common Maudlin propagated by parting is

which is frequently found wild in Engla*-di but the of the roots, either in fpring or atitumn; and as ic
plants feldom continue to produce purple flowers ripens feeds very well, fo it may be propagated by
long,when they are tranfplanted into gardens. The fowing the feeds in April. It flowers in June and July,
Yarrow creeps greatly by its roots, and alfo multiplies and the feeds are ripe in September.
by feeds, fo that it becomes a troublefome weed, where The tenth fort is the comm.on Sneezwort ; this grows
it ispermitted to grow. wild in the woods and ether fliady places, in many
The third fort is often planted in gardens for the fake parts of England, fo is not admitted into gardens
of variety. This is of humble growth, feldom rifing . this creeps greatly by its roots, fo as to cover a large
more than eight or nine inches high. The leaves are fpot of ground foon. It is fometimes ufed in medi-
finely cut, and are very hoary-, the flowers are of cine, and in the Ipring the young tender fhoots are put
a bright yellow colour, and continue long in beauty. into fallads, to forreil the coldnefs of other herbs
It grows naturally in the fouth of France, Spain, and and the roots are ufed for the tooth-ach, whence fome
Italy, but will live in the England. It is
open air in have given the' title of Field Pellitory to this plant.
increafed by parting of the roots, the beft time for There is a variety of this with double flowers, which
which is in Oftober. 1 is preferved in gardens, and is commonly known by

t' The fourth, fifth, feventh, and ninth forts, are na- the title of double Maudlin. When this is planted
tives in the iflands of the Archipelago. Thefe were in pots, fo as to confine the roots from creeping, the
introduced into France by Dr. Tournefort. The ninth fl:alks will grow clofer together, and then they make
'
fort hath very hoary leaves, which remain all the year; a^ tolerable appearance when in flowef ; but where the

and the plants growing clofe and low, make a pretty roots have full liberty to run, the fl:alks grow farther
appearance at all feafons. The flowers are produced dift:ant from one another, in which cafe they make
in umbels on the top of the ftalks, which are yel- but an indifferent appearance. It flowers in July and
» V- _

low; thefe appear in June, July, Auguft, and Sep- Augufl:. ; *-v

tember, and are of long duration, fo that frec[uently The fourteenth fort has fome refemblance to the
fome of them continue the greater part of the winter. tenth, but the leaves are longer, deeper cut on their
This fort mufl: have a dry foil and a warm fituation, edges, and are "of a darker green colour- This pro-
where it will endure the cold of our ordinary
» •
^
winters
- -- ^
^pagates fafl: enough by its creeping root, and is very
'
in the open air, but in very fevere froft: they are often nardy. \
.

defl:royed; a few plants therefore ought to be fliel- The eleventh and twelfth forts are natives of the Alps,
tered under a frame in winter, to preierve the kind. and confeqiiently very hardy; they multiply by feeds,
It is propagated by flips, which may be taken pff ^nd and alfo by parting of their roots, and will thrive in
planted in a fliady border, any time in fummer, when almoft any foil, but love an open expofure. The ele-
they will take root in about fix weeks, and then may venth produces many ftalks which rife near three feet
be tranfplanted either into pots, or the borders where high, having loofe branching umbels of white flowers
they are to remain. This fort rarely perfects its feeds on their top, refembling thofe of the common S.neez-
in Eno-land. wort, but larger. The twelfth fort hath hoary leaves,
The fourth, and feventh forts, are of taller
fifth, and the umbels of its flowers are more compaft ; the
growth, propagating by their roots, and ripening feeds ftalks of this do not rife more than a foot high. Both
in England, fo that they may be obtained in plenty; '-' ••
thefe deferve a place in o-ardens.
and as they require little care to cultivate them, being The thirteenth fort approaches near the firfl:, but the
hardy enough to live in the open air, they may be leaves are of a pale green, and hot fo long, or fo
allowed aplace in gardens, where,by theirhoary leaves, much ciit as thofe of the firft:; have a ftrong
thefe
they will make a pretty diverfity; and their flowers fweet fcent when bruifed. It is equally hardy with the
continuing long, though not the moft: beautiful, yet firfl:, and therefore requires little culture. ' "
'

make a pretty contraft: when intermixed with others. ACHRAS. SeeSAPOTA. .

The fixth fort is a very humble plant; the foct-ftalks ACHYRANTHES. - 1 * I -r

which fupport the umbels of its flowers, rarely rife "

The Characters are,

above fix inches high. As for the flowers themfelves, The empalement of jive pointed rigid leaves which
confifis
they are near as large as tliofe of the common Sneez- are permanent ; the fozver hath no petals ; but in the cen-
wort, white, and growing in flat umbels; thefe ter of the empalement is fltuated the point al^ having a bifid
appear in June and July. The leaves of the plant fiigma^ attended by fiveflamina^ fuppcrting fmallfumniits,
have fomc likenefs to thofe of the common Worm- The pointal afterward becomes a jingle roundifh feedy in-
wood, and arevery hoary, growing clofe totheground, clofed in the empalement,
decaying in autumn, fo that in winter they make The 'Species are, '
•

little appearance. This fpecies of Yarrow is propa- I. AcHYRANTHEs {Afpcra) caule ereclo, calycibus fe-
gated by parting of the roots, either in fpring or au- Piexis fpica^ adpreflis. Fl. Zeyl. 105. Achyranthes with
tumn, and flioyld have a dry foil, for much wet in an up7'ight Jlalky and a refexed flower-cup, Amaranthus
winter will rot them. It never perfecfts its feeds here, ficulus fpicatus radice perenni. Bocc. Ran Plant, 16.
and therefore caii only be multiplied the other way. tab. 9.
This fort is a native of the Alps. 2. A.CHYRANTKES {Indico) caulc erefto, foliis obverse
The eighth fort is commonly known by the ttle of ovatis undulatis floribus reflexis. Achyranthes with an
Sweet Maudlin in the markets; it was formerly more ereSf'Jlalky obvcrfc oval waved leaves and refiexed flowers.
ufed in medicine than at prefent, fo that there is fcarce
^

3, Achyranthes
 ,

A O A O
'
rf

AcHYRANTHEs [Lappacca) caule erC'Sto, fpica inter- driatrigynia, from the flowers having many flamina,
3.
rupta, floribus cxccrnc lanatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 204. and three dtyles. ^ .:?

Jlalk^ a loGJi The S";-ciE.s are,

I AcoNiTUiM palmatis multindis vil-
[LycGtloniiVii) fciiis
€ Lin. Sp. Plant. 532. Tellow Wolfsbane or Monk-
4. AcHYRANTHi^s {Lcinato) caule crefto, fpicis ovatis la iofls.

teralibus calycibus lanatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 204. Achy- with palr/mtcd hcii'ry leaves finely divided. Aconitum
fljccd^ * 1

ranches with an ereti fialk^ mtd oval fpikes of flozver

lycodonuui luteum. C. B. P. 183. ,
y"-:

produced from the wings of the leaves^ which are^ covered 2. Aconitum {JUifJl'nitr.n) foliis palmatis, nervofls gla-
't.

with a foft down. bris. Greateft yellovjJVolfsbaney with nervous^ fmcoth^ pal- a
• _

-
-.

The hath been long in the Engliili gardens,

firft fort Aconitum luteum majus
mated, leaves. ampii^ore caule
/

where it hath been prelers^edmorc for tiie falze ot va- amplicribufque foliis. Dod. p. 441.
riety, than for its beauty or ufe. le grows near three 3 Aconitum (f-^'ariegcitum) fghis mukifidis laciniis-fe-

feet high, v/ith oblong pointed leaves \ the flowers mipartitis fuperne latis. Hort. Ci:fl\ 214. Lejfer Wolfs-
come out in long fpikes from the extremity of the bane with blue flowers.^ whofe under leaves are cut inio
branches, which are compofed of an empalement, v/ith many parts^ and whofe upper have broader fegments. Aco-
a ftyle and five iramina, but hath no petals, lb may n'tum cieraleum minus, fivenapellus minor. C. B. P. V

be ranged under the clafs of blink flowers. The plants ' I

of this fort malt be raifed on a hot-bed, and when 4. Aconitum {Anthora) floribus pentagynis foliorum
lac^niis liiiearibus. Lin. Sp « Plant.
they have acquired ftrengch, they may be tranfplanted mo...j
into tae J f- Aconitum falutiferum i.

and September. If thefe

their feeds ripen in are kept five anthora. C. B. P. 184.
in potr., and pat into a warm green-houfe in winter, 5. Aconitum {Napellus) foliorum laciniis linea*'ibus fu-

thev Will li-ve two or three yeai-s, where perfons are Wolf
inclined to keep them lb long. This fort grows na- •^fJooody with large blue Jl

turally in the iilands of America, and alio in Inia cxruleum, five napellus. x C. B. Pin. 183.
and Sicily. 6. Acokitum {Pyramidak) foliis multipartitis, fpicis flo-
The of the fecond fort I received from Malabar,
leecis rum longiflamis fefiilibus. "^rbe common blue Monkfiooody
winch have for fome years flouriihed at Cheifea, and with a hngfpikc offlowers. Aconitum pyramidale mul-
annually produced ripe feeds, v/hich have never va- PL R. Par.
tifiorum.
ried from the parent plant. 7. Aconitum {Alpinum) .foliorum laciniis pinnatifldis
The third and fourth forts grow naturally at the Cape flowered Mcnkfloood^ or Wclfsban
of Good Hope, from whence I received' their feeds. e/"
Aconitum Ci^ruleo purpureum •y.

Thefe are all preferved in botanic gardens for the fake florc maximo, five napellus. 4 C. B. P. 183.
of variety, but have no great beauty to recommend S. Aconitum {Pyrenaicura) foliis multipartitis laciniis li-

them, to thofe who do not cultivate plants for the ini- nearibus incumbentibus fquamofis. Hort. Upfal. 152.
provement of that fcience. Tellow Pyrenean Monkfhood^ pr Wolfsbane^ with fine cut -.'

They may all be propagated in the fame manner as leaves. Aconitum Pyrenaicum luteum foliorum feg-
the iirll, and will perteS: their feeds the fome year ^
mentis fibi invicem incumbentibus. Raii 367, Syll. *

but the plants of the three lail lorcs may be preferved 9. Aconitum [Cammarum) floribus fubpentagynis, fo-
through the v/inter. if placed in a Hove, for they are liorum laciniis cuneiformibus incifis acutis. Lin. Sp.
too tender to be kept in a green-houfe wliere there is Plant. 751. Monkfhood with flowers^ having commonly five'
not artificial heat. and the fegments of the leaves
ftyle s^ awl-fljaped. \

A C I N O S. See Thymus. 10. AconitujvI {Orientale) elatius, foliis palmatis flore

A C I N U S, or A C I N I, by good authors is not ufed magno albo. Eaflern Monkfhood^ with a tall ft
.^
' (l

for the grape ftone, but the grape itfelf, as appears /' Aconitum lyco£lonum
1 ^_^ •
orientale
•

flore magno albo. Tourn. Cor.

It commonly ufed Th.e fixth fort is the mofl common
in the Englifli
f is

for thofe fmaii grains growing in bunches, after the gardens ; this is cultivated for the beauty of its long
manner of grapes, as Liguftrurn, &c. ipike of blue flowers^ which arc brought to the mar-
A. C N I D A, Virginia Hemp. kets in London, towards the end of May, when it
fo that thefe bcins: intermixed
I

This plant grows naturally in Virginia, and in fome cozTUBonly flower

other parts of North America, but is rarely cultivated with the Guelder Rofes and other flowers of the fame
in Europe, except in fome few botanic gardens, for feafon, make an agreeable variety, when properly
the fake of varietv. It hath male and female flowers blended, to adorn haJls and other apartments. But as \
^

growing upon different roots, fo is near of kin to tlie mofl: of the fpecies of Monkfliood are a deadly poifon,
Plemp, under which title it has been ranged by fome not only to men but to brutes alio, they ought not
therefore to be admitted into places v/here children or
k

former boianifcs. But as it is a plant of little b(

beauty.
- \

ignorant perfons frequent, Icfl: by fmelling to thefe

1

and at prefent no ufe has been made of it, it is 'to j

r

little purpofe to fay more of it here. flowers, they fliould draw fome of the farina ii]to ..

A U
C O IN IT M, Wolfsbane, or Monkfl-iood, \oiS.y.'^v, their nofl:rils, which may prove very hurtful to them,
or cJjc'/i, a dart, becaufe the Barbarians ufed to daub as I can from experience affert for fa6t. have an We
their darts therewith ; others of ihoyi^^^ to accelerate, account of a man who was poifoned in the year 1732,
becaufe it hauens death]. by eating fome of this plant, wliich by an unfliilful
The Characters are, perfon y/as put into a fallad uifl:ead of Celery. TJiis
"The ft ipalemcnt^ but ccrflfts offi' is particularly mentioned in.th^ Tranfadions of the

petals^ which vary ii different fpecies the galea

-^ Royal Society, N° 432. Dodona^us alfo relates a fl:ory

is tubnlous^ and covers the other of the f Monkfl

^
friar's cowl-^ the two lateral j ioft was recent in his time. Some had unflcilful perfons I

ftamina and ftyle are equal : the] gathered the young fl^oots of the blue Monkfliood to 11

eat in a fallad, and all that cat of them were feized

I -

petals \arr()w J I

and oblong : in the bottom of the fio*^ with terrible fymptoms, and foon died. Dr. Turner
vc£larii^ upon which areflJuated the ftyles ;
p there aifo mentions, that fome Frenchmen at Antwerp eat
are two^ in others three^ and foyne have five : thefe are the flioots of this plant for thofe of* Mafterwort, and
forked^ and ft retch cut far beyond the ftamina^ i;;hich are all of them died in tv/o days, except two players who

numerous and irregular: after the fewer is paft.\ the ger- threw them up by vomit. I have known perfons who
men become oblong fecd-veffels terminated in a pointy and by fmelling to the flowers, have been feized with
coalefcing at their bafe\ thefe have but one cell', which is fwooning fiti\ and have loft dieir flght for two or three
fdled with angular rough feeds. days. ; '.. V

This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnaeus ranged in the The fourth fort is that which is made ufe of in me-
third fection of his thirteenth clafs, entitled Polyan- thofe
C poifonous -J
I H
 ;

A
polfcDnous. This is by fomc writersAnthora,
titled inches eacli way, obferving to water them until they
ar-;cl by others Anrithora, as the poilbnous kinds have have taken good root in the ground after which ;

been called Thora. Whenever therefore any of the time they will require no other care but to keep them
fpecies of this genus is ordered in medicine, this is the clean from weeds, till the following autumn, when
fort intended. they may be tranfplanted to the places where they are
Moft, if not all the other forts are efteemed poifon- to remain.
ous i but thofe with blue flowers are fuppofed to be of The common Monklhood will grow under the Ihade
a much flronger quality, than the yellow or white of trees, in wilderncires or woods, and will increafe
flowered kinds. It is confidently affirmed, that the faft enough by means of its creeping roots
but tho* ;

huntfmen on the Alps, who hunt the wolves and other moil of the other forts delight in fhade, yet few of
wild animals, dip their arrows into the juice of thefe them will thrive under trees, for which rcafon they
plants, which renders the wounds made by them deadly. fliould be planted in iTiady borders which are not over-
The fixth fort is the firft which flowers ; this grows hung by trees, where they will continue much longer
near four feet high, and the fpikes of flowers are up- in flower, and thrive better than in an open expofure.
ward of two feet long, fo that when it is in flower, it ACONITUM HYEMALE. SeeHELLEBORus.
makes a pretty appearance ; and being very hardy, A C O R U S, the Sweet Rufli.
growing in any foil or fituation, and multiplying The Characters are,

greatly by the root, has induced many perfons to al- // balh afimple cylindrical ft alk^ which is clofely covered
low it a place in their gardens, for the fake of its with fmallflowersy fo as to form a fort ofkatkin {or iulus),
flowers, who being ignorant of its dangerous quali- Thefe flowers have no empakment^ but are cornpofed offix
ties, have permitted it to fpread and propagate greatly. concave obtufe petals. In the center of the flower isfttuated
It flowers in May and June. The feeds are ripe m a fwelUng germen^ attended by ftx ftamina^ which are ex-
September ; but as this fort multiplies fo greatly by tended beyond the petals,, and are crowned with thick double
the root, it is rarely propagated the other way. fummits ; the germen afterward turns to a fhort triangidar
The firft and fecond forts are the next which flower capfule^ having three cells^ in whi.b are lodged oval oblong

thefe come about the middle of June, and if the fea- feeds.
fon is not warm, will continue in flowerAuguft.till Dr. Linnaeus ranges genus in his fixth ciafs of
this
The firft grows upwards of three feet high, and the fe- plants, entitled Hexandria monogynia, the flowers
cond above four, the fpikes of floweVs too in this being having fix ftamina and one fl^le.
much longer than the former. We have but one Species of this plant,
The third fort flowers a little later than either of thofe, AcoRUs {Calamus) Roy. Lcyd. 6. The fweet fmelling Flag
but feldom grows more than two feet high, and the or Calamus. Acorus verus, five calamus aromaticus.
fpikes of flowers are much fhorter than either of the C. B. P. 34.
two laft. This plant grows naturally in ftanding waters which
The wholefome Wolfsbane flowers in the middle of are fliallow, and is found wild in fome parts of Eng-
Auguft, and often continues in beauty till the middle land ; particularly in Norfolk, and alfo near Uxbridge
of September ; the flowers are not fo large as thofe of in Middlefex, and in feveral parts of the north. In
fome other forts, but being of a fulphur colour, make a Holland this plant abounds in moft of their ditches
pretty appearance in the borders of the flower-garden. and ftanding waters. The leaves of this plant, when
This fort will not thrive fo well under the fliade of broken, fend forth a ftrong aromatic fcent j the roots are
trees as many of the other forts, and therefore muft much ftronger, and have been long ufed in medicine.
have an open expofure. This may be tranfplanted into a garden, where if the
The ninth and tenth forts flower the beginning of ground is moift, it will grow very wellj but never
July. The ninth ufually grows about four feet high, produces its fpike, unlefs it grows in the water. It
but the tenth I have feen upwards of fix. This fort is loves an open fituation, and will not thrive well un-
atprcfcnt very rare in Europe. It was found by Dr. der the fhade of trees. I'he fpikes of flowers (which
Tournefort in the Levant, who fent the feeds to the are by many writers term.ed (Juli) appear toward the
royal garden at Paris, where it was firft cultivated in latter end of June, and continue till Auguft. When
Europe, and from that garden, others have been fur- this plant is fixed in a properjituation, it will multiply
nifhed with the feeds. - -
by its creeping roots faft enough.
AC
I

The eighth fort flowers in July, This grows about RI VIOL A. See Trop^olum.
four feet high, having a long fpike of yellow flowers A C T ^ A, Herb Chriftopher.
of a middling fize, wherefore they may be allowed a The Characters are,
place among fhrubs, or in fuch parts of the garden as The empalement of the flower is cornpofed offour concave
'
are not frequented by children. obtufe leaves^ which fall off-^ the flower hath four petals
The fifth, fixth, and feventh forts flower in Auguft, which are much larger than the empalement. In the center
when they make a pretty appearance ; and were it not is placedthe ovalgermen,, crowned with an oblique depreffcd
for their noxious quality, would deferve a place in ftigmay attended by numercus flender ftamina^ crowned with
every garden. There are two or three varieties of the ercil double round/flj fummits. After the flower is paftj
fifth fort, one with white, another with Rofe coloured, the ge7'mcn becomes an oval or globular berry ^ having one
and a third with variegated flowers but thefe are ; celly in which are lodged four feeds,, which are roundifh on

only varieties which often change. The Napellus mi- their outfide^ but angular where they arejoined.
nor is alfo apt to change in the colour of its flower; Dr. Lir.nsus ranges this genus under his thirteenth
of this fort I have had fome plants with variegated clafs of plants, entitled Polyandria monogynia, the
flowers, but they changed in two years and became flowers having many ftamina and one germen. -

plain, nor did their feeds produce any plants with va- The Species are,
riegated flowers. The
feventh fort will grow to the 1. AcT^A racemo ovato fruftibufque baccatis.
{Spicata)
height of five feet in good ground i the flowers are -Lin. Sp. Plant. 504. Common Herb Chriftopher^ or Bane
very large, but not many upon each fpike. Thefe are - Berries. Chriftophoriana vulgaris noftras racemofa &
of a deep blue colour. ,* -
ramofa. Mor. Hift. p. 2, 8.
All the lorts of Monkfhood may be propagated by 2. AcT^.A {Alba) racemo ovato baccis niveis, radicetu-
feeds, which ftiould be fown in the autumn, in^ a Ihady berofa. American Herb Chriftopher ^ with white berries.
fituation : the plants often come up the firft year, if Chriftophoriana Americana baccis niveis. Mor. Hift-
the feeds are fown in autumn, otherwife it is the fe- p. 28. . . - .

cond fpring before they appear therefore the ground

•,
3. AcT/iiA {Racemofa) racemislonglfllmis fructibus uni-
iliould be kept clean from weeds all the following capfularibus. Lin. Sp. PI. 504. American black or wild
fumnier, and when the plants come up, they Ihould Snakcroot. ChriftophorianaAmericahaprocerior Scion-
be watered in dry weather until they are fit to tranf- gius fpicata. Hort. Kkh. 79. -\ -, / -
.

plant ; when they are to be carefully taken up, and The firft fort grows naturally in feveral places in the
planted in fhady borders, at the diftance of four northern counties of England: ,1 found it in pretty
great
 5 .

ADA A D
great plenty In a wood
near Kirby Lonfdale, as alfo There is known but one Species at preknt.
near Inglcborough Hill in Yorklhire. It grows two Adansonia. This is the Baobab. Alp. Egypt, c. 2 7. f. 28-
feet and a half high, the foot-llalks of the leaves arife The young plants, and alfo moft of the new branches^
from the root ; thefe divide into three fmaller foot- have fingle fpear-ihaped leaves towards their lower
ftalks, each of which divide again into three, and part, but at their extremities the leaves have fome
thele have each three lobes, fo that each leaf is com- three, and others five lobes, of the fame fize and form
poled of twenty-feven lobes (or fmall leaves). The as the lower, which arc difpofed like a liand ; thefe
flowcr-fl:em which arifes from the root, is garniftied are entire, ending in a point, and fall off in winter.
with leaves of the fame form, but are finaller. On the The flems are large and woody, but of a foft texture,
top of the ftalk appears the flowers, which grow in and have generally a large fwelling near the root.
ramofe fpikes, and are of a pure white thefe come ; It is propagated by feeds, which mull be procured
out in May, and are fucceeded by black fhining ber- from the country where it grows naturally (for it doth,
ries about the fize of Peafe, which ripen in the autumn. not produce any in Europe); thefe mull be fown in
This is propagated by feeds, which fliould be fown pots, and plunged into a hot-bed, where, in about fix
foon after they are ripe for if they are kept out of
; weeks, the plants will come up, and in a Ihort time
;
the ground till fpring, the plants will not come up after be fit to tranfplant when they fhould be each
"

till the year after, fo that a whole year will be loft, planted into a feparate pot, with light fandy
filled
Theyftiould be fown on a fliady border, and kept clean earth, and plunged into a frefn hot-bed, obfervino-
from weeds. As the feeds feldom come up all at the to fliade them until they have taken new root ; after
fame time, the border in wliich they are fownihould which time they fliould have free air admitted to them
not be difturbed till the following autumn, to fee every day in warm weather, but muft be fparingly
what plants may appear when the plants ftiould be
-,
v/atered", for as their ftems are foft (efpecially when
traniplanted into a fiiady border, where they may re- young) too much wet will caufc them to rot. As the
main to flower. This plant hath a perennial root, plants advance in their growth, they are to befliifted
wi.ich lafts many years, but the ftalk is annual, and into larger pots, but muft conftandy be plunged into
p'jrilhes in autumn, foon after which is the beft time the bark-bed, being too tender to thrive in this coun-
to tranfplant them. try without this artificial heat, therefore they muft
The fecond fort grows naturally in North America, conftantly remain in the ftove with other tender exotic
from whence I have received the feeds ; the leaves of plants : the plants when young make great progrefs
this are fomewhat like thofe of the firil fort, but are in their growth, where they are properly treated i for
not fo deeply indented on their edges. The flowers in three years many of them have been more than fix
grow in a more compact and the berries are
fpike, feet high, and have put out feveral lateral brandies,
very white and tranfparent when ripe the roots of •,
their ftems were alfo proportionable ; but after four or
this is compofed of thick tubers, or knobs. This is five years growth, they are almoft at a ftand, their
an abiding plant, and delights in a light moift foil, annual flioots rarely exceeding two or three inches.
and a fliady fituation it may be propagated in the
If

-,
The account which Monfieur Adanfon gives of the
fame manner as the former. trees he faw at Senegal and other parts of Africa, in
TJie third fort is a native of North America, where regard to the fize of them is amazing, feveral of which
it is called Black Snakeroot, to diftinguilh it from the he meafured round their ftems from fixty-five to fe-
comn-ion Snakeroot. This plant hath large compound venty feet in circumference, but their height was not
leaves, which rife immediately from the root, and are extraordinary. The trunks of thefe trees were from f

branched afterthe fame manner as the firft fort, which eight to twelve feet high, dividing into many hori-
grow more than two feet high. The flower-ftems fre- zontal branches which touched the ground at their \

I,

quently rife to the height of four or five feet, being extremities ; were from forty-five to fifty-five
thefe
terminated by a long fpike of white flowers, wliich is feet long, and were fo large in circumference, that
refiexed at the top. J each branch was equal to a monftrous tree in Europe;
ginning J but does not perfect feeds in and where the water of a neighbouring river had
England. During the time of its flowering, the plant waflied away the earth, fo as to leave the roots of one
makes a good appearance in a garden, and therefore of thefe trees bare and open to fight, they meafured
defervTs a place in the fliady borders, or among flirubs; one hundred and ten feet long, without including
where, be not over-hung by them, it thnves very
if it thofe parts of the roots which remained covered with
v/cll, and being hardy, will require no other care than earth or fand for he defcribes the plains where the
:

the flirubs themfelves. It is generally propagated by trees grow to be a barren moveable fand, fo that from
feeds, which are annually fent from North America its being continually fliifted by the winds, there are
j
it loves a m.olft light foil, and a fliady fituation. no trads difcoyerable, vvhereby perfons can be guided
The root of this plant is greatly ufed by apothecaries in travelling over them.
and phyficians in America, in many diforders, and is Profper Alpinus in his hiftory of Egypdan plants, de- 1\

fuppofed to be an antidote againft poifon, or the biting fcribes this tree, to which he gives the title of Baobab,
of the rattle-fnake. fo that It alfo grows In that country ; but he does not
-DANSONIA, Ethiopian four Gourd, or Monkies mention any of them to be near the fize of thofe de-
Bread. fcribed by Monfieur Adanfon.
This plant is fo named from one Mr. Adanfon, a There were fome plants of this fort in feveral gardens,
French furgeon, who refided fome years at Senegal, which were raifed from feeds obtained from Grand
in Africa, and during that time made feveral difco- Cairo in the year 1724, by the late Dr. William She-
veries in natural hiftory, and brought home a curious rard, fome of which were grown to the height of
colledlion of feeds and plants. eighteen feet ; but in the fevere winter 1 740, they
The Characters are. were all loft, and fince that time there has not been
It hath a cup-JImped empakmenty divided into five fegments any of the feeds brought to England, till tlie return
at the brim \ which turn backward^ and the empalement of Mr. Adanfon to Paris in 1754, who fent fome of
falls cff: the flower has five roundifhpetalsy tvhofe brims the feeds over here, which have fijcceeded, and many
are refiexed s at the tail of thefe are fituated many ftamina of the plants are now upv/ards of eight feet high.
'

joined in a tube^ which fpread Endifti

crowned by kidney-fijapedfummits. The germen is oval^ the plants.
fiyles erelong^ varioufiy intorted^ having many hairy ftigmc. The Characters are,
It hath a large Qvalligenoiis capfulc of ten cells filled with a tth male and female flowers upon differen t roots : t
farinaceous four pulp ^ inclofing many kidney fioaped feeds.
fl.owers have an empalement of one leaf cut into fi*
This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth feftion of ive fegments^ hut no corolla \ it hath many flender ft
Monodelphi fthe empalement y crowned by roundifljfui
lyandna, the flowers having many ftyl mits. male flowers have a fi' -^l

with the ftamina in one houfe. paUmnt

7 a I- .
 1

>

•
AD
J

^feem to be fmall, and of little beauty the fine branch-

a dijjj gcrmen with three Jhbri dhmcaled flylc. -,

each co incrleaves of the plant, hov/ever, make a very hand-

ma.
torn Jlignia. The capfuk hath^ three
i
cells,
'
fome? appearance in the ftove. The feeds are of a
ing one rctindijlo feed, _ ,

ranged by Dr. Linnasus, in Ihining black colour, and are fomewhat larger than
This genus of plants, is
"
his twenty-fecond clafs, which thofe of the great Lentil, and nearly of the fame fliape.
the twelfth feftion of
includes thofe wliich have male flowers on diftin£t
This plant muft be raifed on a hot-bed, and after-
whofeftaminajoinat theirbafc. wards placed in the bark-ftove with other tender
plants from tlic female,
exotics. '
^
The Species arc^
I. Adelia {Sernardia) foliis oblongis tomcntofis ferra- AD H AT O DA; See Just'^cia. .

tis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1473. Adelia with oblong, woolly, A D A N T H U M,

I Maidenhair. i. e.

fawed leaves.
"

- ".
The Characters are,

i, Adelia {Riclnella) foliis obovatis integerrimis. Lin. fhis genus is diftinguifloed from the other capilhiy plants

oval entire leaves. by the fruElification, being confufedly joined in oval fpots^
Sp. Plant. 1473. Adelia, with ^
-

Adelia [Acidoton) ramis flexuofis, fpinis gemmaceis. and the points of the leaves refiexed.
3.
Amoen. Acad. 5. 411. Adelia with flexible branches The Species are,
and prickly gems.
1. Adianthum {Capillus Veneris) iTond\h\x^ diQCOTTiY^o^i--

of Jamaica, tis foliis alternis pinnis cuneiformibus lobatis pedi-

Thcfe plants grow naturally in the idand
a-kin to the Ricinus, or Croton, but cellatis.Lin. Sp. Plant. 1096. The true Maidenhair.
and are near
the male flowers growing upon different plants from Adianthum foliis Coriandri. C. B. P._ 35^- , .

the female, has occafioned being ranged in a theii- 2. Adianthum {Pedatum) frondibus pedata foliolis pin-
clafs. Dr. Houfl:oun confl:ituted a genus of natis pinnis antice gibbis incifis fru£lificantibus. Lin.
diff'erent
of Bernardia, in honour to Dr. Ber- '
Sp. Plant. 1095. American Maidenhair. Adianthum
them by the title

nard de Juffieu, demonftrator of plants in the royal Americanum. Corn. Canad. 7. tab. 6.
Adianthum frondibus fupradecom-
{"Trapeziforme)
garden at Paris ^ but Dr. Linnceus has fixed the title 3.

Adelia to them. The plants are propagated by pofitis foliolis alternis, pinnis rhombeis incifis utrinque
of '

be procured from the countries fruftificationibus. Lin. Sp. Plant., 1097. The largeft
feeds, when thefe can ;

where they grow, for they do riot produce good feeds .

black Amaican Maidenhair with branchi?ig ftalks, and

in England, The feeds muft be fown upon a hot- leaves fhaped like the figure of a rhombus.

and when the plants are fit to re-

'
There are many^fpecies of this genus, which are
bed iiTthe foring,
move, they mould be each tranfplanted into a feparate natives of the Eaft and Weft-Indies, greathy dif-
fering in fize and form from each other. I have up-
fmall pot, filled with light earth, and plunged into a
hot-bed of tan, treating them in the fame manner as wards of thirty diftinft fpecies in my collection of
is hereafter directed for Croton. In the autumn, the dried plants, which to enumerate in, this place, would
pots fhould be plunged into the tan-bed in the ftove, be fuperfluous, as they have not been introduced into
where, if they are kept in a temperate heat in winter, the Englifli gardens. The three forts here mention-
ind riot over-watered during that feafon, the plants ed, are all that I have feen growing in England.

may be preferved, and the fummer following will pro- The firft fort is the true Maidenhair, which is directed
duce flowers i but as thefe have little beauty, the to be ufed in metiicine but as it does not grow natu- -,

plants at-e feldom propagated except in botanic rally in England, fo the Trichomanes is ufually fub-

gardens, fticuted for it, which grows in great plenty in feveral

ADENANTHERA. Prod. Leyd. 452. Baftard parts of England, The other is a native of the fouth
Flower-fferice. ' -- ^ ' '^
:: .' \\ :? of France, Italy, and tlie Levant, froir^ v/hence I
"" -'^," fiave received the plants. It ufually grows out of the '

The Characters are, '

/^ '
'

7'he e?npalement of the flower is of one leaf flightly cut joints of walls, and the fiflTures of rocks, fo that who-
ever inclinable to keep "this plant in their gardens,
into flve at the top { the flower is of the belUfloaped kind, is

and is compofed of five petals, and con- which are reflexed ftiould plant it in pots filled with gravel and lime
cave on their under fide. In the center isfttiiated an oblong rubbilh, in which it v/ill thrive much better than in

germen, fttpporting a ftyle crowned with afingle ftigma \

good earth ; but the pots muft be flieltered under a
this is attended by ten ere£f ftamina of the fame length, frame in winter, otherwife the plants are often killed
by the froft.
*

which arc crowned with roundifh fummits \ after theflower '

.
,

if paft, the germen

becomes a lonF compreffed pod, con- The fecond fort is often preferved in gardens for the
taining many convex fmooth feeds, paced at a difiancefrom fake of vane'ty this may be preferved in pots, and
-,

each other. . -
*
i •.
^
' ' treated in the fame manner as the former ; for altho'
Dr. Linfinsus ranges this genus of plants in the firft •
it will live through the winter in the open air in mode-

fedion of his tenth clafs, entitled Decandria mono- rate feafons, yet in fevcre froft it is fonietimes de-
gynia, the flowers having ten flamina and one ger- ftroyed. This grows 'naturally in Canada in fuch
men \ but he feparates it from the Poinciana, becaxife quantities, that the French fend it from thence in
the petals of the flower are equal, and the empale- package for other good?^, and the apothecaries at Paris
1

ment is of one leaf^ wfiereas the Poinciana hath a five ufe it for the Maidenhair, in all'ti^ircompofitions in
leaved empalement^ and the petals are unequal.^'' v/hich that is orfei^ed.' '
" •?;.
Adenanthera foliis decompofitis. Prod. Leyd. 462. The grows naturally in very warm coun-
third fprt
I received it from Jamaica in a tub of earth
'

Baftard Flower fence with decompounded leaves. tries -,

There is another fpecies,. or at leafl: a variety of this among otTier plants. This fort will not thrive in Eng-
kind, widi fcarlet feeds, which is "at prefent 'rare' in land, unlefs it be' preferved in a ft'ove, where its fiiin-
this country:. I received the feeds of it from India, I ing black ftalks and odd fhaped leaves will affbrd
from which many plants have been raifed, but they an agreeable variety among other exotic plants.
. are of very ftow growth in England. --_'•' ADNATA, ADNESCENTIA, are thofe ofi=^-

The fort here mendoned grdv/s to a very lai-ge free fefi, or fmall bulbs, which are produced frotn the
m its native country, but it is fo tender as to require roots of bulbous plants, and are clofely connefted to
a ftove to preferve it through the winter in England, the parent root of this ; fore is the Narcifilis, Amaryl-
fo "that there are no large plants in the Englifti gar- lis, Pancratium, &c. "
'
dens at prefent ^ the young plants which are notiViofe ADON D I I S R HO T I, i.e.. die gardens of Ado-
than two feet high, have large branching leaves, com- nis, are plants, flowers, &c. in pots or cafes, fet ot^
pofed of many equal divifions, garniftied with fmall the outfide of windows, in balconies, &c.
oval leaves, which are placed alternately on the mid- ADONIS, or FLOS AD ONI
S, Bird's-eye, or
rib, and are of a bright green colour. The ftems of Pheafant's-eye. . . ': -
""
the plants are woody, the bark of a brown colour, and The Characters are, '

the leaves continue all the year; but I have not feen The emp'alsment of the compofed of flve concave,
fl.ower is

any flowers produced in England as yet, but by fome obtufe, coloured leaves which fall off*, the flower is com-
dried famples wliich were Brought from India, they pofed in fome fpecies of flve petals ^ and in others of twelve
or
 ;

A D F
JE w

K.
In the center there are many germlna colk^ed the latter end of March, or the bcginnin'^^
its fl.owers
fair teen.
-johihare attended by a rreat number of Jhort of April, according to the forwardn^fs of the fcafon :
in a head^
\i
iflcxed ft ,ft.
the ifalks rife about a foot and a half high, and v/hen
the germina become fo many naked ft the roots are large, and have flood unremovetl for
flower is pafl^
the pedicle, and forming an chtufe fpi. fom-e years, they will put our a great number of fl:alks
cMeh adherinz to
by Dr. Linn<x^us ranged in the feventh from each t\\Q{c are garniflicd w^ith fine flcnder leaves,-
This genus
:
is

thirteenth clafs, entitled Polyandrla which are placed in clufl:ers at intervals. At the top
ieclion of liis

many ilaniina and many of each fcalk, is produced one large yellow flower,
Polyginia, the flowers having
aermnia.
compofcd of an unequal number of petals, the center
The Species are, of which is occupied by a great number of germen, J \

oftopctalis fruftibus furrounded by many flamina ; after tlie flowers drop,

A DON' IS {Annua) floribus
fubcylindrlcis. Hort. Upfal 156. The common Adonis, the germen become naked feeds, clofely adhering to
the foot-flalk, forming an obtufe fpikc. Thefe ripen
fmall red f
floribus pentapetalis fruftibus in AugLiit, and fliculd be fown loon after, otherwife
2. Adonis (^^ )

ovatis. with paleyello-w

ni:s flowers. Ado- they feldom fucceed.

nis Sylveitris Core luteo foliis longioribus. C. B. P. When the plants come up, they muil be carefully
kept clean from v/eeds, and, in very dry weather, if
17S. n r
they are now and then refreflicd with w^ater, it 'will
,

AnoNis {Vernalis) flore dodecapetalo, fruftu ovato.

3 promote their grov/th. They Ihould remain in th.e
Lin. Sp. Plant. 771. Perennial Adonis with yellow
titled fennel-leaved black Hellebore. Ado- place where they are fown until the fecond year, for
flo'wers, b\flome
nis Hellebon radice Buphdialmi flore. L. H. they make but flow progrefs while young. The belt
There a
isvariety of the firft fort, which hadi been time to tranfplant them is in autumn, when they ought \ '

cultivated in the gardens the flowers of this to I')e planted where they strc to remain, for if often
Ion?- -,

are1arp-cr, and the leaves fnorter, than thofe of the

removed, they w^ill not produce many flowers, nor
but, from many repeatedof fowing trials thofe flowers be fo ftrong as on the plants which are
wild fort ;

their feeds ieparately, they appear to be only acci- unremoved.

dental variations arifing from culture, and therefore A D O X A. Lin. Gen. 450. MofchatelHna. Tourn.
may be properly efl:eemed as fuch. Infl:. Tuberous Mofchatel, or Hollow Root. This
is ranged in Linnr^us'seighth clafs, entitled Cftan-
'
r

The fecond fort is undoubtedly a diftinft fpecies. I

dria Tetragynia, the flower having eight fl:amina and
I

have cultivated both thefe forts above thirty years, and ' ,

have never obferved the fecond to vary either in the four ftyles.

Ihape of its leaves, colour, iriake of the flower, or The CuARACTErvS are.
is bifid a"! d permanent., upon
o-rowth of the plants, which are much taller than the The empalemcnt of the fl.cwer

firft, the leaves thinner, fparingly fet on the ftalks,

zvhich refts the germen ; the flower of one leaf tvhich is
is

and of a lighter colour. cut into four acute fgments. The germen is fituated in
Both thefe forts are annual, and if the feeds are fjwn the center., fiippcr ting four ere£l ftyles., thefe are attended

in autumn, the plants will comxe up the following ly eight flamina.^ crowned by roundiflo fummits after the •,

fpring; but when the feeds are not fown till fpring, fl.owcr is paft.y the germen becomes a round berry., refting

they rarely come up the fame year fo that when the: en the empalement, which hath four cells, each containing

feeds are permitted to fall on the ground, they gene- a Jingle comprejfed feed.
rally fucceed better than when fown by art. The firfl; There is but one Species of this genU5.
fort grows naturally in kent, particularly by the fide Adoxa. Hort. ChiF. 152, Bulbous Fumitory Hollow Roolj
of the river Medway, between Rochefl:er and Maid- or tuberous Mofchatel. Radix cava minima viridi flore '^

ftone, where it is found in great plenty in the fields of Gerard. ^

, '

which are fown with w4ieat; but in the intermediate This plant grows naturally in fliady v/oods in divers
years when the fields are fown v/ith fpring corn, there parts of England I have frequently gathered it on
:

is rarely a plant of it to be found, which Ihews the ne- t!ie top of I-Ianipfl;ead amiong the bufhes, near the

ceflity of fowing the feeds in autumn, for thofe fields wood i it is a veiy low plant, feldom rifing more than
of fpring corn, if fufiered to remain undilurbed after four or five inches high, the leaves refemble thofe of the
the harved, will abound with this plant the follov/ing bulbous Fumitory, the flower-fl:alk arifes immediately
year. For fome years pad, great quantities of tiie from the root, upon the top of v/hich is placed four
flowers of this plant have been brought to London, or five fmall flowers of an herbaceous white colour;
and fold in the Ilreets by the name of Red Morocco. thefe appear the beginning of i\pril, and the berries
Both thefe annual forts flower In the beginning of June, ripen in May, foon after v/hich the leaves decay.
and the feeds ripen in Augufl: and September ^ this There is little beauty in this plant, but fome perfons
as

mufl; be underflood of tliofe plants wliich arife from are fond of collecting the feveral kinds of plants in
feeds fown in autumn, or fuch as hav£ fallen to the their gardens, which are not commonly found, it is
ground ; for when any plants come up from the feeds mentioned here. I'he roots may be tranfplantcd any
fjwn in the fpring (which fometimes happen) they do time after the leaves are, decayed, till winter; thefe
not flower till July or Augufl:, and their feeds feldom are tuberous, and fl^aped fomev/hat like a tooth.
ripen before Odober. They muil be planted in the fnade, under flarubs ;
Thefe plants will thrive befl: in a light foil, but may for if they are cxpofed to the open fun, they will not
be fown in any fituation, fo tliat by lowing fome in a thrive. The leaves and flowers fmell iike Mufl<, from
warnifituation, and others in the Ihade, they may be whence it has been byfome called Mufl^-Crowfoot.
continued longer in flower. The feeds ou^ht to be yEGILOPS, Wild Feftuc, a fort of grafs which grows
fown w^liere the plants are to remain to flower, for naturally in many parts of Europe, fo is rarely culti-
they do not bear tranfplanting, efpecially if they are vated except in botanic gardens.
not removed while the plants are very young there- : iEGOPODIUM, Small Wild Angelica, or Goutv/ort
fore they fiiould be fown in flnall patches in the bor- this plant grows naturally in feveral places near Lon-
ders of the flower garden, and when the plants come don, but the roots run fo fall in a garden, as to ren-
up, they fnould be thinned, leaving three or four in der it a troublefome v/eed.
each patch, which will make a better appearance dian 3i S C H N M N
y O £ E. Lin. Gen. Plant. y6c). Baf-
where they grow Angle. tard Senfltive plant.
The third fort hath a perenn This aenus of plants is ranged f
of in the third fcction

fl-alk. This grows naturally on the mountains of Bo- Linna;:us^s feve nteenth clafs, entitled Diadclphia de-
hemia, Pruflla, and other parts of Germany, w^here ca ndn the flowers of this clafs have ten fl:amina>
the root is often ufcd as the true Black Hellebore, nine of which are united, and the other is feparate,
though from the defcriptions given by the antients of '

The Characters arc,

that plant, this by tig means will agree with them : The mpalement of the fewer ccnffts of one leaf cut ^

this has b.en long cultivated in gardens. It produces into twl equal fegmcnts, the upper being bifid, and the
D lower
 ;

JE JE
ibivcr trijid\ of tht hutterfiy kind^ theftan-
thefloiver is arc garnifhed with fmooth leaves, compofed of many
dard being large and Jheart-jhaped \ the two wings are blunt pinnas, fet by oppofite pairs the flowers, which
•,

o'vai^ and porter than the Jlandafd\ the keel is moon- are fmall, and of a deep yellow colour, come out
Jhaped^ and as long as the jlaMard. In the bottom of the from the wings of the leaves in long fpikes, which
flower is fituatcd an oblong hairy germen^ fupporting an hang downward. After the flower is paft, the germen
arched Jlyle^ attended by tenftamina^ nine of which coa- becomes a taper-pointed fmooth pod, not jointed.
lefce^ and the other is feparated from them \ after the The fifth fort about three feet high, with a An-
riles

flower is paft^ the germen becomes a long^ plain^ jointed gle herbaceous ftalk, feldom putting out any fide
pody which feparates at the joints^ in each of which is lodged branches. The flowers come our from the wings of
one kidney-Jhaped feed;, the leaves, fometimes fingle, and other times two or
The Species are, three upon each foot-fl:alk thefe are fmall, and of a
-,

1. ^scHYNOMENE {Afpero) caule fcabrolegviminum ar- pale ydlow colour. After the flower is pafl:, the ger-
ticulis medio. Icabris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 713. Baftard men becomes a long falcated pod, divided into elevenj
Senfttive plant with a rough Jlalk, and a jointed pod. or thirteen partitions, each containing f. fingle kidney-
Mimofa non fpinofa major Zelanica. Breyn. Cent. 51. leaped feed.
t, ^scHYNOMENE {Americana) caule herbaceo hilpido, The' fixth fort rifes fix or eight feet high, with a
foliolis acuminatis, leguminum articulis femicordatis, woody fl:em, fending out branches towards the top,
brafleis ciliatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1061. Bajlard Senft- garniflied with obtufe leaves the flowers are large,
-,

tive plant with a flinging herbaceous ftalk^ pointed leaves^ yellow, and fiicceeded by large pods, including
and the joints of the pods heart-fhaped. Hedyfarum caule kidney-fliaped feeds'.
hirfu'to mimofc foliis alatis, pinnis acutis minimis gra- ,
The firfl:, third, and fourth forts, will live through
mineis. Sloan* Cat. Jam. i
H
the winter in England, if placed in a warm ft:ove
I

^, iEscHYNOj^ENE {Ayloreo) caule tevi arboreo legu- but as their fl:alks are fucculent, they mufl; be kept
minum articulis femicordatis glabris. Prod. Leyd. I

dry' in' winter, otherwife they are very fubjeft to rot.

384. Baftard Senjitive plant with a fmooth tree-like ftalk^ They be plunged into the tan-bed, for when
fliould
and fmooth jointed pods, Sefban caule firhplici glabro, put into a diy fl:ove, the fibres of their roots foon
foliis pinnatis glabris, Monier. grow dry,and their leaves hang and fade, which
4. /EscHYNOMENE (Sefban) caule herbaceo tevi, folio- ftiews their want of moiflrure ; but when they have
lis obtufis, leguminibus cylindricis asqualibus. Lin. water given them, it caufes the tender fibres of their
Sp. Plant. 1 061 . Baftard Senfitive plant with a fmooth roots to perifli, and the plants foon after decay.
ftalk, obtiife leaves y and equal cylindrical pods. Galega The fifth fort is annual, therefore the feeds fliould be
,, Egyptiaca C. B. P. 352.
filiquis articulatis. fown early in March on a hot-bed, and the plants
5. ^scHYNOMENE (Pumtla) caulc herbaceo lasvi, folio- ftiould be brought forward in the ^ring, and after-
lis acuminatis, leguminibus hinc ferratis medio fca- wards placed in an airy glafs-cafe, or a fliove in fum-
bris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1061. Baftard Senfttive plants mer, for if they are expofed to the open air, the feeds
with a fmooth herbaceous ftalky pointed leaves^ and fer~ rarely ripen in England.
rated rough pods, Hedyfarum an'puum minus Zeyla- The fi^xth fort grows to a large flirub in hot countries,
. nicum mimofse foliis. Inft. R. H. 462. but is with difficulty preferved through the winter in
6. -ffiiscHYNOMENE {Grandtflora) caule arboreo, fforibus this country. The plants ar'e propagated by feeds,
maximis, leguminibus filiformibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. which rhuft: be fown on a hot-bed in the fpring, and
1060. Baftard Senjitive plant with a tree-like ftalk^ the plants, when fit to remove, fliould be planted in
large flowers^ and Jlender pods, Galegae affinis mala- pots, and brought forward on a hot-bed, then fliould
barica arborefcens, filiquis friajoribus umbellatis. Rail be plunged into the bark-bed in the fl:ove, where, if
Hift. 1734- :
- they are tenderly treated, they will live through the
.

The firfl fort rifes to the height of four or five feet, winter, and flower the fummer following.
*

having a fingle herbaceous which is in fome

Italk, Tfiefe are all propagated by feeds, which fliould be
parts rough, The leaves come out on every fide to- fown on a hot-bed early in the fpring, and when the
ward the top, forming a fort of head j thefe are plants have ftrength enough to be removed, they
compofed of a great number of fmall leaves (or pin- fliould be put each into a feparate fmall pot, filled
nae) which are fmooth, and of a glaucous colour. with light earth, and plunged into a frefli hot-bed, to
The flowers come out from between th^ leaves, two bring them forward ; and as they advance in their
or three togetlier upon long foot-ftalks; they are growth, they fliould be fiiifted into large pots, but
yellow, and lliaped like tKofe of Peafe. After the great care fliould be taken not to over-pot them, for
flower is pad, the germen beconies a flat jointed jpod, if the pots are too large, the plants will not thrive.
^bout four inches long, which, when ripe, parts at The $rfl;, fecond, and fifth forts are annual, there-
the joints, and in each divifion is lodged a fingle kid- fore mufl be brought forward early in the year, other-
'

ney-fliaped feed. , wife thejr will not perfeft their feeds-, but the third,
The fecond fort feldom rifes more than two feet high, fourth, and fixth forts may be preferved through the
but fends out three or four lateral branches : thefe arc winter, and will flower early the following fumm.er,and
clothed with narrow winged leaves, whcfe pinnas are their feeds will ripen iii the autumrt. The other forts
placed alternate on the midrib. The flowers come ufually flower in July, and their feeds ripen in October,
out from the leaves upon branching foot-ftalks, five LS S C U L U S. Lin. Gen. 420. The Horfe Cheftnut.
or fix together thefe are much lefs than thofe of the
-,
^The Characters are,
firfl fort, and of a paler yellow colour. After the The empalement of the flower cdnfifts of one leaf^ ftightly
flowers are paft:, the germen becomes a jointed pod, cut into five fegments. The flower is cQmpofed of five
having three or four fwelling divifions, in each of roundifh petals^ folded at their border ^ and waved \ thefe
which is lodged a fingle kidney-fliaped feed. are narrow at their hafe^ and are inferted in the empale-
The third fort grows to the height of fix or feven feet, ment. In the center is placed a rouHdiftj germen^ having
. with a fingle ftem ; the leaves are fmooth, and come a fingle ftyle^ crowned
with a pointed fligma^ at-
out towards the top of the ftalk, as in the firft fort tended by feven flaminay which extend to the length of the
they are compofed of many pinn^, placed alternate petals^ and arc declining^ crowned with upright fummits.
on the midrib. The flowers come out from the When the flower is paft, the empaleinent becoraes a thick,
wings of the leaves, two or three together, being of roundifh, echinated capfule, opening into three cells, in one
a copper colour, and as large as thofe of the firft fort. or two of which are lodged globular feeds.
After the flowers are paft, the germen becomes a This genus of plant's, is, by Dr. Linnaeus; ranged in
fmooth jointed pod, each divifion being half heart- his feventh clafs, entitled Heptahdria Monogynia, the
ftiapcd, and inclofing a fingle kidncy-ftiaped feed. flower having feven ftamina and one fl:yle.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Egypt, and alfo The Species are,
on the coafl of Guinea, from whence I received the I. JE'scuLiJS {Hipp oc aft aiium) floribiis lieptahHriis. Hort.
feeds. This hath woody ftenis and branches, which Upfal. 52. The ioMnon Horfe Cheftnm, Hippocafta-
7 num
 ; .

JE JE
num vulgarc. Tourn. Inft. Caftanea cqulnl. Cluf. fider how much fafl:er a young tree will grow, than
Iliil. I. thofe whicli are removed at a greater age, there can
P I

^liscuLus [Pavia) floribus oftandris. Lin. Sp, 488. be no excufe for planting large trees.
Scarlet HorjC Ch.^finut. Pavia. Bocrh. Ind. Ale. 2. p. 260.' This tree is not very nice in its culture, for it requires -,

'J^hc liorfe Chcftnut was brought from the northern litde care in the management, and will thrive in n:iGft
partsof Afia about the year 1550, and was fent to foils and fituations, but in a fandy loam they rnalLc

Vienna about the year 15S8. It was called Caftanea the grcateft progrefs and if the foil be inclmin^
; gto
from the fhape of its fruit, and the title of Equini was moiiture, tlie leaves will condnue in verdure much
added to it from its being a good food for horfes longer, than in very dry ground.
wli("n ground. When thefe trees arc tranlplanted, their roots fiiould
1 ills tree was in much greater efleem formerly than be preferved as entire as poffible, for they d.o not iuc-
at pi dent, for fince it is become very common, few
fo ceed well, when torn or cut; nor fliould any of the
pencMs regard it. What has occafioned its bfing fo branches be fliortened, for there is fcarce any tree,
feldom planted, is the decay of the leaves early in which will not bear amputation better than this fo ;
.. <

fummer-, fo that where they are growing in gardens, that when any branches are by accident broken, they
their leaves frequently begin to fall in July, and occa- ftiould be cut oflT clofe to the ftem, that the wound s

fion a litter from that time, until all the leaves may heal over.
are fallen but notwithftanding this inconvenience,
\ There isfomething very Angular in the growth of
the tree has great merit, for it aftbrds a noble fhade thefe trees, which is the v/hole fnoot being performed
> <

in fummer; and during the time of its flowering, there in lefs than three weeks, after the bads are opened

is no tree has greater beauty, for the extremity of the in which time I have meafured flioots a foot and a half
branches are terminated by fine fpikes of flowers, fo long, with tlieir leaves fully expanded and no fooner
:

that every part of the tree feems covered with them •, are the flowers fallen, than the buds for the fucceeding
which are finely fpotted with a rofc colour, and thefe year are formed, which continue fwclUng till autumn-,
being intermixed with the green leaves make a noble at which time the folding covers are fpread over >vith ' T

appearance. a thick tenacious juice, which ferves as a pigment to

The former method of planting thefe tre<.'S in avenues defend the tender buds from the frcft and rain in
and ilrait lines, has alio been in fome meafure the winter; but upon the firft return of v/armth in the
cccafion of their prefent difrepute, becaufe in fuch fpring, this melts and runs whereby the bud is at
ofi\>

plantations great part of their beauty is loll-, for when full hberty to extend. And what is remarkable in f

their branches are fo far extended as to nearly meet, this pigment, it is never fo far hardened as to injure
moft: of the flowers which are produced are hid from the tender buds, which are always form.ed at tlie ex- 1,

t
I
V
fight, and as the trees grow larger, their branches tremity of the former year's flioot ; a plain diretflion
will interfere with each other, and produce few flow- not to fliorten them, for by fo doing, the future flioots
ers ; the leaves will alfo decay much fooner in clofe are entirely cut off.
-1

plantations, than on fingle trees therefore the great

: In Turkey the nuts of this tree are ground, and mixed
beauty of them is, to ftand fingly at a diftance from with the provender for their horfes, efpecially thofc
f

all other trees, upon lawns of grafs in parks, where which are troubled with coughs, or are broken vrinded; ."
.
(

their fruit will be of great fervice to deer, who are In both which diforders, they are accounted very *

very fond of them. In fuch fituations, when the trees good. Deer are very fond or the fruit, and at the
•
V,
'

are grown to a good fize, there is not a finer obje6l time of their ripening will keep much 2,bout the trees,
than they will affbrd during their feafon of flowering, but efpecially in fcrong winds, when the nuts are
which is in May, and when the weather is moderate, blown down, which they carefully watch, and greedily
they will continue in beauty near a month. devour as they fall.
As this tree is quick in its growth, fo in a few years There are fome old trees now fl:andinp^, v/liich were
they will arrive to a fize large enough to afford a good planted fingle, at a great difl;ance from any other
y
Ihade in fummer, as alfo to produce plenty of flowers.
;

'-^
thefe are grown to a very large fize, and their heads
I have known trees v/hich were railed from nuts, in form a natural parabola, and when their fiov/ers are
twelve or fourteen years, large enough to fliade two in full beauty, there is not any tree yet knov/n in
< t

ox three chairs under the fprcad of their branches, and Europe, v/hich makes fo fine an appearance. I have
have been covered with flowers in the feafon, fo that meafured fome of thefe trees, whole branches have
few trees make greater progrefs than thefe. But as extended more than thirty feet in diameter, and their
- .'1

their wood is of little value, the trees fl:iould not be heads have been fo clofe, as to afford a perfect fiiade
propagated in too great plenty a few therefore of : in the hotteft feafon s. Thefe were planned in 1679,
them placed at proper diftances in parks for ornament as appears by fome writings which are in the poffeffion
Kl

is as many as flioyld be preferved, the wood not of the perfons, who have now the property of the
being
fit even for burning, nor any other ufe that I know
of. land where they grow fo that although they are of
:

Theie trees are propagated by fowjng the nuts ; the quick growth, yet they are not of /hort duration.
beft time for doing this is early in the fpring but the ; The Scarlet Hoife Cheftnut grows n;.turally in North
nuts ftiould be preferved in fand during the winter, America, where it riles to the height of tv/enty feet,
otherwife they are apt to grow mouldy and rot. They but does not Ipread its branches to any great extent,
may indeed be planted in autumn, but then they will the flowers are whcUy red, which arc much fmaller
be in danger of rotting if the winter fliould prove very than thofe of the common fort, they are tubulous,
wet, as alfo of being removed or eaten by vermin. but want brims to expand, fo make but an indifferent
Wh appearance, when compared to the odier however :

ftioot for variety this fliould have a place in gardens.

where they erow pretty clofe together, it will be pro- It may be propagated by the nuts, if they are pro-
per to transplant them the following autumn, when cured from the country where the trees naturally
they ought to be planted in rows at three feet difl:ance, grow; for the feafons are fddom favourable enough
and one toot afundei- in the rows in this nurfery they ; to ripen them in England. The nuts fliouki be Ibwn
may remain two years, by which time they wiirbe fit in pots early in the fpring, and the pots plunged into
to plant where they are defigned to be continued; for a m.oderate hot-bed to forv/ard their grovvtii ; toward ',

the younger thefe trees are planted out, the larger the end of May, the pot fliould be plunged into the
they \yill grow. But there are many who will objecl: ground in a fouth-eafl: border, and in dry weather the
to their being planted out young in parks, becaufe plants fliould be duly watered, v/hereby they will ac-
they will require a fence to fecure them againft the quire fl:rength by the autumn ; when it v/ill be very
cattle-, which be neceflfary, whatever fize
will alfo proper to fcreen the plants from early frolb vvhxa
they are wlien planted; and if large, they mufl: be often pinch the top buds, and occafion their dccav in
well fl:aked to prevent their being difplaced by ftrong ---^,
the winter, for while the plants are young tlicy are T

winds which is another expence, and when we con-

: impadent of frofts> bu; >>'hen they have obtained f

ilrcni?ih -i
 G A A G A
fcklom' luirts them the fpring following Vera Cruz. Aloe Americana ex Vera Cruce foliis
ftrength it :

angullioribus minus glaucis. Hort. Beam.

the j^iants Hiould be -carefully fcparaied and planted
The here mentioned, has been long pre-
firll fort
a foot diitance from each other in a (liekcred fitv/ation-,
ferved in the EngliQi gardens, where of late years
and the folbv/ihg whiter, if it proves cold, ic will^be
with fome light covering there have been feveral of the plants in flov/cr. The
proper to cover \he plr.nts
fecoad winter they will re- fl:cms of this when the plants arc vigorous, generally
to protect tliem ; aficr tlve
rife upward of twenty feet high, and branch out on
quire no fartlier fneliering.
every fide, fo as to form a kind of pyramid, the flen-
The common n^.ethod now praftifed by the nurfery-
by grart- der Ihoots being garnillicd with greenilh yellow flow-
men, who propagate thefe trees for lale, is

ers, which Hand e7eft, and come out in thick cluflers

ing or budding them upon flocks of the Horfc Chcil-
every joinc. Thefe have fix long (lamina, crown-
nut, but as the (locks greatly out-grov/ the buds or
at

grafts, they have a bad appearance ; nor do the

ed with yellow fummits, placed round the fl:yle, which
is alfo extended to the fame length as the fl:amina.
trees laft long.
^THER ^. ^ , . ^
After the flowers fall away, the germen, which is fi-
tuated beneath the flower, becomes an oblong trian-
the antlcnts having fuppofed it to be ot the nature or
It is ufaalfy underllood to be a thin fubtile
gular veflel, divided into three cells, filled with com-
fire.]
medium, much finer and rarer than air it- prefied feeds i but thefe do not come to maturity in
matter or
which commences from the limits of tlic at- England.
felf,
mofphere, and poiTelTes the whole heavenly ipace. When thefe plants flower, they a fine appear- make
ance, and continue a long time in beauty, if they are
See Atmosphere and Air.
protcfted from the cold in autumn, as there will be a
AG AVE, Lin. Gen. 390. American Aloe.
fucceflion of new flowers produced, for near three
The Characters are,

Ti'hs flower has no empak'menty is fiuin^u-juci-^c.^-, a/iu uj

r months, in favourable feafons. It has been generally
believed, that this plant doth not flower un:il it is^ a
cm leaf^ ivhich is cut at the brim in-ojlx equal fegracnts;
the cbbng germen is fituated below the flower^ upon which
hundred years old ; but this i> a great miftake, fur the
the which is extended a onfhier able length time of its flowering depends on the growth of the
refts flendcr ftyle^
beycndtbepetci^, and is crowned ty a three cornered jligma. plants-, fo that in huL counines wacrc Ui^; gt-u-^' fafl:,
and expand many leaves every fcafon, they wdl flower
"This is attended by fix ere^i ftamina, of the fame length,
fummits; after the fl( in a fcv/ years, but in colder climates, where tlieir

iblcno- three cornered fe effe

growth is flow, it will be much longer before they
feeds Ihoot up their fl:em. There is a variety of t'f'; fort
with llripcd leaves, which is now pretty common in
Dr. Linnxus has feparated the plants of this genu-.
from the Aloe, to which they had been joined by for- the Englifli gardens, .
•-

mer botanifts, becaufe the llamina and ftyle in thefe The plants of the fecond fort are fo like thofe of the

flov.'crs are extended much longer than the corolla,

firfl:, as not to be difl:inguiflied from them, bui by
and the corolla reft upon the germen, which in the good judges. The
principal diEf-rcncc 1:., taeiea..:s

Aloe are not fo. We may

mention another diffe-
alfo of this are narrower toward their extremity, and ot a
do not rife fo high
the ftems of this fort
rence in the growth of the plants, by which they may paler colour :

as the firfl:, nor do they branch in the fame manner,

be diftinguiflied before they flower ; which is, all the
plants of this genus have their center leaves clofely but the flowers are coUefted into a clofe head at the r

folding over each other, and embracing the flower top, they are hov/ever of the fame fhape and colou.r.

Hem which is formed in the center-, fo that thefe never There has been three or four plants of this fort, which
flower until all the leaves are expanded, to give the have lately flowered in England, one of which wa^i m
flem its liberty to advance, and wlien the flower is the Chelfea garden a few years pafl:. I'his fort fcldom

pall, the plants die. Whereas the flower-dem of the puts out fo many offsets as the common Aloe.
Aloe, is produced on one fide of the heart or center The feventh fort greatly refembles thefe,_fo that many
perfons have fuppofed it to be the fame but the
of the plant, fo they flower annually, and the leaves
•,

are always more expanded, than thofe of this genus. leaves of this are much thinner, the indentures on
The SrrciES are, their edges abundantly clofer, and notfo deep, as in

either of the former the fpines too are blacker.

I. Agave {Americana) foliis dentato-fpinofis fcapo ra- \

mofo. Gen. Nov. 1102. I'he Great Ameri- an Aloe^ Plow this differs from the others in flower I know not,

ith a branchinz ftalL Aloe Americano muricata. having feen none of their flowers produced inEngland,
Theie three forts are hardy. 1 have known plants of
J
2. Agave (Virginia) foliis dentatofpinofls fcapo fim- the firfl; fort live in the open air for fome years in mild
phciflimo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 323. American Aloe with a feafons, but in fevere winters they are always killed,

fnnple ftalk. if not flieltered. They are propagated by offsets,

3. Agave {F(vtida) foliis integerrimis. Gen. Nov. Sp. which the firfl: fort iends out in p.ency, but the third
PI. 323. American Aloe with ft iff whole leaves. Aloe feldom puts out any fo thefe may be increafed by
•,

Americana viridi rigidifllmo & foetido folio piet difta taking ofl'fome of the larger roots, at the time when
indigenis. Horc. Amfl;. 2. p. 35. the plants are fnifced, planting them in pots filled
"
Agave {Tuberofa) radice tuberosa foliis with light fandy earth, which will flioot out and be-
4. loi
J
marginibus fpinofis. American Aloe^ with a tuberous root come good plants, as I have experienced. The fe-
Aloe cond puts out fuckers enough for pro-
fort generally
fP^
Americana radice tuberosa minor. Pluk. Aim. 19. pasation, though liot in fo great plenty as the firft.
5. Agave {Vivipara) foliis reflexis, marginibus denta- AlT thefe fliould be planted in pots filled with light
tis. Americmi Aloe with whofe edges are
refiexed leaves^ fandy earth, and houfed in v/inter wdth oranges, myr-
indented. This is by fome called the Childing Aloe, tles, &c. and during that feafon, have but lit- fliould

from its producing young plants after the flowers. tle wet. In th.e fummer they mufl: be placed abroad
Aloe Americana ibbolifera. Herm. H. Ludg. 16. in the open air, where tliLcy may remain till toward

6. Agave {Karatto) foliis crectis la:te virentibus, mar- the end of October, when they fliould be houfed
ginibus fuicis minime fcrratis. American Aloe with again. The feventh fort bcinga little tenderer than the
long deep green leaves^ edged with brcwn^ and very flight ly oiher two, fliould be put into the green-houfe before
flawed. This is called in America Karatto. them, and may fl:ay there a little longer in the fpring.
7. Agave' (Vera Cruz) foliis oblongis marginibus fpino- The third fort hath long narrow ilitf leaves, of a pale
fillimis nigricantibu-1. American Aloe with cblong leaves^ green colour, not indented on their edges, but tre-
wbcfe edges are clofely bcfet with black fpincs^ commonly quently a little waved the fide leaves fprcad open,
:

called Broad leaved Aloe from Vera Cruz. Aloe America- but thofe in the center fold clofely over each other,
na ex Vera Cruce foliis latioribus &glaucis. H. L. and llridly furround the bud. The plants of this fort
S. /iGAV;'. (.'V.'-'/ii:) foliis lineai-i-lanceolatis integerrimis rarely grow more than three feet high, but the flower-
ri;.ridis aculeo t';rminatis. Narrow-leaved Aloe from fl:em rifes near twenty, and branches out much like
thac
 .^r. r.^>

- *
G A G F h

that of the but more horizontally

firll, the ilower which Is as often as^ necefTary for if they have
^ is ^^^.,^, ; much
are of the fame flmpe, but fmaller, and of a greener I water given them, it rots their roots/rnVX^'thei^
colour. After the flowers are paft, inftead of feed- leaves w.ill decay and inicfts infefl: them. They
fliould
velTels, young plants fucceed to every flower, fo that be ftiifted every llimmer into frefli earth, but / •

mull I

^-\

all the branches are clofely befet with them, There not be put into lai-ge pots; for unlefs their roots
are
v/as a plant of this kind which flowered in the Chelfea confined, the plants will not thrive.
garden 1755, the fl:cm of which begun to flioot the GERATUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 842. Eaftard h I

beginning of October, and by the end of that month I-Iemp Agrimony. »,

was upwards often feet high, by the end of Novem- The Characters are, JT

ber it was near twenty, and the lower lateral brandies

/
v/ere upward of four feet long, the others decreafinj^ ofed of many ft 'Theft
form a regular })yramid. In De-
gradually, fo as to form^ tiibidous^ and
cember the ftalks were clofely garniflied widi flowers, the empalement^ each tat their margin into
fi
and in the Ipring, wlicn the flowers dropped olf, they fegmentSy which fpread Thefe have five flender ft. ,^

were fucceeded by young plants, which as they fell mina. crowned with c\
ofi^' and dropped into the pots which flood near, put the flower an oblong germcn^ fupportin^
is fittiated
i
afl-.
out rjots and become good plants. This fort never der ftyle^ crowned by two fine ft a
iftcy
produces ofi^'sets from the root, fo that it cannot be in- ngular feed^ crowi
creafed but wheA it flowers, at which time there will
five 'narrow fegra^
be plenty enough. The old plant prefently after fpread open, He of the feed is
ft
dies. and convex.
The fourth fort hath leaves fomev/hat like the third This genus of plants by Dr. Linn^us rano-ed in
is
"

r-
h
< r
- --

in fliape and colour, but they are indented on their his feventeenth clafs, entitled Syngenefia polygamda ^-
edges, and each indenture terminates in a fpine-, the qualis, the flowers having dieir flamina joined together
root of tliis fort is thick, and fwells jufl: above the fur- in a cylinder, and there being male, female, and her-
face of the ground, in other refpects it agrees with maphrodite florets included in the fame common em-
the fonmer. This fort hath not flowered in Eno-hnd, L -J '
palement. ; t^
m -m

therefore I cannot tell how it differs in its flov/ers from The SprciKS are, * -

the other. I have raifed this from feeds which v/ere AcERATUM {Conyzoides)
1. foliis ovatis caule pilofo. Lin."
fent me from America, but the plants never put out «.

Baftard with oval

fuckei's from the roots, fo that it can only be propa- •f
ftalk.
gated by feeds. Dr. Linn^us fuppofes it to be the num fenecionis facie folio lamii. Herni. Pars 161. -.'
^

fame with the third fpecies, but v/hoever fees the plants \
uft. foliis oppofitis petiolatis
will not doubt of their being difl^erent. crenatis, Baftard Hemp Agrimony^ with
caule hiiiuto.
The fifth fort never grows to a large fize the leaves i leaves having long foot ftalks placed oppofite^ whofe edges -I

of it are feldom more than a foot and a half long, and are bluntly indented^ and a hairy ft alL Eupatoriuni ' ' I

about two inches and a half broad at their bafe ; thefe herbaceum' meliflfas 'folio villofum flore coeruleo.
end in aflender fpine, being flightly indented on their Houfl. MSS. .. '
-
. L

edges ; they are alfo reflexed backward toward their 3 Ageratum {Altiffimuni) foliis ovato cordatis rugofis h ,

extremity, and are of ot a dark green colour. The floralibus alternis, caule glabro. Lin. Sp. Plant. 839. -^

flower-Hem rifes about twelve feet high, and branches Baftard Hemp Arr heart-fh
out toward the top in the fame manner as the third
flower branches growing alternate^ and a [7
fort ; the flowers are nearly of the fame flze arid co-
flalL *
lour as thofe of the third, and after they fall off^, are H. l;
,.

.>
'.

f <

fucceeded by young plants in the fame manner. A The two firft are annual plants. The feeds of thefe t

plant of this kind flowered in the garden at Chelfea, muft be fown on a hot-bed in the fpring, and when
in December 1 754. This never produces any fuckers the plants are come up and are flrong enough to re-
from the root, fo cannot be increafed until it flowers. move, they fliould be tranfplanted into another >
^

mo- *

l^he leaves of the fixth fort are from two feet and a derate hot-bed, obferving to water and fiiade them 1 -

half to three feet long, and about three inches broad, until theyhave taken root, after wliich time they muft
being of a dark green colour, ending in a black fpine have a good fhare of air in warm weather. In June
;
the borders of the knaves are of a brownifli red colour,
they fliould be" inured to bear the open air, toward
and nightly ferratcd. Thefe fliand m.ore ereft than in the middle of which montli, they may be tranfplanted
the other fpecles but as this fort hath not flowered
;
into the full ground, where they will begin to flower 4

in England, fo I cannot fay how it difi^ers from

the in July, and continue flowering till the frofts in au-
other. The plants of it were fent me from St. Chrif-
tumn defl:roy them. The feeds ripen in September
topher's, by the title of Koratto, which I fuppofe is
and 06lober, and when any of them fcatter upon the
given indifferently to odier fpecies of this genus for ground^ and the fame earth happens to be put oh a
; I

I have frequently heard the inhabitants of America

hot^bed the following fpring, the plants will come up
call the common great Aloe by the fame name. in great plenty, as they frequently do in the open air ;
F I

The eighth fort hath long, narrow, fl:ifi^ leaves, which but tliefe plants will be too late to produce good feeds, i .

are entire, and are terminated by a black fpine.

ftift^ unlefs the fummer proves warm. The firft; fort grows
Thefe leaves are feldom more than two feet lono-, and naturally in Africa, and alfo in the iflands of Ameri-
little more than an inch broad, being of a glaucous
\

ca J for in tubs of earth which I received with plants

colour. The fide leaves
almoft horizontally,
fliand from J " ' ' '

but the center leaves arc folded over each other, and
plenty of the plants arife, from feeds which were fcat- .
J

inclofe the flower-bud. This fort never puts out tered on the ground. The fecond fort was found
fuckers from the root, nor have I (t:en any* plants of
growing naturally at La Vera Cruz, by the late Dr. r 1

this kind although there are many of tliem

in flower, William Houflroun, who fent the feeds to Europe,
in the Englifli gardens, fome of which are of a con-
which have fo well fucceeded in many gardens, as to
fiderable ap*e.
become a weed in the hot-beis,' There is a variety
The third, fourth, fifth, fixth, and eighth forts, are : of this with white flowers, which arifes from the fame
much tenderer than the others, fo cannot be preferved feeds.
througli the winter in England, unlefs they are placed
The diird fort grows naturally in North America, but
in a vvarm flove ; nor will they thrive if
fet abroad in has been many
years an inhabitant of the Enghfli gar-
fummer, therefore they ftiould confl:antly remain in dens. This hath a perennial root and an annual fl;alk ; J*

the fl:ove, obferving to let them enjoy a great

of fliare theftalks will grow five or fix feet liigh, andtoward dieir '.>'
free^air in^warm weather. They require alight
fandy tops put out fide branches : the leaves arc fhaped like
earth, and fliould have little wet in winter;
but in a heart. At the ends of tlie fiioots the flowers are pro-
warm weather, may be gently watered twice a week,
^

duced In large tufts, which are of a pure white j and

E thefe 1
»

-h-
 A G
tKcfe appearing in Oftober, at a fedfon when tlierc is a which is a very good beverage for perfons in a fever,
in which diforder I have known it often prefcribed by
fcarcity of other flowers, renders it more valuable.
This fort is propagated by feeds, as alfo by partin or good phyficians.
of the roots ^ the latter method is commonly pradifed The fourth fort is of humble growth, feldom rifing
above two feet high the pinnae of its leaves are
in England, becaufe there are few autumns fo
favour- •

but the feeds are frequent-

able as to ripen the feeds :
longer and narrower than either of the former, and

ly brought from North America, where this plant is the fpikes of flowers very fliort and thick. The roots
very common ; for being light, they are eafily wafted of this are very thick, and fpread widely under ground^
about to a great diftance, where they come to matu- by which it multiplies fafter than either of the other -,

fo that where there are any plants growing, all the feeds are alfo much larger and rougher than thofe
rity •,

the adjoining land is filled with the feeds of them. of the common fort. This was fent by Dr. Tourne-
tranfplahting the roots fort to the royal garden at Paris, and from thence the
.
The bed time for plandng and
other botanic gardens have been fupplied with them.
of this plant, is in autumn, foon atter their ftalks de-
cay, that they may have good root before the drying The greatly refembles the other in the ihape
fifth fort
of pinnae (or fmaller leaves) but there are but three
winds come on, otherwife they will not flower flrong, its

upon each the flower of this hath a double

foot-flalk
or make a good increafe. The roots ihould be allowed j

three feet room every way, for as they fpread and in-
empalement, the outer one being fringed. There
creafe very much, fo when they are cramped for are but feven or eight ftamina in each flower, and the

room, the plants ftarve, and in dry feafons their leaves feeds are fmooth, for which reafon Fabius Columna,

will hang. They a rich moiflifoil and open

deligrht in and other writers on botany, have feparated it from
fituation,wherethey willproduce manyflalks fromeach the Agrimony, making it a diftinft genus.

root, which will grow {6 large as to form aconfiderable All thefe forts are hardy perennial plants, which will
brufli. This plant will bear the feverefl cold in winter. thrive in ahiiofl: any foil or fituation, and require no

A G E R AT U M, or MAUDLIN. See Achillea. other care but to keep them clear from weeds. They
AGERATUMPURPUREUM. See Erinus. may be propagated by parting of their roots, which
AGNUS CASTUS. See Vitex, ;
• fhould be done in autumn, when their leaves begin
to decay, that the plants may be well eftgibliflied be-
A G R I F O L U M. I See Ilex.
AG RIM ON I A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 534. Agrimony. fore the fpring. They Ihould not be planted nearer
The Characters are, ^
,
-
than two feet, that their roots may have room to
^

The empalement of the flower is of_ one leaf which is cut fpread. They maybe propagated by feeds, which
alfo
Ji,^/. fm0 nnitQ f'eznients^ and rejls on the germen. The Ihould be fown in autumn, for if they are kept out of
the ground till fpring, they feldom come up the fame
flower has fi'
zfe feafon.

infertcd in the empalement. In the center a rfe GROSTEMMA. Li Wild

ftyle^ refting on the germen^ which is attended by twelve Lychnis or Campion.
flender ftamina^ which are crowned with double comprejfed The Characters are.

flimmits. After theflo-iqer is paft^ the gernlen becomes two of the flower is permanent y of one leaf^
roundiflj feeds fajlened to the empalement.
hukusy thickj and cut into five narrow feg-

This genus of plants is ranged by Dr. Linnasus in ? edge the flower is campofed of five petals^
\

the fecond fecbion of his eleventh clafs, entitled Do- he length of the tube^ but fpread open at the
decandria digynia, the flowers having twelve ftamina top. In i e center is Jituatedan oval germen fupporting
and tv/o fl:yles, * ,
-
five ftyles. which are flender^ ereEl^ and crowned with
The Species are, Jimple ftig, %. Thefe are attended by ten ftamina^ five of
1. Agrimonia [Etipatoria) foliis caulinis pinnatis imparl 'iferted in the h^fe of the petals^ and the others

petiolato, fruftibus hifpidis. Hort. Cliff. The common and alternately between : after the flower is paft^ the ger-
ft
Agrimony, Agrimonia officinarum. Tourn. men becomes an oval oblong capfule^ having one cell open-
2. Agrimonia {Minor) fohis caulinis pinnatis, foliolis ing into five divijions^ which is filled with angular feeds.
obtufis dentatis. The white Agrimony. Agrimonia This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnaeus ranged in
minor flore albo. Hort. Cath. the fifth fedtion of his tenth clafs, entitled Decandria
3. Agrimonia (Odorata) altiffimu, foliis caulinis pin- pentagynia, the flowers of this divifion having ten fta-
natis foholis oblongis acutis ferratis. The fweet-fcented mina and five ftyles, .

Agrimony. Agrimonia odorata. Camer. The Species are,

4. Agrimonia '(i?^/-?:^^) foliis caulinis pinnatis, imparl 1. Agrostemma {Githago) hirfuta calycibus coroUam
felTili, fruftibus hifpidis. Lin. Sp, 643. EafternAgri- aequantibus petalis integris nudis. Lin, Sp. Plant. 4
rnony with pimtated leaves and a thick creeping root, A- Hairy wild Lychnis^ whofe empalement is equal with the
craflinima repente corolla^ and the petals entire and naked^ commonly called

tnjftu in fpicam brevem & denfam congefto. Tourn. Corn Campion, Lychnis fegetum major. C. B. P.
Cor. 2. Agrostemma {Ceiirofa) glabra fohis lineari-lanceola-
. Agrimonia {Agrimonoides) foliis caulinis ternatis fruc- tis petalis emarginatis coronatis. Hort. Upfal. 115.
tibus glabris. Plort. Cliff*. Three kaved Agrimony
179. Smooth wild Campion fpear-fh
with fmootb fruit, Agrimonoides Col. Echpn '. ofthefi^ Lych-
The firft of Eng-
fort grov/s naturally in feveral parts Bocc. Sic. 27.
nis foliis glabris calyce duriore.
land, by the fides of hedges, and in woods. This 3. Agrostemma {Coronaria) tomentofa fohis ovato-Ian-
is the fort which is commonly ufed in medicine, and ceolatis, petahs integris coronatis. Hort. Upfal. 115.
is brought to the markets by thofe v/ho gather herbs The Jingle Roft Lychnis coronaria Diofcori-
in the fields. "
" dis fativa. C. B. P. 203.
The fecond fort is the fmalleft of all the fpecies ; the Agrostemma {Flos Jovis) tomentofa petalis emargi-
leaves' of this have not fo many pinnae as the common natis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 436. Umbelliferous Mountain Cam-
fort, and the pinns are rounder, and the indentures pion, Lychnis umbeUifera montana Helvetica. Zan.
on their edges blunter. The fpike of flowers is flen- Hift. 128.
der, and the flowers fmaller, and of a dirty white cd- The firft fort grows naturally in the corn fields in moft
• lour. This grows naturally in Italy, from whence
fort parts of England,^ fo is feldom admitted into gardens.
I received the feeds, and have confl:antly found that The fecond fort grows naturally in Sicily, and being
the feeds of this when fown never vary. a plant of httle beauty, is only preferved in botanic
The third fort grows near four feet high the leaves of •, gardens for the fake of variety.
this have more pinn^ than either of the former, which The fingle Rofe Campion has been long an inhabitant
are longer and narrower, ending in acute points ; the of the Englilh gardens, where, by'its feed having
ferratures of the leaves are fliarper than any of the fcattered, it is become a kind of weed. There are
other, and when handled emit an agreeable odour. three varieties of this plant, one with deep red, another
The leaves of this fort make an agreeable cooling tea. with flelh-coloured, and a third with white flowers.
7 but
 . ' . '

.* ^

A R ' -
t
A R "
T-

- .

but thefe are of fmall cflccm for the double Rofe ceeds, thefe vapours before difperfed are congregated > 1

; i

Campion being a fine flower, lias turned the others and condenfed into clouds, and thus fall back again • -,

out of molt fine gardens. The fingle forts propagate into the form of water, rain, fnow, or hail.
faft enough by the feeds, where they are permitted to From the time of the entrance of the fpring till au-
fcatter, for the plants come up better from felf-fown tumn, the evaporation is confliant ; but then it begins
feeds, than w^hen they are fown by hand, efpecially if to fail, and in the winter ceafes, to lay up frefli mat- *

they are not fown in autumn. ter for the coming feafon.

The fort with double flowers, which Is a variety of And thus it is that frofl:y winters, by congealing the
the former, never produces any feeds, fo is only pro- waters, and by covering the earth with a cruft:, and
pagated by parting of the roots ^ the bed time for this
>
thus imprifoning the exhalations, make a fruitful V
-

is autumn, after their flowers are pafl: i in doing of

in fummer.
this, every head which can be flipped off with roots And this feems to be the reafon w^hy in fome coun-
Ihould be parted. Thefe fliould be plant;ed in a bor- tries, where the winter is feverer than ordinary, the

der of frelh undunged earth, at the dift:ance of fix fpring is more than ordinary fruitful ; for in fuch h ^
V

inches one from the other, obferving to water them places the exhalations being pent up along time, are
gently until they have taken root ^ after which they difcharged in the greater quantity, when the fun makes
* \

wiU require no more, for much wet is very injurious them a paflage j whereas, under a feebler cold, the V '

to them, as is alfo dung. In this border they may re- flux would have been continual, and confequently no - T '

main'tillfpring, when they fliould to be planted into the great ft:ock refervedfor the next occafion. ''-'-':

borders of the flower-garden, where they will be very • This vaporous matter then being at length received
ornamental during the time of their flowering, v/hich into the atmofphere, is returned again in the form of
is July and Augull. rain, a forerunner of a chearful crop. .
»

The fifth fort grows naturally upon the Helvetian As the fun retires, the cold fuccecds, and thus the
mountains this is a low plant, with woolly leaves ,
\ divcrfity of the feafons of the year depends on a change 1.

the flower-fl:em near a foot high ; the flowers

rifes in the face of the crufl: of the eartli, the prefence of
grow in umbels on tlie top of the flialk, which are of the air, and the courfe of tlie fun. - - .
-^

a bright red colour. It flowers in July, and the feeds And hence we conceive the nature of meteors, which
muft have a y
ripen in September. It fliady fituation, are all either collections of fuch vapours and exhala-
and will thrive beft: in a moift: foil. tions, or difperfions thereof.
AIR [Jer^ LaL
of t2 ui\ pm, becaufe it always
'Arp, The fubtiler oils are always rifing into the air. Now
flows i or as others, of a'ji^t, to breathe.] By air is two clouds, partly formed of fuch oils, happening to .1

r'

meant all that fluid expanded mafs of matter v/hich meet and mix, by the attrition, the oil frequently takes
furrounds our earth, in which we live and walk, and fire, and hence proceed thunder, lightnings, 'and
which we are continually receiving and cafl:ing out other phenomena, which may be 'farther promoted -- '

again by refpiration. by the difpofition of the clouds to favour the exci-

The fubft:ance whereof air confifl:s, may be reduced tation.
to two kinds, viz. And hence arlfe great and fudden alterations in the --i.

1. The of light or fire, which is continually

rriatter air, infomuch that it Ihall be now Intenfely hot, and
flowing into it from the heavenly bodies, raife the fpirits perhaps to eighty-eight degrees In a
2. Thofe numberlefs particles, which is in form ei- thermometer ; and yet, after a clap of thunder with
ther of vapours, or dry exhalations, are raifed from a ftiower, it fliall fall again in a few minutes no lefs
the earth, water, minerals, vegetables, animals, &c. than twenty or thirty degrees.
either by the folar, fubterraneous, or culinary fire. It is therefore impoflible to pronounce what the de-
Elementary air, or air properly fo called, is a certain gree of heat will be in any given place at any time,
fubtile,homogeneous, elaftic matter, the bafis or fun- even though we know ever fo well the places and po- I-

damental ingredient of the atmofpherical air, and that fition of the fun and planets with refpe£t to us, fince
I
-
1

which p^ives it the denomination. it depends fo much upon other variable things, no

Air therefore may be confidered in two refpefls ; ei- ways capable of being afcertalned.
ther as an univerfal aflfemblage, or chaos, "of all
it is The lower die place, the clofer, denfer, and heavier ».

kinds of bodies ; or as it is a body endued with its is the air, till at length you arrive at a depth where * ' '.

own proper qualities. '

the fire goes out ; fo that miners, who go deep, to
1 That there is fire contained in all air Is demonfl:ra- remedy this inconvenience, are forced to have re-
ble, in that it is evident, that there is fire exifl:ing in courfe to an Artificial wind, raifed by the fall of wa-
all bodies, and to this fire it is that air feems to owe ters, to do the office of the other air.
all its fluidity ; and were the air totally diveft:ed of Now, confidering the air as fuch a chaos, or aflTem-
that fire, it is more than probable that it would coa- blage of all kinds of bodies, and a chaos fo extremely I
:'

lefce into a folid body; for it is found by many expe- liable to change, it mufl: needs have a great influ-
1 -

riments, that the air condenfes and contracts itfelf fo w

ence on vegetable bodies. ..-:.^.

much the more, the lefs degree of warmth it has •,

3. Air confidered in itfelf, or that properly called air.
and, on the contrary, expands itfelf the more, accord- Befides the fire and exhalations contained In the cir- ) ;

in? as the heat is greater. curhambient atmofphere, there is a third matter,

2. In refpeft of exhalations, air may be faid to be a ge- which is what we properly mean by air.
neral colleftion of all kinds of bodies ; for there are no To define the nature of it would be extremely diffi-
bodies but what fire will render volatile, and difperfe cult, inafmuch as its intimate aff^eftions are unknown
into air even falts, fulphurs, and ft:ones, nay and
•,
to. US; all we know is, f

gold itfelf, though the he^vieft and moft: fixed of all 1. That air is naturally an homogeneous fimilar
bodies, are convertible into vapours by a large burn- body.
Ing-glafs, and are carried on high. 2. That it is fluid. \ > 1

Thofe floating particles, thus raifed from terreft;rial 3. That it is heavy.

bodies, are moved and agitated by the fiery particles 4. That it is elaftic.
- I

't

divers ways, and are difflifed through the whole at- 5. That it rarefies by fire, and contracts by cold.
mofp here- 6. That it is compreffible by a v/eight laid thereon,
of the matters thus raifed in the atmofphere, thofe and rifes, and refl:ores itfelf upon a removal of the
which come from fluid bodies, are properly caUed va- fame all which circumftances fliould incline it to
:

pours, and thofe from folid or diy ones, exhalations. coalefce into a folid, if fire were wantin^
The caufe of this volatility and afcent is the fire, I. Air is divided into real and permanent, and ap-
without which all things would fall immediately down parent or tranfient.
towards the center of the earth, and remain in eternal Real air is not reducible by any compreffion or con- ' *

rell. dcnfation, or the like, into any fubfl:ance befides air.

l^hus, if the air be full of vapours, and the cold fuc- Tranfient air is the contrary of the former, and by
r
cold.
.k

\
 ; ;

Ai
I
A b

cold, &0. may be condenfcd into originid water ; tlic Alfo thin glifs bubbles, or bladders full of air, and
diiference between and tranficnt air,
pcrmar.ci'.t exacl'ly clofed, and put into the receiver of an air-
amounts to the fame as that between vapour and exha- pump, the air being c'xh;iuftcd out of the receiver,
lation i
the one, e. g. being dry, and the other moifc. the glafs bubbles fly in pieces by the force of the air
Hence, as Sir Ifaac Newton fays, it is, that as the Included in them. +

particles of permanent air are groifcr, and arife from Froin thcfe experiments, and many others, it appears,
denfer bodies, than thofc of tranfient air or vapour, that the air w^e breathe near the furface of the earth
true air is more ponderous than vapour, and a moill is comprefll^d by its own weight into at leaft
1679
atmofphcrc lighter than a dry one. parts of the fpace it would poflcfs in vacuo ^ and if the
But this real air no where confifts in its purity, but liune air be condenfed by art, the fpace it will occupy,
that air which concerns us, and tiic properties and cf- when moft dilated, will be as 505000 to i, to tliat
iefts of which are chiefly to be confidercd, is that which it poflcffes when condenfed; and Dr. Wallis
which has been before treated on and defcribed, which fuggefts, that we are far from knowing the utmoft it
Mr. Boyle acknowledges to be the moft- heterogene- is capable of.

ous body in the univerfe and Dr. Bocrhaave fhews *, Nor docs diis power appear capable by any means to
it to be an univerfal chaos and colluvies of all the be deftroyed or diminilhcd ; for Mr. Boyle made fe-
kinds of created bodies in the univerfe, and in which veral experiments to difcover liow long air, brought
may be found whatever fire can volatize. to the greateft degree of expanfion he could reduce it
2. That the air is lluid, appears from the eafy paf- to in his air-pump, would retain its fpring, and could
fage it affords to bodies through it as In the propa- ; never cblcrve any fenfible diminution ; although the
gation of founds, fmells, and other effluvia j for thcfe air was clogged fome months with a weight that one
things Ihew it a body that gives way to any force im- would admire how it fliould fupport one moment.
prefled, and in yielding are eafily moved among them- It is, indeed, a wonderful property in air, thaf it
fclves, which are the properties of a fluid fo that ; piould be capable of being contradled and extended
fcarce any body will call in queftlon, whether air be , infinitely-, but, as hath been faid, it does not appear,
a fluid, and thence being always in motion, and al- by all tlie experiments yet tried, that there are any
v/ays moving other bodies, for no furface of any li- limits of its compreflion or expanfion but ftill by the •

'
quor that is contiguous to the' air, can be at reft. addition of a new \veight, it will contrail farther; and
3. As to the gravity or heavinefs of die air, that is by taking the weight away, will expand farther.
iikewife eafily proved ; for that the air is heavy, fol- 5. Air rarefies by fire, and contrafts by cold.
lows from its being a body, weight being an clFcntial The colder the air is, the Icfs fpace takes up
and,It ;

property of matter. .
•

.
on tlie contrary, the w^armer the airis, it poflefll\s the
Senle and experiment fufficicntly "prove this for, if : larger fpace 3 and fo cooling and compreflion have th;
a perfon lay his hand upon an open veilcl placed on fimc efiects upon air; and fo cold and compreflion
an air-pump, and the air be cxhaufted, he will fcnfi- keep pace with one another.
bly feel the load of the incunibe.it atmofpherc to. in-, ,The fame of warming and diminifliing of
liolds
creafe, and prefs upon the upper part of his hand, as weight, or heat and expanfion, which go hand in
the air is exhauftino-. hand. - '
,

In like manner, a hollow fphcre of five or fix inches And fame elaftic power before-mentioned^ and
to the
diameter, divided into two fegments exadlly fitting its being^ expanded by heat, it is owing, that air in-
each other, after the cxhaufted out of them, are air is clofed in glafs veflels, at a time when it is much con-
prefled together v/ith a force equal to a hundred denfed, wiien it afterwards comes to expand by a far-
pounds weight, and require the ftrength of two ftrong ther degree of heat, frequently burfts the bottles.
^perfon?i to pull them afunder
which, as foon as ever ^ 6. Air iscomprcfllblebyaweightlaid thereon, and rifes
the air is let into them again,
will fall afunder by the and reftores itfelf upon a removal of the fame. This
mere weight of the under hemifphere, ,property has been fufficiendy fhe\vn by what has been
Mr. Boyle found that a lamb's bladder, containing faid before, and efpecially under the head of elafticity
about two thirds of a pint, and blown up, and well wherefore, having confidercd the properties of air, I
dried, loft about a grain and one eighth, wJien it was fnall take notice of fome of its operations and effefts
pricked, and the air let out. as to the bufinefs of vegetation, -

Mr, Gravcfande found, that the air. in a glafs ball of Air, by being heavy and fluid, invefts the whole earth,
about two hundred and eighty-three inches capacity, and preffes all the bodies thereon with a great force,
weighed a luindred grains ; and according to Burclier equal to what they would fjftain from the preflurc of
de Voider, a cubic foot of air is in weigl;t one ounce, a column of 29 inches depth of mercury, or 32 feet
and twcnty-feven grains, of water ; and conftringes and binds them down with
Mr. Boyle has computed, that the v/eight of any a force amounting, according to the computation of
quantity of air, near the furface of the earth, s to 'i Mr. Pafchal, to 2232 pounds weight upon every
water as i to 1000 j and Dr. Hallcy, as i to 800 fquare foot, or upwards of 15 pounds upon every
and Mr. Hawkfbee, as 1 to 885 and the gravity of fquare inch. Hence
-,
it prevents,
the arterial e. g.
the fame quantity of air to the faine quantity of mer- vcflcls of plants and animals from being too much
cury, as 10800. I to ,
/,
diftcnded by the impetus of the circulating juices, or
Air therefore may be confidercd as an univerfal oper- by the elaftic force of the air fo plentifully lodged in
culum, or cover, which by its w^-ight keeps all tcr- the blood of one, and tlie fap of the other. For,
reftrial bodies down, and hinders them from flying The
off-". '

equally every way, as is

air prelfes confirmed in
4. The air is elaftic. Elafticity is a, quality whereby what we obferve of fofc bodies fuftaining this preflaire
a body viclds to any external imprcflions by contract-
without any change of figure, and britde bodies with-
ing itfclf into lefs compaft j and upon removing or out their breaking.
diminifliing tiie imprefiive pov;er, returns to its for- Air is of the vegetation of plants, an
a principal caufe
mer ipacc or figure. And l^y tliis quality, the air is inftancc of \yhich we have from Mr. Ray, in the Phi-
dlftinguiflicd from all other bodies in the atmofphere; lofophical Tranfa6tions of Lettuce-feed, that was
neither fire nor exhalations appearing to be elaftic, at fown in the glafs-recciver of the air-pump, which was
any notable degree.
leaft in '

cxhaufted ^and cleared from all air, wiiich grew not

That there is fuch a quality in the air, is evident from at all in eight days time; -whereas fome of the fame
innumerable experiments ; and this property is infe-
fecd.that was fown at the fame time in the open air,
parable from it. A bladder full blown being fqueezed
.
was rifen to the height of an inch and a half in that
in the hand, the included air may be fenfibly
per- time; but the air being let into the empty receiver,
ceived to refift upon ceafing to com-
the touch-, fo that
the feed grew up to the height of two or three inches
prds it, tiic cavities or imprefilons, which v/ere made in the fpace of on^ week.
in its furface, are immediately expanded again,
and That a certain portion of air is neceflary to prefcrve
filled up.
jhe^growlng quality of feeds is manifeft, from many
^ —
repeated

^
 1

\ ^' :

* ^

R
repeated experiments ; by putting up feeds into glafs glaft a very elegant Ihew, flanding almoft exddly
j
irl
and lealing the botcles hermetically, and in
bottles, rank and file through the leno-rh of the leaver
V
fix months thofe feeds have loll their growing quality; Whence it may be thought^probable, that" the air. '
-• -

whereas part of the fame feeds which wcrc^ kept in freely enters plants, not only with the principal
fund
bags, grev/ at the age of two years; therefore it fliould of nouriflimcnt by the roots, but alfo throun-h the^
caution perfons not to exclude the air from their feeds, furface of their trunks and leaves, efpecially
at nio-hr,
if they intend they fliould grow. wJien they are changed from a pcrfpiring, to a ilromrly
Another inftance of the ufefulnefs of the air in vege- imbibing ftate.
tation, is the Sedum, which will pufli out roots with- Dr. Hales likev/ife tells us, that in all thofe experi-
out earth and water, and live for feveral months: and ments that he tried to this purpofe, he found that the
fome iorts of Aloes, if hung up in a room entirely a'.r entered very flowly at the bark of
young fhoots
fecured fromi frods, will remain frelh for fome years, and branches, but mucli more freely throur^h old ^

though they will fenfibly lofe in their weight. bark j and that in different kinds of trees it htd dif- r

Air is capable of penetrating the porous and Ipongy A>

, I

ferent degrees of more or lefs free entrance. i

parts ot plants, and being there contrafted, and di- And likewife, tfiat there is fome air both in ah elaflic
latino; itfelf ao:ain. and unelaftic ftate, mixed witli the earth (which may
The operates alfo within the bovv'els of the earth,
air well enter the roots v/ith the nourifliment), he'found -^
V

and by its fubtilty p^^fpiring through the pores, affifls by feveral experiments^ which he gives in the before-
in the rarefadion of the crudities of the earth, and in mentioned treatife.
_ ^ '..:

the difpelling fuperfiuous moifture, entering i.ito

all 1>.e excellent Mr. Boyle, in making many experi- t . -
tl

the very pores and veins of the trees, plants, herbs, ments on the air, among other difcoveries found, that
&c. carrying along with it thofe falts contained either a good quantity of air was producible from vegetables. .•'"

in itJclf, orlodged in the earth which falts or juices, ; bypYitting Grapes, Plums, Goofberrics, Peafe, and I

are altered according to the ievej-al figures or dimen- feveral, other forts 6f
and grains into exhaufted
fruits '
I

'.1

fions of the different ftrainers or veilels of thofe feve- and unexhaufted receivers, where they continued for /
'"^---^
ral plants, whi h grow upon the fame fpot of earth, feveral days emitting great quantities uf air.
which is lb impregnated witli thefe falts and thence : TJiis put the curious Dr. Hales upon farther re-
thofe^ varieties in tafte and fmeli proceed, notwith- fearches to find out whatproportion of air he could ob- '

llanding they all receive their nourilhment from the tain out of the different vegetables, in w^hich it was
fame ftock that is lodged in the earth. lodged and incorporated, which he performed by di-
The air alio affefts the branches, leaves, and flowers vers chymio-flatical experiments, which he gives in
\ I

of trees, plants, and herbs, entering and pcrfpiring many inftances in his treatife of the analyfis of the air,
tlirough them, and even through the bark and body plainly fliewing in what manner he performed them,
»1

'

of the tree and by the fame kind of fubrilty it does,

; and the events of them. *
i"

by its refrelhing breezes, moderate the intenfenefs of That from half a cubic inch, or 135 grains of heart
the fun-beams, cooling, cliearing, blowing, opening ot Oak, frefh cut from a growing tree, there were 108
and extending all the offspring of nature, cubic inches of air generated, which is a quantity
l^he air fixes and infinuates Tts atrial fubflanc mto equal to 2 1 6 times the bulk of the piece of Oak; that
J'

the liquid iap of vegetables and as all the agitarions

:
tJie weight of it was above 30 grains, one quarter
in nature proceed from the contrariety of parts inha- part of the weight of 135 grains.
biting together, in this, aerial and liquid fubftances And he adds, that he took the like quantity of thin
being mixed, caufe this agitation and m.otion in ve- fhavings from the fame piece of Oak, and dried them
getables, or, m.ore properly, fet it all into a ferment at fome diftance from a gentle fire for 24 hours ; in r' ' .'

(whether it be in the roots, or in the flem) ; and it v/hich time they evaporated 44 grains of moifture';
'f-
-. y*

riles by co-operation of the fun (which is the tliird

which 44 grains deducted frorri 135 grains, there re-
agent m vegetation) up to the top of a tree, &c. as mains 91 grains for the folid part of the Oak: then 30
liquids rife by fire to the top of the containing veffel. jrains will be one third of the weight of the folid part . - ^

This air, we find, produces a vibratory motion in fe- of the Oak. "1

veral bodies and particularly in plants, the air vef-

;
He gives another experiment of Indian Wheat, which
fcls thereof do the office of lungs \ -V

for the air con- : grew in his own garden, that he took 388 grains of
tained in them, fometimes contracfing, and fomedmes it when it was not come to its full m.aturity, and that
expanding, according as the heat is increafed or di- there were generated from it 270 cubic inches of airj
minifiied, preffes the veflels, and eafe them again by the weight of which air was 77 grains, viz. one fourth
turns and thus promotes a circulation of
; theii'juices, of the weiglit of the Wheat.
which could fcarce be otherwife effefted. And again, that a cubic inch, or 318 grains of Peafe
Air, fays the learned Dr. Hales, is a fine elafi:ic fluid,
generated 396 cubic inches of air, or 1
with particles of very different natures floating in it, 13 grains, i. e.
fomething more than one third of the weight of the
whereby it is admirably fitted by the great Author of Peafe.
nature to be the breath or life of vegetables as well And •
h

from one ounce, or 437 grains of

again, that
as animals, without which they can no more live ..r
nor Mufl-ard feed, 270 cubic inches of air were generated,
thrive than animals can.
or 77 grains, which is more than one fixth part of the
As proof of the great quantities of air in vegetables,
a,
ounce weight.
he refers to the tliird chapter of his excellent treatife He likewife adds, that there of air
is a great plenty - 1

of Vegetable Statics, wliere he fays, in the experi- incorporated into the fubftance of vegetables, which,
ments on Vines, the great quantity of air was viiible, by the aftion of ferm.entation, is roufed into an elaftic
which^v/as continually afcending through the fap in fcate, as is evident from thefe experiments following.
the tubes which manifellly fliews what plenty of it
;
On the 2d day of March, he poured 42 cubic inches
\

*
is taken in by vegetables, and
is perfpired otf with of ale from which had been there fet to fer-
the tun, ^

the iap through the leaves.

,

ment 34 hours before into a bolt head and from that i

He adds feveral experiments, as to an Apple branch. time to the 9th of June, it generated 6^g cubic in-
Apricot branch, Birch, and other plants, to prove the ches of with a very unequal progreffion, more or
air,
fame thina;. ,
lefs, as the v/eatlier was warm, cool, or cold j and
And Dr. Grew has obferved, that the pores are fo fometimes, upon a change from warm to cool, it re-
large in the trunks of fome
plants, as in the better forbed air, In all 72 cubic inches.
fort of thick walking-canes, that L

they are vifible to

ri

March 1 6th of April, 12 cu-

a good eye without a glais ; but v/ith a
glafs, the cane bic inches of Malaga Raifins, with 1 8 cubic inches of h

-,l
i.

feems as if
ftuck at top full of holes with great pins, water, generated 411 cubic inches of air; and then V

fo large as ^ ery well to refemble the pores

of the fkin again, it reforbed ^§ cubic inches in two or three cold
m the ends of the fingers and ball of the hand.
days. From the 21ft of April to the i6th of May,
V

In the leaves of Pines, they are likewife through

a it generated 78 cubic inches ; after wliich^ the 9th of
n h

F J y^
r

h
 I

A
continued in a reforbing (late, fo as to rcforb into the earth, it is eafy to be concluded, that a dr)%
June, It
1 3 cubic
inches were at that feafon many
: that there huflcy, fcorching air, may
be very prejudicial to tl
hot days, with much thunder and lightning, which tender fibres of nev^/ planted trees.
uellroys the elafticity of the air: there were generated It may be likewife iuppofcd, that all bodies of eartli

in all 4S9 cubic inches, of which 48 were abforbed. arc more or leis capable of imbibing the fluid air, and
The liquor was at laft vapid. of attracting fuch ialts as either the air can give, or
On the 10th of Auguft, 26 cubic inches of Apples the earth is capable of receiving.
being maihed, they generated 9S6 cubic inches of air A I Z O O N. Scmpervive.
in 13 days time, which is a quantity equal to 48 times This name Dr. Linntrus has given to a plant near of
their bulk after which they reforbcd a quantity equal
*, kin to the Ficoides, which has been called Ficoideaj
to their bulk, in three or four days, notwithftanding by fome modern botanifts.

the weather was then very hot ; after which time they The Characters are,

were llacionary for many days, neither generating nor It hath a permanent empalement of one leaf, "ivhicb is cut
abiorbing. into Jive acute fegments at the top : there are no petals in

From which before-mentioned experiments on Raifins the flower y but the five-ccrnered gcrmen refls on the em-
and ale, tlie ingenious author concludes, that wine pakmenty fupporting five ftyles^ which are crowned with
and ale do not turn vapid in warm weather by Im- fimple fligma \ many hairy ftamina,
thefe are attended by
bibing the air, but by fermenting and generating too which arc inferted into the crapalcment^ and are crowned
much by which means they are deprived of their
;
•
with JifUple fummits. 7he germen afterward becomes a
enlivening principle the air for which reafon, thefe : frselling five-cornered capfuky having five cellsy in which
liquors are belt preferved in cool cellars, whereby this . are lodged many roundifij feeds.
aftive invigorating principle is kept within due This o;cnus of plants is by Dr. Linnxus ranged in
bounds ; which when they exceed, wines are upon . the fiifi: divifion of his twelfth clafs, entitled Icofandria
the fret, and are in danger of being fpoilcd. Pentagynia, the flowers of this clafs having more than
Upon thefe, and many other experiments, which the nineteen ftamina, and in this divifion they have five
learned author has given in his aforefaid treatife, he ftyles.
obferves, that this air which arifes in fo great quan- The SpFxiEs are,
tities from fermenting and difiblving vegetables, is 1. AizocN {Canarienfe) fofiis cuneiformi-ovatis floribus ,

true permanent air; which is certain, by its continuing fefiilibus. Hort. Upfal. 127. Sempervive with oval
in the fame expanded and elaftic flate for many weeks wcdgc-floaped leaves^ andficzvcrs witbctit foct-ficlks. Fi-
and months; which expanded watery vapours will not coidea procumbens portulac^ folio. Niftbl. ACt. Par.
"
do, but foon condenfe when cold. 1711.
Upon the whole, he concludes, that air abounds in 2. AizooN [Hifpanicum) foliis lariceolatis floribus fefllli-
vegetable fubftances, and bears a confiderable part in bus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 488. Sempervive with fpear-
them and if all the parts of matter were only en-
: and flowers^ having nofoot-ftalks. Ficoidea
fijaped leaves
dowed with a ftrongly attracting power, all nature Hifpanica annua folio longiore. Hort. Elth. 143.
would then immediately become one unaftivQ co- 3. AizooN {Paniculatum) foliis lanccolatis floribus pani-
hering lump. ciilatis. Lin. Sp. PL 448. Sempervive with fpear-fbaped
Wherefore it was abfolutely neceflTary, in order to the leaves and fl.owers growing in panicles, .
Aizoon foliis

a^ftuating this vaft mafs of attracting matter, that there lanceolatis fubtus hirfutis. Prod. Leyd. 221.
lliould be every where mixed with it a due proportion As we have no Englifii names for thefe plants, fo I
of ftrongly-rcpelling elaftic particles, which might have adopted of Sempervive, which hath been
this
enliven the v^hole mafs by tlie inccflant action between applied to the Aloe and Sedum, both v/hich have
them and the attracting particles. been alfo titled Aizoon and Sempervivum.
And fince thefe elaftic particles are continually in The firft fort is a native of the Canary Iftands this :

great abundance reduced by the power of the ftrong is an annual plant, which muft be raifed on a mode-

attraCters, from an was there-

elaftic to a fixed ftate, it rate hot-bed in the fpring and when the plants are
•,

fore neceftary that thefe particles Ihould be endued fit to tranfplant, they fliould be carefully taken up,

with a property of reluming their elaftic ftate, when- and planted each into a fmall pot filled with frefli light
ever they were difengaged from that mafs in which earth, and plunged into another moderate hot-bed,
they were fixed, that thereby this beautiful frame of obferving to fliade them from the fun until they have
things might be maintained in a continual round of taken frelh root^ after which they muft be hardened
the production and difiblution of vegetables as well as by degrees to bear the open air, into which they
animal bodies. ' ftaould be removed in June, placing them' in a fnel-
The air is very inftrumental in tlie production and tered fituation, where they will flower, and ripen their
growth of vegetables, both by invigorating their fe- feeds in September, loon after which the plants will
veral juices, while in an elaftic aCtive ftate, and alfo perifti.
by greatly contributing in a fixed ftate, to the union The fecond fort grows naturally in Spain this is alfo -,

and firm connexion of the feveral conftltuent parts of an annual plant, whole branches trail on the ground;
thofe bodies, viz. their water, fire, fait, and earth. the flowers have no bc-auty, fo thefe plants are only
To conclude, by reafon of thofe properties of the air prefei"ved by thofe who are curious in collecting rare
before-mentioned, it is very ferviceable to vegetables, plants for the fake of variety.
in that it blows up and bct^aks open the clouds, The third fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
thofe ti'eafures of rann, which fertilize the vegetable Hope, from whence the feeds were brought to Europe.
'

kind. -
• '
This is alfo of humble growth, and perilhes foon after
The air alfo helps to waft or difperfe thofe foggy hu- the feeds are ripe.
mid vapours which arife from the
and wouldearth, Thefe may be propagated in the fame manner as the
othenA'ife ftagnate, and poilbn the whole face of the firft, and when the plants have acquired ftrength, they

earth.. may be planted in the full ground ; but they require

The air, by the of the fun, afllimes and
afilftance a poor fandy foil, for in rich ground they will grow
fublimates thofe vapours into the upper regions ; and very luxuriant in branches, but will not flower till late
thefe'foggy humid vapour:s are, by this fublimation, in the feafon, but when
fo rarely perieCt their feeds ;

and the coercive power of the air and fun, rarefied they are planted in dry fand, or lime rubbifli, they
and made of fecond ufe in vegetation. will be more productive of flowers, and lefs vigorous
And on the contrary, to the benign quality of the air, in their branches. +

which is fo many ways fubfervicnt to vegetables, it ALA is the hollow of a ftalk, v^hich either the leaf,
is alfo fometifnes, and upon fome accounts, injurious or the pedicle of the leaf, makes with the ftalk or
and pernicious to them ; not only to the ligneous, branches ; or it is that hollow finus placed between
herbaceous, and flowery parts above, but alfo to the the ftalk or branch and leaf, from whence a new off^-
roots and fibres below for in that the air penetrates
: I fpring is v/ont to put forth, which the French call
-
7 Jifjelks
 ; ' ' , 1

-
>t >

1 >

A A >»'-
:
'*

ylijfelles des Playttes. Sometimes it is uicd for leaves againd walls in court-yards to cover them, as alfo 16 / ' *- I

which confift of many lobes or v/ings. form evergreen hedges in gardens, ferwliic!-] purpofe -I

Alse is alfo ufed to fignify tliofc petala of papiliona- thcle were improper
I •

•, for their *br&nc!ies flioot very

ceous flowers placed between the Ycxillum and the vigoroufly, and being very pliant, they are frequently
Carina, which the French call, Lcs AUes dcs Flcurs Ic- dhplaced by the wind ; and in v/inter, when much
gtimineufes. fnow weather, the weight of that which
falls in rtiil
Ate is extreme flcnder membrana-
alfo ufed for thofe lodges on the hedges, frequently breaks them down :

ceous parts of certain feeds; as is the Bignonia Plu- add to til is the trouble of keeping them in order,
nieria, the fruit of the Maple., &c. \yhich x.\\c French v/hich cannot be cfleiled with lefs than diree times
call Semences aiUcs, Again, clipping in a feafon, v/hich is not only cxpenfivey
Ate is ufed for thole foliaceous membranes which run
-
J

but alfo occafions a great litter in a garden thcfe in- :

the whole length of the ftemi wlicnce it is called, •, conveniencies have iuitly brought thefe hedo;es into
Caulis alatus^ a winged ftalk ; in French, ^^ige cnUe : but dilelLeem. n I,

* -

modern writers have i!:}'led x.h.'tlt foliis dccu?rentilus^ The third fort v/ith filver-ftripcd leaves, was alfo in
or runnino; leaves, becaufc thefe ate or winp;s are con- great requell foir.e years ago, for planting againft I

netted witli the leaves. out-houfes, and other biaildings, to hide the brick-
ALA BAS TR
A, are thcfe green herbaceous leaves work \ but as thefe required to be often clipped, and .'..-t
'.
<
X -

' ^

that cncompafs flowers. Jungius explains Alabaf- their brandies frequently wanting to be failened up * t

trum to be the globe, or roundifli bud, that is but to .the wail, which was trcublefome and expenfive,
,'

juft peeping out. ^ and this fort of wall hedges being great harbour for
ALATERNOIDES. See Phylica, Clutia, vermin, there has been of late but little demand for
and Ceanothus. thefe plants. I'he fort with gold-ftriped leaves is
A L ATER NU
S [called 'ExaioVpi/^-, as though of pretty rare in the Enghlh gardens, and is net fo hardy ^
\

Ixc^Ax, an Olive, and zj-pr>^, an Ilex], or evergreen as diat v/ith filver fcripes, fo that in fevere winters \ '

Privet. they are often killed. But the tafce for thefe varie- i
:.'!

The Characters are, gated plants is alnioft loft in England, there being . !

// had }
A fev/ perfcns now, who do not prefer the plain green
fame fpecies^ and in ethersboth fcrts of fu leaves to thofe which arc ftriped. '
_ -

/ flowers are compofed The fecond fortWTtS formerly in the Englifh gardens,
of one leaf which is funnel-fljaped^ and cut into five /} in much greater plenty^ than at r^refent. This was ge- - I

wents a fides of nerally called Celaftrus, or Staff-tree. The leaves of * ^

fixed fisoe fnall petals \ at the bafe of thefe this fort are placed at greater diilances than thofe "of
I fo many ft if the firfL, fo that their branches appear thinly covered -^ ,

mtts. female f.Gzvers have a^ great rcfemblance with them, which may have occafioned their being ^

fi In the center is placed the difefteemed. The leaves of this are flaorter than thole
flipper ting a trifidftylc crowned hy a roundfi of the firft fort, and are rounded at their foot-ilalks i.

th'C fofl fomewhat like a heart-fliaped leaf, the edges are alfo I
I

'
-

' r
1

feeds fav/ed. - .

Dr. Linn^us has joined this genus to the Rhaminus, - The thrid fort has been an old inhabitant in fome ^ ^ '.-r

to which he has alfo added the Frangula, Paliurus, 'gardens, but v/as not much propagated till of late .
Si »-:

and Zizyplius, and ranges them in his gfth clafs of years ; the leaves cf this arc much longer and nar- y'^'-"-
Mono rov/er than thofe of citlicr of the other forts, and tlie \ \

The Species are. ferratvu-es, on their edges are niuch deep'er ; this ilioots I..
';
\

I. Alaternus {Phylica) fohis ovatis marglnibus crena- its branches more eredt, and forms an liandfomer bufli H '
\1

tis orlabris. Common Alaternus^ ^jnti than any of the other, and is equally hardy, fo may .
--'/

Alaternus, i Clul. FLfp. 56.

dented on their edzes. be allowed to have a place in all plantations of Ever- ,f

2. Alaternus {Glabra) fohis fubcordatis ferratis gla- greens. This grows naturally in the fouth of France,
bris. Alaternus -fvaped ft • where the berries are gathered, and fold by the name
ere fawed on the. Alaternus minore folio. of Avignon berries, for the ufe of painters, &c. for
Tourn. Inft. ^o^. Ji^iaking a yellow pigment.
^filf Thefe forts are by fome fuppofed to be only varieties
fi- Jr -jh and not diilinft fpecies but from many repeated tri-
•,
L '

leaves^ which are deeply fawed. Alaternus" monfpeli- als, in raifing them fromcan afFirm they do
feeds, I
*
ac!a foliis profundius incifis. FL R. Pan not vary, the feeds conilantly producing the fame fpe- t

\
#-i-« Alaternus {Latifolia) fohis ovato-lanceolatis inte- cies as they were taken from. ^
'

gerrimis glabris. Alaternus with fmooth oval fpear- The fecond fort grows naturally about Turin, from
. h

fhaped ki vesy which are entire. Alaternus Hifpanica whence I have been fupplied with the feeds. , >.

latifolia. Tourn. Infl. 596. All thefe forts are eafily propagated by laying their
1, T

The varieties of thefe plants are, the firfl: with

fort branches down, as is pradtifed for many other trees.
/ -

^ J.
' 4

variegated leaves, which is commonly called Bloatch- The beft time for this is in the autumn, and if pro-
ed Phillyrea by the nurfery gardeners. And the third perly performed, the layers will have made good
fort v/ith leaves ilriped with white, and another with
roots by the autumn following, when they may be
yellow thefe are known by the Silver and Gold ftrip-
;
cut ofi-'from the old ftock, and planted cither into the
ed Alaternus but as thefe are accidental varieties,
:
nurfery, or in the places where they are defigned to
I ^

I have omitted placing them among the num.ber of When

>
-

remain. they are planted hi a nurfery, they

froecies.
llipuld not remain there longer than a year or tv/o
Hie common difdnftion
of this genus from the for as they fnoot their roots to a great diftance on
Phillyrea, is in thepofition of their leaves, winch in every fide, fo they cannot be removed alter tv/o or
the plants of diis are placed alternately on the branch-
three years growth, witlxout cutting off great part of ^?.

es, whereas thofe of Phillyrea are placed by pairs

them, which is very hurtful to the plants, and will
oppofite this is obvious at all fealbns, but there are
\
greatly retard their growth, it they iurvive their re-
more eflential diflerences in their charafters, as v/ill moval but they arc frequently killed by tranfplant-
-,

be explained under the article Phillyrea. ing, when they have ftooei long in a place. They '^

The hrfc fort has been long cultivated in the Englilh may be tranfplanted either in die autumn or the fpring,
gardens, but the plain fort is now. uncommon here ,
but in dry land the autunnn planting is beft, whereas
for the bloatched-leaved fort has been generally cul-
in moift ground the fpring is to be preferred. '
* ,

.*
tivated in the nurferies, and the other has been almofl:
The plain forts may alfo be propagated by fowing
totally neglefted.
their berries, v/hich diey produce in great plenty, but -
'
t ,:-
.
*

Theip plants were much more In requeft formerly the birds are greedy devourcrs of them ; fo that un-
,

than they are at prefcnt, •

when they v/ere planted lefs the berries are guai'ded trom tj^ur, they will foon
,5

. S
 ;

A
fee dercuredwhen they begin CO ripen. Theplant5\vliich a border in the front of a green-houfe, or ftove, where
aril'e from feeds, alv/ays grow more erc6t than thofc the roots of moft of the bulbous flowers may be plant-
which are propagated by layers, fo are fitter for large ed in the full ground, and fcreened in winter from
plantations, as they may be trained up to ftems, and - froft ;fuch iituations tlicy thrive much better, and
in
formed more like trees ^ whereas the layers are apt to flower ftrongcr, than when kept in pots.
extend their lower branches, which retards their up- ALCEA. Lin. Gen. 750. The Hollyhock,,
right growth, and renders them more like fhrubs. The Characters are,
They will grow to the height of eighteen or twenty The flower hath a double empakment^ of which one is per-
feet, uprighr fhoots are encouraged ; but to
if their manent. The outer one isis fpread cpen^ and cut at
keep their heads from being broken by wind or fnow, xfegnmits^ the inner is larger^ and fiightly
thofe branches which flioot irregular Ihould be fliort- into five. Ihe flower is co-mpcfed of five petals^ wh
cned, which will caufe their heads to be clofer, and lefce at their bafe^ and fpread open at the top in ft

not in fo much danj^er. of a roft fup-

All the forts thrive belt in a dry, gravelly, or fandy fl:

loll, for in rich ground they are often injured by /

frofc,wlicn the v/inters are levere, but in rocky dry column^ and fpread open at top \ thefe
land they are feklom injured and if In very hard : crowned z / hdney-floaped fummits : after the fiowt
frofl their leaves are killed, yet the branches will re- 2fit the germen becomes a rounds dcpreffed.
main unhurt, and will put out new leaves in the fpring. fide c. ?/"

A L B U C A, Baftard Star of Bethlehem. efi'ed kidney-fioapcd feed. (

I'he Characters are, This genus is ranged by Dr. Linnseus in his fixteenth
The fiower has no empakment ; it has fix ohlong oval -pe^ clafs of plants, entitled Monadelphia Polyandria in :

talsy tvhich are permanent \ the three cuter fpread^cpcn^ this clafs the ftamina and ft:yle coalefce and form a fort
and the three inner are connetJed : it hath fix three-cor- of column in the center of the flower, from whence
nered fiamina the length of the corolla^ three of zvhich are Dr. Van Royen has ^ivento thls^ clafs the title of Co-
fertile^ crozvned with mo-veable fummits^ the other three^ lumnifera, and in this divifion there are a great num-
which are barren^ have no fummits, The netlqrium is ber of ftamina.
fttuated near the bafe of the three fertile fiamina \ it has The Species are,
an oblong three-cornered germen^ with a broad triangular 1. Alcea {Rofea) foliis fmuatis angulofis. Hort. ClifF;
fiyle^ cro'zvned by a pyramidal three-cornered fiigma the •,
348. Hollyhock with angular finuated leaves, Malva
capfule is three-cornered^ having three cells filled -ivithfrnall rofea folio fubrotundo. C. B. P. 315. ,

plain feeds. 2, Alcea {Ficifolia) foliis palmatis. Hort. Cliff. 348.

This genus is ranged of Linn^us's
in thefirft fe6tion Hollyhock with banded leaves, Malva rofea folio n^^uo^
fixth clafs of plants, the flower having fix ftamina C. B. P. 315.
and one ilyle. Thefe are diftinft fpecies, whofe difference in the
The c.5FECIKS are, form of their leaves always continues. The leaves of
1. Albuca {Major) foIIIs lanceolatis. Lin. Sp.
43S. the firft fort are roundifli, and cut at their extremity
Star flower with fpear-fljaped leaves. Ornithoo-alum lu- into angles whereas thofe of the fecond are deeply-
;

teo-virens.' Indicum. Corn. Canad. cut into fix or feven fegments, fo as to refemble a
(M hand. %

floiver with azvl-fljaped leaves, Ornithogalum Africa- The various colours of their flowers being accidental,
num, flore viridi altero alteri inna'to. Herm. Parad. as alfo the double flowers being only varieties which
/*^1
209. African Starflt IfT^t
\aJCT i^ greenifij yellow / have rifen from culture, are not by botanifts deemed
Thefe plants have been generally ranged under the diftinCt fpecies. I have not enumerated them here,
genus of Ornithogalum, but as their flowers difitr in therefore fliall only mention.the various colours which
their form from the otiier fpecies of that genus, Dr. are commonly obferved in their flowers ; which are
Linn:^us has conftituted genus for them.
this
The firft fort gro\ys naturally in Canada, and in feme
,

'
" ^ '
low, and flefli colour,
"
-----
white, pale, red, deep red, blackifti red, purple, yet*
Befides thefe, I many years
other parts of North America; the root is bulbous, ago faw fome plants with variegated flowers, in the
from which flioot up eight or ten long narrow fpear- garden of the late Lord Burlington, in London, raifed
Ihaped leaves. In the center of thefe arife a flower- from feeds which came from China.
'

ftem a foot or more in height, garnilhcd with a loofe Although thefe varieties of double Hollyhocks are
fpike (or thyrfe) of greenifh yellow flowers, each have not conftant, yet where the feed's are carefully faved
a long pedunculus, which turns downward, having from the moft double flowers, the greateft number of
pretty large ftipul'cr at their bafe, \yhich are ereft, and the plants will arife nearly the fame, as the plants from
i:a^\ in fliarp points. After the flower ispaft, the ger- which they were taken, both as to their colour and
men fwells to a three-cornered capfule, having three the fulncfs of their flowers, provided no plants with
cells filled with flat feeds. fingle or bad coloured flov/ers are permitted to grow
The fecond fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good near them. Therefore lb foon as any fuch appear,
Hope v tills hath alio a pretty large bulbous root, they ftiould be removed from the good ones, that
from which arife four or five narrow awl-fliaped leaves, their farina may
not fpread into the other flowers,
of a deep green colour the flov/er-ftem wliich comes
:
which would caufe them to degenerate.
from the center of the root, is naked, and rarely rifes The firft fpecies grows naturally
China, from in
more than eight or nine inches high, having five or whence I have often received the feeds. The fecond
fix greenifli yellow flowers growing ahnoft in form of for: I have received from Iftria, v/here it was gathered
an umbel at the 'top: thefe are rarely fucceeded by in the fields, but thefe feeds produced fingle red
feeds in England. flo\yers only ; whereas from fom.e feeds of this fort,
.
The Canada 7\ibuca is hardy, fo the roots niay be which vv^ere given me by the late Charles Du Bois,
planted about four inches deep in a border of licrht Efq; of Mitcham, in 1726, which he procured from
earth, where they will thrive, and produce their flow- Madras, I raifed many double flowers of feveral co-
ers late in the fumracr-, but as the feeds rarely ripen lours."
in England, and the bulbs do not put out many oft-
Thefe plants, although natives of v/arm countries,
fets, the plants are not common in diis country, yet are hardy enough to thrive in the open air in Eng-
Tiie African fort I raifed from feeds a few years paft land, and have for many years been fome of the
tlys generally flowers twice a year, the firft time in
greateft ornam.ents in the garden, toward the latter
March or April, and again .in July or Auguft-, but part of fumir.er ; but fince they have become very
has not produced any feeds. If the roots of this fort . common, have not been fo much regarded as they de-
are kept in pots, filled with light earth, and are ftiel-
ferve, partly from their growing too large for fmall
tered under a hot-bed frame in winter, they will thrive
gardens, and their requiring tall ftakes to fecure them
and produce flowers but the beft metliod to have
j is from being broken by ftrong winds. But in large
gardensj
 ;
-*v1

K t

A A - ir

gardens, where they are properly difpofed, they make pentaphyllea minima lobls fimbnatis. Socc. Mufc.
r
-/^

a fine appearance ; for as their fpikes of flowers p. 18.

: ^'.1

grow very there will be a fucceflion of them on

tall, The grows naturally in moift meadows in
firft fort I %

the fame ftems, more than two months the flowers •, feveral parts of England, but is not ^/cry
common
on the lower part of the fpike appearing in July, and near London the roots are compoled of many thick
:

as their ftalks advance, new flowers are produced till fibres,^v/hich fpread greatly when they are in a
pro-
near the end of September. When the plants are per foil ; the leaves rile immediately from the root,
planted in good ground, their ftalks often rife to fuftained by long foot-ftalks ; they are roundifh,
and
the height of eight or nine feet, lb that near fix feet fcalloped round the borders into feven or eio-ht lolx-s,
of each will be garnifhed with flowers which when -, fhaped Ibmewhat like the Ladies fcalloped "^Mantles]
double, and of good colours, will make a fine appear- from whence it had its name. The flowcr-ftems arile
ance, efpecially if the various colours are properly between the leaves about a foot high, which divide
intermixed. into many branches, and are at each joint garnilhed
They arc propagated by feeds, which, as hath been with one fmall ftaped like thofc below ; the
leaf,
V

already obferved, fhould be carefully faved from thofc flowers are compofed of an herbaceous empalement, L

plants whofe flowers are the moft double, and of the in the center of which is the ftyle attended by four
beft colours. If thefe are preferved in their capfules ftamina, crowned with yellow fummits ; fo that the
until fpring, the feeds will be better, provided they only beauty of this plant is in the leaves, which are
are gathered very dry, and care be taken that no ufed in medicine, and are efteemed to be vulnerary,
damp comes to them in winter, which will caufe their drying and^ binding, and of great force to ftop in- - '

covers to be mouldy, and thereby fpoil the feeds. w^ard bleeding. -

The feeds fliould be fown on a bed of light earth, The fecond fort is much fmaller than the firft, the
about the middle of April, which muft be covered leaves are much v/hiter and appear filky ; the fiower-
about half an inch deep, with the fame light earth ; ftems do not branch out fo much, nor are the flowers
fome perfons fow them in fhallow drills, and others produced in fo large clufters : their empalement is
fcatter the feeds thinly over the whole bed. When broader, and the fegm.ents more obtufe than thofe of
they are fown in the former method, the plants gene- the firft fort. ,

rally come up thick, fo will require to be tranfplanted The third fort grov/s naturally on the mountains in
fooner than thofe which are fown in the latter. By Weftmoreland
thefirft, the feeds may be more equally covered, and bo It is alfo a native of i

kept clean with lefs trouble, becaufe the ground be- Sweden and Denmark, the Alps, and other cold parts
tween the drills may be hoed. When the plants have of Europe, and is admitted into gardens for the fake
put out fix or eight leaves, they fhould be tranfplant- of variety. The leaves of this fort are very white,
ed into nurfery-beds, at a foot diftance from each and deeply cut into five parts like a hand the flower- ;

other, obferving to water them until they have taken ftems feldom rife more than fix inches high, nor do J *
1

good root ; after which they will require no farther the flowers make a better appearance than the other I
f

care, but to keep them clean from weeds till Octo- forts.
ber, when they fhould be tranfplanted where they are The fourth fort grows naturally in Sweden, Lapland,
to remain. and other cold countries, fo is only to be found in
Some perfons let their plants remain a year longer in fome few curious botanic gardens in this country. . *

the nurfery-beds to fee their flowers, before they re- Thefe are all abiding plants, which have perennial
move them to the iiower-garden ; but when this is roots and annual ftalks, which perifh in autumn.
ft

intended, the plants fhould be planted at a greater They may be propagated by parting their roots; the
diftance in the nurfery-beds, otherwife they will not beft time for doing this is in the autumn, that their
have room to grow. However, I have always chofen roots may be eftabliftied before the drying winds of L

to remove my plants the firft autumn, for young the fpring come on. They fhould have a moift foil SJ 4

plants more furely grow, than thofe which are older and a fhady fituation, otherwife they will not thrive H. I

and if the feeds are carefully faved, there will not be in the fouthern parts of England. When they are .

one in ten of the plants come fingle or of bad colours. propagated by feeds, they fhould be fown in the au-
LCHEMILLA, Ladies Mantle. tumn i for when they are fown in the fpring, they
The Characters are, feldom grow the firft year. They fhould be town on
'The flower bath a permanent empalement of one leaf a fhady moift border, and when the plants come up,
isfpread open at the brim^ and cut into eight feg they will require no other care but to be kept clean
ments.
/ from weeds.
!?/ the empalement is occupied by A L D E R-T REE. See Alnus.
tferted a crowned with a globular ftig-
longfiyle^ ALETRIS.
ma this is attended by four ereSl ftamina refling on the The Characters are.
of the empalement, and crowned with roundifh fum- Thefli
the germen afterwards turns to a fingle compreJJed cut into fix figments at the brim, and are perma
feed. it hath fix awl-fhaped ftamina the length of the co
Dr. Linnaeus ranges this genus in the firft feftion of his whofe bafe are infirted in the figments ; thefe ar
fourth clafs of plants, entitled Tetrandria monogy- 'J by oblong ere5l fummits, and an oval germen fup
nia, the flowers having four ftamina and one ftyle. 'l-Jhaped ftyle the length of theftamina, crown
The Species are, by a trifidftigma The germen afterward bi
Alchemilla (Vulgaris) foliis lobatis ferratis, feg- il three- ipfule with three cells, filled
mentis involucro acuto. The common Ladies Mantle, feeds
C B. P. 319. This genus of plants is ranged in Linnasus's firft kc-
2. Alchemilla foliis lobatis fericeis acute ferratis. tion of his fixth clafs, the flowers having fix ftamina
fegmentis involucro fubrotundis. Small ftl and one flyle.
Mantle with Mated leaves fharply ferrated, and the feg- The Species are,
ments of the involucrum cut into roundifh figments. Al- Aletris [Farinofa) acaulis, foliis lanceolatis mem- - 1

chemilla Alpina pubefcens minor. Tourn. Inft. R. branaceis, floribus alternis. Lin. Sp. 456. Aletris
H. 508. ftalks, fpear-fh
3. Alchemilla {Alpina) foliis digitatis ferratis. Flor.
fl'
Hyacinthus caule nodo, fo-
A ^ — ^ K _

Lapp. 61. Silvery Alpine Ladies Mantle with handed liislinguiformibus acuminatis dentatis, Flor. Virg. 3 8^
leaves, Alchemilla perennis incana argentea five fe- Aletris {Capenfis) acaulis, foliis lanceolatis undula-
ricea fatinum provocans. Mor. Hift. 2. p. 195. tis, fpica ovata, floribus nutantibus. Lin. Sp. 456.
4. Alchemilla {Pentaphylla) foliis quinatis multifidis without ftdk waved fpear-ft:^
',
'

Smooth fi fpike of alteria'? fl<

Mantle^ cut into many fegm Alchemilla Alpina I
.

'^<

G 3^. Aletris r'\

V.I
 E L
3. Ai.ETkis (ihactnthcides) acaulis, foliis lanceolatis car- though fair to appearance, yet I could never raife
nofis, floribus geininatis. Lin. Sp. 456. Aletriswith- any plants from them •, but they are propagated
eafily
ciit fialh\ flejhy ffcar-jloaped Ica-vcs^ and flowers fet by from the fide heads, which they put out after
'
pairs.- .
flowering. ' • '

4. Aletris {Zeylanica) acaulis, foliis lanceolatis planis The three forts are too tender to live througli the
lall

ereclis radicalibus. Jktris without ftalks^ a^d plain, winter in England, unlefs they are placed in a warm
fpear-Jhaped^ ere 51 leaves rifmg from the root. fl:ove nor will the third and fifth forts produce their
;

5. Ali-tris {Fragrans) cauldccns, foliis lanceolatis am- flowers, if tlie plants are not plungi^d into a tan-bed •,

plcxicaulibus. Stalky Aletris^ with fpear-paped leaves for although the plants may be prelerved in a liry
embracing Aloe Africana arborelcens, floribus al-
it. ftove, yet chofe malce but little progrefs there ; where-
bis fragrantiffimis. Ilort. Amft. 2. tab. 4. '
as when tliey are in a tan-bed, they will advance as
The firil fort grows naturally in North America it -, much in one year as the other will in three or four j
hath a tubcrolc root, from which arife feveral fpear- the leaves will alfo be much larger, and the whole
ftiaped leaves, and a naked .talk fupportlng a fpike plant much fl:ronger. The third fort will fometimes
of flowers placed akeVnate, of a greenifli white co- flower in a dry ilove, but the flower-ftehis will be
lour ;thefe appear in June, but are rarely fucceeded weak, and do not produce half fo many flowers as
by feeds in England, ' when in tan ; but the fifth has not yet flowered here
. l^his plant is tolerably hardy, fo mav be prcferved when kept in the dry fl:ove. I .^ A

thro' tlie winter, if flickered under a hot-bed frame \ The third and fourth forts propagate very fafl: by
but as the feeds do not ripen here, and the roots in- their creeping roots, which fend up many heads ;
creafe but flowly, the plants are at prefent rare in thefe may be cut off in June, and laid in the ftove
Eno;land. For a fortnight, that the part wounded may be healed
The fecond grows naturally at the Cape of Good
fort over ; then they fliould be planted in fmall pots, filled
Hope. This is a low plant, feldOrn rifing more than 3
with light fandy earth, and plunged into a moderate
a foot high ; the leaves are fpea^iaped and undu- hot-bed of tanners bark, giving them but little wa-
.
lated i the foot-fl:alks of the flowed arife from the ter till they have put out good roots ^ then they muft
root, which fufl:ain feveral white noduing flowers, in ;
be treated like other tender fucculent plants, never
'
'
fliape fomewhat like thole of the Hyacinth, '^i ' -^
fetting them abroad in fummer. :.' '
;

The roots of this fort muft: be planted in pots filled r

The heads of the fifth fort wlien taken from the ftems
with light earth, that they may be flickered in a diy fliould be laid in the ftove a week, for their wounds to
airy glafs-cafe in winter, being too tender to thrive heal, then fliould be planted in pots and treated as
in theopen air in England \ therefore the pots^fhould the other.
be removed into flicker in October, and during the ALESANDER,' 1
'
or ALEX ANDER. ' rv. .^-
See
-
winter feafon, they fliould be fparingly watered. In Smyrnium. ^ .

May they fliould be placed abroad in a flickered fl- ALKEKENGI. See Phvsalis. "

tuation, and in warm weather mufl: be frequently re- UJ See OxALis. *-

\
'

freflied with water-, with this management the plants ALLI ARI A. '
SeeHESPERis.' ' " •
'
i

will flower; but as theydo hot perfeft their feeds ALLIUM [of Gr. to avoid or ftiun, becaufe
'Axsw,
here, nor do they increafe faft by roots, the plants are many fliun the fmell of k], Garlick. - » J - , »

fcarce in Endand. ' " '

The Characters are,

The third fort has been long preferved in the Englifli The flowers are included in oM cpmmon fpatha^ which
gardens, and has been known by
of Guinea
the title tomes dry ; the flower
compofed ^fjtx oblongs ere5i^ i
is

Aloe ; this hath thick flefliy roots like thofe^ of the cave petals^ andjix awl-floapedftaminU^ which extend
Flag Iris, which creep far where they have room. length of the petals^ and are crowned wi^fy^ oblong ft
The from the root, and are near
leaves arife fingly
fi
one foot and a half long, ftiff', waved, and have no fupporting afingli
foot-ftalks, arifing immediately from the root, as do •afterward becomes an obtufe
alfo the foot-ftalks of the flowers, which when the fide.
roots are ftrong, are often a foot and a half high, gar- th roundifh feeds.
niflied great part of their height with clear white The Species are. - - -

flowers, fliaped like thofe of the Hyacinth, w;hofe 1. Allium {Sativum) caule planifolio bulbifero, bulbo
brims are cut into fix fegments, which are reflexed ; compofito, ftaminibus tricufpidatis. Hort. Upfal.
thefe feldom continue in beauty more than two or three j6. Common manured Garlick.' Allium fativum.
days, and are never fucceeded by feeds here. . C. B. P.
The fourth fort is alfo pretty common, in gardens 2. Allium {Scorodoprafum) caule planifolio bulbifero,
where there are conveniencies for preferving exotic foliis crenulatis vaginis ancipitibus ftaminibus tricuf-
p)lants. This hath flefliy creeping roots, which mul- pidatis. Hort. Upfal. ^^, ne Rocambole. Allium
tiply greatly. The whole plant feldom riles more than fativum alterum five allioprafjm caulis fummo cir-
fix inches high the leaves ar^ plain and upright,
: cumlocuto. C. B. P. 73. '-
ariflng without foot-ftalks ; but as I have never feen 3. Allium (Urfiniim) fcapo nudo femicylindrico foliis
any flowers produced .on the plants, I can give no de- lanceolatis petiolatis unibefla faftigiata. Lin. Sp.
fcription of them, but have followed Dr. Linnasus in Plant. 300. Broad-leaved zvild Garlicky or Ramfons.
ranging it, though I have great reafon to believe he Allium fylveftre latifolium. C. B. P.
has not fcen the flower ; for he fuppofes this to be a 4. Allium {Lineare) caule planifolio umbellifero um-
variety of the tiiird fort, which no perfon v/ho is ac- bella globosa ftaminibus tricufpidatis corolla duplo
quainted with the two plants can ever admit.. This longioribus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 294. Great round-headed
has been always known by the title of Ceylon Aloe. Garlick of the Holm Tflands. Allium Holmenfe fpha:-
The fifth fort rifes with an licrbaceous ftalk to the rico capite. RaiiSyn. 370.
^
height of eight or ten feet high, having many joints, 5. Allium (Moly) fcapo nudo fubcylindrico foliis lan-
and is adorned toward the top with a head of fpear- ceolatis feflilibus umbella faftigiata. Hort. Upfal.
j6.
fliaped thin leaves, which are of a deep green colour "^^ " Moly. Allium latifolium luteum. Tourn,
and reflexed at their ends, embracing the ftalks with Inft. 384.
their bafe. The foot-ftalks of the flower arife from {Mag.
the center of the heads, which are generally two feet mulo bulbifero
ftaminibus fimplicibus. Lin. Sp.
• high, branching out on each fide, and fully garniflied Plant. 296. Great broad-leaved Moly with Lily flowers.
with \yhite flowers, in fliape fomewhat like thofe of Allium latifolium liliflorum.
384. Tourn. Inft.
the third fort but thefe open only in the evening,
i Allium {Obliquum) caule planifolio umbellifero fta-
7.
when they emit a moft fragrant odour, but clofe aaafn minibus filiformibus flore triplo longioribus foliis ob-
in the morning, and are not of long duration
%ut -,
Umbellift
thefe are fomedmes fucceeded by feeds, which,
al- flender ft,

5 lenjfth
 .

A
of the flciver^ and oblique leaves. Allium radici fcjence of botany, may not fo readily turn to thole
tunicata foliis planis linearibus caulinis capitulo uni articles, tlierefore we I'liall infert their culture under
bellato. Flor. Siber. p. 49 tlieir fonner titles.
8. Allium {Ramoftim) caule lubplanifolio umbellifcro The two firft fpecies arepropagated by planting
eafily
ftaminibus fubularis longioribus umbella globosa foliis the cloves, or finall bulbs, in tlie
Ipring, in beds
linearibus fubconvexis. Lin. Sp. PI. 296. Umbel- about four or five inches diftance from
each other,
liferous Garlick with half plain leaves^ long awlfhaped keeping them clean from weeds. About the
beginning
ft of June, the leaves of the firft fort
Ihould belied in
9 oft knots, to prevent their fpindling, or running
to {<ttK\,
brcvibus, pctalis ovalibus, ftaminibus breviffimis, fo- which will greatly enlarge the bulb:
In the middle
liis linearibus. Lin. Sp. 432. Garlick -.vilh a naked of July, the leaves v/ill begin to wither and
decay,
'mbelliferous ftalk^ port foot-Jlalks^ oval petals to the ,
at which time they (liould be taken out of
the ground',
flo'wer^ very floort jlamina, and linear leaves. Allium and hanged up in a dry room, to prevent their rotting,
fylveftre five moly minus, rofco amplo flore, Mag- and may be tiuis preferved for winter ufe.
nol. II. The roots of the i'ccond fort may remain in the ground H

10. Allium{Arenarium) caule planifolio bulbifcro va- till the leaves are decayed, when their bulbs may be
ginis tcretibus fpatha mutica ftaminibus tricur])idatis. taken up and dried, to be preierved for ufe during fc

H. Scan. 227. Bulb-bearing Garlicky with plain leaves^ the winter feafon but fome of the roots may be at
-,

•
a taper vagina, and three pointed fiamina, the fame time planted again for the fucceeding year
11. Allium {Carinatum) caule planifolio bulbifero fta- for this Ibrt requires to be planted in autumn, ef-
minibus fubulatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 297. Bidb-beann^ pccially on dry ground, otherwife
o their bulbs will not
A/, be lar^e.- ., , . ,
- .
.

montanum bicorne anguftifolium ilore dilute purpu- The third fort was formerly greater efteem than
iri
rafcente. C. B. P. 74. at prefent, ^it being rarely cultivated in gflrdens, but
12. Allium {Spharocephalon)
caule terteifolio umbelli- isfound wild in moill fliady places in many parts of
fero, foliis femiteretibus, ftaminibus tricufpidatis co- England; and may be cultivated by planting the roots
rolla longioribus. Lin. Sp. 426. Umbelliferous Gar- in a moift lliady border, at almoft any time of the year-. - %

licky with taper leaves which are longer than the petals.
July:
Allium five moly montanum purpureo flore. Ciuf. are decaying.
Hift. I. p. 195. The fourth fort grov/s naturally in the Holm Iflands,
^3 . Allium{Flavtim) caule teretifolio umbellifero, flo- from whence it has been tranfplanted into feveral gar-
ribus pendulis, petalis ovatis, flaminibus corolla lon- dens, where it is preierved more for the fake of va-
gioribus. Lin. Sp. 428. Umbelliferous Garlick, with riety than ufe.
fl< The.eleyenth and thirteenth forts grow wild in the \

1
idft. Allium montanum northern parts of England, but are by the curious in
bicorne flore pallido odore. C. B. P. ^c^, botany prefer\^ed in their gardens. Thefe are very
14. Allium fcapo nudb ancipi
{Senefcens) hardy, and may be removed in July or Auguft, when
nearibus fubtus convexis tevibus umbella fubrotunda their leaves begin to decay, and will thrive in almoft
ftaminibus fubulatis. Hort. Upfal. 79. Greater any foil or fituation.
Mountain Garlick with leaves like Narciffus. Allium 'The was formerly preferved in gardens for
fifth fort
montanum foliis Narcifli majus. C. B. P. y^, the fake of its yellow flowers, but having a very ftrong
15. Allium {Angulofum) fcapo nudo ancipiti foliis li- Garlick fcent, nioft people have rooted it out of their
nearibus canaliculatis fubtus fubangulatis umbella fafti- gardens. •
. .
- -

giata. Hort. Upfal. 79. akedflalk The fixth fort is alfo preferved by many perfons in - >- -

narrow foottowteaves, which are angular on their lower fide, their gardens for the fake
I I

of variety, but as this hath *l

I

and a compaol umbel Allium montanum foliis Nar- a very ftrong (cent, lb it is not often admitted to the
cifli minus. C. B. P. 75. .
flov/er-garden.
16. Allium
{Subhirfutum) caule planifolio umbellifero The nintj-i and twelfth fometimes permitted
forts are r

foliis inferioribus hirfutis ftaminibus fubulatis.

Lin. to have a place in gardens for tlie fake of variety.
Sp. Plant. 295. Umbellifi The feventh, eighth, and tenth forts grow naturally
leaves. l-fhapcd flamina, commonly called Diof in Tartary and Siberia, from whence their feeds were
Moly. Moly fent to Peterft)urgh, and from thence fome of the bo-
P.75- tanic gardens have been fupplied with feeds ; thefe are
17. Allium (Fi^ioralis) umbella rotundata, ftaminibus only preierved for the fake of variety.
lanceolatis corolla longioribus, foliis ellipticis.
Lin. The fourteenth, fifteentli, and fixteenth forts, have
Mat. Med Umbellifi been planted in gardens for the variety of their flowers,
fpear-fhapedfl but of late years moft people have turned them out,
liptical leaves. Allium montanum latifolium macu- to make room for better forts. But tlie fixteenth
latum. C. B. P. 74. multiplies fo flift by offsets, as to render it difficult
!. AhLivM
(Defcendens) caule fubteretifolio umbellifero, to extirpate them, when they have remained any time
pedunculis exterioribus brevioribus, ftaminibus tri-
in a garden.
cufpidatis. Lin. Sp. 427. Umbelliferous Garlirk ^nith This produces large umbels of white flowers, growing
half taper leaf, and three pointed Jl Allium on ftalks about ten inches highj the time of flowerino-
moly latifolium, capite fph^rico, flore purpureo is in April and May.
Rudb. The nineteenth fort was brought from Virginia, and
19 'adenfe)
is preferved in botanic gardens for variety's fake, but
ribus capitulo bulbifero. Kalm. It. Canada
7 1.. /»T>T* t -^ Garlick ivith has no great beauty ; it is very hardy, and will thrive
7?^?/^-
in the open air very well ; and is propagated by its
Boerh bulbs, which are produced in plenty on the top of
146.
the ftalks.
20. Allium {Triquetrum) fcapo nudo foliis triquetris, I'hey are all of them very hardy, and will thrive in
ftaminibus fimplicibus. Lin. Sp. 431." Garlick with almoft any foil or fituation, and are eafily propagated
Ji^alk, triangular leaves. and Jifnple jl. by
either from feeds: if from the roots,
their roots, or
Moly C. B. P. 75. the beft tim.e is in autumn, that they may take good
Weil root in the ground before the fpring, which is necef-
I'orrum, as is done by Dr. Linnjeus, left by too fary, in order to have them flov/er ftrong the following
clofejy adopting his fyftem, we may
render this work fummer. If they are propagated by feeds, they may
lefs mtelhgible to the
pradical gardener, and fuch be fown on a border of common earth, either in au-
other perfons who may delight themfelves
in the cul- tumn, foon after the feeds are ripe, or in the fprincr
ture of a kitchen-garden-, but not
having ftudied the following, and WiU* require no farther care, but to
keep
 y

A o
keepthem clear fromwecdsvln the followmg autumn, I bicantlbus obfcurloribus magis glaucis quam pr«cc
*"" c---'^
Bocrh. T.,r^
Ind.
the plants may be tranfplantcd into the borders where dens.
'

they are to remain for good. ". Aloe [Plicatilis) foliis enfiformibus Incrmis ancipi-
The greateft part of thcfe plants produce their flowers tibus floribus laxe fpicatis mule frucicofo. Aloe with

inMay, June, and July. fwordrfhaped fmootb leaves, ftcnding two ways, the flowers
a foot high and growing in loofe fpikes, and a fhrubby ftalk. Aloe Afri-
The yellow Moly will grow about ;

having fome beauty in the flowers, is worthy of a cana arborefccns montana non fpinofa folio longifllmo
place in fuch borders of the flower-garden, where few plicatili flore rubro. Com. Hort. Amfl. 2. p. 5.
better things will thrive. Thefc increafe plentifully 8. Aloe {Brevioribus) foliis amplexicaulibus utraque
fpinofis, floribus fpicatis. Aloe with leaves embracing
both by roots and feeds.
the ftalks, which are pi'ickly on every fide, and flowers
The fixth and fevcnteenth forts grow upwards of two
feet high, and when they are in flower, make a pretty growing in fpikes. Aloe Africana caulefcens foliis glau-
appearance ; and as they are not troublefome to Iceep, cis breviflimis foliorum parte interna externa non- &
may be allowed a place in the borders of the flower- nihil fpinofa. Com. Prasl. 71*

garden. 9. {Variegata) floribus pedunculatis cernuis race-

Aloe
All the other forts are equally hardy, and will grow mofis prifmaticis ore patulo sequali. Lin. Sp. Plant.
in any foil or fituation ; but as they have little beauty, 321. Aloe with hanging flowers, having foot-ftalksy and
they are rarely preferved, except in botanic gardens fpreading equally at the brim. Aloe Africana humilis
for the fake of var'ety. loliisex albo &
viridi variegatis. Com. Prail. 79.
ALMOND-TREE. Sec Amygdalus. commonly called Partridge-breaft Aloe.
M N W
A L O D-D A R F. See Persica. 10. Aloe foliis ereiSkis fubulatis radicatis undique in-

A NU
L S. See Betula. erme Hort. Cliff, i^i. Aloe with erea
fpinofis.

ALNUS NIGRA BACCIFERA. See Fran- i'fhaped leaves, fet with foft fpines on every part. Aloe

CULA.
r

Africana humilis fpinis inermibus &

verrucofis obfita.

ALOE [Gr.'Axoii]. Com. Prsel. 77. commonly called Hedge-hog Aloe.

The Characters are. . Aloe {Vifcofa) floribus feflilibus infundibuli formi-
The flower nakedy having no empalement ; // is of one
is bus bilabiatis laciniis quinque revolutis fumma erefta.
leaf having a long fmootb tube^ which is divided at the Lin. Sp. Plant. 322. funncl'fhaped fli

top into fix parts, fpreading open \ it hath fix awl- two lips^ and cut into five
tbout foot -ft alks, opening in

fhaped ftamina^ which are inferted at their bafe to the fegments, which turn backward^ and are ere£l at the top.
germen^ and are extended the length of the tube ; tbefe are Aloe Africana erefta triangularis &
triangular! folia

crowned with chlong fummits \ in the center isfituated the vifcofo. Com, Prsel. 82.

oval germeny fupporting afingleftyle, which is of the fame

'

12. Aloe {Spiralis) floribus feflilibus ovatis crenatis feg-

length with the ftamina^ crowned with a trifid fligma. mentisjnterioribus conniventibus. Lin. Sp. Plant.
The germen afterward becomes an oblcng capfuky having 322. Aloe with oval crenated flowers, without foot -ftalks
three furrows, which is divided into three cells opening in and the interior fegments clofing together. Aloe Africana
three partSy and filled with angular feeds. erefta rotunda folio parvo &: in acumen acutiflimum
Com.
'

This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnasus ranged in excunte. Prael. 83. >
;o

the firft feftion of his fixth cafs, titled Hexandria 13. Aloe {Linguiforme) fcffilis foliis lingui formibus ma-
monogynia, from the flowers having fix ftamina culatis floribus pedunculatis cernuis. Aloe with dwarfs
and one ft:yle. tongue-fhaped, fpotted leaves, and hanging flowers, which
The Species are, have foot-ftalks. Aloe Africana flore rubro folio ma-
i. Aloe {Mitriformis) floribus pedunculatis cernuis co- culis albicantibus ab utraque parte notato. H. Amfl:.
rymbofis fub-cylindricis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 319. i. e. 2. p. 15. commonly called Tongue Aloe.

Aloe with dependent flozverSy having foot -ft alks which are 14. Aloe {Margaritifera) floribus feflilibus bilabiatis
ranged in a cylindrical cotymbus. Aloe Africana mitri- labio fuperiore erefto inferiore patente. Lin. Sp. Plant.
formis fpinofa. Hort. Elth. i. p. 21. Mitre-fliaped 322. Aloe with feffxle flowers, gaping with two lipsy
Aloe. the upper being erch, and the under fpreading. Aloe Af-
2. Aloe (Barbadenfis) foliis dentatis ereftis fucculentibus ricana folio in fummitate triangulari margaritifera flo-
fubulatis, floribus luteis in thyrfo dependentibus. re fubviridi. Com. Hort. Amfl:. 2. p. 19. commonly
with ere5l, fucculenty awl-fhaped leaves, andyellow
/iloe called large Pearl Aloe.
flowers growing in a loofe fpike, haytging downward. Aloe 15. Aloe {Vera) foliis longiflimis & anguftiflimis mar-
vulgaris. C. B. P. 386. ginibus fpinofis, floribus fpicatis- Aloe with very long
3. Aloe {Arborefcens) foliis amplexicaulibus reflexis, narrow leaves, having fpines on their hedges, and flowers
margine dentatis, floribus cylindricis caule fruticofa. growing in fpikes. Aloe Indire Orientalis, ferrata fuc-
Aloe with leaves embracing the ftalks, which are reflexed cotrlna vera flore Phoenicio. Hort. Beaumont. The
and indented on their edges, flowers growing cylindrical, Succotrine Aloe.
and aflorubby ftalk. Aloe Africana caulefcens foliis 16. Aloe (Glauca) caule brevi, foliis amplexicaulibus
glaucis caulem ampleftantibus. H. Amfl. Com- bifariam verfis fpinis marginibus eredlis floribus ca-
monly called Sword Aloe. pitatis. Aloe with a fhort ftalk, leaves ftanding two ways^
4. Aloe {Africana) foliis latioribus amplexicaulibus, which embrace the ftalk ; the fpiyies on the edges ere£f, and
margine & dorfo fpinofis, floribus fpicatis, caule fru- flowers growing in a head. Aloe Africana caulefcens
ticolo. Aloe with broader leaves embracing the ftalks, foliis glaucis brevioribus foliorum parte interna ex- &
wbofe edges and back are fet with fpines, flowers growing terna nonnihil fpinofa. Com. Prael. 71.
in fpikes, and a fhrubby ftalk. Aloe Africana caulef^ 17. Aloe (^r^r^;?w^f^) feflllis foliis brevioribus planis
ccns foliis minus glaucis dorfi parte fuprema fpinofa. carnofis apice triquetris marginibus inerme fpinofis.
Com. Prasl. 68. how Aloe withfhort, plain, fleftjy leaves, triangular at their
5. Aloe (Difticha) foliis latiflimis amplexicaulibus ma- ends, with foft fpines. Aloe Africana
and borders fet
culatis, margine fpinofis floribus umbellatis. Aloe humilis arachnoidea. Com. Prxl. 72. commonly called
with very broad fpotted leaves embracing the ftalk, whofe Cobweb Aloe.
edges are fet with fpines and flowers, growing in an um- 18. Aloe {Herbacea)io\\\% ovato-lanceolatis carnofis apice
bel Aloe Africana caulefcens foliis fpinofis maculis triquetris angulis inerme dentatis.
Hort. Cliff. 131.
ab utraque parte albicantibus notatis. Hort. Amftel. Aloe with oval, fpear-fhaped, flcfhly leaves, having three
2. p. 9. by fome called the Sope Aloe, and by others angles at their extremities, which are indented and fet with
Carolina Aloe. /
foft fpines. Aloe Africana minima atro-viridis fpinis
6. Aloe {Obfcura) amplexicaulibus ma-
foliis latioribus herbaceis numerofis ornata. Boerh. Ind. Alt. 2. p.
culatis margine fpinofis floribus fpicatis. Aloe with
Iroad fpotted leaves e^nbracing the ft alks, whofe edges have 19. Aloe {Retufa) floribus' feffilibus triquetris bilabiatis
fpines, and flowers growing in a fpike. Aloe Africana labio inferiore revoluto. Lin. Sp. Plant. 322. Aloe
caulefcens foliis fpinofis maculis ab utraque parte al- with flowers divided into three parts, the under lip being
turned
 ;

A O A O
Itirned ba.k. Aloe Africana brevillimo cran'fTiinoquc their roots, aJid hung up in a warm rooni more than
folio florc rub\ iridi. Horc. Amft. 2. p. 1 1. cOmmonly two and afterwards planted in pots, which have
years,
called Curaioa Aloe. grown very well, from whence the plant has been
20. Aloe {Verruccfa) fenills foliis carlnatis utraque ver- called Sempen-ivum by the inhabitants of America.
rucofis bifariam vcrfis. Lo'-jj Aloe ^j:ith keel-JJoaped The third fort will groV/ to the height of ten or twelve
leaves^ warted en rorry part^ and Jlanding two ways. feet, \vicli naked ftem, the leaves growin CT
a ftrong
Aloe Africana foliLs longis conjiigatis fupra cavis mar- at the top, which clofely embrace the ftalk they are •,

saritifcris fiorc rubro clcirantiffiino. Boerh. Ind. Alt. about two inches broad at their bafe, frrowincr nar-
p. 2, 131. commonly called Pearl-tongue Aloe. rower to a point, and are reflexed, and indented
I

21. Aloe {Carinata) fefTdis foliis carinatis verrucofis apice on their edges, each being armed with a ftrono-
triquctris carriofis. Lciv Aloe vcitb pjl^)\ kcel-JJoaped^ crooked fpine. The leaves are of a fea-green colour^
fpotted leaves^ zc'bicb are triangular at their extremities. and very fucculent. The flowers grow in a pyra- f

This is the Aloe Africana flore rubro folio triangular! midal fpike, are tubulous, and of a bright red colour.
verrucis & ab utraquc parte albicantibus notato. Hort. Thefe are in beauty in November and December.
f

Amft. 2. p. 17. This fort will live through the winter in a good green-
22. Aloe {Ferox) foliisamplexicaulibus nigricantibus houfe, but they will not flower unlefs they have a
undique fpinofis. Alocvjith dark green leaves embracing moderate fliare of warmtli, therefore the pots fliould
the Jtalks^ zvhich are befet "joith [pines en every fide. Aloe be removed into a ftove in Oftober, which ftiould not
vera cofla fpinofa. Munt. Phyt. commonly called be kept above temperilte heat, in which fituation they
Aloe ferox. feldom fail to flowen /

23. Aloe{Uvaria) floribus feflllibus reflexis imbricatis The fourth fort fomewhat
is like the third, but the
prifmaticis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 323. Aloe with reflcxed leaves are broader, and have on their
feveral fpines
flowers grooving clofe to the Jlalk^ in form of a prifin ^ lying backfide toward their extremities. The flowers of this
over each other like tiles on a hovfe. Aloe Africana fo- grow in a loofer fpike, and the plants never put out
lio triantzulai'i lon2:i{rimo & ano-uftiffimo floribus luteis any fuckers, fo that it is very difficult to increafe.
fcEtidis. Hort. Amft. 2. p. 29. commonly called Iris The fifth fort feldom rifes much above two feet hio-h,
Uvaria. the leaves are very broad at their bafe, where they
The firft fort of Aloe grows with an upright ftalk, to clofely embrace the ftalk, and gradually decreafe to
the height of five or fix feet, the leaves clofely em- a point. The edges are fet with fliarp fpines, and
brace the ftalks \ they are thick, fucculent, broad at the under leaves fpread open horizontally every way;
their bafe, growing harrower, and endihg in a point, thefe are of a dark green colour fpotted with white, i

of a dark green colour, and have fpines on the edges, fomewhat refembling the colour of foft fope, from
as alfo a few on their upper furface^ the leaves fl:and whence fome have given it the title of Sope Aloe. The
ereil, and draw together towards the top, where they flowers grow in umbels on the tops of the ftalks^ which
form the refemblance of a mitre, from whence it is are of a beautiful red colour, and appear in Auguft:
called the Mitre Aloe. The flower-ftehi rifes about afid September. This fort is hardy, fo may be kept
three feet ji^gh, on the top of which the fldwefs come in a common green-houfe in winter, and in the fum-
out in a fort of globular fpike, but afterwards is mer placed in the operi air.
formed into a cylindrical fpike: thefe have long fodt- The fixth fort is fomewhat like the fifth in its manner
ftallis, which come out horizontally, and the flowers of growth, but the leaves are broader, of a lighter
hang downward; they arc tubulous, and cut into fix green colour-, the edges and alfo the fpines are of a
unequal fegmchts to the bottom, three being alter- copper colour, and the flowers grow in loofe fpikes.
nately broader than the others. There are fi^ ftami- This is as hardy as the former, lo rtiay be treated in
na, three of which arc as long aS the tube of the the fame mariner. It flowers in September.
flower, the other three are ftiortef. Thefe are crowned The feventh fort grows to the height of fix or {tvtn
with flat oblong iinrimits of a gold colour. The feet, with a ftrong ftem, toward the upper part of K

V
three-cornered germeri is fituated in the bottom of which are produced two, three, or four heads, com- F, I

the flower, fupporting a Angle ftyle, which is fliorter pofed of long, compreflTed, pliable leaves, of a fea- J-

than the ftamina, having no ftigma on the top. The green colour, entire, and ending in obtufe points ;
tube of the flower is of a fine red colour, and the brim thefe are placed two ways, lying over each other with
is of a pale green, fo that it makes a pretty appear- their edges the fame way. The flowers afe produced
ance when the fpikes of flowers are large. in fhort loofe fpikes, which are of a red colour, and
Tlfis fort will live in a warm dry green-houfe in appear at different times of the year. (

winter, and may be placed in the open air in fummer, The eighth fort is an humble plant, feldom rifing
in a flieltered ficuation ; but the plants ftiould not more than a foot high; the leaves grow near the
have much \vet, left it fliould rot their ftems. With ground, which are broad at their bafe, where they
management the plants
this will not grow fo faft, as embrace the ftalk, and gradually diminifli to a point;
when they arc placed in a ftove, but they will be they are of a fea-green colour, with fome white
ftrongcr, and their ftems will fupport their heads fpots their edges, and alfo their upper parts below
•,

much better. and above, are befet with pretty fliarp fpines the ;

The fecond fort is very common in the iflands of flowers grow^ in loofe fpikes, the tubulous part being
America, where the plants are propagated upon the red,and the brim of a light green colour.
/
pooreft land, to obtain the Hepatic Aloes, which The ninth fort is a low plant, feldom rifing above
are brought to England, and ufed chiefly for horfes, eight inches high. The leaves of this are triangular,
beino; too coarfe for medicine. and turn back extremity, they are fleftiy and
at their
The leaves of this fort afe about four inches broad at entire, their edges being very flightly fawed. Thefe
their bafe, where they are near two inches thick, and are curioufly veined and fpotted, fomewhat like the
diminifli gradually to a point, having a few inden- feathers on a partridge's breaft, from whence it had
tures on their edges-, the leaves are of a fea-green co- the name. The flowers grow in very loofe fpikes,
lour, and when young are fpotted with white. The upon ftalks about one foot high; they are of a fine red
fiowcr-ftcm rifes near three feet high, and the flowers colour ripped with green. This will live in a good
ftand in a flender loofe fpike, with very fliort foot- green-houfe through the winter.
ftalks, hanging downwards. They are tubulous, and I have raifed a variety of this from feeds which I re-
cut ir.to fix parts, of a bright yellow colour, and the ceived from the Cape of Good Hope, with broader
ftamina ftand out beyond the tube. This never pro- triangular leaves, which fpread much more than thofc •
\
duces feed in England, and is too tender to live of the former, and are not fo beautifully fpotted; the
through the winter in our climate, in a common green- flower-ftalks alfo grow much taller.
houfe, therefore it fliould be placed in a moderate The tenth fort is alfo a very low plant, never rifing
degree of warmth in that feafon. I have known plants to have ftalks; the leaves are broad at their bafe, but \.

of this kind, which ha\-c had an oiled cloth tied about are tapering to a point where they arc triangular
II they 1
-''
 "

t: h mitft have little waters It feldom puts out offsets, fo

(oft fpines, vei^y clofely, had

from whence this plant is generally inereafed by planting the leaves.

the name of Hedgehog Aloe. The flowers grow in The eighteenth fort is alfo a fmall plant growing near
the ground the leaves of this fort are alnioft cylin-
a loofe head, on the top of the ftalk, which is very
•,

thick, but feldom a foot high they are of a fine red

:
drical toward their bafe, but angular near their ends,

colour beloWj but of a pale green above. This fort and are fet wirfi fliort foft fpines at the angles : thefe

may be preferv^ed through the winter in a good green- leaves are fliorter and of a darker green colour than
houfe, and placed in the open air in fummen _
thofe of the former fort, and the plants produce many
The eleventh fort grows near a foot high, and is fur- fuckers on every fide. have raifed a variety of this
I

niflied' with triangular leaves, from the ground up- from feeds, which hath fliorter, whiter, and fmoother
ward ; thefe are of a dark green colour, and are placed leaves, but this hatli not yet flowered. This v/ill live

in form of a triangle the flowers grow thinly upon

•,
in a coiTimdn green-houfe in winter.

very flenderfoot-ftalks, and are of an herbaceous co- The nineteenth fort hath very fliorr, thick, fucculent
lour, and their upper part turns backward. This fort leaves, which are comprefl^ed on their upper fide like
requires a moderate warmth in winter, fo fliould be a culhion, from whence it had the name. This grows
placed in a cool part of the fl:ove. , very clofe to the ground, and puts out fuckers on
The twelfth fort grows fomewhat like the former, every fide the flowers grow on flender ftalks, and
:

being befet with leaves tj*om the bottom, but thefe are of an herbaceous colour. This may be preferved
are rounder, and end in*fliarp points j the flowers through the winter in a good green-houfe, but fliould
grow upon taller ftalks, which branch out and' grow have very little water during that feafon, efpecially
in long clofe fpikes. There is a variety of this fort when it hath no artificial heat^
which has been raifed from feeds, which is- mlich The twentieth fort hath long narrow tongue-fhaped
larger, the leaves thicker, and the flowers grow upon leaves, which are hollowed on their upper fide, but
taller fl:alks,but this is only a feminal variety- keel-fhaped below thefe are clofely ftudded on eveiy
:

Thrs fort may be preferved through the winter in a fide, with fmall white protuberances, from whence

g6od green-hbufe, but mult have very little water the plant hath had the title of Pearl Tongue Aloe.
given it during the cold weather. The flowers of this kind grow on pretty tall ftalks^
The thirteenth fort grows with its leaves near tTie and form loofe fpikes, each hanging dov^nward they :

ground, which are about fix inches in length, and are of a beautiful red colour, tipped with green. This,
fliaped like' a tongue, from whence it had the title of fort produces offsets in plenty, and is fo hardy as to

Tongue Aloe- The flowers grow in flender loofe live in a common green-noufe through the winter. It

fpikes, each hanging downward, of a red colour below. flowers at different feafons of the year.
and green at the top. may The twenty-firft fort hath fome refemblance to the laft,
te kept in a common •houfe in winter, and fet but the leaves are much broader and thicker i thefe
abroad in fummer. Tlliere is a variety of this fort, Ipreadout every way, and are not fo concave on their
tvith leaves mucK more ftjotted. upper furface, nor are the protuberances fo large as
The fourteenth fort of humble jgrowth; the leaves
is thofe of the former i the flowers are of a paler colour,
come out on every fide without orckr near the ground, and the fpikes are fhorter. I have raifed plants from
they are thick, triangular at their ends, and clofely the feeds of this fort, which have varied from the
ftudded with white protuberances^ from whence it was original, but none of them approached near the twen-
called Pearl Aloe. There is a fmaller fort of this tieth fort. This is as. hardy as the former fort
which hath been long preferved in the Englifh gar- The twenty-fecond fort rifes to the height of eight
dens, but the manner of its flowering being the fame, or ten feet, with a ftrong ftem ;'
the leaves grow on
I fufpeft it to be only a variety. This may be pre- the top, which clofely embrace the ftalk ; thefe come
ferved through the winter in a common greeh-houfe. out irregularly, and fpread every way j they are near
it flowers at different feafpns of the year. four inches broad at their bafe, and diminifli gradually
The fifteenth fort is the true Succotrine Aloe, from to the top, where they end in a fpine. They are of
whence the beft fort of Aloe for ufe in medicine is a dark green colour, and clofely befet with ftiort thick
produced. This hath long, narrow, fucculent leaves, fpines on every fide. This fort hath not as yet flowered
whicli come out without any order, and form large in England, nor does it put out fuckers, fo that it is
heads. The ftalks grow three or four feet high, and difficult to increafe. It muft have a warm green-

have two, three, and fometimes four of thefe heads, houfe in winter, and very little water.
branching out from it the lower leaves fpread out
: The twenty-third fort hath very long, narrow, trian-
on every fide, but the upper leaves turn inward to- ular leaves, ftiaped like thofe of the BuU-rufti ; the
ward the center i the flowers grow in long fpikes, owers are produced in clofe thick fpikes, upon ftalks
upon ftalks about two feet high, each ftanding on a near three feet high. They are of an Orange colour,
pretty long foot-ftalk; they-are of a bright red colour having fix yellow ftamina, which come out beyond
tipped with green: thefe generally appear in the winter the tube of the flower j fo that when the plants are
feafon. This fort may be preferved through the ftrong, and produce large ^^
fpikes,
^ they
-. make
^ — -^
— --,a fine
winter in *a warm green-houfe, but the plants fo ma- appearance. It flowers in Auguft and September.
naged will not flower fo frequently, as thofe which There is a variety of this with narrower leaves, and
have a moderate degree of warmth in winter. longer fpikes of flowers.
The fixteenth fort refembles the eighth in fome par- The foil in which thefe plants thrive beft, is one half
ticulars, but the leaves are much broader, and fpread frefh light earth from a common (and if the turf is
wide on every fide ; whereas thofe of the eighth are taken with it and rotted, it is much better) ; the reft
ranged only two ways, and are narrow. This flowers fliould be white fea fand and fifted lime rubbifti, of
but feldom, whereas the fixteenth flowers annually In each of thefe two, a fourth part; mix thefe together
the fpring, and may be kept through the winter in a fix or eight months at leaft before it is ufed, oblerving
common green-houfe. to turn it over often in the time.
The feventeenth fort never rifes from the ground, but The middle of July is a very proper feafon to fliift
the leaves fpread flat on the furface ^ thefe are plain, .
thefe plants ; at which time you may take them out
fucculent, and triangular toward their end. The of the pots, and with your fingers open the roots, and
borders of the leaves, and alfo the ridge of the angle fliake out as much of the earth as pofllble, taking off"
on their under fide, are clofely befet with foft white all dead or mouldy roots, but do not wound or break

fpines. The flower-ftalk rifes about a foot high, is the young frefti ones then fill the pot about three
:

very flender, and hath three or four fmall herbaceous l^arts full of the above-mentioned earth, putting a
flowers ftanding at a diftance from each other. Thefe few ftones in the bottom of the pot, to drain off* the
are tubulous, and cut Into fix parts at the brim, which moifture; and after placing the roots of the plant in
turn backward. This fort is tender, fo fliould be fuch a manner as to prevent their interfering too much
placed in winter in a moderate degree of heat, and with each other, put in as much of the fame earth, as
2 to
 ; ^ : , . . i

A a
M fill and obferve to (hake
the pot almoft to the rim, t ddle ~_
i

the plant, lb as to let the earth in between the roots young plants, by taking off the glafTcs in good weal '

and dien with your hand fettle it clofe to t!ie roots of ther, and by raifing them at other times
with props, .."',-

the plant, to keep it Heady in the pot ; then water that the air may
freely enter the bed, v/hich is ab-'
them gently, and fet them abroad in a fliady place, folutely neceffary for dveir growth,
and to prep.ire
1

• i
-

where they may remain for three weeks, giving them them to be removed into the houfe, wJlich
mull be
gentle waterings, if the weather fhould prove hot -done toward the end of September,
and managed as
and dry. before directed for the old plants.-
, ^.
- I

Toward the latter end of September^ in a dry day, The African Aloes, for the moff par;, aH ord olenty r

remove them into thehoufe again, obferving to give of fuckers, by which they are i'lcr^irfedt
but' thofe
them as much free open air as poffible, while the few that do not, may be moil of th.em
propagatedi
weather is warm ; but, if the nights, are cool, you by taking off fome of the under leaves, laying
them
muft fhut up the glaffes, and give them air only in to dry for ten days or a fortnigiit, as was
diredled for '

the day ; and, as the cold increafes, you muft not the offsets ; then plant them in the fame foil
as was
open the glaffes, but obferve to give them gentle direded for them, putting that part of the leaf which
waterings often, till the middle of O<5tober, when you adhe
muft abate watering according to the heat of the houfe and a half (according to the fize of the leaf) into the
1

in which they are kept. For thofe pjants which are earth, giving therti a little water to fettle ~

the earth • --

placed in a ftove, will require to be watered at leaft about them,; then plunge the pots into a moderate
once a week, moft part of the winter ^ whereas thofe hot-bed, obferving to fcreen them from the
violence
which are kept in a green-lioufe without artificial heat, of the fun, and give them gentle refrelhings with 1* *

^ y ^

fnould not be watered oftener in winter than once a

J \
month. piifli e -wmter.
When thefe hardier forts of Aloes are placed abroad the
in fummer, they ihould have but little water given in the Ibops for horfes, and
Aloe Hepatica*
is called
them; and if much rain fliould fall during the time n ^^^^ ^l xo nviu uic iiiLccntii lorc, tne :5UCcotrine
or
they are abroad, they (hould be fcreened from it: for beft^fort of Aloes, is produced; which is
!
done' by
when they imbibe much wet in fummer, they fre- cutting their leaves tranfyerQy, and placing earthen
}

quently rot the following winter, efpecially if they are veffels under them to receive the juice which
drops *

not kept in a moderate warm air. Therefore, thofe from thefe cut leaves i which juice, when infpiffated,
who choofe to treat thefe plants hardily, fhould be becomes the Aloe which is ufed in medicine. But I 4
J

cautious of their receiving too much moifture. believe in making the coarfer fort of Aloes, they prefs
I.'

The tender forts Ihould conftantly remam in the ftove, the leaves, whereby a greater quantity of juice is ob-
.

or be removed in fummer to an airy gkfs-cafe, where fine •

they may have free air in warm weather, but be pro- MERICANA M See
h

i
h

tedted from rain and cold. With this management Agave. i ,

the plants will thrive and increafe, and fuch of them A L O I D E S. See Stratiotes. ^

as ufually flower, may be expedted to produce them CUROS [Gr. 'AKoirkHfii^} • -

in beauty at their feafons. ofgrafs.

The hardier forts thrive much when they are
better ALPINIA.
cxpofed in fummer, and fecured from the cold and This plant is fo called after Profper Alpinus, who
rain in winter, than if they are treated more tenderly. was a famous botanift in hi§ time, and travelled into
For when they are placed in a ftove, they are kept Greece and Egypt, and has written two books in
growing all the winter, whereby they are drawn up quarto of the plants of thofe countries.
weak and although they will flower oftener when
; The Characters are, >
h _ f

''5
they have a moderate of heat, yet in two or three
fliare // balh a empalement^ upon which
trifid refis the germn. -V /

years, the plants will not appear fo fightly as thofe The flower
'

is of one leaf which is unequally divided at the

which are more
hardily treated. top into four parts^ and refembles a perfonated flower ;
The twenty-third fort is hardy enough to live abroad ihe upper fegment which refembles the helmet^ and alfo the
^ k

in mild winters, if they are planted in a warm border two fide fegments^ are indented in the middle^ and the lower
and a dry foil ; but as they are often deftroyed in fe- one divided into three parts at the brim ; in the center
is
•
I

vere winters, proper to keep fome plants in

it is is placed the round germen^ fupporting aftngleftyle crowned
pots, which may be flieltered in winter under a frame, with a three cornered ftigma : this is attended by aftngle
to preferve the fort. This is propagated by feeds, ft amina fixed to the tube of the flower^ which is crowned
which the plants generally produce in plenty: the
fi 4ft er the flower is paft
feeds muft be fown in pots foon after they are ripe, * '

Iflejhyfr
and in winter fliould be flickered under a common incloftng feveral oval feeds
J -r

hot-bed frame in thefpringthe plants will come up,

:
This genus of plants, is by Dr. Linn^us ranged in
^

when they fliould be inured to bear the open air by his firft clafs, which is entitled Monandria Monogy-
degrees and when they are large enough to remove,
-,
nia, the flowers of which have but one ftamina and •

fome of them fliould be plantedTn pots, and the other

"L

one flyle.
in a warm border, where they will require to be fliel- We know but one Species of this genus, viz. /
tered the following winter, as they will not have ob- Alpinia. Royen. Prod. 12. This is by father Plumier
tained fuflicient ftrength to refift the cold. titled, Alpina racemofa alba'Cannacori foliis. Nov.
Moft of thefe Aloes are increafed by offsets, which Gen. 26, i. e. White branching Alpina^ with leaves like
fliould be <aken from the mother plant, at the time the flowering Reed.
when they are fliifted, and muft be planted in very This plant is a native of the Weft-Indies, froi^i whence
fmall pots, filled with the fame earth as was direfted it has been brought into forrie of the curious gardens
for the old plants but if, in taking the fuckers ofl^,
; of Europe, where it muft be preferved in a good * -

you obferve that part which joined to the mother root '
green-houfe, and the pots plunged into a tub of water,
to be moift, you muft let them lie out of the ground
otherwife it will not thrive in this country. The leaves
in a fliady dry place fix or eight days to dry before ''it

decay every winter, and are puflied out from the roots
they are planted, otherwife they are very fubjeft to rot.
^ , Maranta„,
After planting, Jet them remain in a fliady place (as gated by parting of the roots when the leaves decay.
]
was before direfted in fliifting the old plants) for a AL SI N
E IGr. 'k\^'m\ Chick-weed.
fortnight, when you fliould remove the tender kinds Thefe plants are fd well known to moft perfons, it
tQ a very moderate hot-bed, plunging the pots there- will be needlefs to mention them in this place, unlefs
in, which will greatly facilitate their taking new root;
it be to caution perfons from permitting them to grow
but obferve to fliade the glaflTes in the middle of the either in their gardens, or on dunghills, where they * V

day, and to give them a great fliare of air. foon .1.

i
w^eds

t
 \

mly with little ber; They be fown in the places where they
fliould
Wccts •, but as they afe annual, tliey
they do not ftand to produce are to remain, for as the roots Ihoot deep into the
.
trouble be deftroyed, if
ground, unlefs the plants are removed very young/
feed.
L T FI M A
-

\^A}.^xU, fo called from ix they feldom furvive tranfplanting.

heal], Marlhnrallow.
The fourth fort has a woody ftem, which riles to the
height of four or live htt^ and puts out many fide
The Characters arc,
h:ith double empnkmc'nt the cuter is branches. Thefe are garnifhed with leaves of dif-
"The flo^'cr ti '-^

and is wtequally divided into nine narro'ujfcg-

ferent fhapes ; thofe which are on the lower part of
of one leaf,
cut the ftllks are like a hand, very (lightiy cut toward
'ments at the brim , the inner one is alfo of one leaf,
broad acute fegments at the top thefe are both their outfide, but thofe which are placed on the upper
into five ;

permanent. The flower hath five petals which coalefce -

part of the branches, are deeply cut into feveral parts ;
and are fhaped like thefe are hairy, and grow alternately on the branches ;
at their bafe, but fpread^ open above
the flowers come out from the wings of the ftalks in
a heart. There are many flamina joined below, and form
the fame manner as the other forts, but are not fo
a kind of cylinder, 'but are loofe above, and inferted
In the center is placed the orbicular ger- large as thofe of the common Marftimallow ; they are
in the column.
fjjort cylindricalfiyle, crowned with nu- of a deeper red colour, and the empalement is much
fligina, which are of larger. This fort feldom flowers the firft year, unlefs
The cmpalement the fummer proves warm but when the plants live
•,

fnina. afi
each contain- through the winter^- they will flower early the follow-
depreffed capfule, divided into feveral cells, .

ing one comprejfed kidney-Jhaped feed. -^ ing fummer, and produce good feeds. This grows
This genus of plants is ranged by Dr- Linnseus in naturally in Hungary and litria, from both Nvhich
:

the third leftion of his fixteenth clafs, which is titled filaces I have received the feeds.- ^ .

t is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown in

Monodelphia Polyandria, the ftamina being joined
together to form a fort of column. .
. the fpring in the place where the plants are to re-
The Species are, '
\ main i or if otherwife, the plants muft be tranfplanted
.

young, elfe they will not fucceed. They fhould have

^

t. Alth^^a foliis fimpliclbus acuminatis acute den-

tatis tomentofis. Marfhmallow withftngle woolly leaves, a fheltered fituation and a dry foil, otherwife they will
which are indented in fharp fegments. Alth^a Diofco- not live through the winter in England. When thefe
.
ridis &
Plinii. C. B. P. ^15. Common Marjfmallow. plants grow in a ftony foil^ or in lime rubbifh, they
fimplicibus angulato-ro- will be ftinted in their growth, but they will have lefs
2. Alth/ea {Officinalis) foliis

tundioribus tomentofis. Marfhmallow with angular, fap in their branches, fo will better endure the cold of

woolly, round'pointed leaves. Alth^a folio rotundiori this climate. This fort feldom continues longer than
aut minus acvTminato. Sutherl. Edinb. two years in England, but as the feeds ripen here, the
Althaea (Hirfuta) foHis trifidis pilofo-hifpidis fupra plants may be had in plenty.
3
glabris. Hort. Cliff. Marfhmallow with trifjd,
349. ALTHiEA FRUTEX. See Hibiscus and La-
hairy, pungent leaves. Alcea villofa. Dalechamp. Hift. .^VATERA.

594
A L Y S S O I D E Si See Alyssum and Lunaria.
4. Alth M A (Cannabina) palmatisRi-
foliis ihferioribus ALYSSON ALPINUMLUTEUM. SeeDRABA,
perioribus digitatis. Hort. Cliff. 205. Marfhmallow ALYSSON SEGETUM. SeeMvAGRUM.
with the under leaves fhaped like a hand, and the upper ALYSSON SERPILLI FOLIO. See ClypeOla.
leaves more divided. Alcea fruticofo cannabino folio. ALYSSON VERONICJE FOLIO. See Draba.
Cluf. Hift. p. 2. pag. 25. ALYSSON VULG ARE. See Draba.
The firft fort is the common Marfhmallow, which ALYSSUM, ["AAuTo-oi/, of aAuWw, Gr. to be mad;

grows naturally in moift places in divers parts of Eng- fo called, becaufe it was believed to have the virtue

land, and is frequently ufed in medicine. It hath a of curing madnefs.] Madwort.

perennial root and an annual ftalk. The plant grows The Characters are,
•

ereft, to the height of four or five feet, and puts out The flower hath an oblong four4eaved empalement, which
a few lateral branches on the fide of the ftalks, gar- falls azvay. It hath four petals inform of a crofs, which

nifhed with leaves which are hoary and foft to the fpread open above the empalement. It hath fix fiamina^

touch ; they are angular, and placed alternately on two of which are floorter than the other four^ crowned
\

the branches ; the flowers come out from the wings with broad fummits ; in the center of the flower is fitu-

of the leaves, which are fhaped like thofeof the Mal- ated the oval ger men, fupporting a fingle fiyle, crowned
low, but are fmaller and of a pale colour. Thefe ap- with an ohtufe fiigma. After the flower is pafi, the ger-
pear in June or July, and the feeds ripen in Septem- men becomes a globular or compreffed feed-veffel, in which
It may be propagated fall enough, either by
'

ber. are lodged feveral compreffed feeds. .

feeds or parting their roots. When it is propa- This genus is ranged in the fifteenth clafs of Lia-
gated by feeds they fhould be fown in the fpring, but nseus, entitled Tetradynamia the flowers
Siliculofa ;

if by parting their roots, the beft time is in autumn, of this clafs have fix ftamina, four of which are longer
v/hen the ftalks decay. It will thrive in any foil or than the other two, and the feed-veflfels are fhort, in

fituation, but in moift places will grow larger than fome globular, and in others tjiey are compreffed.
in dry land. The plants fhould not be nearer toge- The Species are,
ther than two feet, for their roots fpread wide on I. Alyssum {Saxatile) caulibus frutefcentibus panicula-
every fide.. tis foliis lanceolatis mollifTimis undulatis integris.
The fccond fort is fomewhat like the firft, but the Prod. Leyd. 331. Madwort with florubby fialks, flow-
leaves are not fo long, nor do they end in a fharp ers growing in panicles, and whole, foft, fpear-fhaped waved
point, but are angular, and rounder than thofe of the leaves. Alyilbn Creticum faxatile foliis undulatis in-
firft. I have cultivated fhis in the Chelfea garden canis. Tourn. Cor. 15.
many years, and find it retains its difference, Alyssum {Halimifolium) foliis lanceolato-hnearibus
. The third fort grows naturally in Spain and Portu- acutis integerrimis caulibus procumbentibus peren-
gal; from both thefe countries I have received the nantibus. Hort. Cliff. 333. Madwort with whoky
feeds. This is u low plant, whofe branches trail on fpear-fhaped, pointed leaves, and trailing perennial flalks.
the ground, unlefs they are fupported by ftakes. The Alyffon halimi folio fempervirens. Tourn. Inft.
' leaves and ftalks are befet with ftrohg hairs ; the 3 Alyssum {Spinoft
flowers come out at the wings of the ftalks, and are mibus nudis. Hort. Cliff. 332. Madwort, whofe
.fmaller than thofe of the common fort, having pur- older branches have naked fpines. Thlafpi fruticofum
pliih bottoms. The leaves are deeply cut into three fpinofum. C. B. P. 108.
parts, and have long foot-ftalks ; the ftalks are wood- ] 4 Alyssum {Montammi) ramulis fuffrutlcofis dlffufisfo-
dy, but feldom laft more than two years. punftato-echinatis. Hort. Upfal. 185.
.Ijis Madwort
If the feeds of this fort are fown in April, the plants with fhrubby diffufed branches and leaves, having prickly
will flower in July, and the feeds ripen in Septem- pun^ures. Thlafpi montanumluteum. B. 2. p. 928-
J.
5. Alyssum
 ; .

I ^
'

i *

p'

A
r.

. Y
5- Alyssum {Tncanum) caule erefto foliis lanceolatis in- ^y^' Th*^'' ^^'lU from feeds, and aW) from cut-
grc^vv
I ..

canis intcgcrrimis floribus coryinbofis. Hort. CliiF. tings, if planted ai,id managed a.s the fc-.rn.er.
C532, Mackvort Jlalk^ honry fpenr-fL '
The third fort hath ligneous branches which rSit about
Imvss which are entire^ and jlowers colletied into round two feet high dicfe are armed with fmali i'uines the
;
;

heads, Alyffon fruticofum incanum. Toiirn. Inft. leaves are lioary, ipear-fliaped, and thinly ^placed on i

R. H. tlie fl-alks without any order. The flowers are white,

6. Ai-YssuM {Clypeatum) caule crcfto herbaceo filiculis crofs-fliaped, and grow in fmall clufters at the extre-
leililibus ovalibus comprcffo-planis pctalis acumina- mity of the brandies. 'After the flowers are paft", tlie
tis l.in. Sp. Plant. 6^^ i
' Madzvort -with an ercB her-
. germen turns to an oblong feed-veffel, containino- fe-
ns ft alk^ pods growing clofe to the ftalks^ which are veral round feeds.
edU fi<
ointed. Lu- This may be propagated in the fame manner as tlie
naria Icucoii tolio filiqiia oblonga majcri. Tourn. firft fort, either by feeds or flips and when the plants ;

Inft. 218. grow in rubbifli, or on old walls, they will laft much
7. Alyssum [Sintiatimi) caule herbaceo foliis lanceola- longer, and endure the cold of our winters better than
tis dentatis filiculis intlatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 651. thole which are in a good foil. It grows naturally in
Madzvort zvith an herbaceous ftalk-^ fpear-JJjaped indented Spain, Italy, and the fouth of France.
leaves^ and fwollen feed-veftels. AlyfToidcs incanum '
The fourth fort hath trailing branches, which lie on
; foliis finuatis. Tourn. Inlt, 213. the ground ,. thefe are garnillied with oblong hoarv ^

8. Alyssum {Creticum) caule herbaceo ereclo foliis in- leaves, which are rough to the touch, and are placed
canis lanceolatis integerrimis filiculis inflatis. Lin. alternately on every fide of die brandies the flowers ;

Sp. Plant. 651. Madwort with an erett herbaceous are produced in fmall clufters at the extremity of the
and a [welling feed-
ftalk^ hoary ^ [pear-floaped^ entire leaves^ branches, which are of a dark yellov/ colour, and are
veftcL Alyiibides fruticofum Creticum leucoii folio fucceeded by feed-veffels ft-iaped like thofe of the diird
incano. Tourn. Cor. 15. fort. This grows naturally upon rocks and ruins, in
9 Alyssum {Veftcaria) foliis linearibus dentatis, filicu- Burgundy, and fome other parts of France, as alfo
lis intlatis an2:ulatis acutis.
O Lin. Sp. 910. Madzvort about Bafil. It may be propagated in the fame man-
fwollen ner as the former forts, and v/hen it grows in rubbifh,
r
angular and acute pointed. Veiicaria Orientalis, foliis the plants will continue fome years but in rich •,
;' -4 J

dentatis. Tourn. Con 49. ground, they feldom live through the winter iu
I o. Alyssum {Deltoideum) caulibus fuffrutefcentibus Eno;land. •
' •

proftratis, foUis lanceolato-deltoidibus, filiculis hirtis. The fifth fort C!;rows to the height of
hav- two feet,
Lin. Sp. 908. Madwort with trailing Jhrubby ftalks^ mg hgneous ftalks, which divide into feveral branches
deltoide fpear-Jhaped leaves^ and hairy pods. Alylfon Cre- toward the top. Thefe are garnifhed with hoary
ticum foliis angulatis, fiore violaceo. Tourn. Cor. 15. fpear-Hiaped leaves, which are placed alternately on
II. Alyssum {Calycinum) caulibus herbaceus, ftamini- the branches^: at the extremity of every Ihoot, the
Jacq flowers are produced in round bunches, which are
Vind. 114. Madwort with herbaceous ft alks^ all the fm.all, white, and crofs-fliaped ; thefe are fucceeded
fiamina indented^ and a permanent ji Thlafpi by oval feed-veffels, which are full of brown feeds.
Alyffon didtum campellrc majus. C. B, V.\o It grows naturally in the fouth of France, Spain, and
/
12. vpcftftaminibus Italy, chiefly on rocky or gravelly foils. When this
/
, i
llipatis pari fetarum, calycibus deciduis. Lin. Sp. is fown in a rich foil, it feldom fur\'ive3 the winter ' J

Madwort with an herbaceous ftalk^ and the but in lime rubbifli, or upon old walls, it will con- '
e
A
flozver~cnp dc lyffon incanum, ferpylli folio. tmue feveral years. June, T
frnftu nudo. Tourn. Inft. 217, guft, and September, and the feeds ripen foon after ;
'-.

The firft fort is a low perennial plant, with a fleHiy which if permitted to fcatter, the plants will come
ftalk, which feldom riles more than one foot liigh, up, and require little care. -
A
but divides into many lefs branches which groAy near The fixth fort is a biennial plant v/ith anherbaceou s
the ground, fo that a fingle plant will fpread to a con- ftalk, which is garniflied with oblong hoary leaveSj
fiderable diftance. The
branches are garniflied with placed alternately ; the flowers come out from the ' , (

long fpear-fliaped leaves, which are hoary and waved wings of the ftalks fingle, and are fucceeded by oval ('

on their edges, placed on without any order. The comprefled feed-veffels, Ihaped like thofe of the Lu-
flowers are produced in loofe panicles, at the extre- which contain many flat feeds. It grows natu-
naria,
mity of every branch, and are of a bright yellow co- rally in Spain and Portugal, from whence I have re-
*

lour, confifting of four petals, placed in form of a ceived the feeds. It is propagated by feeds, whicii
crofs thefe being numerous, make a fine appear-
:
muft be fown upon dry ground, or lime rubbifh ;
ance during their continuance. They appear the lat- for in rich land the plants will grow too vigorous in
ter end of April, or the beginning of May, and fummer,
if fo that in autumn they generally rot off and I

the feafon is moderate, will continue three weeks in decay. -

beauty. July The feventh fort low fpreading plant, which di-
is a
young plants that feeds can be expeded ; for the old vides into fmall branches-, thefe fpread near the ground,
plants, or thofe which are raifed^from flips or cut- and are garniflied with oblong hoary leaves whicl I

tings, rarely produce feeds in England.

continue through the year the fiov/ers are produced :

This plant hardy, and although broup;ht from a

is
in Imall clufters at the extremity of the branches •,

more foutherly climate, yet, if planted in a dry, lean, they are of a bright yellow colour, confifting of four
or rubbifhy foil, will endure our fevereft winters petals placed in form of a crofs. After the flower is
abroad. It is increafed by fowing the feeds in March paft, the germen becomes an oval fwelling feed-vef-
in a light fandy foil, or by planting cuttings
April in fcl, which is filled with roundifh feeds. This grows
or May •, which are very apt to take root, if kept naturally in the iflands of the Archipelago, but i 5
fliaded in the heat of the day, and gently refreflied hardy enough to live in the open air in England, in
with v/ater. a dry ibil and a warm fituation. It is propagated by
The fecond fort feldom continues above tv/o or tliree feeds, and feldom lafts longer than two or three year.^.
i.

years with us, and muft therefore be often fov/n to The eighth Ibrt grows more ereft, having an htrbi-
preferve or if the feeds are fuffered to h\\, and
it ; ccous ftalk, which fends out a few lateral brandies
remain upon the ground, the plants will rife without toward the top, garniflied with oblong hoary leaves.
•-
I.

any trouble. This plant fpreads itfelf upon the The flowers grow in extremity
fmall clufters at tlie
ground, and never rifes to any height. It produces, ot the branches, which are fucceeded by oval fwelling
^
at the extremity of its branches, very pretty
tufts of feed-veflels like the former. I'his feldom continues
fmall white flowers of which the plant is feldom de- t
•
longer than two years in England ; it muft have a
ftitute for fix or kvtn months fucceffively, for which warm dry fituation, otherwife it will not live in the -I

reafon it defcrves a place in the gardens of the curi- open propagated by feeds, which fliould
air, and is

I be
 "

4^

A MA M
and if Amaranthus maximus. C. B. P. 120. Commonly
be Auguft,
fowri in foon aftef they are ripe -,
_

Oftobcr, and iheltered called Tree-like Amaranthus,

a fcv/ of them are potted in

under a frame in winter, they will flower the follow- 6. Amaranthus {Lividus) glomerulis triandris fubfpi-
iame catls rotundatis, foliis rotundo-ovatis retufis. Lin. Sp.
ing June, fo good feeds may be obtained the
arife early in the year, 1404. Flo-zver-gentle with roundiftj fpikcs of flower shav-
year for thofe plants which
ing three ft amina, and rcundift-j, oval, blunt leaves. Bli-
grow luxuriantly in fjmmer, fo do not often live
-- 'turn pulchi'um reftum magnum rubrum. J. B. 2.
through the winter, or ripen feeds.
The ninth and tenth forts have trailing ftalks, wliich p. c)66.

fpread on tlie furface of the ground ; the plants^ pro- 7. Amaranthus {Flavus) racemis pentandris compofi-
tis, fummo iiifimifque nutantibus, foliis
ovatis mu-
duce their tiowcrs toward the extremity of the ftalks
thofe of the cronatis. Lin. Sp. 1406. Flower-gentle zvith a com-
in loofc fpikcs, which are formed like
form of a pound fptke of flowers having five ftamina, and oval
other forts, having four petals in each in

crofs ; thofe of the ninth fort are fucceeded by fwoUen pointed leaves.

feed-veflels, but the tenth, which flowers e^rly in the 8. Amaranthus (Blitum) glomeratis lateralibus trifidis

fucceeded by feed-velTels in this foliis ovatis retufis, caule^ilfufo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 990.
fpring, are rarely
Tiiis is an abiding plant, which may be Flower-gentle with roundifto beads at the joints of the
country,
brandies, which, if ftalks, oval bltmt leaves, and difftifed ftalks, Blitum al-
j.5ropagated from its traihng
bum minus. C. B. P. 118. The fnailer white Elite,
planted in April, will take root and become good
plants by the following autumn, when two or three 9. Amaranthus
{Gr^ecizans) glomerulis triandris axil-

may be placed in a common frame for faelter laribus foliis lanceolatis obtufis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1405.
plants
for in hard win- Flower-gentle with fl.owers having three ftamina, which
in winter, to preferve the fpecies ^

ter?, thofewhich are expofed are fometimes deftroyed. grozv in chfters from the wings of the ftalks, and blunt
leaves, Amaranthus floribus lateralibus
The eleventh and twelfth are both annual plants, fo fpear-ftoapcd
congeiiis foliis lanceolatis obtufis. Flor. Virg. ii6.
are propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown in a
Commonly called Pellitory-lcaved Elite.
border of light earth in April, in fuch places where
Amaranthus {Hybridus) racemis pentandris decom-
the plants are to remain if thefe are thinned and
•,
10.
pofitis congefliis nudis, fpiculis conjugatis. Flor. Virg.
kept clean from weeds, they will flower in July, and
perfeft their feeds in autumn. 148. Flower-gentle with five ftamina, decompounded
Amaranthus
A'M a R a N T H O I D E S. fylveftris
'
See Gomphrena. fpikes haviftg double fpicule.

AMARANTHUS ['A^aapai/1(^-, of « privative, and maximus Novne Angli^e fpicis viridibus. Raii Hift.
201.' Or Wild New England Elite with green fpikes.
Gr. to wither ; fo called, becaufe the flower
/u,«pa/i/w,

of this plant being cropped, does not foon wither -, 11. Amaranthus {Hypocondriacus) racemis pentandris
comp6riti5 confertis ereftis, foliis ovatis mucronatls.
but being dried, keeps the beauty of its colour a
Hort. Cliffy. 444. Flower-ge-atle with five ftamina, erect
great v^hile,] Flower-gentle.
and oval-pointed leaves: This is tlie
The Characters are. cluftered fpikes,

It kath male and female flowers in the fame plant. The

"

Amaranthus fylveftrismaximus Novx Angl:;c fpicis

purpureis./ Tourn. Inft. R. H. 235. Commonly celled
flower hath no petals^ but the empalement confifts of three
or five pointed fpear-floaped leaves which are coloured and Purple Flozver-gentle.
termanent \ this is common to both exes, f
"The male flow- i2,AMARANTHV5{Spinofus)T^cem\s pentandris cy]ii*idricis
fome fpecies three, and in others five flender ereftis axillis fpinofis. Hort. Cliff. 444. Flower-gentle
with five ftamina, upright andfpines
cylindrical fpikes,
ftamina, which are of the ft
mcnt^ crowned with oblong fv. The female fl< at the joints of the ftalks. Amaranthus Indicus fpino-
fupporting three fhort awl-fhaped fus fpica herbacea. H. L. 31.
fiyles, which are crowned with fmple ftigma, The em- 13. Amaranthus (5^;?g-z//«^^J") racemis pentandris com-
pbfitis ereclis, lateralibus patentiffimis, foliis ovato-
palement afterward becomes an oval coloured feed-veffel
which is lodged afingle globular feed. oblongis.Lin. Sp. 1407. Flower-gentle with com-
having one celU in
This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnasus ranged in the
'
.pound fpikes, whofe lateral fpikes fpread out, the upper
\ •

fifth divifion ot his twenty-firft clafs, entitled Monce- are ere5i, and oblong oval leaves. Amaranthus racemis
cia Pentandria, from their having male and female cylindricis lateralibus terminalibufque cruciatim pofi-

flowers on the fame plant, and the male flowers hav- tis. Fig. Plant. 22.
ing five ftamina. 14. Amaranthus [Retroflexus) racemis pentandris late-

The Species are, ralibus terminalibufque caule flexuofo villofo TamJs

I. Amaranthus {Tricolor) glomerulis triandris axilla- retrocurvatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 991. Flower-gentle

ribus fubrotundis amplexicaulibus foliis lanceolato- with five ftamina, fpikes proceeding from the wings of the
ovatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1403. Flower-gentle vjith ftalks, and alfo at their extremities, and flexible, hairy, re-

roiiyidifh heads, placed at the wings of the ftalks embracing curved branches.
them, whofe flowers have three ftamina, and the leaves 15. Amaranthus {Oleraccous) glomeribus triandris pen-

are oval and fpear-fhaped. Amaranthus tricolor. Lob. tandrifque, foliis ovatis obtufiffimis emarginatis ru-
Icon. 252. i. e. Three coloured Amaranthus, Lin. Sp. 1403.
gofis. Flower-gentle whofe globes have
Amaranthus {Melancholicus) glomerulis triandris ax- flowers with three and five ftamina, and rough, obtufe, in-
illaribus fubrotundis fefillibus foliis lanceolatis acu- dented leaves. Blitum album majus. -C. B. P. 118.

minatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1403. Flower-gentle with 16. Amaranthus {Viridis) glomerulis triandris, flori-
three ftamina, roundiftj heads growing clofe to the ftalk^^ bus mafculis trifidis, foliis ovatis emarginatis, caule
end acute-pointed fpear-fhap leaves, Amarantliu 3 co- erefto. Lin. Sp. 1405. Flower-gentle with globular
lore obfcuriori five mas, Tourn. Inft. 236. Ama- heads whofe fio-wers have three ft.
ranthus bicolor. fid, oval, indented leaves, and an upright ftalk.
3 ifi. 17. Amaranthus {Cruentus) racemis pentandris decom-
tis fubfpicvitis, foliis ovato-cordatis emarginatis petiolo pofitis remotis patulo nutantibus, foliis lanceolato-
brevioribus. Lin. Sp. 1404. Flower-gentle with three ovatis. Lin. Sp. PL 1406. Flower-gentle with de-
'

ftamina, rotaidifi heads growing from the wings of the compounded fpikes of flowers with flve ftamina, the outer
'ftalks in fpikeSy and oval heart-fhapcd leaves with ftoort fpreading afunder, and oval fpear-fliaped leaves, Ama-
foot-ftalks, .ranthus finenfis foliis v^riis, panicula fpeciofa patula.
4. Amaranthus (Caudatus) racemis pentandris decom- Cent. tab. 6.
pendulus longiffimis. Hort. Cliff.
pofitis cylindricis The been long cultivated in gardens for
firftfort has
443. Flower-gentle with fiveftamina, and very long, hang- the beauty of its variegated leaves, which are of three
ings cylindrical fpikes, Amaranthus maximuspanicula colours, viz. green, yellow, and red \ thcfe are veiy
longa pcndula femine rubello. Raii Hifl:. elegantly mixed and v/hen the plants are in full vi-
:

5. Amaranthus (Maximus) racemis fubcylindricis pen- gour, the leaves are large, and clofely fet from the
dulis, caule eredo arboreo. Flower-gentle with hang- bottom to the top of the ftalks, and the branches
ing ahnoft ijUndrical fpikcsy and an ereol tree-like ft alk, I form a fort of pyramid fo that there is not a niore'
•,
'

6 beau-'
I
 : ; '

w
A MA A U A 1 -1

beautiful plant than this, when it is in full luftre. And thefe feeds will remain in the ground fevcral
From the leaves of this pknt being partly coloured years, and as often as tliey are turned up to the fur- » 1 -

like the feathers of parrots, fome botanifts have fe- face, they will produce plants ; fo that wlien plants
parated tliis fpccies from the others, and conftituted are fuffered to ftand till their feeds fall, there will
a (renus of it bythe'title of Pllttacus. be every fummer frella crops of the plants for fevcral
The fecond fort hath been introduced into the Eng- years.
lilli o-ardens much later than th.e former. This groves The twelfth fort grows about two feet high, puttinp* i '

to tlic fame height, and in the manner of its growth out many fide branches, fo as to form a bufhy plantt - *

oTcacly rcfembies it ; but the leaves have only two tlie leaves are oblong, and the fpikes come
out at
colours, v/hich are an obfcure purple, and a bright every joint, where the ftalks are armed v/ith fl:iarp
crimlbn ; thefe are fo blended as to let off each other, prickles, and at the extremity of the branches, the
and when the plants are vigorous, they make a fine fpikes are longer than thofe of the Ude thefe are :

appearance. flender, and are inclining to a brown colour, fo make

Tiic third fort hath no great beauty ; it grows about no great figure, therefore is rarely allowed to have
tln-ee feet high with an upright ilalk, which fends out a place, except in bc:anic gardens. .
t\

fome lateral branches toward the top,; thefe are gar- The feeds of the thirteenth fort were fent me from ^'^

nifted with oval heart-ihaped leaves. The flowers the Bahama Illands, as an efculent plant, bearing fins I
_

are produced at the wings of the ftalks in roundifti .

flov/ers. This grows three feet higli, with purple
Ipikes, as alio at the extremity of the branches, but
.r =-

ftalks and leaves ; the fpikes are fhort and cylindri-

have very little beauty, fo do not deferve a place in cal ; thefe are frequently produced from tlie winp-s of
the flov/er-garden. The young plants of this fort are the ftalks, but at the extremity of the ftalk arifes a J .-

gathered to boil inftead of Spinach by the inhabitants large clufter of fpikes which are placed croffwife, with J

of India, where it grows naturally, and from thence I one upright ftalk ia the middle. Tiiefe are of a
i

I received the feeds of it as an efculent plant. bright purple colour at firft, but afterward fade to a f
|
The fourth fort grov/s naturally in America. This I darker colour, as the feeds ripen,
hatli an upright ttem, three feet high the leaves and •, I The fourteenth fort is a native of North America, £

ftalks are of a pale green colour ; the fpikes of flow-* I from whence the feeds were fent to Europe, bu^ is
ers are produced from the wings of the ftalks, and I now become a common weed in many gardens near
alfo in clufters at the extremity of the branches London, fo is feldom allowed a place, except in bo-
they are very long and han^ downward,', being ^ of a tanic gardens.
bright purple colour. I have meafuredfome of thefe The fifteenth fort has no beaiity, therefore not wor- ^'

fpikes,which were two feet and a half long, fo that thy of a place in gardens this and the fixteenth fort
:

many of them have reached the ground. are efteemed in fome parts of India as efculent herbs
T ,

The fifth fort hath a ftrong ftem, which rifes to the |

the inhabitants of thofe warm countries, gather the A. ^

height of feven or eight feet, fending forth many ho- herbs while young, and drefs them inftead of Spi-
rizontal branches toward the^ top, garnifhed with ob- nach, but being much inferior to it, they are feldom !
\
|
\»
long, rough, green leaves. At the extremity of every ^^^^ in thofe countries where Spinach will thrive.
flioor, the cylindrical fpikes of a purple colour are Thefe plajits grow frpm two to three feet high, and ^'

produced, which hang dov/nward ; but thefe are fel- when they have room, fend out m.any fide v/ill
dom half the length of thofe of the former fort, and branches but if their feeds are permitted to fcatter,
-,
V

are much thicker. This Amaranth,

is the fort of t;here will be a plentiful fupply of plants the follow- t

'- <

which is directed by the college to be uied in me- ing fummer.

*'
dicine.
f
TliC fixthfort grovv-s near three feet high, putdng China, and the two years they were fowrT in Eng-
firft I h

cut feveral fide Ranches, which are garniflied with |

land, produced beautiful heads of flowers, whick
oval blunt leaves at the ends of the branches tlie
•,
made a gay appearance but afterward the feeds de-
;
-,,. y- .

fpikes are produced in clufters and grow ^re(5l:, thefe generated, and the plants which v/ere produced from rV »'

are of a deep purple colour. them had little b?auty ; which is tlie cafe with fome
The feventh fort grov/s near four feet high; the others of this genus, fo ftiould not be efteemed as 1 V '

ftalks are inclined to red the leaves are of an oval

; diftind fpecies. ' -
.

green colour, marked with pur-

Ijijear-fliaped figure, The forts which are worthy of a place in the plca- \

ple fpots, and have very long foot-ftalks. The fpikes fure-garden, are particularly the firft a!:d fecond:
comiC out at the extremity of the branches in clufters, and require fome art and care to
thefe are tender,
as alfo from the wings of the ftalks thefe are of a •,
bring them to perfection in England, thercf:^:-e
pale green colour, and grow ere£l. I have received their management will be hereafter more particularly
the feeds of this fort from Portugal, by the title of inferted.
Brcdos, recommending it to be cultivated as a culi- Next to thefe are and thirteentli
the fourth, fifth,
nary herb. forts. The feeds of thefe fliould be fown upon a m.o- -; ^

The eighth fort grows naturally in moft of the warm derate hot-bed toward the end of March, and when
parts of Europe, and alfo in America;
"
-

for wherever
K

the plants come up, they fhould have a large fliare

it ispermitted to fcatter its feeds, the plants will come of air admitted to them m mild weather, to prevent
up the following fummer, and become troulvlefome the ir drawing up weak. When they are large enough (

WTcds, as will alfo the ninth fort fo thefe are feldom -,

totranfplant, there fliould be another moderate hot-
cultivated, as they are only prefei'ved in botanic gar- bed provided, to which they fliould be removed,
dens for the lake of Variety. The ftalks of both thefe placing them at fix inches diftance every way, obferv-
forts fpread on the ground. ipg to water them, as alfo to fliade them from tlie
Tlie tentli fort grows upward of three feet high, and fun until they have taken new root ; after which the
iends out many fide branches, which are hairy, and air be freely admitted to them, at all times
fliould
garniflied widi oblong rough leaves. The fpikes are when the weather is favourable ; their waterings fliould
produced fron:i the v/ings of the ftalks, as alfo at the be frequent, but 'not given in great quantities. As
xtremity of the branches, growing horizontally, and the plants advance, and the warmth of the feafon in- ^1

are of a green colour. There is little beauty in this creafes, they fliould have a greater flaare of air, that
plant, therefore is feldom admitted to gardens, unlefs by degrees they may Be hardened to bear the open
for the fake of variety. air.
J
The eleventh fort has been long in England, and was with large balls of earth to their roots, and planted -'>

formerly propagated in flower-gardens, but is now fome into pots, and others into the borders of the
become a common weed, frequently growing upon pleafure-garden, obfcrving to fhade them until they
dunghills for as the plants abound '\vith feeds, fo
:
have taken good root ; after which they muft be fre-
wliere they are permitted to fcatter, there will be quently watered in diy weather, efpccially thofe in
plenty of the plants come up the following fummer. the pots, which v/ill require watering evcrv evening
1'.

t
^

in
 -

. I

M
IT

I
'
M
warm dry weather. The fifth fort \yill not tlirjve clay from the violence of the fun, Dy covering the
in
in pots, fo Ihould be planted in a rich light
io:l, with mats.
o-laires

where, if it is allowed room, and plentifully watered In about three weeks more thefe plants will have
in dry weather, the plants will grow to a very large
grown to a confiderable fize and llrength, fo that you
fize, and' make a fine appearance.
muft now raife the glafies very much in the day-time ;
The twelfth fort is alfo tender, fo whoever is inclina- and when die air is foft, .;nd the fun is clouded, drav/
able to cultivate that plant, fliould treat it in the off the gla/fc3, and cxpofe them and
to the open air ;

fame manner direded for the former.

as is repeat this as often as the v/eather will permit, which
The other forts arc hardy enough to grow in the open will harden them by degrees to be removed abroad

air, lb may be fown en a bed of light earth in the into the places where they are to rem.ain the whole
' fet thefe plants in
fpring, and when the plants are fit to remove, they feafon but it is not advifeable to
may be tranfplantcd into any part of the garden, the open air till after the firft week in July, obferv-

where they will thrive, and produce plenty of feeds, ing to do it when the air is perfectly foft, and, if

which, if permitted to fcatter, will (lock the garden pofllble, in a gentle fhowerof rain.

with plants. Let them at firft be fet in fhelter for two or three
I'he two firft forts mufl be fown on a good hot-bed days, where they may be fcreened from the violence

in February, or the beginning of March at fartheft ; of the fun, and ftrong winds, to which they muft be
and in about a fortnight's time, if the bed is in good inured by degrees. Thefe plants, when grown to a
temper, the plants will rife ; foon after which you
'
good ftature, perfpire very freely, and muft" be every
muft prepare another hot-bed, covered with good, day refrelhed with water, if the weather proves hot
rich, lio-ht eafth, about four inches thick ; then raife and dry ; otlierwlfe they will ftint, and never pro-
up the young plants with your finger, fo as not to duce fo large leaves, as thofe which are fl^iilfully
break off the tender Toots, and prick them Into your treated. .

new liot-bed about four inches diftance every way, This is the proper management, in order to have
crivins them a o;entle watering; to fettle the earth to fine Amaranths, which, if rightly followed, and the

their roots \ but in doing this, be very cautious not kinds are good, in a favourable feafon, will produce
to bear the young plants down to the ground by hafty large fine leaves, and are the greateft ornament to a
watering, which rarely rife again, or at leaft fo as to good garden for upwards of two months in the latter ^

recover their former ftrength in a long time, but very part of fummer.
\

often rot in the ftems, and die quite away. Where perfons are curious in having thefe annual
In the middle of the day' keep them fcreened with plants in great perfedion, tliere fhould be a glafs-
mats from the heat of the fun, and give them air by cafe erefted with upright and Hoping glaffes on every

raifing up the glalTes \ and if the glaffes are wet, it fide, with a pit in the bottom for tan, in which the

will be proper to turn them every day, in good wea- pots riiduld be plunged ; if this is raifed eight or nine
ther, that they may
dry ; for the moifture which is feet to the ridge,^ and the upright glafies are five

occafioned by the fermentation of the dung, and the , feet, there will be room and height enough to raife

perfpiration of the plants, is of a noxious quality, and thefe and other annual plants to great perfeftion, and

very unkindly to plants fo that if the weather hap-

•, in fuch a building, many of thofe tender annual

pens to prove bad, that you cannot turn your glaffes, plants, which rarely perfedt feeds in this climate with-

it will be of great fervice to the plants to wipe off all out fuch contrivance, may be every year brought fo
moifture two or three times a day with a woollen cloth forward as to ripen their feeds. - -

to prevent dropping upon the plants. When the

its AMARANTHUS CRISTATUS, See Celosia.
plants are firmly rooted, and begin to grow, you muft AMARYLLIS, Lily Daffodil.
obfcrve to give them air every day, more or lefs, as The Characters are, *

the weather is cold or hot, to prevent their drawing It hath an oblong compreffed fpatha^ {or JJoeath) which
indofes the flozver-hnds^ and open fide ways^ becomes drjy
•
up too which greatly weakens their ftems.
faft,

In about three weeks or a month's time, thefe plants and is permanent ; jhe flower hath fiy: fpear-flofiped pe-
will have grown fo as to meet, and will ftand in need tals. In the center isfituated the roimdijh furrowed gcr-
of another hot-bed, which fhould be of a moderate meny fupportinga flender flyle^ crowned with a three-cor-
temper, and covered with the fame rich earth about nered ftigma ; this is attended by fix awl-foapcd ftamina^
fix inches thick, in which they fhould be removed, which are crowned with incumbent fummits. After the
obfcrving to take them up with as much earth about flower is paft^ the germen becomes an oval capfule^ opening
their roots as pofTible, and plant them fix or feven in three parts^ having three cells^ which contain round

inches diftance every way, giving them fome water to feeds.

fettle the earth about their roots ; but be very careful This genus is ranged by Dr. Linnaeus in the firft fec-
hot to Water them heavily, fo as to bear down the / tion of his fixth clafs of plants, entitled Hexandria
'

plants, as was before direfted and keep them ; Monogynia, from the flower having fix ftamina and
ihaded in the heat of the day, until they have taken one ftyle. . .

frefli roots \ and be fure to refrefh them often gently The

Species are,
wdth water, and give thern air in proportion to the T. t^-MARYLLTs {Lutca) fpatha uniflora, corolla ^quali,
heat of the weather, coverino; the glaffes with mats ftaminibus declinatis, Lin. Sp. 420. Lily Dafl^odil
every night, left the cold chill your beds, and ftop with a fingle flower in each fpatha^ which is equaly and
the growth of the plants. the ftamina decli?ied, Lilio NarcifTus luteus autumna-
The middle of May you muft provide another hot- ,
'

lis major. Tourn. Inft. 386. Commonly called autmn-

bed, which fhould be covered with a deep frame, 7ml Narciffus.
that the plants may have room to grow.- Upon this 2. Amaryllis {Atamafeo) fpatha uniflora, corolla ^qua-
hot-bed you muft fet as many three-penny pots as can li, piftillo declinato. Hort. Lily Daffo-
Cliff. 135.
ftand within the compafs of the frame ; thefe pots dil zvith a fitngle flozver in each floeath^ which has equal

muft be filled with good rich earth, and the cavities petals^ and the point al declining, Lilio NarcifTus Indi-
betv/een each pot filled up with any common earth, cus pumilus monanthos albus. Mor. Hifl. 2. 266.
to prevent the heat of t-he bed from evaporating, and Commonly called Atamufco Lily.
filling the frame with noxious fteams when the bed ; 3. Amaryllis {Formofiflima) fpatha uniflora, corolla in-
is in good order to receive the plants, they fliould be fequali, petalis tribus genitalibufque declinatis. Hort.
carefully taken up with a trowel, or fome fuch in- Cliff. 135. Lily DaffQdil with one flower in each co-
ftrument, obferving to preferve as much earth to ver^ 'which has tinequal petals^ and the ftamina andftyk
thtir roots as polTihle then place each fingle plant
j are declined, Lilio NarcifTus Jacobreus fiore fangui-
in the middle of one of the pots, filling the pot" up neo nutante. Hort. Elth. 195. Commordy called Ja-
with the earth before defcribed, and fettle it clofe to '
cob^a Lily. '•
-

the root of th.e plant with your hands water them -,

4. Amaryllis {Sarnienfits) fpadia multiflora, corollis re-
gently, as before, and Ihadethem in the heat of the volutis genitalibus,- Hort. Upfal. 75. Lily Dafjvdil
wnth
I
 ^

AM MA
jlo^^crs in one co^cr fpread the petds eqtid, 6f^the NarcIfTus, fo are proper
,
| ornaments for fucii "

turned hacK^ard, vjith broken ftamtna, com^ borders as arc planted

nlanreH with r.r.-i.^>... c.a.„.,J .
Cyclamens, Saflxon Au-:
ifcy tumnal Crocus, Colchicums, and fuch
-Am *:RVLi.is (/>;/'^/;;^) Ipatha multiflora, corollis
low autumnal
5. cam- flowers.. ,
•

panula's a^qualibu.s, genitalibus dcclinatis. Hort. The tenth fort is more rare in England tha,> any of
Clifr. 135. Lily Daffodil with many flowers in one cover the other, at prefent. It was formerly
in feveral curi-
and bellfloaped, and the ftamina declined.
the pet ids e^iiud ous garden?, but as it flowers at a
feafon when there
- Liiio NarciiTiis polyanthos Hore incarnato, fundo ex are lo many finer forts in beauty, it was necrjcdtcd
luteo albefcente; Sloan. Cat.
J ancl call out of the gardens, whereby it is almofi loft
Belladonna Lily, m England :
it grows naturally in Spain and Portu-
6. Amaryllis (5^//^^^OT^)fpatha mukifloracorollis cam-
J This is as
panulatis maiginibus reHexis prcnitalibus dcclinatis. hardy as Hie firfl: fort, and may be planted in
the o'x-n
ffodil with many flt borders, and treated in the fame iTianner,
except'incr
equal and bell-fljaped, their borders turning backward^ and that this will not lofe leaves ^o foon, fo fliould no^
its
de dining ftamina, Lilium Americanum puniceo flore, be taken out of the ground to tranfplant, till the
Bellad(;nna didtum.
end
Par. Bat. 194. commonly called 6f July, or beginning of Augufl:. It flowers in
Mexican Lily.
April
or the beginning of May, but is not of long
duration.
{Longifolia) fpatha multiflora, corollis The fecond lort is a native of Virginia and Carolina
campanulatis a^qualibus, Icapo compreflb longitudini in which countries it grows very
plentifully in the fields
vinibelki^, Flor. Lcyd. 7^6, iffodil and woods, where it makes a beautiful appearance
f' nd the cover com- when It IS in flower. The flowers of this fort are pro-
cffed the
length of Lilium Africanum hu- duced and at their firfl appearance have a fine
fingle,
mile longiffimis foliis polyanthos laturato colore pur- Carnation colour on their dutfide ; but fades
purafccns.
away to
Par. Bat. 195. a pale, oralmoil white, before the
flowers decay.
8. Amarvllis {Zcylanica) Ipatha multiflora corollis cam- This plant is fo hardy, as to thrive in the open
air in
panulatis a^qualibus, genitalibus dcclinatis fcapo England, provided the roots are planted in a
te-
^r>^, ot.^,t.,M . ,^». „,,, „ ^ r .; warm
Daffodil with 7nany fituation, and on a dry foil; it may be
propao-ated by
/ the petals equals and the cover offsets from tlie roots.
flowers of this°fort are The
cpening two ways. Lilio Narciffus Zeylanicus latifolius almofl; as large as thofe of the fmall Orange
Lily, but
Acre niveo externe linea purpurea ftriato. Hort. do not grow above fix or eight inches
high ; they ap-
Amft. I. 73. commonly called the Ceylon Lily. pear the latter end of May, or beginning of
Amaryllis (G/mm) June, and
9. ipatha multiflora, foliis ciliatis. fometimes it flowers in Auguft in this country.
Fior. Leyd. o^']. Lily Daffodil with many floivers The
in one third fort, which is commonly called Jacobsa
i Lilio Narciffus Lily, is now become
pretty common in the curious
yEthiop gardens in England, the roots fending forth
lofis.

Scarlet Lih.
M offsets, efpecially when they are kept
plenty of
in a moderate
warmth in winter for the roots of this kind will live
:

10. Amaryllis {Vernalis) fpatha uniflora, corolla jEquali, in a good green-houfe, or may be
preferved through
ftaminibus ercftis. Lily 'Daffodil wi^h one flower in a the winter under a common hot-bed frame
; but then

fi Lilio Nar- they will not flower fo often, nor fend out
lutcus vernus. lourn.Inll. 386. commonly
cifllis
fo many
called oflsets, as when they
are placed in a moderate ftove
Spring yellow Lily Narciffus, in winter. This will produce its flowers two or three
II. Amaryllis \Orientalis) fpatha multiflora corollis times in a year, and is not regular to any
feafon but ;

Daffodil from March to the beginning of September, the flow-

/ ofe ers will be produced when the roots are
in vio-our.
Jh Lilio Narcifllis Indicus The flems of thefe flowers are produced from thelldes
maximus Iphsericus floribus plurimis rubris liliaceis. of the bulbs, fo that after the flowers produced
Mor. Hift. 2. 268. Brunfwigia of Dr. Heiji on
one fide are decayed, there is another ftalk arifes
from
nft.
the other fide of the bulb ; but there is
no more than
Daffodil one flower produced on the fame ftalk. The flowers
hree fioiver's in each cover,
whofe are large, and of a very deep red ; the under
petals,
Upaped^ with declirdng or flower-leaves, are very large, and the whole
fl.
Ihe firlt lort is very hardy, and
flower
increafes very fad by ftands nodding on one fide of the ftalk,
OiTscts.
makino- a
l^he fcafon for tranfplanting thefe roots
is beautiful appearance. ° ,
•

any tune from May to the end of July,

when their It is propagated by offsets, which may
be taken off
leaves arc decayed, after which it will
"be too late to every year ; the beft time to fliift and part thefe
remove them for they will begin to pulh out roots
•,
new is in Auguft, that they may take
good root before
hbres by the middle of Auguft, or fooner
if the feafon winter ; in doing of this, there Ihould be care taken
be moiit, and many times they flower the
be^innincr not to break off the fibres from their roots.
of September ; fo that if they are They
tranfplantedt it wiU fhould be planted in pots of a middling fize, filled
ipoil their flowering. This plant will grow in any foil with light kitchen-garden earth ; and if tiiey are kept
or fituation but it will thrive befl: in a frefli, light, dry
;
in a moderate degree of warmth, they will produce
loil, and in an open fituation;
i. e. not under the their flowers in plenty, and the roots will
dripping of trees, nor too near walls.. make ^
'o-reat
It is com- increafe. ,

monly by the gardeners, the Yellow Autumnal

called
The fixth fort, which is commonly called the Mexican
Narciffus, &c. and is ufually fold by them
with Col- Lily, is not fo hardy as the former
chicums, for autumnal ornaments to gardens; fort, muft be
fo
for placed in a warm ftove ; and if the pots are plunged
which purpofe this is a pretty plant, as it
will fre- into a hot-bed of tanners bark, the roofs will
quently keep flowering from the beginning thrive
of Sep- better, and the flowers will b^ ftrong. This is in-
tember to the middle of November, provided
the creafed by offsets, as the others of this tribe ; and
not fo fevere as to defl:roy the flowers ; for
f roft is
al- flowers ufually the beginning of fpring, when it makes
though there is but one flower in each
cover, yet a fine 'appearance in the ftove the^ flower-ftcms of :
there is a fucceffion of flowers
from the fame root, this fort, feldom rife more than one foot high,
vfpeciaily when they are fuffered each
to remain three or ftem fupports two, three, or four flov/ers, rarely
tour years unremoved. The flowers
feldom rife above more than that number. The flowers are large, and
three or four inches liigh they are fliaped Ibmewhat
;
of a briglit copper colour, inclining to red; the'^fpathay
like tlie flowers of the large
yellow Crocus ; the green or flieath, which covers the buds before they open,
leaves come up at the fame time,
like the Saffron, and divides into two parts to the bottom, ftanding on
atter the flowers are pafl:, the
leaves increafe all the each fide the iimbel of flowers, joined to the fmall
winter. The roots are bulbous, and
fliaped like thofe foot-ftalks--
K The
, (
 ;

. .AM A A4-
M
The eighth Ibrt is alfo tender, and muft be treated All thefe bulbous-rooted flowers delight in a l(»fo
in die lame manner as the fixth*, this is more common fandy earth, mixed wlcli good kitchen-garden mould;
in the gardens in Holland than in this country, and and in the culture of them there fliould be but liule
as it is a plant which incrcafcs hut Ilowly, will not be- water given them at thofe times when clieir leaves de-
very common liere. This tlo\ycrs ufually in June and cay, and the roots are not In a growing ilate, for

July> and fomctimes die fame root will flower again much moifliure at that time will often caule th.eni to
in autumn ; for if the pots are plunged into a bed of rot; but v.'hen they are growing, and putting out their
tanners bark, the roots generally flower twice every flower-ftem*^, they fliould be frequently refreihed with

year, but the flowers are not of long duration. This water, but not given in too great quantities at a time.
grows naturally in the Wefl:-Indies, from whence I The pots, with the tender forts, fliould confl:anrly be
have received roots and feeds. kept in die ft:ove; and in fummer they flioubi have
Thii feventh and ninth forts are more hardy, and may as much free air as pofllble ; for although fome of

be treated in the fame manner as tlie JacoUeaLily •, thefe forts may be kept abroad in fummer, yet thoie
tliefe will 'increafe pretty faft by offsets, when they do not thrive fo well, nor flower fo confl:antly, as
are properly managed, efpeciaUy the ninth, which thofe which are treated in the manner here de-
fends out n\any oflsecs, fo as to fill the pots with toots, fcribed.

but it fcldoni flowers in England. The leaves of this The fifth which is called the Belladonna Lily,
fort,

are Ions and narrow, not much unlike thofe of the was brought to England from Portugal, where the
Snowdrop. The petals of the flower turn back like gardens fome years ago abounded with thefe flowers;
thofe of the Gucrnfey Lily, but are of a lighter co- for the roots increafe very faft, efpeciaUy in fuch
lour, rather inclining to fc^rlet •, the roots, of this are countries where they live in the open air. The gar-
. fmall. The feventh fort ufually flowers in winter, if dens In Italy have alio great quantities of thefe flowers,
the pots are placed in a moderate fl:ove ; and ^ at efpeciaUy about Florence ; where, at the feafon of
that feafon there arc few flowers in the open ' air, their flowering, they are commonly fold in the mar-
thefe are more valuable on that account. ,
kets to adorn their rooms ; the Italians call it Nar-
I received roots of both thefe forts from the Cape of cilTus Belladonna. This plant thrives fo well in Italy,

Good Hope, which have fucceeded in the C^heifea as to nced.no other culture than the common Lily;
garden. The feventh fort produces a great number and although it does not flower until Augufl:, yet it
of flowers in each umbel, which are of a deep purple commonly produces good feeds In that country, from
colour, but the ftalk which fupports them, rarely rifes which they pi'opagate tliem in great plent)'; but with
more than three or four inches high ; thefe flowers us they require more care, otherwife they cannot be
appear In, December. Tliq roots of this fort are very prefeiycdi The roots of this fort were generally:
large, and the leaves are lono;, but narrow. planted in pots, and placed under a hot-bed frame,
The eleventh Tort is figured byFcrrarius in liis Garden to fcreen them from the frofl: in winter; for as their
of Flpwers, as alfo by Mon-ifon in his; Hift:ory of green leaves come. out. in autumn, and continue grow-
Plant?.; but Dr. Heillcr ha^ feparated, this from the ing all the winter, fo wh^n they are expofed to tlie
cenus, and has conft:ituted a new o-enus by the title frofl:, whereby their leaves are killed, the roots will
of Brunfwigia, in honour to the duke of Brunfwic. be in danger of perifning; but if they fliould furvive,
But although the fliape of the flowers in this plant are \
they will be greatly weakened, by. it. With this cul-
different froni moft of the others of this genus, yet ture the roots were preferved, but they did not con-
as there is a unformity in the chara(51:erifl:ic notes of ftantly flower, nor put out many offsets, fo that few
the genus. It fliould not be feparated ; for the Ja- gardens were furniflicd with this plant; and of late
coba^a Lily differs in the form of its flowers, from years the roots have been fcarce in Portugal, for the
the other fpecics, full as much as this, therefore mip-ht Jacobaea Lily having been introduced into that coun-
or the fame reafon be feparated from this genus. try, has fupplanted the other, in mofl: of their gar-
TJiis grows naturally at the Cape of Good Hope, dens, fothat the roots which Iiavebeen brought from
from whence have received the roots, which, have
I thence of late years for the Belladonna Lily, have
fucceeded in the Chelfca garden. The bulbs of this proved the Jacob^a Lily.
fort are large and ainioft round, the leaves are lonp-, The method in which I have cultivated this plant fon
broad, and rounded at their extremities ; thefe iuread Ibme years paft, with great fuccefs, is as follows. I
t>v.Q ways on the furface of the ground; and tio not prepared a border clofe to a fouth-wefl: afpefted w^all,
come up till after the flo\ver-fl:em appears, which is of about fix feet wide, in the following manner, viz.
generally m November; and after the flowers are pad, I removed all the earth to the depth of three feet,
the leaves increafe and in May they begin
till fpring', then I put fome very rotten dung in the bottom, fix
tp decay, fo tlut from the middle of June to October, inches thick, upon wiiich I laid liglit garden mould
the roots arc entirely naked of leaves. abpiit, twenty inches deep; after making this level, I
The twelfth fort is alfo a nadve of Africa, I received placed the roots at fix inches difl:ance every way, and
the roots of this from the Cape of Good Hope with then covered them over with light fandy earth, to
tfieformcr, T^his produces its flowers in February the height of the border, whereby tlie upper part of
and March. The fl:ems of this rife near two feet ^the roots were five or fix inches buried, and in the
high, and have commonly but three flowers inclofed winter I covered the border all over v;ith rotten tan-
m each flieath, or cover. The flowers are as large as ners bark, three inches deep, to prevent the frofl: from
thofe of the Belladonna^ Lily, and are of the iame penetrating the ground ; and when the frofl: was very
form, growing ered, but of a deeper red colour fevcre, I laid fome mats or fl:raw over the leaves to
the leaves are long and narrow, and have a hollow pjoteft^them from being killed. With this manage-
furrow on their upper firie, where diere Is a pale ftripe ment the roots have greatly Increafed, and have con-
running the length of the leaves, and are very like ftantly flowered every year; fome of them have put
thofe of the American Pancratium. I'hefe leaves de-
^ ^ r - t -
f . - V .
•
^
outitwo or thi;ee. ftems, v/liich grew near tliree feet
cay in fummer, about the fame time as thofe of the high, and produced many flowers in each umbel,
former, and appear again at the fame feafon. which have made a. fine-appearance during the month
Both thefe forts may be treated in the fame manner, of, October. The green leaves come up foon after,
as hath been direfted for the Jacob^ea^Lily, wjth tliis and abide, all. the winter and fpring until June, at
diljerence only, of placing tjiefe in winter in a ftovc, which time they decay ; foon after which the root^
where there is a moderate fliare of warmth, for the ftipuld be tranfplanted, for if they are let fl:and tiil
roots of thefe vv'ill not endure fo much cold as thofe, July, they will have fent forth new fibres, when it
nor fliould they have fo much water given ,then1.. will greatly injure .the roots, if th^y arc difl:urbed. If
TIk befl: time to tranfplant thefe roots is about the fome of theie roots are planted in a warm border,
beginning of Augufl:, when their leaves are quite de- clofe to a fouth wall, and on a dry foil, they will
cayed, before they put out new fibres, for it will be thrive very well, efpeciaUy if they are covered in fe-
veiy improper to remove them afterwards- vcre frofb; and thefe roots v/ill flower much fl:ronger
than
 .

A M A
kept hi pots, and will multiply
AM
by the outer roots, thiat tliey are peifeftlv flatted
t;ian t]iofc which are
4 ;
and from the number of roots grov/ing in each cluTter^
The fuppofcd to come originally from
fourtli fort is they are all rendered weak, and unfit to produce
Japan, hut has been many years cultivated in the fuch large fl:ems of fiovv-ers, as thofe wJiich liave trrown
ardens of Gucrnfey and Jerfcy^ in both which places, fingle, and are of a fphericai figure.
tiiev fecm to thrive as well as if it was tlicir native But when a perfon is poflefled of a large number of
country ; and from thofe iflands their roots are fent thefe roots, be troublefomx to preferve tliem
it will
annually to the curious in moil; parts of F-urope, and in pots, tlierefore there fhould be a bed prepared
of
are commonly called Guernfey Lilies. The roots of the following earth, in fome well flickered part of the
this plant are generally brought over In June and garden, viz. Take a third part of frefli virgin earth
July but
;
the fooner they are taken out of the ground from a pafl:ure ground, which is light, then put near
a fter their leaves decay, they are the better for al- :
an equal part of fea fand, to which you fliould add
thouo-h the roots which are taken up when their flower- rotten dung, and fifted lime rubbifli, of each an equal
ftems begin to appear, will flower, yet their flowers quantity. With this earth (when well mixed^and in-
wail not be fo large, nor will their roots be near fo corporated) you fliould make your bed about two feet
o-ood after, as thofe which were removed before thcv thick, raifing it about four or five inches above the

had fent out frefli fibres. furface of the ground, if the fltuation be dry ; but if
When thefe roots come over, they fhould be planted .the ground be wet, it fliould be raifcd eight or nine
fandy earth, mixed v/ith
in pots filled witli frelli, light, inches higher. In this bed, about the beginning of
a little very rotten dung, and placed in awarmfitua- July (as was before directed), you fliould plant the
tion, obferving now and then to refrefli the earth with roots about fix or eight inches afunder each way; and
water but by no means let them have too maich wet,
:
in the winter, when the froll begins, you fliould either
which would rot their roots, efpecially before they cover the bed with a frame, or arch it over, and cover
comx up. About the middle of September^ fuch of it with mats and fl:raw, to prevent their leaves from

the roots as are ftrong enough to flower, will begin being pinched with cold \ but in the fpring the co-
to Ihew the bud of their flower-fl:em (which is com- vering may be entirely removed, and the bed kept
monly of a red colour) \ therefore you fliould remove conflrantly clear from weeds, during the fummer, ob-
thefe pots into a fituation where they may have the ferving to fl:ir the furface of the earth now and then ;
full benefit of the fun, and may be flieltered from |' and every year, when the leaves are decayed, you
ftronp- winds but by no means place them too near
: fliould fliift a little frefli earth over the beds, to en-
a v/all, nor under glafl:es, which would draw them up courage the roots. In this bed the roots may remain
weak, and render them lefs beautiful. At this feafon until they are flirong enough to produce flowers, when
they fliould be gently refreflied with water, if the they may be taken up and planted in pots, as was
weather be warm and dry; but if it fliould prove very before diredted, or fuffered to remain in tlie fame bed
wTt, they fliould be fcreened from it. to flower.
When the flowers begin to open, the pots fliould be. The roofs of thefe plants do not again the fuc-
flow^er
removed under flicker, to prevent the flowers from ceeding year (as in many other forts of bulbs ;) but
being injured by too much wet: but they mufl: not if t'Keir bulbs contain two bud*9 in their center, as is

be kept too clofe, nor placed in a fituation too warm, often ^

cafe, they very often flower twice within the
;
which would occafion their colour to be lefs lively, ccmpals of three years after which, tlie fame indi- "

and' hafl:en thei!t» decay. The flowers of this plant vidual' roof does not flower again in feveral years, but
will continue in bcaur/ (if rightly managed) a f^ill
month and though riiey have no fcent, yet, for tlie
•, MB [fo called' fl-bm a privative and
richnefs of their colour, they are juftly efteSitied' in
the firfl: rank of the flowery tribe. food of the gods^
After the flowers are decayed, tlie green leaves will Th(^ Characters are,
begin to flioot forth in length, and if flieltered from loath )Mk and feniate fozvers on the fc. The
fcvere cold, will continue growing all the winter-, lie flo'wers are compcfcd of moiy florets
but they mufl: have as much free air as pofilble in if one leaf^ 'xhich isplahiy
mild weather, and covered only in great rains or if the florets: each floret is of
frofl:s for which purpofe, a common hot-bed frame
; leafy funneUflmped^ and cut into fl
is the propereft flicker for them > under which if they in the center is fituatcd the five fmall Ji.
are placed, the glafl^es may be t>aken off" confl:antly fummits, 1*he female fli

every day in dry open w^eather, which will encourage the fame fpike\ thefe ha^-^

the leaves to grow ftrong and broad ; whereas when 9f one leaf
they are placed in a green-houfe, or not expofed to they have no petals^ but an oval germen placed in the bottom
the open air, they will grow long and flender, and of the empalernent^ fupporting a flender ftyle^ crowned
have a pale weak afpeft, whereby the roots will be- ftign ifterward
come weak, fo that it feldom happens that they pro- zpfule
duce flowers under fuch managements acute fegments of the cmpalement^ and inclofaig one round-
Thefe roost fliould be tranfplanted every fourth or ifh feed.
fifth year toward the latter end of June, or beginning This genus of plants, is by Dr. Linnaeus ranged in
of July, and planted into frefli earth (but they fliould the fifth divifion of 'his twenty-firfl; clafs, entitled Mo-
not be oftener removed, for that would retard their ncecia Pentandria, having male and female
from their
flowering.) The offsets fliould alfobe taken off*, and flowers in the fame plant, and tlie male flowers Having
planted into feveral pots, which, in three years time, five fliamiha. ^ .

will produce flowers fo that after a perfon is once

-, The Si^EciEs are,
flrocked with ihefe roots, they may increafe thein, fo 1. Ambrosia [Maritima) foliis multifidis racemis foli-
,

as to have a fapply of blowing roots, without being taris pilofis; Lin. Sp. Plant. 98S. Ambrcfia with
at the trouble or expence offending to Guernfey every leaves divided into ma^iy parts^ ard fingle hairy fplkes of
year for frefli roots and the roots preferved here will
•,
flovjers. Ambrofia maritima. C. B. P, Sea Ambro-
'

flower (Ironger than thofe which are ufually brought fia, ^

'-

from thence, for the inhabitants of thofe iflands are 2. Ambrosia {Elatior) foliis bipinnatifidis, rvicemis pa-
not very curious in cultivating them. Their ufual niculatis terminallbus glabris. Hort. Upfal. 2 84.
method is to plant them at a great diftance in a bed ofia with double winded leaves^ a fenooth Icofe
fp.
of common earth, where they let them remain for offlowers grovoing at the of the branches.
e:<tremity
many years in which time they produce fuch a num-
: brofia maritima foliis' arteniifia: inodoris elatior. IL
ber of offsets, that many times one fingle clufl:er has L. 32.
contained above a liundred roots ; by which means, ifidi

thofe whicli grow on the infide arefo much comprefled Sp.9 cfu

kbes.
 . ;

A M 4 -
B /

ioks^ tvhich are fawccl onthcir edges. Ambrofia Virgiiiiana v/ith other hardy annual plants, among which tliev
maxima, platani oricntalis folio. Mor. Hift. p. 4. :^. v/illm^ake a variety. Thefe "will flower in July, and
4. Ambrosia {Artcmififolia) foliis bipinnatiiicUs prirno- their feeds ripen in September.
ribus ramulorum indivifis intcgerrimis.- Lin. Sp. The third fort is a native of Nortli Am.erica, v/here
Plant. .988. Amhrof.mvitb douUe winged leaves^ and It is a very common weed. This often grows eioht
•
the younger branches having entire leaves. Aiiibroila or ten feet high ; and if it is planted in a rich moilt
maxima inodora marrubii aqviarici foliis tenuiter la- foil, or is often watered, it v^ill o-row niucli higher
ciniacis Virginiana. Pluk. Aim. 27. tab. 10. and Ipread out into many branches. The feeds of
AwiiRosiA {Arhorefeens) foliis piniuitifidis hirfutis i
this plant, when fown in the fpring, feldom come up
ccmis iolitariis tcnninalibus, caulc fruticofo perenne. the firfl: year, but frequently remain in the ground
Arahrofui with hairy i until the following fpring ; ib that when the plants do
i not come up, the ground mufl: not be dilturbed till
Jhrubhy perennial Jlalk, after the fpring follov/mg. When
the plants come
1 he firlt fort grows naturally in Cappadocia, &c. near up. Tome of them may be tranfplanted into a irioifl:
the fca fliore ; this rifcs about two feet and a half high, rich foil, allowing them four or five feet room
at leaft
fending out branches, garniflied with leaves divided every way-, if they are frequently watered in dry
into man)^ parts, and upon being handled emit a ftrong weather, they will grov/ to a large fize but their ;

odour. The fpikes of flowers are produced from the branches mpll be fupported by fl:akes, otherv/ife they
wings of the ilaiks, which are long, fingle, and hairy; are very fubjeft to break with fl:rong winds. The
the upper part being furnifhed with niany male flow- flowers of this plant are not more confpicuous than
ers, and the_ lower part with female flowers thcfe -,
thofe of the Hemp, to which thefe are near akin
grow clofe to the After the flowers are paft,
fl:alk.. ' therefore are only preferved by fuch perfons as are
the female flowers are fucceeded by hard leafy cap- curious in botany, for the fake of variety. If the
fules having one cell, in w^hich is included a fingle feeds of this fort ripen and are fuff^ered to fcatter, the
round feed. .This is an annual phnt, which leldom plants will come up the following fpring, provided
. perfedts its feeds in England, unlefs the plants are the ground is not difliurbed ; or if the feeds are fown
_
brought forward in thefpring-, therefore the feeds in autumn, the plants will come up ^the follov/ino-
fliould be fown in the autumn in av/arm border, and fpring, and may be treated as above:
when the plants come up in the fpring, they fhould The fourth fort grows naturally in North America,
be tranfplanted into another warm border of poor from whence I have frequently received the feeds.
,
ground i when thefe plants are put into rich molfl:
for This divides into many branches, the lowxr part of
land, tliey grow veiy luxuriantly, fo do not flower vvliich are garniflied with whole leaves, but the upper
till late in the feafon. Therefore the befl- method to part hath compound leaves refembling tliofe of the
obtain good feeds, is to plant fome of the plants in lecond fort ; the fpikes of flowers are produced from
lime rubbifh, to prevent their luxuriant growth, which the wings of the in which
fl:alks, this differs from the
_
will caufe them to flower early, whereby good feeds '
fecond. Tnis may be treated in the fame m.anner as
may be obtained.. ' ' \
the fecond fort. -
-
If the feeds ripen and are permitted to fcatter, the The a native of Peru, from
fifth fort, is whence the
plants will come up the following fpring without care younger Juflleu fent the feeds
j

for when the feeds are fown in the fpring, the plants Paris, and by the generofity of his brother "br. Bar-
feldom come up the fame year, but will remain in the nard de Juflleu, I was favoured with this plant, which
ground a year before they vegetate. There is not has fucceeded in the Chelfea garden, where it annually
much beauty in this plant, fo it is not often admitted perfedls its feeds.
to have a place in gardens, except in thofe where a This grows to the height of ten or twelve feet, \yith
Vaiiety of plants are preferved. — A -.
._>., ./ . • . ';
a woody fl:em, dividing into feveral branches, c^ar-
The fccond fort grows naturally in the iflands of nifliedwith hairy leaves, compofed of feveral winged
.
America, as alfo in Carolina and Virp-inia ; from the lobes, and are placed alternately upon the branches
two latter countries I have frequently received the the fpikes of flowers are fingle, liairy, and are pro-
feeds, and in the tubs of earth which came with plants duced at the extremity of the branches. The female
from the former, the plants have come up in plenty, flowers (which are fituated below the male, on the
fo is undoubtedly a common weed there. This grows fame fpikes) grow in fmall clufliers, at feparate dif-
more than three feet high, dividingintomany branches^ tances, each having two long narrow fegments of the
garnilhed with winged leaves in fhape like thofe empalement, which rife above the capfule or feed
of Mugwort ; at the extremity of each branch, the veflel, ..

loofe fpikes of flowers are produced, compofed of one This

.
is and may be propagated by
a perennial plant,
long fpike in the middle, and three or four lliorter cuttings^or feeds; if by the former, they flfould be
lateral fpikes thefe are fmooth, and have male and
:
planted in a ftiady border, in either of the fummer
female flowers ranged 'in tlie fame manner as the months ; thefe will require to be frequently watered :
former ; the female flowers are fucceeded by feeds of in a month or five weeks they will have good roots,
.
the fame fliape. therefore fliould then be taken up and potted ; for
This fort will come up and thrive in the open air in when they are left longer in thefull graund, they
.
England, but the plants fo raifed will not produce will grow very luxuriant, and not fo foon
recover
good feeds, unlefs the feafon is warm; therefore to their removal, as thofe which are tranfplanted eariier.
.obtain them every year, it is neceffary to^ cultivate I'hefe plants are hardy, fo may be expofed to the
them in the follov/ing
manner. : -'.. :
'_
'

>
"
* ,
.

open air in fummer; and in the winter, if they are

Tht feeds of this plant fliould be fown on a moderate flieltered in a common
green-houfe, v/ith Myrtles and
hot-bed in March, and when the plants are come up otlier hardy exodc plants, they will five feveral
years.
two inches high, they muft be tranfplanted into ano- In mild winters, the roots of this plant have lived
in
thej moderate hot-bed, allowing each plant three or
.
the full ground in a warm border, without any
co-
^four inches fquare'; obferving to water them pretty vering, but hai'd frofl: will kill them.
well, and fliade them until they have taken new root;
The feeds of this fort feldom the fimeyear, come up
afterward they mull' have a large fhare of'frefli air
when they are fown in fpring, but thofe which have
every di>y, when the weather is warm, and frequent
.

fallen in the autumn, have grown the following

year^
waterings, for they are very thirfl;y plants. When the
and fo have thofe which have been fown at the fame
pla,nts aregrown pretty fl:rong, they mufl: be taken feafon.
up with balls of earth to their roots, and planted in
AMELANCHIER. See Chionanthus.
large pots filled with light earth; and if tliey
are
placed on a veiy moderate hot-bed until they are well
AMELLUS, Star-flowen
The Characters are,
rooted, it will greatly forward their flowering.
.
Toward fcaly the fj
the latter end of May they lliould be placed abroad '
cf
;

'\ -
coyyipoje.
 ^

M _
'A MM
female from whence the feeds were fcnt to the imp
-r-il o-a-'
dite are tuhulous. five fe^ female den at Peterlburgh, where the plants
flou-invd'^and
-jhaped^ divided into two or three [eg, the perfeded their feeds, part of whicli were
fcnt me by
''^ft
have five Jhort ft the late Dr. Amman, which grew in
the ChelJea
^r ftylcy and two ft. /' den, where the plants annually produce
feeds.
The ftozver-cup afterward contains one oval feed^ crowned Itis an annual plant with an upright
ftalk,' wliich
with hairv dozvn. riles about a toot high ; toward
the top it puts out
This genus of plants is ranged by Dr. Linnaeus in two or three fmall lateral branches,
garniibed with
the fecund feclion of his ninteenth clafs ^ the flowers Imall tnfid leaves, fa wed on their edges,
of a very
of this feftion are compofed of hermaphrodite florets dark green colour ; at the extremity of the
branches
in tlie center, and female in the circumference. the flowers are produced in fmall umbels
; they are
The SpiiCiEs are, of a fine blue colour, as are alfo the
upper part
1. Amellus (Lychnitis) foliis oppofitis lanceolatis obtu- of the branches, and the leaves immediately
under the
fis,pedunculis unifloris. Lin. Sp. 1276. Star-flower, umbel ; fo that although the flowers are fmall,
yet
with fpear-fhaped obtufe leaves placed oppofite^ and one from their colour with thofe of the upper part of
the
flower on each footftalk, italics, the plants make a pretty
appearance, during
a, Amellus (Umbellatus) foliis oppofitis triplinerviis fub- their continuance in flower. If the feeds of this plant
tus tomentofis, floribus umbellatus. Amcen. Acad. are fown in the autumn, or are permitted
to fcatter,
5. p. 407. Star-flower with oppofite leaves having three the plants will come up early the following
fprino-'
veinsj and flowers in umbels.
The grows naturally at the Cape of Good
firft fort
J
thofe which are fown in the fpririg, will not
flower till
Hope. It rifes from two to three feet high, fending July ; and in dry feafons, the feeds will remain in the
out branches on every fide, garnilhed with fpear^ ground a whole year, fo that the befl: time for fow-
lliaped leaves placed oppofite, terminated by flower- in.g them is in the autumn.
ftalks,each fupporting one Violet-coloured flower, When come up, they will require no other
the plants
with a yellow diflc, Ihaped like thofe of the Afl:er, care but to keep them clean from weeds, and
where
which appear in July or Auguft. they are too clofe to thin them for they do not
tiirive ;
This is a perennial plant, propagated which is eafily when tranfplanted, therefore the feeds fliould be fown
by cuttings, which, if planted in (hade during any where they are to remain.
of the fummer months, and duly watered, will put
out roots ; thefe fiiould be taken up with balls of
MMANNIA. Houfl:. Nov. Gen.
-
Lin. Gen,
Plant. 144.
earth to their roots, and planted in pots, that they The Characters arc.
may be ftieltered in winter, either under a common
hell-flj
frame, or in a green-houfe, where they may have
fc
plenty of air in mild weather, otherwife they will fight flender The flower hath no petals^ but ft
draw up weak and have little beauty. flender ftami
J which they c nferted. Thefe
hath hoary fl:alks which rife two feet high, fendincr
fummits. I. fituated
out fide branches, which are garnilhed^ with oval
fupporting a floort ftyle crowned zvith a ftigma ; the em-
leaves placed oppofite ; the flowers which teririinate
palement afterward becomes a round capfide with
the branches grow in fmall umbels, but thefe four cells
have which are filled with fmall feeds.
little beauty. It may be propagated by feeds, v/hich This genus is by Dr. Linn^us ranged in his fourth
fliouldbe fown on a hot-bed in the fpring when the ; clafs of plants, entitled Tetrandria Monogynia,
the
plants are fit to remove, two or three of them
fhould flower having four ftamlna and one fcyle;
be planted in pots, then plunged into a hot-bed of The Species are,
tan, to bring them forward to get ripe feeds
in the I. Ammannia {La ifolia) foliis remiamplexicaulibus,
autumn, otherwife the plants will require a ftove in caule tetragono.
™i l4nE>'I«Th
Hort. Cliff. 344. Ammannia
a fquare ftalk, and leaves embracing Am-
MENTACEOUS flowers [of Amentum, Lat. a mannia palufl:ris, caule quadrangular!
it half round.
foliis angufliis:
firing, thong, or latchet] are fuch as have ^
an aggre- Houft. MSS. ,
.

gate of fummits, hanging down in form of

a rope, 2. Ammannia {Ramofwr) foliis fubpeticlatis caule ramo-
or cat's tail, which is alfo called an lulus as in
; Wil- fa. Lin. Sp. Plant. 120. Ammannia with leaves hav-
lows, Walnuts, Poplars, &c.
tg fljort foot-ftalks and a branching Ludvigia
METHYSTEA. Lin. Gen. 32. Amethyftina. aquatica erefta caule rubente, foliis ad genicula bi-
ft

Amman. Haller. Amethyft. nis longis anguftis hyflbpi inftar flore tetfapetalo
al-
The Characters are. bo. ^'
Clayt.
The flower hath a permanent empalement of hell-floaped
3 if
leaf five equal pointed fegments at the lyce majoribus coloratis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 120. Am-
hrim; the flower is of one leaf, of ...^ _„ mania whofe leaves have floort foot-ftalks^ and a coloured
into five unequal parts at the top ; the upper
leaf is ereEl^ feed-veffel larger than the flower-cup.
roiindifjj^ concave, and cut into
the lower lip is ciit two ; The firft fort grows naturally in moift places in Jamai-
into three parts, the middle fegment being
concave and of ca, from whence Dr. Houfton fent the feeds to Eng-
the fame length with the upper lip, but the
two fide fe^- land, wliich fucceeded at Chelfea, and have from-
fi flender ft. thence been diftributed to moft of the botanic gar-
which ftand under the upper lip, but arc longer
; theft dens in Europe.
crowned with roundifh fummits. In the c fituated It grows about a foot and a half high, with an upright
a quadrifid germen, fupporting afingleftyl
fquare ftalk, and long narrow leaves {^t in form of a tri-
two acute ftigma : after the flower is paft. angle, whofe bafe half furrounds xt ; thefe grow the
four naked feeds, flout whole length of the ftem. They are of a pale, green,
This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnaeus ranged in and of the confiftence of thofe of Purflane ; the ftalks
his fecond clafsof plants, entitled Diandria Mono- are alfo fucculent, and of the fame colour with thofe
gynia, the flower having two fl:amina and
one of that plant. The flowers come out in whorles round
ftyle.
the ftalks, at the joints where the leaves adhere, in
We know but one Species of genus, viz.
this clufters : thefe have no petals, fo make no great ap-
Amethystea. Hort. Upfal 9. Amethyflrina montana pearance, and are foon fucceeded by round feed-vef-
erefta foliis exiguis digitatis trifidis
ferratis, flofculis fels, which are full of fmall feeds.
^

cum coma e cceruleo-janthinis. Amman. Ruth.

4. The plant muft be raifed on a hot-bed in the fpring,
1. Mountain upright Amethyft, with fmall,
e.
trifid, flawed and afterward itmoved to another hot-bed to bring
leaves, and the heads and
flowers of a jacinth blue. it forward. When the plants have acquired ftrength,
This plant is a native of the mountains in Siberia, they fliould be tranfplanted into pots filled with rich
*
L
^1 4

light
 A M M M
^ land. When tlie feeds are fown in the fpring, tlicy

flaade them till they have taken frclh root-, then chey feldom come up the fame year and if they fliould, -,

fliould be placed in a glafs-cale or fiovc to ripen their thofe plants will be weak and produce few feeds.

feeds, for the plants are too tender to thrive in the The fecond fort is a perennial plant, which is pre-
.
open air in this country, unlefs the funmier proves ferved in botanic gardens for variety, but having lit-
very warm. tle beauty, Is rarely admitted into other gardens. It

The fecond fort grows naturally in Virginia and Ca- may be propagated by feeds, which fliould be fown
'

rolina this is an annual plant, wlfich rifcs about a

;
in the autumn, becaufe thofe fown in the fpring, fel-

foot high, with red fucculcnt ftalks, putting our fide dom come up the fame year. It will grow in any open
branches, which grow oppofite the flowers are pro- :
fituation, is veiy hardy, and thrives beft on a moift

duced fingle from the wings on the lower part of the foih

branches, but toward the top they are in clufters ; AMMI PERENNE. See Sium.
thefe have no beauty, foare onlypreferved in botanic A MO MUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. Zinzlber. C. B. P. 2.

gardens for the fake of variety. This fort will per- 35. Gingeh
fect its feeds in the open air, if the plants are raifed
The Characters are^

on a hot-bed in the fpring, and planted in a warm The flowers are colkoled into a fcaly fpike, each having a
double (fpatha) or floeath *, the outer fheath loofely covers
border. ^ .
- - . ,

The third fort grows naturally in China ; this is a the fcale, and the inner encompaffes tube of the flower
the,

very low plant, feldom rifmg more than three inches with the parts of generation : the flower is of one leaf^

high ; the leaves are placed oppofite on the branches, tubuloHs beloxv, but divided into three parts at the brim^

and the fiov/ers grow in whorles from the wings of the middle fegment being longer and broader than the others^

the ftalk. As this plant has little beauty, it is rarely In the bofom of the fl,ower an oblong thick nee-
is fituated

preferved in gardens. muft be raifed on a hot-bed

It tariuni. From the tube of the flower arifes two fender
in the fpring, and treated in the. fame manner as the flamina, which are crowned with thick fljort fummits.
firft fort, with which management the feeds will ripen
Under the receptacle of the flower is placed the round ger-
in England. men, fupporting a fingle fiyle, zvhich is as long as the

A MM tube of the flower, crowned zvith a hairy ftigma. The

'

I [''A^pi, Gr.] Bifliops-weed.

The Characters are, -
' germen afterward becomes an oval three-cornered feed-vef-
'belliferous plant \ the great umbel is compofed fel, opening in three parts, containing feveral feeds.

of. many /mailer , "which are difpofed like ravs. The outer This genus of plants by Dr. Linnaeus ranged In
is

his firft clafs, entitled Monandria Monogynia ; but

ifed of
e length of the umbeL The fmall it more properly belongs to his fecond, for the
Thefli flowers of this have tv/o ftamina, one of which is
/
difform^ each having fi'
joined to the upper fegment of the flower, and this
fiaped \ thofe in the outer rays being large and unequal in foon lofes it fummits, fo appears to be only a feg-
.
Jize, but thofe in the which compofe the dijk^ are
ceitter^ ment. This I have co^ftantly found in ail the flow-
nearly eqtial The flowers have five flender flamifia^ which ers which I have examined ; thq flowers have but

are crowned with roundifh fummits. In the center of the one ftyle.
empalenient is fituated the germen^ fupporting tzvo re- The
Species are,
The germen 1. Amomum fcapo nudo fpica ovatd. Hort. CliflT. 3;
fiexed ftyleSy crowned with obtufe ftigma.
afterward becomes a fmalk rounds Jlriated fruity compofed Amomum with a naked ftalk and oval fpike of flowers^
.
of two feeds, which are plain within and convex on their Zinzlber, C. B. P. 35. Ginger,
.^ outfide, .
.. .
2. Amomum fcapo nudo fpica oblonga obtusa. Hort.'
^ ^

This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnasus ranged In Clifl; 3. Amomum with a naked ftalk and an oblong blunt
-

the fecond fedlion of his fifth clafs, entitled Pentan- flower-fpike, Zinzlber latifolium fylveftre, Hort.
dria Digynia, the flowers having five ftamina and two Lugd. 636. Broad-leaved wild Ginger, called Zerumbet.
. ftyles, . ,
3. Amomum fcapo braiteis alternis laxis, caule folio-
The Species are, rum altifiimo. /hnomum withfl^ower-ftalks loofely branch-
J. Ammi {Majus) foliis inferioribus pinnatis lanceolatis ing alternately,and very tall leaf'ftalks.
ferratis, fuperioribus multifidis hnearibus. Hort. The firft, which is the common Ginger, is cultivated
Upfal. ^g, BipGps-weed with under leaves, which are for fale in moft of the iflands of America, but is a
\ winged, fpear-fhaped, and fawed^ and the upper leaves native of the Eaft-Indies, and alfo of fome parts of
are divided into many narrow fegments. This is the the Weft-Indies, v/here it is found growing naturally
Ammi majus, C. B. P. 159. And the Ammi vulgare. without culture. The dried rpots of this fortfurnifli
Dod, p. 415. Bift. a confiderable export from the Britifli colonies in
2. 'Ammi (GlaucifoU America. The roots are of great ufe in the kitchen,
BifJ: as alfo in medicine ; and the green roots preferved as
floape of a fp , a fweatmeat, are preferable to every other fort.

glaucifolium perenne. Mor. Hill. 3. p. 295. The roots of this fort are jointed J and fpread in the
The firft fort is annual ^ of this there is a variety, ground ; thefe put out many green reed-like ftalks in
which is mentioned by John Bauhin as a diftin£t fpe- the fpring, w^hlch rife to the height of two feet and a
cies, under the title Ammi
majus foliis plurimum
of half, garniftied with long narrow leaves, clofely em-
incifis &
nonnihil crifpis ; but I have frequently had bracing the ftalks at their bafe. The flower-ftems
this variety arife from 'the feeds of the former, fo I afterward arife by the fide of thefe, immediately from
have not enumerated it as a different fort. the root ; thefe are naked, ending with an oblong
This plant is, propagated by feeds, which fliould be fc^ly fpike ; from each of thefe fcales is produced a
fown in the autumn in the place where It is to re- fingle blue flower, whofe petals are but little longer
main ; and in the fpring, the ground fliould be hoed than the fquamofe covering. The flowers appear in
to cut up the weeds, and alfo to thin the plants in September, and in about a month after the ftalks en-
the fame manner as is praftifed for Carrots^ Jeaving tirely decay, fo that the roots remain inaftive three or
them four or five inches afunder ; or if the ground is four months.
good where they grow, they muft be left at leaft fix The fecond fort grows naturally In India; the roots
inches, for they will grow large and cover the ground ; of this are much larger than tliofe of the firft', but are
after this they will require no farther care, but to jointed In the fame manner. The ftalks grow from
keep them clean from weeds. In June they will flow- three, to near four feet high, garniflied with oblong
er, and their feeds will ripen in Auguft, wliich fliould leaves, placed alternately, and embrace the ftalks at
be gathered as it ripens, othcrwife it will foon fcatter. their bafe. T\\t flov/er-fteins arife immediately from
Thefe feeds are ufed in medicine, fo may be had in the root ; thefe are terminated by oblong, blunt,
plenty with this management ^ for it will grow in any fcaly heads out of each f 'ale is produced a fingle
-,

fituation that is open, but thrivesbeft on llglit fandy white flower, v/hofe petals extend a confiderable length
beyond
 A M O A M
beyond their fcaly covering. Thefe appear in Sep- twelve or fourteen feet,
garniilied with very hng-
tember, and In November all the flalks perilli in the Winged leaves, in fliape like thofe of tlie common
lame manner as the Gino-er. Acacia., At
the extremity of the fime year's
flioots
The third fort hath thick flcfliv roots, refemblino- the fiov/ers are produced in long
Hendcr fpikcs, which
thofe of the large Flag Iris ; in the fpring thefe fend are Imall, and of a deep purple
colour ; the (lamina
forth many green reed-like ilalks, which rife to the Itand out beyond the petals, and
are crowned witJi
height of levcn or eight feet, garnlflied with very long yeilowlummits; after the flowers are pad, the
germcn
narrow leaves, let alternately, clofely embracing then 1 «turns to^a Ihort pod, having two
^ ^^ - kidney-lliaped feeds,
at their baf The ^
ftalks decay entirely in autumn,
-
but theie do not ripen in England.
and new from tlie
arife roots in tlie fpring, but it The feeds of this plant were fent to England
from
hath not produced any flowers as yet in England, Carohna, by Mr. Mark Catefby, F. R. S.
in 1724,
tliough the roots thrive and increafe greatly where from which many plants were raifed in the
gardens
they are properly managed. near London ; thdc were of quick growth,
and many
All thefe forts are tender, and require a warm ftove of the plants produced flowers in three years.
At
them in this country.
to preferve They are eafily prefent it is become very common in all the
gardens
propagated by parting of their roots ; the beft time and nurferies, where it is propagated as a flowering
for doing this the fpring, before they put out
is in flirub, for ^he ornament of the Ihrubber)^
It is cr^-
new fhoots ; for they Ihould not be tranfplanted in nerally propagated by feeds, which are annually
lent
fummer when they are in full vigour, nor do they to England from different parts of America
; for it is
fucceed fo well when they are removed in autumn, found in many of the northern colonies there, and
it
becaufe they remain long after in an inactive (late ; may alfo be propagated by laying down' of the
and during that time, if wet comes to the roots, it young branches, which in one year will make good
often caufes them to rot. When the roots are parted, roots, and may then be taken ofi^ and
planted etther
they fliould not be divided into fmall pieces, efpecially in the nurfery, or the places where they
are defigned
if they are defigned to have flowers ; for until the to remain. If they are put into a nurfery, they
fliould
roots have fpreadto the fide of the pots, they rarely not remain there more than one year ; for as the
plants
put out flower-ftems, for which reafon they Ihould make large Ihoots, they do not remove v/ell when
not be planted in very large pots. they have remained long in a place they mufl; have :

Thefe plants thrive beft in a light rich earth, fuch as a fliekered fituation, otherwife their brandies
will be
may be found in the kitchen-garden v v/ith this the broken by the winds. As thefe flioots are large and
pots fliould be filled within two inches of the top, foft, rheir upper parts are generally
"^
kiUed by frofl: in
"'
then the roots fliould be placed in the middle of the """^".- i--^ :^'- -'^ ^. ^ >
'
winter, but they put out flioots again in plenty below
- . . .

pots, obferving that their crowns are upwards, and the dead part the fpring following.
the pots filled up with the fame rich earth ; after this M P H T H E AT R E
I of «>p5, around,
['Ay.p^h:j^o,
the pots fliould be plunged into a hot-bed of tanners !ind 3-fao/Aat, to view, Gr.] or temples of view
erefted
bark, and mull be fpari igly watered, until their fl:alks on a double rifing, were efteemed great ornaments to
appear above ground, when they will require a greater a large and noble garden. If this hill, or rifing
fhare of moifture, efpecially during the warm fum- ground, is of a femicircular figure, it will be ftill the
V a * m m
mer mont^xS but in autumn the waterings muft not better. '
• -

be often, nor in great plenty and during the v/inter -,

Thefe amphitheatres are fometimes formed of Ever-
feafon, when the roots are inaftive, very little water greens, as Hollies,
PhiUyreas, Lauruftinufes, Bays,
fliould be given them. The pots with thefe roots &c. obfervmg to plant the fliorteft growing flirubs in
fhould coiiftantly remain plunged in the tan-bed, for the front, and the talleft trees behind, as Pines, Firs,
if they are taken out and placed on flielves in the Cedars of Lebanon, &c.
ftove, their fibres frequently ftirink, which often oc- They are alfo formed of flopes on the fides of hills,
cafions the roots to decay. and covered with turf, but are now generally excluded
With this management all thefe forts have multiplied by all perfons of true tafte ; for the natural eafy Hope
grcady with me, and the common Ginger has pro- of fuch hills, is infinitely more beautiful than the ftiff
duced roots which have weighed five or fix ounces, angular llopes into which thefe amphitheatres are
but the others have been near a pound weight. commonly cut.
M See SoLANUM, MYGDA T. T T S. Lin. Gen. Plant. 545,
MORIS POMUM. See LvcopERsicoN. ;X(^. The Almond-tree.
['Au^V-

M Lin. Gen. Plant. 768. Baftard The Characters are,

Indigo.
of one leaf "jchtch is cut
The Characters are, \ at the brim into five obtufe fegments \ the
flower hath fi
flower hath a permanent empdlement of one leaf
^e
oval^ obtufe^ concave petals^ tvhich are inferted in
the en
five fmall palement ; in the center of the outer flower isfttuated
tuft the brim. "The flower is of the butterfly roundiflo hairygermen ^ fupporting a ftngle flyle the lengi
r petals or ftandard^ is fmall^ concave^ and of the ftamina^ which is crowned by a round ftigma \ )h
tferted between the two upper fegments is attended by a great number
^ of flender ereSl ftamim
^

the empalement. ftamina^ joined at their baft ly fpecies are not fo long as the petals of ti,
of uncqiial lengths^ and crowned with ft
fitualcd a roundiflo germen^ fupp.
flower^ thefe flender ft Ah
the fl.ow ?/?, the germen beco-mes an oval^ comprefled.
fjjaped ftyl ^e length of the /,
fi having
fingle ftigma ; the germen aft I furrow i this opens and ft
eflexed moonfh having one cell^ in which is
effed mit^ furrow
w y-floaped feeds cloftng afingle feed
of the fame f
This genus by Dr. Linn^us ranged in his feven-
is
Dr. Linnaeus Jias joined to this genus the Perfica, or
teenth cials of plants, entitled DiadelphiaDecandria
-,
Peach-tree, making them only different fpecies, rang-
the flowers of this clafs have ten ftamina, nine of
ing it in his twelfth clafs, entitled Icofandria Mono-
which are joined, and one ftands offl gynia ; the flowers having from twenty to thirty fta-
We know but one Species of this gei VIZ. mina, which are inferted to the empalement.
Amorpha ofc Baftard The Species are,
J I. Amygdalus {Communis) foliis petiolatis ferratis pc-
culis purpureis mJnimis. Cat. Hort. Chelf. 11,
talis florum eniar^inatis.
This flirub grows naturally in Carolina, where for- fi
leaves^ having foot-ftalks^ and the petals of the
flc
merly the inhabitants mad a coarfe fort of Indi^-o
dented. Amygdalus fativa. C. B. P. 441. Common
from the young flioots, which occafioned their sivinfr
Almond-tree.
It tne ntle ot lialtard Indigo
2. Amygdalus {Bulcis) foliis petiolatis marginibus cre-
It riles witn many irregular ilems, to the height of 1 natis, corollis calyce vix longioribus. Almond-tree
 MY N A
^hh crenatid leaves^ having fcot- [I aiks-, and the petals of trees do not flower March, they feldorri fail to bear
till

the flozvers no longer than the empalement. \mygduius plenty of fruit, many of which w;ll be very fweet,
dulcis putamme ?liiori. C. li. i\ 441 Cctnrficnly and fit for the table when green, but they will nut
Jordan Almond.
called ,
keep long.
3. Amvcdalus (Sathus) follis lincari-lancecbtis acu-
They are propagated by inoculating a bud of thefe
minatis, marginibus crcnatis. Almond-tree with point- trees into a Plumb, Almond, or Peach itock, in the

ed^ narrow^ fpear-fijaped leaves^ acnated on their edge^. month of July (the manner of this operation fee un-
AmygJalus-lativa florc albo. der the article of Inoculation). The next fprin*^,
4. Amvcdalvs {Orientalis) fuliis lanccolatis intcgerri- wlien tlie buds flioot, you may train them up either
mis, argrnteis perennancibus petiolo brcyiorc. Al- for Itandards, or fuflx^r thern to grow for lialf Rand-
mond'trce with jpear-Jhaped ftlvery leaves^ 'tvhicb are en- ards, according to your own fancy ; tliough the ufuul

tire^ and continue all ivinter^ and very fljort fcot-fialks. method is to bud them to the height the ll:ems are in-
. Amygdalus Orientalis tbliis argentcis iplcndcntibus, tended to be ; and the fecond year after budding,
Du Hamcl. they may be removed to the places where they are to
5. Amygdalus (Nana) foliis pctiolatis fcrratis bafi at- remain. The bed feafon for tranfplanting thefe trees,
tenuatls. Almond with [awed leaves, ivbich are nar~ it for dry ground, is in October, as ibon as the leaves
ro-ived at the foot-JlalL Amygdalus Indica nana. Pluk. begin to decay but for a wet foil, February is much
•,

Aim. 28. tab. 11, Dwarf Almond with ftngle flowers. preferable, and obferve always to bud upon Plumb
The fii'ft is the common Almond, which is cultivated llocks for wet ground, and Almonds and Peaches
more for the beauty of its flowers, than for its fruit. for dry.
There are two varieties of this, one with fweet, the ALMOND, the Dwarf, with double flowers. See
other bitter kernels, which often arife from the fruit P£RSICA4 .

of the fame tree. x\ M Y R S. See Toxicodendrov.

I

The fecond fort Is commonly known by the title of ANACAMPSERO See Sedum. S.
Jordan Almonds the nuts of this kind are frequently
•, A N A C A R D U M. I Lin. Gen. Plant. 467. Acajou.
brought to England ; thefe have a tender Ihell, and Tourn. Inft. R. H. 658. tab. 435. The Cafliew-nut,
a lariie fweet kernel. The leaves of this tree are or Acajou.
broader, fhorter, and grow much clofer than thofe of The Characters are.
the common fort, and their edges are crenated. The of one leaf
flowers are very fmall, and of a pale colour, inclining ctit into five acute feg
fi'
to whit'e. I have feveral times raifed thefe trees from of one leaL having a yZ

the Almonds which came from abroad, and always top^ which are reflexcd^ and are longer than the empale-
found the plants to maintain their difference from the ment \ the flower hath ten flender fiamtna, which are as
common Almond. long as the petals crowned with fmall fummits. In
The third fort hath narrow Iharp-pointed leaves, the center is phued a rcundgcrmen^ fitpperthig an awl-
which are fawed on their edges i the flowers are mucli flo aped fly le, crowned with an acute ftigma. T^hc gcrmcn
fmaller than thofe of the common Almond, and are afterward becomes a large ^ oval, fl'fl^^y f^^it, having a
white ; the flioots of this tree are fmaller, and the large kidney-fljaped nut growing to its apex.
joints clofer than thofe of the common fort, nor is the This genus of plants by Dr. Linnii^us ranged ia
is

tree fo hardy, therefore Ihould have the advantage the firil fedion of his tenth clafs, entitled Decandria
of a warm fituation, otherwife it will not thrive. This Monogynia the flowers of this having ten fl;ami-
;

fort flowers early in the fpring, and rarely produces na and a fingle fl:yle.
fruit in England. But from an old tree whicli grew We have but one Species of this genus, viz.
againft a fouth-wcfl: afpefted wall, I have fome years Anacardium Hort. Clifi\ 161. the occiden-
{Occidentale)
had the fruit ripe, which were well flavoured, but tal Anacardium, or Cafloew. Acajou. Pif Plifl:. Braf 5S.
their kernels were fmall. This tree grows to the height of twenty feet or more,
Tlic fourtli fort was found growing near Aleppo, from in its native country, which is both Indies, but in
wlience the fruit was fcnt to the duke D'Aycn in England the plants are with great difficulty preferved \
France, who raifed feveral of the plants in his curi- though by their firfl; flioot from the feeds, tliey appear
ous garden at St. Germains, and was fo good as to fo fl:rong and vigorous, as to promife a much greater
fend me a fhare of them, which arc flourishing in the progrcfs than they are ever feen to make.
Chelfca garden, where they have endured the open They are eafily raifed from the nuts, which are an-
air for fome years, againfl: a wall, without any cover- nually brought from America in great plenty \ each
ing. The leaves of this tree are fdvery, and very of thefe fliould be planted in a fmall pot filled with
like thofe of the Sea Purllane. Thefe continue moft light fandy eartli, and plunged into a good hot-bed
of the year ; the flowers are very fmall, and have not of tanners bark, being careful to prevent their hav-
been fucceeded by fruit yet in England. I can give ing wet, till the plants come up, for the nuts fre-
no farther account of its dilTerence from the other quently rot with moifl:ure. The reafon of my advifing
forts. the nuts to be each put into a feparate pot, is, be-
The fifth fort is very common in the nurferies about caufe the plants feldom live wlien they are tranfplant-
London, and is ufually fold with other flowering- ed. If the nuts are frefli, the plants will come up
fhrubs to adorn gardens this : feldom rifes more than in about a month after planting, and in two months
three feet high, fending out many fide branches. The more they will be four four or five inches high, with
roots of this are very fubjcft to put out fuckers, by large leaves; from tliis quick growth, many per-
which it may be increafed in plenty, but if thefe are fons have been deceived by fuppofing them hardy,
not annually taken away, they will fliarve the old plants. 'and that they would continue the like progrefs,whereas
As thefe fuckers are very apt to creep at the root, and they feldom advance much fartlier the fame year.
put out fuckers again, tliofe plants which are propa- The plants muft be confl;antly kept in the fl:ove, for
gated by layers are much preferable. This fhrub they are too tender to live abroad in England, in the
flowers in April, at which time all the young flioots warmefl: feafon of the year, nor will they thrive in a
are covered with flowers, which are of a Peach blof- common grecn-houfe in fummer. As thefe plants
fom, and make a fine appearance when intermixed abound with a milky acrid juice, they fliould have
with flirubs of the fame growth. but little water, even in fummer ; and in winter, if
The common Almond is cultivated in all the nurfe- they are fparingly watered once in a fortnight, it will
ries,and the trees are generally planted for the beau- be fufficient, for their roots are tender and loon periili
ty of their flowers. I'hefe often appear in February, with moifl:ure.
when the fpring
forward, but if frofl: comes after,
is When plants are tranfplanted, it will be the
thefe
the fl.)wers are foon deftroyed, fo that their beauty is bell method to break the pots, for the roots do not
cf fliort duration, and in fuch feafons there are few put out many fibres to hold the earth about them, fo
of the Almonds which bear fruit whereas, v. hen the that in fliaking them out of the pots, mofl: of the earth
i
"
6 •
will
 ;

4
N *
V t'^,
N
will fall away from their roots, and v/hen
Hap- this
<hofe divifh
pens, the plants leldom furvive it ; therefore in break- plain, Cotula cretica minima chamaemeli folio capite
ing of the pots, the fame caution muft be had not to infiexo. Tourn. Cor. 37.
'

dilturb tht^ earth more than can be avoided then the •,

2. Anacyclus {Orientalis) foliis compofitis fctaceisacu-
plant, with the ball of earth to its roots, Ihould be tisredtis. Hort. Cliff. 417. Anacyclus with compound^
put into a pot one fize larger than that in which it brifily, upright, pointed leaves, Cham^melum Orientals
had before grown, filFing up the pot with light fandy foliis pinnatis. Tourn. Cor. 37.
earth, and plunge the pots again into the hot-bed. 3. Anacyclus {Valentinus) foliis decompofitis linearibus
Thefe plants ihould not be removed oftener than once laciniis divifis tretiufculis acutis floribus
flofculofis.
a year, nor fliiGuld they be put into large pots, for Hort. Cliff. 417. Anacyclus with decompounded narrow
unlefs their roots are confined, they will not thrive. whofe diviftons are taper and pointed^ andflofcular
With this management I have kept thefe plants fe- fi^ Cluf Hifl:. !•
veral years, but they are of flow growth after the firft
P- 332i
feafon, fo that I have not raifed any of them more The two grow naturally in the iflands of
firfl: forts
than two feet and a half high, and it is very rare to tlie Archipelago, from whence Dr. Tournefort fent
fee them in England more than half that height, their feeds to the roval garden at Paris. I have alfo
though I have feen two of them in flower, one in the received the feeds of both thefe plants from Portugal,
late Sir Charles Wager's garden at Parfons-green, and fo that may alfo grow
it naturally there, as do many
the other in Chelfea warden. 'of thofe plants which were difcovered by Tournefort
The pulpy fruit, to whofe apex this nut grows^ is in the Levant. Thefe are low plants, whofe
branches
as large as an Orange, and is full of an acid juice, trail on the ground. The cut leaves firfl: fort has fine s

which is frequently mixed in the making of punch in like thofe of Chamomile ; the flowers are fmall, white^
America. Many of thefe fruit have been brought to and grow fingle, with their heads declining ; thefe
England, in calks of rum for the fame purpofe. are like thofe of the common Mayweed. The fecond
The nut is of the flze and fliape of a hare's kidney, hath winged leaves like thofe of the Ox-eye ; the flow-
but is much larger at the end which is next the fruit, ers are white, and like thofe of Chamomile.
than at tlie other. The outer fliell is of an Afli colour, The third fort grows naturally in Spain, from whence
and very fmooth ; under this is another which covers I have received the feeds. This grows a foot and
the kernel, between thefe there is a thick black in- half high, fending out many fide branches ; the leaves
flammable oil, which is very caufl:ic ; this will raife are finely divided like thofe of Chamomile, and are
blifters on the fl<.in, and has often been very trouble- hairy the flowers grow fingle at the extremity of the
:

fome to thofe who have incautioufly put the nuts into branches, and are of a bright yellow colour, with a
their mouths to break the fliell. filvery fcalyempalement. Thefe are as large as thofe
The milky juice of this tree will fl:ain linen of a deep of the Ox-eye.
black, which cannot be waflied out again ; but whether All thefe plants are annual the feeds fliould be fown :

this has the fame property v/ith that of the eafliern eariy in the fpring in a border of light earth, where
Anacardium, has not yet been fully experimented they are defigned to remain, and require no other
for the infpiifated juice of that tree is the beft: fort of care but to keep them clean from weeds, and thin
lac, which is ufed for Raining of black in China and
the plants where they are too clofe. As thefe have
Japan. no great beauty, a few plants only may be left for
Dr. Grew mentions the juice being ufed for fliaining
July
of cottons, but it is doubtful which of the fpecies he and their feeds ripen in September.
means though Sir Hans Sloane fuppofes it to be of
; ^ ANAGALLIS. Lin. Sp. Plant. 189. Pimpernel.
the Acajou here mentioned. However, it may be very The Characters '

are,
well worth the trial if the inhabitants of the Britifli
•,

into five fharp fegment.

America would tap a few of the trees in
iflands in
re hollow. The flower is of one leaffpread
the bleedhig fe;ifon, and coUedt the juice in earthen
flve parts at the brim hath five eredftamina
; it
pots, keeping it in a place free from dufl:, or covering
fhorter than the petals^ and are crowned with
the pots over with a linen cloth, to prevent dufl: from
fingle ft In the center is placed the globular ger-
mixing with it, and when it is of a proper confift:ence,
fupporting a flender inclining flyl
fome trials may be made with it, to fee if it has the hlunt flign zfterward
fame property with the Japan lac, which if it has, with
effel
may prove a valuable commodity. feveral angular feeds.
ANACYCLUS. Lin. Gen. Plant 86g. Santoli- This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnseus ranged in the
noides. Vail. Acad. Scien. firfl; divifion of his fifth clafs, enritlcd Pentandria
The Characters are. Monogynia, the flowers having five flramina and one
It bath cGmpound flowers, confifting
of female and he ftyle.
maphrodite florets, included in one common fcaly empUi
The Species are,
ment , the rays or borders being formed of the femaleflorei 1. Anagallis {Arvenfts) foliis indivifis cauk procum-
ftretched out in the form of bente. Lin. Gen. Plant. 148. Pimpernel with un-
tonguc beyond the empalemcnt.
/ divided leaves and a trailing ftalL Anagallis Phcenicio
fe the difk, are funnel-flo aped, quinquefid.^ fiore. C. B. P* 252.
fpreadopCH'^ thefe have each five fknder ftamina^ which Anagallis
2. (Fcemina) foliis indivifis glaucis caule
are crowned with cylindrical fummits \ in the center is
procumbente flore c^ruleo. Pimpernel with undivided
germen, fupporting a flender
ejfcd
flalk, and blue fl{ Ana-
Jtyle, crowned with bifid ftig The female fli. gallis c^ruleo flore. C. B. P. 252.
flender ftyh (M
flender reflexedft. ant. 148. Pimpernel with an undivided leaf and
dite florets are fucceedcd by one oblong comprefled
feed. The t flalL Anagallis tenuifolia Monclli. Cluf.
female florets are fucceedcd by afingle oblong feed with broad App. *

borders or wivgs, which are indented at the top ^ thefe are

ALLis {Latifolid) foliis cordatis amplexicaulibus,
placed on a convex receptacle.
caulibus compreffis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 149. Pimpernel
This §enus of plants is ranged by Dr. Linnxus in the with heart-fhaped leaves^ embracing theflalks which are
third fedlion of his nineteenth clafs, entitled Syno-e-
comprefled. Anagallis Hifpanica latifolio fiore Cicruleo.
nefia Polygamia fuperflua. The plants of this divifion
Horteg. '

have female and hermaphrodite flowers included in

The firfl; fort is very common
and other in fields,
the fame common empalem*ent.
cultivated places, in mofl: parts of England. The
The Species are, fecond fort is fometimes found wild in the fields, but
T. AxACYCLus {Cretlais) foliis decompofitis lineanbus is lefs common than the firfl: in England.
This is
laciniis divifls planis. Hort, Clifl: 417. Anacyclus fuppofed to be only a variety of the firfl:, but from
M thirty
 ' .

L
A =N ^ AK
yean cultivating it, lean aiErn^it never alters^, th^.ey begin" to put out their leaves, and planted In a
thirty
,and t]ie plants before they fliew their flowers are lb
warm fitiuation ; for if they are too miuch expofed to

different as to be eafily diftinguilhed from the firit. cold winds, they will be in danger of being ddlroyed
There is of with a deeper blue flower,
a variety this ; in a hard winter. This method of propagating thcfe
wJaofe feeds I received from Nice, and this hath re- plants, is to fupply their dcfed in not producing ripe
iceds in this country for the plants which are pro-
stained its colour for three years, during which time I
•,

have fov/n it in the Chelfea garden. _ , .

-

duced from feeds, will be much handfomer,- and will

I :Thefc aie all annual plants wliicharife from feeds, and, rife to a much greater height. . •

^if fuSered to remain till their feeds, fcatter, will become If you propagate thefe plants from feeds, you fl^ould
weeds in the place ; fo that they are never cultivated, fow them on a moderate hot-bed the beginning of
. except botanic gardens for variety.
in The firil and March. If the feeds are good, the plants will appear
. fccond forts are directed by the College. of Phylicians in a month after the feeds are fowii ; when they fliould
for medicinal ufe. be inured by degrees to the open air, into wliich they
The thirdfort isa very beautiful, fmall, perennial plant, 'ftiould be removed toward the end of May, placing

producing great numbers of fine blue flowers, in them in a flieltered fituation ; for this purpofe the
April and May this .may be propagated by feeds, :
. feeds ftiould be fowed in pots, and plunged into a
.which Ihould be fown foon after they are ripe ; for if . .hot-bed, becaufe the plants do not bear tranfplanting
they are kept till fpring, they do not always fucceed :
j".
iwell-till the fpring following: and as tliey are impa-

:;.this plant requires. to be flieltered from extreme cold, tient of cold while young, fo the two firfl: v/inters it

; .which v/ill fometimes deftroy it in winter.

' '
willbe proper to flielter them under a common frame,
The fourth fort was fent me from Spain by Mr. Hor-
:.
,' where .the glafl^es may be drawn off every day in mild
.....tega, intendant of the royal gardens at Madrid. This .. weather^ '"that the plants may enjoy the open air,
15 a trailing annual plant, wich broad leaves and blue
:.
^ which will prepare them for planting abroad when
i. flowers. It v/ill cafily rife from feeds, and requires they have acquired proper fl:rength k .will be very :

no .otlier care but to keep the plants clean from proper to keep thefe plants in pots three years, in
weeds. » /
^
^-..i* which time they will proper
have advanced to be in

Tl)ere are two varieties of the firfl fort, ,oae with a .condition for planting them into the places where they

. .white, and the. other a flefh-coloured flower ; but as are intended to remain the befl: time for this is about •,

thqy.are not conilant, I have not inferted tliem as :the beginning of April, jufl: before the plants begin

different fpecies. There is alfo another with a worn-

,
.to put out new leaves at \vhich time they fliould be
:

vout purple flower, Avhich has feveral years continued turned out of the pots, preferving good balls of earth
.the. fame in the Chelfea garden but as there is little -, ..ito -their roots, planting fome of them againfl: warm
:

jdiffereijce in the leaves of this and the firfl:, ;I have afpefted walls, where they will not be in danger of
not enumerated it. '
•
-
-^ 'fuficring by frofl: ^ and the others may be planted ia

A-N;AGyR'IS, Stinking Bean-trefoil. .warm iituations, where, if they areprotefted in fevere

- .r^The Characters are, /
I
'.winters, by covering the furface of the ground about
•
hath a bclU/hafed empakment^ which is cut into five
;// their roots with tanners bark, and fcreening their

i -^'farts at the brim^ the upper fegnicnt being much deeper heads v/ith miats, they may be preferved feveral years.
: .cut than the ethers. The flo^joer
of the butterfly kind^ is The fourth year from feeds thefe plants will begin to
^tbe ftamiard is heart-JIoaped^ upright^ broady and indented. produce their flowers, and will continue flowering
.This, is much longer than the empakment \ the wings are every year after, fo will be very proper to intermix
oblongs plain^ and longer than the flandard ; the keel is with other flowering flirubs of the fame growth in
Jonz and upright : it hath ten Jlamina^ which rife dijtincl^ v/arm fituations.
eoj-ial^ crowned with Jingle fi. ANANAS, the Pine-apple.
i an oblong germen^ fupportim '

Jingle ftyli The CHARActERs are, . .^

fligma, The gernien afterv

: The flower which are pro-
co7jfls of three oval petals^
wd^ which is reflexed at th duced from the protuberances of the pyramidal fruity and

-fljaped ft
S '
I -

are ftretched cut beyond the empalonent, Thefe have Jix

. .JDr. Linmeus ranges genus in his tenth clafs of this awljhapedjlamina^ which ftand zvithin theflozver^ crozvned
,
plants, entitled Decandria Monogynia, the flower zvith fpear'fl:aped fummits : the germen is Jtuated below

/having ten fl:amirxa, and one Ilyle. .. . . the flower^ fupporting afiender ftyle^ crowned with a trifid
The Species are,
L H
. ' '
ftigma. The germen afterzvard becomes a cell^ in which
1. Anagyris (F^tida) foliis ovati^ floribus lateralibus. is lodged feveral angular feeds:
Stinking Bean-trefoil with oval leaves^ and flowers pro- Dr. Linnaeus has joined this to the Bromelia of father
ceeding from the wings of the ftalks. Anagyris fcetida. Plumier, to which he has alfo. added the Karatas of
-C. B. P. 391.
.
s' i
the fame author, fuppofing them to be of the fame
^
2. Anagyris, (Cretica) foliis oblongis racemis longicri- genus \ which miftake he may have been led into, by
bus. Stinking Bean-trefoil with oblong leaves^ and. longer Plumicr's figures, for he has joined the fruit cf the
fpikes cffl.Gwers. Ahagyris toetida Cretica oblongis to- Caraguata to the flowers of the Karatas, and vice verfa.
liis.luteis floribus. Barrel. Icon. The other diflirences will be exhibited under the ar-
',
The firfl fort grows wild in the fouth of France, in ticle Karatas. •
F

Spain and Italy this is a flirub which ufjally rifes

: The Varieties of this are,
to the height of eight or ten feet, and produces irs 1. Ananas (Ot'^i'/.a) aculeatus, fru£lu ovato, carne al-

flowei-s in April and May, which are of a bright yd- bida. Plum. Oval-ftjaped Pine-apple^ with a whttip
lov/ colour, growling in fpikes, fomewhat like thofe flefh, -
'

of the Laburnum the feeds are nc^er pcrfefted in : 2. Ananas {Pyramidalis) aculeatus, fruftu pyramidato,
this country, which is the reafon of its prefent fcarcity carne aurea. Plum. Pyramidal Pine-apple^ zvith a
in England. ;." -

yelhwiflo fluflj^ called the Sugar-loaf Pine.

,. The other fort is a native of Candia, and fome of th n. Ananas (Glabra) folio vix ferrato, 'Boerh. Ind. Alt.
.
iflands of tlic Aixhipelago, and at prefent very rar 2. 83. Pine-apple with finocth leaves.
in the Englifn gardens. This fort hath longer leaves 4. Ananas {Lucidus) lucide virens, folio vix ferrato.
tlianthe former, and flov/ers later in the fummer, fo Hort. Elth. Pine-apple zvith fhining green leaves^ and
tliat it never produces feeds. fcarce any fpines 071 their edges.
Thcfc may be both propagated by laying down their 5. Ananas {Serotinus) frudlu pyramidato oliva^ colore,
tender branches in the fpring, obferving to tongue intus aureo. Pyramidal Olive-cokwed Pine-apple^ with
them in the fame manner as the layers of Carnations, a yellow fleflj.
beinyc Careful in dry weather to fupply them with 6. Ananas {Viridis) aculeatus, fruftu pyramfidato ex
watcfi which if duly performed, the layers will have viridi flaveiccnte.The green Pine-apple.
taken root by the follov/ing fpring, when taty fnould There are feveral other varieties of this fruit, fome of
be cut off from the old plants, a little time before which may have been obtained from feeds ; and I
6 duubt
 ' ' ; ;—

NA A N A
doubt not but if the feeds v/cre fown frequently, in the both which I have found to be
fruit,
equally
\hc countries where they are in plenty, there may be ood; although by fome perfons the crown
is thought
us great variety of thcfe fruit, as thereare of Apples or preferable to the fuckers, as fuppofing it
will prodilce
Pears in Europe, And this I have found true by fruit fooner than the fuckers, which
is certainly a mif-
fyme trials v/hlch I have made by fowing the feeds, take for by conftant experience I find
; the fuckers
which liave always produced a variety of forts from if equally ftrong) will fruit as foon,
and produce as
thofe of the iame fruit. large fruit as the crowns. ,

This fruit (v/hich is juflly efteemed for the richnefs of The fuckers and crowns muft be laid to dry in a
Havour, as it furpaffes all the known fruits in the
warm
its place for four or five days, or more
(according to the
world), is produced from an licrbaceous plant, which moifture of the part which adhered to the
old fruit;)
liath leaves fomev/hat refembling thofe of Aloe, and for if they are immediately planted, they
will rot, e'f-
are, molt part, fav/ed on their edges, but are
for the pecially the crowns. The certain i-ule of jud'eino-
much thinner, and not fo juicy as the Aloe: the fruit when they are fit to plant, is by obferving if'^the
refembles the cones of the Pine-tree, from whence it bottom is healed over and become hard ; for if the
is fuppoied to have its name. fuckers are drawn off carefully from the old
plants,
Where this plant is a native, I believe is hard to de- they will have a hard fkin over the lower part, fo
need
termine ; but it is probably an indigenous plant in not lie fo long as the crowns, or thofe whofe bottoms
Africa, v/here, I have been informed, they grow in are moift. But whenever a crown is- taken from the
uncultivated places in great plenty. They have been fruit, or the fuckers from old plants, they
ftiould be
long.cultivated in the iiotteft illands of the Weft-In- immediately diverted of their bottorn leaves, fo high
dies, \vhere they are in great plenty, and extraordinary as to allow depth for their planting fo that
they may •,

goodnefs but they have. not been many years in the

; be thoroughly dry and healed in every part, left when
European gardens, fo as to produce fruit the firft : they receive heat and moifture, they ftiould perifli,
Monfieur which often happens when this method is not ob-
Cour of Leyden in Holland, who, after a great many ferved. If thefe fuckers or crowns are taken off late
trials, with little or no fuccefs, did at length hit upon in the autumn, or during the winter, or early
in the
a proper degree of heat and management, fo as to pro- fpring, they ftiould be laid in a dry place in the ftove,
duce fruit equally good (though not fo large) as thofe for a fortnight or three weeks before they are planted,
which are produced in the Weft-Indies, as hath been but in the fummer feafon they will be fit for planting
often affirmed by perfons who have lived many years in a few days.
there: and it is to this worthy cukivator of gardening, As to the earth in which thefe ftiould be planted, if
who did not fpare any pains or expence to accomplifti you have a rich good kitchen-garden mould, not too
it, that all the lovers thereof are obliged, for intro- heavy, fo as to detain the moifture too long, nor over
ducing king of fruits amongft them and it was
this -, light and fandy, it will be very proper for them with-
from him that our gardens in England were firft fup- out any mixture: but where this is v^anting, you
:plied, though we have fince had large quantities ftiould procure fome frefti earth from a good pafture
brought from America. I cannot here avoid taking which mixed with about a third part of
fliould be
notice of a common error which prevails amonsrft rotten ncats dung, or 'the dung of an old Melon or
many people, which is, that the plants' brought from Cucumber-bed. which is Wf*1l rnnfnmpd Thf f^ fhnnlri
America are not fo good thcf wKirh came from
as thai?
p-ood n<
™^|, -=' '
fc r^^n^
h

ce. wxre but

leo^
the people who fend over thefe plants from America fliould be often turned, that their parts may be tlie
careful to (end the beft kinds, there would be found
A 'it^ KI-CV^P ,umtedj„.as.,alfcL.t "iTT This
many better than thofe cultivated "by M. Le Cour, earth fhould not be fcreened very fine, for if you only
who had his from thence at firft, as' his gardener af- clear it of the great ftones, it will be better for the
fured me ; and I have {c(^n as good fruit produced plants than when it is made too fine. You Ihould
from American plants, as any 1 have^et feen, and always avoid mixing any fand with the earth, unlefs
fome three times larger than any I faw in M. Le it be extremely ftifi", and then it will be neceflary
to
Cour's o-arden. have it mixed at leaft fix months or a year before it is
The firil fort is the moil common in Europe but
; ufed and it muft be frequently turned, that the fand
J
the fecond fort is much
preferable to it, the fruit of may be incorporated in the earth, fo as to divide ;ts
this being larger, and much better flavoured: the
parts but you fhould not put more than a fixth part
:

juice of this fort is not ib afrringent as that of the firft,

of fand, for too much fand is very injurious to thcfe
fo that this may
be eaten in greater quantity
fruit plants. , , .

witl 1 lefs danger. I'his frequently produces fuckers In the fummer feafon,
the weather is warm," when
immediately under the fruit, whereby it may be in- thefe plants 'muft be frequently watered, but you
creafed much fafter than the common fort ; fo that in •

fliould not give them large quantities at a time you :

a few years, it may be the moft common fort in
•muft alfo be very careful, that the moifture is not
England. detained in the pots, by the holes being ftopped, for
The third fort is prefei-ved by fome curious perfons that will foon deftroy the plants. In very warm weather
for the fake of variety, but the fruit is not worth
any they fiiould be watered twice or three times a week
thing. The fixth fort is at prefent the moft rare in but in a cool feafon, once a week will be often enough:
Europe, there being very few of the plants at prefent. and during the fummer feafon, you fliould once a
This has been efteemed the beft fort known, by fome week water them gently over their leaves, which all
of the moft curious perfons in America, many of will wafli the filth from off them, and thereby greatly
whom have tlirown.out all the other forts from their prorhote the growth of the plants.
gardens, and cultivate only this kind. TJie plants of
There are fome perfons who frequently fliift thefe
this fort may be 'procured from Barbadocs
and Mont- plants from pot to pot, but this is by no means to be
ferrat, in both which places it is cultivated.
praftifed by thofe who propofe to have large well fla-
The Ibrt with very fmootii grafs-grcen leaves, was voured fruit ; for unlefs the pots be filled with the
railed from feeds taken out of a rotten fruit,
which roots, by the time the plants begin to fhew their fruit,
came from the Weft-Indies to the late Henry Heath- they commonly produce fmall fruit, which have ge-
cotc, Efq; from whom I received one plant,
which nerally large crowns on them, therefore the plants
hath produced large fruit this, I am told, is what
:
will not require to be potted oftener than twice in a
the people of America call the King Pine.
I have feafon the firft time fliould be about the end 6f
:

fince raiicd
fome plants of this kind from feeds, which April, .when the fuckers and crowns of the former
w^ere brought me from Jamaica.
year's fruit (which remained all the winter in thofe
Thele plants are propagated by planting the crowns
pots in which they were firft planted} fhould be fiiifted
which grow on the fruit, or the fuckers which are
into larger pots, i. e. thofe which were in halfpenny,
produced citlier from the fides of the plants, or under
or three-farthing potS; Ihould be put into penny,, or
at
 A N A AN
at mofc ihrce-halfpenny pots, accorJuig to the fize of low between the leaves, that it is impoffible to conic
the pLmts ; for you mult be very careful not to over- at them with a fpongc to wafti them off; fo that if

pot them, nothing being more prejudicial to thefe all thofe which appear to fight are cleared off, they

plants. The fecond time for fliitting of them is in will foon be fucceeded by a frefti fupply from below,
the beginning of Auguft, when you fliould Ihift thofe and the roots will be alfo equally infefted with them.
plants wiiich are of a proper fize for fruiting the fol- Therefore, wherever thefe infeds appear on the plants,
lowing fpring, into two-penny pots, which are full the fafeft method will be, to take the plants out of
•large enough for any of thefe plants. At each of the pots, and clear the earth from the roots ; then
thefe times of iliifting the plants, the bark-bed Ihould prepare a large tub, which ftiould be filled with v/ater,
be ftirred up, and fome new bark added, to raife the in which there has been a ftrong infufion of Tobacco-
bed up to the heiglit it was at firit made ; and when ftalks ; into this tub you ftiould put the plants, placing
the pots are plunged again into the bark-bed, the fome fticks acrofs the tub, to keep the plants im-
plants {hould be watered gently all over their leaves, merfed in water. In this water they fhould remain
to wafli off the filth, and to fettle the earth to the twenty-four hours ; then take them out, and with a
roots of the plants. If the bark-bed be well ftirred, fponge wafli off all the infefts from the leaves and
and a quantity of good frefti bark added to the bed, roots, which maybe eafily effedled v/hen the infefts
at this latter Ihifting, it will be of great fervice to the are killed by the infufion then cut off all the fmall
-,

plants i and they may remain in the fame tan until fibres of the roots, and dip the plants into a tub of
the beginning of November, or fometimes later, ac- fair water, wafhing them therein, w^hich is the moft
cording to the mildnefs of thefcafon, and will require .effedual way to clear them from tlie infeds. Then
but little fire before that time. During the winter ,
you ftiould pot them in frcfh earth, and having ftirred
feafon thefe plants will not require to be watered up the bark-bed, and added fome new tan to give a
oftener than once a week, according as you find the frefti heat to the bed, the pots fnould be plunged

earth in the pots to dry nor fhould you give them

: again, obferving to water them
over the leaves (as
all

too much at each time, for it is much better to give was before directed) and this fhould be repeated once
them a little water often, than to over-water them, a week during the fummer feafon ; for I obferve thefe
efpecially at this feafon. infedts always multiply much fafter where the plants
You muft obferve never to Ihift thofe plants which are kept dry, than in fuch places where the plants are
fliew their fruit, into other pots ; for if they are re- fometimes fprinkled over with water, and kept in a
moved after the fruit appears, it will ftop their growing ftate.'
And the fame is alfo obferved in
growth, and thereby caufe the be fmaller, and
fruit to America, for it islong droughts that the infefts
in
-
retard its ripening, fo that many times it will be Oc- make fuch deftruftion in the fugar canes. And in •

tober or November before the fruit is ripe therefore -, .

thofe iflands where they have had feveral very dry
you Ihould be very careful to keep the plants in a feafons of late, they have increafed to fuch a degree,
vigorous growing ftate, from the firft appearance of as to deftroy the greateft part of the canes in the
the fruit, becaufe upon
depends the goodnefs and
this iflands, rendering them not only unfit for fugar, but
.fize of the fruit for if they receive a check after this,
•, poifon the juice of the plant, fo as to difquahfy it for
the fruit is generally fmall and ill tafted. making rum, whereby, many planters have been
When you have cut off the fruit from the plants, ruined.
whofe kind you are defirous to propagate, you fhould As brought over from
thefe infects are frequently
trim the leaves, and plunge the pots into a moderate America on the Ananas plants which come from
hot-bed, obferving to refrefh them frequently with thence, thofe perfons who procure their plants from
water, which will caufe them to put out fuckers in thence, fhould look carefully over them when they
plenty ; fo that a perfon may be foon fupplied with receive them, to fee they have none of thefe infefts
j>lants enough of any of the kinds, who will but ob- on them; for if they have, they will foon be propa-
lerve to keep the plants in health. gated over all the plants in the ftove where thefe are
. Tliere is not any thing which can happen to thefe placed : whenever they are obferved, the
therefore,
plants of a more dangerous nature, than to have them plants fhould be foaked (as was before direded) be-
attacked by fmall white infeds, which appear at firft fore they are planted into pots.
like a white mildew, but foon after have the appear- It was formerly the common practice of thofe perfons,
ance of lice thefe attack both root and leaves at the
: who cultivated this fruit in Europe, to build dry
fame time, and if they are not foon deftroyed, will ftoves, in which they kept their plants in winter, pla-
fpread over a whole ftove in a fhort time ; and in a cing the pots on fcaffolds (after the manner in which
ew weeks will entirely ftop the growth of the plants, Orange-trees are placed in a green-houfe), and in the
by fucking out the nutritious juice, fo that the leaves fummer to place them in hot-beds of tanners bark
will appear yellow and fickly,' and have generally a under frames. This was the method praftifed in Hol-
great number of yellow tranfparent fpots all over land for raifing this fruit, which by Monfieur Le
them. Thefe infedts, after they are fully grown, ap- Cour's gardener was firft taught thofe perfons,
pear like bugs, and adhere fo clofely to the leaves, as whom his mafter was fo kind as to fend the plants.
not to be eafily waftied off, and feem as if tliey had But as the culture of thefe plants have fince become
no life in them. They were originally brought from general in England, there has been great improve-
America upon the plants which were imported from ments made, not only in the contrivances of the
thence, and I believe they are the fame infe£ls which ftoves, but alfo in the culture of the plants. For by
have deftroyed the fugar canes of late years in fome the former method, the plants were kept upon fhelves
cf the Leeward iflands. Since they have been in at leaft four or five months, whereby the extreme
England, they have fpread greatly in fuch ftoves, fibres of their roots became dry and hard ; for if the
where there has not been more than ordinary care plants were too often watered, it occafioned their rot-
taken to deftroy them. They have alfo attacked the - ting; fo that during the winter feafon, when the plants
Orange-trces^n many gardens near London, and have fhould be preparing their fruit for the next fummer,
done them incredible damage ; but I do not find they they were at a ftand, making little or no progrefs,
will endure the cold of our climate in winter, fo that whereby the fruit did not appear early enougli in the
they are never found on fuch plants as live in the open fpring to ripen in fummer, nor were the fruit fo
air. The only method I have been yet able to dif- large.
cover for dcftroying thefe infecb, is by waftiing the Therefore, to remedy this inconvenience, it is now
leaves, branches, and ftems, of fuch plants as they the praftice of thofe perfons who are defirous to pro-
attack, frequently with water, in which there has pagate the fruit, to ered low ftoves, with pits therein
been a ftrong infufion of Tobacco-ftalks, wliich I find for the hot-bed, in the manner hereafter defcribed and
will deftroy the infefts, and not prejudice the plants. figured; thefe are built in different ways, according
But ti;is metliod cannot be pradiled on the Ananas to the fancy of the contriver. Some peifons build
plants, becaufe the infecU will fatten theinfclves fo them with upright glaftes in front, about four feet
high,
 ; ; : ;

ANA may
ANA
high, fo that there is jufl heiglit enough for per- day, dellroy all the plants, or at leaft fo fcakT
folis to walk upright on the back-fide of the bark- them, that they will not get
over it in feveral montha.
bed. Others make but one flope of glaflcs, from the It will be alfo very proper, in extreme
hot weather,
top of the flove down to the plate, which lies about to fhade the glafles in the middle of the
day witL
fix or eight inches abovx the bark-pit, fo that in the mats i for the glalfes, lying fo near to the leaves" of the
front of this ftove, there is no walk made between the plants, will occanon a prodigious heal at fuch
times.
bark-pit and the glafles ; but the inconveniency of During the fummer feafon thefe plants muft be fre-
watering the plants, as alfo of coming near thofe quently watered, giving them but little each time
plants which are placed in the front of the ftove to and in hot weather, they muft have free air admitted
clean them, has, in fome meafure, brought them into to them every day, from ten o'clock till four ; for
difefteem, fo that few perfons now build them, tho' if they are kept too clofe, or have too
much wcr,
the expence is much lefs than of the other kind of they will receive a check in their growth, when the
ftoves but of both thefe ftoves the figures and de-
', infefts willimmediately fpread over them ; for there
fcriptions which are hereafter exhibited under the ar- are generally fo.me of thefe infers on all thefe plants,
ticle of ftove, will be fufficient for any perfon to build which do not much injury to them while they are in
either of the forts. One of thefe ftoves about thirty- a growing ftate ; but whenever they are unhealthy,
five feet long in the clear, with the pit or the tan the infeds multiply greatly, and contribute to their
reaching from end to end, and fix feet and a half decay. There are fome perfons wlio regulate thelieat
^

wide, will contain about fourfcoure fruiting plants of their ftoves by thermometers in fummer, but
at
fo that whoever is defirous to have this fruit, may that feafon this is unneceflary, for the outward air
in
cafily proportion their ftove to the quantity of fruit hot weather frequently greater than the Ananas heat
is

which they are wilhng to have- marked on the thermometers, fo that the heat of the
But it will be alfo neceflary to have a bark-pit under ftoves at that feafon will be much greater. The ufe
a deep frame, in order to raife the young plants ; in of the thermometer is only in the winter, during the
which you fhould plunge the fuckers, when they are time the fires are continued, by which it is eafy to
taken from the old plants, as alfo the crowns which judge when to increafe or diminifti the fires ; for at
come from ^he fruit, fo that this frame will be as a that feafon, the ftoves fliould not be kept to a greater
nurfery to raife the young plants to fupply the ftove : warmth than five or
above Ananas, nor
fix divifions
but thefe plants fliould not 'remain in thefe frames fuffered to be more than as many divifions below it.
longer than till the beginning of November, unlefs In winter the plants muft have lefs water, but they
the frame is built witli brick-work with flues in it to will require to have it repeated once a week, giving
warm the air (in the manner hereafter defcribed and them but little each time when the plants are placed
:

figured), which are very ufeful, as nurferies, to keep into the tan for the winter feafon (which fliould be
the young plants till they are of a proper fize to pro- done about the beginning of O6tober) the tan-bed
duce fruit ; fo that you may keep thefe either warmer ig two thirds or r
or cooler than the ftove, accordmg as the plants may one third of the old. this be well mixe
require, fo that the ftove may be every autumn filled new tan is good, the bed will maintain a proper de-
only with bearing plants, whereby a much greater gree of warmth till February, at which time it will
quantity of fruit may be annually produced, than can be proper to ftir up the bed, and add a load or two
*

be where young and old plants muft be crowded into of new tan, fo as to raife the bed as much as it funk
the fame ftove. But where there are no conveniences fince the autumn ; this will give a frefli heat to the
of this kind, the young plants, about the middle or bed, and keep the plants growing and as the fruit •,

latter end of Odlober, muft be removed into the ftove, will now begin to appear, it will be abfolutely necef-
and being fmall, may be crowded in among the larger fary to keep the plants in a growing ftate, otherwife
plants for as they will not grow much during the
'y
the fruit wiU not be large. ,
^

winter feafon, they may be placed very clofe together. In April it proper to ftir up the tan again,
will be
March and if the bed has funk fince the laft ftirring, it will
removed be proper to add fome frefli tan to it ; this will renew
prepared the warmth of the bed, and forward the fruit. At
night before, that the tan may have acquired a proper this time it will be proper to ftiift the young plants,
heat but you fliould be careful that the tan be not
: which are defigned to produce fruit the followin
too hot, for that might fcald the fibres of the plants, year ; the tan-bed into which thefe are plunged mu„
if they are fuddenly plunged therein. Therefore if be renewed, in 'order to forward their growth, that
you find the bark too hot, you fliouId not plunge the they may have ftrength enough in autumn to pro-
pots above two or three inches into the tan, letting duce good fruit, for in this is the principal care re-
them remain fo until the heat of the tan is a little quired.
abated, when you fliould plunge the pots down to Thofe plants which fliew their fruit early in Febru-
their rims in the bed. If the nights fliould continue ary, will ripen about June ; fome forts are at leaft a
cold after thefe plants are removed into the bed, you month or five weeks longer in ripening their fruit than
muft carefuUy cover the gJafl^es with mats ; otherwife others, from the time of the appearance of the fruit
by coming out of a warm ftove, they may receive a but the feafon in which the fruit is in greateft perfec-
fudden check, which will greatly retard their growth, tion,
J
therefore muft be carefully avoided-, becaufe the fooner March
the plants are fet growing in the fpring, the more I have frequently eaten this fruit in pretty good per-
time they will have to gain ftrength, in order to pro- fection V but then the plants have been in perfect
~

duce large fruit the following feafon. health, otherwife they feidom are well flavoured.
You fliould notplunge the pots too clofe together in The method of judging when the fruit is ripe, is by
this frame, but allow them a proper diftance, that the the fmell, and from obfervation ; for as the feveral
lower part of the plants may increafe in bulk, for it forts differ from each other in the colour of their
is on this that the magnitude of the fmit depends fruit, that will not be any dirciStion when to cut them i
becaufe wlien the plants are placed too clofe, they nor fliould they remain fo long as to become foft to
draw up very tall, but do not obtain ftrength fo that •, the touch before they are cut, for then they become
when they are taken out of the bed, the leaves are fiat and dead, as they do alfo when they are cut long
not able to fupport themfelves ; but all the outward before they are eaten, therefore the fureft way to have
long leaves will fall down, leaving the fmaller middle this fruit in perfection, is to cut it the fame day it is
leaves naked, and this fometimes will caufe them to eaten ; but it muft be cut early in the morning, be-
rot in the center. You muft alfo obferve, when the fore the fun has heated the fruit, otherwife it will be
fun is very warm, to raife the glaflies of the hot-bed, hot, obferving to cut the ftalk as long to the fruit as
in order to let out the fteam of the bed, and to admit pofllble, and lay it in a cool, but dry place, preferv-
frefli air ^ for one ncgleft of thb kind, in a veiy hot ing the ftalk and crown unto it, until it is eaten.
N That
 e

A. N J *
" A A N- A
I'hat fort; with green fruit, if fufTcvcd to ripen \Vcil, . root placed in a glafs of water a few hours, the buds
is

iso£ an Olive 00^9.111: i but there are foijiepprfpnf ^ho of flowers will fwell, open, and appear, ^s if newly
cut tl^em before th^y are ripe, when they are not fit taken out of the ground, to the great furprife of moil
to be eaten, for no other reafon but to Have them people. .

green and although maiiy perfons have much reconl-

: The plant annual, fo can only be propagated by
is

ipended this fort for its excellent flavour, yet I think feeds, which rarely ripen in England, unlefs the feeds
the Sugar-loaf fort is much to be preferred to it. are fown upon a hot-bed in the fpring,and the plants
This Sugar-loaf fort is eafily diftinguilhed from all afterward put into pots, which ftiould be plunged
the other, by its leaves having purple ftripes on their into another hot-bed to bring tliem forward ; for al-
infide the whole length. The fruit is of a p^ler co- though the feeds will come up in die full ground
lour than the ot;hers "s^'hen ripe, inclining to a ftraw where the foil is dry, yet the plants rarely rif? \o any
colour. This fort was brought from Brafd to Ja- fize, nor do they perfedt feeds unlefs the fummer is

maica, where it is eftcemed far beyond the other very hot and dry but if the plants are kept in a
:

' kinds. ." frame, giving them weather, they

free air in warm
The next in goodnefs to this, is what the inhabitants will flower in June, and the feeds will rip^n ip Sep-
of the iflands in America call the Montferrat Pine -, tember. , .

the leaves of this are of a dark brown, inclining to ANATOMY ['Ai/aV^, of 'AmTif^vui, Gr. to difl:ecl],
'

purple on their infide ; the protuberances of the fruit a difle£lion. ^

,..-

are longer and than thofe of the common fqrt.

fl;itter Anatomy of plants is a cutting, dividing, or fepar^t-
I raifed feveral plants of this fort from feeds which ing the parts or members of plants, in order to di/-
I received from the ifland of St. Thomas, where this cover the fize, form, ftrufture, and ufes of their f^-
fruit is in greater perfedlion than in any of the Britifli , veral veflels, for the better promoting their culture. •

iflands. * . ,
/ 'Anatomifts have obferved a great fimilitude betwixt
As fomeof the fruit produce feeds in England, when the mechanic frame of plants and animals : the parts
the greater number have no appearance of any, I of plants feeming to bear a conftant analogy to thofe
doubt not whether there are not fome with male, and of animals and the oeconomy, both vegetable
•,
^d
ethers wuth hermaphrodite flowers becaufe thofe •, . animal, feem to be formed on the fame model.
fruit which have feeds, are remarkably different from The parts of a plant are the root, the v/ood, the bark,
the others, when cut through the cells in which the and the pith. ..-, V . •
.

feeds are lodged, lying nearer to the center of the f. The roots. of the plants are fpongeQu§ bodks,

fruit than the abortive cells, which are chiefly clofc whofe parts are difpofed for the eaiy ^dmitt^Qce pf
to the rind but hot having diftinguiflied this dif-
•, certain humid particles, which are prepared in the
ference till the fruit was cut, I had no opportunity of -Aground. The quality of the root is found much to
I

examining their flowers. '. . -depend upon of its veflTels a;id pores.
tl\e fize

I have continued this title of Ananas toxhe genus, Monfieur Renaume fuppofes the root of a plant to do
being the mofl: generally known and ufed, left by al- the ofilce of all the parts In the abdomen of animals,
tering it, the practical gardeners fliould be rather con- i
.which ferve to nutrition, ^§ the fl;pmaph> ini:efl:ines,

.fufed than inftrudted :. and I was the rather inclined OCC* '" -

to this, as Dr. Linnaeus has miftaken the chara6ters '

Dr. Boerhaave confiders the roots of plants to be
of the diree genera, which he has joined in one. The compofed of a number of abforbent veflels, which af
''

different varieties are alfo enumerated, for die fake analogous to dielafteals in anima}s.- -
r ' .*
t \
't.

of thofe who cultivate the fruit, though they arp not T];e root, according to Dr. Van Royen, is t\\^t pa^-t
diftinft fpecies, but vary in their fliape, colour, and of the plant by which the nutriment is taken in, or
flavour, the fame as other fruits. Therefore, as this . that by which the aliment is attracted, as Theophraf-

y
work intended to inftruft the practical gardener,
is tus has defined it but ii is not allthat p^rt, which is
:

,
the mentioning thefe varieties is more excufablp here, committed to the earth, to be nouriflied by the mat-
than in thofe books which are only intended for the ter which is about it, which is properly to b.e c.ajled
improvement of botany. ..-.. ,,* - . ; the trunk of the root ^ this is to be referred rather %o
ANAPODOPHYLLON. See Podophyllum. the fl:alk or fl:em, than to the root, in that it confifts
ANASTATIC A, Rofe of Jericho. ^ . . of the fame implicated kinds of veflels ; but that part
The Characters are. '
r J
. i'
which is by its furface contiguous to the exteriqr ma-
// bath a four leaved empalement^ which falls off*, the trix, which, being perforated with infinite little
^
flower has four petals placed crojjwife^ which fpread open^ mouths, promotes the received mpifUircs, that tliey
wbofe tails are the length of the tube of the empalement^ may be afterwards carried, by velTeis not unj[ilj^ .to
mid fix awl-fhaped ftamina^ two of which are fljcrter than lafteal onesj into the very body of the plant j this i?
the other four^ crowned with roundifJj fumraitSy and a properly to be called the root. i

fmall bifid germen^ fuppor ting an awl-fnapcd ftyk the length Wliich definition, although it iijay feem top ftrift,
of the ftayninay and is permanent^ croz^n/d by a headed i$ the mofl: general, and .applicable to §,11 plants j fpr

fummit. The germen after-ward becomes a fhort bilocular it agrees as well with them which have no root, as

pod^ having an awl-fhaped partition placed obliquely to the the vulgar qpinion i.s, as to thofe which have a mani-
pod^ and is longer. fefl: root i of the fgrmer kind tfier? are but y.ery few

. We have but one Species of

-
this genus in the Eng- plants, but of the latter a great many.
lifli gardens, viz. .
1

,.'' As want a manifefl; root, the fuperficijes

to thofe that
ANASTATfcA {Hierocwitica) foliis obtufis, fpicis axillari- of^ them is found to be perforated on all fides with
bus breviffimis, filicuUs ungulatis fpinofis, Lin. Sp. yery fmall holes, by which they t^ke in their nutri-
895. Rofe of Jericho with obtufe leaves^ fhort fpikes of ment, as in the Porno Aurantio, called Neptuni, or
ficwers at the wings of the Jialks^ and prickly pods. _> .
>
Pila Marina by fifliermen, and many other fubmarine
This plant grows naturally in Paleftine and Cairo, in plants; and in thefe the whole fupcrficies fervcs for
fandy places near the fca. The ftalks are ligneous roots, as is plainly feen in fome fl;pny plants that
. though the plant is annual ^ it rifes five or fix inches grow under the fea, and may be in fome fort proved
high, dividing into many irregular branches ^ the to be deduced from the analogy of animals for t]i,efe ;

flowers which are fmall and white, are difpofed in being become fid generis, take in aliment, not only
fhort fpikes at the wings of the italks, and have little by the mouth, but glfo the wi¥>le furfa(:e, .cxpofed to
beauty ; thefe are fucceeded by ftiort prickly pods, the moifl: air, feems to ferve to the farne defign. Put
having two cells, in each of which are two feeds. although thefe fubmarlne bodies have, by moft natu-
It is preferved in .botanic gardens for the variety, and ralifts, been ranged with vegetables ; yet, by later
in fome curious gardens for the oddncfs of the plant, difcoveries, many pf them have been fognd to confifl
which, if taken up before it is witliered, and preferved of beds of infedts, inclofed in jjnall cavities of thefe
entire in a dry room, may be long preferved ; and incrufl:edbodies, therefore fliould radier be ranged
;ifter being many years kept in this fituation, if the with minerals.
But
 ;; "

N '
N A \

But thofc plants that arc cndvicd Ayith a confpicuous parts of vegetables, and
turgid witli a concoaed
ajx-
root- and more obvious to the fcnfes, differ amons •juice, which feems TaK more elaborate tlian Is the
thcmf^-lYes very much in this part for fome are,bul~ : moifture coatained in the fibres of utricles
; and the
bousj fome are fquamous, or tuberous, others eru- mouths ot thefe veffels being' of a aifierent
figure
mous, others fibrous, and laftly, others nodous pour forth fom.etinies -a various liquor,'
accordiiil to
which, as it will be fufficient to have taken notice of Itspeculiar nature,' chiefly hear tKe outward
region of
tlie primary differences of roots, I ihall omit their the cortex i fo the Tithymarusana'eichory'
com-
articular definition in this place, and referthem to their monly diftil a milky humour, and* tTie Cyprefs,
Fir,
eyeral heads, where each of them fliall be particu- and Pine, a certain fpecies of turpentiiie. ' "
:'

larly defcribed. And by how much thefe circles' are more outward,
The part of the root, yi'hich is called the Epi-
firft by fo much the middle fpace's between the two
zones
dermis, or cuticle, is, for f he moH partly of a brown are greater and are l?flened alv/ays
; to\vai-ds the more
or dufky colour, v^ry thin, aixd eafily peeled off from inward in a certain 'proportion, which fce'ms to de-
the under fl^in (if it be firft foaked in warm water) pend on outward air afting on' all fides
this, viz', tlie
\yhjch being vie\Ypd by a microfcope, fliews its moll with an equal prelTure, and by a certain power
preffes
tender {IrutTture much like a net pierced through with the fecond; and tl)is alfo by this means, is preffed
by
many fmall hokg. And thefe little orifices' of the Its own condenfed air," and preffes
together thofe
epidermis being dilated, "and filled ^yith the received which 'are more inwai-d, becaufe it cannot exert its
pioiftufe, refcmbllng veficl^s., vhicli, being exhaufted force upon
the external air; therefore the fecond cir-
yearly by the mutation 9|" tlj^e d\V tj^^come confoli- cle is neceiiarily moi-e'compreffed than the
firft, and
4ated, and periJKv^i;p Y^i^t, tliis being ^rlyen but" by the third more 'than tlie fecondj ancl fo of the
reft.
a growing under it, after the fame man-
iip\y cviticie And tHe utricles pFaced between the circles are nreffed
ner as fquammige^QUs animals aniiually cad the old by the fame proportion'; which, by degrees, are more
epidermis, a new cuticle coming under it; fo that and more exhaulled; thence the inner circle lofes
t^iefe little yeffels, fibrils, qr l^y -vyh^t n;^me focver they rhoft of all the compreflTed and condenfated
utricles,
are called, ^\^y not unfitly be compared to the veins and' by degrees grows folid.' ^
'

"
' ' '

of animals. And this is properly called Liber (the inward bark),

;put the other part, ^yl^ich op tlie outfide conftitutes andis t¥ataixle, whicli^'l^ by place
the corte^f, qr outer ba^If , and 9^ the infide the li- and riatureV' between the cortex,' or outward bark,
ber, or inner bark, i^ 'galled cutis ;' in v/hich there and the ,wood, comes' nearefl to the nature of tlie
are parts to be confidered of a foiir-fold knid. wood, and in time gaffes Into it ; for the corte^ lofes
I ilrong fibres, cohering ancj elaflic, (I 9very year one fuch'cTrcIeVand becomes wood, which
out vertically with the lateral fibres cqmmunicatino- may be 'diftin|uiftied frorh the former circles of the
among themfelves, and compac^ing^ or thrufling in i
ftockj or trunk 'and if they are cut horizon-
^^?h
the former, they form a hollow cy}ind,er, or zorje, tally, will ftiew the riumKer of fuch circles, and how
under the epidermis and this hath another under it, ''
j many yearsthetree'is old, v ••

which alio includes a third and fo of tfieVeft^ to the-,

And tl>is fucceffive mutation ' of tlie cortex into li-
mofl inward of all, which luxuriates near the wood, b^r, apd of wood; Is
liber Info like to that we ob-
and is by a pecuhar name called liber, or inward'lp^r'k. ferye in^the human body in the beginning of a cal-
And thcfe zones, or girdles, although' they ^Jrenigll: l,u§ ; for a. callus confifts oT{kin, 'but fo'cornpreffed,
innumerable, may all be peeled off as the laip'fll^^'of tJiat.aU tlaevelpfls-afeToffit aiid'that fldn, 'being
be-
bulbs. come foUd, increa{ed,"and grows to a greater bulk.
is
'

^
much as thoie fibres in
harder roots of t^ees are
tjie But, befides thefe hitherto defcribed, there occur
cer-
abnofl of a bony nature, they procure a firmneij^o tain peculiar veffck (of whiclfiheritibri has been
made
the cortex or outward bark and tlaefe fibres are in •,
deltpbing tl;i

all plants, and appear as well in gra/s" as in the Cedar

tree, although they are more compaft in trees/ than P^^£
f^
ft
-r
jfuftained. » ^
Ter)cyof ^he moifture. " ^^ ^'^^*;'"^-^
^
"

.
;
2. In the area;;, or fpaces, Avhich are between the fi-
^
5^'^^ ^^'\ ai^id ia/t part the moft inward, the
is
bres and tljcu- anaflofiiofes, there are every where
^^^4h1!?^ 9^ F^^^' ^iipoftd in the middle cehter of the
^
piembranaceous velTels full of moiflure, or little utri- root ; and as it feems difijerent ftom the former, fee-
cles, which, in tlie are^, or intercepted fpace's tKat ing this is fometimes wafted, and that hever, this ap-
• are of a diffei;e;at figure, 'are found to be various, and pears niore fungous, ,t;]i^t.more durable. .

jiccommodai,c.d to all the fpaces ; but all thefe utri- As to^the manner of t^e root's performing its func-
cles con-iinunicate among themfelves, as is beft feen tion,' it may be pblery^d, that the root
having im-
in the greater celandine, when we fqueeze out that bibed the faline and aqueous juices of the earth, and
golden coloured liquor )yith which it is filled ; and faturated itfelf with them, "for thp nqurifliment of the
the middle fpaces betwixt thcfe zones have like utri- put into motion by heat ; \Yhich
tree, thofe juices are
cles, and aU the fibres coniiitute hollow canals but
; having entered the mouths 'of the arterial veffels from
the utricles have rece^taclps communicating among the root, they mount to'the top with a force anfwer-
themfelves. able to what lets them
* -- .
in rnbtion ; and, by this means,
3- Aereal vclTds, or tr^chp.^e, are open from the they gradually open the m'inute yeftels rolled up, and
lower to the upper part of tlie plaijt, an,d are twifted '
expand theiii into leaves. '
^
or curled after an admirable manner, and difpofed
2. The wood; this
confidered as cqnfifting of ca-
is
rourid about \yith fibres and utrjcje^s in form almoft of pillary tubes, running parallel from'the root thrcuo-h-
a fpiral line, which in their cavities contain an elaliic out^the ftalk. Some call the capillary tubes arterial
air ; which being afte6ifd by the external air, firft
ex- vcfiels, becaufe the fap rifes from the root through
panded, and afterwards condenfed, wijl be changed thcfe. The
aperture of thefe tiibcs are; for the moft
after a like maqner, and §.".'^1 the fame^viciflltudefof part, too minute to be perceived "by tliel^are eye, un-
cold and heat, and will undergo a reciprocal motion lefs in a piece of charcoal, cane, or the like.
.

of cold and heat. This aftion is exerted hi the ycf-

Wood, Grew, by mlcrofcopicaf obfervati-
fays Dr.
fels filled >vidli .moifture, which when
they cannot be ons, appears to be only an aiTerriblage of infinitely
condenfed, give place, ajul"afe driven to thofe that minute canals, or hollow fibres, fome of v/hich arife
ai-e higher", and arc moved
forward, from tlie root upwards,' and are difpofed in form of
4; L-.aftly, befides fibres^ utrkfes, ajid tr^cliec-E, a circle-, and the others,' whicli are called infertions,
peculiar kind qf veffels appcpj, cont^nijig 't|ie* 9^oi- tend horizontally from the furface to the center,' fo
ltures,_ a,s ,i; fcems
l^ tije'grgapical difpofi-
fecrcteni .^liatthey crofs each other, and are interwoven like the
tionof tl>e pl^mt jtfelf, wj^ph j^-ater, ormoiftennot " '
-

threads of a weaver's web. '

^
- -

Q\\ij the cpjtcx, „l^ut tlip

iiyood. and tJie reft of the
.>
Befides
 ' ;

1^
f '
r - «

^cfidcs tlic capillary tubes>, &ct. before-mentioned, from returning back, while it expands by the Ipongi^
kWe are other larger veflels, which fome call venal nefs of the pith without the help of valves. ;

veflels, which are dilbofedbh tlie outfide of the arte- And the Rev. Dr. Hales is of opinion, that it is very
rial veflels, between the wood and the inner bark, and probable, that the particles of water that imrhediately
lead down t6 the covering df the inward root. Thefe adhert tb, and are ftrongly iinbibed into, and attradt*
veflels are fuppofed to contain the liquid fap found in ed by, every fibre of the fpongy pith, will fuffer fome
plants in the Ipring, &Ci degree of expanfion before they can fee detached bV"
The Rev. Dr. Hales tells us in his excellent treatife the warmth of the fun from each attracting fibre ; and,
oji Vegetable Statics, thit, in order' to find whether confequently, the mafs of fpongy fibres, of which the
there was any lateral communication of the fap and pith confifl:s, mufl: therefore be extended.
fap- veflels, as there is of the blood in animals, by And that the pith may be the more ferviceable (ot
means of the ramifications and lateral communica- this purpofe, nature has provided in moftlhoots i

tions of their veflels \ he took a young oak-branch, fl:rong partition at every knot, which pdrtitiofis ferv^

fe^erior^ight inched diameter, at its tranfverfe cut, fix not only as plinths or abutments for the dilating pith?
feet high, and full of leavfes ; and having cut a large to exert its force on, but alfo to prevent the too free
gap to the pith, feven inches from the bottom, and retreat of the rarefied fap from the pith.

of an equal depth the whole length, and alfo cut an- But a dilating fpongy fubft:ance, by equally expand-
other gap four inches above thit on the oppofite fide, ing itfelf every way, would not produce an oblong
he fet theend of the fl:em in water, and in two nights flioot, but rather a gjobous one, like an apple 5 to

and two days time it imbibed and perfpired thirteen prevent which inconvenknce it is obfervable, that
ounces; while another like oak-branch, fomewhat nature has provided feveral diaphragms, befides thofe
bigger than that, but with no notches cut in its fl:em, at each knot, which are placed at fmall diftarices acrdfs

imbibed twenty-five ounces. the pith, thereby preventing its too great htttil dxh^
Froni this and many other experiments he there men- tation. '

tions, he fays, we fee a moft free lateral communi- Thefe are very plain to
be feen in the fhoors of the
cation of the fap and fap-veffels,' thofe great quanti- Walnut-tree, and the fame may be obferved in the
ties of liquor having pafled laterally by the gaps ; in pith of the branches of the Sun-flower, and feveM
that, by feveral experiments on cylinders of wood, other plants, where thofe diaphragms are not to be
little evaporated by the gaps. diftinguiflied while the pith is friU and replete with
The bark is the exterior part of trees, ferving them moifture ; yet when it dries IKp, they are often plain
for a Mn or Covering it is gcneralljr of a fpongy tex-
:
to be feen. And it is farther to be obferved, that
ture, and communicates with the pith by a multipli- where the pith confifts of diftinft veficles, the fibres
city of fmall fibres pairing through the capillary tubes, of thofe veficles are often found to run horizontally,
4

of which the wood confifl:s fo that the roots having

:
whereby they can the better refift the too great lateral
imbibed the proper' nutriment of the tree, it is carried relaxation of the root.
Up by the warmth of the fun, through the fine arte- The trunk and branches of a tree, bear a refemblance
rial veflel of the tree, to the top of it ; and being to the exterior menfibers kxid limbs of an animal,
there condenfed by the cold, it does, by its own gra- which it may fubfift without,- though th^ rotting arid
vity, return down bytheveflTels which lie between mortification of them oftentimes occafion a total de-
the wood and the innefr bark, which perforni the of- ftruftion of it. Accordingly the like effefts ar^fotJnd
fice of veins and as it pafles by, leaves fuch parts
-,
from the wounding or lopping of a tree, as froiii the
of its juice as the texture of the bark will receive, wounding or cutting off* a limb, an extravafation, cal-
and requires for its fupport. lus, or the like.

Some are of opinion, that" that foft whitifli rind, or A leaf of a plant extended into length and
is 'part
fubftance, whicii lies between the inner bark arid the breadth in fuch a manner, as to have one fide diftin-
wood, does the office of veins and fome call this a
:
guifliable from the other, l^he leaves, according ta
third bark, arid fuppofe it to differ from the other in Malpighius, confift of fo many interwoven utricles,
.riothing but having clofer fibres, and that it contains as to be not much unlike a pulmonary net, andfervl*

the liquid fap, gums, &c. which are found in the inftead of lungs to the plant. As the perfpiration
plants in the fpring and fummer months, which har- and refpiration are chiefly performed thereby, thofe
dens by degrees, by means of the fap it tranfmits, and veflels are very confpicuous when the leaves are dif-

is imperceptibly conveyed into the woody part of the fered. In the day-time, when the heat hath rarefied
tree. -
-
•
-
•

the mounting juices, fo as to ' become Ipecifically

The bark ferves for divers purpofes ; for it not only lighter than the air, they flow out through the pores
tranfmits the nutritious juices of the plants, but alfo of the leaves, and evaporate, which is the occafion of
contains divers fat oily humours, to defend the inner the leaves becoming fo flaccid ih very hot weather ;
parts from the injuries of the weather. As animals bur in the night, when by the cold the juices are
^re furnilhed with a panniculus adipofus, ufually re^ more condenfed, then the leaves are eredted again, and
plete with fat, and covers all the ficfliy
which invefl:s draw in a great ftiare of nourilliment from the air.
parts, and fcreens them from external cold j fo are Thefe leaves we may obferve to be of different tex-
plants encompafled with a bark, replete with fat juices, tures on each fide, the upper furface being for the
by means whereof the cold is kept out, and, in win- moft part fmooth, the better to ftioot off* the redun-
ter-time, the fpicul^ of ice prevented from fixing dant moiflAire, while the under furface is many times
and freezing the juices in their veflels whence it is, -, of a rough and cottony texture, by which it is capa-
that fome forts of trees remain ever-green throughout ble of retaining the moifture ; for which reafon we
the year, by reafon their barks are more compaft, find, if by bad management, &c. the flioots of trees
and contain a larger quantity of oil than can be fptnt are nailed to a wall, &c. fo as to turn the furfaces of
and exhaled by the fun. the leaves the wrong fide upwards, the ftioots will be
The pith is the inward central part of a tree or plant, at a ftand, until the leaves have obtained their proper
anfwering to the medulla, or marrow of an animal. diipofition. Thefe leaves, as the learned Dr. Hales
As for its fubftance, it confifts of little tranfparent oblerves, are carefully diftributed at fmall diftances
globules, chained or linked together, fomewhat like throughout the whole length of the fliobts, andferve
the bubbles that compofe the froth of liquor. as fo many jointly-afting powers, placed at different
Some fuppofe, that the circulation of the fap is ef- ftations, thereby with more eafe to draw plenty of fap
fefted by means of the pith, others by the bark, and to the extending root. ^ "

others by the wood.

'*

A fioWer is the more terider part of a plant, remark*

Bdrelli, in his book De Motu Animalium, fuppofes able for its colour, or form, or both, cohering with
the tender growing flioot to be diftended like foft wax, the rudiment of the frviit^ and contains the organs of
by the expanfion of the tnoifl:ure in the Ipongy pith generation > fome of thefe flowers contain the male
which dilating: moilhire, he concludes, is hindered organs, as the ftamiqa aiid ^pice^j, wtuch a^e loaded
7 yith
 ; .

ANA AN
,'\vklv the fiinna fcccundans, v/Iiich, when ripe, is

icaftcrcd into thole flowers which are female, and con-

liit only of th.e ovarium, with tlie ftylc and ftigma, It is further prepared in tiie trunk and branches
/ which arc furrounded with the petals. Other flowers though continue acid ftill ;
It
as is perceived by the
there are, which have both fexes contained in the tapping or perforating of a tree in
the month of Fe-
ianie flov/er thefe are called hermaphrodite flowers.
-,
bruary, when it dillUs a watry juice
that is fenfibly
A fruit, Kxprrk, is not that part of a plant which is acid. '
,

"1
•'

eatable, but rather the feeds, with their covering, The juice being carried hence to the germs,
or buds
Ihould be called the fruit. This covering cherifhes , IS more connec1:ed ; and when it has here
unfolded tlid
the feeds until they come to maturity, and defends them leaves, thele come
to ferve as lungs for the
circul-
from the injuries of the weather, as tliat they are not tion and further preparation of die
.

hurt thereby-, and alfo prepares the juices defigned

juice j for
thofe tender leaves are expofed to the
wh4
alternate aftion
for their nouriflimcnt, that it may with cafe enter their of heat and cold, moiil nights, and hot
fcorchin^
fmall bodies in a jufl proportion. days, they are expanded and contrafted
alternately '•
The motion of the nutritious juices of plants is pro- and the more, by reafon of their net-like texture.
duced much like that of the blood in animals, by the By f-ich means, the juice farther altered and di-
is
action of the air ; and, in effedt, there feems to be gefced, as it is farther yet in the pctala, or leaves
of
fomething equivalent to relpiration throughout the the flowers, which tranfmit the juice now brouc^ht to
whole plant. ,' ^ f^f^'^er /""btiky to the ftamina ; the ftamina'com-
, ,

Malpigiiius was the hrit who obferved, that ve -. -

municate it to the farina, .

or that duft which appears

blcs confifted of two feries, or orders, of vefiels. on the apices, where it undergoes a further
matura-
.Thole wliicli have been treated of before, which tion, and flieds into the piftil and there acquiring its
j
receive and convey the alimental juices, and which an- lall perfection, becomes the
it original of a new fruit
fwer to the arteries, lafteal veffels, veins, &c. of ani- ^or plant.
mals and,-,
'
;
ANCHUSA. Lin. Gen. 167. Bugloflum. Tourn.
2. The trachea, or air-veflels, which are long hol- Inft, R. H. 133. tab. 5^.
low pipes, in which the continually received and
air is I The Characters are'
expelled, i. e, inipired and expired, within which tra- "The empalement is oblong, temper, and permanpit, cut into
cheae all the former vefl^els are contained. Jive acute ft T^he fiovjer is of
Hence it foUov/s, that the heat of the year, nay, of leaf^ having a cylindrical tube the length of
, a fmgle day, hour, or minute, mufl have an effedt ment five upright feg.
on the air included in thefe tracheae, 1. e. it muft ra- which fpread open, 'but the chaps are dofed, and
havefi
refy it, and, of confequence, dilate the trachea
; fcaks five fhort ft.
and hence alfo a perpetual fpring or fource of ac- of the fl.
tion mufl: arife, to promote the motion of the fap in fummits. In the bottom of the fiovuer are fituated
four
plants. •
germen, having a fiender ftylc, crowned with an
obtufe
For when the trache^^ are expanded, the veflels which ftigma. "The germen afterward becomes four oblong blunt
contain the juices, are, by that expanfion, prelTed feeds fhut up in the empalement.
and, by thiat means, the juice contained is continu- Dr. Linnaeus ranges this genus of plants in the
firft
ally propelled and accelerated ; and, by this feftion of his fifth clafs of plants, entitled
;fropul-*
Pentaij-
fion, the juice is continually comminuted, and ren- dna Monogynia, the flowers having five ftamina and
dered more and more fubtii, and adapted to enter afingleftyle. ': :. .
'

into vcffels ftill finer and finer ; the thickeft part of it The Species are, '

being at the iame time fecrcted, and depofited into I. Anchusa {Officinalis) foliis lanceolatis fpicis imbri-
the lateral cells, or loculi of t!ie bark, to defend the
plant from cold, and other external injuries.
catis fecundis.
Hort. CM
46. Alkanet with fpear^
ftjaped leaves, and fruitful imbricated
Theveirels, or containing parts of plants, confifl: of ' fp
Garden E iglof BlugofTum anguftifolium majus
'

mere earth, bound or connected together by oil, as a C. B. P. 256.

gluten, or glue -, which being exhaufl;ed by fire, air, Anchusa racemis fubnudis cbnjugatis.
{Angujlifolia)
age, or the like, the plant moulders, or returns again Prod. Leyd. 408. Alkanei with conjugated
half naked
into its earth or duft.
fpikes. Borago fylveftris'perennis flore rufo kerme-
Thus vegetables being burnt by the mofl intenfe fino. Zan. Hift. •
.
49.
fire, the matter of the vefiels is left entire and
indif- 3 Anchusa {Undulata) ftrigofa foliis linearibus dentatis
folublc, notwithftanding its utmoft force; and, of
pedicellis braftea minoribus calycibus fruftiferis
in-
confequence, is neither water, nor air, nor fait, nor fiatis. Lasfl. Lin. Sp. Plant. 133. Alkanet -with nanoisi
fulphur, but earth alone. \

indented leaves, frilall foot-ftalks to the branches, and a

Juice is a liquid fubftance, which makes part of the fwelUng empalement over the feeds. :
Buglofllim Lufita-
compofition of plants, and communicates itfelf to all nicum echii folio undulato. Tourn. Inft.
the other parts, and ferves to feed and increafe them 134.
> 4 Anchusa {Orientalis) villofa-tomentofa, ramis flori-
and is that to plants that blood is to animals. Thefe bufque alternis axillaribus, brafteis ovatis. Lin. Sp.
juices are of divers forts aqueous, grumous, bitu- 19 Jlkanct ivith branches and flozvers growing alter-
; '
1.
iFxinous, oleaginous, refinous, vinous of all talles
and colours. ..
; nately f cm. the wings of the fialks, and oval bra5lea. or
1

foral leaves. Bugloflum Orientale flore luteo. Tourn.

This juice or fip of plants, is a humour furniflied by Cor. 6. '

the earth, and clianged in the plant ; it confifts

of 5
fomefoinl, or other parts, which are derived from
flowers growing
the air or rain ; and otiiers, from putrefied animals,
fncoth ftalk Anchufa minor lutea Vir-
plants, &c. fo that, confequently, in vegetables are
giniana Puccoon indigens difta qua fe pingunt Ame-
contained all Jdnds of falts, oil, water, earth, and,
ricani. Pluk. Aim. 30. Q "

probably, all kinds of metals too, inafmuch as the ^f

ginia, Puccoon.
aflies of vegetables always yield fomewhat
which is '
6. A}<cnusA {Sempervirens) pedunculis diphyllis capita-
attrafted by the load-ftone. •

The
juice enters plants in the form of a fine fubtii
.

tis. ^. _„ ^^. _ h foot-Jlalk

ing two leaves. Bugloffum latifolium ferpervirens,
water, v/hich by how mucli the nearer it is to the .
root, C. B. P.
fo much the more it retains of its proper
nature ; and 7. Anchusa (Cretica) foliis lanceolatis verrucofis femi-
the farther it is from the root, the more aftion it
has amplexicaulibus, flpribus capitatis,
undergone, and approaches the nearer to the' nature
caule procum-
d fpear-ftjaped leaves oyi-
of the vegetable ; aind, of confennenrp. whpn th^
ftalk half round, fit
juice enters the root, the bark of which is
furniflied „_ . .,.._ ftalk. Bugloffum
'railing ,.._. ^
^,..,^,,„.,, Cretlcum vcrrucofum
with excretory veflels, fitted to. difcharge the cxcre-
.perlatum quibufdam. H. R. Par.
»

O 8. Anchusa
\
 AN ^
A N
Anchusa {TinBoria) tomentofa, follis lanceolatis ob- flowers grow in loofe fpikes, upon fmooth fl:alk.
a
S.
tufis, ft:p-iinibvis corolla brevioribus. Lin. Sp. 192. This propagated 'by feeds,
is which, if fown in the
Anchufa "xiih 'li^QolIyy fpear-fljaped^ blunt leaves^ and the fpring, feldom grow the firfl: year.
jlantina of the Jloi^er porter than th corolla^ or true Al- The fixth fort is a very hardy perennial plant, with
kanet ofthefiops, weak trailing branches, garniflied with broad, rough,
9, Anchusa (y/:::/^rr^)foliislongishlrfutis, floribus capitatis deep green leaves the flowers are blue, and come
•,

,reflexis,pedunculis longifTuBis. Alkanet with long hairy out between the leaves on the fpike, like the fourth
'leaves^ andfiovoers coUeElcd into heads which are rcflexed^ fort ; the plants frequently grow out of the joints of

"and very loigfoot-Jlalks. Borago fylveftre Cretica flpre old walls, in thofe places where any of the plants have
azurco. Zan. Hilt. 5t. been near-, for when the feeds are permittea to fcatter,
The firft fort is the Buglofs, whofe flowers are or- there will be an abundant fupply of the plants. Thefe
dered to be ufed in nu'dicine. This fends up flalks flower great part of the year.
about two having oblong rough leaves,
feet high, The feventh fort is a low, trailing, annual plant, whofe
placed alternately, at the extremity of the fhoots. The branches feldom extend more than fix inches j thefe
flowers are produced in clufters, which are of a fine lie on the furface of the ground, and are thinly kt

tlue colour ; thefe come out with foot-ftalks from the with fpear-lhaped, fmall, warted leaves, which half
wings of the leaves, and are coUefted into fmall heads. furround the ftalk at their bafc. The flowers are
The flowers are of one leaf, having a lon^ tube, fpread fmall, of a bright blue colour, and are collected into
open at the top in fhape of a funnel. After the flower fmall bunches at the extremity of the branches. The
IS paft, it is iiicceeded by four naked feeds, fituated plants perifli foon after their feeds are' ripe, which if
at the bottom of the empalement, which drop out as permitted to fcatter, the plants will come up better
they ripen. than ^/hen they are fown. Tliefe do not bear tranf-
The roots of this fort feldom continue longer than two planting, fo fl:iould remain in the places where they
years, clpcci^illy in good ground, for they are fub- come up.
je<5l to rot in winter, unlefs when they hap'pen^to grow The eighth fort rifes near as higli as the firfl:, to which
in rubbifli, or out of an old wall, where they will live it bears great refemblance in its leaves and .branches-,

feycral years ; for in fuch places the plants are flinted but the leaves and branches are more woolly, and the
in their growth, fo their branches are firmer and not ftamina of the flowers are fliorter than the corolla;
fo full of juice as thofc which grow in better foil. the root alfo This plant grows naturally in
is red.
The plants may be eafily propagated by feeds, which the fcuth of France and Spain, but is equally hardy
jnay be Ibwn in the autumn, upon a bed of light fandy with the firfl: fpecies, and may be cultivated in the
earth) and in the fpxing, when the pTants are ftrdng fame manner.
enough to remove, they fliould be planred in beds at The ninth fort is a perennial plant, with broad rough
t^q feci diftance, obfei-ving, if the fcafon pix>ves dry, leaves, like thofe of the fixth j the branches grow
to water them till they have taken root, after which more ereft, and the flowers which are of a brigliC
they will require no farther care but to keep them azure colour, are collefted into fpikes, coming our
clean from weeds. If the feeds of this plant are iper- fingly from between the leaves. I'his is a hardy plant,
mitted to fcatter, the plants will rife in plenty, which and may be propagated in the fame manner as the
may be managed in the manner before directed. There ormer, '

is a variety of this with v/hite flowers, but this will A NDRACHNE, Bafl:ard Orpine.
not retain its difl'erence from feeds. The Characters are.

The fecond fort grows to the height of two feet when It hath n: ale and female ficwers on the f(,
The
cultivated in crardens, but in the places where it grows male flower hath a five-leaved empalement, which is equal
wild, is rarely more than a foot. The leaves ot this and withers. The flower is compofed of five flender leaves
are narrow, and lefs hairy than thofe of the fii*ft i the indented at the tcp^ which are floor ter than the empalemtnt.
fpikes of flow^TS come out double, and have no leaves At the bottom of ecsch petal is fituated an herbaceous nec~
about them ; the flowers are fmall, and of a red co- tarium-i to which the five fiender ftamina are joined \ thefe
lour. The roots will continue three or four years in are crowned with fingle fiiramits. The female flowers come
poor land. ,
out from the wings of the ftalk near the male. Thefe have
The third fort is which perifiies foon
a biennial plant, a permanent five-leaved empakment^ but 710 petals \ there
ajfter the feeds are ripe. This grows two feet high, are five neSlariums as in the male^ and a globular germen
and fends out many lateral branches, which are gar- fupportifig three flender ftylcs which are bifida crowned
nifhed with long, narrow, rough leaves, which are waved w 'dftigma ,fi

on their edges: the flowers are of a bright blue colour, ipfulc.

and grgw in an imbrici\ted ipike ; and after thefe fall, of which are lodged two triangular obtufe feeds.
the empaleoient turns to a hvollen velfel inclofing the
" '
The Species are,
Iceds, -
, I
I. Andrachne (Telephioides) procumbens herbacca. Lin.
.
X^e fourth fort is a perennial plant, with long trailing Sp. Plant. 1014. Herbaceous trailing Andrachne. Te-
branches which lie on the ground i the under leaves lephioides Graecum humifufum flore albo. Tourn.
are long, broad, and hairy, but thefe diminilli as tliey Cor. ^o.
are nearer tlic top, and tliofe which come out on the 2. ofc

fpikes between the flowers are fliort and roundifli. Baft

The flowers are yellow, and about the fize of thofe of 3. Andrachne (Arborca) foliis ovatis obtufis, fubtus
tlie common Buplofs there is a fucceflion
; of thefe on incanis, caule arboreo. Baftai'd Orpine with oval blunt
the fame plants great part of the year, which renders leaves^ hoary on their under fide., ajid a tree -like ftalk.
them more valuable. This, though a nadve of the The low plant, whofe branches trail upon
firft fort is a
'Ley^^ntj hardy enough to live in the open air in
is the ground. The leaves are fmall, of an oval fliape^
England, if it h^tli- a dry fandy foil. It may be pro- fmooth, and of a fea-green colour. It is found wild
pagated by feeds in the fame manner as the firft fort, in fome parts of Italy, and in the Archipelago, from
and if the fceci^ are permitted to fcatter, the plants whence Dr. Tournefort fent the feeds to the royal
will rife without care. garden at Paris: but being a plant of no great beauty,
The fiftli fort is a native of North America, where it it is feldom cultivated, except in botanic gardens for

grows naturally in the woods, and being an early plant, variety. If the feeds of this plant are fown on a mode-
generally flowers before the ne>y leaves come out on rate hot-bed in March, the plants will arife in about
the treQS; fo that in fome of the woods, where this a month after, when they may be tranfplanted each
plant aboun<is, the furface of the ground fcems covered into a fmall pot, and plunged into another very mo-
with bright yellow flowers. It is known in that country derate hot-bed to bring the plants forv,^ard, but in
by the title Puccoon. I: is a perennial plant which mild weather they fliould have plenty of air admitted
fekiom rifes a foot high in good ground, but not to them, and often refreflied with water: in June
above half tluu hciglit^ v/here the loil is poor \ the .
they v/ill produce flowers, and the feeds will ripen in
Auguft
 I .

AND N
Auguft and September, foon after wjiich the plants
j
fruUfuk loofe /pikes, cytindricalflo^^ers, ani
decay.
\vill nated leaves placed alternately. Vitis id;Ea AmerFca^i^
T\vz fccond fort grows naturally in China, and alfo at longion mucronato crenato & folio, floribus urceolatis
La Vera Cruz in New Spain, wliere it rifes twelve or racemofis. Pluk. Aim. 391.
fourteen feet highi the branches are garnifhed with 4. Andromeda {Arborea) racemis fecundis nudis co-
fpear-ihaped, pointed, fmooth leaves, under which the rollis rotundo-ovatis. Lin. Sp. Plant.
394. Andromeda
foot-ftalk of the flowers are produced \ thefe are pretty with naked fruitful fpikes, and oval
roundiflj flowers.
long and hang downward: the flowers are fmall, of an Frutex foliis oblongis acuminatis floribus
fpicatis uno
herbaceous white colour, fome of which are male, and verfu difpofitis. Catefb. Carolin. i.
p. 71. commonly
others female, but when the latter are fituated at too called Sorrel-tree in Carolina.
great diflance from the former, there is rarely any 5. Andromeda {Caliculata)^ racemis fecundis foliaceis
feeds within their covers j though they feem very fair corollis fubcylindricis, foliis alternis lanceolatis
obtufis
to fight, yet upon being opened there will no feeds punftatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 394. Andromeda with
leafy
be found in them \ whereby feveral perfons have been fruitful fpikes, cyhidrical flowers^ and ohtufe fpear-fhaped
deceived, who have fown them, without raifing a leaves, with punHures placed alternately. Cham^edaphne.
fingle plant. Buxb. Aft. I. p. 241.
Will The firil low plant which grows naturally on
fort is a
Houflon, growing naturally at Campeachy ; this has bogs in the northern countries, but is with difficulty
a ftrong woody ftem, which rifes more than twenty preferved in gardens; and having little beauty, is
feet high, fending out branches on every fide, which feldom cultivated except in botanic gardens. I re-
are garnifhed with oval blunt leaves, hoary on their ceived the feeds from Peterfburgh, which came up in
under-fide, and having pretty deep furrows on their the Chelfea garden, but did not continue more than
upper, placed alternately on the branches the flow- : one year.
ers I have not feen, for the plant which rofe from the The fecorid fort grows naturally in North America:
feeds in the phyfic garden did not produce any, tho' this is a low flirub, which fends out many woody
it grew upward of fourteen feet high , nor were there ftalks from the root, garnilhed with oval leaves placed
any flowers upon the trees at Campeachy, at the time alternately; the flowers are collefted in fmall bunches:
Dr. Houfton was there, the feeds being then ripe ; of thefe are fliaped like thofe of the Strawberry-tree,
thefe the doftor fent many to Europe which appeared and are of an herbaceous colour. They appear in
very fair, but on being opened, no kernels were found June and July, and fometimes are fucceeded by fruit,
within them, fo that but one plant was raifed from which feldom ripen in England^
all the feeds. The third fort is alfo a native of Northt America.
Thefe two forts are very tender plants, fo that when This fhrub grows about four feet high, fending out
good feeds can be obtained, they fhould be planted feveral branches, which are clothed with oblong leaves
in pots, plunging them into a hot-bed of tanners bark, placed alternately the: floWers grow in loofe fpikes
•

obferving to water them as the earth becomes dry in from the ei\ds of the branches; they are of the pitcher
the pots i and when the plants come up, and are fit fhape, like thofe of the Arbutus, but are a little
to remove, they fhould be each planted in a fmall lotiger, and appear in July, but do hot produce feeds
bot, plunged into a tan-bed, fhading them until they ta this country. ,

have taken frefli root, after which they fhould have The fourth fort gt-oWs hdtiirally in Virginia and Ca-
free air admitted to them in warm weather, but muit rolina ; in the latter it is milch larger than in the for-
be conflantly kept in the bark-ltove. mer, the cliftriate being warmer ;, fo many of the trees
There is alfD another fort which I have raifed from '
and Hirubs grow to a much greater height there. In
feeds, fent me from Jamaica ; the whole form of the Virginia, it is a fhrub growing ten or twelve feet
feeds agree widi tliofe of the third fort, as do alfo high, but in Carolina it riles twenty feet. The branches
the plants, but the leaves arc fomewhat like thofe of are very flender, bending downward ; thefe are gar-
the Laurel, but are much larger ; this hath not as yet nilhed with leaves placed alternately, which are oblong
flowered in FAirope. and pointed the flowers grow in long naked fpikes,
:

N D R O M E D A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 485. We have coming out from the fides of the branches, which are
no name for this plant.
Englifli ,of an herbaceous colour, and are ranged on one
The Characters are, fide of the flalk j they are oval, and Ihaped like a
five fmall acute fegments pitcher.
Theflozver is of one leaf The fifth fortgrows naturally in Siberia, and alfo in
hcll-fiapcd^ and divided intofi North America ; it is a low flirub which grows on
cflexcd. l-fh. hich are moflTy land, fo is very difficult to keep in gardens.
fhorter than the petals to which they are fixed-, theft The leaves are fliaped like thofe of the Box-tree, and
adding f In the are of the like confiftence, having feveratl fmall punc-
of the fewer is fituated a tound germen^ fupp tures on them ; the flowers grow in fhort fpikes from
ndrical fiylc, which is longer than the fiamind the extremity of the branches thefe afe produced:

crowned hlunt Jiigma . The germen af fingle between two leaves, they are white and of a
effel having fi^ cylindrical pitcher fhape.
filledwith fmall round feeds All the except the fourth, are very hardy plants,
forts,
This genus of plants is ranged by Dr. LinnS^us in the which delight in moift: ground ; they increafe by their
firft divifiofi of his tenth clafs, entitled Decandria creeping roots, which put up fuckers at a diflance,
Monogynia, the flow o and may be taken off with roots, and tranfplanted
germen. where they are deflgned to remain, for they do not
The Species are, '
hear to be often removed.
I. Andromeda pedunculis aggregatis, co-
{Polifolia) The fourth fort requires to be fheltered from hard
rollis ovatis, foliis alternis lanceolatis revolutis. Lin. frofl: in winter, but in the fummer fhould be fre-
Sp. Plant. 393. Andromeda with aggregate foot alks^ quently watered. It is a difficult plant to keep in gar-
-ft
cval petals^ and fpear-fhaped leaves growing alternately. dens, as grows naturally on boggy places, and re-
it
Polifolia. Buxb. Aft. 2. p. 345.' quires a greater heat than that of this climate. It may
c. Andromeda {Mariana) pedunculis aggregatis corol- be propagated by feeds, which Ihould be procured
lis cylindricis foliis alternis ovatis integerrimis. Lin. from America, where it is known by the name of
foot-ftalks. Sorrel-tre6.
f' A N D R O S A C E. We have no Englifli name for
r,atch\
this plant.
3. Andromeda {Panictddt'a) racemls fecundis hudispa- The Characters are.
niculatis, corollis fubcylindricis foliis alternis oblongis
/'
crenulatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 394. Andromeda with naked.
Each flower hath afi'
pakmeiif
 ;

'
, .AN..D A N
pahv.ent of one Icaf^ fJghtly indented at the Jcp in five genefia Polygamia equalis, there being many her-
acute points, this is permanent : thefc-zc'er is cf one Icaf^ maphrodite flowers included in one comnion empale-
having an oval tuhe^ inclofed by the cmpalement^ but is ment. . '

plain at the Irim^ where it is divided into five parts. It The Species are,
hutbfive fmall Jtamina voithin the tube^ %vhich are cro-ivncd 1. Andryala {Integrifolla) foliis integris ovato oblongis
with oblong ered fumniits. In the center is fituated a round tomentofis. Guett. Stamp. 2. p. 384. Downy Sozvthifik
gernien^ fupporting a floort flender flyle^ crowned by a gk- with oval, oblong, entire, downy leaves. Sonchus lanatus.
hular Jlignia \ tb,.' empakment afterward becomes a round •Dalech. Hifl:. iii6. ^

, -capfulc cf one cell opening in five parts, which is full of 2. Andryala {Ragufln a) {oYils lanceolatis indivifis den-
round feeds. • ]. : - . '^ - ;_ . ticulatis acutis tomentofis, 'floribus folitariis. Lin. Sp.
Dr. LiniiLtus ranges this genus of plants in the firfl: Plant. 1 136. Downy Sowthiftk with indented, fpenr-
feftion of his fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria Mono- fldaped, woolly leaves. Sonchus villofus lutcus minor.
gynia, the tlpv/er having five i'tamina and one ftyle. C. B. P. 124. *- -

The Species are, 3. Andryala {Sinuatci") ioXiv^ runcinatls. Lin. Sp. 1137.
1. Anurosace (Maxima) perianthiis frufluum maximis. Downy
Sowthiftk with plain ftjaped leaves.
Hort. Upfal. 36. Jndroface with the largefi empakment 4. Andryala {Lanata) foliis oblongo-ovatis fubdcntatis
to the fruit. Androface vul^^aris latifolia annua. Tourn, lanatis, pedunculis ramofis. Amcen. Acad. 4. p. 2 88.
Init. R. H. 123. *
. Downy Sowthiftk with woolly, oblong, oval leaves, and
2. Androsace {Septentrionalis) foliis lanceolatis dentatis branching foot-ftalks. Hicracium montanlum tomen-
'
gi'abris perianthiis angulatis corolla brevioribus. Flor. tofum. Hort. Lith. tab. 150.
Suec. 160. Androface zvithfmooth, indented, fpear-fhaped The firfl is an annual plant, which grov/s naturally
leaves, and an angular empalement fijcrter than the petals. in the Ibuth of Frange, Spain, and Italy, arid is pre-
Alfme verna Androlaces capitulis. C. B. P. 251. ferved in botanic gardens for the fake of variety." This
3. Androsace {Villofa) fohis pilofis perianthiis hirfutis. grows a foot and a half high, with woolly branching
-
Lin. Sp. Plane. 142. Androface with hairy leaves and ftalks, having leaves fcatteringly fet on them, which
. empakment. Sedum xVlpinum hirfutum lacleo flore. are oblong and d(;wny. The flowers are produced in
'

C. B. P. 284. fmall cluflers "at the top of tlie fl:alksj which are yellow,
4. Androsace {Carnea) foliis fubulatis glabris, umbella and like thofe of the Sowthiftle, fo do not make any
involucruni a^quante, Lin. Sp. 204. Androface with great appearance. It is eafily raifed by feeds, whigh
fynoGth awlfjaped leaves, and the umbel offlowers eqiial mould be fown in the fpring, in the place where' the
to the involucrum. ,
.
planer are to remain, and will require no other culture
5. Androsace (LpSiea) folils llnearibus glabris, um- but to thin them where they* are too clofe, and keep
bella involucris multoties longiore. Lin. Sp. Plant. them clean from weeds. It flowers in July, and the
1 42. Androface with narrow fmooth leaves, and the umbel feeds ripen in Septeinber. ,
-

much longer than the involuo'um. Androface Alpina pe- The fecond is a perennial plant, which grows natu-
rennis anguftifolia glabra flore fmgulari. Tourn. Inft. rally in Spain, from v/hence I received the feeds, as
R. H. •
. I hf./e alfo from the Cape of Good Hope. The leaves
The firflgrows naturally in Auftria and Bohemia
fort of this plant are extremely v/hite, and are much in-
amongft the corn this hath broad leaves which fpread
: dented on their edges the flower-fl:alks grow about
;

near the ground, from the center of thefe the foot- a foot high, having fmall clufters of yellow flowers,
^
flalks arife, v/hich are terminated by the umbel of .which appear in July ; the feeds fometimes ripen in
flowers, like thofe of the Auricula ; under the umbel England, but not every year. The roots creep, by .

of flowers is a large empalement, which is permanent; which the plants may be propagated. They love a
the flowers are compofed of five fmall white petals light dry foil, in which they will live In the opea air
thefe appear in April and May, the feeds ripen in in this country.
June, and the plants foon after perifh. The third fort grows naturally in Sicily, and alfo
The other forts arc much fmaller than this, fome of near Montpelier; the lower leaves of this fort are in-
them feldom growing more than three inches high, dented and woolly, but thofe upon the fl:alks are 'en-
( *
having very finall flowers, fo niake little appearance. tire; this feldom rifes more than a foot high, fupport-
"
They grow naturally on the Alps and Helvetian ing a few yellow flowers at the top. _

mountains, as alfo in Siberia, from whence I have Ine fourth fort grows in Spain and Portugal ;*thc
received the f^eds of three or four fpecles. Thefe are leaves of this are broader, longer, and more downy,
only preferved in botanic gardens for the fake of va- than either of the other forts, the flower-ftalks rife
.
riety, and all the forts except the firlt flaould have a .
more brandling into feveral foot-
thaii a fobt'high^
fliady fituation.' ,
-
fl:alks, each fufl:aining one large yellow flower, fliaped

The feeds of all die forts fliould be fown foon after like thofe of Hawkweed, which are fucceeded by
they are ripe, ochei*wife they feldom grow the fame oblong black feeds' crowned with down.
year. They flower ufually the beginning of April, Thefe two plants are propagated by feeds, in 'the
and their feeds are ripe the end of May; which, if lame manner as the former, which fliould be fown in
permitted to fcatter, v/ill come up, and often fucceed autum.n, for when they are fown in the fpring, the
better than thofe which are fown. The annual forts plants feldo:r! rife the fame year. '
k f

periili as foon as the feeds are ripe, but the others AN M N

E O E [^A.£/^-:.W, of «^a^,""Gr. the wind; fo
will live in an open border for feveral year^, and re- called, becaufe the flov/cr is fuppofcd not to open,

•
d'
ANDROS^MUM.
quire no other care, but to keep them clean from
s.
'

Sec Hypericum.
"
'

- ,
1 -

"
t

;
except the wind blo^'/s.] Wind-flower,
; IJie Lmaracters are,
The flower is naked having" no "empalhrient, and conffts
A N D R Y A L A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 820. Downy Sow- of two or three orders of kaves or petals, which are oblong,
liitlc. .'-5
and difpofcd in three ferics over each other. It hath a
The Characters are. >. great number offlender ftamina which are ffoorter than the
It bath a Jbort, rounds hairy empakment, cut into many pet ah y and are crowned by double fummits which are ercLl^
equal fcgmenl s \ the flowers are compofed of many herma- between thefe are fituated many germen, which are colkofed
phroaile fltorels cf one kaf, which are u?::fo^m, and lie '
into 'a head, fupporting a pointed ftyle crowned with a Vlunt
ever each other, ftretched out like a tongue on one fide.
,

ftig^ia. The germen afterward become fo many feeds in-

-^

'there arc five ftamina in the flowers \ thefe are cfozvned .

clofed with a down which adheres to the foot'ftalk, and
by cylindrical fummits, which are tubulous. ^ <-f

The germen '

forms an cbtufe cone. '[

...

is fit acted at the bottom of each floret,' with a flendxr Dr. Linnius ranges this genus of pliwits in the fixth
ftyle, crowned by^two refl.exed ftigma. The germcn after- feftion of his thirteenth clafs, entitled PolyandriaPo-
ward becomes afngk oval feed, crowned with down. lygynia, from the flowers having many ftamina and
T !us genus of plants is by Dr. Linnaeus ranged in ger men. n
•< -
'm •

t-*
the firit fed;ion of his ninetQenth cufs, entitled Syn- • —

- I
*^*
«> -_'
-^»' > * -ti' I -

The
 A N 4
A N E
+

The Species are, are large and vesy double, and, wlicii properly
•m I

ma-
1. Anemone (<S)'/r/^m) peckinculo nudo femlnibus fub- naged, are extremely beautiful. I fluil thera^jrc
c pro-
rotunclis hirfutis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 540. Anemone -with ceed to give ample direftions for their culture,
wliich
a yiaked ftalk and a round head of hairy feeds. Anemone if duly obJerved, every perfon may have
thele fiovvr-'
fylvcftris alba major. C. B. P. 176. in perix'6tion.
2. Anemone (A^if;;?^r^y^)-feminibus acutis foliolis incifis l^ake a quantity of frefh untried earth (from
a com-
caule unifloro. Hort. Cliff. 224. Anemone with pointed mon, or fome other pailure land) tiut'is of a ]\^^-\\t
feeds ^ cut leaves^ and a ingle flower. f
Anemone nemo- fandy loam, or hazel mould, obferving: nol
to L.v/c k
rofa flore majore. C. 15. P. 176. above ten deep below the furfacc and if "vi;e
incites ;

5. Anemone {Apemiina) feminibus acutis foliolis incifis turf be" taken with it the better, provided
i: hadi
petalis lanceolatis numerofis. Lin. Sp. Plant, 541. time to rot thoroughly before it is ufed mix this
/I. ,«>,^..;.'L ^^;,-*«7 r^^j. ...j. i ...3 r^
with
:

fceds^ cut leaves^ and many fp. a third part of rotten cow dung, and lay it
in a her^p,
fhapedfl^ keeping it turned over at leafl: once a month for eigdt
pureo-c?eruleo. Park. Lhcat. 325. or ten months, the better to mix it, and rot tlie
dun'::^
4. Anemone pcdunculis alternislonginimis
(/^/r^/W^;/.-?) and turf, and to let it liave the advantages of the free
fruftibus cylindricis feminibus hirfutis muticis. Lin. Sp. air: in doing this be careful to rake%)ut all
grent
foot-ftalk fl:ones, and break the clods (but by no
means' Liz
indricalfpikes of chaffy feeds orfcreen the earth, which is found very hurtful to
Matthioli iimilis flore nan many forts of roots) ; for when the earth is made very
5. Anemone {Coronaria) foliis radicalibus ternato-de- ,
fine, upon thegreat rains of \viiiter or fprinoj,
firil
compofitis, involucre foliofo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 539. the fmall particles thereof join clofely togeilier,
an^d
Anemone with lower leaves decompounded^ and a leafy form one iolid mafs, fo that the roots' oftc^i periHifor
involucnm. Anemone tenuifolia fmiplici flore. C. B. want of fome fmall Hones to keep the particles afunder,
P. 174. and make way for the tender fib.res to draw nourifli-
6. Anemone {Ilortenfis) foliis digitatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. ment for the ilipport of the root.
540. Anemone with hand-fhaped leaves. Anemone hor- This earth fliould be mixed twelve months before it
tenfis latifolia. 3 Cluf Hill:, i. p. 249. is ufed, if pofiibk- but if you are conftrained to ufe
7. Anemome (Z)/V/^^/(5?;/*^) caule dichotoma, foliis feffili- it Iboner, you mull turn it over the
ofiener, to mellov^r
bus oppofitis amplexicaulibus trifidis incifis. Amnsn. and break the clods ; and obferve to rake cut all the
Acad. I. p. 155. Anemone with a forkedftalk ^ and trifld parts of the green fward, that are not quite rotten,
cut leaves growing oppofite^ which embrace the ftalks. before you ufe it, which would be prqudicial to your
8. Anemone (Thali^roides) foliis caulinis fimplicibus roots, if fuffered to remain. The
beginning of Sep-
verticillatis, radicalibus duplicato ternatis. Lin. Sp. tember is a proper feafon to prepare the'^beds for
763. Anemone with ftmple leaves on the ft alk^ growing in planting (which, if in a v/et foil, fliould be raifed with
whorles^ and thofe at the root double ternate, this fort of earth fix or eight inches above the
furtacc
The firft fort grows naturally in many parts of Ger- of the ground, laying at the bottom fome of the
many ; approaches near to our Wood Anemone,
this Takings of your heap to drain off the moifture; but
but the feeds of it are round and hairy ; the flower is -in a dry foil, three inches above the furface
wiil be
large and white, but having little beauty, is feldom
compoll fliould be laid at leafl; tv/o feet
fuificient): this
planted in gardens. and a half thick, and in the bottom there fliould be
The lecond fort grows wild in the woods in many parts about four or five inches of rotten neats dun^r, or the
of England, where it flowers in April and May, rotten dung of an old Melon or Cucumber-bed,
fo
making a pretty appearance in thofe places where that you mufl: take out the former foil of the beds to
they are in pilenty. The roots of this may be taken make room for it.
up when and tranfplanced in wil-
their leaves decay, And obferve in preparing your beds, to lay them (if
dernefles, where they will thrive and increafe greatly,
in a wet foil) a little round, to flioot oif the water;
if they are not diilurbed; and in the
fpnng,'^before . but in a dry one, let it be nearer to a level ; in wet
the trees are covered with leaves, they will have a - land, where the beds are raifed above the furfac?, it
very good effeft, in covering of the ground and will be proper to fill up the paths between them' in
making a pleafing variety at that feafon.' winter, either with rotten tan or dung, to prevent the
The third fort is found growing naturally in fome frofl: from penetrating into the fides of the
beds, v/hich
parts of England, but particularly at Wimbledon
in often defl:roy their roots. The earth fliQuld be laid
Surry, in a wood
near the manfion-houfe, in great in the beds at leafl a fortnight or three weeks before
plenty ; but it is not certain that they were not origi-
you plant the roots, that it may fettle and when you;
nally planted there, as they are not found in any
other plant them, Hir the upper part of the foil about fix
place m
that neighbourhood. This fort flowers at the inches deep, with a fpade; then rake even and it
fame time with the former, and when intermixed with fmooth, and with a Hick draw lines each way of the
them, make a fine variety. This may be tranfplanted
bed at fix inches diftance, fo that the whole may b
from the woods as the former.
in fquares, that the roots may be planted regularly :
There are of thefe two forts, fome with double flow- '
then with your three fingers make a hole in the cen-
ers, which have been obtained from
feeds. Thefe ter of eacli fquare, about three inches deep, laying
make a finer appearance, and continue longer in flower therein a root v/ith the eye uppermofc and when you ^
than the fingle, but are only to be procured from the
have finiflied your bed,' with the head of a rake draw
gardens, where they are cultivated. As thefe are
only the earth fmooth, fo as to cover the crown of the roots
feminal varieties, I have not enumerated them
with about two inches.
the others.
The befl:fealon for planting thefe roots, if for for-
The fourth fort grows naturally in North America,
ward flowers, is about the latter end of September^
from whence the feeds are frequently lent to England.
and for thofe of a middle feafon, any time in Odobcr j
This is a very hardy plant, and produces plenty of
but obferve to perform this work, if pofllUe, at or
feeds in England, but having little beauty,
fcarce near the timiC of kmc: gentle fliowers for if the roots
;,

defei-ves a place ill gardens, unlefs for

the fake of are planted when the ground is perfecTtly drv, and
variety.
there fliould no rain fall for three weeks or a niontli
The fifth and fixth forts are natives of the eaft, from ^fter, they' willbe very apt to grow mouldy upon ihe
whence their roots
were brought originally but have -,
crov/n, and if they once get this diftemper, tliey feldcvn
been fo greatly improved by culture, as to
render come to good after,
them fome of the chief ornaments to our gardens in
Yoii may alfo referve fome of your Anemone root?
the fpring. The principal colours
of thefe flowers are till after Chriflm.as, before you plant them, left: by
red, white, purple, and blue,
and fome are finely the feverity of the vvintcr your early planted roots
variegated with red, white, and purple.
There are fliould be dellroyed, which fometimes happens ra
many intermediate fhades of thefe colours j the flowers
very hard winters, efpecially in thbfe places where
7 P thev
 ;

—
A N E 4
A N
they are not covered ro protecl them from froft thcfe : of good fingle (or v/hat the gardeners call Poppy
late planted roots will flower a fortnight or three Anemonies) of the beft: colours, and fuch as have
w^eeks after thofc which were planted in autumn, and more leaves than common, and have other good pro-
many times blow equally as fair, efpecially if it prove perties ; thefe fhould be planted early, that they may
a moill fpring, or that care be takun.to rcfrefli them have ftrength to produce good feeds, which will be
gently with water. ripe in three weeks or a month's tim.e, after the flow-
But then the of thefc roots will not be near
incrt'afe ers are pail ; when you mufl: carefully gather it, other-
fo great as thofc of your finl planting, provided they wife it will be blown away in a fliort time, it beino-
were not hurt in winter'-, and it is for this rcafon all inclofed in a downy fubfl:ance. You mufl: preferve
^thofe who mulce fale of thefc roots, are forward in this feed till thebeginning of Auguil, when you may
planting •,for although it may happen, by iharp either fow it in pots, tubs, or a well prepared bed of
pinching frofts in the Ipring, that their flowers are not light earth in the doing of it you mull be careful not
:

f double and fair-as thole planted a little later, yet'

) to let your feeds be in heaps, to avoid which is a thincr
if they can preferve the green leaves of the plants from little underltood, and is what I have been informed of
being injured, the roots will greatly increafe in bulk; by the late Mr. Obadiah Lowe, gardener at Batterfea,
but in fuch gardens where thcfe flowers are preferved who for feveral years raifed large quantities of thefe
with care, tlierc is always proviflon made to cover flowers from feeds. His manner was thus
them from the injuries of the weather, by arching After having levelled his bed of earth, in which he
t!ie beds over with hoops, or frames of wood, and intended to low his iceds, he '•ubbed the feeds well
covering them with garden-mats or cloths, in frofl:y between his hands, with a little dry fand, in order to
nights, and bad weather, efpecially in the fpring of make them feparate the better; then he fowed them
the year, when their buds begin to appear ; for other- as regularly as poflible over the bed; but as thefe feeds
wiie, if you plant the bed and moll double flowers, will flill adhere clofely together by their down, he
the black frolts and cutting winds in March willcaufe took a fl:rong hair brufli, with which he gently fwept
tli^m to blow Angle, by dcflroying the thrum that is over the whole bed, obfcrving not to brufli off the
in the middle of the flower ; and this many times feeds this brufh will lb feparate the feeds, if care-
;

hath occafioned many people who have bought the fully managed, as not to leave any entire lumps ; then
roots, to think they were cheated in the purchafe of gently fift fome light earth, about a quarter of an
them, when it was wholly owing to their negltfl of inch thick over the feeds ; and, if it fliould prove hot
covering them, that their flowers were fingle. dry weather, it will be advifable to' lay fome mats
In the beginning of April your firfl: planted roots w:ll hollow upon the bed in the heat of the day, and now
begin to flower, which will continue for three weeks and then give them a little water ; but this mufl: be
or more, according "to the heat of the weather, or given gently, lefl: by haftily watering you wafti the
the care taken in coveriog them, during the heat of feeds out of the ground ; but be fure to uncover the
the day, with mats or cloths after thefe are pafl:: bed at all times when there are gentle fliowers, and
flowering, the fecond planted forts will come to fuc- every night, that the feeds may have the benefit of
"ceed them, and thefe will be followed by thofe planted the dews ; and as the heat of the weather decreafes,
in the fpring ; fo that you m.ay have thefe beauties you may begin to uncover your bed in the day time
continued for near two months together, or fometimes alfo. ^ -i I

longer, if the fealbn prove favourable, or proper care In about ten weeks after fowung, the plants will be-
is taken to Ihade them in the heat of the day. gin to appear, if the feafon has proved favourable, or
The beginning of June, the leaves of your flrfl; blown your care management hath not beefi wantine;,
in
roots will begin to decay foon after which time you
•,
otherwife they many times remain a whole yeariri th
muil take them out of the ground, clearing them from ground. The firfl: winter after their appearing above
decayed fl:alks, and wafliing them, to take the earth ground, they are fubjeft to injuries from hard frofls,
clean from then fpread them on a mat in a
tlie root •, or too much wet, againfl: both of which you mufl:
dry fliady place till they are perfedlly dried, when equally defend them ; for the frofl: is very apt toloofen
you may put tliem up in bags, and hang them out the earth, fo that the young
plants are often turned
of the reach of mice, or other vermin, which will out of the ground, after which a fmall frofl; will de-
deHiroy many of the roots if they cao come at them. ftroy tliem ; and too much wet often rots their tender
Oblerve take up the latter planted roots as
alfo to roots, fo that allyour former tf-Olible may be lofl: in
foon as their leaves decay; for if they are IluTered to a fliort time for want of care in this particular; nor
remain long after in the ground, and there fhouldfall do I know of any thing more deftruftive to thefe tCJi-
i fome of rain, thty would foon put forth frefli
fliowers der plants, than the cold black frofl:s and winds of
fibres, and make new flioots, when it would be too February and March, from which you mufl: be careful
late to remove them at the time when you t:ike up
; to defend them, by placing a low reed fence on the
the roots, is the proper feafoii for breaking or parting north and eafl; fides of the bed, which may be inove-
them, which may be done by fcparating thofe that able, and only fafl:ened to a few ftakes to fupport it for
you would choofe to make all polflble increafe from, the prefent, and may be taken quite away as the feafon
into as many you can conveniently, provided
parts as advances, or removed to the fouth -and wefl: fides of
each one of them have a good eye or bud but thofe ; the bed, to fcreen it from the violence of the fun,
you intend to blow llrong, fliould by no m^ans be which often impairs thefe plants when young.
parted too flnall, which gfeatly weakens their flow- As the Iprihg advances, if the weather fliould prove
ennc;. dry, you mufl: gently refrefli them with water, wliich
Tlie principal colours in Anemonics are, white, red, will greatly fl:rengthen yoyr roots; and when the green
blue, and purple ; and thefe in fome of them, are cu- leaves are decayed, if your roots are not too thick to
rioufly inrermixcdi ; but the mod prevailing colours remain in the fame bed another year, you mufl: clear
amongil our Englifh raifed Anemonies, are white and off all the weeds and decayed leaves from the bed,
red ; though of late we have received from France and fift a little m.ore of the fam.e prepared good earth,
great varieties of blues and purples, which are ex- about a quarter of an inch thick over the furface, and
ceeding fine flowers, and being intermixed with the obferve to keep them clear from weeds during the
Engliihi flowers, rhake a fine variety we fliould there- : fummer feafon^ and at Michaelmas repeat the fame
fore obferve, in planting the roots, to dillriburc the earthing; but as thefe roots fo left in the ground,
different colours, lb as to make an agreeable mixture v/ill come up early in the autumn, the beds fliould be
of each in every bed, which will greatly add to their carefully covered in frofly weather, otherwife their
beauty. *
-
'-
leaves will be injured, wherel>y^ the roots will be
Eut finre all the fine varieties of thcfe flowers were v/cakencd, if not defl:royed. --i^'your roots fucceed
fril obtained from f^eds, no good florift:, that hath v^ellj many of them will flov/cr the fecond year, v/hen
garden room, fliould negleft to Tow them in order : you may feleft all fuch as you iike, by marking them
to Wiiich, wc fliould provide ourfelvcs with a quantity with a flack; but you fliould not deftroy any of them
6 until
 ; ;

A N N
until after the tliird year, when you have feeii them fmall, make appearance, fo the plant is rarely^
little
blow llrong, at which time you v/il! be capable to preferved, except in botanic gardens for variety i'c :

judge of their goodnefs for until the roots^have ac-

; is a very hardy plant, and multiplies very
laft where
quired ftrength, the flowers v/ill not fliew themfelves it is allowed to have a place.

to advantage. The eighth fort is a very humble plant, feldom rifing

By this time your roots will be too thick in the feed- more than fix inches high. This grows naturally in
bed to remain, therefore you muft, as fbon as their the woods of North America, where it flowers early
green leaves are decayed, fift the earth of your bed in the fpring, when it makes a pretty appearance,
through a very fine Cicve^ in order to get out the efpecially if many of the plants grow cluilers 'xl^ :

roots, which can be no otherwife found, as being fome of thefe flowers are double, which make a bet-
fmall, and fo nearly the colour of the ground; but terappearance than the fingle, and continue longer
in doing this, obfervc not to difturb the ground too in beauty. The leaves of this plant are very hkc
deep, fo as to endanger the burying any of the roots ^ Meadow
for, notv/ithftanding all your care, many fmall roots ing in whorles, and are terminated by a fingle flower:
will be left beliind, therefore as foon as you have fift- this fort fliould be planted under the flieher of trees,
ed your whole bed, and taken out all the roots you and if the furface of the ground is covered with rotten
can find, you mult level the earth of your bed again, tanners bark in winter, it will greatly prcferve the
and let it remain till next year, wlien you will find a plants.
plentiful crop of roots come up again ; the young NEM S. See Anemone.
roots wliich you take up muft be dried, as was direfted NEM RMOS. See Arctotis.
for the old ones, but fhould be planted again three M
w^eeks before them, that they may increafe in ftrength, becaufe it is quick of growth.-
fo as to flower llrongly the fucceeding year. The Charactehs are.
The Poppy) Anemonies will flower moft
fingle (or It ah umbelliferous plants having many umbels^ which
is,

part of the winter and fpring, when the feafons are havi no involucnm. %he umhels are uniform^ and com-
favourable, they are planted in a warm fituation,
if ofed of many fmalli
J
flowers have five fp
at which time they make a fine appearance, therefore fhaped petals^ each of thefe have five flender Ji
deferve a place in every flower-garden, efpecially as crowned zvilh blunt fmmnits ; under the flower is fjuated
they require little culture; for if thefe roots are taken the germen^ fupporting two fmallftyles crowned with blunt
up every other year, it will be often enough ; and fiigma \ the germen afterward becomes two compreffed feeds
when they are taken up, they fliould be planted again having borders.
very early in the autumn, otherwife they will not This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feftion
flower till the fpring. There are fome fine blue co- ^1^
})
lours amongfl: thefe fingle Anemonies, which, with tied Pentandria Digynia, the flowers having five fta-
the Scarlets and Reds, make a beautiful mixture of mina and two ftyles.
colours ; and begin flowering in January or
as thefe We have but one Species ofgenus, viz. this
February, when the weather is cold, they will conti- Anethum {Graveolens) ^rvi&:ihus comprelfis. Hort. ClifT.
nue a long time in beauty, provided the froft is not 1 06. Dill with comprefled feeds. Anethum hortenfe.
too fevere. Tlie feeds of thefe are ripe by the mid- C." B. P. 147. Common DHL
dle or end of May, and muft be gathered daily as it There two other varieties which are mentioned
are
ripens, otherwife it will foon be blown away by the as diftinft fpecies by the botanifts, but I have fre-
/
winds. quently fown them, and have always found them
The Anem.one grows naturally in the Levant, parti- prove to be only varieties arifing from the fame f:eds.
cularly in the iilands of the Archipelago, where the This plant is propagated by fowing the feeds, whicji
borders of the fields are covered with them of all the fliould be done in autum.n foon afcer they are ripe
colours,^ but the flowers are fingle, and have been for if they are kept out of the ground till fpring, they
greatly improved by culture. In France they w^re frequently m.ifcarry or if any of the plants come
;

long cultivated before they were much known in Hol- ^ up, they often decay before they have perfefted their
land or England. Tournefort mentions two French feeds. They love a light foil, and will not bear to be
gentlemen, Mefirs. Malaval and Bachelier, who con- tranfplanted, but rnuft be fown where they are to re^
tributed greatly to the improvement of thefe flowers main, and fliould be allowed eight or ten inches room
and of the latter he relates a pleafant ftory, as fol- to grow, otherwife they will draw up very weak, and
lows Mr produce few lateral branches, whereby their leaves
chclier had refufed to communicate the feeds of his will decay, and be rendered ufelefs, nor v/ill they
fine Anemonies, and finding he could not obtain any
produce fo good feeds ; therefore the beft way is,
either by friendfliip or money, a fancy came into his
when the plants are come up, to hoe tliem out, as is
head, to make a vifit to Mr. Bachelier, with fome of praftifed for Onions, Carrots, &c. leaving the plants
his friends who v/ere in the fecret ^ he ordered
his about eight or ten inches afunder everyway, obferv-
lacquey who fupported the train of his gown, to let ing to keep them clear from weeds and when the ;
it drop on a bed where the Anemonies grew, which feeds begin to be formed, you fliould cut up thofe.
he wanted, whofe feeds were then ripe. They walked that are intended to be put into the pickle for Cucum-
a confiderable time talking on various fubjedls, and bers, leaving thofe that are' intended for the ufe of
when they came to the fpot where the Anemonies the feeds unril they are ripe ; at which rime it fliould
grew, a merry gentleman of the company began a be cut, and fprcad upon a cloth to dry, and then
ftor)',^ which engaged the attention of Mr.
Bachelier ; beat out for ufe if you let the feeds fall upon the
:

at which time the lacquey, who was no fool,

let fall ground, the plants v;:ll rife the next fpring without
his mafter's train over the bed, and the feeds havino-
any care, fo that the trouble of fowing their feeds may
a downy covering, ftuck to the gown, which the boy
be fpared.
afterwards took up again, and the company went for-
ward. The virtuofo took leave of Mr. Bachelier, and
ANGELICA [of Jngclusy fo called, as fome quacks,
&c. pretend, from the angels, on account of its ex-
went directly home, where he carefully picked ofi^ the
cellent qualities.]
feeds which had ftuck to his robes, and fowed
them, The Characters are,
which produced very beautiful flowers.
// isan umbelliferous plants the greater umbel being com-
The feventh fort grows naturally In Canada and Si-
fofed of many fmall ones the involucrum^ cr cover of the
-,

beria • the roots of this creep and multiply greatly

fnoll leaves^ and thofe of
ofed offyve
in the ground, thxC lower leaves are
deeply cut "the •,
fmaller cf eighty and the empahncnt of the
ftalks rife two feet high, garnifhed with fl
leaves placed The flowers of
fi
oppofite, which embrace the ftalks, and
the flowers iform^ eaih of them conjift
are produced from the forks of the ftalks
upon flen- fall -w> ; thefe have five fl. hich arc longer than
der toot.ftalks i thefe flowers are white, and beino-
4 J

f^
germen
 1

A N G A N
."grnyich is ftluated below the flowa\ filppdrling two re- M
flexed fiyles^ crowned with obtufe ftigma \ the germen af- out heads from the fides of the roots, whereby they
terward becoynes a roundijh fruit fplii ling into two^ and may be continued for three or four years whereas, ;

compofed of t-wofeeds^ which are plain on onefide^ convex if they had been permitted to feed, their roots would

on the other ^ and are bordered^. periflifoon after.

This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feclion : The gardeners near London, who have ditches of wa-
of Linnasus's fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria Digynia, ter running through their gardens, propagate great
from the flowers having five ftamina and twoflyles. . quantities of this plant, for which they have a great
The Species are, demand from the confeftioners, who make a fweet-
I. Angiilica {Sativa) 'foliorum imparl lobato. Flor. meat \vith the tender ftalks of it cut in May.
Lapp. 10 1. Angelica with leaves compofed of an unequal This plant is alfo ufed in medicine, as are alfo the
number of lobes, Angelica fativa. C. B. P. 155. Gar-
'
feeds therefore where it is cultivated for the feeds,
i

den Angelica, . there fnould benew plantations annually made tofup-

2. Angelica {Arch angelica) altiffima foHorum lobatis ply die places of thofe which die, for when they are
maximis ferratis. Talleft Angelica with leaves compofed . permitted to feed, they laft but two years.
of large ferrated lobes, Angelica fcandiaca Archange- A N G U I N A. See Tricosanthes.
lica. Tabern. Icon. 82, - ^
. > ANGURIA, the Water Melon, or Citrul."
3. Angelica (Sylvejlris) foliis iisqualibus ovato-lanceo- The Characters arc,
latis ferratis. Hort. Cliff. 97. Angelica with equal leaves^ ,^ It hath male and female flowers growing at feparata dif
compofed of cval fpcar-flsaped lobes which arefatved, An- . tances on the fame plant the flowers of both fexes are of
-^

gelica fylveftris major. C. B. P. 155. ,, , ._y the Open beil-fhaped kind^ of one leaf, and have empale-

4. Angelica {Atropurpurea) extimo foliorum pari co- ments of the fame form, The male flowers have three
adunato terminaU petiolato. Prod. Leyd. 103.
folio . fhort ftamina^ which are joined together at the top; thefe
Angelica -with the extreme pair of leaves joined^ and ter- .
are crowned by flcnder fummits, ihe fch^ale flowers reft
7ninated with a foot-ftalk, Angelica Canadenfis atro-
'
upon^an oval germen^ fuppor ting a cylindrical flyle, crowned
purpurea. Cornut. Canad. 198. ' , .
by three large ftigma, which are gibbons ; the germen af-
5. Angelica (Lucida) foliis a:qualibus ovatls incifo-fer- fleftjy ft
ratis. Hort. Cliff. 97. Angelica with equal leaves a'nd - fllled with comprefjed feed,
oval lobes^ which are cut andfawed, Angehca lucida extremity, ,. . .
.

Canadenfis. 'Cornut. Canad. 196. ,. -;• .. .

--

Dr. LinnjEus joins this genus to the Gourd, but who-

The firft fort is the common
Angelica, which is cul- ever will allow the fruit to fee a charad:eriftic in de-
tivated in the e;ardens for medicinal ufe, as alfo for termining the genera, muft keep them feparate ; for
making a fweetmeat, which is by fome greatly efteem- the Gourd hath but three cells, whereas the Aneiu-
._ ed. This grows naturally by the fide of rivers in
.
' ria has five.
northern countries. , •
. .
i*' r
This genus is ranged in the tenth fedlion of Linna^;-
The fecond fort grows naturally in Hungary, and .^ us's twenty-firft clafs of plants, entitled Moncecia
_

fome parts of Germany. This hath been fuppofed to Syngenefia, from the flowers beings male and female
be only a variety of the firft by many modern bota- in the fame plant, and the ftamina and fummits grow-
nifls \ but from many years experience in the culture .
,ing together. .... , .

of this plant, I could never obferve any alteration in , We have but one Species of this o;cnus, viz.
}t ; for all the plants which I raifed from feeds, proved Anguria foliis multipartitis. Water Melon with leaves
exadly the fame as the parent plant, and when plant- cut into many parts, Anguria CitruUus difta. C. B, P,
ed in the fame foil with the common fort, they were •
312. .Of this there are feveral varieties v/hich differ in
twice their fize. The leaves were alfo rnuch larger, the form and colour of their fruit i but as thefe vary an-
and deeper fawed on their edges, the umbels much , Dually from feeds, it is needlefs to enumerate themhere.
larger, and the flowers were yellow. This fort feldom This fruit is cultivated in Spain, Portugal, Italy, knd
continues longer than two or three years, fo that moft other warm countries in Europe ; as alfo in Afri-
young plants fhould be. raifed to preferve the fpecics. ca, Afia, and America, and is by tlie inhabitants of
The fown in autumn, for thofe which
feeds fhould be ,
thofe countries greatly efteemed for their wholfome
are fown in the fpring feldom fucceed. ^ ;, !•: > coohng quality \ but in England the fruit is not la
The third fort grov/s naturally in moift meadows, .- univerfally efteemed, though fome few perions are
and by the fides of rivers in many parts of England, very fond of them. Ifliall therefore give full direc-
fo is feldom admitted into gardens, -. 1 1 tions for raifincy them, fo that fuch perfons as are will-
The fourth and fifth forts grow naturally in North A- ing to be at the expence and trouble of it, niay not
merica, from whence their feeds v/ere fent to Europe, be at a lofs for inftructions. .,- .
"

W "l
.
.

where the plants are prcfcrved in gardens for the fake Firft provide fome feeds, which fliould be three or
of variety but as they have^ no ufe and but little
; four years old ; for new feeds are^apt to produce vi-
beauty, they are not admitted into^ many gardens. gorous plai-ts, which are feldom fo fruitful as diofe of
They are both very hardy plants, and may be cafily a moderate ftrenf_nh. The beft forts to cultivate in
propagated by feeds, which fliould be fown in au- England, are thofe with fmall round fruit, which
tumn, and when the plants are large enough to re- . come from Aftracan, thofe w^ith veiy large fruit, fel-
move, they mufl: be tranfplanted into a moift foil, dom ripen well in this climate. Having provided
and have a fliady fituation, allowing them two feet good feed, you flibuld prepare a heap ot new dung
room on every fide. They grow four or five feet the beginning of February, w^hich fhould be thrown
high, and put out many fl:ioots from die root, efpeci- - , in a heap for about twelve days to heat, turning it
ally the fecond year from feed, wljen they will flower oyer twice, miixing it well ; then you fliould make a
in June, and the feeds ripen in September. The roots . hot-bed, in which thefe feeds, as alfo Cucumber-fec;i3
of tiiefe forts feldom continue longer than two or three . and Mufli Melons may be fown. The dung flioukl
years "'
rhe common Angelica delights to grow in a be wtU wrought in makino- the bed, and muft he
[ very moift foil ; the feeds of this plant fliould be fown beaten down pretty clofe with a duno;-fork, that tiie
foon after tiiey are ripe, for if they are kept until the heat may not be too violent, and of longer continu-
fpring, fcluom one feed in forty will grow. When . ance. When the dung is thus laid, you fliould cover
tlie plants are come up about fix inches high, they it about four inches thick with good light earth, and

. fnould be tranfplanted at a large diflance, for tl^eir having fpread it very even, you fliould put the frame
leaves extend very wide the beft place for this plant
-, and glafsover it, leaving it to warm four or five days
is upon the fides of ditches, or pools of water ; where before you put the feeds into it, obferving, if the
being planted about three feet afunder, they will fteam rifes pretty much, to raife up the glafs to let it
thrive exceedingly. The fecond year after fowing, pafs off: then, if you find your bed in proper tem-
they v/ill flioot up to fliower ; therefore if you have a per, you may fow your feeds therein in drills, cover-
mind to continue their roots, you fl:L0Uld cut down ins; them over with earth about half an inch. After
this.
 A N N N
'this, if your bed very warm, you miv3: give
you find leaves, ivhich are concave and pointed. Ilje flower
air in the day-time by niifing the glafies but if the ; hath f.x petals, three large and three altmiatek
bed is coo!, you mull: cover it well with mats c^^ery fmaller. The Jiamina fcarce difcernihle, hut there are
is

niglit, as alfo in bad v/eather. In four or iivc days on each Jids the germen, vohlch is
fu
at ter, you muft prepare another hot-bed tp receive )f the fiGzver, having no Jlyle, hut i

thlefe plants, v/hich will be fit to tranfplant in ten fi ifter

davs, or a fortnight at moft, after the feeds are fown ; fyuit, having a fc
this bed need not be very large, for a few ot thefe 'I frtooth feeds
plants v/ill fill a large quantity of frames, v/hen they Ti)is genus of plants is ranged in the feventh feftion
are planted out for good, and while the plants are of Linnieus's thirteenth clafs, entitled Polyandria Po-
young, there may be a great quantity kept in one lyginia, the fiowers of this divifion having many
fta-
lio-ht -, who
fo tliat thofe perfons raife early Cucum- mina and feveral germen.
bers and Mufk Melons, may aifo raife thefe plants in The Species are,
the fame bed ; for two or three lights will be fufficient 1. Ani^o}^ A {Reticulata) foliis lanceolatis frudibus m^a-
to raife plants of all three kinds, to fupply the largeft tis reticulato-areolatis.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 537. Anncna
families, until they are planted out for good; ^ In with fpear-fhaped leaves, and oval fruit which are netted^
the management or thefe plants while young, there cr wrought in fquares. Guanabanus fruftu aureo &
is little difference from the direftions given for raifing moUiter aculeato. Plum. Nov. Gen. 43. "The C '^^
Mufk Melons, therefore I need not repeat it here. Apple.
The chief thing to beobferved, is, to let them have 2, Annona {Muricatis) foliis ovali-lanceolatis glabris
a large ftiare of air whenever the weather will permit, '
nitidis planis pomis muricatis. Hort. Cliff. 222. An-
othervvife the plants will draw up weak, and be good ' nona with plain, fnooth, finning, oval, fpear-ffoapcd
for little. As thefe plants will require two or three leaves, and a prickly fruit. Guanabiinus frudu e vi-
hot-beds to bring the fruit to perfeftion, it will be ridi lutefcente molliter aculeato. Plum. Nov. Gen.
the better way to put the plants into bafkets, when - 43. The Sour Sop.
they have gotten four leaves, as is direfted for raifing 3 of
early Cucumbers but you fhould not plant more
^ fubfquamatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 537. Anncna with oh-
than two plants in each baflcet, for if one of them Guanabanus foliis
•if fcaly f
lives it will be fufficient; therefore when' both the odoratis ffuftu fubrotundo fquamofo. Plum. Nov.
plants fucceed, you fliould draw outthe'weakefl and Gen. 43. The Sweet Sop.
moll unpromifing of them, before they begin to put 4. Annon'a {Paluftris) foliis obloi
out their fide flioots, otherwife they will entangle and fruftu rotundo, cortice glabro. Annona with' oblongs
render it difficult to be performed, without greatly blunt, fmooth leaves, and round fruit, with a fmooth
injuring the remaining plant. 'Jldn.^-Guanabanus paluftris frudu Isevi viridi. Plum.
The which thefe plants are to be planted,
baflcets in '
Nov. The Water Apple,
need not be more than a foot diameter; fo that one 5. Annona (Cherimola) foliis latiffn-nis glabris, fru£lu
light will contain eight of them, which will be fuffi- - 'oblongo fquamato, feminibus nitidiffimis. Annona with
cient for twenty-four lights, when they are planted fmooth leaves, oblong fcaly fi
out tor good ; for where the plants are vigorous, one firming feeds
fingle plant v/illfpread fo far as to fill three lights ; 6. Annona {Africana) foliis ovato-lanceolatispubefcen-
and if tliey liave not room, they feldom fet their fruit tibus fruftu glabro fubcasruleo. Annona with oval,
well. fpear-froaped, downy leaves, a7td fmooth hluifo fruit. Gua-
Thefe baflcets may remain in the
nurfery-beds until nabanus fru6tu fubca^rulco. Plum. Nov. Gen. 43.
the plants have fpread, and put out many runners ; The Sweet Apple. ^
^
'

for wiien the heat of this bed declines, it is foon re- 7. Annona {Afmtica) fofiis lanceolatis glabris nitidis fe-
vived by adding a proper lining of warm dung to cundum nervosfulcatis. Hort. Cliff. 222.
Annonawith
tlie fides of the bed quite round ; fo that when they neat fpear-fljaped leaves, with nervous furrows. Guana-
are taken out of this bed, and placed in the ridges banus frudu purpureo. Plum. Nov. Gen. 43. The •

where they are to remain, the heat of the beds will ^Purple Apple. / • .

lait fo long as to fet their fruit, which is of great con- 8. Annona (Triloba) foliis lanceolatis fruflibus trifidis.
fequencc for v/hen the plants are ridged out very
•,
Lin. Sp. Plant, ^^j. nth fpear-f
young, the beds are generally made of great thick- ifidf
nefs in dung, in order to continue their heat; fo arietis referente. The North Ame-
Cateft). Car. 2. 85.
that for fome time after they made, they are
are rican Annona, called by the inhabitants Pafaw.
fo extreme hot, as to endanger the fcalding of the The firft fort ufually grows to the height of twenty-
plants and by the time the
; fruit begins to appear, five feet, or upwards, in the Weft-Indies, and is well
there is little heat left in the beds, which often occa- furniflaed with branches on every fide tlie bark is ;

fions the fruit to and come to nothing.

drop off, fmooth, and of an Afti colour the leaves areoblono;, ;

After thefe plants are placed in the beds where they of a light green colour, and have feveral deep tranT-
arc to remain, you muft carefully lead the flioots as verfe ribs or veins, ending in acute points the fruit ;

they are produced, fo as to fill each part of the frame, is of a conical form, as large as a tennis-ball, of an
but not to croud each other ; and be careful to keep Orange colour v/hen ripe, having a foft, fweet, yel-
them clear from weeds, as alfo to admit frefh air lowilh pulp, of tlie confiftence of a cuftard, from
whenever the weather will permit they muft alfo be ; whence the title of Cuftard Apple was given to it.
frequently watered, but do not give it them in great The fecond fort is not fo large as the firft, rarely rifing
quantities. In Ihort, there is little difference to be above twenty feet high, and not fo well furnifhed
obferved in the management of
from that of thefe, with branches ; the leaves are broader tlian thofe, have
Muik Melons, but only to give them more room, . a fmooth furfice without any furrows, and are of a
and to keep the beds to a good temperature of heat, iliining green colour the fruit is large, of an oval
\

and wlien the fruit appears, to admit air freely to the fhape, irregular, and pointed at the top, being of a
plants, in order to fet their fruit but when the nights -,
greenifh yellow colour, and full of fmall knobs on
are cold, the glafles muft be covered with mats to the outfide the pulp is foft, white, and of a four and
•,

keep the beds warm, without which this fruit will fweet tafte intermixed, having many oblong dark-co-
feldom come to good in this country. loured feeds.
A N I i.. See Indigophera, The third fort is a tree of humbler growth, feldom
A N I S U M, or A N I S E. See Pimpinklla. rifing more than fifteen feet high, and is well furniihcd
AKNONA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 613. Guanabanus. with branches on every fide the leaves of this foj t •,

IMiim. Nov. Gen. 10. Tie Cup/rd Apple, ^c. have an agreeable fcent when rubbed \ the fruit is
The Characters are, roundiftiand fcaly, and w^hen ripe turns of a purple
Jl:c empalcmevt is compofed of three fmall heart-jJoapcd colour, and hath a fweet pulp,
O The
 j ,

ANN A N
The fourth fort commonly grows from thirty to forty leaves,and caufe them to decay-, but when carefully
feet in the Weft-Indies. This hath oblong pointed managed, dieir leaves will continue green all the win-
leaves, which have' fome (lender furrows, and when ter, and make a very good appearance in the ftove
rubbed have a llrong fcent j the fruit of this fort is at that feafon.
feldom eaten but by the negroes ; the tree grows in As rhefe plants advance in their growth, thcy^ Ihoiild
inoift places in all the illanus of the Weft-Indies. be fliifted into larger pots ; but this muft be done
The fifth fort is Peru i'ot the
rftuch cultivated in witli caution, for nothing is more prejudicial to them
fruit, and from thence the feeds have been brought than over-potting them. They muft alfo conftantly
to England, and many plants have beenraifed. This remain in the tan-bed, otherwile they will make but lit-
grows to be a very large tree in the natural country tle progrefs ; for although they will U/e in a dry ftove,
of its growth, and is well furniflied with branches, yet they will make little progrefs, nor will their leaves
which are garnifhed with leaves of a bright green co- appear fo fine, as when they are preferved in a vigo-
lour, which are much larger than thofe of any of the rous growing ftatc and it is more for die beauty of
-,

other forts. The fruit is oblong and fcaly on the out- their leaves, than any hopes of their producing fruit
fide, and of a dark pufple colour when ripe ; tlie in this country, that they are preferved in ftoves for :

flefli is foft and fweet, h^s many brown feeds inter- though there has been fome of the forts which have
mixed, which are very fmooth and ftiining ; the fruit produced flowers in England, yet none have ever
is efteemed by the Peruvians as one of their moft de- fhewn their fruit here.
1

licate forts. This has produced flowers in England, Sorile of thefe plants are twelve or fourteen feet high
but no fruit. .
ift our gardens, and a few years ago there were plants

The fixth and feventh forts grow in fome of the ; (rf" the fifth fort in the garden at Chelfea, which were

French iflands, as alfo in Cuba, in great plenty ; thefe . .,^ more than 'twenty fit'ct high, and piroduced flowers
grow to the height of thirty feet or more their fruit •, two or three years. The ftove in which thefe plants
are efteemed by the inhabitants of thofe iflands, who - ire pkced, fliould, during the winter feafoh, be kept
frequently give them to fick perfons^ as they reckon to the Anarlas heat, marked on the botanical tliermo-
them very cooling and wholefdn^; . > .. -
meters. The earth Ihould be light and rich in which
The eighth fort grows plentifully in the Bahama they are planted, and the tan-bed Ihould be frequently
iflands, where it feldom rifcs to more than ten feet turned over and refreflied. Their waterings muft be
high, having feveral ftems ; the fruit of this fort are frtqufent in fummer, but not in too great quantity.
.fhaped like a Pear inverted. This is feldom e^en In the winter they muft have it but feldom, a little
but by the negroes, and is the food of guanas, and onee a wfeek in open weather, and, in froft, once iri
6ther animals. " - ' k fortnight or three weeks, will be fufficient. ,
i,
This fort will thrive in the open
England, if
air in ANTH E^M I S. Lin. Gen. Plant. 870. Chamomile.
it is planted in a warm fheltered fituation ; but the The Characters are.
plants (hould be trained up in pots, and Iheltcred in a phmt with a compound fiower^ wbofe common
It is
winter for two 61* three years, until they havfe ac- tfHpakment i^ heffiifphericaly compofe-d of many fcnies
quired fome ftrength then they may be turned out
•, I which are equal the border^ or rays of the flower^ is
of the pots in the fpring, and planted in tht full tompofedi^f many female florets^ whofe petals are ftretched
J
ground, where they are to remain. This fort has pro- mt like tonnes on orie ftde^ and are indented in three
duced flowers in the curious garden of his grace the faris at tbefr extremity. The middle^ or dijk of the flower^
j
duke of Argyle, at Whitton, near Hounflow, where j iscon^fed of many hermaphrodite florets^ is)hich are fun-
it has been growing in the open air for fome years, nel'fl^aped^ ere5l^ and cut into five parts at the top, thefe
as alfo in the nurfeiy of the late Mr. Gray, near Ful- have five fhort narrow flamina^ which are crowned by
ham. The feeds of this fort are frequently brbught iylindrical hollow fummits^ the germen is fituated at the
to England from North America, which are much bottofn^ fupporting » fiender Jiyle^ crow)ted by two reflexed
larger than thofe of the other fpecies, and many plants fiigma^ which afterward becomes an oblong naked feed.
|
have been lately raifed in the gardens near London. the female florets have no fiamina, but an oblong ger-
J
The Ihape of the leaves is alfo different ; this cafts *^K in the center^ fupporting two infiexed fiyles
its leaves in autumn, whereas all the others retain This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feftion
their leaves, never cafting them until the ipring, of Linnasus's nineteenth clafs, entitled Syngenefia
when the leaves come out. The fruit is very different Polygamia fuperflua, the flowers of this fedion be-
from thofe of the other fpecies, two or three grow- ing compofcd of many florets, which are female and
ing together at their foot-ftalks. When the feeds hermaphrodite, whofc ftamina are joined at the top.
of this fort are fown, they frequently remain a The Species are,
whole year in the ground ; therefore the earth ih the I. Anthemis {Nobilis) foliis pinnato-compofitis lineari-
pots fhould not be difturbed, where they are fdivn, bus acutis fubvillofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 894. Chamomile
if the plants do not come up the firft year ; and the with winged leofves^ compofed of many Very narrow-point-
pots ftiould be flieltered in winter, and the following ed hoary fegments. Chamsemelum nobile five Leucan-
fpring if they are plunged into a new hot-bed, the themum odoratius. C. B. P. 135. Common^ or noble
plants wili come up much fooner than thofe which Chamomile,
are fown in the open air, fo will have more time to 2. Anthemis {Arveirfts) receptaculis conicis paleis feta-
get ftrength before the winter. ceis feminibus coronato-marginatis. Flor. Suec. 704.
All the other forts which are natives of the warm Chamomile with a conical receptacle of briftly chaffs and
parts of America, are to otender to live in this country, bordered feeds. Cham^nielum inodorum. C. B. P.
if they are not preferved in warm ftoves \ they come 136. May Weed.
up very eafily from the feeds which are brought from 3 Anthemis (Cotttla) receptaculis cor^icis paleis fetacei
America, if they are frefh ; but thefe feeds miift be feminibus nudis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 894. Cha?no9ni!e with
fown on a good hot-bed, or in pots of light earth, a conicle receptacky briftly chaffs and naked feeds. Cha-
and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark in Febru- msemelum foetidum. C
B. P. 135. May Weed,
ary, which is by much the beft time becaufe wlien-, 4 Anthemis {Cota) fiorum paleis rigidis pungentibus.
the plailts come up early, they will have time to Flor. Leyd. 172. Chamomile withftiff pungent chaff be-
get ftrength before the cold weather comes on in the tween the florets. Chamaemelum annuum ramo-
autumn. fum cotube foetid^ floribus amplioribus capitulis
Thefe plants fliould be kept in the bark-ftove, and fpinofis. Mor. Hift. 3. p. 36.
carefully "managed, with which they will make ^reat 5. Anthemis {Altiffmia) eredta fohorum apicibus fub-
progrefs; but in warm weather they fliould have fpinofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 893. Upright Chamomile with
plenty of frefti air admitted to them, for when the ledroes ending with fpines. Chamifcrnclum Leucanthe-
air is excluded from them too much, they are apt to mum Hifpanicum magno flore. C. B. P. 135.
grow fickly, and are often attacked by vermin, which 6. Anthemis {Maritima) foliis pinnatis dentatis carno-
will multiply and fpreadover the whole furface of the fis tiudis punftatis Caule proftrato, calycibus fubto-
2 mentofis-
 ANT A
mentofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 893. L vith fiejhy Nvhk-h are ufej for c'le toot!i-ach,
being extromejv
pinnated leaves y and a branching trail ng ftalk Chaniie- warm ; swhtn tlicy are applied to die part alFefted,
thty
melum maritimum. C. B. P. 134. draw out n!ie cold rheurn, and are often
fervireab'^
7. Anthemis (Tomentcfa) foliis pinnatifidis obtufis pla- in tms particular. Tliis is a
perennial plant, with a 1
nis, pedunculis calycibus toniento-
hiriutis, foliofis taper root like tJialof a Carrot, which
grows naturallvin
Cs. Hort. Cliff. 415. Chamomile with plain blunt leaves^ bpajriand Portugal, from whence the roots are
brouojit
"jinnged at their extremity^ and a leafy
hairy foot-fialks^ to iingland. 1 lie branches of this trail upon t'hc
woolly empalcment, Chamaemelum maritimuni inca- ground, afid fpread a foot or more each way
; thcte
num folio abfinthii craffo. Boerh. Ind, i. p. no. are garniflied with fine winged leaves, like thcfe' of
8. Anthemis {Mixta) foliis fimplicibus dentato-lacini- the common Cliamomile ; at the extremity
of e?ch
atis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 894. Chamomile with fingle^ in- branch is produced one large fingle flower, like
Cha-
dented^ cut leaves. Chamsemelum Lufitanicum lati- momile, but much larger, the rays of which are
of a
folium five Coronopi folio. Breyn. Cent. i. 49. pure white within, but purple on their outfide.
After
9. A^NTHEMis {Pyrethrum) caulibus unifloris decumben- the flowers are palt, the receptacle fwells to
a larae
tibus foliis pinnato-multifidis. Lin. Hort. Cliff. 414. fcaly cone ; between thefe fcales are lodged
the feeds.
Chamomile with fingle flowers on the ftalks lying on the It flowcrs.in June and July, and the feeds
are ripe in
ground^ arJ winged leaves. Pyrethrum flore beilidis. September ; but unlefs the feafon is dry, the feeds do
C.B. P. 148. ofSp not ripen in England, for the wet falls betweefi the
10. Anthemis {Valentino) caule ramofo foliis pubcfcen- f:ales, and rots the feeds in embryo.
tibus tripinnatis, car The eleventh fort isa perennial plant, which is pro-
Cliff. 414. Chamon "with a branching ftalk, multiftd pagated by feeds ; thefe may be fown on a bed of
hairy leaves, and hat foot-ftalks, Buphthalmum co- common earth in the fpring, and when the plants are
tulas folio. C. B. P. enou
II. Anthemis {Tin^oria) foliis bipinnatis ferratis fub- large open borders, near Ihrubs, wncre h they may
tncy
tus tomentofis, caule corymbolb. Lin. Sp. 1263. have room to grow, for they ipread very wide, there-
y^ fore require three feet diftance from other plants
; in
/ Buphthalmum Tanaceti thefe large open fpots they will make a pretty variety
nninoris foliis. C, B. P. 134. from Tune to November, dnrinor wnir'n nn-if* tU^^r
12. Anthemis {Arabica) caule decompofito calycibus continue in flower: fome of thefe are white, others
ramiferis. Ilort. Cliff. 413. Chamomile with adecom- are of fa fulphur, and fome have yellow flowers,
ftalky and a branching empalem. Afterifcus but thefe vary from feed; the eafl:ern forts grow
.nthopho taller, and the flowers are larger than the
common,
Afr. s"^. but in other particulars they are the fam^, though
The firft fort is the common Chamomile, which many have fuppofed them different fpecies.
grows upon commons and other wafte land.
in plenty The feeds of the twelfth fort were brought from A-
It is a trailing perennial plant, which puts out roots frica by the late Dr. Shaw, which were diftributed to
from the branches as they lie on the ground, whereby many curious botanifts in Italy, France, and England,
it fpreads and multiplies greatly ; fo that whoever is
raifed
-willing to cultivate this plant, need only procure a an
few of the flips in the fpring, and plant them a foot flower at the top, from whofe empalement there are
afunder, that they may have room to fpread, and they ftalks
the ground; Formerly this plant was inches
ufed for planting of walks^ which, when mowed and than the firfl:, like the CJiilding Marigold, or Hen
rolled, looked well for fome time^ but as it was very and Chicken Daify, The feeds of this fliould be
fubjed to decay in large pitches, the walks became fown in autumn, and treated in the fame manner as
redon this was difufed. Th e is before direfted for fome other forts,
otherv/ife the
flowers of this fort are ordered for medicinal ufe, but perfected
the market people generally fell the double flowers,
v/hich are much larger, but not fo ftrong as the fin-
M Spider-
wort.
gle. The double fort is equally hardy, and may be \
The Characters are.
propagated in the fame manner. deflower hath no empalement gnd '

^ is compofed of fix
The fecond fort is a common annual weed, which oblong blunt petals^which fpread open. It hath fix up-
grows among corn May right awl-fhapedjiamina^ which are crowned by fmallfum^
Mav Weed, thouc mitSy having four furrows. The germen which is fitu-
properly to the Cocula foetida, which rarely flowers ated in the center is three-cornered^ fupporting a fingle jlyle
rill late in Tune. which as long as the fiamina^ crowned by a three-
is
The fourth, lifth, and eighth annual plants,
forts are cornered blunt ft igma. The germen afterward becomes an
which grow naturally in Spain, Portugal, Italy, and oval fmootb capfule^ having three furrows^ opening in
the fouth of France, from whence their feeds have' three cells ^ which are filled with angular feeds.
ants This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
botanic Linna^us's fixtli clafs, entitled Hcxandria Moncgynia,
They rife ealily from fe^ds fown
the fpring, and in
ilam ;d but one
require no other culture but to thin the plants where ftyle.
" -

they are too clofe, allowing them a foot and a half The Species are,
room each way, and clean them from the weeds. They .
Anthericum {Revolutum) foliis planis fcapo ramofo
flower in July, and their feeds ripen in September. corollis Lin. Sp. Plant. 310. Anthericum
revolutis.
The fixth and feventh forts are perennial plants, with plain leaves^ a branching ftalk^ whofe petals turn
which grow naturally in Spain, Portugal, and Greece, backward, Afphodelus foliis comprefTis alperis caule
from whence their feeds have been brought to Eno-. patulo. Tourn. R. H. 343.
Inft:.
land, and tlie plants are preferved in fome curious Anthericum
2. {Ramcfum) fohis planis fcapo ramofo
gardens for the fake of variety. They are hardy and corollis planis piftillo refto. .Lin. Sp. .Plant.
310.
may be propagated by feeds, which fl^ould be fown Anthericum 7/ leaves^ a branching ftdk^ and
in the fprii/t/ upon poor land, where the plants v/ill
plain refli Phahngium parvo flore ramo-
continue much longer than in good ground, and will lum. C. B. P. 29.
require no other care but to keep them clean from Anthericum
3 {Liliago) foliis planis fcapo fimplicifTi-
weeds. Thefe plants do not grow tall, but are bufliy, mo corollis planis, piflillo declinato. Plort. Uufal.
room Their flowers fingle ftalk
7
-*^ ^^M.m.^M.AA^^-S^ July parvo
the feeds ripen in autumn. C. B. P. 2Q.
The ninth fort is the Pellitory of Spain, the roots of
4. Anthericum
 ;

A N ANT
4. ANTHERicrM {Frutefcens) folils carnofis tcrcribus dens near London, and was formerly knov.T. arrrrTi-:
caule fruticofo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 310. Anthericum v:ith the ga^-dencrs by the titie of Onion-kaved Aloe. T:; >
taper leaves^ andaPmibby fialk, Plialangium ca- plant produces many ligneous branches fro:n the rcn:^
fiejby
pcnlc cunlcfccnsfoliis cepitiis iuccofis. H. Ekh. 310. each fupporting a plane with lung tajxrr leave*:;, in
Anthericum (/f/fif/t/^i) foliis carnofis lubulatis pla- fliape of thofe of the Onion, which are full of a \el-
5.
niufculis. Hort. Upful 83. Jnthmatm v:itb ficp)\ lov/ pulp very juicy. Thefe plants fend out ruur^,
plairiy a^wl-P^aped leaves, Phalangium capcnfe Icinic which run down and faften thcrmfelves into the car:h.
foliis aloctormibus pulpofis. Hort. Elth. 123. by v/hich they multiply greatly. The flower^ are pro-
6. Anthericum (Afphodeloides) fuliis carnofis llibul-iti^ duced on long loofc fpikes, are yellow, and appear
femiccrctibus flridis. 1 lore. Upfal i^.- Anthmcur. ; atditicrent tiipcs, fo that the plants are not long tie-
-j:ith azvl-JJjapcdy fejhy, half taper L-aveSy growing clcje. fl;itute of fl . Thefe are fucceeded by round
Bulbinc acaulis t'oliis i'ubiilatis. Procl. Lcyd. 33. fnooth feed-veflels, which have three celk, filled witli
7. Anthericum {Annuum) fuliis carnofis fubulatis tcrc- triangular feeds ; but as. the plant multiplies fo faft by
tibus fcapo fubramofo. Hort. Updil. 83. Anthericum offsets, the feeds are little regarded. It grows natu-

vntb atvl'jhapedy fiefyy taper leaves^ and a brandnng rally at the Cape of Good Hope, and requires a lit-

Jfalk. Alphodelus Africamis angultifolius liiteus mi- tle flielter in winter ; but in fome mild feafons I have

nor. Tourn. Ind. 343. had plants live without any cover, which were planted
8. Anthericum {Ahijmum) acaulc foliis carnofis tcrcti- clofe to a warm wall. '

'

bus florum longiffiinis laxls. Fig. Plant.pl. 39.

ij>ici3 The fifth and fixth forts grow clofe to the ground,
Tell African Spiderwort with taper ficjly leaves^ and ne\'er riflng with any ftalk. The fifth hath broai',
very long locfefpikes of flowers. flat,pulpy leaves, refembling thofe of fome forts of
9. Anthuricum {Oflifragum) foliis enfifonrilbus fiU- Aloe, fo was formerly by gardeners called Aloe with
mcntis lanatis. Flor.Suec. 268. Anthericum with /word- flowers of Spiderwort. The leaves fpread open ; the
Jkaped leaves^ and
flamina: dowm Afphodclus lutcus flowers are produced on loofc fpikes, like the former,
palullris. Dod. Pcmut, 208. but flx>rter : the flowers are yellow, and appear

10. Anthckicum (C^^^-wAjZ/^/vi) foliis enfiformibus peri- at ditrerent feafons. This is produced by offsets,
anthiis trilobis filamentis glabris piftiUis trigynis. which are put out in plenty, and muft be planted i.i
Flor. Suec. 269. Antbericum with fzvord-Jkaped leaves^ pots filled with light fandy earth, and in winter placed
an empakment with three lobes^ fmootb flamina^ and three in the grcen-houfe, and treated as other hardy fuccu-
Jlyles, Phalangiuni alpinum paluftre, Iridis folio. lent plants, which come from the Cape of Good
Segu. - - •'
' Hope, where this plant grows naturally. It muft b-,:
The firft grows naturally at the Cape of Good
fort kept pretty dry in winter, and if it is fcreened from
1 lopc ; the roots of this are flefliy, and comiiofcd of froft, it will require no artificial warmth.

tubers joined at the crown like thofe of the Afphodel The fixth fort hath long, narrow, pulpy leave^» whic!i
the ftalk riles near two feet high, and branches out are almoft taper, but flatted on their iipper fide tl'-i^ •,

'
on each fide, each branch being terminated by aloofe fends out many oflfsets, bj* which it may be increak J
fpike of ilovvers, which are white, and the petals are plentifully. The flowers arc yellow, and grov/ oa
turned backward to their foot-ftalk. Lhe leaves of long loofc fpikes, as the former; thefe appear at dif-
this fort are flat, and the root is perennial, but the ferent feafons ; thofe of the fpring and lummer arc
fpikes decay in autumn. v ..
'
fucceeded by feeds in jjrcat plenty, fo may be eafily
I'he fecond fort hath a perennial root ; the flalks of propagated thereby, wnich ripen ver)r*welJ. Itmuit
this rile about the fame height as the former, fend- be treated in the fame manner as the lormer.
ing out many lateral branches in like manner, which The fcventh fort is annual this is a low plant grow-
:

arc terminated by loofc fpikes of flowers, which arc ing clofe to the ground, having pretty long fucculcnt
white, but the petals are plain, and do not turn back leaves whicli are taper, but flatted on their upper
as In the odier fort. fide 1 tlie flowers grow in loofe fpikes, wliich arc
The third fort hath plain leaves and an unbranching fliorterthan either of the other forts. They are yel-
ftalk, which it chiefly differs from the former.
in low, and fucceeded by round feed-veflels, like tlK>fe
The root of this is perennial. of the former forts; the plants perifli foon after their
The two next forts grow naturally in Spain, Portu- feeds ripen. The feeds of this fort fliould be fown on
gal, and other w^m countries, and were more com- a warm border ot liglit earth in April, where they
mon fome years ago in the Englifti gardens than at are to remain and when the plants come up, they
*,

prefent \ for the levere winter in 1740, killed mod of will require no other care but to keep them clean
their roots. Thefe flower in June and July, and tlicir from weeds, and to thin them where they arc too
feeds are ripe in September. They are propagated by clofe. This fort flowers in July, and the feeds ripen
f<:ti.Uy which fliould be fown in autumn ; for thofe in Odobcr.
which are fown in the fpring, never come up the The eighth fort never rifes to a ftalk, but the leaves
fanu* year, but remain in the ground till the follow- come out clufc to the ground. Thefe are long, taper,
ing fpring, or often mifcarry\ Thefe fliould be fown fucculcnt, and of a fea-green colour, growing cred i

in a bed of light fandy earth, in a warm fituation, the flower-ftems rife between the leaves, and are ne.;r
and w!ien the plants come up, they mufl: be kept three feet long ; the upper half being thinly garnifli-
clean from weeds during the fumnier; and in au- cd with yellow flowers, U^aped like thofe of the other
tumn, when their leaves decay, they fliould be care- fj)ecies. Thefe appear at difierent feafons, fo that the
fuliy taken up, and tranfplanted into a bed of li^rJu plants are feldom long defiitute of flowers. This
earth, at a foot difl:ance from each other. If tiu: fort doth not fend out offsets (o freely as fMue of the
wiiuer fliould prove feverc, the bed fliould be covered others; but as it produces feeds annually, it may be
With Uraw, Peafe-haulm, orfuch light covering, to had in plenty. It mull be treated in the Luvx manner
k(ep out the froft; or if fome old tan from a hot- as the fourth, fifth, and fixth forts.
bed is l"pread over the ground, it will prevent the frofl Tiic ninth and tenth forts grow naturally on bogs
fiV);n pt-netrating the ground, and will prefei*\'e the in moft of the northern countries; the tenth is com-
roots. In this bed they may remain one year, by mon in many parts of England, but partirul.irly in
which time they will be n.rong enough to flower; Lancafliire, from whence it had the title or Lancafliirc
tlierefore the following autumn they fliould be care- Afpiiodel ; it alio grows on abogupo»i rutiicy-heath.
fully taken up, ft) as not to break their roots, and The other grows naturally in Denmark, Sweden, ar.d
planted in the borders of the flower-garden, where Lapland. Thefe are both low planti, liaving narr^'v
they will lart i'everal years, if they are not killed by leaves, which grow clofe to tlie ground; the flow? "-
froll; to prevent which, fome rotten tan fliouId be
•,
Items rife about fix inches hiii^h, bein^ te:\ivnatcd bv
laid over the roots in winter, which will always fccurc aloofe Ipike ot fmall ycUov/ flowers, 'i hefe dlHt r
them. from each other, the ftaniina of the tenth t>:ir.^
The fourth fort has been long prcferved in many gar- I woolly, whereas thofe of the other arc finooih. Th/.-*
 . ;

A N N
plants, grov.'ing naturally upon bogs, are with diffi- tan ^vhkh lias loft its heat, and iliaded In the vvAdi'*
culty pai'erved in gardens. of the day mliot weather, tJie feeds will come up the
NTHKK. a; [from flowery,] are the fum-
'A^S-zifo; following winter therefore they muft be kept cohered
-,

mits or little tops in the middle of a flower, fupported witli gla les to fcreen tliem from
cold, oth,erwifc the
by the (lamina. young plants will be, deftroyed. Thefe
may remain
9(^, a flower, and xiy^ in the pots two years, if the plants
are not roo dole,
Gr. a word,] a difcourfe or treatife of flowers. by which time they will have ftrength
enough to be
ANTIIOLYZA. We have no Englifli name for planted each into a leparate fmall pot
filled v/ith lic-hf
this plant. earth The time for tranfplanting of thefe roots is
The Characters are, in July or Auguft, when their
leaves are decayed
// hath an imbricated flocath growing alternate^ ivhii\ In fummcr the pots may be placed in
the open ?ir
is perraanent ; the flower
of one leaf tubulous^ an
is but m winter they muft be removed, and
placed under
cpcns above with comprejfcdjaws, 'Thd upper Up isjlendev a hot-bed frame, for they are not very
tender but ;
,
ertSi^ and waved \ the two jazvs are JJjort^ an where any damp arifes, it is very apt to occafion
a
joined at their bafe ; the tinder lip is trifid^ fljort^ and th mouldinefs upon their leaves. The roots flioot up
in
7niddle fegment turns dozvmvard^ it hath three longjlende, autumn, and the flowers begin to appear in
May •

flamfna, two of which are under the upper lip^ and th the feeds ripen in Auguft, and foon after their
leaves
ether lies in the under lip \ thefe are crowned by pointei and ftalks decay when the roots may be taken up,
-,

fi fituated the germen^ fup

flower is and kept fix weeks or two months out of tlie ground^
flender flyle the length of the ft hich IS w fo may be eafily tranfported from one comitry to
y a flender^ trifid^ reflexedjh The germ en another at that time. Thefe flowers are ornamental
three-cornered veffel
'difh when they appear, and they are plants which require
tbree cells ^ tn which are lodged many triangular feeds. but little culture, fo deferve a place in every o-ood
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion of garden.
Linna^us's third clafs, entitled Triandria Monogynia, A N T H O S P E R M U M, Amber-tree, vulgo.
the flowers having three flramina and one ftyle. The Characters are,
The Species are, // is male and female in different plants ; the male fu
I. Antholyza {Ringens) corolla labiis divaricatls fauce
of one leaf
riant. 54. Antholyza whofe flower- into four parts almofl
'/
Gladiolus floribus ridlum referens
zfu tfes four fender fl
coccineus fuprema lacinia erecSla fifl:ulofa. Breyn. 2 1 & fquarefummits^ having a deep furrow through their middle.
2. Antholyza (Spicata) foliis linearibus fulcatis floribus The female flowers have the fame firuBure as the male,
albis uno verfu difpofitis. Fig. Plant, pi. 40. Antho- 'but have no ftamina ; inflead of -which, there is an oval
lyza with furrowed leaves^ and white flt germen, fituated in the bottom, fupporting two recurved
fide of the ftalk ftyles crowned with a flender ftigma. 'The germen afterward
Tlie firft round, red, bulbous roots, from
fort hatJi becomes a roundiflo capfule having four cells, which contain
which arife feveral rough furrowed leaves, near a foot feveral angular feeds.
long, and half an Inch broad ; between thefe comes Dr. Linnsus has ranged this genus in his twentieth
out the flower-ftem immediately from the root, which clafs of plants, but it properly belongs to his
twenty-
two feet high.
rifes and hath feveral flowers
Is hairy, fecond, becaufe the plants are male and female in dif-
coming out on each fide. Thefe are of one leaf, cut ferent plants ; whereas thofe of his twenty-third, have
into fix unequal parts at the top one of thefe feo-- : male, female, and hermaphrodite flowers on the fame
mcnt.s is ftretched out much beyond the other, ftand- plant.
ing ereft ^ the margins are waved and clofed to- (.Eth foliis tevibus. Horr.
gether, wrapping up the three ftamlna. The flowers
fi
are red, and appear in June, and the feeds ripen in This plant has been long known in the curious gar-
September. dens, under the title of Frutex Africanus, ambram
The roots of the fecond fort are In fliape and fize like fpirans, or Amber-tree.
thofe of the Vernal Crocus, but the outer fkin is thin It preferved in moft curious gardens which have
is
and white ; from this arifes five or fix long narrow collections of tender plants, and is eafily propagated
leaves, which are deeply furrowed. Between thefe by planting cuttings during any of the fummer
arife the flower-llem, which is a foot and a half high, months, in a border of light earth j which will take
bending on one fide toward the top, where the flowers root in fix weeks time, provided they are watered and
come our, ranged on one fide, ftanding ereft. Thefe ftiaded as the feafon may require : or if thefe cuttino-s
have each a fpatha or flieath, of one leaf, divided into are planted in pots, and plunged into a very moderate
two, ending in points, which are permanent. The hot-bed, they will take root fooner, and there will
flower is of one leaf, having a long tube, but is di- be a greater certainty of their grow;ng. Afterv/ard
vided into fix unequal fegments at the top, which theyftiould be taken up, with a ball of earth to their
fpread open, their margins being waved and turned roots, and planted into pots filled with light fanciy
inward. The three ftamina rife under the upper fe^*- earth, and may be expofed to the open air until Oc-
ment, wliich is larger than the others, and below is tober-, at which time they fiiould be removed into
fituated the trifid ftyle, crowned with purple ftio-ma. the confervatory, where they fliould be placed as free
After the flower Is paft, the germen becomes a three- as pofiible from being over-hung with other plants
cornered feed-veflrl, opening in three cells, which are and, during the winter feafon, they muft be refreftied
filled with triangular feeds. The flowers of this fort with water, but fliould not liave too much given tliem
May each time and fliould have as much air admitted to
;

Auguft. them as tlie weather will permit, for if they are kept
Thefe plants are natives of Africa, from whence their too clofe, they will be kibje6t to grow mouldy, and
feeds liave been obtained, and were firft raifed in the generally decay foon after; fo that if the green-houfe
Dutch gardens, where one of die forts has long is damp, it will be difficult to preferve tJiefe plants
been ^n ornament in the curious gardens of that through the winter.
country. *
The beauty of this fiirub is in its finall ever-grccn
They are propagated by which the bulbous
off^sets, leaves, which grow as clofe as heath wliich being j

roots lend fortli in pretty great plenty, or by feeds, bruifed between tlie nnc-ers, emit a \'ery fraoran't
which are fometimes perfefted in Europe. Thefe odour, Thefe plants muPc be frequently renewed by
feeds fiiould be fown foon after they are ripe; for if cuttings, foi
ir the old plants are very fiibjecL to decay,

they are kept out of tlie ground till the following feldoni cont inuing above three or four years.
Ipring, tliey often mlfcarry, or at leaft remain a year .Tt Is but of late years there have been any of tlie fe-
in the ground before they grow. If the feeds are fown male plants in tlie gardens, for all thofe wliicii were
in pots of light earth, and plunged into an old bed of
formerlv in the frardens, were the mule, which bcincT
11 pro-
 ;

A N A N
propagated by cuttings had been continued, fo that on
no leeds were ever produced in England till within a empalements, out of which the extreme parts of the
few years part, when I i*eceived feme feeds from the petals do but jufl: appear; thefe are of a yellow co-
Cape of Good Hope, from which I raifed many plants lour, and are fucceeded by fliort pods inclofed in the
of both fexes, and a few among them with her- empalement. It flowers in June and July, and the
maphrodite flowers, which have produced feeds, feeds ripen in September. The feeds of this fort
from which many plants have been raifed. ftould be fown on a bed of light earth in April, where
ANTH Y L L I S. Lin. Gen. Plant. 773. Vulneraria. the plants are to remain, and will require no other
Tourn. Barba Jovis. Tourn. Ladies Finger-^ or Kidney care, but to thin them to the diftance of two feet,
Velch. and keep them clean from weeds.
The Characters ^re^ The fecond fort grows naturally in Spain and Portu-
It ha^h a fwelling^ bair)\ permanent empakment of one leaf gal, from both which countries I have received the
which divided at the tip into five equal parts.
is The feeds J it alfo grows wild in Wales, and the ifle of
flo'-jcer is of the hiitterf.y kindy having a long fiandard re- Man. This is a biennial plant, having fingle leaves
fiexed on both fides beyond the empalement \ the two wings at bottom, which are oval and hairy j but thofe which
are fijort \ the keel is of the fame lengthy and comprejfed. grow out of the fl:alks are winged, each beinp: com-
"Thtrt are ten ftamxna^ which rife together y and are crowned pofed of two or three pair of lobes terminatecf by an
by fingle ftimmits'. In the center isfituated an oblong ger- odd one: the flowers grow collefted into heads at
meny fupporting aftngle ftyle^ crowned by a blunt ftigma: the top of the fl;alks, thefe are of a bright fcarlet co-
the gervien afterward becomes a fmall roundifh pod inclofed lour, fo make a pretty appearance it flowers in June
:

by the empalement ^ having one or two feeds. and July, and the feeds ripen in Oftober. When
This genus is ranged in Linnreus's feventeenth clafs the plants of this fort grow on poor land, they will
of plants, entitled Diadelphia Decandria, the flowers fometimes continue three years, but in gardens they
having ten Itaniina joined in two bodies. feldom laft longer than two.
The Species are, The third fort grows naturally upon chalky grounds
1. Anthyli.is {Tetraphylla) herbacea quatcrno- foliis in many parts of England, fo is rarelj^ admitted into
pinnatis floribus lateralibus. Hort. Upfal. 221. Her- gardens. Dr. Linnaeus fuppofes this and the former
baceous Kidney Vetch with winged leaves^ having four fort to be the fame, but from having cultivated thef^t
IcbeSyand flowers growing from the fide of the ftalks. for many years, I can affirm they are different fpecies,
Vulneraria pentaphyllos. Tourn. Inft-. never altering from feed. The leaves of this fort are
2. Anthyllis {Vtdneraria) herbacea foliis pinnatis ina^- much narrower than thofe of the former, and have
qualibus capitulo duplicato. Lin. Sp. Plant. 719. generally one or two pair of lobes more in each. The
Kidney Vetch with unequal winged leaves and double heads. heads of flowers in this fpecies are fingle, wherea Jo
Vulneraria fupina flore coccineo. Raii Syn. Ed, 3. the other has generally double heads ; add to thefe,
p. 325" ' the root being perennial, which makes an eflcniial
3. Anthyllis (7?/^/Vfl) herbacea foliis pinnatis inaequa- difference between them.
libus foliolis'caulinis lineari lanceolatis floribus capi- The fourth fort is a perennial plant with trailing
tatis flmplicibus. Herbaceous Kidney Vetch with unequal branches, garniflied with winged leaves, which have
winged leavesy whofe lobes are narrow^ fpear-fhaped^ and an equal number of hairy lobes at the extremity of
Jingle heads of flowers^ called Ladies Fingers. Vulneraria the branches ; the flowers are produced in heads, thefe
ruflica. 362.J. B. 11. p. are of a purple colour, and globular form. This
4. Anthyllts (Af(?wM;/^) herbacea foliis pinnatis asqua- fort grows naturally on mountains in the fouth of
libus capitulo terminali fecundo, floribus obliquatis. France and Italy, from whence I have received the
Lin. Sp. Plant. 719. Herbaceous Woundwort with equal feeds. It is propagated by feeds, which may be fown
winged leaves y terminated by the head of flowers^ w^hich either in the autumn' or fpring thofe which are fown
:

£ire oblique. Aftragaluspurpurcus. Dalechampii 1347. in the autumn, wmU rife the following fpring, and
Purple Milk Vetch. more certainly grow, than thofe wiiich are fown in
5. Anthyllis (Cornicina) herbacea foliis pinnatis injE- the fpring, which feldom grow the fame year. When
. qualibus capitulis folitaris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 719. Her- the plants come up, they muff: be kept clean from
baceous IVcurukvcrty with unequal winged leaves^ and a weeds ; and where they are too clofe together, they
fingle head offlowers. mufl: be thinned. The following autumn, they fhould
6. Anthyllis (5^rZ'^ ^raj) fruticofa foliis pinnatis ^- be tranfplanted to the places where they are to re-
qualibus floribus capitatis. Hort. Cliffy 371. Shrubby main, and will require no particular management af-
Woundwort.^ with leaves equally winged^ and flowers col- I terward. This fort flowers in June and July, and
Iciledin a head. Barba Jovis pulchre luccns. J. B. i. the feeds ripen in Oftober.
p. 385. Jupiter's Beard^ or Silver Bufij. The fifth fort approaches near to the third, but the
/
. Anthyllis [Cytifcides) fruticofa foliis tcrnatis in.'E- leaves are hoaiy, and the flowers are produced on the
qualibus calycibus lanatis lateralibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. fide of the branches-, thefe are yellow, and collefted
720. Shrublr/ Woundwort y with three unequal leaves^ and into fmall heads. It is an annual, or at mofl: a bien-
n downy flower-cup growing from thefiides. Cytifus in- nial plant i for when it flowers, early in the fummcr,
canus folio medio longiore. C. B. P. 390. it commonly decays foon after the feeds are ripe
S. Anthyllis {Erinacea) fruticola fpinofa foliis fim- whereas thofe plants w^hich flower later in the feaion,
plicibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 720. Shrubby prickly Wound- and do not perfect feeds, will abide another year.
wort ^ with fiiyigld Gcnifta Spartium fpinofum
leaves. This may be propagated by feeds, in the lame manner
foliis lenticula: floribus ex co^rulco purpurafcentibus. as the former.
C. B. P. 394. The fixth fort is the Barba Jovis, or Jupiter's Beard,
9. Anthyllis (/7^r?;7^/;?//>) fruticofa, foliis ternatis fub- by many called Silver Bulli, from the whitenefs of
pedunculatis, calycibus nuciis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1014. its leaves. This is a fhrub which often grows ten or
Shrubby V/cundzvort of Crete^ zvith ternate leaves., and twelve feet high, and divides into many Literal
naked flower-cups. Barba Jovis Cretica, linarias folio, branches, garniflied with winged leaves, compofed of
flore luteo parvo. Tourn. Cor. 44. an equal number of narrow lobes, which arc veiy
10. Anthyllis {HcteropLxUa) fruricofa, foliis pinnatis, white and haiiy the flowers arc produced at the ex-
,

floralibus tcrnatis. L:n. Sp. i'Jant. 1013. Shrubby tremity of the branches, collected into fmall heads-,
Woundwort of PortugaU ivith winged leaves^ but thofe thefe are of a bright yellow colour, and appear in
ne.ir the flowers ternate. Bai ba Jovis minor Lufitanica, June fometimes they are fucceeded by fliort woolly
J

flore minimo variegato. Tourn. Inft.' 6/51. pods, contaming two or tliree kidney-fliapcd feeds -,

Tl>c firft foit grows naturally

Spain, Italy, and
in but unlefs the fcafon proves v/arm, they do nor ripen
Sicily. This is an annual plant, with trailing branches, in this country. It is propagated either by feeds or
which iprcad liat on the grorind ; the leaves grow by cuttings if by feeds, they fiiould be fown in the au-
-,

fours at each joijit, and die flowers come out in cluf- tumn, in pots filled with light earth, and placed under
- 7 a frame
 ; ;

ANT A
a frame winter to |:)rote£t them from froft.
in The
'fi
lollowing ipring the plants will rife, and when they which are full of fmall angular feds.
are Ilrong eiiough to remove, they fliould be each This genus is ranged in Linnsus's
fourteenth clafs
plaiiteu in a fmall pot f'llcd with light earth, and of plants, Didynamia Angioiperma, the
entitled
placed in the fliade till they have taken new root flower having two long and t^^'o
fnort (lamina, and
after whicli, they may be
placed with other hardy many feeds included in a capfule.
exotic plants, in a flieltered fituation, where they
genus To this
Linnsus has joined the Linaria and Afarina-,
but as
may remain till Oftober, when they mufl be removed the flowers of the Linaria luve fpurs
to their petals
into flicker. Thefe plants are always houfed in winter, and the neclarium being very prominent,
yet [ have liad fomc of them live abroad three or four
which are
not fo in this genus, fo it fhould be feparated from it.
yeai-s, which were planted againft a fouth-weft af- The Specie s are
pcdcd wall. It may alfo be propagated by cuttings, 1. Antirrhinum {Minus) foliis lanceolatis obtufis al-
which may be planted during any of the fummer ternis caule ramofifTimo diftufo. Hort.
Cliff. 324.
n-ionths, oblerving to v/ater and fliade them until they Snap-dragon with ohtife fpcar-flmped leaves
growing al-
havtf talsien root. V/hen the cuttings have taken good ternate, and a diffufed branching
fialk. Antirrhinum ar-
they fnould be planted in pots, and treated in
root, venfe minus. C. B. P. 212.
the fanie manner as the former. 2. Antirrhinum {Orontimn) floribus fubfpicatis, caly-
The feventh fort is a low llirab, feldom rifing above cibus digitatis corolla longiorlbus. Hort.
Upfal. 176.
two but fends out many flender branches,
feet high,
h fpiked flowers, and fi.
<jarniihed with hoary leaves, which are fometimes
fi^ Antirrhinum arvenfe majus.
iingle, but generally have three o\- \ lobes, the middle C. B. P. 212.
being longer than the other two; the flowers are Antirrhinum {Mafis)
3. foliis lanceolatis petiolatis
yellow, and come out from the fide of the branches, calycibus brevifTimjs racemo terminali. Vir. ChfT.
61.
three or four joined together, having woolly empale- Snap-dragon with pear fo aped leaves having
ments, but thele are rarely fucceeded by feeds in
f fcot-^ftalks,
and very floort flower-cups, terminated by a
.
fpike cfflowers.
England. It may be propagated by cuttings or feeds. Antirrhinum majus aiterum folio longiore. C. B. P.
In the iam.e manner
former fort, and treated as
as the 211.
hath been direfted for that. This has been an old in- Antirrhinum (
4. ifol
\
habitant in the Englifli gardens, calycibus hirfutis racemo longifTimo. Snap-dragcn zvitb
Tl;e eighth fort grows naturally in Spain and Portu- fmcoth fpear-Jhaped leaves^ harry
fi^
gal, from whence I have received the feeds. This fpike of fi. Antirrhinum larifolium amplo
iS a flirub which grows nine or
ten feet hio-h, havino- paliido flore. Bocc. Muf 2. 49.
Whin, but it 5. Antirrhinum (//^//V/^;;?) foliis lineari-lanceolatis hir-
hath round leaves m*owInp- Iingle. It will live in ^^^At racemo breviore. Snap-dragon with narro-w, hab'\\
futis
open air in mild Vv'inters, but hard frolt v/ill deilroy it.
fp ear-p aped leaves, and a fiorter fpike cfflowers. An-
It is propagated by feeds only.
tirrhinum longifolium majus Italicum flore amplo
The ninth fort grows naturally in Crete, and alfo in niveo laftefcente. H. R. Par.
Paleftine ; this was formerly in fome of the EngliOi
6. Antirrhinum {Sictdum) foliis linearibus floribus pe-
gardens, but the fevere winter of .17^!, deftroyed tiolatis axillaribus.
Snap-dragon with narrow leaves and
moft (if not all the plants) in this country, fince which
flowers^ with foot-fialks proceeding from the wings
time have not feen it. This ihrub grows five or
I
of the
leaves. Antirrhinum ficulum linaria folio niveo flore.
fix feet high, the branches are garniflied with oblono-
Bocc. Muf
ternate leavesthe flowers, which are yellow, are pro^
;
The two firfl: forts grow naturally on arable land in
duced in fmall clufters on the fide of the branches many parts of England, fo are feldom admitted into
thefe appear in July and /
gardens are both annual plants, which come
^ thefe
ceeded by feeds in this country" up from fcattered feeds. They flower in June and
This is propagated by cuttings, v/hich fhould be
July, and their feeds arc ripe in September.
planted the beginning of June, and if they are clofcly
The third fort is not a native of England, but having
covered with a bell-glafs, and properly fhaded, they
been brought into gardens, the ieeds have fcat-
firil
will put out roots by the end of Auguft,
when they tered about in fo great plenty, that it is become very
fhould be carefully taken up, and each planted in a
common upon walls and old buildings in many parts
fmall pot,_ filled with light earth, and placed in the
of England. Of this fort there are feveral varieties,
fhade until they have taken new root; when they
which difler in the colour of their flowers, fome having
may be placed in the open air till Oaober, and then red flowers with mouths, fom.e with yellow
v/liite
lliould be removed into fhclter, and treated
in the mouths, others liave white flov/ers, with yellow and
lame way as- other hardy green-houfe plants.
vv-hite mouths. There is alfo one widi fl:ripcd leaves.
The tenth fort grows natunilly in Portugal and Spain: The lafl is propagated by flips and cuttings, which
tills is a very low ilirubby
plant, whofe branches Ipread readily take root any time in the fpring or fummer.
Hear tlic ground, garniih;:d with filvery v«nged
leaves, The different colours of the flowers are variable from
w^hich are acute-pointed the flowers are^produced ; feeds.
toward the extremity of the branches ; thefe are not
The fourth fort grows naturally in the iflands of the
lucceeded by fl-eds in England, but the plant is
pro-
pagated by cuttings in the lame manner as the for- 1
leaves of this are
t4«
Archipelago, from whence I received the {qz^%. ihe
/^i*
much
broader, the flov/ers greatly
-_
mer, and th.e plants require tlie fame treatment
larger, and the fpikes longer, than in any of the other
M
compofidon fome- lv,il in forts. The
colours of the flovrcrs are as cliangeable
times indicates a likenefs, kyxiy^-.vov, of «\t1
and '
in this fort as tlie former, v/hen railed from ieeds •,

tlie noilrils, becauie it

reprelents a nofe:] Snap- but as moft fpecious kind, fo it better ce-
this is tlie
dnigon, or Calves-lhout.
ferves propagating than the common, efpecially as it
i1ie Cmaract]:Rs are, is equally hardy.
fi' The fifth fort has long narrow leaves, which are hairy;
upper i':^mcnts I'-i'-'g lorricr than the
..,
. , lQ-~jjer'. .,..._,._.,
fiozi-cr . the flowers are large, and the fpike is fliorter than
IS ringatt, having en ohlo,ig tube,
divided at the tcp into the former; there are fome varieties in the colour of
tivo bps^ -i-hnh crcclofcd
at thejaio. The upper lip is the flov/ers of this fort, bat it is equally hardy with
ciit n.to t-zvo, and rcflcxed on cr.ch fide ; the under Up is the common fort. w

divuiCu into three chtnfc parts

: in the bottom is fituated Thefixth an annuahplant, which feldom grows
fort is
en cotule ncttariuni, lohicb is not prominent. There are more than a foot high-, the leaves of this are very
J cur fti-mma ivhich^ are included in the upper lip, tzvo being narrow and fmooth; the flowers come out from die;
mnits. In wings of the leaves fin^-:le, flandji^p- on lono- foot-
fupportin? a fi. n:alks ; thefe are very wliite, v/ith a dark bottom, If
II ~le
''V ifi ifte-r- I the feeds of this fort arc permitted to fcatter, the
plajiD?
 L
PA A P I

plants will come up, and require no other care but to APETALOUS plants, [of « privative, and r>-.V;:-
thin them and keep them clean from weeds. Aoi', a flower-leaf, Gr.'] are fuch as have no pcuik or
I'he third, fourth, and fifth forts are raifed from flower-leaves. ^

feeds, which fhould be fown in a dry foil, which is APHAC'A. See Lathyrus.
not too rich, either in April or May \ and in J-uly APICES [of Apex, Lat. atop or point] tliefc ar.:^

the plants may be planted out into large borders, called fummits by Vaillant, and are thofe liLde kiicb-:
where they will flower the fpring following ; or they that grov*^ on top of the ilamina in the mid^^iic cjf
tlie

may be Ibwn early in the fpring, for fiowering the the flower : which arc generally fuppofed to be a I.ii'.d
fime autumn, but then tliey are not lb hkely to en- of male fperm, which when ripe, diflufes iticif ta
dure the winter-, and if the autumn prove bad, tliey every part of the flower, and fecundates the o\arivLn
will not perfect their feeds. aiad renders it fruitful.

Thefe plants grow extremely well upon old walls or A P O S. I See Glycine.
buildings, in which places they will endure for feveral AP UM I [Apium is fo called, as fome fay, of Apes,
years whereas thole planted in gardens feldom lall
-, bees, becaufe bees are laid to be delighted very much
longer than two years, unlefs they are planted in a with it,] Parfley. #,

very poor foil, and the flowers often cropped, and not The Characters are.
fuffered to feed ; but any of thefe forts may be con- It is a plai-it with f.n tmhelliferous flower \ the rays of the
tinued, by planting cuttings in any of the fummer great umlel are few^ tut thofe oj the fmailer are 7nav.y\
months, which will eafily take root. the involucrtan fome fpecies of one leaf^ and in ethers
is in

Ail the forts of Snap-dragons are pretty ornaments of many the petals of the greater umbel are unifcnn ;
•,

in a garden, and requiring very little culture, are thefe are rounds enual^ and turn inzua7'd. Each fio-iver has
rendered more acceptable. They are all hardy plants, five ftamina^ crowned by rcundifij fummits. Under tbi
and will refill the cold of our winters extremely well, fiowcr is ftuated the germcn^fiipporting two rcfiexedftyles^
efpecially if they are planted on a dry, gravelly, or crowned by blunt ftigraa the germcn afterward becomes
\

fandy foil for when they are planted in a rich moitl

•, an oval channelled fruity dividing into two parts ^ having
foil, they will grow very luxuriant for a time, but two oval feeds channelled on one fide^ and plain on the
are very fubjefl to rot in autumn or v/inter^ and are other.
much more fufceptible of cold, than when they are This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fcction
in a dry, hungry, rocky foil ; fo that thefe plants . of Linna:us's fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria Digynia,
may be placed amongfl flones, or they will grow in the flowers having five ftamina and two llyles.
the joints of old walls, where they may be placed lb The Species are,
as to render fome abjefb part of a garden very agree- 1. Apium {fPetrofelimmi) foliolis caulinis linearibus in-
able, for they will continue in flower feveral months-, volucellis minutis. Uort. CliiT. io8. Parfiey with very
and permitted to flied, there will be
if the feeds are narrow leaves on the fi.ozvcr-ftalks. Apiuni hortenlc vcl
a continual fupply of young plants, without any petrofelinuni vulgo. C. B. P. Common Parfiey,
trouble. 2. Apium {Crifptim) foliis radicalibus amplioribus crifpis
Wherever thefe plants are defigned to grow on walls, "

caulinis ovato-multifidis. Parfiey with the loiver leaves

or on a rocky barren foil, the feeds fliould be fown very bread and curled^ the upper oval^ and cut into m<-ny
the beginning of March, where they are defigned to fegments, Apium vel petrofelinum crifpum. C. B. P,
remain j (for if the plants are firft raifed in a better 153. Curled Parfley.
foil,and afterward tranfplanted into thofe places, they 3. Apium {Latifolium) foliis radicalibus trifidis, ferratis,
feldom fucceed well.) When the plants are come up, petiolis longifllmis. Parfiey with under leaves divided
tliey will require no other culture but to keep them into three parts-, which are fawed^ and have very kng
clear froni weeds-, and where they come up too thick, foot-fialks, Apium hortenfe latifolium maxima cral-
to pull, fome of them out, fo as to give them room fiflima fuavi & eduli radice. Eoerh. Ind. alt. The
to grow. In July thefe forts will begin to flower, and large rooted Parfiey. -

will continue flowering till the frofl: prevents them. 4. Apium (Graveclens) fjliolis caulinis cuneiformibus.
,
Thofe plants which grow on walls, will have flrong Uort. ClilT.107. Parfiey wiih the lower leaves fafioioncd
woody ilems, which will continue two or three years like a zvedge. Apium paluilre five apium officinarun^
or more, and are rarely hurt by frofl:. C. B. P. 154. Smallage,
AP AR NE I [this plant is fo called, becaufc it is 5. Apium (Dulce) foliis crcftis, petiolis longifllmis fo-
very rough Philanthropon, of (piXi-jj, to
\ it is called liolis quinque lobatis ferratis. Parfiey with upright
-love, and av9^i07r(^, man becaufe if a perfon walks ; leaves J having very long foot-fialks^ and the fmaller leaves
in uncultivated places, the plant not only applies itfclf compofed of five fawed lobes, Apium duke ceteri Ita-
to his garments, but it holds them, as if it had a lorum. Infl:. R. 11. 305. Upright Celery,
mind to bind man with an amicable band :] Goofe- 6. Apium {Rapaceum) foliis patulis, petiolis brevibu^,
grafs or Clivers. foliolis quinis ferratis, radice rotundo. Parfiey with
Tlie common fort grows wild almofl: every where, fpreading leaves^ having fijort foot-fialks^ the f nailer leaves
the feeds flicking to the cloaths of people that pafs having five lobes^ and a round root, Apium dulce de-
by where they grow it is fometimes ufed in medicine,
: gener, radice rapacea. Jufl*. Celeriack, cr Turnep-rocted
but it is too common a weed to be admitted into a Celery.
garden. 7. Apium {Lufttar.icwn) foliis radicalibus tnbolatis, cau-
There are fome other forts of this plant which arc linis quinque-lobatis crenatis. Parfiey with under leaves
kept in botanic gardens for the fake of variety, which having three lobes ^ and thefe en the fialks five ^ which ere
I Ihall enumerate here.
beg leave to indented. Apium Lufiranicum maximum, folio trilo-
1. ApARiN^iz fem.ine ki^vi. Tourn. Gcofe-grofs ^ivith a bato flore luteolo. Boerh.. Ind. alt.

fr.:coth fc:.L This is under Gallium in Linnaeus. I'he firfl: fort is the connnon Parfley, which is pe-
2. Aharink femine coriandri faccharaii. Park. Theat. nerally cultivated fur culinary ufe ; and is v/hat tJie
/'

GocjC'i^rajs c^vith fu:eet feeds like Coricnder. College of Phyficians have directed to be ui':l1 in irc-

0' ApARiNi-: pumila fupina, flore ca^ruleo. Tourn. Low diclne, under the title of Petrofelinuni; for v/hc:i
hr/dln^Cocfc^^refs^ ivith a blue fie Tlie two lail A.pium is preicribed, the Smallage is ahvays in-
are included in Linnrcus's genus of A'ailantia. tended.
All ihelc plants, if they are permitted to featter their The fecond fort has cencrallv bc^en fuppok:d to
feeds, will nuintain themfelves in a garden without be only a variety of the iirll:, but from many years
any other culture, than that of preventing otlier weeds trial I have alv/ays found, that if the feeds are carcIuJi^^
from over-growing tliem, thefe being all very low faved from plants of tlie curled-leaved ParUcy, i^:
plants. will conftantly produce the fame but th^-rc a''e ;

Tiie firil Ibrt grows wild in Cam.bridgefliire, as doth few perfons who will be at tlie trouble to five t!:c
the tliird about Liphceck in Hampflure, where I have feeds fo carefully, as not to luve fome of tlie common
gathered ir. fort mixed with it i for v/hen feeds are bought at the
6
 ;; :

A A
Hiops there is generally a mixture of botli :
there- 1 m the gardens, and did not diflin-uiili
which of t!iem
tore the on y method to have it good, is to le^v.rate were ipeciiically different ; fo Dr. Linn^rjus
lias cron'-
all thofe plants which have phiin^ leaves from t!)e mLOtaeodier extreme, and fuppof^d many
plants
curled, as foon as they are diftinguilliable, icavinc^ v/iiich arepermanently different, to be only acciden-
only fuch as are of the right kind if this is duly ob- taWarietie.s arifmgfrom culture.
i
But as he Is now
ferved, the feeds will conllantly produce the fame. cultivating as many
plants as the inclemency of the
The third fort is chiefly cultivated for their roots, chmate v/hereheis lituated, will permit, there is
no
which are now pretty commonly fold in the London doubt of his reforming his eiror, in this particu-
markets , the leaves of this fort liave much longer lar,^ when he finds v/hat plants retain their fpecific
foot-ftalks, and their fubdivifions are riot fo nume- difference.
rous as In the common Parfley ^ the lobes of the TJie conimon ParPiCy muft be fown early in
the fprincr,
leaves are much larger, and of a darker green, fo for the feeds remain a long time in the
earth, the
that it is eafily diftinguilhed from the common fort by plants feldom appearing in lefs than fix
weeks 'after
its but the roots are fix times as large as tJie
leaves, the feeds are fown. l^his fort is generally fown in
common Parfiey can be brouglit to with the utmoft drills by the edges of borders in the
kitchen-gardens
culture. I have fown the feeds of both forts for fe~ near London, becaufe it is much eafier to keep it
clear
veral years on the fome fpot of ground^ and have from weeds, than if the feeds are fown promifcuouny
thinned the plants wlien young, to an equal diilance, ori a border, and the Pardey is much
fooner cut for
and given the fame culture to both ; but when their ule but when the roots are defired for
:
medicinal ufe,
roots wt^re taken up, thofe of the common fort were then the feeds muft be fown thin ; and v/hen
the
not larger than a man's little finger, but the oth.tr plants are come up, they fhould be hoed out
fin<yle,
were as large as full grown Carrots, which were verv as is praftifed for Carrots, Onions, &c.
obferving al-
tender and fweet, whereas the other were ilringy and fo to cut up the weeds if this be obferved, the roots
:

ftrong and this difference conffantly holds, fo it may

i
July
be allowed to be fpecifically different. This fort was tlnuefo till fprinp-.
many years cultivated In Holland, before the Encr. There are fome perfons who
are afraid to ufe Parfiev
lilli gardeners could be prevailed on to fow it. I in their kitchens, left they fiiould fuffer by
having the
brought tlie feeds of It from thence in 1727, anid would leffer Hemlock mixed with it, whofe leaves are fo
then have perfuaded fome of the kitchen-gardeners to like Parfiey, that perfons who are not fldlled
in bo-
make trial of it, but they refufed to accept of it, fo tany, maybe eafily deceived; which being a
noxious
that I cultivated it feveral years before It was known plant, feveral perfons have been injured by eating it
in the markets. but to prevent this, I have for many years cultivated
fort Is commonly knowii by the title of the fort with curled leaves, which Is fo unlike
the
Smallage. This is what the phyficlans intend when Hemlock^ that no perlbn, however Ignorant, can
they prefcrlbe Apium. Dr. Linnasus has joined to miftake one for the other, and have conftantly advifed
this the Celery, fuppofing them to be the fame, and thofe of my acquaintance to do the fame ; for
the
the only difference to arife from culture^ biit herein curled fort is equally good as the common Parfley,
he is greatly miftaken j for I have ciiltlvated the and have conftantly found the feeds, faved from the
I
Smallage in gardens forty years, to try if by art it '

curled fort, to produce the fame.

could poffibly be brought to the fame goodnefs as The common Parfley is, by fome flcilful perfons,
Celery, but liave not been able to alter it from Its '

cultivated In fields for the ufe of ftieep, it being a

original all that can be done by culture, is to brlno- fovereign remedy to preferve them from the rot, pro-
It to a larger fize than it naturally grows wild, and
by vided they are fed twice a week for two- or three hours
earthing it, to give it a whitenefs ; but It will not each time with this herb ; but hares and rabbets are
grow tall as Celery, nor will It rife with a flralt flem, fo fond of it, that they will come from a great diftance
but fends out many fuckers near the root, and when to feed uppn it ; and in countries where thefe ani-
it blanched, retains its ftrong rank tafte, which no
is
mals abound, they will deftroy It, If it is hot very fc-
culture can alter, therefore I make no doubt of Its curely fenced againft them ; fo that whoever has a
being a diftinct fpecies. rnind to liave plenty of hares in their fields, by cul-
The fifth fort is the Celery before-mentioned, and tivating Parfley, will draw
the hares of the coun-
all
the fixth fort was fuppofed to be a degenerate fpecies try to them, and this will preferve them found.
from It, but I cannot agree to this opinion ; for from The beft time for fov/Ing it in ;he fields Is about the
many years trial I have never found it vary.. The middle or latter end of February j the ground fliouid
leaves of this fort are fliorr, when compared with
be made fine, and the feeds fown pretty thick, in
thofe of the other, and fpread open horizontally
drills drawn at about a foot afunder, that the oround
the roots grow as large as the common Turneps. may be kept hoed betv/een the drills, to dellroy the
The difference which
have obferved to arife from
I weeds, which, if permitted to grow, v/ill foon over-
the culture, has been only in the fize of tlie roots
; run the Parfiey. One bufiiel of feed will fow an ere
thofe on rich ground, which were properly cultivated
;

of land.
were much larger than diofe on poorer land, but the
P
leaves and outward appearance of the plants were
in England than It was fome years paft. In Holland
never altered, fc that ' '
it has been long common In all their markets they :

different fpecies.
bring thefe mots In bunches, as w^e do young Carrots
The leeds of the feventh fort I received from the
to market In fummer; and the roots are much of the
royal garden at Paris, many years fince, where It had
fame fize: it is called Petrofelinc Wortle by theDutlh,
been long preferved, and maintained its difference who are very fond of it for water fouchc.
and from more than twenty years cultivating it in It may be cultivated by fowing the feeds good in
the garden at Chelfea, I have found the fame, fo that
ground early in the fpring •, and in April, when the
I cannot doubt of its being different from all the other
plants are up, cut them out with a hoe (as is praclifed
fpecies.
foryoung Carrots) to about five or fix inches fquare,
l^liebroad-leaved Garden Parfiey, mentioned by Caf- and keep them conftantly clean from weeds and in ;
per Bauhin, and the round-leaved Portugal Parfiey,
July the roots will be fit to draw for u{(^, and iriay
mentioned by Tournefort, I believe are only varieties be boiled and eaten as young Carrots and are very ^
of the common Parfiey for if they are diilina: fpe- palatable and whoifome, elpecially for thofe
cies,
;
who are
all which I have received from diffe-
the feeds
troubled with the gravel.
rent parts of Europe, under thofe titles, have
been But If thefe plants are cut out, to allow them more
wrong ; for the plants which have rifen from thofe room, if the foil is good, the roots will grow^ to tlie
feeds, Iiave always proved to be the common
fort. fize of a middling Parfnep, by September.
As Tournefort, and many other botanifts, have enu- Smallage is a common weed by the fide of ditches
merated all die varieties of plants which were found and brooks of water, in many parts of England, fo
S that
 :

A A O
fo that feldom cukivati^d In gardens ^ But if any
It is are rightly managed, there be a n.UT?ir!0!i of Ce-
-svill

perfon is willing to propagate it, the feeds fliould be lery for ufe till April [ btit you Ihould obferve ro
fbwh foon afrer they are ripe, on a moift ipot of plant the laft crop in a drier foil, to prevent its be-
ground \ and when the plants come up, they may be ing rotted with too mitch w'ct in winter ^ and alfo if
cither tranfplanted in a moift foil, or hoed out, and the Weather fliould prove e:ktreme fliarp, you v/ill
kft ^\X or eight inches afuhdot-, where they hl ay re- do wtU to cover your ridges df Celery fpme
v/ith
main for good. The feed of this plant is one of the Peafe-haulm, orfomc fuch light covering, which v/ill
leifer warm feeds \ both the herb and feeds are ufcd admit the air to the planes-, for if th:'y are covered
in medicine. too clofe, they will be Very fubjeft to rot-, by this
The feeds of the of Celerv fhould be fown
two forts me.1ns you Htay pf-efefve youf Celery in feafon a long
at two or three different times, the better to continue tihie, but you muft remember to take off tlie ccfver-

it for ufe through the whole feafon, without running ing whenevef the Weather v/ill permit, othei-wife it
up to feed^ The firft fowing fliould be in the begin- Will be apt to Cciufe the Celery to tdt. By this me-
'
hing of March, upon a gentle hot-bed the fedond • thodof cbVerifig the Celery, 'thdfroft Will b6 kept
fnay be a fortnight or three Weeks ^fter, which ought out of the ground \ fo it may be always taken Up for
to be in an open Ipot of light earth, inhere it hiay ufe wlien it is wanted, which, if neglefted, it cannot
enjoy the benefit of the fun j the third time of fowing be taken tip iri hard froft, The Celery, When fully
ihould be the end of April, or beginning of May, blanched, will riot continue good above three weeks
•i^hich ought to be in a moift foil and if expofed to •, or a month before it will rot or pipe therefore, in
:

the morning fun only, it will be fo much the better, order to cdhrifiue Jt good, you fliould have at leaft
but it ftiould not be under the drip of tf'ee's. fix or feven diftetent feafonS of planting fo that if it •

The feed& >^hich are fown in the hot-bed will come be only Ifitehded td fupf)ly a fartiily, there need not
Up ift abdilt three weeks or, a inonth after fowing, be much planted at each time, b\u this muft be pro-
V/hen the plants fliould be carefully cleared from portioned according to the quantity required.
weeds i and if the feafon prove dry, they riiuft be fre- The otiier fort of Celery, which is comirionly called
quently watered ; and iii about k itiohth ot five weeks Celeriac, is to be ffl^rt^ged in the fame riianrieh as is di-
after it is up, the plants will be fit to tranfplant teftcd for the Italian Celery, excepting that this
you muft therefore prepare fome beds of moift rich fliould be planted upon the level grouhd, or in very
earth, in a Warm lituatidh, in which you fhould fhalloW drills, fdtthis plant feldom grows above eight
^rick thefe young pldntS, " at dbo\it tht^ee ihches dl* ten inches high, fo required but little earthing up i

- fquare, that they may grow and if the feafon

ftrong j the great excellency of this being in the fize of the
fliould prove cold, the beds muft be covered with root, which is often as large as ordinary Turneps. It
rtiats, to fcreen the plants froifi morning frofe, which fliqUld be foWh about the middle of March, upon a
Vould retard their grdWth: yo^i muft alfd ^pbfefv^, in richbdVdel* df earth, dhd, iri dry weather, cohftahtly
dfaWiiie; theft plants out of the feed-b^ds, t6 thin W^tefed, othefWife the feeds Will not grow when the :

thefn where they grow too thick, leavm^ the fmall larits ate large enough to tranfplant out, they fliould
rr ,.'

plants to getmore firerigth befoie they aVe tf ahfplant- t ptaced eighteen inches afuhder, foW from row, and
•
dd i by ^^iA ffieafis brie dhd the faiiife feea:bed will the plants fi^ 'tt eight inches diftant Ifi the rdWs the •,

afford three difFetett plantiftgs, which Will accord- gtourid muft b6 carefully kept clean from weeds, but
ingly fucceed eacK other for ufe. this fort wiW require but one earthing up, which fliould
You muft obferve, if the feafon proves dry, t6"keep be perfdrmed until the tt)6ts iare nearly groWn
rib\: :

i't diligeritly Watered aftet It is "traiifplrrited, a^ alio to botK thefe forts of Celery delight in a rich, light,
clear the feed-beds from Weeds
and after every draw- l moift foil, Where they Will grow to a much larger
ing, keep them duly watered, to encourage the fmall fize. arid Will be fweeter and tenderer than on a poor
df uiy gtourid.
' '

plants left therein.

'

- ^

The middle of May f6me df the pknts of the firft The beft riiethdd td fave this feed, is' to make choice
fowing will be fit to tranfplant for bjahching, which of fo'riie long good foots of the upright Celery, which
fliould be planted in a moift, rich, light foil, upon have not been too rriuch blanched, and plant them
which the firft planted Celery will often gfow to be out at about a foot afunder in a nioift foil, early in
twenty inches long in the cleaii blanched parts. Which the fpririg ; '^hd w!ien they fuii up to feed, keep them
upon a poor or dry foil feldom rifes to be ten inches. fupported with ftakes, to prevent their. being broken
The manner of tranfplanting it is as follows after : down by the winds and in July, when the feed be-
:

having cleared the ground of Weeds, you muft dig a '

ins td te formed, if the feafori fhduld prove very
trench by a line about ten inched wide, arid fix or ry, it Will be proper to give fome V/ater to the plants.
feven inches deep, loofening the earth in the bottom, Which will greatly help their producing good feeds. In
and laying it level ; the earth that comes out of the Auguft thefe feeds will be ripe, at which time it
*

trench lliould be equally laid on each fide the trench, 'fliould be cut up, iri a dry time, and fpread upon
to ready to draw in again to earth th"e Celefy as
Idc cloths in the fun t5 dry \ then beat out the feeds, and
it advances in height. Thefe trenches fliould be made pfeferve them dry in bags for ufe.
at three feet diftance from each other ; then plant the APttfM ANISUM DICTUM. See PiMPi- ,

phnts in the middle of the trench, at about four or nellA.

five inches diftance, in one ftfait row, having before APIUM MACEDONICUM. See BuBd?^.
trimmed the plants, and cut oA^ the tops of the long APIUM PY-RENAICUM. See Crithmum.
leaves ; when they ^fe |3lanted you muft obferve to APOCYNtjiVl. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 91. Lin. Gen.
clofe the earth Well t6 their foots, and to water them Plant. 269. ^^kirU^ynv^. ofaVuarid kui/o? a dog, be-
plentifully until they have taken frefli root; kftefWhich caule the ahtierits belieVSd this plarit Would kill dogs.]
time it will be needlcfs, except in dry foils, or very dry Dogfl^ane.,
feafons as thefe plants advance in heiglit, you rriuft
: The Characters are,
obferve to draw the earth on each fide clofe to them, ^he flower hath a permanent empakment of one Jeaf cut
being careful not to bury their Hearts, norev^rto do into five acute fegmeMs at the top j it hath but dhtpetc
it but in dry weatlier, otherwife the plants will rot. ivhich of the open hetl-pjapty cW info five parts 'at the
is

When the plants have

advanced a confiderable mw, ^A.^'
which turn backward ; in the bottom of thejiower
height above the trenches, and all the e'arth, which are Jituatcil five hc^ariums^ which are oval^ and furrcUnd
was laid on the fides thereof, hath been employed in 'thegefmen : there are five ficMiM^ fctirce vifible^ which
earthing them up 3 you muft then make ule of a fpade are crowned by oblong ere^ fummits, which are bifiJ\
to dig up the earth between the trenches, which niuft in the center are two oval gehneH^ fupporting fmall fiyles^
alfo be made ufe of for the fame purpofe, continuing crowned with globular fligma^ larger than the germcn.
from time to time to earth
up, until it is fit for ufe.
it The gcrmch afterward bccd^he tivo ldH£ poi)ited capfides^
The firft of your planting out will, perhaps, be fit opening in two valves^ having one cell^ which is filled with
for ufe by the beginning of July, and will be fucceed- I comprejfed feeds^ lying over each other like tiles en a hotfe^
6d by the after plantations ; and if the latter fowings each beiyjg crowned with down.
This
 A A
nns of plants is ranged in the fccond fcfliort
This genn roots is in Mirch, before they begin to put out'new
of Linivccus^s fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria Digynia, llalks. *

the flowers having five ftamina and two ftyfo. The fecond fort is a native of the fame countries a*:
The Species are, the firil ; the roots of this fort creep far in the ground,
1. Apocvnum At dr of^mi folium)
{ caulc reftiuiculo hcr- fo that when it is planted in a garden, it is apt to
baceo foliis ovati.s utrinque glahris cyniis terminally fpread fo much as to be troublefome. The fliaiks of
bus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 213. Dogfhane "with an eretl her- this fort and grow about two feet liio-h,
are brown,
haceous Jlalk^ oval leaves^ fmooth on hoth ftdes^ and ter- garniflied with oblong fmooth leaves, fet on by
minated by a head of flo^joei'-s. Apocynum Canadcnfe pairs, and abound with a milky juice as the for-
foliis androllemi majoris. Mor. Hift. 3. p. 609. mer. 1 owards the upp^T part of the llalk, the flow-
2. Apocvn'um {Canyiabiyium) caule rcftiufculo herbaceo ers come out from the wings of the leaves, collefted
oblongis panniculis terminalibus. Lin. Sp. Plane.
foliis in fmall bunches, which are of aii hetbaceous wliite

213 flane ivith an eretl herbaceous fl. colouf, and fmall, fo make no great appearance,
ftalks terminated by / Apocynum therefore are feldom admitted into gardens^ except
Canadenfe maximum fiore miilimo herbaceo. Pluk, for the fake of variety. This is Very hardy, dnd pro-
Aim. 3D' pagates too faft by. its creeping I'oots. Both thefe
j. Ai'0CY^:uM {Venetum) caule feftiufculo herbaceo fo- forts flower in July, and \h autilinft theit ftalks d^cay
liis ovato-lanceolatis. Prod. Leyd. 411. Bogflmne "doith to the root.
an upright herbaceous Jldk^ amdoval fpear-fha-pedledves. The grows upon a fmall iflahd in the fea,
tliird fort
Apocynum. maritimum venetum falicis folio florepur- tieaf Venice, but is fuppofed to have been oHgirtally
pureo Tourn. Inft. brought from feme othet country. There are two
ofl varieties of this, one with a purple^ and the other
perne gkbris, tlonbus amplis pediculis longis hirlu- with a White flower. The root^ of this creep pi'etty
tis caule fruticofo. Dogfhane 'With oval leaves^ "juhid much, by which it is ptopagated, for it fcarce ever
are fmooth dn their upper fide^ large fi^ Jjfoduces any feeds either in the gardens where it is
;
fovt'flalks^ and ajhrubbyf Apocynum erec- cultivated, or at Venice, where it grows without care,
tum fruticofum, flore luteo maximo & fpeciofifflmo. as I have been informed by a very curious botanifl:,
Sloan. Cat. Jam. 89. who refided mkny years at Venice, and conllantly
5. Apogyn'um {Scandens) foliis oblong iftnt to the fpot leveral times in the feafon, to pro-
floribus lateralibus, caule fruticofo volubili. Dogjlmne cure the feeds, if there had been any pl'oduced \ but
'with Jliff, oblongs heart-fhaped leaves^ flovoers growing he afllired me he never could find any pods form.ed
en the fides of the fialk^ and a fhfubby twining Jtalk. on the plants. The ftalks of this rife about two feet
Apocynum fcandens foliis citrii filiquis maculatis. high, and are garniflied with oval fmooth leaves
Plum. Cat. 2. placed oppofite j the flowers grow at the top of the
fcens) caule trtdio ftalks in fmall umbels, iViaped like thofe of the former
lanceolatb-ovalibus coroUis acUtis fauce villofis. Flor. forts, but ate much larger^ fo that the fort withfur-
Zeyl. 1 Dogfbane with an upright firubbyjldk^ oval
14. Ic flowers makes a ptttvf appearance* It floWers in
fpcar-ffjaped leaves^ acute petals^ and hairy jaws. Apo- uly and Auguft. This fort will live in the open air,
cynum caule crefto arboreo foliis ovlti^ adUtis. Prod. provided it is planted in a watm fituation and a dry
Leyd. 4ti. . foil \ fot although the foil in which it grows Wild near

1 Apo^vnuM {Retlaitatum) ciule Volubili pertnJre fo- Venice, is molft, ytt! In this eouhtry tlie roAs will
liis ovatis vcnofis. Prod. Leyd. 412. Hogfbdnt ivith fot in winter, when the^ »t^ irt A Wet ground. The
'

a per crjiicil twilling flalk^ tt>id otal viined leaves. beft time to remove and plant the roots is in fpring,
ArocyxuM [Obliqmm) caule volubili foliis bVatis ri- juft before they begin to fufli 6ut new ftalks.
^idis obliquiscymis lateralibus tube floris longiflimo. vThe foulth fot"t gfoWs hatiifally in Jamaica, in the
Dogffmne- with ovalJliff leaves which are oblique^ d twin-' SaVdhfias, From wheiice it had tht title of Savanna
ing Jlalk, and flowers growing from the fide of the FloWet, by which it is chiefly known in that ifland.
branches, Apocynum fcandens majus folio fubi'Otun- This fort rifes thte^Of four fe^t high, having Woody
J ftalks, which fend but ^ few lateral branches, gar-
oft niftied With oVal fmOoth lea^^.^, placed by paii-s op-
iiis cymis lateralibus flore luteo magno
ovatis nervofis pofite, of a (hinirtg gteen ColouV on their upper fides,
rubo longilTim.o. Dogfbane with a climbing fhmbby ftdlk^ but pale and veimrd undefiie'ath ; the flowers a{*e pro-
cval-vcined leaves^ and large flozvtrs growing in bunches duced from the fides of the bfahChes, upon long foor-
from the fides of the ftalks^ having very Ichg tubes, ftalks ; there are commonly fovir or five buds at the
10. Apocvmi^m {Ccrdaturn) fohis oblongo-cordatis, mu- end of each, but there is feldom more thart one o^
cronatis fcflilibus floribus lateralibus, caule fcanclente. them which comes to flower, the others withering
I)cgfni7ie zvith oblong heart-floaped leaves^
which end in foon. The flower is very large, having a long tube,
a point, flowers growing at the wings of the leaves^ and which fpreads open wide at the top, of ^ bright yel-
c climbing ft alk. Apocynum fcandens foliis oblongis low, fb make a fine appearance, efpecially in the
acuminatis floribus amplis patulus luteis. Houft. & places where the plahts gtow naturally, being moft
MSS. Fig. PI. num. 8. pi. 44. f. s. part of the year in flower. This plant is too tender
II. ./; to thrive in England without the aflhl-ance of a ftove.
villolis lateralibus petiolis longioribus caule fcandente. It is propagated by feeds, which muft be procured
I)ogfl?dne with fnooth heart-fhaped leaves^ hairy flowers from Jamaica, for the plants do not pcrfeft them in
growing ffcm the fide of the branches^ and n climbi England, nor are many of the feeds which are brought
flalk. Apocynum fcandens amplo flore villofo luteo from thence good, either from their being unfkilfully
fiiiquis tumidis angulbfis. Houfl:. MSS. Fig. PI. tab. gathered before they are ripe, or being put up moill,
44. fig. 2. for few of them have fucceeded. When the feeds are
Tlie firft fort gro\vs Naturally In North America. obtained, they fliould be fown in pots filled with light
This hath a perennial root the Italks rife about three
; fandy earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of f^nhcrs
feet high, grow upright, and arc garniflied with fmooth bark. If the feeds are'good, the plants Will appear
oval leaves, growing oppofite. Thefe, as alfo the ftalks, in a month or five weeks after, When t!iey ftiouid ht
abound with a milky juice, which flows out when they treated in the fame manner as other terider plants from
are broken the flow^ers are white, and collefted in a
-,
the fame country, v/ith this difference only, to be
kind of umbel, growing at the top of the flralks. The fparing in watering them, fot thefe plants which a-
neclarii in the bottom, have a purplifli cafl ; thefe bound with a milky juice, require very little Wet.
flowers are feldom fucceedcd by pods which tipen They muft be conftantly kept in the tan-bed in
in Fngland, but the plant is propagated by parting the ftove, and as they advance in height, they will
the roots. It is hardy, fo will thrive in the full ground, require lar:ger pots/ but there muft be great care not
but the foil fliould be light or dry, otherv/ife the roots to over-ptyt riiem ; for ilnlefs their roots are confined,
are apt to rot in winter. The bed time to part the the plants will not thrive. The fecond year the
• 2 plai'its
 . .

> v \

'V '

A O
plants will flower, if they have bcch fkilfuUy ma- propagated by feeds, which muft be procured from
naged, when they will make a fine appearance in tlie ; the country where it grows naturally, for the 'HclIs
ftove ; the ufual time of their flowering in England, do not ripen in this country. When the feeds are
is in July and Auguft, but the plants retain their procured, they muil be fown in pots, and plun'^cd
leaves through the year, which, being of a beautiful into a hot-bed \ and when the plants con^^e iip, they
green, look very well at all feafons. '

.
'

fhould be treated in the faiaie manner as hath been be-

The fifth fort was difcovered by father Pliimier, in fore direded for the foureh fort. It flowers in Au-
fome of the French iflands in America, who made a guft'and September in England, but in its natur.il
drawing of the plant. It was afterwards found by the country it flowers great part of the year.
late Mr. Robert Millar, furgeon, growing plentifully The tenth and eleventh forts w^ere difcovered at La
near Carthagena, in New Spain, from whence he fent Vera Cruz, in New Spain, by the late Dr. William
the feeds, which fucceeded in feveral gardens; This Houfton, who fent their feeds to England. Thefe ,

plant hath twining ftalks, by which it mounts to the plants have both climbing ftalks, by which they
tops of very tall trees, garnifhed with flifF, oblong, mount to the tops of the talleft. trees. In England
heart-lliaped leaves, which are fmooth, and of a fhih- they have climbed over the plants in the ftoves, and
ing green colour,, being of the fame thicknefs with rifen to upward of twenty feet high. The tenth fort
thofe of the Citron-tree. The flowers are produced has produced flowers in England feveral times, but
in fmall clufl:ers from the fides of the branches, and the eleventh, which grows more ^luxuriantly than the
are of an herbaceous colour, fo do not make any great other, never had any appearance of flowers. , Thefe
appearance. Thefe appear in Augufl: and September, are both propagated by feeds^ which fliould be fown
but are not fucceeded by pods in this country. ;
as the fourth fort, and the plants muft be treated in
The fixth fort grows naturally in India, Ceylon, and ^ the fame manner afterward. All thefe fpecies of ,

upon the coafts of Guinea, from whence I have re- Dogfl^ane abound with a milky juice^ which flows
'

ceived the feeds. This plant rifes with a woody ftem ^

out from any part of their ftalks or leaves when they
to the height of five or fix feet, dividing into feveral are broken and this is generally fuppofed to be hurt-
•,

branches, garnifhed with oblong, pointed, fmooth ful, if taken inwardly, for it doth not raife blifters
leaves, of a Ihining green above, but pale underneath, on the {kin, as the jmce of Spurge, and other acrid
placed by pairs oppofite. From the wings of the plants, fo not injurious unlefs inwardly taken. The
is

leaves the flowers are produced in loofe bunches, : pods of all the forts are filled with feeds, which are,
Thefe are fmall, tubulous, and of a purple colour, for the moft part, comprefiTed, and lie pver each other
but are never fucceeded by pods in this country. It {imhricatim) like tiles on a houfe thefe have each a :

is a very tender plant, fo mufl: be conftantly kept in long plumCj of a cottony down faftened to their
a hot-houfe, and plunged in the tan-bed, otherwife crowns, by which, when the pods are ripe and open,
it will not thrive in England \ it may be propagated the feeds are wafted by the wind to a confiderable
by cuttings during the fummer months, but they •. diftancej fo that in the countries where thefe plants
fhould be laid to dry in the ftove, three or four days naturally grow, tKey are fome of 'the moft trouble-
before they are planted/, for as the plants abound :'
fome weeds. ., '
'

1
• with a milky juice, fo unlefs the ends of the cuttings The -down of thefe plants is in great eftefem in France,
where the wounds are made, are well dried and healed for ftuffing of eafy chairs, making very light quilts,
over before they are put into the ground, they are which are warm, and extremely light, fo are verypro-
very fubjed to rot. This plant muft be fparingly per covering for perfons afflifted with the gout, for
watered, efpecially in winter, and Ihould be planted the down is fo extreme light and elaftic that it occa-
in light fandy earth. -, • / . -. , lions no weight. This the French call Delawad, and
The feventh fort grows naturally in India ; I received in the fouthern parts of France, where fome of the
feeds of this from Dr. Van Royen,.profeflbr of bo- forts will thrive in the open
and perftft their feeds,
air,
tany at Leyden. This plant hath a twining ftalk, by there are many plantations made of thefe plants for
which it rifes to a confiderable height, garniflied with the fake of the down. , • .
~

oblong leaves, which are much veined, and abound As many of thefe forts grow plentifully in the uncul-
with a milky juice, which flows out whenever they
are broken. This plant hath not yet produced flow- be eafily procured from thence in plenty, and might
ers in England. It is tender, fo requires to be con- probably become a vendible commodity in England,
ftantly preferved in the ftove, otherwife it will not which may turn to advantage, if once it becomes a
thrive in this country. ^ faftiionable fort of furniture, efpecially as the plants
The eighth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, from require no cultivation, the only trouble being to col-
whence the feeds were fent me by the late Dr. William left the down, which, in fome of the forts which have
Houfton. It hath a climbing ftalk, which faftens to large pods, is produced in great quantity, fo may b u^
the neighbouring trees, and rifes ten or twelve feet collected with little trouble.
high. The leaves are oval, ftiff, and oblique to the The other forts which have been ranged under this
foot-ftalkv the flowers are produced from the wings. genus, are now referred to the following genera, to
of the leaves, of a purplifli colour, and liave very which the reader is defired to turn, for fuch of them
long tubes, but fpread open wide at the top. This as are not here enumerated, viz. Afclepias, Cynan-
doth not produce feeds in England, nor have I been chum, and Periploca.
able to propagate it, either by layers or cuttings. It APPLE-TREE. See Malus.
is tender, fo muft conftantly remain in the ftove, and APPLES of Love. SeeLicopERsicoN andSoLANUM.
fhould have little water. A P P L E S (M A D). See Melongena.
The ninth fort hath a climbing woody ftalk, and rifes A P R I C O T, or A B R C O T, See Armeniaca. I
to a^ confiderable height, by the fupport of neigh- AQUIFOLIUM. See Ilex.
bouring trees. The leaves grow by pairs oppofite -, A QU I L E G I A [called alfo Aquilina, from AqiiUa, L.
they are oval, ending in a fliarp point, and have many an eagle, becaufe the flower refembles that bird].
tranfverfe nerves from the midrib. The flowers come Columbine.
out from the wings of the leaves, each ftanding upon The Characters are,
a feparate long foot-rtalk \ they are large, of a bright flower hath no empaknienty hulls coTTpofcd of five
yellow colour, with very long tubes, fpreading open equal oval petals, vjhicb are plain. fpread
wide at the top ; thefe are fucceeded by long com- within which are five equal 7ie£iarit,_ ranged altcrncdcly
prefled pods, which have borders on one fide filled
of
with long channelled feeds, which are crowned with
xfcends, and is ft
long plumes of foft down. This fort grows naturally ened to the receptacle within, the lower part lengthening
at Carthagena, in New Spain, from whence I received gradually into a long tube, hanging by a hliint incurved
i&\tt feeds. It is tender, fo will not thrive in England,
unlcfs it is Gonftantly preferved in the ftove. This is fu?nmits, withfi
porting
 , ;

A QV - 1
*

vjhich ere longer than the

portiv.g azvUJJjnped ftyles^ fnould be refrelhed with water, that
fi they may rrathcr
7mna^ cro'ivncd by ereEl ftigraa ; the gennen aftcrivar llrcngth. Xd

become five cylindrical vejjels^ "which fiand upright ^ a In the middle or latter end of
Mav, tliefe plants will
fill be ftrong enough to tranfplant ;
tlierefore fome beds
fi of good frelh imdunged earth fliould be prepa'-ed
This genus of plants is ofranged in the fifth fcftion planting them therein at eight or nine inches
dillanc-'
Linnxais's thirteentli clafs, entitled Polyandria Pen- every way keeping them clear from
weeds, and re-
lag) nia, the flowers having many flamina and five trcflimg them with a little water,
as tliey mav re-
ilyles. ^
qinre it.
The Species are, In the following autumn, by which
time the plants
1. Aqlilegia {Vulgaris) neftaris rcftispetalo lanccolato will have acquired ftrength enough
to flower the
^ brcvioribus. Lin.Sp. Plant, ^i^i^. Columbine with upright lummer following, tlie roots fliould be carefully
taken
vcclariitrns foortcr than its petals which is fpear-fimped. up, and planted in the borders of the
flower-garden
Aquik'giaSylveftris. C. B. P. 144. Wild Columbine but where their roots are defic:ned to be
preferved in
2. A(ii'iLi:ciA {Alpina) neftariis reftis, petahs ovatis Ion- perfeftion, all their flower-fTems fliould
be cut ofi;
^loribus. Columbine xvith ere^ ncolarii^ and longer oval
rr
as foon as the flowers are paft, to
try
prevent their de-
fi generating by the commixture of the farina
n from
.(iijTLEGiA (/;7w;y^) ne6tariis incurvis. Hort. Upfal. other flowers.
Cob.nihine ^vith neEtarii turned inward, Aquilegia flore But in order to be fure of having no fingle or
bad
J flowers hi the borders, you may ilifler tlie plants to
fi^ \ remain in the nurfery-beds until they have
_ blown j
fi at which time you may put a fl;ick by
each root you
roUa longioribus. Hort. Upfal 153. Columbine with fancy to preferve, or pull out all the lingle or bad
co-
firelight ne^arii^ andfiamina longer than the petals. Aqui- loured ones, and tlirow them away, cutting
off all
legia pumila precox Canadcnfis. Cornut. Canad. 60. the flowers from your befl: roots as foon as
they have
Early dzvaff^ Columbine. fliewn themfelves, wliich will greatly add
;
.
to tlie pre-
,^
I he hilt lort is found growing wild m the woods in
^ .
^'^-.":-- .i-.. r ° j • r .
'
fervang them fair in their colours. - , •

Ibme parts of England I have frequently gathered ; In order to keep up a fuccefllon of

good flov/ers,
it in the woods, near Bexley, in Kent; and alfo be- frefli feeds fliould be
fown every year and if you can ;
tween Maidilone and Rocheller. The flowers of this meet with a friend, at fome difl-ance, who' is furniflied
are blue, the petals are fliort, and the neclarii are with good flowers of this kind, it will be very
ad-
very prominent, in which it differs from the fecond, vantageous to both parries, to exchange feeds once
whofe petals are longer, and the nedarii do not rife in two years, by which they will not be
.
fo apt to de-
fo liigh. 1 his I found growing naturally near Ino-le- generate into plain colours.
borough Hill, in Yorkfhire.
l^he flowers of this'^are In faving the feeds of the variegated columbines,
much larger than thofe of the Garden Columbine, great care fliould be taken not to fulfer any plain
flow-
and the feeds whicli I fowed of this in the garden ers_ toremain for feed, there being generally fome
at Clielfea, produced the fame fpccies without the leafl: plain flowers intermixed with the ffriped
ones on the
variation. fame plant, and often in the fime branches tlicfe :

The third Garden Columbine, of which there

is the Ihould be cut off; for if they are permitted to feed,
are great varieties, not only in the colour and fulnefs or if their farina mix and impregnate the
ftriped
of their flowers, but alfo in their form. In fome flowers, they will degenerate into plain
colours ; fo
tiiere are no vifible neftarii, but in place of them that there cannot be too much care taken
a in favincr
multiplicity of petals, fo that the flowers are as dou- the feeds, where the beauty of their flowers
are re"^
ble as tliofe of the Larkfpur. Hiefe are commonly garded.
called Rofe Columbines; the colours of thefe are The Canada Columbine flowers almofl: a month be-
chefnut, blue, red, and white, and fome are finely fore the other forts ; for which reafon it is
preferved
variegated with two colours. m the gardens of the curious, though there is
no great
Tlicre are others with fliarp pointed petals, which beauty in the flowers.' There is another
variety of
expand in form of a fliar ; of thefe there are fingle and this fort, with taller flower-fl;ems, which flowers a
double flowers, of the feveral colours as the former. httle after the other, but do not difler, either in the
From the difl'erent fliape of thefe flowers, any perfon Ihape of its flowers or leaves from this, fo I conclude
not well fldlled in the culture of plants, would fup- they are but one difliina fpecies.Tlie Canada Co-
pofe they were difl:ina from the others ; but having lumbines flower in April, and their feeds ripen the
feveral yearsfown their feeds, which were collefted beginning of Auguft. The other forts flower toward
With great care, I have found them always varying
from one to tlie other therefore I have not enume-
M
:

rated their varieties here, J

knowing they can never be feeds ripen toward the middle or end of September,
prefeived the fame from feeds, however carefully they according as the fealbn proves more or lefs favou-
are faved however, as the forts with varieo-ated flow-
:
rable.
ers are efl:eemed the greateft: beauties, fo* thofe per- The firfl: fort that which
dlre£led for medicinal
is is
fons, who are dcfirous to have them in perfeftion, ufe ill the difpenfaries, but at prefent is very rarely
fliould root out all thofe plants whofe flowers are not ordered.
v.-ell marked, or at leafl; cut ofi^ their ftems fo foon as ARABIS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 732. Bafl:ard Tower
their flowers appear, leaving only the mofl: beautiful
to ieed, that the farina of the plain flowers, may
M
not The Characters are,
impregnate the others, whereby the plants raifed from Thefiower hath a ficur -leaved empahncnt^ two of the op-
their feeds may not be degenerated, of which too *

pofite leaves being large^ and the other two narrow

; tbcfc
mucli care cannot be taken. 'J'he flower hath four petals in
fall cff. form of a c.
Thefe plants are all raifed by fowing the feeds, or which fpread open ; at the bottom of ea-Jj is ftlnated c
parting the old roots, but the former niethod is chiefly
neSlarium fixed to the empalcmcnt^ and between
fi.exed i
praclif-d for the old roots are very apt to degenerate
;
arifef.x upright ftamina, two of which are no longer i

atrcr they have blown two or three years, fo as to

the flower-cup^ the other four are much longer : ^ibefc
become quite plain.
-fijapedft
The ieeds fliould be fi
fown
Augufl: in a nurfery-bed in
or September, for the feeds which are kept till fpring fi^
/. ve ifejl. This
feldom grow v/ell, or at leafl: remain in the ground a
3/]
whole year. The fpring following the plants will ap- J ' III r -^ — - » f' » ' r r ' w .

lengthways^ having two valves a'nd a tUn partition^ Ic-

pear abo\-e ground, therefore fliould be kept clear
tween I I

fifi'
irom wecd^, and if the feafbn Paould be dry, they
|

T Tills
 -

A R A A R A
This genus of plants is ningcd in Linn^vis*s fifteenth and France, I have alfo found it growing v/ild upon
clafs, entitled Tetradynamia Siliquofa fo called, bc- : fome old wall s at Cambridge and Ely, but the feeds
caufe the flowers have four ilamina longer than the m.ight probably come out of the gardens where they
other two, and the feeds growing in long pods. were firft planted. The plants of this kind, which
. The Si'Ecirs are, row on walls or ruins, continue much lona;er tJiaa
Araeis {Tbaliana) foliis petiolatis lanceolatis inte- thofe which are fow^n in gardens, v-'here they feldom
frerrimis. Vir. Cliff. 64. Bnfiard 'To-iver Mujlard^ with live longer than tv/o years. The leaves of this fort
whole fpcar-Pjnped leaves having foot-fialks, Burfa:i pai- are long, broad, hairy, and a little v/avcd on their
toris fimilis filiquofa major. C, B. P. 108.. edges-, of a pale colour, and fpread near the ground:
2. Arabis amplexicaulibus dcntatis. Hort.
i^Alpina) foliis from the center of thefe come out the ftalks, which
Cliff. 335. Bajlard'TcKver Muftard^ with indented leaves rife about a foot and a lialf hif?h, havino- feveral leaves

emiracing the fialks. Draba alba filiquofa repens.

'
growing alternately, which clofely embrace them.
C. B. P.
^
Toward the top of the ftalks, they divide into feveral
n AvRAEis {Pendula) foliis amplexicaulibus filiquis an- fmall branches, which are terminated by long loof:;

cipitibus lincaribus calycibus fubpilofis. Hort. Upfal. fpikes of flowers, of a dirty whdte colour, each having
101. Bafiard Tower Mujiard with leaves embracing the four petals placed in form of a crofs. After the flowers
Jtalks^ narroiv pods hanging two zvays^ and hairy fiowcr- are paft, the germen becomes long flat pods, which
ciips. Turritis latifolia hirfuta filiquis pendulis. Am- turn backward at their extremity and open length-
man. Ruth. 5^. ways, having tv/o rov/s of flat-bordered feeds, of a
4. Arabis (Turrita) foliis amplexicaulibus filiquis de- dark brown colour, feparated by a thin ii\tcrmediate
curvis planis linearibus calycibus fubrugofis. Hort. partition.
.Upfal. 192. BaJtardTower Mujlardywith narroiv^plain^ This fort is eafily propagated by feeds, which fliouid
hanging pods^ rough fiowcr-cups. Leucoium hefpe-
a7id be fown in the autumn for thofe which are fown
*,

ridis iolio. Tourn. Inft. 221. Stock Gilhjlcwcr %vitb a in the fpring frequently mifcarry, or lie in the ground
leaf of Dame's Violet, a whole year before they grow. When the plants are

5. Arabis (Lyrata) foliis glabris, radicalibus lyratis, ftrong enough to remove, they mdy be tranfplanted
caulinis linearibus. Flor. Virg. 99. Bafiard Tower into a fliady border, or in rural plantations, where
Mufardwith fmccth leaves^ thofe at the root lyre-fjaped^ no other care will be neceflary, but to prevent their
hut on the ftalks linear. being overgrov/n by weeds. The plants flower in
6. A-RABis iCanaderJis) foliis caulinjs lanceolatis dentatis May, and their feeds ripen in July. There is little
glabris. Flor. Virg. ico. Bafiard Tower Muflard^ with beauty in this plant, yet many perfons preferve it in
fpear-fjapcdy indented^ fmooth leaves. Eruca Virginiana, their gardens to make a variety. , .

bellidis majoris folio. Pluk. Aim. 136. The fifth fort is annual, it grows naturally in North
II1C firJl: fort is a low plant, feldom rifmg more than America; the leaves near the root are lyre-fnaped,
four or five inches high, fending out many fliort but thofe on the flower-ftalks are linear, placed al-
branches on every fide, terminated by fmall white ternately, both are fmooth-, the flower-ftalks rife near
flowers gVowing alternately the moft part of their a-foot high, and are terminated by white flowers,
length, each having four petals in form of a crofs, which are fucceeded by flender pods.
which are fucceeded by long (lender pods filled with The was brought from Virginia-, this is a
fixth fort
fmall round feeds. It grov/s naturally on fandy dry biennial plant, whofe lower leaves fpread on the
ground, in many parts of England. ground, thefe are deeply indented on their fides ; the
The fecond fort grows naturally in Iftria, from whence flower-ftalks rife a foot high, fuftaining feveral yellow
I received the feeds ; it is alfo a native of the Alps, flowers placed fcatteringly at the top, which are fuc-
and many other mountainous countries'. This is a ceeded by prettv long flat pods, filled with feeds.
perennial plant, which increafes by its creeping roots, The two !aft mentioned forts have little beauty to
which run obliquely near the furface of the ground, recommend them, nor are their virtues known, there-
and fend down roots at every joint. The leaves are fore they are rarely admitted into any gardens except
collecled into heads, fpreading circularly like thofe for variety. They are eafily' propagated by feeds,
of the London Pride. Thele arc oblong, whitilli, which if permitted to fcatter on the ground, will pro-
and indented on their edges ; out of thefe heads arife duce plants in plenty on any foil, or in any fituation.
the flower-fcalks, which grow near a foot high, gar- ARACHIS, Earth, or Ground Nut.
niOied with leaves placed alternately, which are The Characters are.

broader at their bafe than thofe v/hich grow below, The empalement of the flower opens in two parts^ the
and embrace the ftalks the flowers grow in
cloftly : upper being cut into three at the extremity^ the under oie
loofe bunches on the top ; thefe are white, and have is hollow ending in a pointy and longer than the other. The
leaves in form of a crofs, which are fucceeded by long- flower is of the butterfy kind^ having four petals -, ibe
fiat pods, opening lengthways, having two cells, flandard is largc^ roundijh^ and plain ; the zvings arc open
v/hich arefeparated by an intermediate partition, each and fhcrter than the flandard^ the keel is little longer than
having one row of fiat reddiih feeds. the empalement^ and turns back. The fewer hath ten
I'his is a very hardy plant, fo will thrive in any fi- fiarnina,, nine of which coalefce^ ojid the upper one fiends
tuation. It produces leeds in plenty, but as it muki- off; thefe are no longer than the kcel^ crowned by rouni
plies fo fad by its creeping roots, few perfons are furnmits. In the center is filuated an oblong germen,, ftp-
at the trouble to fov/ the feeds. Ic flowers early in the porting an awl-fjaped ftyle^ crowned by a fingle ftigina.
fnrinp-, and having; many ftalks rinn,q; from one root, The germen afterward turns to an oblong pod-^ contaifiing
they make a pretty variety in cold fituations, v/here two or three cblcng blunt feeds.
many finer plants will not thrive, fo may have place This genus of plants is ranged in LinniEUs's feven-
in rin-al plantations among flirubs, where they v/ill teenth clafs, entitled Diadeip'iia Decandria, from the
thrive with very little care. flowers having ten ftamina, which are in two bodies.
The grows naturally In Siberia, from whence
third fort We have but one Species of this plant, viz.
the feeds were brought to Peterfljurgh. This is a Arachis {Hypog^a.) Lin. Horc. Cli!f. 35^. Earth «"
perennial oiant, which oTows near a foot hip;h; the Ground Nut, Arachidna quadrifolia villofa flore lutco.
leaves arc broad, hairy, and indented on their edges \
Plum. Nov. Gen. 49. ...v
thefe clolely embrace the ft'alks. The flowers grov/ The native country of this plant I believe Is Africa,
alternately in loofe fpikcs, and are of a dirty white though at preleht, all the ie:tlcments in America
ccAour. Thefe are fucceeded by long narrow pods, abound ^/ith" it] but many perfjns v/ho have refided
which are filled v/ith flat brown feeds like tlie forn^er, in^that country affirm, they v/ere orio;Inally brought
but tiiepods of this hang downwards two ways. It ,:by tlie flaves from Africa there, v/here they have been
flowers early In fpring, and pertefts feeds very well, fpread allover the fcttlements.
bv vy'hich it may be propagated in plenty. It mul'Li|:»lie3 very f-ft in a warm country, but being

The fourdi fore grows naturally in Iknigary, Sicily, impadcnt uf cold, it cannot be propagated in the opt-:n
o air
 .^

A R A r
A
air inEngland; therefore v/hoe\Tr has an inclination roots may be
taken up, and tranfplanted where theV
to cultivate this plant, muft plant the feeds in a hot- are to remain. They are very hardy plants, fo ma/
bed in the fpring of the year, keeping the glafics over be planted in any fituation ; and as they grow
natu-
the plants till the middle or end of June ; after which rally in woods, fo they may be planted
in wiJdernefs
time, if the weather prove warm, tiiey may be ex- quarters, under trees, where, although they
have ho
pofed to the open Llir by degrees. The branches of great beauty, yet they will add to the variety.
this plant trail upon the ground, and the flowers 'Jlicfe two forts may alfo be propagated by
partin.^of
(which are yellow) are produced fingle upon long their roots ; the beft- time for doing this
is in^the
foot-ftalks ; and as foon as the flower begins to decay, autumn, foon after their leaves decay. Thefe fliould
the gcrmen under ground, where the pod is
is thruft be planted pretty far afundcr, for their roots fpread
formed and ripened ; fo that uniefs the ground is to a ccnfiderable diftance, where they are left
\\r^
opened, they never appear the negroes kept tliis a
: difturbed for fome years.
fecret am.ong themfelves, therefore could fupply them- The third fort rifes with a woody ftem
to the hei'^ht
felves with thefe nuts unknown to their mafters. The of eight or ten feet, dividing into feveral branches,
roots of thefe plants are annual, but the nuts or feeds garniflied with branching leaves, wliich are com-
fufficiently ftock the ground in a warm country, where pounded of many divaricated wings ; the lobes of
they are not very carefully taken up. In South Ca- wincli are oblong, and the ribs of the leaves, as ahb
rolina there is great plenty of thefe nuts, which the the branches and ftems of the plants, are armed with
inhabitants roaft, and make ufe of as chocolate. fl-rong crooked which renders the places very
fpines,
A AL R I A, Berry-bearing Angelica. difficult to pafs through where they grow in plentv.
The Characters are, The flowers of this fort are produced in large loofe
// an umhclUfcrous plant with a globular umhel^ having
is umbels, at the extremity of the brandies, and are of
afmall involucrum\ the empakmcnt of the flower is fmall^ an herbaceous colour, fo make no great figure, but
indented in five parts^ ayid refts upon the ge^rmen, The the plants are preferved in moft of the curious gardens
flower hath five oval petals^ which arereflexed\ it hath in England. It flowers in A^uguft, but the Iceds do

f.ve azvlfijaped ftamina crowned hyroundiflj fwmmits ; the not ripen in this country.
round germen below the empalement fupports five Jhort This propagated by feeds, which are eafily pro-
is

each of which is crowned by a Jingle ftigma. "The cured from North America-, but as they feldom ar-
germen afterward turns to a roundifh channelled berry rive here till tov/ard the fpring, ib the plants never
having five cells ^ each containing one oblong hard feed. come up the firft year : therefore when the feeds ar-
This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth feftioh of rive, they fliould be fown in pots, filled with light
Linna^us's fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria Pentagynia, earth, and placed in a fliady fituadon, v/here they
the flowers having five itamina and five flyles. may remain until the next autum.n, being careful to
The Species are, weed the pots conftantly , otherwife if v/eeds are per-
1. Ae.alia (i?^m;;^y^) caule foliofo herbaceolaivi. Hort. mitted to grow till they arc large, they cannot be
Upfal. 70. Berry-bearing Angelica^ with an herbaceous taker, cut, v/ithout drawing up the feeds with their
leafy ftalL Aralia Canadenfis. Tourn. Infl:. R. H. roots. In the autumn, the pots fliould be plunged
300. either into an old bed of tan, or in a v/arm border
2. Aralia (A^^iifr-^^^//^) caule nudo fohis ternatis. Hort. under the flicker of a hedge or wall ; and if the winter
113. Berry -bearing Angelica with a naked flall:
Cliff. proves fevere, it will be proper to cover the pots with
AraHa caule nudo radice repente. Cold. Noveb. 66. ftraw or Peafe-haulm, to prevent the froft from pe-
3. Aralia {Spinofa) arborefcens caule foliolifque acu- netrating deep into the ground. In March the pots
leata. Vir. Cliff. 26. "Tree Berry-bearing Angelica^ whofe fliould be plunged into a moderate hot-bed, which
flalkand leaves are prickly. Aralia arborefcens fpinofa. will bring up the plants early, fo that they will have
Vaill. Serm. Angelica-tree^ vulgo. more time to cret ftrenpth before the followin'^ winter
The firft fort is pretty common in many gardens near When the plants come up, they fnould be frequently
London, but the fecond is at prefent more rarely met refreP_ied witli water, and conftantly kept clean from
with. Both thefe plants grow naturally in North weeds in May they fliould be inured to the open air,
:

America, from whence their feeds were brought to and when they are removed out of the bed, diev
Europe. They are perennial plants, whofe ftalks de- fliould have a fhady fituation. Thefe plants Ikould
cay in autumn, and new ones arife from their roots not be difturbed the firft feafon, but as they are often
in the fpring. The firft grows three or four feet high, injured by froft when young, fo in October the pots
and divides into many irregular branches, garnifhed fliould be placed under a frame, v/here they may be
with ramofe leaves, placed alternately ; at the wino-s fcreened from hard frofts, but in mild weather fliould
of thefe the flower-ftalks are produced, which are ter- be conftantly opened to enjoy the free air. The leaves
minated by round umbels of fmall four-leaved flowers, of thefe plants fall away in the autumn, fo tl^at fome
of a whitifh colour; thefe are fucceeded by rounci perfons have fuppofed them dead, and have thrown
channelled berries, which when ripe, are black. Tliis them out of the pots, which every one fliould be
flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in 0£lober. caurioned againft. In the fpring, before the plants
The fecond fort rifes to near the fame height as the begin to pufh, they fl-xould be carefully fliakcn out of
former the leaves of this have two trifoliate large
•,
the pots, and feparated part of them fliould be
•,

which are fawed on their edges. The flower-

lobes, . planted fingly into fmaU pots, and the other may be
ftalks arife between thefe immediately from the root, planted in a bed of light earth in a warm fituation.
being naked, and are terminated by round umbels If thofe which are planted in the fmall pots are plun^>-ed
of flowers, in fliape and colour like the firft ; thefe in a moderate hot-bed, it will greatly forward their
are fucceeded by berries, which are fmaller than thofe growth-, but they muft be eariy inured to bear the
of the other. This flowers toward the end of July, open air, otherwife they Avill draw up weak. In the ,

and the feeds ripen late in the autumn. The roots following fumm.er they muft have a fliady fituation,
cf tills fort were formerly brought over and ibid for and the next winter fnould be fheltered arain; the
Sarfaparilla, and at this time feveral of^the inhabitants fpring following they may be fliaken cut ofthe pots,
of Canada make ufe of it as fuch, but it is very dif- and planted where they are defigned to remain, l^hole
ferent from the true fort. plants which were planted in the bed, will require
Both thefe forts are eafily propagated by feeds, which protection from the froft the^ firft vrinter^ therefore
are generally produced in plenty. Thefe fliould be if the furface of the ground is covered >vit!i old tan-
fown in the autumn foon after they are ripe, for thofe ners bark, it v/ill prevent the froft from penetrating.*-
which are fown in the fpring, never grow tlie fame to their roots-, aiid if in hard frofts, fome ftraw,
year, fo that a v/hole feafon is gahied by the fowlng Peafe-haulm, or any light covering is laid over the
in autumn. When the plants appear, they mufi be bed, it will fecure their ftems from being injured.
kept clean from weeds during the fummer-, and in The plants in the bed may remain there two years, by
the autunui follcv/ii:g, v/hen their leaves decay, the which tiAie ih;;y will be ftrong e^iough to tranlpLint
to
 p.
"to the places where they arc dcfigncd to grow. As 1. Arcutu s f{Acadmfi
ihcle plants do not come out very early in tlae fpring. ovatis fubferratis fioribu.s fparfis baccis polyfpermis.
fo they often continue growing pretty late in the au- Lin. Sp. Plant, ^(^c^. Arbutus with trailing fi'alks, oval
tumn, which cauies the extreme parts of their flioots leaves, fiomewhat indented, fiowers grczving
loofely, and
to be very tender, whereby they often fuffer from tlie many feeds. Vitis ida^a Acadienfis foliis Alaterni.
'

early fi'olts in autumn, which frequently kill the upper Tourn. Inft.
parts of the flioots but as their woody ftems are
; Arbutus (y%>/^)
4. caulibus procumbentibus foliis ru-
leldom injured, fo they put out new branches below: gofis ferratis. Lap. 161. Arbutus with
Flor. trailing
and it in very fevei'c v/inters tlie ftems are deitroyed, ficilks and rough fawed leaves. Vitis id^a foliis obloif-
yet tlie loots will remain, and put out new' ones the gis albicantibus. C. B. P. 470.
tollowing fummer, therefore they fliould not be de- 5. Arbutus caullbus procumbentibus foliis integer^
Ih'oycd. rlmis. Flor. Lap. 162. Arbutus with trailing ft alkTand
This plant may be propagated by Its roots, for
alio entire leaves.
as they Ipread'far in the ground, fo if they are laid 6. Arbutus {Uva Urfii) caulibus diffufis, foliis emargi-
open, and fome of the ftrongeft are feparated from natis. Arbutus with and indented leaves.
diffufed ftalks
tlie plant and left in the ground, they will put out Uva urfi. Cluf rlift. i. p. 6^. Bear Berry.
nevv' ftems and ma!:e new plants. Or if part of the The firft fort grows naturally in Jtaly, Spain, and alfo
roots "J re taken off and planted on a moderate hot-bed, in Ireland, and is now very common in the Enrrliih
they will pufii out ftems in pleaty, fo may be increafed gardens. Of this fort there are the
following varie-
with cafe. .

ties, viz. one with an oblong flower and

oval fruit;
ARBOR, a tree,
defined to be a gemmiparous
is another with a double flower, and a third with red
plant, with a fmgle trunk br ftem, abounding vWth flowers but thefe being only feminal varieties, I have
;

Ihoots. This is the only definition which conveys an not mentioned tliem as fpecies ; though for the fake
^

idea whereby to diftinguifli a tree fr.om a fnrub, which of the curious, I fliall give a farther account of
is ap;emmiparous plant, with many ftems or trunks. them.
ARBOR CAMPHORIFERA. See Laurus. The fecond fort grow^ naturally in tlie eaft, parti-
ARBO:; CORAL. See Ep.ythrina. cularly about Magnefia, where it is fd plenty, as to
ARBOR yuD/E. See Cercis.' '

be the principal fuel ufed by the inhabitants of the

A R B O R E G IJ 3 {/Irhcrcus, Lat. of, or belonging to, country. This grows to a middle fized tree; the
or of the nature of, trees.] which bota- An epithet branches are irregular, and are garnifhed with large
nifts apply to thofe fungufes, or'moffes which grow oval leaves, fomewhat like thofe of the Bay-tree, but
on trees, in diftinftion from thofe that e:row on the not quite fo long ^ thefe are fmooth and entire, having
ground; as Agaric, Jev,'3-ear, &c. no ferratures on their edges ; the flowers are fliaped
A R B O U R S {Arboreta, oi Arbor, Let, a tree.] Thefe like thofe of the comm.on Arbutus, but grow thinly
vv^re formerly in greater efteem v/ith us than at pre- on the branches, l^he fruit Is oval, and of the fame
fent^; few. gardens were without covered arbours,
and colour and confiftence with the common fort, but the
lliady feats , but of
they have been much re-
late feeds of this are fiat, whereas thofe of the common
jefted, and that notv/irhout good reafon for befides fort are pointed and angular. Tournefort enumerates
i
•
the great expence in their firft erefting, they were a three other varieties of this tree, which he obferved in
continual charge keeping repaired ^ for the wet foak- .
the Levant, one v;ith fawed leaves, which is now in
ing through the leaves of the trees to the wood-work, many EngliOi gardens, and pafles for the Andrachne:
was, by the continual fliade, and for the want of free another with a large oblong fruit, and a third with
air, detained fo long as to rot the wood (which, large compreflfed fruit
if but it is doubtful if they are
:

wholly expofed to the weather, would have lafted fe- not accidental varieties, which have been produced
ven or eight) in two or th.ree years ; befide, the feats from feeds of the firft.
are continually dam.p, and unhealthy for which rea- : The common Strawbeny-tree is too well known to
fcn, 'covered feats or alcoves, are every where, at this require any defcription of it here, being at prefent
in
time, preferred to them. moft of the Englifli gardens, and is one of the greateft
Arbours are generally made of lattice-work, eitlier in ornaments to them in the months of Oftober and
wood or iron, and covered with Elms, Eim.es, I Jorn- November, that being the feafon when the trees are
ber:m ; or with Creepers, as Honeyfuckles, Jafmines, in flower, and the fruit of the former year is
ripe, for
or Paffion-fiowers; either of which vvill anfwer the the fruit is a whole year growing to perfeftion
; fo
jiurpofe ver/ well, if rightly managed. that the fruit which is produced from the flowers
of
A R B U T U S, the Strawberry-tree. one year, do not ripen till the bloffoms of the fuc-
The Characters are, ceeding year^ are fully blown ; fo that when there is
' The flo-jjcr hath a pnalU chtufe, permanent empakment, plenty of fruit and flowers upon the trees, they make
which :s cut into five parts, upon %vhich the gennen fits. a goodly appearance, and at a feafon when moft
other
7'be floiver is one leaf, fioaped like a pitcher, and di-
ofi trees are paft t]ieir beauty.
vided into fiive parts at the brim, which turn backward. Thofe trees which have large oval fruit, make the
It hath tcnjhcrtfiamlna, which ar^ joined at the bottom greateft figure, the flowers of this being larger, and
to the fiGiver leaf; are crowyied with bifid fiummits.
thefi oblong. The
with double flowers is a curiofity,
fort
At the bottom ofi the fi.ower is fiituatcd the dcbular o-er- but as the flowers have only two orders of leaves, fo
/ tliey make no great appearance; nor do the trees
pro-
/ Jlfter the / duce any plenty, therefore the other is more
fruit in
oval cr round berry, having five which arc
cells, filled preferable. The fort with red flov/ers makes a pretty
with hard feeds. variety, when intermixed with the other ; for the out-
This genus of plants is ranged in the tenth clafs of flde of them are of a fine red colour at their firft ap-
Linn-eus, entitled Decandria Monogynia, from the pearance, and afterward they change to purple before
flowers hiaving ten ftamina and one ftyle. they fall otf. The fruit of this is1he fam.e with the
The Spi:ci£s are, common fort. A\\ thefe varieties are preferved, by
I. Arbutu", (f/7.r^) fbliis glabris ferratis, baccis pnly- inarching or grafting them upon the common Ar-
fpermis, caule credo arborep. Strawberry-tree with butus, for the feeds of either do not produce thefime
fmocth fawcd leaves,
having many feeds, and an
berries kind ; though from the feeds of the oval fruit, there
upright trunk. Arbutus folio ferrato. C. B. P. 460. is generally many more of the fame produced,
tlian
2. Arbutus {Andrachne) foliis glabris integerrimis, bac- from the feeds of the common fort.
cis polyfpermJs caule ercclo"arboreo.
Strawberry-tree The method to prorogate tlie Arlvutus is frojn
beft
with fmcoth entire leaves, berries full
ofi fieeds, and an feeds; therefore when the fruit is perfcftly ripe, it
ere^ woody ftem. Arbutus folio non ierrato. C. B.
P. ftiouid be gatlicred and mixed with dry fand, to pre-
46. Andrachne Tlieophrafti. Ciuf Hlft. 48. called lervc them till the time for fowing them; tlie furcft
Andrachne, .

method of raifing the plants, is to fow the feeds in

pots,
 :

A R A
pots, which fliould be plunged into an old bed of ginnin- to appear-, and at that
feafon. if it nioiiVl
tanners bark, which has loft its heat, coverins; the prove very dry and they are kept moift,
they will t-^ke
bed with glalFes, &c. to keep out froft this iliould ; rout very foon; but toward the
begi an in a of No-
be done in December, if the feeds are good, and as vember, their roots fiiould be well covered
widi mulch '
the fpring advances, the pots are refrcflied with water, to keep out the froft.
the plants will come up the beginning of April, v/hen The third fort
grows naturally in Acadia, and
other
they fhould be frequently but fparingly watered, and nortliern parts ot America, upon
fwampy land, wliicJi
conltantly kept clean from weeds. IS frequently overflowed with water
this is a low
•,

As tlie fummer advances, if the plants are lliaded in bufliy Ihrub, with (lender trailing
branches, which
the heat of the day, it will greatly promote their are garnilhed with oval leaves, a little
fawed on their
growtli i but in warm weather they muft be open all edges ; the flowers come out from the
winos of the
night to receive the dew, fo fhould only be coyered leaves, growing in thin loofe bunches.
The fruit of
in the middle of the day with this management,
: this fort is never produced in
England, and it is with
the plants will rife to the height of five or fix inches great difficulty the plants are kept alive here.
the firft fummer. The beginning of Odober, thefe Hie fourth fort grows naturally on the Alps, and the
plants may beihaken out of the pots, and their roots Helvetian mountains. This never riles high, but
carefully feparated, planting them fingly in fmall pots fends out from the root many fiender
branched, which
filled with light earth ; then plunge the pots into an trail upon the ground, garnilhed with oblono-
old bed of tanners bark, under a common frame, rough leaves, ot a pale green colour-, the
flowerl
obferving to fhade them from the fun in the middle are produced from the wings of the leaves,
upon lono-
of the day, and to give them water as they may re- flender foot-llalks, and are fucceeded by
berries about
quire in this bed the pots fhould remain during the
:
the fize of the common black Cherry, which
are firft
winter, obferving to expofe the plants to the open green, afterward red, and when ripe they are
black.
air at all times when tlie weather is favourable but Thefe are of a pleafant tafte, fo are frequendy eaten
^

in frofty weather they muft be covered, otherwife by the inhabitants of thofe countries where they grow
they will be in danger if the feafon proves fevere. naturally. This is alfo a very difficult plant to keep
The fpring following the plants may be removed to ahvein gardens, for it is an inhabitant of bogs,
a very gentle hot-bed, which will require no other growing among mofs, where the ground is never dry.
covering but mats. This will enable them to make The fifth fort grows naturally upon the mountains in
ftrong ftioots early in the fummer, whereby they will Spain, and in moft of the northern parts of Eu-ope.
be in a better condition to bear the cold of the fuc- The branches of this trail on the ground, which are
ceeding winter in this bed the plants may continue
:
clofely garniffied with fmooth thick leaves
of an oval
moft part of the fummer, for if the pots are taken form, placed alternately ; the flowers are produced
out and fet upon the ground, the fmallnefs of their in fmall bunches toward the extremity of the
branches,
fize will occafion the earth in them to dry fo fall, which are fhapcd like thofe of the common fort, but
that watering will fcarcely preferve the plants alive- are fmaller ; and are fucceeded by berries,
of the fame
but if they are kept growing all the fummer, they fize with thofe of the former fort, which
are red when
will be more than a foot high by the next autumn ripe.
but it will be advifable to fcreen them from the froft There few of thefe plants in the Englilh gardens,
are
during their continuance in pots, by plunging them for as they are inhabitants of very cold
countries,
into theground in a warm place, and covering them where they are covered with fnow all the winter, and
with mats in bad weather. growing upon bogs among mofs, fo when they are
When the plants are grown to be two or three brought into a garden, they feldom condnue long,
feet high, you may Ibake them out of the
pots, and nor do they thrive with the utmoft care for in places
;
plant them in the open ground in the places
where where artificial bogs have been contrived to receive
they are to remain ; but this fhould be done in thefe plants, they have been preferved tv/o
April, or three
that they may have taken good root before the
win- years,- and then have periftied fo that unlefs the
-,

ter, which would be apt to damage

them if newly place where they are planted is naturally boggy,
there
planted and as all the earth about their roots may
-,
is litde hopes of their fucceeding
long.
be thus preferved, there will be no fear of fucceeding The fixth fort grows naturally upon Mount Cenis
at this feafon.
in Italy, and upon fome mountains in
Spain ; this
Thefe plants are tolerably hardy, and are feldom hurt, hath woody ftalks which rife two or three feet hi'T-ii,
except in extreme hard winters, which many
times dividing into many difFufed branches, clofely garnilhed
kill the young and tender branches,
but rarely deftroy with roundifh fiefliy leaves, which are indented at the
the roots ; therefore, however dead they may top ; the flowers are produced in a racemus toward
appear after a hard winter, yet I would advife the end of the branches, which are fhaped like
the thofe
letting them remain till the fucceeding
fummer has of the Strawberry-tree, of an herbaceous colour, ftrip-
fulBciently demonftrated what are living
and what are ed with purple. The plants of this kind are very
anno rare in England, nor is this fort much known among
gave us great reafon to believe moft of the trees
of botanifts, moft of whom have fuppofed the fifth to
this kind were deftroyed ; and many
people were fo be the fort mentioned by Clufius, in which they
haft)% as to dig up or cut down, many
of their trees; are greatly miftaken'.
whereas all thofe people who had patience to
let them The Adrachne is at prefent ver)' rare in England
remain, found that fcarce one in five hundred ;

failed this may be propagated in the fame manner

to come out again the next fummer, as hath
and many of been direfted for the common Arbutus, but as there
them made handfonie plants that feafon. 1 V

are no plants country which produce fruit at

in this
This tree delights in a moift foil, for when they
are prefent, the feeds m.uft be procured from the Levant,
planted in dry ground, they feldom produce
much where they may be had in plenty. As the leaves of
fruit the flowers of this tree being produced
:
in au- this tree are larger than thofe of^ the common Arbu-
tumn, if the winter proves fevere, are generally
de- tus, the trees make a finer appearance, therefore de-
ftro)ed, wliich has occafioned dieir
producing very ferve our care to cultivate them, efpecially as tliey
little fruit in England
for feveral years therefore, :
will bear the open air when the plants are become
m order to obtain fruit, the trees fliould
be placed in woody ; for while they are young, they are impati-
a warm and where the ground is not natu-
fituation ;
ent of much froft, therefore fliould be preferved in
rally moift, there fliould
be a good quandty of loam pots three or four years, till they have obtained
and rotten neat's dung laid about their roots
and if -,
llrength, and may then be planted in a warm fitua-
the Ipnng fliould prove dry, they
muft be plentifully tion and on a dry foil, for this fort will not thrive in

?i'
W
watered, in order to have plenty of

^'M'"^''"
!o in bLptember, ^"u'
at wh:ch
fruit.

T^"^P^^T^
time the bloflbms are be-
wet ground."
ARCTIUM. Lin. Gen. 830. Lappa. Tourn. Inft.
R. H. Burdock.
u The
 ;
r'

A
"
The Characters are, The 'middle or dijl' of the flower is 'compofed of hermaphro-
'The empalemenl of the flower is fcdy^ eachfcak ending in a dite florets, which are funnel-fljciped^ and divided at th:
Icvg thorn which is reflexed at the point. The flower is top into five parts which are reflexed ; thefe havefi.vefla-
^

compofed of many florets^ which are tuhdous^ uniform^ mina^ crowned by fljort fummits \ in the center is placed
aijd of one leaf The tube is long midfiender^ cut into a fmall germen,, fupporting a cylindrical ftyle with afingle
narrow fegments at the top : thefe have each five fhort
fi-je fligma, Thefe flowers are abortive.
flcndcr ftaminaj which are crowned by cylindrical fummits. This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth fecbion
The gernisn isfltuated at the bottom of the tiihe, having of Linnasus's feventeenth clafs, entitled Syngenefia
a hairy tip^ fupporting a long flender ftyle^ crowned by Polygamia NeceflTaria, the flowers of this feclion be-
a bifid refiet<ed ftigma the germen afte^'ward becomes a
•, ing compofed of female and hermaphrodite florets
fingle^ pyramidal^ angular feed^ crowned with down. in fome fpecies the florets in the difli are fertile, and
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of in others they are fterile.
Linnieus's feventeenth clafs, entitled Syngenefia Po- The Species are, . -

lygamia Squalls, there being an equal number of fe- 1. Arctotis {Triftis) flofculis radiantibus vicenis tripar-
male and hermaphrodite flowers included in one com- titis.Lin. Sp. 1^06. Artlotis with the rays of the fl.owcr
mon empalement. '

compofed of florets cut into three fegments, Anemono-

I'he Sp£cies are, fpermos Afra, foliis &
facie taraxaci incanis. Breyn,
1. Arctium {Lappa) foliis cordatis inermibus petiolatis Prod, t, 15. ^

capitulis majoribus fparfis. Burdock with heart-fhaped 2. Arctotis {Anguftifolia) flofculis radiantibus fertili-

leaves without prickles^ having foot-fialksy and large bus, foliis lanceolatis integris dentatis, Lin. Sp. 1306.
heads growing fcatteringly. .
., ,
Ar£lotis whofe florets in the rays are fertile^ and fpear-
2. Arctium {Perfonata) foliis cordatis inermibus, capi- fljapsd,, entire^ indented leaves. Anemonofpermos Afra,
tulis minoribus compaftis. Burdock with heart-fhaped foho ferrato rigido flore intus fulphul*eo extus puni-
leaves without fpines^ and fmall heads growing clofe to- ceo. Boerh. Ind. Alt. i. p. x. 100.
gether. , "
' .
3. Arctotis {Afpera) flofculis radiantibus fertilibus,
^. Arctium {Tomentofis) foliis cordatis inermibus, ca- foliis pinnato-linuatis villofis laciniis oblongis denta-
pitiJis tomento-reticulatis. Burdock with heart-fhaped tis. Lin. Sp. 1307. ArElotis whofe rays of the flower are
oblong, indented leaves.^. A-
*

ledX^es without fpinesy and woolly netted leaves. fertile and woolly •^withfinuated,
The two firil forts are common weeds, growing on nemonolpermos Afra, folio Jacobsese tenuiter laciniato
the fides of roads and foot-paths in moft parts of flore aurantio pulcherrimo. Boerh. Ind. Alt. i. p, 100.
England, and are not admitted into gardens. ^The 4. Arctotis {Calendula) flofcuUs radiantibus fterilibus
firft is ordered for medicinal ufe by the college of duodenis fubintegris, foliis lyratis nigro denticulatis.
phyficians, therefore I have inferted it here: the fe- Lin. Sp. 1306. ArSotis whoferays of the flower are fie-
cond is by many fuppofed be only a variety of the
to rile and intire, and the leaves are lyre-fhaped and indented.

firft, but I have for feveral years fown the feeds of Anemonofpermos Africana Jacobse^ maritimas foliis
botli forts in the Chelfea garden, where they have con- flore fulphureo. Com. Rar. 36. -
'.

ftantly retained their difference, fo may be allowed 5. Arctotis {Plantaginea) flofculis radiantibus fertili-
to be diftinft fpecies. The firft is titled by Cafpar bus, foliis lanceolato-ovatis nei*vofis decurrentibus am-
Bauhin,'Lappa major, five Arftium Diofcorides. Pin. plexicaulibus,. Lin, Sp. 1306. Arctotis whofe rays cf
192. Greater Burdock^ or Arctium of Diofcorides, The the flower are fertile, and oval, fpear-fhaped, nervous^
fecond is titled by Vaillant, Lappa vulgaris capitulo running leaves embracing the ftalks, Anemonofpermos
minore. A£t. Par. 1718. Common Burdock with a fmall Afra, folio plantaginis, florum radiis intus aureis ex-
bead, '
;
"\ • -. > .
*'
' '
'"' : tus puniceis. Boerh. Ind. i. p. 100. '

I'he third fort is not a native of England, but grows 6. Ap.cTOTis (yfif<^///yj) pedunculis radicalibus, foliis ly-
naturally on the Apennine mountains. The leaves ratis. Lin. Sp. 1306. ArSlotis whofe foot-ftalks arife
of this are like thofe of the common fort, but are ^

from the root, and the leaves are lyre-fhaped, Anemo-

whiter on their under fide \ the heads are more com- fpermos Africana, folio plantiginis flore fulphureo.
'
padl, and the of a bright red colour ; but the
florets are Com. Rar. '2^1^, . ^ ^

greateft difference is in their empalements, which .in 7. Arctotis foliis pinnato-kciniatis crifpis caule ra-
this fort are beautifully netted with a fine down all over. mofo fruticofo. ArSlotis with winged, jagged, curled
This is alfo fuppofed to be only a variety of the com- leaves, and a branching florubby flalk. Anemonofper- •

mon fort, but I have cultivated it above forty years, mos Africana. foliis Cardui benedidli florum radiis in-
during which time it has, never varied, fo that it is cer- tus albicantibus. Hort. Amft, 2. 45.
tainly a diftinft fpecies. This is by Cafpar Bauhin 8. Arctotis {Paleacea) flofculis radiantibus fterilibus,
ticltrd. Lappa major montana capitulis tomentofis. Pin. paleis flofculos difci a^quantibus, foliis pinnatis line-
^'
198. Greater Mountain Burdock with woolly heads aribus. Amoen. Acad. 6: Afr. 84. ArBolis whofe rays
As thefe plants are feldom admitted into gardens, it of the flower are barren, the fcales of the flowers in the
is needlefs to fay any thing of their culture; but dijk equal, and linear winged leaves. After foliis inte-
where they are troublefome weeds, it may not be gris anguftis, flore magno lutco., Burm. Afr. 176.
amifs to mention, that their roots laft but two years, Thefe plants are natives of the countiy about the
fo rnay be deftroyed with lefs trouble than fuch as Cape of Good Hope, from whence they have been
have perennial roots \ for if they are cvit vip before brought to fome curious gardens.
they leed, in two or three years they may be entirely The firft fort here mentioned is an annual plant,
rooted out ; for the plants which come up from feed, which may be fown upon a warm border of light
do not flower till the fecond year, and when the feeds earth in the open air, in the iniddle of April, where
are perfected their roots decay. , they are defigned to remain ; thefe flower in Auguft,
A R C 1' O T I S. This hath been un- uflially known , and if the feafon proves favourable, they will perfed
der the title of Anemonofpermos, from the refem* feeds very well, and the plants will grow much '

blance the feeds of thefe plants have to that of the A- ftronger than thofe raifed upon a hot-bed ; but, as
nemone. -
in cold feafons thefe may fail to perfeft their feeds, k
.The Characters are. will be a fecure method to raife fome upon the hot-
The common empalement is roundifJo and fcaly^ thofe on the bed, whicli never fails to perfeft feeds, ,providcd tliey
lower part are looje and and
awl~fioapedy the middle oval^ are not treated too tenderly. .

thofe on the top concave. The flower is compofed of many The fecond, third, fourth, and feventh forts, grow
female florets which are ranged on the border ; thefe have
. to the height of four or five feet, fending forth many
me fide flretched out like a tongue^ which are called the branches i therefore >vlll require to be frequently
rays^ having an oval four-cornered germenfiituated in their pruned, to keep them in tolerable order, cfpecially
center^ crowned with down^ fupporting a flender ftyle^ the feventh, which fends forth ftrong rambling flioors,
crowned by two oval ftigma ; the grrmen afterward be- when their roots are not much confined in the poc^,
comes afingle rcundijh fccd^ covered ivilh a foft down. but more fo when they are duly watered.
. Thefe
 - ,

A V G
Thefe arc fcklom deflitute of flowers the whole year, - About the end of September following they iv.iiy he
unlefs the winter is fevere, which renders them more opened and examined, to fee if they have talccn root
valuable than thofe which flower at one fealbn only ^ or not, which it is very probable they will have
done ;
for all thofe plants which flower in the winter-feafon, but if not, they mufl; be let alone, to lie till the next
make a fine variety in the green-houfe ; and wlien the autumn, when they are to be taken up, and planted
plants are fet abroad in fummer, tlieir flowers being in tlie nurfery.

at that feafon produced in greater plenty, they add Tiiis may be done to the Dutch, Witch, and En<^-
to the beauty of a garden. Elms the Abele, Lime, Alder, Platanus, aiTd
lifh ;

The fhrubby forts are propagated by planting cut- many forts of evergreen trees and flowering fiirubs.
tino-s in abed of light frelh earth, in any of the fum- AREA is the internal capacity or content of any
given
mer months, obferving to ihade theni from the heat boundary or limits, of what figure or fliape Ibevcr
of tlie fun until they have taken root, as alfo to re- it be.
frefli them often v/ith water ; and in fix weeks after ARGEMONE[fo called from ''Apyry.oc, a difeafe m
planting, they will be rooted fufficiently,- at which the eye," which this plant is faid to cure ; it is alio
time they fhould be tranfplanted into pots filled with called the Infernal Fig, becaufe the capfule pretty
frefli earth, fetting the pots in a fliady place until the much refembles a Fig, and from its afperity,] Prickly '

plants are new rooted ; after which time they Ihould Poppy.
be placed in the open air until the latter end of Ofto- The CHARACTEks are,
ber, or later, according as the weather is favourable, Jlozver hath a three-leaved empalement, z^hkh falls
when they mufl be removed into the green-Koufe, off', it hath Jive roundifi petals^ 'which fpread
where they fhould be placed as near the window as fit.

pofilble, that they may have a good quantity of free an oval five-cornered germen^ crowned by a large obtttft
air at all times, when the weather is mild ; nor Ihould JligfHa^ which is permanent y divided into five parts^ at-
they be over-hung by other plants, which would cc- offiamina^ cr
cafion them to take a mouldinefs, and rot ; they mufl fuynmits ; the germen afterwar
alfo be frequently refreflied with v/ater, giving it feed-veffely having fi' Ci^i/lS

them plentifully in mild weather, otherwife their filled with fmall feeds
leaves and branches will hang and wither in fufn- •, This genus of plants ranged in Linnaeus's is thir-
mer they can fcarce have too much water given them. teenth clafs, entitled Polyandria Monogynia, the
They v/ill alfo require to be fliifted into other pots flowers having many flamina and one germen.
two or three times at leaft every fummer, and the We
pots fnould be frequently removed, to prevent the (Mi
plants from ftriking their roots through the holes of fpinofis. ^Lin. Sp. 727. whofe capfule
the pots into the ground, which they are very apt to five valves^ dnd the leavi
do, then they will fhoot very vigoroufly ; but when Papaver fpinofum, C. B. P. 171,. ^

thefe roots are torn off, by removing the pots, the This is an Annual plant, which is very common In
plants are often killed. ^ mofl parts of the Wefl-Indies, and is, by the Spani-
All thefe plants fhould be frequently renewed by ards, called Fico del Inferno, oir the Devil's Fig-,
cuttings, becaufe the old plants are fubjedl to decay there 'is no" great beiiuty 61* ufe i'rl this plant that I
in winter ; therefore if young plants are not annually knowbut whoevef hath a niihd lo cultivate it,
of,
''

raifed, the fpecies may foon belofl. /'

,
- ..fhould fow it on a bed of light earth, in the fpring,
If the green-houfe in which thefe plants are placed where it js to remain ; and if it comes up too thick,
in winter is fubjeft to damps, it will be very difficult the plants mufl be thinned to four inches diftance,
to preferve fome of the forts ; for when the windows where, when once it has fhed its feed, there will riot
are kept clofe, the tender parts of their fhoots are want a fupply of plants for feVdra! years afier. I
very fubjeft to a mouldinefs, which will foon caufe have been informed that gumbougd is made from the
the plants to decay, if not conftantly cleaned off,
it is
r

I
juice of this plant, but how tme I cannot take upon
««
and
'•*

admitted to dry off the damps. «

b' .

free air .. nae to, determine. .

'
"

ARCUATION [from arctio^ LaL to bend or bow i ARGIL [Argilla^ Lat. a fort of white earth like' chalk,
like an arch ;] the method of raifing trees by layers. ; but more brittle,] Potters Clay. ::.
The firft thing that be done, is, to procure
is to ARI A THEOPHRAST I. See Crat^gus
'

ftrong mother plants, which are ufually called ftools. M. See Arum. - s

It is no matter whether the trees be crooked, or othcr- . A R I S TA,' of corn, is that fharp-pointed needle that
therwife deformed. They are to be planted in a bor- !
ftand
-' 1

der fix feet wide, and in a flrait line fix feet afunder.
1

the beard orav^n of corn.

The border muft be well trenched, or dug, and clear- ^
A R I S T O L O C H I A, {;A^iroXc^cc from ^^..r©-, befl,
ed from all roots, clods, ftones, or any other ob- and Xo^^iSi, Child Birth, becaufe fuppofed to be of lb-
ftruftions. Thefe trunks or flools being planted in reign ufe on that occafion.l Birthwort.
this trench, will throw out a great many fhoots ac- The Characters are, \
'" '"
^

cording to their flrength, which may be Taid about : The flower hath no empalement'\ it is of one leaL which
the Michaelmas following in order to this, the: -
is tinemal\ the bafe is fwelling and globular^ ^

afterward
ground round each flool fhould be carefully" dug, fpreads
breaking the clods and picking out the flones as be- brim. re the lower tart is flretched '0
a tongue
fore. Then the fhoots fhould be bent down "in Jlaniina^ but there are fix ft
arches, and put into the ground about three inches of the fiig
deep and to keep them in this fituation, each fliould
-5
under the fewer, fupporting a concave globular fiig-
fits
have a forked ftick drove into the ground over the ma^' divided into fitx parts \ the mermen afterward turn. '

part of the flioot immerfed, turning the extremity of to a large feed-vejfel, differing in form^ which opens /;

each fhoot upward. fix cells, which are filled %viih feeds^ for the mofi par.
When the branches are thus laid round the flool, and effed . ^ - • \ ^' ,j^

pegged fafl down, the branches, or fhoots, will be fifth

Covered all over, except the very top. Some per- ' Linnaeus's twentieth Gynandria Hexah-
clafsj» entitled
fons give the branches a twifl, in order to make them dria, the flowers being; male arid female in the fame
take root the fooner. Others flit fuch of the ilioots fpecies, having no llamiha or'pomtal, and fix fum-
as are not apt to take root without, in the fanie mln- mits, which reft on the receptacle.
>«y. ^. (

The
.

ner as is praftifed in laying of Carnations, which' is Species are,

generally a fure way ; and if they are afterward mulch- I. Aristolochia {Rotunda)' foliis cordatis, fublefTili-
ed, it be of ufe to keep out the frofl in v/ihtdr,
will bus obtufis, caule infirmo, florlbus folitariis, Lin.
1 ^

and alfo to keep the ground moifl the following fprihg Sp. Plant. 962. Birthwort with
and fu aimer. leaves growing' clofe^ a weak f alii, and fit vol
 •
*

A R A
fingh. Ariftolochia rotunda flore ex purpura nigro. which lie on the ground where they are not fupported,
C. B. P. 307. .
and extend to the length of two feet ; the leaves are
2. Aristolochia {Longa) foliis cordatis petiolatis inte- heart-fl:iaped, and rounded at their extremity thefe •,

gerrimis obtufiulculis, caule infirmo floribus Iblita- are placed alternately on the ftalks, and clofe to th
riis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 962. Birthwort ^joitb enllre^ heart- foot-ftalks of the leaves, the flowers come out fmgly, ,

Jljdped^ hlunt leaves^ having foot-Jlalks / at every leaf, toward the upper part of the ftalk.
^fozvers gro^xing fingly. Anitolochia longa vera. They are of a purplifli black colour, and fliaped lilce
C. B. P. 307. thofe of the other forts, and are frequently fucceedcd
3, Aristolochia {Clematitis) foIiis cordatis caule ere£lo by feed-veflils, having fix cells, which are full
floribus axillaribus confertis. Hort. Uplal. 279, Birth- of flat feeds. The flowers appear in June and July,
ivort ivith heart-Jlmpcd leaves^ an upright ftalk^ and and the feeds ripen in autumn.
.
flowers gro-iving in dufiers from the fuie. Arillolochia The fecond fort hath long tap roots, fliaped like thofe
clematitis ^rcdta. C. B. P. 307. of Carrots thefe fend out weak trailing brandies,
•,

4 Aristolochia {Pifiolochia) foliis cordatis, crenula- which extend little more than a foot ; the leaves of
tis petiolatis, floribus folitariis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 962. this fort are paler, and have longer foot-ftalks than
heart'Jhaped indented leaves^ having ft the firft, placed alternately, and the flowers come out
flalks^ and flowers growing /- Ariftolochia piftolo- from the wings of the leaves like the other, whicii
chia difta. C. B. P. 307. are not fo long, and are of a pale purple colour they •:

Aristolochia {Scmpervirejis) foliis cordato-oblongis are fometimes fucceeded by oblong feed-velfels, hav-
5
vindatis, caule infirmo, floribus folitariis, Lin. Sp. ing fix cells filled with comprefled feeds. The ftalks
Plant. 961. Birthzvort with oblongs heart-fljaped^ waved of both thefe forts decay in the autumn, and new
leaves^a weak ftalk^ and flowers growing fingly. Arif- ones are produced in the fpring.
tol6chia piftolochia difta Cretica foliis fmilacis fem- They are both propagated by feeds, which fliould be
pervirens. H. L. fown in the autumn, in pots filled with light earth,
6. Aristolochia {Serpentaria) foliis cordato-oblongis and placed under a frame, to be fcreened from the
plants, caulibus infirmis flexuofis, teretibus floribus froft ; but the glafl^es fliould be taken ofi^ at all times
folitariis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 961. Birthwort with plain^ when the weather is mild. If thefe pots are put into
-fl^aped^ flexible^ weak ftalks^ andfli a gentle hot-bed in March, it will bring up the plants
'ngfi much fooner than they otheiwife would rife. As the
taria Virginiana. Pluk. Aim. ^6, Virginia Snakeroot. feafon advances, the plants fliould be inured by de-
Aristolochia {Arborefcens) foliis cordato-lanceolatis grees to bear the open air when the pots are taken
:
7
caule eredto fruticofo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 960. Birthwort out of the bed, they muft be placed where they may
with fpear-Jhaped leaves in form of a hearty and an up- enjoy the morning fun, but fcreened from it in the
right fhrubby flalh Arifliolochia polyrrhizos auricu- heat of the day. Gentle refreftiings of water muft
latis foliis Virginiana. Pluk. Aim. 50. ...... be in dry weather given to the plants during the
8. Aristolochia {Indica) foliis cordato-oblongis caule fummer, but in the autumn, when their ftalks begin
pedunculis multifloris.
volubili Flor. Zeyl. 323. to decay, they muft have little wet. In the winter
Birthwort with oblong heart-fhaped leaves^ a twining the pots muft be fheltered as before ; and in March,
ftalk^ and many flowers upon each foot-ftalL Ariftolo- before the roots begin to flioot, they fliould be tranf-
chia fcandens odoratiflima floris iabello purpureo fe- planted into feparate fmall pots filled with light earth,
mine cordato. Sloan. Cat. Jam. So, Contrayerva of and fet under the frame, where they fliould remain
Jamaica. .
' >
'
. . - till fpring ; then they may be removed into the open

9. Aristolochia (Hirta) foliis cordatis obtufiufculis air,and treated in the fame manner as in the former
pendulis recurvatis fubtrunca-
hirtis floribus folitariis fummer, and ftieltered alfo the foUowincr winter.
tis. Lin. Sp. 1365. Hairy Birthwort with obtufe heart- The next fpring they may be turned out of the pots,
fljaped leaves^ and hanging recurved flowers growing fin- and planted in a warm border, whiere, during the
gly^ formed like a lip. Ariftolochia longa fubhirfuta fummer, they will require no other care but to keep
folio oblongo flore maximo. Tourn. Cor. 8. .
,
them clean from weeds ; and in the autumn when
10. Aristolochia {Scandens) foliis cordatis petiolis lon- ^
their ftalks are decayed, if the border is covered with
giflimis,' caiile fcandente, floribus terminalibus pe- old tanners bark to keep out the froft, the roots will
dunculis longifllmis'. Birthwort with a climbing ft alky be fequred ; but where this care is not taken, the
heart-fhaped leaves with very long foot-ftalks^ and flowers roots, are frequently killed by froft. With this ma-
growing at the end of the branches upon -very longfoot- nagement the roots will thrive much better than thofe
ftaiks. .'"'::^:r ^^ ;^
'^,. - .which are kept in pots, and continue longer; and
11. Aristolochia {Conferta) foliis cordatis petiolatis, when they are three years old, they will flower and
caule fcandente, floribus axillaribus confertis. Birth- -produce plenty of feeds, whereas thofe in pots feldom
wort with heart-fhaped leaves ^ a climbing ftalkj and flow- perfecl their feeds in England. , .
j

ers growing in clufters from the wings of the ftalL When the feeds of thefe plants are fown m
the fpring,
12. Aristolochia (i2^f«j) foliis lanceolatis fefiilibus the plants will not appear till the fpring following ; fo
fubhirfutis, caule erefto floribus folitariis longifllmis. that a whole feafon and many times they fail,
is loft,

Birthwort with fpear-fhaped hairy leaves growing clofe therefore it fliould always be fown in the autumn.
to the branches, an upright, ft alk, and very long flowers The third fort grows naturally in France, Spain, Italy,
growing fingly, Ariftolochia erefta flore atro purpu- and Hungary, but is preferved in fome of the Englifli
reo foliis anguftis radice repente. Houft. MSS. .,
- gardens, becaufe it is fometimes ufed in medicine.
13. Aristolochia oblongo-ovatis ob-
(AfoxZ/w^?) foliis This is a terrible plant for creeping at the root; fo
tufis intep-errlmis, caule fcandente floribus terminali- that if once it has taken in a g-arden, it will be difii-
bus. fruiiibus hexanf2;ularibus maximis.' Birthwort cult to extirpate again, and will over-run whatever
ftalk plants grow near it ^ therefore it fliould be planted in
flowers growing at the ends of the branches ^ and very large fome abjedl part of the garden ]^y itfelf, for it will
'
fruit with fix angles.
*
' ;..'..,- thrive in almoft any foil or fituation.
. The firft and fecond forts grow naturally m the Ibuth The fourth fort grows wild in Spain, Italy, and the
'of France, Spaing and Italy, from whence their
in fouth of France ; but in England it is preferved, for
roots are broug-ht for medicinal ufe. The roots of variety, in bptanic gardens. The plants of this fort
^
the firft'fort are roundifliV and grow to the fize of muft be planted in pots filled with light rich earth,'
fmall Turneps, In {hape and colour like the roots of and flickered from fevere cold in winter, otherwifc
the common Cyclamen ; the' roots of which arcfre- they will not live but they fliould have as much ixt^
;

• qiiently fold in the markets for thofe of the round air as pofilble in mild weather. This produces flowers
"
Birthwort, which at firft may have been
occafioned by every year, but never perfefts its feeds in this
.
the fuppofcd virtues of ^the* foots of the Cyclamen. country.
This lends outthrcQ or four wcal> trailing branches,
2 - :
-
The
 ;

it

A M
The grows
fifth fort naturally in Crete. The root of or four feet high the leaves are fliort and heart-Jliap'-
;

this is perennial, and fends out nVany trailing branches, ed, in fome meafure li]:e thofe of the firil- the flovr-

which extend one foot and a half in length, garnifhed ers come out in fmall cluilers from the v/ings
of the
with oblong heart-fhapcd leaves, which are v/aved leaves, and are of a dark purple Colour.
on their edges, and are evergreen. The flowers come The tv.'elfth fort was diicovered at Ea Vera Cruz in
out fingly from the wings of the leaves, which are New Spain, by the late Dr. Houflon, who lent die-
of a dark purple colour, in fliape like the others, but feeds to b'urope this rifes v/ith an upright llalk, to
:

the plants never produce feeds in England, fo is pro- the height of three feet ; the leaves are Jono;, nar-
pagated by parting of the roots this is too tender to
: row, hairy, and grow dole to the branches, having
thrive in the open air in winter ; the plants are pre- fcarce any foot-ilalk ; the flowers come out fino;ly

ferved in pots, and placed under a common frame in from the wings of the' leaves, which are near four
winter, where they Ihould have as much free air as inches long, of a dark purple colour, and growereft
poflible in mild v/eather, but fcreened from hard froflj thefe are fucceeded by flcnder veflrls, about one inch

in mild winters I have had this plant live abroad in a long, which open into fix cells, filled with fiat heart-
v/arm border, but in hard v/inters ,it will be deftroyedj fliaped feeds. This fort requires a warm ftove to
therefore one or two plants Ihould be flickered to preferve it in this country.
preferve the fpecies. Mr
The fixth fort is the Snakeroot, which is greatly ufed M
in medicine :
brought from Virginia
thefe roots are England; this hath ftrong climbing ftalks, byv/hich
and Carolina, v/here there are two fpecies of this it mounts up to the top of the talleft trees the leaves ;

plant, but this fort is the beft for ufe. There are of this are four inches long and two broad, of an oval
fome of thefe preferved in the gardens of thofe who fliape, rounded at their ends," and are nearly as thick

are curious in collefting rare plants, but as they are as thofe of the common
Laurel ; the flowers come
fometimes killed by froil in winter, fo they are not out in loofe cluftcrs at the ends of the flioots, each
very common in the Englifh gardens. This is pro- ftanding on a very long foot-ftalk ; the feed-veflels
pagated by feeds, which fliould be fown in the au- are four inches long, and as much in circumference,
tumn, in fmall pots filled v/ith light fandy earth, and having fix longitudinal ribs, which make fo m.any an-
placed under a common frame in winter, and after- gles, being very prominent they "open into fix cells,
*,

ward treated in the lame manner as hath been di- which are filled with heart-fnaped leaves.
refled for the two firft forts, as fhould the plants alfoj All thefe forts, which are natives of the warm parts
with which management they will produce their flow- of America, are too tender to thrive in the open air in
ers, and perfeft their feeds every year. this country, therefore require a ftove to preferve
The feventh fort grows naturally in North America, them. They are propagated by feeds, which muft be
and is by fome called Snakeroot, but is not near fo procured from the countries where the grow naturally,
ftrong as the former ; the branches of this grow ereft, for they do not produce any here. As the feeds are
and are perennial, whereas thofe of the other fort de- a confiderable time in their paflTage, they fliould be
cay to the root every winter this rifes about two
: brought over in their pods i for many of the forts have
feet high the branches are not very woody, but are
•, very thin light feeds, which are foon dried in a hot
ftrong -enough to fupport themfelves ; the leaves are country, w|ien they are out of their covers, which
oblong and heart-fliaped ^ the flowers come out fmgly will prevent their growing. So foon as the feeds ar-
at the wings of the leaves. This will live abroad in rive, they fliould be fown in fmall pots filled with
warm borders, with a little protection in hard frolls. light earth i and if this happens in the autumn, or
It is generally kept in pots, and flieltered in winter ;
, winter, the pots fliould be plunged into the tan in
but thofe which are planted in the full ground w^ill tlie bark-ftove, between fome of the pots with large

thrive much better, provided they are fcreened from plants, which will fcreen them from the fun for as ;

hard frofts. thefe plants delight in fliade, fo, by thus placing of

J the pots, the earth will not dry very faft, which will
is called Contrayerva -, the roots are there ufed as fuch : be of great advantage to the feeds, which fliould not
this hath long trailing branches, which climb upon be too often Vv^atered. Here the pots may remain till
the neighbouring plants, and rife to a confiderable March, at which time they fliould be removed, and
height j the leaves are placed alternately, and are of plunged into a hot-bed, under frames, where, if the
the long heart-fliaped kind ; the flowers are produced feeds are good, the plants will appear in May; but
in fmall clufcers toward the upper part of the flialks, if the feeds arrive in fpring or fummer, they muft be
which are of a dark purple colour ^ the feed-veflils immediately fown in fmall pots, and plunged into a
are oblong and fmooth. This is tender, and in win- moderate hot-bed, obferving to fliade them conftantly
ter fliould have very little wet, therefore mull be con- in the heat of the day but the feeds fown at this fea-
•,

ftantly kept in the ftove, otherwife it will not live in fon feldom grow the fame year therefore if the plants ;

England. do not appear, the pots Ihould be plunged in the tan-

The ninth fort was difcovered by Dr. Tournefort in bed of the ftove in autumn, and in the fpring follow-
the Levant. This hath fome refemblance to the fe- ing, treated as before direfted, which will bring up
cond fort, but the leaves are hairy, and not fo deeply the plants. When
thefe are ftrong enoi _
eared at the bottom the flov/ers are alfo much larger.
; plant, they fliould be each put into a feparate fmall
This may be propagated by feeds, in the fame man- pot, and plunged into the tan-bed in the ftove, and
ner as hath been direfted for the firlt and fecond treated as other tender plants from the fame coun-
forts, and the plants treated fo, will thrive very well tries.
in England. A R M E N I A C A, the Apricot.
Tlie tenth fort fends out climbing ftalks, which fup- The Characters are,
port themfelves by failening to the neighbouring ^he empale;nent cf the fiovjer is bell-Jljaped^ cut Into jive
trees, and thereby rife to a very great height the ; hlant jegri tents at the t op \ the flower is compcfed of five
leaves are very broad and lieart-fliaped, having feve- large rotaidiflj petals which fpread cpen^ whofe hafe are
ral longitudinal veins ; the flowers grow in loofe infertcd in the empale?nc?2t \ in the center is placed a round
bunches extremdty of the branches, each hav-
at the germen^ fyppcrting a flcnder fl^yle^ crowned by a round
ing a long foot-flalk this is tender, fo muft be kept
: fligma^y this is attended by upward of twenty awl-flaapcd
in a ilove, and treated as other exotic plants. It ftarninay which are crowned by ficrt double fummits. The
grows naturally about Tolu in New Spain, where it germen afterward becomes a roundiflj pulpy fruity having
was difcovered by the late Mr. Robert Millar, who a longiludhial furrow incloflng a roundiflo nut^ which is a
fent the feeds to England. little comprefjed on ihefltdes.
The eleventh fort was difcovered by the fame gen- Dr. Linn^us has joined the Armeniaca, Cerafus, Lau-
tleman at Cairipeachy in New Spain, from whence he rocerafus, and Padus, to his genus of Prunus, making
fent the feeds this fort feldom climbs above three
: them only fo many fpecies of the fame genus, and
Xranges
 ;
1 '
.-«'

A M e

I
M
l"anges it in his twelfth clafs of plants, entitled Icofan- The Brc(Ja Apricot '(as it is called from its beincr
driii Monogyniai the flowers of this clafs have from brought from thence into England) was originally
twenty to thirty ftamina fallened to the empalement, brought from Africa: this is a large roundifli fruit,
and a fingle ftyle. changing to a deep yellov/ when ripe the flefli is fofr, ;

The joining of fo many plants under the fame genus, full of juice, and of a deep Orange colour within fidej

as Linna:u3 has done, renders it much more diffi- the Hone is rounder and larger than any of the other
culc to afcertain tlieir fpec'.fic difference, than when forts :this is the befc Apricot we have, and when

they arc ranged under different genera and although •, ripened on a fl:andard, is preferable to all other
moil of them do agree in thofe parts from whence the kinds.
charaders according to his fyllern are taken, yet if The Bruffels is the latefl: ripe of all the Apricots, fjr
their fruits may be allowed as one of the charafteriftic when planted againft a wall, it is generally the
it is

notes (which furely ought not to be totally omitted) beginning of Auguft before it is ripe, unlefs wlicn it
there will be reafon for feparating fome of them, is planted to a full fouth afpect; which is what ihiould

efpccially when we
confider the boundary which na- not be praftifed, becaufe the fruit is never v/ell tafted
ture has let between them for it is well known that
•, which grows in a v/arm expofure. This fruit is of a
all fruits which are of tlie lame genus, may be grafted middhng fize, rather incUning to an oval figure; red
or budded upon each other but thofe of different ; on the fide next the fun, with many dark ipots, and
genera \viil not take upon each other, nor will any of a greenifli yellow on the other fide ; tlie flefli is
two plants of different genera impregnate each other. firm, and of a \wj\\ flavour; the fruit often cracks
Now the Cherry^and be made
Plum cannot by any art before it is ripe. This is commonly preferred to the
ro take when grafted or budded upon Itocks of the former fort by moft people, but when the other is
other kindi nor will the Apricot take upon the Cherry, planted as a ftandard, the fruit is fuller of juice, and
the Laurel, or Padus; but it will grow upon the cf a richer flavour than this.
Plum to nearly allied, therefore thcfe may
which it is Moft people train thcfe trees up to flcms of fix or
be joined together according to the ftricl rules of bo- feven feet high, or bud them upon ftocks of that
tany yet in a work of this kind, defigned for the
:
height ; but this is a praftice I would not recommend
inffru(5lion of the practical gardener, were thefe fruits to the public, becaufe the higher the heads of thefe
to be included under the jame appellation. It would trees are, the more they are expofed to the cutting
"rather confound than inftrud, thofe who had not ap- winds in the fpring, which too frequently dcftroy the
plied thcmfelves to the ftudy of botany therefore I : bloffoms; and the fruit is alfo more liable to be blown
fhaii continue this genus under its former title, and down in funimer, efpctially it there flaould happen
Ihall enumerate all the varieties of this fruit which to be much wind at the time when the fruit is ripe \
are at prefent cultivated in thcEnghfli gardens, rang- which by falling from a great height, will be bruifed
ing them according to th.e orders of their ripening. and fpoiled ; therefore I prefer half ftandards, of
For although moft, if not all thofe which are by the about two and a half,* or three feet in the ftem, to
gardeners called different ibrts, may have been pro- thofe which are much taller; or to plant them as
duced by culture, fo fhould be deemed as one ipecies; dwarfs againft an efpalier, where, if they are flcilfully
yet as th.e differences may be continued for ever, by managed, they will produce a large quantity of good
the method in which they are propagated, fo it would fruit ; and the trees in efpalier may be more conve-
be unpardonable in a book of gardening to omit niently covered in the fpring, when the feafon proves
them. bad, whereby there will be a greater certainty of fruit
The fpcciftc title given by Linnasus to the Apricot is, every year.
Prunus floribus fubfeffilibus fohis fubcordatis. Sp. Thefe propagated by budding them on
fruits are all
Plant. 474. i. c. Plu7n 'whofe floivers want foot-ftalks^ Plum-ftocks, and will readily take upon almoft any
and heart-Jloaped leavt'S. fort of Plum, provided the flock be free and thriving
The Varif^ties are, (except the Bruffels kind, which is ufually budded on
1. The Mafculine Apricot. a of ftock, ccmmorly called the St. Julian,
fort
/

2.Th.e Orange Apricot. which better futts this tree, as being generally planted
3. The Algicr Apricot. for ftandards, than any other fort of Plum will.) The
4. The Roman Apricot. manner of raifing the ftocks, and budding thefe trees,
5. The Turkey Apricot. fliall be treated of under their particular articles, to

6. The Breda Apricot, which I refer the reader, and fliall proceed to their
7. The Bruffels Apricot. planting and management.
The iVIafculine is the firit ripe of all the Apricots •, it Thefe trees are all (except the two laft forts) planted
is a fmall roundifh of a red colour tov/ards tlae
fi'uit, againft walls, and flioukl have an eaft or weft afpeft
fun y as it ripens, the colour fades to a greenifli yellow for if they are planted full fouth, the great heat caufes
on the other fide. It is chiefly preferved for being the tliem to be meaUy before they are eatable.
lirfl: ripe, and there is a quicknefs In the flavour of The borders near thefe walls fliould be fix or eight feet
the fruit when it is not too ripe, which renders it agree- wide, at leaft, and
more, the better; but T
if it vv*ere

able ;the tree is very apt to be covered with flowers, would never advife the making of them fo deep as is
but as tlicy come -out early in the fpring, they are the general cuft.om, for if th^e earth be two feet deep,
frequently deftroyed by the cold, unlefs the trees arc or two and a half at moft", it is enough.
covered to protecl them. If fhe ground Is a wet cold loam or clay, tlie borders
1'ht Orange is the next ripe Apricot; this fruit is fliould be raifed as much above the level of the fur-
much larger than the former, and as it ripens changes face as it will admit, laying fome ftones or rubbifli
to a deep yellow colour. The flefli of tliis is dry and in the bottom, to prevent the roots from running
not high flavoured, it is betfer for tarts than for the downwards ; but if you plant upon a chalk or gravel,
table. it be better to raifc the borders above either to a
wfll
The Alnner is the next in feafon ; this is of an oval proper thicknefs, with good loamy earth, than to fink
fliape, a little compreffed on the fides ; it turns to a the borders by removing the chalk or gravel for al- ;

pale yellow, oi* fl:ra\v-colour, when rlpcj the flcfli is though thefe are removed the whole breadth of the
high flavoured, and very full of juice. border, v/hich we may allov/ to be eight feet, and
The Roman is the next ripe Apricot ; this is a larger this trench filled w^ith (:i;ood earth, vet the roots of the
fruit than the fornier, and not compreffed fo much trees will in a few years extend this length, and tlien
on tlie fides; the colour is deeper, and the flefli is not meeting with the chalk or gravel, they will re-
fo moift as the former. ceive check whereby th.eir leaves will fall off
a
'i'he Turkey Apricot is yet larger than either of the early in the feafon, and the truit will be fmall, dry,
former, and of a globular figure the fruit turns to ; and ill-flavoured, and the flioots of tlie trees will be
a deeper colour tlian the former; the S^Kifw is firmer, weak,- But where the border,'^ are raifed upon either
and drier than thofe of the tvro former. to their full liciglit, the roat> v/111 not ftrike down
into
 :

A M N
hiLO the gravel or chalk, but rather extend themfelves the wall left unfurnifiied with bearing wood; 'which
near the I'arface, where they will meet v/kh better muH: cbnfequently be the cafe, if the branches are
foil : a!Kl as the trees are of lonp; duration,and old left to agreater length at firft ; for it feldom happens,
tree^ bchig not only more fruitful than young, but that more buds than two or three upon eacli branch
the fruk is alfo better flavoured, therefore the pro- Ihoot ; and thefe are, for the mofl part, fuch as are
continuance is abfolutely necelfary.
viding^- fur their at or near the extreme part of the la(t year's v/ood {o -,

The loil I would in general advife to be ufed for thefe, that all the lower part of the ftiocts become naked, nor
and all other forts of fruit-trees, isfreili untried earth, will tliey ever after produce fhoots; and this is the
from a pafture ground, taken about ten inches deep, reafon, we fee fo many trees vvdiich have their bearing;
•CD

with the turf, and laid to rot and mellow at leait wood fituated only in the cxtrem.e part of the tree.
tv/'clve months before it is ufed, mixing a little rotten When you have Iliortened the flioots, be fure to nail
dung with be often turned, to fweeten
it-, this niuft them as horizontally as pofiible, for upon this it is

and imbibe the nitrous particles of the air. that the future good of the tree chiefly depends.
When the former foil of the border is taken away, The fecond fummer obferve, as in the firft, to dif-
this frefii earth fhould be carried in the place ; and if place all fore-right flioots as they are produced, nail-
the borders are filled with it two months before the ing in the other clofe to the wall horizontally, fo that
trees are planted, the ground will be better fetded, the middle of the tree may be kept open j and never
and not (o liable to Hnk after tlie trees are planted fliorten any of the flioots in fummer, unlefs to furnifla
in filling of the borders, the ground fhould be raifed brandies to fill vacant places on the v/all ; and never
four or five inches above the level they are defigned, do this later than the end of Apri-!, for reafons here-
to allow for the fettling. after given in die article of Peaches. At Michaelmas
The borders being thus prepared, iViZkt choice of fliorten thefe flioots, as was dire6ted year> for the firft

fucli trees as are but of one year's growth from bud- the ftrong ones may be left nine or ten inches, and
ding-, and if the foil is dry, or of a middling temper, the weak ones fix or feven at mofl-..
October is tlie bed fealbn for planting, efpecially The following year's management will be nearly tiic
havinn; at that time a o;rcater choice of trees from fame Vv'ith this, but only obferve, that Apricots pro-
the nurferics, before they have been picked and drawn duce their bloflbm buds, not only upon thelaft year's
over by other people. The manner of preparing thele wood, but alfo upon the curfons, or fpurs, vv^liich are
trees for planting being the flime in common with produced from the two years wood ; a great care
other fruit trees, I fhall refer the reader to the article Ihould therefore be had in the fummer management,
of Peaches, v/here he will find it largely treated of. not to hurt X)X difplace thefe : obferve alfo to fliorten
At the time of planting no part of the head of the the branches at the winter prvining, fo as to furnifli
trees fiiould be cut off, unlefs there are any ftron^i frefli wood in every part of the tree ; and be fure to

foreright flioots which will not come to the wall, cut out entirely all luxuriant branches, or difplace
which may be taken quite away. '

them as foon as they are produced ; which, if left to

The being thus prepared, you mull mark out
trees grow, would exhauft- thenourifliment from the bearing
the diftances they are to ftand, v/hich in a good ftrong branches, which in my opinion, cannot be too ftrong^
foil, or acrainil a low wall^ fhould be twenty feet or provided they are kindly \ for the more vigorous the
mOiC but in a moderate one, eighteen feet is a good
',
tree is, the more likely it is to refift the injuries of
reafonable diftance ; then make a hole where each tree the weather: tliou2;h we often fee trees brouo^ht to
is to fcand, and place its ftem about four inches from fo weak a condition, as to be able only faintly to
the wall, inclining the head thereto ; and after having blow their bloflToms, and then moft of the bearing
fixed the tree in the ground, nail the branches to the branches have died ; which has given occafion to the
v/all, to prevent their fliaking, and cover the furface owner to imagine it was the efi"edt of a blight, vviien,
of the around round the root with rotten dune;, to in reality, it was only for want of riglit management.
keep out the froft: in this Hate let it remain till the And, I am fully perfuaded, half die blights we hear
end of February or the beginning of March, when if complained of, proceed from nothing eife but this.
tlie weadier is good, you muftunnail the branclxes of Thefe few rules, well executed, together with a lit-
your trees, fo as not to difturb their roots and, being -, tle obfervation and care, will be fufHcient, therefore
provided with a iharp knife, put your foot clofe to to pretend to prefcribe particular directions for all the
the fbem of the tree ; and having placed your left- different accidents, or manner of treating fruits, would
hand to the bottom of the tree, to prevent its being be impoflible-, but I believe the reader will find what
difturbed, with your right-hand cut off the head has beenfaid, if duly attended to, willanfwer his de-
of the tree, if it has but one ftem, or where it may fign \ for, without diligent obfervation, there can be
have two or more fiioots, each of them mud be no fuch thing as a flciliul manager, let him have ever
Iliortened, to about four or five eyes above the bud, fo many or good inftruftions laid down to him.
fo that the fioping fide may be toward the wall. The Brufliels and Breda Apricots, being, for the moft
In the fpring, if the v/cather proves dry, it will be part, planted for ftandards, will require very little
neceffiiry to o-ive the trees a g-entle refrefliing: with pruning or management only obferve 'to take out all
•,

water j in the doing of which, if they watered with dead wood, or fuch branches as crofs each other;
a rofe to the watering-pot all over their heads, it this niuft be done early in autumn, or in the Ipring,
v/ill greatly help them. and alfo lay fome turf, in tlie
•,
after the cold weather is paft, that the part may not
m.anner directed .for Apples, or fom.e other mulch, canker where the incifion is made.
round their roots, to prevent their drying during the M See DiANTHus.
fummer feafon ; and in the fpring, as new branches ARNICA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 784. Doronicum. Bauh.
are produced, obferve to nail them to the wall in a Pin. 184. Leopardfl^ane.
horizontal pofition ; and fuch flioots as are produced The Char^vcters are,
fore-riglit, muil be entirely difplaced. This muft be T'he common empakment is fcaly^ andjijortcr than the rays
repeated as often as is necefiliry, to prevent thxir of the flower. It hath a compound flozver^ the border or
hanging from the wall, but by no mxans ftop any of rays being compojed of many female f.Grets^ ^-^jhich fpread
the flioots in fummer. cpen^ cut into three parts at their end ; the dijk^ cr middle^
At Michaelmas, when the trees have done growing, has 'many hermaphrodite florets^ which are tiihulous^ cut
their branches fnould be unnailed, andfhorten them into three unequal fegraents at the Irim ; thefe have each
in proportion to their ftrength; a vigorous branch five fljort flamina^ crczvned with cblcng fummits. The
may be left ei^ht or nine inches loner, but a weak one female florets have alfo five awl-foaped fiamina^ but no
iliould not be left above five or fix. I fuppofe many fummits^ in the hermaphrodite fliorcts thegemnen is fituated
])errons will wonJer at this diredion, efpecially having belcw the flower^ fv.pporting a flycnder flcrt flyle^ crowned
allowed fuch a diicancebctween thetrees, as believing, ifidfiigma. The germen afterward becomes afi>
by tliis n}an:ic/emcnt, tlic wall will never be filled; gfeed^ crowned with long fender down.
but \w\ rcafun for it is, that I Nvould have no part of
Thk
 A
This genus of plants is ranged
fecond fetlion of in the have five petals^ which are erC'5I^ becrtfjji^ped^ anJt
Linn^eus's eighteenth clals, entitled Syngenefia Puiy- turned inward. Thefe have each five fender /lamina,
gamia luperflua, the flower being compofed of licr- crowned with rcundifjfummits ; thofe fowers which com-
maphrodice and female florets-, and the chief diftinction pofe the rays^ have a fmall germen at bctloni^ fupporti::'?-
of this genus is in the hermaphrodite and female tworeflexcdftyks^ crowned by afnigleftigma. 'ihc germen
flowers being of the fame fl^ape, and d)e female having afterward becomes aroundifo compreffed fruity wiibnkafy
ftamina. border^ which fplits into twb^ and contains two oblong
The
Stecies are, feeds J with fcaly borders.
1, Arnica {Montana) folils ovatis integris, caujinis ge- This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feftiort
minis oppoutis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 884. Jrnka with en- of Linnxus's fifth clafs, entided Pentandria Digyniu,^
tire vd leaves^ thofe on fhe ftalks growing cppofite by from their flowers having five ftamina and tv/o
pahs, Doronicum plantaginis folio alterum. C. B. P. ll:)'Ies.

. We have but one Species of this plant, viz.

2. Armica {Scorpioides) foliis alternis ferratis. Plall. I, Artedia (Squamata) feminibus fquaniatis. Kort;
Helvet. 737. Arnica v:itb fatvcd leaves grozving alter- Cliff. 89. Artedia with fquamous feeds. Thapfia Orien-

fuilcly, Doronicum radice dulci. C. B. P. 184. talis anethi foho femine eleganter crenaco. Toum.

3 Aii,NiCA [Crocea) foliis ovalibus ferrato denticulatis, Cor. 22.

fubtus tomentofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1246. Arnica with ._
This is a native of the eaff. Rawvolf found it p-rowln^^
cvcd indc}7ted leaves-, 'whcfe underfides are woolly. Dens upon Mount Libanus it is an annual plant, whole
;

leonlsenula? folio. Muf. 393.

Pet. ftalks rife about two feet hidi, fendino- out a few fide
I'lic firft Ibrt grov/s naturally upon the Alps, and alfo branches, narrow compound leaves
garniflied v/ith
upon many of the mountains in Germany, and other refembiing thofe of Dili-, the extremity of the ftalk is
cold parts of Europe, and is greatly cfteemed by the , terminated by a large umbel of v/hite fiovvers, com-
Germans for its medicinal qualities, where it is pre- pofed of five unequal petals, thofe on the outfide
icribcd by this title of Arnica. It is alfo ranged among being much larger than the other. Thefe are fuc-
the, medicinal plants in many dilpenfaries, by the title ceeded by roundifn compreffed fruit, eacli having two
l^iven to it by Cafpar Bauhin. feeds, whofe borders are fcaly.
The roots ot this plant, w^hen placed in a proper foil This plant decays as foon as the feeds are pcrfcded,
and fituation, greatly increafe, for they fend out tliick and many times before they are ripe in England; for
llelhy roots, which fpread very far under the furface-, unlefs the feeds are fown in autumn, and the ulants
ihele put out many oval entire leaves, from betw^een come up before winter, they rarely produce good
wliich the flower-fl:ems arife, which grow about a , feeds here. The feeds fhould be fov/n on a warm
foot and a half high, having two or three pair of leaves border where the plants are to remain, for they wlli
growing oppofite upon each, and the top is terminat- not bear tranfplancing.All the care they require is
ed by a lingle yellow flov/er, compofed of many flo- to keep them clean from weeds, aiid thin the pianrs
rets, like thofe of Dandelion. Thefe are fuccecded to fix or eight inches diflance. They flower in June,
by oblong feeds, which are crowned with down, and their feeds ripen the end of Auguft,
whereby they are difperfed to a confiderable dillance ARTEMISIA Gr. fo called, according
[;A(lsiJ^i^U,

when ripe. It flowers in April and May, and the to fome, from Artemifia, wife of Maufolus, king of
Iceds ripen in September, Caria, who brought this plant into ufe, and adopted
I'his plant deUghts in a moifl (hady fituation it may •, it whereas, before, it was called Parthenis,
as hers \

be propagated by parting of the root in autumn, the virgin goddefs being feigned to have given tliat
"w!ici\ the ilalks begin to decay, or by the feeds if name Mugwort.
to it.]

fuwn in autumn, foon after they are ripe, for thofe The Characters are, -

fown in the fpring often fail but if the feeds are per-
*, The common empalement is fcaly and rounds as are affoths
mitted to fcatter, the plants will come up the foUov/ing fcales. The fiowcr is compofed of hermaphrodite and fe-
fpri ^, fo that when one plant is obtained, it will pro- male florets^ the border being ranged with the ftmcdty
pagate itfelf fait enough without other care, but to which have a fnail germen at botto?n^fupporting afieudtr
keep k clean from weeds. .
' ftyle^ crowned by a bifid ftigma, The hermaphrodite fi.

Tiie fcccnd fort grows naturally on the mountains of compofe the dijk^ or middle \ thefe are iubulcus^ hiQ
cut
Buhernia, as alfo in Siberia, from whence I received five parts at the brim ; in the center is placed the germ e-ry,

the feeds. The roots of this fort are much jointed, with the like fiyle and fligmM .as the femMle^ acccmpanied
and divide into many irregular fleflvy offsets, which by fi've hairy Jiaminaj crozvncd by cylindrical fummitt^
are varloufly contorted ^ from whence many fuper- which are indented in five parts. The germen after-
fdtious perions Iiave been led to imagine, that the ward becomes a fingle naked feed^ fitting upon a nakel
roots v/ould expel the poifon of fcorpions, and cure placenta.
the wounds made by the bite of that animal. It is This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fcfl.:on

a very hardy plant, and is propagated m the lame of Linnasus's eighteenth clafs, entitled Syngenefia Po-
mani-er a:; the form.er. . lygamia fuperilua, the flowers of thei e Oeins: com-
The grows naturally at the Cape of Good
tliird fort pofed of female and hermaphrodite florets, wliich are
Hope,- from whence the feeds have been brought to both fruitful.
]'A;rope. This will not live through the winter in The Species are,
t'le open air in this country, fo the plants mufl: be 1. Artemisia (Fulgaris) foliis pinnatifidis planis iacilis;
kept in pots, which fliould be placed under a'comm.dn fubtus tomentofis, racemis fimplicibus floribus ovatis
hot-bed frame in winter, to fcreen it from the frcil, .
radio quinque floro. Lin. Sp. Plant. 348. MugworS
but fnould enjoy the free air at all times, when the with plain cut leaves^ ending in many parts^ woolly un-
wt'adier h milch It propagates by roots and feeds derneath, with fingle fpikes of oval flowers^ whofe rays

in plenty. Hiis is titled by Dr. Burnian, Gerbera arc compofed of five florets. Artemifia vulgaris niaior-
foliis phinis dentatis fiore purpureo. 'Plant. Afr. 157. C. B.P. 137,
ARTEDIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 249. have no We 2. Artemisia {Integrifolia) foliis lanceolatis fubtus to-
p^nglilhname for this genus. mentofis integerrimisdentatifqueflorumradiofubquia-
The Characters are, quc floro. Lin. Sp. Plant. 11 89. Mugwo'rt withfprar-
It isan umbelliferous plant the greater umbel is fpread
-^
foaped entire leaves y indented on their edges ^ whofe ui dr

Gpen, and compcfcd of many fnall ones the involucrum of \ fides are woolly^ and the rays of the flower compofed of fivff

the large one is compofed of ten oblong leaves^ which ex- florets. Artemifia foliis planis lanceolato-lineai-ibus

. tend the Ungth of the ttrabsl^ cut at their tips into three inferioribus fa;pe ex pinnato-dentatis. Flor. Sib. 2,

pirrts. f
"The involucrum of the mall umbels have but three p. 109.
narrow leaves^ which arc longer than the umbel \ the rays 3. Artemisia {C^rulefcens) foliis caulinis lanceoktis in-

of the large umbel are difform^ thofe of the f nail ones in tegris-, radicalibus multifidis, fiofculis fcemineis terriis.

the difk are raale^ and the rays are hermaphrodite. Jhey Lin. Sp. 1 1 89. Mugwort whofe leaves on thefldks are

6
 ;
:

A R
three female fiofculi ceis, caulibus adfcendentibus, floribus glomerati^ fub
enure, thofe a multificU ^'>i(^

ccj.'.'pofc the "ays cj f Abfinthium maritimum faftigiatis. Lin. Sp. 11 87. Mugwort with filky jnultifid
lavcn.'uio^ foiio. C. B. P. 139. Lavender-leaved Sea ifccndin? flail /' Ab-
finthium Alpinum candidum humile. C. B. P. 139.
IFonr:Vj. od.
Artkmisia {Dracunculus) foliis lanccolatls glabris in- '.Akty.uis>ia ^{Tanacetifolia) foliis bipinnatis fubtus
4 tomentofis nitidis, pinnis tranfverfis,, racemis fimpli-
teg;erriniis. Horf. Cliff. 403. Mug Z'
fp
enhrc, fmooth leaves. Abrotanum lini folio acri- cibus. Lin. Sp. Artemifia
fi
&' Tourn. Inft.
ociui-aro. 459. Tarragon. le 'fidcy andafimple racemis of
ore
5. Artemisia (Minima) foliis cuneiformibus repandis,
caulc procur^bcntc, floribus axillaribus felTilibus. Lin. The firft grows naturally on banks, and by tlie
fort
fide of foot-paths, in moft parts of England, fo is
Sp. 1 190. ke-fi
and fiovjers growing at the wings oftheftalk, rarely admitted into gardens, where it v/ould foon be-
Jlaik^
6. Ap^temisia {Abrotanum) foliis ramofiflimis fctaceis, come a troublcfomc v/ecdj for the roots creep far un-

caulc ere£to fuffruticofo. Flort. Cliff. 403. Arteraifia der the furfaceof the ground, fo that unlefs they are
ivith very hranching briftly leaves and ajhrubby ere£l Jialk. flopped, they will foon fpread over a large fpace of
Abrotanum mas anguftifolium majus. C. B. P. 136, ground ; but as this plant is ufed in medicine, I have
Southernwood. here mentioned it. This flowers in June, at which
Artemisia (//:r/;;z///j) foliis fetaceis pinnatifidis, caule time the herb is in perfection for ufe.
7
decunibente fuffruticofo. Mtigivort with briftly wing- The Moxa, famous in the eaftern countries for
fo

pointed leaves^ and a low Jlrrubby ftalk. Abrotanum curing the gout by burning of the part affefted, is
humilecorymbismajoribus aureis. Tourn. Inft. 459. the lanugo, or down, which is on the under part of

8. Artemisia {Santonicmi) foliis caulinis linearibus pin- the leaves, of a fort of Mugwort, which is fuppofed
nato-multifidis, ramis indivifis, fpicis fecundis re- to be different from our comm.on fort, but the dried

flexis. Zin. Goctt. 397. Artemifia with linear multijid

famples which I have feen brought to England for
leaves on the ftalks^ undivided branches^ and fertile reflexed that, appear to differ in nothing but the fize of the
Semen fanftum. Lob. Icon. ys6. plant, that being much lefs ; and I fuppofe the foft
fpikes.
Artemisia {Campeftris) foliis multifidis linearibus, down of the common fort, or of any other plant, will
9
caulibus procumbcntibus virgatis. Hort. Cliff. 403. anfwer the purpofe full as well.
Artemifia with linear multifd leaves^ and trailing fpriggy The fecond fort grows naturally in Siberia; this rifes
Jialks. Abrotanum campeftre. C. B. P. 136. IVild up with fingle ftalks about two feet high, which are
Southernwood. garnifhed with plain, narrow, fpear-fliaped leaves,
JO. Artemisia {Crithmifolia) foliis compofitis divari- cut into acute fegments on their edges, fomewhat
catis linearibus carnofis glabris, caule afcendente pa- like thofe of Buckfliorn Plantain ; the flowers come

niculato.Lin. Sp. 1 1 86. Artemiftawith eompound^ linear., out from the wings of the leaves in fmall loofe fpikes,
fmooth^ fiefhy leaves ^ and a panicled afcending ftalk, and near the top they are often fingle ; thefe are larger
3 1. Artemisia {Maritima) foliis mukipartitis tomen-
than thofe of the common fort, and are of a pale
tofis, racemis cernuis, flofculis foemineis ternis. Lin. yellow colour.
Mu^W07 This fort is as hardy as the common, and multiplies
female fl^ Abfinthium ferip- as faft, fo is only preferved in botanic gardens for the

hium Belgicum. C. B. P. 139. See Wormwood. fake of variety.

12, tpeft The grows naturally near the fea, in Italy,
third fort
fcendentibus hirfutis, floribus globofis cernuis, re- Spain, and France, but is hardy enough to live in
Mug the open air in England, provided it is planted in a
jfc ending ftalks dry foil: it grows too feet high, having many ligneous
Abfinthium Alpinum incanum. C. B. P. branches, which are terminated by fpikes of flowers,
/
139 which have little beauty, therefore the plants are pre-
13. Artemisia (P(3w//V^) foliis mukipartitis fubtus to- ferved in gardens for the fake of variety.
mentofis, floribus fubrotundis nutantibus, recepta- The fourth fort is the common Tarrao-on, which is
culo nudo. Hort. Upfal. 257. Artemifia with finely di- frequently ufed in fallads, efpecially by the French
wolly on their under fide and roundifh nod- .^
this is a very hardy plant, which propagates greatly

fi Abfinthium Ponticum tenuifolium in- by its creeping roots, or may be multiphed faft by
canum. P. 138. Pontick IVonnwood, May
14. Artemisia {Annua) foliis triplicato-pinnatis utrln- Mint
que glabris, floribus fubglobofis nutantibus, recep- are duly fupplied with water in dry weather, will foou
taculo glabro conico. Hort. Upfal. 257. Artemifia fpread and meet.
re finooth onbothfides^ The grows naturally in China, but is hardy
fifth fort

globular nodding flowers^ having ft enough to thrive in the open air here. It is an annual
Abfinthium tanacetifolio odoratiffimum, Amm. plant, which feldom comes up the firft year, if the
Ruth. feeds are fown in the fpring therefore it is much
-,

;. Artemisia{Abfinthium) foliis compofitis multifidis, better to let the feeds fcatter in the' autumn, becaufe
floribus fubglobofis pendulis, receptaculo villofo. thefe will more furcly grow, than thofe fown by
•ifii hand.
Abfin- The fixth fort is the common Southernwood, which is

J kept ingardens for the agreeable fcent of its leaves

16. Artemisia {Inodora) foliis compofitis tomentofis, it is a low under flirub, feldom rifing more than three

floribus fubglobofis, receptaculo villofo. Artemifia or four feet high, fending out lateral flirubby branches
with woolly compound leaves^ globular flowers^ and hairy growing ere6t, garnifned with five briftly leaves.
receptacles, Abfinthium infipidum Abfmthio vulgari having an agreeable fcent when bruifed the flowers :

flmile, C. B. P. Infipid JVonnwcod, are produced in fpikes from the extremity of the
'''' ''
17. Artemisia {Arborefcens) foliis o '"'^ branches, but unlefs the autumn proves warm and
linearibus, floribus fubglobofis, caule frutefcente. dry, the flowers rarely open in England.
Lin. Sp. Artemifu This is propagated by flips and cuttings, planted in
fttwers^ and aAbfinthium
fiorubby ftalk, ar- a fliady border, about the beginning of April,
borefcens. Lob. Icon. 753. ^ree Wormwood, obferving to water them duly in dry weather ; in
18. Artemisia {JEthiopica) foliis linearibus confertis this border they may remain till the followMnp*
minimis divifis, caule fruticofo tomentofo. Lin. Sp. autumn, when they Ihould be tranfplantcd, either
1 1 84. Mugvoort with linear leaves in bunches^ and a into pots or thofe parts of the garden where they
woolly ftyriibby ftalk, Abfintliium Africanum arbo- are defigned to remain.
refcens, folio vermiculato incano. Tourn. Inft. 458. The feventh fort is a ver}' low under flirub, th^
19. Artemisia {Gkuialis) foliis palmatis multifidis fcri- branches bend near the ground, fo never rife mor^
y thai
 ;

T R
liian two feet liigh, unlcfs wlicn they flower; for the of the common Wormwood indeed the appearance
:

fpikes are generally more than a foot long ; the flow- of the plants arc nearly alike, but the fegm.frncs of the
ers are yellow, and are ranged in fpikes which appear leaves of this are broader and winter than thofe of
in autumn. This is propagated either by flips or the common, and the whole plant is infipid, and con-
cuttings in the fame manner as the former, and is tinues fo from feed.
equally hardy. Tlic feventeenth fort is 'commonly known by the title
The eighth fort produces the Semen Santonicum, of Tree Wormword ; this grows naturally near the
. which is much ufcd for worms in children. It g;rovvs fea in Italy and the Levant. Tim rifes woody
v/ith a
naturally in Perfia, from whence the feeds are brought or {cvqw feet high,
fl"alk fix fending out many li'-^-
to Europe-, hath the appearance of our Wild
this neous branches, garniflied with leaves fomewhat llkt!
Mugwort ; the branches are flender, ereft, and gar- thofe of the common Wormv/ood, but more ilncly
niflied with linear winged leaves, and terminated by divided, and much whiter. The branches are ter-
recurved flender fpikes of flowers, which have naked minatedby fpikes of globular autumn,
flowers in the
receptacles. This may be propagated by flips or cut- \vhich are ieldom fucceeded by feeds here* This
tings in the like mannerformer i but the plants
as the plant is eafily propagated by cuttings, which, if
fnould be planted in a dry foil and flickered fituation, planted in a fliady border" during the fummer feafon,
where they will endure the cold of our ordinary win-' and duly watered, take root freely. In autum.n fome
ters pretty v/ell, but it will be proper to have a plant of the young plants fliould be potted, that they may
or two in pots, which may be flieltered in winter be flieltered in winter ; the other may be planted in a
under a common hot-bed frame to preferve the warm border, where they v/ill live, provided the v/in-
fpecies. ter proves favourable.
The ninth fort Is our common Wild Southernwood, The eighteenth fort is a low flirubby plant the ftalk -,

which grows naturally in fome parts of Norfolk, fo is Is woolly, fending out a few flirubby branches, gar-

rarely admitted into gardens. ,

niflied with linear leaves growing in clufters ; the flovv-
The tenth fort grows naturally in Portugal ; this is, a ers grow in a ^roundifli bunch, and ar^ fiiaped like
low under flirub, feldom rifins; more than two feet thofe of Wormwood, This grows naturally in Ethi-
high, and has much of the afpefi: of our wild iort, opia* It is propagated by planting the cuttings any

fo is rarely kept in gardens in this country. tim.e in fummer, and the plants" mufl: be flieltered
The eleventh fort is the common Sea Wormwood, from hard frofts in v/inter.

grows naturally on the fea coafl:s in mofi: parts of The nineteenth fort grows naturally on the Alps
,ngland, where there are feveral varieties (if not this is a low plant, feldom rifing m.ore than a foot
diftmit fpecies) to be found. Thefe are low un- . and a half high , the ftalks are clofcly garniflied '.vith
der flirubs, moil of them creep at their root, where- - very white leaves fliaped like a hand the flov/crs are ;

by they multiply greatly in their natural fituation, globular, and produced in clufters at the extremiiy
but when tranfplanted into a garden, feldom thrive of the ftalk ; thefe are rarely fucceeded by feeds in
fo well 5 hov/ever, thefe varieties are now commonly This plant may be propagated by plant-
England.
fubfl:ituted for the true Roman Wormwood In the ing the fide flioots in a fhady border during any of
London fliops. .. ; . the fummer months, which, if duly watered, will
The twelfth fort grows naturally on the Alps •, this is put out roots, and in autumn they may be tranfplant-
alfo a low under flirub, feldom rifing more than a ed where they are to remain. '- ' '
.

foot high, fending out feveral flender branches, gar- The twentieth fort grows naturally at Piedmont ; it
niflied with very white winged leaves, for which the Is an herbaceous plant, whofe ftalks die to the root

plants are fometimes admitted into gardens. "It is In winter, and frefli flioots arlfe in the fpring, v/hich
very hardy, and may be cafily propagated by cuttings are garniflied with winged leaves, v/oolly on their un-
in the fpring.
r -

. der fide ; the flowers are produced on fingle fpikc",

Wormwood which are 'rarely fucceeded by feeds in England. It
tliough at this time never ufed in any of the fliops •, may be eafily propagated by parting the roots in the
yet by fl-dlful perfons Is greatly preferred to the Sea autumn.
Wormwood, being lefs naufeous and a muchpleafanter H
A R T I C O K E is called by the Latins Cinara. '

bitter, and may be had in as great plenty, provided As this plant is much better known by its Englifli ti-
it was cultivated by thofe who fupply the markets "tle than the Latin, I fliall treat of it under this head,

with medicinal herbs. This Is a low herbaceous and refer for its character to the Latin title of Cinara,
plant, whofe ftalks die to the root in autumn, and under which the other fpecies will be exhibited.
new ones arife in the ipring thefe are garniflied with *, We have two forts of Artichokes which are cultivated
finely divided leaves, whofe underfide are woolly -, In the Englifli gardens, v/hich we fliall diftinguifli
the upper 'part of the fl:alks are furniflied with glo- here only by the namxs they are generally known
bular flov/ers which nod on one fide, havings naked among the gardeners, and referve their farther diftiac-
receptacles. Thefe appear In Augufl:, but are rarely tlons to their Latin titles. -
^

fucceeded by feeds In England. ^ The beft fort is what the gardeners call the Globe
This fort is eafily propagated by its creeping roots, Artichoke.- This hath large heads with broad brov/n-
which may be parted in the autumn, and planted fcales, which.turn inward ^ tl^ flefliy part at the bot-
two or three feet afunder, that they may have room tom of the fcales is very thick, there/ore is much
to fpread ; the beft: time for this is in the middle preferred to the other, v/hich is called t!ie French
of October ; It will grow in any foil which is not too Artichoke. The ftalks of this fort p-eneraHy o-row
wet. . .- -
-,-.,'" taller, and the heads are fmaller, and more conical
I'he fourteenth fort grows naturally in Siberia; it is than thofe of the other fort. The fcales are narrower,
an annual plant which grows two feet high, gar- of a greener colour, and turn outward. The flcihy
niflied with fmooth winged leaves, which have an part which is eaten Is not near fo thick, and hath a
agreeable fcent ^ the flowers are globular and nod on difagreeable perfumed taile; this was almoft totally
one fide. If the feeds of this are permitted to fcatter rooted out of the Englifli gardens before the hard
in the autumn, the plants will come up better than froft In 17-^-?-, when the greateft part, of the roots of
if fown v/ith care. the other fort were deftroyed, fo many perfons were
The fifteenth fort is the common Wormwood which fupplied the following fpring with plants from Guern-
grows naturally in lanes and uncultivated places in fey, where they cultivate only the latter fort ; but
many parts of England, fo is not often cultivated in fince the other has been increafed again, this green
gardens. This is eafily propagated by feeds, which fort has been in moft gardens rooted out, to make
ihould be fown In the autumn foon after they are ripe^ way for the Globe Artichoke.
or if they are permitted to fcatter, the plants will The manner of propagating this plant is from flips,
come up without farther care. taken from the old roots, in February or March,
The fixtecnth fort has been fuppofed to be a variety which, if planted in a good foil, will produce large
fair
7
 A 1 T
fair fruit the autumn but as this is a plant
follovving j bad method, bccaufe the dung lying near the roots,
which few gardeners, that have not been inrcru6led is very apt to rot the beft j^hnis ; therefore I would
in the kitchen-gardens near London, underftand to advife the earthing (or as it is called by thi
the garden-
manacle well, I Ihall be the more particular in my di- ers, landing) the Artichokes to be deferred till the
lat-
reftions about it. ter end of November, or the beginning of December,
At the latter end of February, or in March, 'accord- provided the feafon continues m.ild; and towards
ino- to the earlinefs of the feafon, or forwardnefs of Chriftmas, if there is any danger of fevere frofts, to
the old Artichoke roots, will be the proper time for layaquantityoflongdung,:\-afe-haulm,tannersbark,
dreffing them, which muft be thus performed with : or any other light covering over the ridges of eartli,
your Ipade rem.ove all the earth trom about your which v/ill keep cut tiie froft and this being at a dif-
;

llock, down below the part from whence the young tance from the roots, will not injure them-,^but this
flioots ar e produced, clearing tlie earth from between covering Ihould be carefuiiy taken off the beginning
the fhoots the nanus,
v/ith tnc
:s v/itii lb as to be
hands, lo tg judge
able tgj
De aoie of February, or fooner, provided the feafon is mild,
of the goodnels of each, with tiieir proper pofition or at lealt ib foon as the weather is fo, otherwife
upon the ftock ; then make choice of two of tlie t!ie plants will be injured by its lying too long upon

cleareft, ftraiteft, and moft promifing pLints that are them.

produced from the under part of the llock, v/hich are be a good metj^od, whenever any roots
It Will alfo

much preferable to the ftrong tliick plants which ge- of Artichokes are dug up in autumn, either to bury
nerally grow upon the crown oi the roots for thefe ;
them deep in the ground in a pit till fpring, or lay
have hard woody ftems, fo never produce good fruit, them in a heap, fo as that they may be eafily^^covered
but are generally v/hat the n^^arket people call rogues, in hard frofts ; and thefe may be a fupply, if thofe in
which Iiave very little bottom tlie fcales of their •, the ground are deftroyed.
heads are irregularly placed ; in flipping off the plants When you have thus earthed them up, you have no-
you muft be careful not to injure thoie which are to thing more to do till February or March, by w^hich
remain for a crop ; then with your thumb force off time they will have grown through the ridge of tlic
all the other plants and buds alio dole to the head of earth ; and, v/hen the weather is proper, muft be
the ftock, from whence they are produced, being dreffed as was before direfted.
very careful not to leave any of the buds, which will When you have a mind to make a new plantation,
foon produce plants fo as to hurt thofe which are after having digged and buried fome very rotten dunp-
left : then with your fpade draw the earth about the in the ground you have allotted for that purpofe,
two plants which are left, and witli your hands clofe make choice of fuch of your plants as were taken
it faft to each of them, feparating them as far aftinder from your old ftocks, vv^hich are clear, found, and
2.3 they can convenierxly be placed without breaking not woody, having fome fibres to their bottom then ;

them, obferving to crop off the tops of the leaves with your knife cut off that knobbed woody part,
wliich hang down with your hands ; your ground be- which joined them to the ftock and if that cuts crifp
-,

ing levelled between the ftocks, you may fow thereon and tender, it is a fign of its goodnefs, but if tough
a Imali crop of Spinach, whicli v/ill be taken off be- and ftringy, throw it away as good for nothing ; then
fore the Artichokes will cover the ground, and be cut off the large outfide leaves pretty low, that the
fure to keep them clear from weeds
and toward the •, middle or heart leaves, may be above them. Your
latter end of April, or the beginning of May, when plants being thus prepared (if the weather is very dry,
your old plants begin to fhew their fruit, you muft or the plants have been any time taken from the
carefully look over your ftocks, and draw up all young ftocks, it will be convenient to fet them upright in a
plants from them, which may have been produced tub of water for three or four hours before they are
iince their dreffing, and cut off all ftickers which are planted, which will greatly refrelli them j) you miuft
produced from the ftems of the Artichoke, leaving then proceed to planting, which muft be done by
only the principal head, by which means your fruit ranging a line acrofs the ground, in order to their be-
will be the larger ^ when your Artichokes are fit to ing placed exaftly in a row ; and, with a meafure
eather, vou muft break or cut them dov/n clofe to ftick, plant them at two feet diftance from each other
the ftirface of the ground, that your ft"0cks may make in the rows, and if dehgned for a full crop, five feet
ftrong frefli ftioots before the end of October tlie : diftance row from row ; your plants muft be fet about
feafon for earthing, or, as the gardeners term it, land- four inches deep, and the earth clofed very faft to
ing them up, is the middle or latter end of Novem- their roots, obferving, if the feafon proves dry, to
ber, which is thus done : keep them watered two or three times a week, un-
Cut off all the young fnoots quite clofe to the ftirface til they are growing, after wliicJi they feldom require

of the ground tlien dig between every ftock, raifmg

j a ny
all the earth between each row of ftocks into a rido-e, N. B. You may fow a thin crop of Spinach upon the
as is done in the common method of trencliino- ground, ground before you plant your plants, obferving to
fo as that the row of Artfcliokes may be exaftly in clear it from about them after it is come up.
the middle of each ridge, this v/ill be fufScient to Thefe plants, in a kindly feafon, or a m.oifl foil, will
guard them againft froft and I v/ould here recom-
; produce the largeft and beft Artichokes fome time
mend it to the public, as infinitely preferable to long in Auguft and September, after ail thofe from the
dung, which is by the unflcilful often ufed, and is old ftocks are paft; ib that if you intend to continue
the occafion of their fruit being fmall, and almoft your Artichokes through the whole feafon, you muft
without any bottoms to them ^ for there is not any make a new plantation every year, otherwife you can-
thins; fo hurtful to thefe, as new dunor beinp* either not poffibly have fruit longer than two or three
buried near, or laid about them. months.
Since we have experienced, that, in very fevere frofts If any of the plants which are planted in the fpring
thefe roots are ibmetimes deftroyed, therefore it is autumn, you may, at the feafon
fliould not fruit in
proper to give fom^e diredlions to prevent it though •, of earthing up your roots, tie up the leaves with a
this rarely happens in dry ground, in which we hav^e fmall Willow twig, &c. and lay the earth up clofe
but few inftances of their being killed, except in the to it, fo that the top of the plant may be above
hard frofts of 16S3, and jyll^' In thefe tw^o winters ground; and when tlie froft comes on, .if you will
moft of the Artichokes were deftroyed in England ; cover the top with a little ftraw, or Peafe-haulm, to
in the laft of thefe winters, it happened from the lit- prevent their being killed by froft", thefe plants will
tle care v/hich v/as taken of them, there having been produce fruit in v/inter, or early in the fprinp*.
no froft for fo many years before, which had injured But in thofe plantations where you intend to plant
them, that few people ufed any care to preferve them ;
other things betwcei) your Artichokes, you muft al-
but fince that hard froft', many people have run into low nine or ten feet between the rov/s, as is often
the other extreme of coverino; all their roots of Arti- practifed by the kitchen-gardeners near London, who
chokes with long dung every winter, which is a very fow tlie ground between witli RadiHics or Spinacli,
and
)
 ;
I
4 r- i

A
and plant two rows of Cauliflowers, at four feet This plant is called Wake Robin, from the fliarp
diftance row from row, and two feet and a half afua- acrid tafte, which, if eaten, will occafion a violent
der in the rows, fo that there are always five feet pain in every part of the mouth and throat, attended
allowed for the Artichokes to grow ; and in May, commonly with a great dcfluxion of water.
when the Radilhes or Spinach are taken off, they fow The
Species are,
a row of Cucumbers for pickling, exactly between 1. Arum [Maculatum) acaule foliis haftatis integerrimls

the two rows of Cauliflowers, at three feet difl:ance fpadice clavato. Hort. Upfal. 434. Aru7n without
from each other and between the rows of Cauli-
•, fialk^ fpear-fioaped entire leaves^ and a club-fhuped fpadix.
flowers and tlie Artichokes, plant a row of Cabbages Arum vulgare maculaturri non maculatum. C. B. P. &
or Savoys for winter ufe, which, when the Cauliflow- 195. The common Arum^
ers are drawn oft', and the Artichokes gathered, will 2. Arum (Italicum) foliis haftatis acutis petiolis longifll-
have full liberty to grow, and by this means the mis fpatha maxima erefta. Arum without ftalk^ pointed
ground is fully employed through the whole feafon. fpear-Jhaped leaves^ with long foot-ftalks^ and a large up-
This has long been the practice of the kitchen-gar- right fpatha. Arum venis albis Italicum maximum.
deners near London, who pay large rents for their H. R. Par.
knd, fo are obliged to get as many crops in a year 3. Arum {Probofcidium) acaule foliis haftatis fpatha de-
from it as pofllble. clinata filiformi-fubulata. Lin. Sp. Plant. 966. Aru77%
In thofe which are planted at five feet diftance row without jlalk^ fpear-foaped leaves^ and a declining awl-
from row, you may plant in every other row a line fhaped fpatha. Ariiarum flore in tenucm caudam
of Cabbages or Savoys for winter ufe, which will be abeunte. Tourn. Inft. 161. Friers CgwL
gone by the time of landing them up ; in doing of 4. Arum [Arifarum) acaule foliis cordato-oblongis fpa-
which you muft lay the whole five feet of earth into tha bifida fpadice incurvo. Hort. Cliffy 435. Arum
one ridge, except the ground be extreme ftiff, or the without Jlalk^ oblong hear t-Jh aped leaves^ a bifid fpatha^
plants young, in both which cafes you may lay only and an incurved fpadix. Arifarum latifolium majus.
three feet and a half of the ground in the ridge C. B. P. 19 6. Broad-leaved Friers CowL
over the roots, and the remainder may be laid in a 5. Arum {Tenuifolium) acaule foliis lanceolatis f[')adlce
fmall ridge between ; the fame compafs of ground fetaceo declinato. Hort. Cliff. 345. Arum without ft alk^
muft alfo be allov/ed where they are planted at a wider fpear-fioaped leaves^ and a briftly declining fpadix. An-
diftance. ^ famm anguftifolium Diofcoridis forte. Bocrh. Ind-
And if in the fpring you find your ftocks fhoot very alt. 2. p. yj,.

weak, which may have been occafioned either by hard 6. Arum (Firginicum) acaule foliis haftato-cordatis acu-
froft, or too much wet, you muft then uncover them, tis angulis obtufis. Hort. Cliff; 434. Arum without
and with your fpade loofen and break the earth about ftalk^ pointed^ fpear^ heart-fhaped leaves^ with cbtufe
them, raifing a fmall hill about eachftock, leveUing angles.
the reft between the rows, which will greatly help 7. Arum i^riphyllum) acaule foHis ternatis floribus mo-
them, and in three weeks, or a month's time after, noids. Flor. Virg. 113. Three-leaved Arum without
they are commonly fit to flip. ftalk. Arum minus triphyllum arifarum pene viridi
Thofe Artichokes which are planted in a moift rich Virginianum. MonHift. 3. p. 547.
foil, will always produce the largeft and beft fruit 8. Arum (Bracunculus) foliis pedatis, foliolis pctiolatis
fo that where fuch a foil can be obtained, it will be integerrimis asquantibus fpatham fpadice longiorem.
proper to make a frefta plantation every fpring, to Lin. Sp, Prod. Leyd. 7. Arum with fcot-fioapedleavesy
fucceed the old ftocks, and fupply the table in au- compofed of fpear-flmpcd., entire^ equal lobes ^ and the fpa-
tumn. But the roots will not live through the win- tha much longer than the fpadix. Dracunculus poly-
ter in a moift foil, fo that your ftocks which you in- phyllus. C. B. P. 195. Common Dragon.
tend ftiould remain to fupply the table early, and 9. Arum {Dracontlum) foliis pedatis, foliolis lanceolatis
to furnifh plants, fliould be in a drier foil. You integerrimis fuperantibus fpatham fpadice breviorem.
fliould always obfcrve to plant thefe in an open fitu- Prod. Leyd. 7. Arum with foot-fhaped leaves^ the up-
ation, and not under the *drip of trees, where they per being compofed of fpear-fhaped entire lobes., and the
will draw up very tall, and prodvice fmall infignificant fpatha fiorter than the fpadix. Arum polyphyllum mi-
fruit. nus &
humilius. PI. L. 60.
ARTICHOKES of Jerufalem. See Helian- 10. Arum {Trilobatum) acaule foliis fagittato trilobis flore
THUS. feftile. Flor. Zeyl. 326. Trifoliate Arum without ftalks.,
ARTICULATION, the connexion of parts is and a flower growing clofe to the root. Arum
humile
that confift of joints, or knees, fiich as are the fiH- Zeylanicum latifolium piftillo coccineo. Hort. Amft.
quai [the hufks] of many plants ; as of the Ornitho- I. p. ^y.
podium, Coronilla, which are joined together by a 11. Arum {Colocafia) acaule foliis peltatis ovatis repan-
ibluble knot whence thofe parts are called articu-
; dis bafi femibifidis, Hort. Cliff". 434. Arum without
lof^, and are faid to be connedled articulatim, or ftalk^ targetftoaped oval leaves^ waved and fiinuated at
geniculatim and fuch plants are called Articulofa^,
; their borders^ and divided two parts at their bafe.
into
whofe roots are jointed, although the ftalks have no Arum maximum -Slgypdacum quod vulgo Colocafia.
joints fo the root of Polygonatum is faid to be ar-
-,
Called Colocafia.
ticulofe, or geniculated. -
12. Arum
(Bet^ folia) acaule foliis ccrdatis nervofis flo-
A R U M, Wake Robin, or Cuckow Pint. ribus fefTilibus. Artrm withoutftalk^ nervous heart-floaped
The Characters are, - ' '
leaves., and flowers without petals. Arum Americanum
The fell- cr kath a large oblong fpatha^ which is clofcd .
betse folio. Catefl^. Hift. Car. i. 71. Celled Scunk
ihe vGttom^ comprejfed in the middle^ and coloured 'wilhif, Weed.
ihe fpadix is Jingle^ paped like a club at the top^ a) 13. Arum {Bivaricatum) acaule foliis cordatis angulatis
fhorter than the fpatha upon which the germen are Jit divaricatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 966. Arum without ft alk^
ated. It hath no petals nor jiaminuy but many four-co and heart-fhaped angular leaves. Arum acaule foliis
nered fiamnits^ fitting clofe to the germen^ with a doul fubhaftatis. Flor. Zeyl, 325.
row of hairs between thcm^ which adhere to the [p. 14. Arum {Pcregrinum) acaule foliis cordatis obtufis
dix. There are many oval germen which furround t, mucronatis an^ulus rotundatis. Hort. Clifi^ 435. A-
rum w'ithot^t ftalk., blunt heart fhaped leaves^ which are
5.
upper part of the fpadix^ having no Jiyles, but ha' rf^

bearded ftigma : the germen afi pointed^ and the angles rounded., called Edder in America.
d feeds 15. Arum (Efculentem) acaule foliis peltatis ovatis inte-
This genus of plants is ranged in the feventh feclion gerrimis bafi femibifidis. Hort. Clift". 453. Arum
of LinnjEus's twentieth clafs, entitled Gynandria Po- without ftalk^ oval target-ftjaped leaves., whofe bafe are
lyandria, thefe plants having male and female flowers divided in two parts. Arum minus nymphses; folio
joined, but have no ftamma nor ftyle, but many efculentuni. Sloan. Cat, Jam. 62.
fummits. r
I

6 16. Ari^'m
 A A
I 6. Ar.uM {Sagitt^ folium) acaule folils fagittatis trian- of fouthern parts of Europe.
tlic This plant hath a
gulis angulis divaricaris acutls. Hort. ClifF. 345. A- large, tuberous, flefliy root, which, in the fpr:ng puts

rum "Without ftalk^ layice-Poaped leaves ^Jjhich are triangu- up about three rttt high, which is'ipot-
X lb*ait ilalk

lar, and ribbed.

acute-pointed, Arum maximum /E- ted like the belly of a fnake j at the top it fpreads
gyptiacum quod vulgo Colocafia cauliculis nigrican- out into leaves, which are cut into feveral narrow
tibu5 Zeylanica. H. L. B. fegi7ients almolt to the bottom, which fpread open

Arvm' (Jrborefcem) caulefcens rectum, foliis iiigit- like a hand ; at the top of the ftalk the fiower is pro-
I 7.
tatis. Lin. Sp. i^yi^ Aru7n with an erect fialk^ and ar- duced, v/hich is in fiiape like the common Arun>,
rc-iv-fiaped leaves^ commonly called Dumb Cane, having a very long fpatha of a dark purple colour,
iS. Arum {Auritum) caulefcens radicans, foliis terna- fl:anding erett, with a large pifl:il of the fame colour,
tl3, latcralibus unilobatis. Lin. Sp. 1371. Armuvjhcfe fo that when it is in flower, it makes no unpleafin«-
fend out roots, and trifoliate leaves.
ifalks Aruni hc- appearance but the flower hath fo fl:rong a fcent of
;

dcraceum triphyllum auritum. Plum.& Amer. 41. carrion, that few perfons can endure it for which ;

tab. 58. reafon it hath been baniflied mofl: gardens, but v/as
The grows naturally u\ woods and on fliady
[irft fort it not for this, a few of the plants might merit a place

banks ia mod parts of England, fo is feldom admit- in gardens, for theoddnefs of the flower. It is very

ted into gardens \ but being a medicinal plant, it is hardy, fo will grow in any foil or fituation, and pro-
iiere infcrted to introduce the other fpecies. There pagates very faft by offsets from the root. The time
re two varieties of this, one with plain leaves, and to tranfplant it is in autumn, when their leaves de-
the other hath leaves full of black fpots, but thele cay. It flovv^ers in June or July, and their flalks de-
are only accidental varieties which arife from the fame cay in September.
I is. The roots of this are ordered by the College The ninth fort grows naturally in moift places in Vir-
of Phyficians to be ufed in a pov/der which bears the ginia and New England, but is very difficult to pre-
title of the plant but tliefe are generally gathered
-, ferve lon.q; in a o-arden. I received fome roots of this
in the ipring, when the leaves are in full vigour, fo from New England a fev/ years ago, v/hich continued
that the rootsand foon lofe their pungent
fiirink two years \ but tlie foil being dry, they decayed in
quality ; but thole which are taken up in Auguft, fummer : thefe fliould have a moifi' flnady fituation,
when their leaves decay, will continue good a whole otherwife they will not thrive. -
The leaves of this fort
year, and retain their pungency the fame as when firft are divided like thofe of the former, but are fmaller,
akcn up
t-^ The not obfervin^; this, has brought the and rarely grov/ more than nine inches high •, the
medicine into difrepute. It {lowers in April, and the flowers are like thofe of the common Arum, but
feeds ripen in July. the piftil is longer than the fpatha. It flowers in June,
The fccond fort grows naturally in Italy, Spain, and •and the ftalks decay in autumn.
Portugal, from whence I have received the feeds. The tenth fort grows naturally in Ceylon, and fome
The leaves of this fort rife a foot and a half high, are other parts of India, fo is very impatient of cold it :

very large, running out to a point ; thefe are finely is a plant of humble growth the leaves come up :

veined with white, interfperfed with black fpots, from the root, having foot-ftalks about four inches
which, together with the fine Ihining green of their long ^ thefe are divided into three lobes, which ter-
furface, make a pretty variety. The flowers grow -
minate in points; the fiower rifes immediately from
near a foot high, and have very long upright fpathas, the root, ftanding on a very lliort foot-ftaik , the fpa-
which are of a pale green, inclining to white ; thefe tha is long, ereft, and of a fir^e fcarlet within, as is
appear the end of April, or beginning of May, and alfo the piftil. This ufually appears in May, and the
the feeds are ripe in Auguft ^ this propagates very leaves d<^cay in Auguft, but new ones foon after rife
fail: by offsets from the root, and will thrive in any fronf the root. This plant muft be placed in the
foil or fituanon. The beft time to tranfplant them tan-bed of the bark-ftove, otherwife it will not thrive
is foon after the feeds are ripe, for'by the end of Oc- in England. It is propagated by ofl^sets from the
tober they will be putting out new fibres. root, which come out in plenty when the plant s are
I'he third, fourth, and fitth forts have been generally in health.
feparated from this genus, and were diftinguiflied by The eleventh, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, and
tlie title of Arifarum, or Friar's Cowl, from the re- fixteenth forts, have mild roots, v/hich are eaten by
femblaiKe the fiower has in fhape to the hoods or the Inhabitants of all the hot countries, where they
cowls worn by the people of that order ; the leaves of grow naturally, and fome of the forts are cultivated
thefe have fliort foot-llalks, the flowers o-rowino- clofe by the inhabitants of the fugar colonies, as efculent
to the ground ; they fiower in April, but feldom pro- plants, 'their roots being conftantly eaten, as alfo are
duce ieeds in England \ however they multiply fiift the leaves of fome of the forts, particularly the fif-

by offsets, and Ihould have a Ihady fituation. The teenth, which they call Indian Kale the leaves of :

time for tranfplanting the roots is the fame as for the this are boiled, and fupply the v/ant of other greens.
tonner. They preferved in fome gardens for
are As there is a conftant fucceffion of thefe all the year,
tiie fake of variety, but have little beauty to recom- afmall fpot of ground, planted with thefe roots, will
nieiul them. be fufficient to fupply a large family. It is efteemed
T1ie fixth and feventh forts grow naturally in Virgi- a wholfome green, and in thofe countries where many
nia and Carolina, from whence I have received their of the common European vegetables are with diffi-
\'oocs ; tiieir leaves ariie immediately from the roots, culty procured, this proves a good fuccedanum but •,

Ilaving [\w\x(t any toot-ilalks \ the flowers come up be- they feem to make little diftinftion of the fpecies, for
iv.i-.^n which liave fliort foot-ftalks they
their leaves, ; I have received t!ie roots of three forts, by the com-
ai:)pv^ar in May, but liave little beauty, fo the plants mon of Edder-, but I fuppofe the lourteenth fort
title
are only kept in botanic gardens for the fake of va- is the moft commonly cultivated there for their roots.

riety. They will live in the open air, if they are Tlie fixteendi fort has not been many years introduced
planred in a fliekered fituation, or if the furface of among them, for it came originally from the Spanifti
the gnnind is covered with tan to keep out the froil WeftTndies, where it grows in great plenty. Both
in winter, and will thrive better in the full ground tliefe have lart/cr roots than the fifteenth, for v/hich
r

than in pots. They are propagated by offsets. reafon they are preferred to it.

The e:y;Iuh iort is the comm.on Dragon, which is All thefe forts are preferved in the gardens of thofe
uleu in medicine, and has been generally ranged in pcn-fons, who arc curious in collefting exotic plants.
a leparate genus from tliis under the title of Dracun- for the variety of tlieir leaves ; their fiow^ers have very
.
cuius, in which genus Tournefort has ranged all thofe little beauty, nor do they often appear in this coun-
Ipecies vdnch have compound leaves, and thofe v/ith try. The plants are propagated ealily by oR^sets from
^
fingle leaves he has placed under Arum. their .roots, put out plentifully: thefe
which tfiey
This fort is uled in medicine, {o is preferved in gar- muft be planted in pots filled with light earth, and
dens to fupply t!ic markets it grows naturally in moil
: plunged into a hot-bed, to promote thoir taking root v
Z and
 ; ;

and they are afterward corttinued

if the bark-liove,m are Included in a chaff which is ohlong^ pointed^ and opens
they will make great progrefs, and their leaves will with two valves. The petals of the flowers are bivalve
be larger. .They may be kept in a dry fiove, upon and longer than the empalement^ having a down at thir
fhelves, after they are well eftablilhed in the pots, bafe^ which rifes almofi their length \ it hath three hairy
but they will not be fo ftrong as the other. ftamina^ crotvned with horned fummits ; in the center is
The twelfth fort I was favoured with by Mr. Peter Jituated an oblong germen^ fupporting two fender flyjes
CoUinfon, F. R. S. who procured the root from North which are hairy and reflexed^ crowned with a ftmplejli<r^
America, where it naturally grows. This requires a ma, "The germen afterij^ard becomes an oblong pointed fced^
moift foil, and a ftiady fituation, but is hardy in re- with long down adhering to its bafe.
fpedl of cold. It flowered two years in the garden This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedioa
at Chelfea, but in a very dry feafon decayed* The of Linnaius's third clafs, entitled Triandria Digynia,
flowers came up before there was any appearance of the flowers having three ftamina and two ftyles.'
leaves i the fputha \vas large, and the piilil fhort and The Species are,
blunt i the female flowers were ranged each between 1. Arundo {Phraginitis) calycibus quinqueflorls pani-
a fort of cheque work, which was diagonal to the cula laxa. Prod. Leyd. 66. Reed %vith five flowers in
piflil V the flower decayed without any appearance of each cup^ growing in kofe panicles. Arundo vulgaris pa-
feed. lurtris. 485. 27?^ common Marfh
J. B. 2. Reed.
The feventeenth fort rifes to the height of fix or feven 2. Arundo (Donax) calycibus trifioris panicula diffusl
feet, with a green jointed italk as large as a walking Prod. Leyd. 6.6. Reed with three flowers included in each
ftick ; the leaves are placed irregularly at the top of cup^ growing in diffufed panicles. Arundo fativa quai
the {talks, growing in a clufl;er thefe are oblong, and
: Donax Diofcoridis. C. B. P. ij. This is fometimes
of a light green colour ; from between the leaves the called by gardeners the Ever-green Reed, but for
flowers come out on the fide of the fl:alk, having a what reafon I cannot imagine, becaufe the ftalks decay
long fpatha of a pale green colour, marked with white every autumn, and new ftioots arife from the roots in
fpots, fitting clofe to the fl:em of the plant j at their the fpring.
'
. firft: appearance they fl:and ereft, foon after they are 3. Arundo (?^(?r/?c(?/(?r) Indica Laconica verficolor. Mor.
horizontal, and in a little time they decline downward Hift. 3. p. 219. Indian Reed with variegated leaves,
their lower part is fwelling fo far as the flowers are Arundo Indica vaxiegata feu Laconica Theophrafti.
ranged on the piftil, aboye^ \\rhich it is greatly con- Cornut. Can. 55.
trafted, and toward the top enlarges again, where 4. Arundo {Bamboa) calycibus multifloris, fpicis ternis
it is a little open, fo as to fliew the naked part of the feflilibus. Lin. Sp. 120. Reed with many flowers in the

piftil, but is twifted again at the top. All the lower cup^ andfeffile fpikes^ commonly called Bambu. Beeflia.
part clofely folds oyer the piftil, fo that it is, fcarce MaL Vol. V. p. 119. and the Bambu altera fpe-
difcernible, unlefs the fpatha is opened,^ which can cies. Raai Hift. 13 16.

.only be done on one fide, the other adhering clofely Arundo (Jrk
. ^o the piftil, fo far upward as the flowers extend the ftalk
.
ftai;ed part of the piftil only being feparated from it-, are pointed at both ends, Ily. Hort. Mai. Vol. I. p. 25.
&t that the female flowers and ftamina are raneed only 6. Arundo {Orientalis) tenuifolia caule
pleno ex qua
upon one fide of the piftil, in which it differs from all Turcse calamos parant. Tourn. Cor. 39. EafternReed
the other fpecies which I have feen. with a narrow leaf and afullftalk^ of which the "Turks
It grows naturally in the fugar iflands, and other warm ma^e their writing pens.
parts of America, chiefly in the low grounds ; the The firft fort very common by the fides of rivers
is fo
whole plant abounds with an acrid juice, fo that if a and large ftanding waters in divers parts of England,
leaf or part of the ftalk is broken, and applied to the that it is needlels for me to fay any thing of its
tip of the tongue, it caufes a very painful fenfation, culture. This is cut in autumn, when the leaves
and occafions the falivary du6ts to fwell, and brings begin to fall, and the ftems are changed brown, for
on a great defluxion of faliva j the ftalks of this plant making hedges in kitchen-gardens, -and for many
are fometimes applied to the mouths of the negroes other ufes.
by way of puniftament, which is indeed bad enough. The fecond fort, although native of a warm country,
This fort is propagated by cutting off the ftalks into yet will bear the cold of our winters in the open
lengths of three or four joints, which muft be laid to ground, provided it is planted in a foil not too wet
dry fix weeks or two montlis ; for if the wounded and if the winter fliould prove very levere, a little
part is not perfeftly healed over before the cuttings mulch be laid over the roots ; it dies to the furface
are planted, they will rot and decay thefe fliould
: in autumn, and rifes again the fucceeding fpring
. be planted in fmall pots filled with light fandy earth, and if kept fupplied with water in dry weather, will
and plunged into a moderate hot-bed of tan, being grow ten or twelve feet high the fame fummer ; and
careful that they have little wet, until they have made is very proper to intermix with trees and flirubs, or

good roots when they are well eftabliflied at bottom,

•, tall plants and flowers in bofquets, where, by the
fome of them may be placed in a dry ftove, and others oddnefs of its appearance, it will have a good effed:,
plunged into the tan-bed in the bark-ftove, where in adding to the variety. This is propagated by part-
they will make the greateft progrefs, and produce ing the roots early in the fpring, before they begin
more flowers than the others. It is a tender plant, fo to ftioot, and will, in a year or two, if your ground
muft be conftantly kept in the ftove, and ftiould have be good, make very large ftools, fo that from each
very little wet in winter. ftool you may have eight or ten canes produced ; but
. l^he eighteenth fort is a fcandent plant, fending out thisnever produces any fpikes of flowers in England.
roots from the ftem and branches, the leaves are large, The ftalks of this fort are brought from Portugal and
hcart-lhaped, having three lobes or ears ^ the flowers Spain, and are ufed by the weavers, as alfo to make
are inclofed in a large fpatha j but thefe are not fruit- fifliing-rods.
. tul in England.
This is a tender plant, fo requires The third fort fuppofed to be a variety of the fe-
is

to be conftantly kept in the bark ftove, and treated cond, differing therefrom only in having variegated
as other tender exotic 'plants, which come from hot leaves. But this I much doubt, becaufe the fort with
countries. It is propagated by cutting off the branches,
. variegated leaves is much tenderer than the other, fo
which readily put out roots, for all thefe fpecies which muft be flickered from the froft, otherwife it will not
are natives of hot countries, never produce feeds in live through the winter In England. The plant never
England. grows to a third part of the height of the other, and
ARUM ^THIOPICUM. See Calla. the leaves are narrower and much ftiorter whether •,

U N
A R iM S C A D E S, See Dr acontium. N thefe differences may not be occafioned by the wealc-
ARUNDO. Lin. Gen. Plant. 76. The Reed. nefs of the plant, I cannot take upon me to deter-
The Characters are, mine for it is well known, that all thofe plants w^hich
i

Tl is of the Grafs tribe \ the f!o%vers grow in fpikes^ and have variegated leaver, are much weaker than the
plain
 A A A
plain, and do not grow fo large, they refill
i^or v/ill which are indented on Afurina Iiederula
their edges,
the cold lb well. But as this is llippofed to be a na- faxatilis. Lob. Icon. 601. Afarina, or Rock Ground-
tive of a d'rFerent country, and by all the writers who ivy.

have mentioned it fuppofcd to be different, I have 2. AsARiNA {Ere^a)^ caule ereclo foliis lanceolatis am-
enumerated it among the fpecies. plexicaulibus panicula dichotoma. Upright Bafiard
The two ibrts ofBambu are of great fervice to the Afarum with fpear-ffjaped leaves which embrace the fialks,
inhabitants of India, who make moft of their common and fpikes cf flowers coming cut from the divifion of the
utenfds of the ilems of thefe canes, which grow to branches, Penfl:emon. Mitch. Gen. 14.

a prodigious magnitude in thofe countries. The firft fort is a low trailing annual plant, the
We have plants of the fourth fort in the Englifh gar- branches extend more than
a foot each way, and
little

dens, which are more than twenty feet high ; and if are weak, fo that unlefs they are fupportcd, they lie
the ftoves in which they are kept were high enough upon the ground ; thefe are garniftied with leaves like
to admit them, they would, according to appearance, thofe of Ground-ivy, which grow by pairs •, at the
rife to twice that height. The fhoots of this plant wings of the leaves the flowers come out fingly on
are of quicker growth than any other yet knov/n, each fide tiie ft;alk, which are fliaped like thofe of
which rifes v;lth an upright ftalk ; for a ftrong llioot Snap-dragon, but have a long tube ; they are of a
. from the root v/ill rife to twenty feet in five or fix worn-out purple colour at the top, but below of an
v/ecks, as I have for feveral years obferved. S ome herbaceous colour. Thefe come out in June, and the
of thefe ftems are as large as a m.an's wrift, but in feeds ripen in September, which fliould be fown foon
general as big as walking-fticks, and when dried are after, or permitted to fcatter, for when they are fown

as fit for that purpofe as thofe which are imported. in the fpring they feldom grow. The plants ftioiild
The leaves of this fort are much broader than thofe of remain where they are fown, and require no other
the fifth, particularly at their bafe ; thefe leaves are care but to keep them clean from weeds, and thin
generally put round the teacheflis in their package, them wliere they grow too clofe. As tliere is not
and arc faitened tog-ether fo as to form a kind of much beauty in this plant, two or three of them
mat. will be enough in a garden, for the fake
of variety.
The fifth fort is more rare at prefent in F.urope, tho' It grows naturally in Italy and the fouth of France.

it is the mof: common on the coaft of Malabar. The fecond fort grows naturally in North America.
They are both tender plants, io will not live in this This plant hath upright fl:aiks, which grow a foot
country, unlefs they are preferved in a warm ftove j and a half high, and put out feveral fide branches,
and as their roots fpread very wide, they fhould garnilhed with oblong fpear-fliaped leaves ending in
not be confined therefore to have them produce
: a point, which grow oppofite, and embrace the ftalks
ftrong ftems, they mull; be planted in large tubs, filled at their bafe; the flowers come out in fliort loofe
with rich earth, and plunged into the hot-bed in the fpikes from the divifions of the ftalks, which are
bark-ftove and as they naturally grow in marfliy low
•, fhaped like thofe of the former, but are lefs, and of
places, they require plenty of water, efpecially a purple colour. They appear in June and July, and
when die roots have filled the tubs in which they were their feeds ripen in September.
planted. When the tubs decay, the boards may be The feeds of this fort fliould be fown in the autumn,'
removed, and the plants permitted to root into the for thofe which are fown in the fpring, feldom grow
tan, which will encourage them to grow to a larger the fame year, but remain in the ground till the fol-
fize but then tliere mull be care taken when the bed
; lowing fpring. When the plants are grown flrong
is refrefhed with new tan, to leave a fufHcient quan- enough to remove, they fhould be tranfplanted into
tity of tiie old tan about the roots of the plants ; for a fhady border, which will prevent their flowering the
if they are too much bared, and the new tan laid fame year and in the autumn they may be planted
•,

I r tliem, when that heats, it will fcorch their roots in the borders of the flower-garden, where they will
fometimes deftroyedby it. Both
fo that the plants are add to the variety. The roots feldomi lafl: above two
forts are propagated by flips from the roots, which or three year's, fo that young plants fhould be annually
fliould be taken off in the fpring, that they may be raifed.
Aveli cilablinied before the winter. A S A R U M [from a privative, and (at'^w, Gr, to adorn,
The what the Turks make their v/rlting
fixth fort is as much as to fay, a plant not fit for ornament,]
pens witlial , tliis grows in a valley near niount Afarabacca.
Athos, as alfo on the banks of the river Jordan, but The Characters are.
there are none of the plants in England. This fort The flowers hath a thick bell-fhaped empalement of one leaf^
may be managed as the Bambu. which is coloured^ and fiigbtly cut at the brim into three
ARUNDO SACCHARIFERA. See Sacha- partSy which are reflexed. It hath no petals, but twelve
RUM. fliort awl-fhaped ftamina,crowned by oblong fummitSy
A S A R I N A. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 171. tab. 76. Baf- which are faftened in the middle to the fiamina ; at the
tard Afarum, bottom of the empalement is inclofed a thick germen^ fup-
The Characters are, fhort cylindrical flyle.^ crowned by a reflexed
The empalement is of one leaf^ which is cut into jive equal fligma, cut into fi zfterward
fcg:mnts ahnoft to the bottom. The flo'vucr is of one leaf ipfule having fix cells^ containing feveral
of the grining kind^ having a long cylindrical tuhe^ di- feeds
vided at tlx top into two lips^ the upper one being divided This genus of plants Is ranged in Linnasus's eleventh
into tzvoparts^ whofe edges are rcfl-exed. The lower lip is clafs, entitled Dodecandria Monogynia, the flowers

Jlightly cut into three parts which are abtufe ; the two lips having twelve fiamina and one flyle.
join clofe together^ fo as to form a kind of fnout. It hath The Species are,
fourflamina^ two of which are longer than the other ; in 1. As arum {Europceum) reniformibus obtufis binis.
foliis
the center is placed a round germenfuppor ting a Jingle fly le^ Lin. Sp. PI. 442. Afarabacca with kidney 'fl:>aped Icavesy
crowned by an obtufe fligma. The germen afterward turns which have two blunt points, Afarum. C. B. P. 107.
to a round hujk^ divided into two cells^ which are full of Common Afarabacca.
rcundif}) feeds. 2. AsARiJM iCanadenfe) reniformibus mucronatis.
foliis
genus of plants is by Dr. Linnaeus joined to his
7'his Lin. Sp. Plant. 442. Afarabacca with kidney -floaped
genus of Antirrhinum, which is ranged in the fecond leaves ending in a point. Afarum Canadenfe. Cornut.
feftion of hie fourteenth clafs, titled Didynamia An- Canad. 24. Canada Afarabacca.
giofpermia, the flowers liaving tv/o long and two 3. AsAKiTM (Firginicum) foliis cordatis obtufis glabris
lliortcr Iramina, and the feeds having a capfule. pctiolatis. Flor. Virg. '

with fin 00 thy

The Spi:ciEs are. having foot-ft ^Iks.
-floaped leaves Afarum
I. Ar-AaiN'A {Frocumbens) caulc decumbente foliis op- Virginianum pifcolochiac foliis fubrotundis cyclaminis
pofids reniform.ibuS crenatis. Baflard Afarurn with a more m.aculatis. Piuk. Aim. ^'^. _,

irciliag falky and kidney -floapcd leaves growing oppcfitc^

The
 ; 1 d

c A S +
G
The firftfort hath thick flelliy roots which arejouircd, 3. A?.CLjzriA.s [Liilea) foliis ovatis acutis caule infirmo,
and fend out fibres from every pare the leaves gro v/ -, umbcllis fijiiplicibus. Swallow-wort with oval point
fuigly upon fiiort foot-ftalks, ariiing immediately from leaves^ a weak ftaik^ and fingle umbels. Afclepias aii-
tlie root ; thefe are kidney-fliaped, eared at the foot- guftifoiia flore flavcf:entc. 11. 11. \^y:,
ftalk, and rounded at the top, where they are in- 4. AscLEPiAS Hnearlbus ver-
{V'erticillala) foliis revolutls
dented they are fmooth, and of a fhining green
i ticillatis caule erecto. Lin. Sp. Plant. 217. Swallow-

colour the flowers grow^ upon very fliort foot-llalks

: wort with narrow twifting leaves growing in whcrks^ and
clofe to the ground, fo are hid under tlae leaves. They an upright ftalk, A})0cynum Marianum erectum Ima-
are compofed of a bell-lhaped empalement, of a worn- ri.-e anguftifllmis folilr. umbellatum. Pluk. Mant. 17.
out purple colour, which is cut into three at the top, 5. AscLEPiAs {Syriaca) foliis ovalibus fublus tomentofis
where it turns backward in the bottom is fituated : caule fimplicifl;imo umbellis nurantibus. Lin. Sp.
the germen, attended by twelve fhort ftamina, which Plant. 214. Swallow-wort with oval downy leaves,, a
afterward turns to a leathery feed-veflel, divided into and nodding umbels. This is the Apocynum
fingle ftalk^
fix cells, which contain feveral roundifh feeds. majus Syriacum erectum. Corn. Canad. Greater up-
The leaves of the fecond fort are much larger than right Syrian Dogfbane.
thofe of the firft, and ftand on longer foot-ftalks 6. AscLEPiAS {Amama) foliis ovatis fubtus pilofiufculis
thefe are pointed and hairy. The flowers are like caule fimplici vimbellis neftariifque eredtis. Lin. Sp.
thofe of the other fort, growing clofe to the root, but Plant. 214. Swaliow-wort with oval leaves^ hai'ry on
are fomewhat inclining to green on their outfide, in their under fide^ a fingle ftalk, with upright umbels and
allother refpefts they agree. ne£farii, Apocynum floribus amcene purpureis corni-
The third fort hath fmooth blunt heart-fhaped leaves, culis furreftis. Hort. Elth. 31.
ftanding on longer foot-ftalks ; thefe are veined and 7. AscLEPiAS {Purpurafcens) foliis ovatis fubtus villofis
fpotted on their upper furface like thofe of the au- caule fimplici umbellis erectis nedtariis refupinatis.
tumnal Cyclamen ; the flowers of this are Ihaped like Lin. Sp. Plant. 214. Swallow-wort with oval leaves^
the others, but ftand on longer foot-ftalks, and are . hairy on their under fide^ a fingle ft alk^ and upright um-
of a darker purple colour. Thefe flower in April and belswith inclining ne5larii. Apocynum ereftum Novc-
May, and their feeds ripen in July and Auguft. boracenfe foliis minus incanis flore ex obfoleto dilute
The firft of thefe forts is very common, and hath purpurafcente. Par. Bat. 33.
been found wild in fome parts of England, though 8. AscLEPiAS {Variegata) foliis ovatis rugofis nudis caule
but rarely it delights in a moift ftiady place, and is
*, fimplici umbellis fubfeflilibus pcdicellis tomentofis.
increafed by parting the roots in autumn. This is the Lin. Sp. Plant. Szvallow-zvort with rough, staked, oval
fort which is ufed in medicine; ^ ,
'
leaves, a fingle ftalk, umbels growing clofe to the ftalk,
The Canada fort is equally hardy, fo will endure our having woolly foot-ftalks. Apocynum vetus Americanum
common winters in the open ground, being rarely Wifank didum. Hort. Elth. 32.
.1: hurt by frofts, if planted in a dry foil, for too much 9. AscLEPiAS {Incarnata) foliis lanceolatis caule fupernc'
I ^
wet often occafions the roots to rot in winter. This umbellis ereftis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 2 ^..Swallow-
divifo,.
is propagated as the other. I wort with fpear-ftnaped leaves, the upper part of the ftalk
^'" The third fort will alfo live in the open air in Eng- and ere£i double umbels, Apocynum niinus
divided,
.
land, being feldom injured by froft -, but if the plants .reftum Canadenfe. Corn. Canad. 9.
-
are too much
expofed to the fun in fummer, they 10. AscLEPiAs {Decumbens) foliis villofis caule decum-
feldom thrive well therefore they ftiould be planted
•, bente. Lin. Sp. Plant. 216. Swallozv-wort with hairy
. in a border where they may have only the morning and a declining ftalk, Apocynum Carolinianum
leaves,
fun, in which fituation they will fpread and increafe. aurantiacum pilofum. Pet. H. Sice. 90.
Thefe two laft grow naturally in feveral parts of 11. AscLEPiAS {Tuberofa) foliis alternis lanceolatis caule
North America, -•.,'... divaricato pilofo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 217. Swallozv-wort
A SCLEPI A
S [fo called from ^fculapius the firft . with fpear-fhaped leaves growing and a hairy
alternate,
inventor of phyfic-, it is alfo. called Vincetoxicum, divided ftalk, Apocynum Nov^ Anglic hirfutum tu-
from vincerc, to ovecome, and ro^ty^oc, poifons, q. d. berofa radice floribus aurantiis. H. L. 645. commonly
, a plant overcoming poifons,] Hirundinaria, or Swal- called Orange Apocynum, -

' .
low- wort. 12. AscLEPiAS {Glabra) foliis lincari-lanceolatis glabris
The Characters are. caule fruticofo umbellis lateralibus. Swallow-wort with
The empalement of one leaf ivhich is cut into five acute
is ftnooth, narrow, fpear-ftoaped leaves, afhrubby ftalk, and
, fegments i the petal of the flower is alfo of one leaf di- umbels coming out of the fJes, Apocynum eredum
vided into five oval parts^ which ar.e reflexed \ in the cen- Africanum villofo frudlu falicis folio glabro angufto.
; which encompafs the parts of
ter is fituated five neilarii Par. Bat. 23. . . .

. generation \ thefe have horns which turn toward the fta- 13. AscLEPiAS {Fruticofa) foliis lanceolatis glabris um-
'
mina^ and are joined in a truncated body inclofed by five bellis fimplicibus lateralibus caule fruticofo. S-walkw-
fcales^ which open every way. There are five ftamina wort with fmooth fpear-jhaped leaves, fingle umbels ccmin^r
I which are fearce vifible^ which have five fummits^ fituated from the fides of the branches, and a ftjrubby ftalk. Apo-
between the ne^arii^ and inclofed by the fcales of the trun- cynum ereftum Africanum folio^ falicis lato glabro
'-
catedbcdy. It hath two oval pointed germen^ fupporting fruftu villofo. Par. Bat. 24.
^
two fhort ftyles crowned by a fingle ftigma, 'the germen 14. AscLEPiAS (Villofo^ foliis lanceolatis villons acutis
: afterward becomes two large^ oblongs fwelling pods ending umbellis fimplicibus eredtis caule fruticofo. Swallow-
/ in. a pointy having one cell^ which opens with two valves wort with hairy fpear-floaped leaves, fingle upright umbels,
filled with comprejfed feeds ^ lying over each other like tiles and a ftjrubby ftalk, Apocynum ere£lum Africanum
on a hcife^ and are crowned with a foft down. villofo fruftu falicis folio lato fubhirfuto. Par. Bat.
This genus of plants is ranged in Linna^us's fecond 24. -

, feftion of his fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria Digyhia,' 15. AscLEPiAS {Rotundifolia) caule erefto fruticofD,
the flowers having five ftamina and two ftyles. foliis fubrotundis amplexicaulibus, umbellis congcftis.
The Species are, _
>
Swallow-wort with an upright ftjrubby ftalk, ronrulijh
I. AscLEiMAS {Alba) foliis ovatis'bafibarbatis cauleercfto leaves embracing it, and clofe umbels. Apocynum ercflum
I ;umbelulis proliferis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 314. Swallow- fruticofum folio fubrotundo glauco. Par. Bat. ^y.
wort with oval leaves bearded at their bafe^ an upright 16. AscEEPiAS {Nivea) foliis lanceolatis glabris caule
ftalk^ and a proliferous urabeh. Afclepias albo flore. C. fimplici umbellis eredis lateralibus fol^tariis. Lin. Sp.
B. P. 303. Plant. 215. Swallow-wort with a fingle ftalk, friccth
.2i AscLEi'iAs {Nigra) foliis oyatis bafi barbatis caule fpear-ftjaped leaves, and upright fingle umbels, proceeding
fuperne fubvolubili. Lin. Sp. Plant. 216. Swallow- from the zvings of the leaves. Apocynum Americanum
. wort. with oval leaves bearded at their bafc^ and the upper Amygdali longioribus. Plum. Cat. 2.
foliis
part of the ftalk twiningv Afclepias nigro flore. C. B. 17. AscLEPiAS (Cwri^^w^) foliis lanceolatis petiolatis
glabris caule fimplici umbellis ercitis folitariis. Lin.
Si ),
 . ;

Sp. Plaiit. 215. SivdIo-v;<vcrl zvithfinootb fpear-JIjaped\ downward; fometimes thefe are facceeded by laro-e
leaves, having foot-ftalks, a ftngle ft alk , and uprighl Jingk oval pods, -filled with fiat feeds, crov/ned by a IcnV
Uniheis. Apocynum radice fibrosa, petalis coccinds foft dov/n ; it flowers in July, This propagates fail
cornicuHs croccis. Hort. Elth. 34. commonly called enough by Its creeping root, and will grow in any
Baftard Ipecacuana. foil or fituation: It may be tranfplanted any time
I S. AscLEPiAS {Gigcntea) foliisamplexicaullbus oblongo- after the ftalks decay, or before the roots fhoot
in
ova^bus. Flor. Zcyl. J 12. Swallo'iv-voort voith chlong^ the fpring.
oval leaves, emhracing the ftalks. Apocynum erc£lum The fixth fort hath a perennial root, whicli fends up

majus latlfolium Indicum. Pluk. Aim. 35. tab. 175. feveral upright ftalks ^in the fpring, about two' feet

f.
high, garnifhed with oval leaves growing oppofite;
3.
at tlie top of the ftalks the umbels of flowers are pro-

hiriun3 caule fruticcfo fcandente umbellis lateralibus duced, which are of a bright purple colour, making
con2;cili Sivallcxv-wort with oblongs fpear-pape^, hairy
.
a pretty appearance in July, but are not fucceeded by
leaves, a fljruhby climbing ft alk^ and compail umbels pro- pods in England muft be treated as the fourth
i this

ceeding from the fide, .

fort. I was favoured'with this by Mr. Peter CoUinfcn,
The liril fort is the common
Swallow-wort of the F. R, S.
fliops. This is called Vincetoxicum Hirundinaria, & I The feventh fort growls naturally in North America.
in Eno-lifli Swallow-wort, or tame poifon, from its I This hath a perennial root, which fends out finp;le
fuppofed virtue, being accounted a mighty counter ftalks near three feet high, garniftaed with oval leav'^es.

poilbn. The root is the only part which is ufed it :

hairy on their under fide, placed oppofite ; the flgw-
is compofed of many ftrong fibres, which are con- ers grow in ereft umbels at the top, and the nedarii

ReiVed at the top, like tliofe of Afparagus, from are declining. They are of a' worn-out purple co-
which arife many foot-ftalks, in number proporti- lour refembling thofe of the fifth' i very hardy,
\t is

onal to the fize of the roots ; which grow near and propagates by its faft creeping roots, but never
two i^tt high, are very flender at the top \ die leaves produces feeds in England. This will grow in any
are oval, ending in a point, and placed by pairs. The foil or fituadon, and may be tranfplanted when the

flowers are white, growing in umbels near the top of ftalks decay. ,

the ftalk, from which are fent out fmaller umbels The eighth fort refembles the feventh, but the leaves
the flowers are of one leaf, cut into five parts, in the are rough, and the umbels of flowers are more com-
center of \vhich are placed five horned necbarii, among pad, and come out on the of the ftalk ; thefefide
which tlie ftamina and ftyles are fituated. After the are of an herbaceous colour, and are not fucceeded
flower is paft, the two germen become two long by pods in this country,' but is propagated by roots as
pointed pods, inclofing many comprefil^d feeds, which the former fort.
are crowned with a foft white dov/n. The flowers The ninth fort came firft from Canada, but hath fince
appear in June, and the feeds ripen in September. been found growing naturally in feveral other parts of
This grows naturally in the fouch of France,
fort America. This hath a perennial root, which puts out
Spain, and Italy, '

: '
feveral upright ftalks about two feet high, which have
The fecond fort agrees with the firil, in the fhape of oblong fmooth leaves placed by pairs ; at the top are
its roots, leaves, and flowers, but the ftalks extend produced clofe umbels of purple flov/ers ; thefe ap-
to a greater length, and toward their upper part twifc pear in Auguft, but are not fucceeded by feeds here,
round any fticks, or other plants near them, ^nd the fo is only propagated by parting the roots, which
flowers 01 this are black. This flowers at the fame do not increafe very faft, therefore the plant is not
time with the firfl:, and feldom fails to ripen its feeds veiy plenty in the gardens \ it is hardy enough to live
in England. - ' abroad, if it is planted in a dry foil.
The tiiird differs from both the other in the narrow- The tenth fort is a native of North America, but is
ncfs of its leaves, and weaknefs of its ftalks ^ the um- hardy enough to live abroad in England, if it is
bels of flowers are fingle, and of a yellow colour. planted in a warm fituation and a dry foil. This hath
This flowers at the fame time with the two former declining ftalks, which are hairy, a foot and a half
forts, and generally perfefts feeds in England. There lon^ the leaves are narrow, hairy, and placed op-
•

is a variety of this with broader leaves, which may pofite the umbels grow at the extremity of the
\

have come from the feeds of this. _

'

branches, which are compaft, the flowers are of a

Thefe plants are common in the Englifli gardens, bright Orange colour. It. is propagated by feeds,

and natives of the fime countries. They are gene- which fliouId be fown in pots, and plunged into a
rally propagated by parting their roots, efpecially the moderate hot-bed to bring up the plants, which fhould
firft fort, which foldom produces feeds in England. be inured to the open air fo foon as the weather will
The beft time for this is in autumn, when their ftalks permit', for if they are drawn up weak, they feldom
begin to decay. They fliovild not be planted nearer recover it. When they arc of a proper ftrength to
together than three feet, for the fibres of their roots remove, they fhould be fliaken out of the pots, and
extend to a confiderable diftance. They are very planted in a warm border fix inches afunder, being
hardy plants, fo will thrive in any fituation, but love careful to fhade them fi*om the fun undl they have
a dry foil. Their ftalks die in autumn, and new ones taken frefh root, but they muft have very little water
rife in the fpring. jiven them, for they are milky plants, which rot with
The fourth fort grows naturally in North America •, much v/et. During the fummer they muft be kept
.

this rifes Vv^ith flender upright ftalks, garniftied with clean from weeds^ and when their ftalks decay in au-
very narrov/ leaves, growing in whorles round the tumn, fome rotten tan fhould be laid over the g-rbund
ftalks, at the top of which grow umbels of fmall, to keep out the froft, which fliould be removed in
wliite, ftarry flowers. Tliefe appear in July, but are the fpring before the plants put out new flioots ; the
never fucceeded by pods in England, fo are only pro- following fummer they will require no otlier care than
pagated by parting their roots \ which fliould be before, andalfo the next winter they muft be covered
done in the fpring, before they put out new flioots. as in the former. The fecond fpring the roots may
Tl.e roots faoukl be planted in a v/arm border and be tranfplanted where they are to remain the roots •,

dry foil, and in winter covered with old tan, to pre- will then be ftrong enough to flower in fummer, and
vent the froft from penetrating the ground. will laft feveral years,, efpecially if they are covered
Tlie fifth fort creeps greatly at the root,^ fo that it with tan to keep out the froft, but they fliould not
will foon fpread over a large fpot of ground-, this be afterward removed ; for when the roots are large,
fends up ftrong ftcms upward of fovu' feet high, which they will not bear tranfplanting.
have thick oval leaves placed oppofite, hoary on their The eleventh fort is a native of the fame countries,
tinder fides. Tov/ard the top of the ftalks the um- and is much like the former, but differs in having up-
bels of tlo'.vcrs come out on the fide ; thefe are of a right ftalks, and the leaves g;rowin^ alternate. The
worn-out purple colour, fmelling fweet, and nod roots of this grow to a large fize, fo will not bear
A a tranf-

\
 ;i ;

s c AS
tranfphndng aftef the plants arc tv/o years old. which are white, and fland erecl ; tl>efe are fuccecdc j
It is propagated by feeds, which lliould be treated by oblong pointed pods, filled wichcomprejfcd f<
in the manner diredcd for the former. Thefe crowned widi foft down. It flowers in June and July,
flower the latter end of July and in Auguft; and and the feeds ripen in 0<5lobcr.
in warm fcalbns^ fometimes ripen their feeds in Eng- This plant is tender, fo niuil: be railed in a hot-bed,
land. Neither of thefe plants will live' long in pots, and tranfplanted into pot*; filled vvith rich earth, and
for which reafon I have recommended their being .
plunged uKo the tan-bed in the ftove. h muft have
planted in the full ground ; but they flaould have a but little water, and conftantly remain in the ftovc,
warm firuation. - otherwife the plants wiU not thrive here.
The twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth forts grow Thefevcnteenth fort is aUba native of the warm parts
naturally at the Cape of Good Hope. 1 have alfo of America, the roots of which have been fent to
received feeds of the thirteenth fort from Alexandria England for Ipecacuana, from which it may beeafily
and Mr. Peter Collinfon, F. R. S. gave me fome feeds difliinguiflied by its form, this being cumpofcd of a
of it, which were fent him from Minorca j but it is ,
great number of .fmall whereas the true Ipe-
fibres ^

not certain that it grows naturally there, but may have cacuana hath jointed roots, which run deep into the
been carried thither from Africa. ground, and are flefliy. There have been may ac-
Thefe rife with upright Ihrubby ftems to the height counts of the bad effefts of the ufe of thefe roots, as
of feven or eight feet, and divide into many branches ; alfo of the poifonous quality of the plant ; fo that the
thofe of the twelfth fort are garniflied their whole public fliould be cautioned not to make ufe of it, and
length with long, narrow, fmooth leaves, ending In alfo to be careful not to let the milky juice of the
a point", from the wings of the leaves the umbels plant mix with any thing which is taken inwardly.
of flowers are produced, upon long foot-fl;aIks j the This plant rifes five or fix feet high, with uprieht
flowers are w^hite, and grow loofely on the umbel fl:ems, garniflied with fmooth oblong leaves, placed
thefe are frequently fucceeded by fliort, thick, fwelling oppofite i toward the top of the branches the umbels
ods, ending in a point, which are thick fet with of flowers come out, which are fingle, and grow ereft
airs, and filled with compreflied feeds, crowned with the" petals of the flowers are of a fcarlet colour •,

/
a foft down. This flowers from June to Oftober, and and the horny neftarii in the middle are of a bright
the feeds ripen in winter. . , Saffron colour, which make a pretty appearance i
The thirteenth from the twelfth, in having
fort differs there Is commonly a fucceffion of thefe flowers on
much broader leaves, which are of a darker green -, the fame plant from June to Oflober. The flowers
the umbels of flowers are fmaller, grow upon fhorter are fucceeded by long taper pods filled with feeds
foot-fl:alks, and the fingle flowers are larger. This crowned by a foft down, which ripen late the au- m
flowers at the fame time with the former. tumn.
The fourteenth fort doth not rife fo high as either of It is propagated by feeds, which mufl: be fown on a
the former, and the branches grow at a much greater hot-bed in the fpring, and the plants Ihould be treated
difl:ance j the leaves are fliorter, and are covered on in the fame manner as is before directed for the
both with fliort hairs. The flowers grow In
fides former fort •, the roots of this
continued three may be
fmall loofe umbels, and are white ; thefe appear in the or four years, but after the fecond year the plants
fame feafon with the former. grow naked, and do not produce fo many flowers as
> -

Thefe are propagated by feeds, which may be fown before j fo that it is much better to raife young plants
in April on a bed of light earth in the open air, and to fucceed the other, efpecially as they produce plenty
when the plants are three or four inches high, they of feeds in England.
Ihould be each planted in a fmall pot filled with light The eighteenth fort rifes with upright ftems fix or
earth, and fliaded until they have taken new root, feven feet high, which are garnilVed with thick oval
then they may be placed with other exotic plants in leaves placed oppofite. The umbels of
flowers arc
a fliekered fituation till Odlober, when they mufl: be fino;le-, the flowers are white,' of a ftar figure, havinor
removed into the green-houfe, and during the winter five points; the pods of this fort are ver)', large, in
fliould have but little water-, for as they abound with fliape like an ox's tefticles, and are filled with ^\\x.
a milky juice, much wet will rot them. The only feeds, lying over each other like tiles on a houfe. I
care thefe will require, is to fliift them Into larger received the feeds of this fort from the Right Hon.
pots as they advance in their grow^th; but care flaould the Earl of Northumberland, who procured it from
be taken not to put them in pots too large, and in the India.
fummer to place them abroad with other plants from This plant is muft be preferved conftantly
tender, fo
the fame country. in the ftove, and treated in the lame manner as the
Thefe three forts may alfo be propagated by cuttings, two former forts, and fliould have very little wet, efpe-
which if planted in July or Auguft, in afliady border, cially in the winter.
will foon take root, and may Toon after be taken up The nineteenth fort I received from Carthagena ; this
and planted in pots, and managed as the feedling hath climbing ftalks, which faften themfelves to the
plants. The thirteenth fort hath lived in the open neighbouring plants, and rife to the height often or
air in mild winters in the Chelfea garden, but in cold twelve feet the joints of the ftalks are pretty diftant
-,

winters they are confl:antly defl:royed. from each other ; at each are produced two oblong,
The fifteenth fort grows with an upright ftimbby fpear-fliaped, hairy leaves, grov/ing oppofite, upon
ftalk to the hciglit of fix or feven feet, dividiog to- very fliort foot-ftalks i the umbels of flowers come
ward the top into three or four branches, garniflaed out from the wings of the leaves, which are very
their whole length with fliiff roundifli leaves, which compaft, and the flowers are of a fulphur colour.
clofelyembrace them. ^Toward the upper part, the Thefe appear in Auguft, but have not been fucceeded
flowers are produced on their fides, growing in fliort by feeds in England.
compaft umbels, Thefe are of an herbaceous colour, This plant is tender, fo muft be conftantly preferv^ed
fo make but little appearance ; they come out chiefly in the ftove, and treated in the fame way as is direct-
in autumn and winter. This grows naturally at the ed for the former forts.
Cape of Good Hope, and requires the fame culture ASCYRUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 737. Plypericoides.
as the former ibrts. There is a variety of this with Plum. Nov. Gen. 51. tab. 7. St. Peterfworc.
deep green leaves, which fome have fuppofcd to be a The Characters arc,
difierent fpecles, but I haveraifed itfromthe fame feeds. ne empalement is four leaved^ the two outer hein^ ^lar-

The fixteenth fort grows naturally in the warm parts rcw and oppofite^ the t^vjo inner are hroad^ heart-Jhopcdy
of America, the feeds were fent me from La Vera and creul\ ihe jloi^er hath four oval petals^ the t'-jjo
Cruz. This rifes with fingle fl:alks four feet high, outer are large and placed cppofde^ the two inner are
garniflied with fmooth fpear-fliapcd leaves, ending fmalL In the center is fituated an oblcng gcrmen^ with a
in a point J toward the top of the ftalk the umbels of very JJjort Jtyle^ crowned by a Jingle fiigyna. ^his is at-
flowers are prodviced from the wings of die leaves. tended by a great nwnhcr of IrijHy Jlanmiay which are
joir^i
 ;

A H A
joined at their and nr^ cro'vned
hafe into four he dies, perlencc h^^ the allies of any fort of ve-
jlie-vn, tliat

xvitb round fumwits. "The gerrnen aftcr-jjard hecom-'s an getabk arc A^ery advantageous to land, by tlic im-
cblcn'7 pointed feed'VeJJel, opening in two valves, and filled
'
provemcnt tliat has been made in moft place^i in EiiL;-
'd feeds feed'Vejfel land, by burning bean-fi:alks, fern, furze, hcach,
fedgc, ilraw, flubblc, &c.
Thrs [;cnus of plants is ranged in the third fcftion of Coal aihes, or fuch as ai'e niaJe of Ncwcartle, Scot'ch,
Linnarus'sciizhteenth clafs, entitled Polyadelphia IV and other pit-coal, are much recommended by fome
;

lyandria, thcT dowers having many ftamiaa, whicli but the flrit are moll approved of, becaufc they con-
are ioincd in feveral bodies. tain a greater quantity of nitrous and fulphureous
I'he Si'EciKS are, matter than' the oihers, though the refl: are oood.
I. AscYRUiM (CV/AV Andrea) fbliisovatis caule tcrctipa- There is no drefflng fo goodground as the
for grafs
Peterfi fea-coal alhes, el]:)ecially for cold wet land, and where
halk^ and fii it is fubjecc to ruflies or mofs for thefe will deflroy
-,

fc fpikes from the diviftons of both, andoccafion the grafs to be much finer but :

coldes ex terra mariana floribus exiguis luteis. Pluk. tliis drefllng fliould be kid on the land early in win-

Mant. 104. called St. Andrew' sCrofs. ter, othervvife tiiey v/ill do harm the firfl: fummer

2. AscvRUM {Villofm) foliis hirfutis caule ftriflo. Lin. for when thev are laid on the ground in the fpring,
Sp. Plant. 788. 5/. Peterfvjcrt with hairy leaves and a they will cauir the grafs to burn as foon as the warmtla
flifffender jtalL Hypericum Virginian um frutefcens comes on ^ whereas thofe that were put on early
pilofiiTimum. Pluk. Aim, 1S9. enough to receive the winter's rain, will be walhed
AscYiivM {Hypericoides) foliis oblongis, ramus anclpi- into the ground before tiie warm feafon, whereby
3.
tibus. Lin. Sp. no8. St. Peterfwcrt with ohlong leaves the grafs will have the benefit of it the firil year.
anda flatted ftalk. Hypericoides frutefcens eredla iio- Where the land is poor and four, producing rufnes
re luteo. Plum. Nov. Gen. 51. and mofs only, there fliould be at Icaft twenty loads
The firfl fort is a low plant, whofe flalks feldom rife of aflies laid upon each acre for a flight dreffing
•,

more than inches high, garnilhed with fmall oval

fix will not anfv/er the defign of killing weeds and mofs,
leaves, placed by pairs ^ the llalks are flendcr, and nor will it be fufficient to enrich land v/hich is cold
divide into tv/o toward the top. From between the and fluggifti, therefore It will be better to lay a good
divifion o\ the branches, the loofe fpikcs of yellow dreffing at firfl, than to do it at feveral intervals ; for
fiovvTcrs are produced very fmall, fo make no ap- one fubftantial dreffing will continue the land lonorer
pearance therefore the plant is fcarce worthy of a
;
in heart than three flight ones, befides the advantage
place in gardens, except for the fake of variety. The before-mentioned.
root is perennial, and the plant may be propagated But ought to be applied fuperficially, and not
thefe
by laying down its branches ^ it loves a moid foil and too near the roots of plants ; and if fo, there are few
a iliady fituacion. This grows naturally in North plants but will receive benefit by them, by their ni-
America I was favoured with this plant by the Right
•, trous and fulphureous qualities being wafhed down by
Hon. the Earl of Northumberland, who procured it the rain, which will open by the ilrength of water,
from tlicncc. and caufe it to heave, in fome degree, as lime will
The fecond fort grows about three feet high, with do when water is thrown upon it.
upright ilalks, garnifhed with hairy oblong leaves \ Wood-alhes are commended as the principal of fu-
the liowers are produced at the ends of the flalks, perficial dreffings for land, in that they contain a ve-
which are of the fhape and colour with common St. getative kind of fait.

J This hath a Kiln-afiies, fuch as are made of draw, furze,

i. e.

perennial root, but the ilalks decay every autumn. &c. are, by fome, accounted as good as any of the
It may be propagated by parting the roots in autumn, fpirltuous improvements of lands that are lightifh -,

v/hen the fcalks decay, and fhould be planted in a but for fuch as are heavy, they are looked upon as
loamy foil ; this fome years will produce feeds in Eng- fcarce folid and ponderous enough. Thefe aflies the
land. It grows naturally in Virginia, makfters in the wefl: country fift over their corn and
The third fort grows naturally in South Carolina, grafs, which are fuppofed, by their heat, to caufe a
from v-zhence I received the feeds. This plant rifes a fermentation, a hoUowncfs and loofenefs in the
foot and a half high, with flat flalks, garnilhed witli mould ; by which means the rains enter it the more
oval fmooth leaves growing oppofite ; the fcalks are eafily, and difpofe the earth forgiving up an afllixmp-
terminated by three or four yellow flowers, growing tion of its vegetative augment.
clofe together, v/hich are larger than thofe of the com- But thefe being liglit, ought never to be fl-rewed nor
m>on St. Johnfv/ort, and the petals of the flowers are fifted in windy weather, becaufe they v/ould be blown
hollow. This fort rarely produces feeds in England, av/ay ; and if it could be fo ordered as to be done jufl
but it may be propagated by cuttings made of the before fnow or rain, it would be the better.
youn May f planted in pots, and 1 Soap-aflies (i. e. after the foap-boilers have done v/ich
plunged into a very moderate hot-bed, will take root them) are very proper for lands that are very cold
in five or fix weeks, when they may be tranfplanted and four, and to kill weeds of all forts and Sir :

into a warm border, where they will endure the cold Hugh Plat mentions one at Ware, who having a piece
of our ordinary v/inters \ but in fevere frolls they are of land over-run with broom and furze, manured it
frequently deftroyed, unlefs the roots are covered with foap-aflies, and liad an incredible crop of wheat
with ran to keep out the frofl. for fix years fuccefllvely.
Thefc plants have little beauty, fo arc feldom culti- Pot-aflies, after the pot-afli men have done with
vated but in botanic gardens for the fake of variety. them, are eflicemed good for mofl forts of land ; but
ASCYRUM BALEARICUM. ^^'^''"''^^^'"
„ 7 ^^ as they have been wet, and mofl: of the fait drawn off
ASCYRUM MAGNO FLORE. '^^^' by the lee, they ought to be laid on much thicker
ASCYRUM VULGARE. *
than other aflies.

A S H-T R E E. See Fraxinus. Turf-aflies are very good for all forts of land, but
ASHES are eflecmed a good fuperficial drefTing for efpecially for clay lands, but will be much better if
corn and meadow land, as they give a new ferment mixed with lime. ¥

to fucli lands as are in any degree fluggifli and in- But all thefc aflies ought to be kept dry, from the
aftivc, and enrich thofe which are jejune and flow, time they are made till they are ufcd, eife the rains
being endowed witli lingular qualities to make them will both wafl-i away their goodnefs, and alfo make
prolific. them clod, efpecially fome of the lafl: mentioned,
All forts of aflies, indeed, contain in them a very which v/ill prevent their fpreading.
rich fertile and are the befl manure of any to lay
fait, And befides, one load of alhes that has been kept
upon cold wet land ^ but then they ought to be kept dry, will go as far as two that have been expofcd
dry, that the rain may not wafli away their fait. Ex- to the rain and coal-afties, if moiflened v/ith
:

2 cham-
 . ;

V *

A
chamber-lye or foap-fuds, will greatly add to their When tne plants come up, and
are ftrong enou:o-h to

flrengch. remove, they fliould be each planted into a feparate

All calcined vegetables caufe a fiery heat and vege- fmail pot filled with light earth, and plunged into a
tation, arid, when Vv^et comes, fet the ground to work, moderate hot-bed, to encourage their rooting again ;
by a fubtle infinuation unlocking the clods, and quick- and fo foon as they are efl;ablirned in the pots, they
ening the lluggiilinefs of the earth, according to that Ihould by degrees be inured to the open air, into
eflabliilicd maxim among naturalifts, That all fer- which they fliould be removed in fummer, plactn?-
mentation caufed by the interpofition or mixture
is them in a Ibeltered fituation, wh'ere they may remain
of different qualities one with the other. :..;.\ till autumn, when they muft be carried into ti le
. It is after this manner that coal-aflies operate fo ad- green-houfe, and in winter fnould have but little
^
mirably in loofening and mouldering ftiff clayey water. '

grounds, and, as it is ufually termed, making it The fecond fort grows about five feet high, with ficn-
. rougli, afliy, or flmdy-like and after the fame man- :
der branches, g::rnirned with leaves growing by fives
ner,"^ fand mixed with clay does well, efpecially when clofe to the branches the flowers come out Yingiy
*

it is impregnated with faline qualities; upon long foot-ftalks, "which are of a pale red colour
ASPALATHUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. y6y. African thefe appear in Auguft, but feldom are fucceeded hy

Brooiii.
•
pods here. This is propagated as the former, and
The Characters are, requires the fiime treatment.
Tbc empaknient is of one leaf which is cui into five equal The third fort rifes about four feet high, with a
fegmenls at the tof
\
' the fio'wer of the butterfly kind. is flirubby ftalk dividing into flender branches, garnifh-
The fiandard is hairy ^ compreffed^ and blunt-pinted \ ed v/ith filky leaves, coming out by threes ; tlie flow-
the wings are hlunt^ moo7i-fbc,pd^ and fpread open^ being _
ers are purple, downy, and grow thinly, on the

porter than the flandard ; the keel is bifid, and of the branches. This is propagated as tlie two former,
fame length as the wings. It hath ten ftamina, nine of : and muft be treated in the fame way as is direfted for
'Uohich are joined and covered by theftandard^ the other the firft fort. It flowers late in the fummer.
flanding feparate \ thefe are crowned by oblong ftngle fum- A S P A R A G .U S, the of herbs before un-
firft fprigs
mits. In the bottom isfituated an oval ger men fupporting folded into leaves, and the youngeft and tendereft
afingle ftyk^ crowned by a pointed ftig7na, "The germen branches that are eatable, are called Afparagus.
afterward becomes an oval oblong pod^ inclofing one or two /{g^
I
' -

putting forth,] Afparagus, Sparagus, corruptly

I
"
I -*\

flioot
r

-fijapcd ft
This genus of plants of is ranged in the third feftion called Sparrowgrafs.
Dr. I.inn^us's feventeenth clafs,' entitled Diadelphia The Characters are, ,

\
Decandria, the flowers having ten ftamina joined in T'here are male and hermaphrodite flowers upon different
< Li 1 ,'

roots the male flovjers are tiibulotis^ compofed of fix nar-

.

two bodies,' .
\
'

The Species are, "

/ fpread open, having fix fijort
1. AsPALATHus (tt.^/'tijpifj) foliis confcftis fubulatis ftamina^ but no flyle or fiignia
' ; theft

- miicronatis hifpidis floribus c^pitatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. Ji

^'
71't! with rcitgh^ pointed^ awl-fioaped leaves^
Afpalathfis fix ftamina funounding the germen, and a fi^

.growing in cluftcrs^ oMd flowers in heads, Genifta Afri- Cf by obtufe ft p7

cana lutea, floribus hirfutis in capitula* lanuginofa 2ft
' Herm. one or two TQunded on their
conglobatis foiiis'corrod^e aculeatis fubhiffutis. feeds,

Cat. II. Tellow African Broom, ," "

,
' . cutfide, but angular where they join.

i. AsPALATHUs {Indica) foliis quinatis feflilibus jjeJun- This genus of plants ranged by Dr. Linn^us-in
is

the firft fection of his fixth clafs, titled Hexandria

iofe to the branches, and one fli Monogynia, but with more propriety fliould be placed
in the fecond order of his twenty-firft clafs, which
f^
rubris in pediccUis oblongis fdiquis perexiguis. Raii includes thofe plants as have the Polygamia on dif-
Supp. 471. ' " -
ferent roots.

3. AsPALATHUS {Jrgentea) '

{oYm trinis linearibuS feri- The Species are,

'
ceis ftipulis fimpliclbus mucronatis floribus fparfis to- I. Asparagus caule herbaceo erefto, foliis fetacei.?,
I mentcfis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 713. Afpalathis with three ftipulis duabus interioribus, una exteriore. Flor.
r.arrcw filky leaves^ fmgle-pointed flipul^y and woolly Suec. 272. Afparagus with an upright herbaceous ftalk,
flowers growing thinly, Cytifus Africanus anguflifo- briftly leaves, having t-wo inner and one outer ftimla.

lius fericea lanugine argentatus fpica lagopoide. 4p

'

Pluk. Mat. 63. / 2.- Asparagus {Maritimus) caule inermi h

'
Thefe plants grow naturally about the Cape of Good teretibus longioribus fafciculatis. Afp( a iih
Hope, from whence I have received their feeds. The fnooth herbaceous ftalk, and longer taper leaves growing
firft is a low fhrub growing about three feet high, with in clufters, Afparagus miaritimus crafilore folio.
'
•
(lender branches, garnifhed with many trifoliate leaves C. B» P. 490.
which are awl-fhaped, pointed,
growing in clufters, 3. Asparagus [Acutifolius) caule inermi fruticofo, fo-
at the ends of the branches the flov;crs
and rbueh -, liis aciformibus rigidulis perennantibus mucronatis
come out, which are yellow, coUefted in .woolly 449' Afparagus with a fh
heads thefe are rarely fucceeded by pods in Eng-
; fmoth ftalk
land. It is propagated by feeds, which muft be ob- winter, AfparagusC. B. P. 490,
foliis acutis.

tained from the country v/hcre the plants gi'ow natu- 4. Asparagus {Alkus) fpinis retroflexis, ramis flexuofis,
. rally, and fhoiild be fown'^in pots filled with light 'foliis fafciculatis angulatis miiticis deciduis. Lin. Sp-

earlh as foon as thty arrive': if this happens in the 449. Ajparagus with flexible branches and chaffy leaves
autumn, the pots fliould be plunged into an old tan-
'
growing in clufters, which fall off in winter, Alparagus
bed whofe heat is ^^ent, where they may remain till aculeatis fpinis horridus. C. B. P. 490.
Ipring, when they mould be removed into a mioderate 5. Asparagus {RetrofraBus) aculeis folitariis ramis rc-
hot-bed, which wiil bring up the plants.
'
But when "^
flexis retrofraftifque,
"

foliis fafciculatis. Lin. Sp.

the kcds arrive in the fpring, the pots in which the Plant. 313. Afparagus withfmglefpines, ref^'xed branches,
'feeds are fown fliould be then plunged into a mode- and leaves growing in clufters, Afparagus Africa-
'
rate hot-btd and in v/arm weather the glaffes muft
; nus tenuifolius, viminalibus Virgis, foliis laricis ad
be l;iaded m tlie middle of the day, and the pots fre- inftar ex uno punfto numerofis'ftelLatimpofltis. Pluk.
*

'
cuently refrefaed with water. Thofe feeds which are " Aim. 40. tab. 375.
iyx^n m the fpring, feldom grow the fame year, there- 6. Asparagus {Aplyllus) aphyllus fpinis fubulatis ftria-
ivre in the? aL.n.i'rin the pots fliould be' put into' an old tis inaequalibus divergentious. Hort. Clifl; 122. /If
-
ta;;-bef\ arwa5 diredled for thofe fown in autumn, para^ '7US w.

'6
fp-
-.i'cerv/ard put 'in a hot-bed the following fpring.
'
•
aii'i \ fpread from each other-, Alparagus aculcatn>
alter,
 A /

niter, tribus alit quatuor f])inis ad eundcni exortam. hinds. Tliefe liuflcs will all fwim upon rlie watcr^
C. B. P. 490. but the feeds will fink to the bottom lo that by pour-
;

Asparagus {Bedinatus) c^ule IncrmI ramis declina- ing off the water gently, the hufls^s will be carried
tis foliis fctaccis. Prod. Leyd. 29. Afparagm with a along with it, and by putting frefli water two or three
fmooih ftalk^ declintyig branches^ and brijtly leaves. times, and ftirring your feed about, you will make it

%, Asparagus {/Ifmticus) acukis folitariis caulc ercflo entirely clean then fpread the feed upon a mat or
:

ramis filiformibus. Lin. Sp. Plant.

foliis fafciculatis, cloth, and expofe it to the fun and air in dry weather,

313. Afparagus withftngle fpines^ an upright ftalk^ leaves until it is perfeftly dry,' when it may be put into a

growing in cluflers^ and very Jlender branches. bag, and hanged up in a dry place till the beginning
5. Asparagus {Capenfts) fpinis lateralibus terminalibuf- of February, which is tlie proper leafon for fov^in
que, ramis aggregatis foliis fafciculatis. Lin. Sp. it ; at which time you muft prepare a bed of good

Plant. 314. Afparagus zvith fpines growing on the fides rich earth made very level, v/hereon you mult fow
and ends of the branches^ which are in bunches^ and leaves your feeds (but not too thick, which will caufe the
corning out in clufters. plants to be fmall ;) then tread the bed all over to
10. Asparagus (Sarmentofus) foliis folitariis lineari lan- bury the feed in the ground, and rake it over fmooth.
ceolatis caulc flexuofo aculeis recurvis. Flor. Zeyl. The following fummer keep the ground diligently
f
124. Afparagus with ingle ^ narrow^ fpear-ftoaped leaves^ cleared from weeds, which will greatly add to the
a flexible ft alk^ and 7'eciirved fpines. Afparagus acule- flirength of the plants ; and toward the latter end of

atus Zeylanicus maximus farmentofus. H, L. 62. Oftober, when the haulm is quite withered, you may
The firil fort is the common
Afparagus, which is fpread a fittle rotten dung over tlie furface of the
.
cultivated for the ufe of the table, and may have pro- ground, about two inches thick, which will preferve
bably been brought by culture to the perfeftion it now the young buds from being hurt with the frofts, &c.
is, from tlie wild fort, which grows naturally in the The fpring following the plants will be fit to plant
fens of Lincolnfliire, wliere the Hioots are no larger out for good (for of more than one year's
plajits

than ilraws ; but if fo, it muft have been from very growth are unfit to remove, as I have often experi-
long culture and good management; for a friend enced ; for young plants are much better than old,
of mine, who procured fome feeds of the wild fort, and will produce finer roots :) you muft therefore
which he cultivated with great care, in very rich prepare your ground by trenching it well, burying
ground, yet could not bring the roots to produce therein a good quantity of rotten dung at the bottom
llioots more than half the fize of the garden kind, of each trench, that it may lie at leaft fix inches be-
which grew on the fame ground but he always found •,
low the furface of the ground \ then level the whole
the wild fort came up a week or ten days earlier in plot very exactly, taking put all large ftones : but
the fpring, and the flioots were exceeding fweet. this fliould not be done long before you intend to
I have lately had fome doubt, whether the fort of Af- plant your Afparagus, in which you muft be govern-
paragus whicli grows naturally in England, was the ed according to the nature of your foil or the leafon ;
famiC with that mentioned by Cafper Bauhin, bccaufe for if your foil is dry and the feafon forward, you
Tourncfort and Vaillant both aflert that they had cul- may plant early in March ; but in a wet foil, it is bet-
tivated that wild fort in the royal garden at Paris fe- ter to wait till the end of that month, or the begin-
veral years, and it had never altered, therefore I pro- ning of April, which is about the feafon that die
cured fpecimens of tliat, which I find to be extremely plants are beginning to flioot. I know many people

diflerentfrom theEnglifli fort. The leaves are much have advifed the planting of Afparagus at Michael-
finer and fliorter, and are produced in much larger mas, but this I have experienced to be very wrong ;
clufters ; the branches grow much clofer together, for in two different years I was obliged to tranfplant
and the foot-ftalks of the flowers are longer ; there- large quantities at that feafon, but I had better have
fore I believe it to be a diftinct fpecies from our wild thrown away the plants ^ for upon examination in the
fort, which appears to me undoubtedly the fame as fpring, I found moft of the roots were grown moul-
the Garden Afparagus. dy, and decaying, and I am fure, not one In five of
Tlie Garden Alparagus is propagated by feeds. In the them fucceeded, and thofe which did were io weak,
proc'urii^ of wMch, there fliould be particular care as not to be worth their ftanding.
to get it from a perfon of fivill, who may be depended The feafon being come for planting, you muft, with
upon for his choice of the flioots, and integrity in fup- a narrow pronged dung-fork, carefully fork up the
plying with his beft feeds. 'But where a perfon is roots, fliaking them out of the eartli, and feparatin^
in polfcfllon of fome good beds of Afparagus, it is them from each other, obferving to lay their heads
much the beft: way to fave it himfclf ; in order even, for the more convenient planting them, which
to which, a fufficicnt number of the faireft buds muft be performed in this manner:
fliould be marked early in the fpring, and permitted The plot of ground being levelled, you muft begin
to run up for feeds becaufe thofe which run up after
•, at one fide thereof, ranging a line very tight crofs the
the feafon for cutting the Afparagus is over, are ge- piece, throwing out a trench exadlly ftrait, by the fine
nerally fo backward, as not to ripen the feeds unlefs about fix inches deep, being careful not to turn up
the fummer is warm, and the autumn very favoura- the dung into whicJi trejich you may lay your roots,
\

ble. In the choice of the buds to be left for feeds, fpreading them with your fingers, and placing them
there muft be great regard had to their fize and upright againft the back of the trench, that the buds
roundnefs, never leaving any that are Inclinable to be may ftand forward, and be about two inches below
fiat, or that foon grow open headed, always choof- the furface of the ground, and at twelve inches dif-
ing the roundeft, and fuch as have the clofeft tops. tance from each other then with a rake, draw the
-,

But as feveral of thefe produce only male flowers earth into the trench again, laying It very level, which
which are barren, a greater number of buds fliould will preferve the roots in their right pofition ; then
be left, than might be necefl^ary, if there could be a remove the line a foot farther back, and make ano-
certainty of their being all fruitful. When_the buds ther trench in the like manner, laying therein your
are left, it will be proper to thruft a ftick down by plants as before direfted, and continuing the fame
each, but there muft be care had in doing this, not diftance row from row, only obferving between every
to injure the crowJi of the root. Thefe fticks will four rows, to leave a diftance of two feet four inches
fervc as marks to diftinguifli tliem from the otliers for an alley to go between the beds to cut the Afpa-
when they arc all run up. Toward the end of Sep- ragus, &c.
tember the berries will be fully ripe, when the ftalks Hie plot of ground being finlflied and levelled, you
fliould be cut and the berries ftripped into a tub,
oft', may fow thereon a fmall crop ot Onions, which will
in which they may remain three weeks or d month to not hurt the Afparagus, provided the Onions are not
fwcat, by which means the outer huiks will be rotten ; too clofe, and tread in the feeds, raking the ground
then fill the tub Avith water, and with your hands level.

break all the hulks by fqueezing them between your

B b There
 ;

» '

^here nrefome pciTons who plant tke fectls oF Afpa- called an Afparagus -fork 1 this muft be done before
^ao-us in the placewhere the roots are to remain, which the buds begin to flioot in the fpring, and fliould be
!s a very ^--ood niethod, if it is performed
with care. performed with care, left you fork too deep, and
The 'way is this: after the ground has been well bruife the head of the root ; then rake the beds over

trenched and dunged, they lay it level, and draw a fmooth, juft before the buds appear above ground,
line crofs the ground (in the fame manner as is prac- which will deftroy all young weeds, and^ keep your
tifed for planting of the young plants ;) then with a beds clean much longer than if left unraked, or if
dibble make holes at a foot ditlancc, into each of done fo foon as forked. When the buds appear about
which they drop tv/o feeds, for fear one fliould mif- four inches above ground, you may then cut them
carry ; thefe holes Iholild not be more than half an but it fliould be done fparingly, only taking the large
inch deep ; then'cover the feeds, by ftriking the earth buds, andfuffering the fmall'to run up to ttrengthcn
in upon and ^p on removing the line a foot back
ir,
the roots ; for the more you cut, the greater will be
for another row and after four rows are finilhed,
•;
the increafe of buds, but they will be fmaller and the
leave a fpace for an alley between the beds, if it is roots fooner decay. In cutting the buds, you muft
deHcmed to ftand for the natural feafon of cutting but •, open the ground v/ith your knife (which fhould be
if itis tobe tdken up for hot-beds, there may be fix very narrow-pointed, and long in the blade, and filed
i-ows planted in each bed, and the diftance in the with teeth like a faw) to fee whether any more youno-
rows need not be more than nine inches. This fhould buds are coming up clofe .by it, v/hich might be
be performed by the middle of February, bccaufe tlie either broken or bruifed in cutting the other, then

feeds lie long in the ground; but if Onions are in- with the knife faw it off about two inches under
tended to be fown upon the ground, that may be per- ground. This may appear a very troublefome affalt'
formed a fortnight or three weeks after, provided to people unacquainted with the praftical part, but

the ground is, not ftirred fo deep' as to difturb the thofe who are employed in cutting Afparagus, will
Afparagus-feeds, in raking the Onion-feeds into the perform a great deal of this work in a fliort time ;
ground.' "
/ ,' '
^
T but care in doing it is abfolutely neceftary to be ob-
As the roots of Afparagus always fend forth many ferved by'all who cut Afparagus.
long fibres which run deep into the ground, fowhen The manner of drefllng the Afparagus-beds is eveiy
the feeds are fov/n where they are to remain, the root 3 year the fame as dircfted for the fecond, viz. Iceep-
will not be broken or injured, as thofe muft be which ing them clean from v/eeds in fum.mer, digc;ing the
are transplanted therefore will llioot deeper into the
; . alleys in Odobcr, and forking the beds toward the

ground, and make much greater progrefs, and the end of March, &c. only obferve every otiicr year to
fibres will pufh out on every fide, which will caufe lay fome rotten dung (from a Melon or Cucumber-
the crown of the root to be in the center ; whereas in bed) all over the beds, burying fome in the alleys
tranfplanting, the roots are made flat againlt the fide alfo, at the time for digging them up. This will
of the trench. preferve the ground in heart to maintain the roots in
When the Afparagus is come up, and the Onions vigour, and by this management, a plot of good Af-
have raifed their feed-leaves upright (which will be in paragus may be continued for ten or twelve years in
fix weeks after planting) you muft with a fmall hoe
cutting, and will produce good buds, efpecialiy if it
is not cut too long each feafon ; for when it is not left
cut up all the weeds, and thin the crop of Onions
where they may have come up in bunches but this : to run up pretty early in June, the roots will be
muft be done carefully, and in dry weather, that the greatly weakened, and the buds will be fmaller :
Weeds may die as faft as they are cut up, being care- therefore, in thofe families where Afparagus is re-

ful not to injure the young ftioots of Afparagus, as quired late in the feafon, a few beds fliould be fet
alfo to cut up the Onions which grow near the fhoots. apart for that purpofe, which will be much better
This work muft be repeated about three' times, than to injure the v/hole plantation, by cutting it too
which, well done, arid the feafon not too wet, will
if long.
I
keep the ground clear from weeds until the Onions I cannot help taking notice of a commoa error, that
are fit to be pulled up, which is commonly in Au- has long prevailed with many people, which is.,^ that
guft, and is known when their greens fall down and of not dunging the ground for Afparagus, berlieving
bep-in to wither. When you
have drawn off the Oni- that the dung commiUnicates a ftrong rank tafte to

ons', it will be neceffary to clean the ground well from the Afparagus, which is a great miftake, for the fv/cet-
weeds, v/hich will keep it clean till the alleys are dug eft Afparagus is that which grows upon the richeft

to earth the beds, which muft be done in Odober, ground ; for poor land occafions that rank tafte fo
when the haulm is. decayed; for if you cut off the often complained of, the fweetnefs of Afparagus be-
haulm while green, the roots will Hioot frefti again, ing occafioned by the quicknefs of its growth, which
which y/ill greatly weaken them. This young haulm is always proportionable to the goodnefs of the ground,

Ihould'be cut with a knife, leaving the ftems two

oft' and the warmth of the feafons. In order to prove
inches above ground, which will be a guide for you - this, I planted two beds of Afparagus, upon ground

todiftinguifh the beds from the alleys; then with a which had dung laid a foot thick; and thcle beds
hoe clear off the v/eeds into the alleys, and dig up were every year dunged extremely thick, and the Af-
the alleys, burying the weeds in the bottom, and paragus produced from thefe beds was much fwecter
throv/ the earth upon the beds, fo that the beds may than any I could procure, though they were boiled
be about four or five inches above the level of the together in the fame water.
alle\^s then a row of Coleworts may be planted in
:
The quantity of ground neceffary to be planted with
the middle of the alleys, but never fow or plant any Afparagus, to fupply a frnaU family, fliould be at
thino- upon the beds, which would greatly weaken than that will not do; for if you
leaft eight rods, lefs

the roots nor would I, ever advife tht planting of

; cannot cut one hundred at a time, it will fcarccly be
Beans in the alleys, as is the praflice of many ; for worth while, for you muft be obliged to keep it after
that greatly damages the two outfide rows of Afpa- it is cut two or three days, efpecialiy in cold feafons,

ragus. In this manner it muft remain till fpring, when to furnifli enough for one mefs ; but for a larger fa-
fonie time in March, the beds fliould be hoed over, mily, fixteen rods of ground fliould be planted, which,
to deftroy all young weeds ; then rake them fmooth, if a good crop, will furnifli two or three hundred each

and obieive all the facceeding fummer to keep them day in the height of the feafon.
clear from v/eeds, and in Odober dig up the alleys But as there are feveral people who delight in having
again, as was before direded, earthing the beds, &c. early Afparagus, which is become a very o-reat trade
Tlie fecond fpring after planting, fome perfons begin in the kitchen-gardens near London, I fliall give
to cut fom.e of the buds of Afparagus for ufe, though proper diredions for the obtaining it any time in
It would be much better to ftay until the third year; winter.
therefore now the beds fliould be forked with a flat- You miuft be provided with a quantity of good
firft

pronged fork m.adc on purpofe, which is commonly roots (either of your own raifing, or purchafed from
fuch
 ; ;

i f'

^
(

fuch gardeners fuch as have been

as plant for fale,) in March, it will laft
th^ feafon of natural Afpa^-
till

two or three years planted out from die feed-bed \ ragus ; for the laft beds will conie a fortnight fooner
and having fixed upon the time you v/ould willingly to cutafter making, than thofc made about Chriftmas;
have your Aiparagus fit to cut, about fix weeks be- and the buds will be larger, and better coloured, as
fore, you iliould prepare a quantity of new ftable tliey will then enjoy a grcatei* ftiare of the fun.

horfe-dung, which lliould be thrown in a heap for Where this method of forcing early Afparagus is in-
ten days or more, to ferment, mixing fome fea-coal tended, there ftiould^ be every year fuch a quantity
aflics v/ith it then it fhould be turned over into a
•, planted, which you fiiall judge neceffary (unlefs on
y
heap, where it mull lie another week, when it will intend to buy the roots from fome other garden :) tthe
..
be fi-t for ufe. Then dig out a trench in the ground quantity of rootsnecefiarytoplantonelighc,iscommon-
where you intencj to make the bed, the width of the ly known by the meafure of the
gtound where they
frames that are defigned to cover it, and the length grow ; for v/here there is a good crop; and few roots
in proportion to the quantity you intend to have are mifllng, one rod of ground will furnifti enough
(which defigned only to fupply afmall family, three
if for a light ; but this calculation is made from the
or four lights at a time v/ill be fufficient,) but for a ground planted with roots, which are defigned to be
larger family, fix or eight lights will not be too much : taken up after two or three years grovv'th for forcing,
then lay down your dung into the trench, working in which there are fixrov/s in a bed, at but ten inches

it very regularly, and beat it down very tight with diftance, and the plants eight or nine inches afundet
a fork, laying it at leaft three feet in thicknefs or in the rows ; but where there is a greater Ipace be-

more, wlien the beds are made in December ; then tween the rows, and fev/errov/s in a'bed, then there
put your earth thereon about fix inches thick, break- muft be a greater quantity of ground allotted for each
ing the clods and laying it level ; and at one end, be- Moft
gin laying your roots againfl; a little ridge of earth, Aft
raifed about four inches high your roots muft be
: from planting ; but where the land is not very good,
laid as dole as pofTible one to the other, in rows, with It will be better to let it have thi-ee years growth, for
tlieir buds ftanding upright; and between every row if the roots areweak, t!ic buds of Aiparagus will be
'

lay a fiiiail quantity of fine mould, obferving to keep very fmall, fo not worth the trouble of forcing. The
the crown of tiie roots exaftly level. When you have beft ground for planting Afparagus, to have large
fiinilhed laying your bed with roots, you muft lay roots for hot-beds, is a m.oift rich foil ; but for thole
fome ftiff earth up to the roots, on the outfides of the that are to remain for a natural produce, a middhng
bed, which are bare, to keep them from drying; foil, neither too v/ec nor too dry ; but a frefti iandy
and thruft tv/o or three fharp-pointed fticks, about loam, v^^hen well dunged, is preferable to any other.
two feet long, down between the roots, in the middle The fecond fort is mentioned to grow naturally in
of the bed, at a diftance from each other. The ufe ,
Wales, and alfo near Briftol I have received feeds
:

of thefe fi:icks is to inform you what temper of heat from the iiland of Portland, which have fucceeded
the bed is in, which you may find by drawing up the in the Chelfea garden, by which I am convinced it
ilicks, and feehng the lower part; and if, after the is a difi^erent fpecies from the Garden Afparagus; and

bed has been made a week, you find it doth not heat, alfo from the wild fort which grows narurally at Gibral--
you may lay a little ftraw or litter round the fides, tar, and alfo near Montpelier, is different from both;

and alio upon the top, which will greatly help it ; or Mr. Magnol, of Montpelier, was alfo of the opiniori
if you find it very iiot, fo as to endanger fcorching that it was a different fpecies, for he fays, the common
cf the roots, it will be advifable to let it remain wild Afparagus and this grew near each other in die
wholly uncovered, and to thrufi: a large ftick into the neighbourhood of Pvlontpelier, and the young fhoots
dung, on each fide of the bed, in two or three places, of the former were fvveet, whereas thofe of the latter
to make holes for the great fteam of the bed to pafs were bitter. The fam^e has been confirmed to me by
off, which in a fi:iort time will reduce the bed to a feveral gentlemen, v/ho have refided many years at
moderate heat. ^ <. • Gibraltar and Minorca, where the fecond fort o-rov/s
After the bed has been made a fortnight, you muft naturally in plenty.
cover the crowns^ of the roots about
v/ith fine earth, This fort propagated by feeds in the lame manner
is

two inches thick and v/hen the buds begin to appear

; as the garden kind, but muft have a wan:ier fituation
^above ground through that earth, you muft again lay and the roots ftiould be well covered in winter, to
on a frefii quantity, about three inches thick ; fo that prevent the froft from penetrating the ground, v>hich
in the wliole, it may be five inches above the crowns will deftroy it.

of the root, which will be fufficient. The third fort hath white, crooked, flirubby ftalks,
Then you muft make a band of ft'raw (or long litter,) which rife four or five feet high, but have no fpines
about four inches thick, which muft be faftened round on them; the leaves come out in clufters from the
the fides of the bed, that the upper part may be level fame point, like thofe of the Larch-tree ; thefe are
with the furface of the s-round this muft be faftened
: very ftiort, and end in Hiarp prickles, io that they
with ftrait fticks about two feet long, fliarpened at are troublefome to handle. This fort arrows naturally
the points, to run into the bed and upon this band
; in the South of France, Spain, and Portugal. It is
you muft fet your iiZra^^^ and put your glafies there- propagated by feeds as the former forts, but is too
on ; but if, after your bed hath been made three tender to five abroad in England, fo tlie roots fnould
weeks, you find the lieat decline, you muft lay a good be planted in pots, or near a fouth wall, andflieltered
lining of frefti hot dung round the fides of the bed, in winter.
v/hich vv'ill add a frefnheat thereto ; and in bad wea- The fourth fort grows with flirubby ftalks three oi'
ther, as alfo every night, keep the glafifes covered four feet high, with very white bark, and are armed
with miats and fcraw; but in the day time, let it be with thorns which are fingle, coming ogt juft' below
all talien off, efpecially whenever the fun appears each turf of leaves. Thefe ftalks continue feveral
v/iiich, fhining through the glafies, will give a good years, and put out many branches, garni Hied with
colour to the Afparagus. narrow fl:iort leaves. Thefe continue green all the
A bed thus made, if it works kindly, will begin to winter, if the plants are fcrcened from feverc froft.
produce buds for cutting, in about five or fix weeks, It is propagated by leeds as the ^oxrv^v^ which niay
and will hold about three weeks in cutting ; which, be procured from the Mediterranean, where it grows
if rightlyplanted with gojd roots, will produce, in naturally ; fome of the plants fliould be kept in pots,
that time, about three hundred buds in each light; that they may be fiiekered in winter,, and tlie others
fo that where Afparagus is propofed to be continued may be planted in the full ground in a wai'm lituation,
until the Icafon of the natural being produced, a frefti and in hard frofts covered, otherwife it will not hve
bed be made every three weeks, until the
fliould abroad in this country.
beoinninor of March, from the time of the firft bed The fifth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
being made ; for if the laft bed is made about a week Hope. This hath ver)^ crooked irregular ftalks, which
are
 t
; .

"'I

A ^k
^*

^.>.re flirubby; and rife eight or ten feet high, putting _ Goofe Grafs, or German Madwort. Bugloflam fylvei^rc!
out leveral weak fide branches, garniflied v/ith long caulibus prociimbentibus. C. B. P. 257.
narrow leaves, coming out in ch-Ulers like thofe of the This is an annual plant, which is found wild in feme
Larch-tree; under each of thefe clufters is placed a parts of England, as near Newmarket, at Boxley in
'

.
.

iingle Iharp thorn. The flalks continue feveral years, Suffex, and in Holy Ifland. It is prefei-ved in bo-

_ and the leaves keep green all the winter. .,. This is tanic gardens for variety, and may be eafily propa-
- commonly propagated by parting the roots, be- ;
gated by feeds, which fhould be fown in autumn;
caufe the plants rarely produce feeds in this country; for if the feeds are kept out of the ground till fprino-,
[ the beft time for this is in April, The roots muft be they do not fucceed fo well. When, the plants come
planted in pots, and removed into the green-houfe in up, they require no other culture but to keep them
. the autumn, for thefe plants will not live abroad in . clear from weeds, and in May they will flower: iu
. . Eno-land. '-
' June their feeds will be perfeded, which, if fuflercd
,
The grows naturally in Spain, Portugal,
fixth fort to fcatter, will grow again in autumn ; fo that when
and Sicily, generally in rocky places. This fends up this plant isonce brought into a garden, it will main-
. many weak irregular fhoots, which have no leaves, tain itfelf, provided it be allowed a place. •

but inftead thereof, are armed with fliort ftiff thorns, ASPERULA, Woodroof.
Avhich come out four or five together from the fame This plant grows wild in fhady woods in many parts
. pointj and fpread from each other every way. The of England, and flowers in April or May, and is
flowers are fmall, of an herbaceous colour the ber- •, fometimes ufed in medicine.
ries are largef than thofe of the common fort, and are Dr. Linnseus has joined to this genus the Gallium
black when ripe. This is tender, fo muft be treated album, Gallium montanum, and Rubia* fynanchica
as the third fort. Saxatilis. C, B. But as thefe gro\v wild in England,
'

:. - . .
...

;
The feventh
grows naturally at the Cape of Good
fort and are rarely admitted into gardens, I fliall pals them
Hope. This fends up from the root feveral flender over with juft mentioning them.
ftalks, w^hich put out weak branches, declining down- ASPHODELUS [^a^^c^^a^*, Gr. by Pliny it is

, ward; thefe are clofely garnifhed with^briftly leaves, called Haftula, or Baccillus Reo-ius, becaufc when it

,. like thofe of Garden Alparagus, which continue green flowers, the ftalk refembles a royal fcepter.] King's
, through the year. It hath not produced any feeds in Spear, -' ' '

. England, fo is only propagated by parting the The Characters are, .

roots, as the fifth fort, and the plants iliould be treated The flower has no empalement% it is of one leaf, cut into
'
in the fame manner. ^J^r^'
.

f :' '
.
fix parts, which fpread open ; at the bottom is inferted a
The eighth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good globular ne^arium, having fix valves ; // hath fix awU
^ Hope ; this fends up rhany weak fhoots growing in fhaped flamina, which are inferted in the valves of the
! clufters, which are armed with iharp fpines, both on neilarium, and are crozvned by oblong fummits, which a7'e

the fide and ends of the fhoots ; the leaves come out profirate, and turn upward ; between the neElariiim is
^

V ih'fmall clufters," which continue green all the year. placed a globular germen, fupporting an awl-fhaped ftyle^
] ,This doth not produce feeds in England, fo is pro- crowned by a club-like ftigma : the empakment afterward
I'^pagated as the fifth fort, and requires the fame treat- becomes a flefhy globular feed-veffel, having three cellsy

ment. /..'., zvhich are filled with triangular feeds, ., ..

^
,The tenth fort fends out from the root many weak This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedlion of
/ climbing branches which rife five or fix feet high, Linn^eus's fixth clafs, entitled Hexandria Monogynia,
[ garnifhed with narrow fpear-fhaped leaves coming out the flower having fix ftamina and one ftyle.
iingle; the fhoots are armed with fhort crooked fpines, The Species are,
which render it very troublcfome to handle the plants; 1. AspHODELUs {Luteus) caule foliofo, foliis triquetris
for they are fo clofely fet on, that it is difficult to Hort. Chff. 127. King^s Spear with a leafy
fiftulofis.
. touch the branches. This is propagated by parting ftalk, and triangular fiftiilar leaves, Afphodelus luteus
the root ; but the plants muft be placed in a moderate flore & &
radice. C. B. P. 28.
ftove, otherwife it will not thrive in this country. It 2. AsPHODELus {Ramofus) caule nudo foHis enfiformibus
grows naturally in the ifland of Ceylon. carinatis tevibus. Lin. Mat. Med. 172. Kin£s Spear
^
.
. K

Thefe plants are preferved in the gardens of the cu- with a naked branching flalk, and fmooth, fword-fhapcd,
.
rious, where they add to the variety; being not dif- carinated leaves, Afphodelus albus ramofus ma^.
ficult to manage, where there is conveniency to houfe c. B. P. 28. :. .

them in winter. They fliould have a place among 3. AsPHODELus {Alhus) caule nudo fimplici foliis
other exotic plants; • . lineari-enfiformibus, King^s Spear with a ftnglc naked
ASPARAGUS SCANDENS. See Medeola. ftalk, and narrow fword-fjaped leaves, Afphodelus albus
ASPEN-TREE. See Populus. non ramofus. C. B. P. 28.
.A S P E R I F O L I O S plants [^afperifolius, of afper, U 4. AsPHOPELus {Fifiulofus) caule nudo foliis ftriftis fubu-
rough, and folium, LaL a leaf] are fuch plants as are laris ftriatis fubfiftulofis. Hort. Cliff. 83. King's Spear
rough-leaved, having their leaves placed alternately, with a naked ftalk, fiftular awUfljaped leaves, and an an-
or without any certain order, on their ftalks the : nual root, Phalangium parvo flore ramofum foliis
clafs of plants fo denominated by Mr. Ray, have a fiftulofis annuum. H. L.
monopetalous flower, cut or divided into five parts The firft fort is the yellow Afphodel, which is direfted
after every flower there fucceed commonly four feeds. for medicine ; this hath roots compofcd of many
life in
Of this clafs are Buglofs, Borage, Comfrcy, Hounds
'

thick, flcfhy, yellow fibres, joined into a head at the

Tongue, &c. •
top ; from whence arife ftrong, round, finglc ftalks,
A
SP ER U
G O, fmall Wild Buglofs. near diree feet higli, garnifhed their whole length
The Characters are, *
with long triangular leaves, which are boat-fliaped,
The empakment is of one leaf, cutflightly at the top into of a fea-green colour ; the upper part of the ftalk is
five eq^iial parts \ the flower having a floor
is of one leaf, adorned half way with yellow ftar-fliaped flowers,
'
cylindrical tube, cut at the top into five fmall blunt parts, which begin opening from the bottoiii, and are fol-
which are clofed at their bafe: it hath five fhoriftamina, lowed by others above ; fo that on the fame fpike,
. crowned by oblong fummits ; in the center there are four there is often a fucceifion of flowers for a month. It
compreffed germen, fupporting a fhort fender ftyky crowned flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
by' a blunt ftigma, The germen afterward become four ob- , There is a variety of this witli a larger flower, men-
long feeds, inclofed in the empakment. tioned in the catalogue of the P^oyal Garden at Paris,
This genus of plants ranged in the firft feftion of
is by the title of Alphodclus fpiralis luteus Itallcus
Linna::us's fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria Monogynia, magno flore, the feeds of which I received from the
the flower having five ftamina and one ftyle. garden at Pifa, fome years ago ;,.and the firft year oi
We know but one Species of this genus, which is, the plants flowering in Chcliea garden, the flowers
AsPERUGO. Fldr. Lapp. ^^6. Small Wild Buglofs, Great were larger, and the fpiki's longer than tliofcof tlie
'

6
'

common
 A A
common fort -,two years time, they were fo
but in other hardy kinds of flowers, where being properly
like the common fort as not to be diflinguilhed from intermixed, they v/ill make an agreeable variety, and
it, as were alfo the young plants which were raifed continue a long time in flower.
from the feed faved at CheHea, therefore it iliould be The fourthjort is an annual plant, fo is only propa-
cfteemed an accidental variety. gated by feeds; thefe ftioulci be fov/n
autumn, in the
The fecond fort hath roots compofed of many thick _
v/hen they will naore certainly grow than if fown in
fielhy fibres , to each of which is faftened an oblong the fpring when the plants are up, they will require
:

tuber, as large as fmall potatoes the leaves are long

•, no other iTouble but to keep them clean from weeds,
and flexible, having acute edges thefe grov/ in irre-; .
until they have put out four or five leaves, when they
gular clufters, from the crown of the root ; between flibuldbe carefully removed to the places where they
thefe come out the ftalks, which rife more than throe ,
arc to remain for good. If the feeds of this plant are
feet high, fending out feveral fide branches, v/hicia jpermitted tofcatter, the plants will come up without
are naked ; the upper part of thefe are adorned witl \ care, and thofe which are not removed, will be the
many white ftar-fhaped flowers, confifting of one leaf ftrongefl: plants, and produce a greater number of
cut into fix ^arts, each having a purple line running flowers. .

lengthways on the outfide of each fegment. The ASPLE'NlUM,.or Ceterach [is fo called from ^
flowers grow in long fpikes, flowering gradually up- c
ward. They appear the beginning of June, and the dift^afcs of die fplecn.] Spleenwort or Miltwaft:e.
feeds ripen in autumn. '\
The Chap.acters are,
The third fort hath roots like the fecond, but 'the 7*;??^ leaves are like thofe of the Polypody^ but lefs
leaves are longer and narrower-, the ftralks of this are fM\ dcwny on their
fmgle, never putting out any fide branches; the flow- der fide^ having a [qtiamous dull
ers are of a purer white, and grow in longer fpikes. of a microfcopc^ membranous capfuUy or feed pods^ lyin^
'

This flowers at the fame time with the former. clofe to one another^ are perceived^ every one fur nifljed wit ^

The fourth fort is an annual plant ; the roots of this a little round cord, which 'hy its conflruEiibn opening th
are compofed of many flefhy yellow fibres, the ledves fruit into two parts^ -pours forth certain very fmall feeds
are fpread out from the crown of the root, clofe to /
the ground, in a large clufter ; they are convex on % walls ^ ^c.
-\ i

their under fide, but plain above, and hollow like This plant isof the Fern kind, and grows upon bid
a pipe the flower-fl:alks rife immediately ffom the
; moifl: iliady walls in divers parts of England j but is
root, and grow about two feet high, dividing into neVer 'cultivated in gardens. There are feveral fpecies
three or four branches upward, which arfc "a'dorhed of this plant in America, but "they have not been in-
with whitfe ft:arry flowers, with purple lines oft the troduced into England. .

outfide. Thefe flower in July and Augufl:, and' their ASTER Gr. a Star; fo called becaufe the
['Ari^p,

feeds ripen in O6tober, foon after which the Plants de- flower is radiated wit^ little leaves after the manner
cay. It grows naturally in the fouth of France, Spiin, I
'

of a liar.] Starwort.
and Italy. Th6 Characters are,
The firft grows hat\irally in many of the iflands
fort if hath a conipdliHd flowtr^ compofed offeveral female and
bf the Akhipelago, and alfo in Sicily. The fecond, hermaphrddite floretSy included in one common fcaly empale^
third, and fourth forts grow naturally in Portugal, "fjient ; the rays or herder of the flower
compofed offe^ is
Spain, and Italy; the third fort is not.quite h hardy ^Veral femaie florets^ whofe upper parts areftretched out on
as eitlier of the other, fo in very fevere frofl; is fome- ]oneftde like a tongue^ and indented in three fegments at the
times killed, unlefs the roots are -covered in winter. '€nd\ the hef'maphrodite florets form the dt/k or middle y
The yellow fort multiplies very fafl: by roots, and which are funnel-fl)apedy and divided at the top into five
will foon overfpread a large border, if fuffered to re- parts ^ fpreading open, and have each five floor tflender ft a-
main unremoved, or the fide roots are not taken off; mina^ crowned with cylindrical fummits ; //; ibe bottom is
but the other forts are not fo prodliftive of Ihoots placed a crowned germen^fupporting aflenderftyle, crowned
from their fides, and are much better kept within hy a germen afterwardbecomes an oblong
bifid ft igma ; the
bounds. feed, croivned with down : the female flo-ivers have a
I'hc fecond and third forts do not increafe very fafl: germen fupporting a flender ftyle, crowned by two oblong
by their roots, nor fliould they be often tranfplanted, fti^ma, which turn backward. Thefe have no ftamina^ '

for that will weaken them, fo th^t their flowelr-fl:ems but in other refpe£ls are like the hennaphrodite flowers.
Avill not rife fo tall, or produce fo many Howers, as This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feftion
^hen they are forfome years ; there-
left und!fl:urbed of Linnseus's nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Po-
"

fore the befl: way is to propagate thefe by feeds. lygamia fuperflua, from the fame flower having female
Thefe three forts of Afphodel are^very pretty orna- and hermaphrodite florets included in the ilime em-
ments for a flower-garden, and, requiring very little palement.
'

trouble to cultivate them, are rendered more accep- The Species are, -

table, /rhey may be all propagated by feeds, which 1. Aster {Alpinus) foliis lanceolatis hirtis, radicalibus
Jhould be fown foon after they are ripe, on a warm obtufis, caule fimphcifllmo unifloro. Lin. Sp. Plant.
border of light frefli earth : in the fpring the plants 872. Starwort with hairy fpear-ftjaped leaves, thofe at
will appear, when you ftaould carefully clear them the foot blunt, and a fingle ftalk, having one flower.
from wxx^ds, and in dry weather they mufl: be fre- After montanus cseruleus magno flore foliis oblongis.
quently weltered if : this be duly obferved, the plants C. B. P. 267.
will have acquired ftrength enough to be tranfplanted 2. Aster {Amellus) foliis lanceolatis obtufis fcabris tri-

by the Michaelmas following ; at which time you" nerviis pedunculis nudiufculis corymbofis
integris,
mufl: prepare a bed of frefli earth in the flower nur- fquamis calycinis obtufis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 873. Star-
fery, into which you fliould plant the roots, at about wort with rough, blunt, fpear-floaped leaves, which are
fix inches difl:ance every way; obferving to plant three veins, naked fcot-flalks, flowers in a
them fo low, as that the top of the roots may be three corymbus, and blunt fcales to the. empakment. After at-
or four inches under the furface of the bed ; and fome ticus ca::ruleus vulgaris. C. B. P. 267. vulgarly called
old tan, or dung, fhould be fpread over the furface .
Italian Starwort,
of the ground, to keep out the frofl:: in this bed 3. Aster {Tripolimn) foliis lanceolatis integerrimis car-
they may remain one year, during which time they nofis glabris ramis in^quaus, floribus corymbofis.
ftiouldbe kept clear from weeds ; by which time, the fniooth, fleflyy, fp
roots having acquired flirength enough to produce floaped leaves, which ar entire, unequal hrayiches, and
flowers the following year, they fliould, in autumn, flowers in a corymbus, After maritimus TripoKum
when their leaves are decayed, be carefully taken up, diftus. Raii Hift. 270.
and tranfplanted into the flower-garden, obferving to Aster {Linifoli us) ioWls Imeanbus acutis mtegerrimis,

place them in the middle of the borders, amongft caule corymbofo ramofilTimo. Hort. CM", 408. Star-
C c wor,
 ) ' .

A •^ '

'^'o'ti u'llh narrow pointed 'leaves^ which are entire^and After PerfiCiE foliis ferratis glabris, floribus fparfis
c very Irranchy ftdk gro'xing ih a corymlus. After Tri- pallide caeruleis. Dillen. Cat. Oxon."
polii flore anguftifiiiiio &
teiuiffimo folio. Mor. Hift. 8. Aster {Tradefcanti) o.blongisacutis bafi la-
foliis
tioribvis fcaiiamplexicaulibus, caule ramofo floribus

n. Aster (Ncv^ Anzlik) foliis lanceolatis akernis inte- terminalibus pkrumque foli^ariis. Starw^rt with oblong
gcrrimis rcpiiamplcxicaulibusj noribus termin^libus-' pointed leaves^ broad at their half embracing the
baje^^

Hort. 4oS\' Starivort ivith entire jpear-JIjaped

ClifF. '

flalksy which are branchy^ ait^ terminated with flcwasy

leaves^ grooving alternate^ ahd half emlracing thejlalh^ for the mojl part fingly. After" c'i:rulcus ferotinus fru-
? terminated by After Novas Angliae
'fp-ipers\ ticefccns Tradelcaiiu. Raii Hift. 26(^:' cohimonly called
• .-
altiftimus hirfutus floribus amplis purpuro-violaceis. Michaelmas Daify. ..
.

Par. bat. 90. "

"
/ ' > •
'- - I 9. Aster (Precox) caule erefto hirfuto foliis^ oblongis
,

6. Aster {Undulatus) cor Jatis amplexicaulibii^ uh-

foliis acutis fcabris' acute dematis femiamplexicaulibus fio-
dulatis fubtus tomentofisl floribus racemofis a4fcen- rjbus.pprymbofis, galycibus hixfutis tvt&is. Starwcrt
dcntibus. Hort. ClifF. 408. Starivort "with keart'tpmr-
'

with a hairy upright ftalk, oblcng pointed rough leaves^

Jhaped Waved leaves^ woolly on their underjide-y andflowers •fharply indented^ half embracing the flalks^ tind flowers in
grovpng in afccnding fpikes. After nov^ Anglia:;' acorymbuswith hairy ere5i empalements. After Pyre-
purcus Virgab aureas facie foliis undulatis. .par. & naic'us precox flore cseruleo majori, H, R. Par.
i
bat 96. 7 \
;o. Aster (Jltiji^us) caule altiffimo hirfuto fimplicif-
Aster (Puniceiis) foliis femjdmplexicavilibus lanceo- '
fimo foliis oblongis acutis bafi latioribus femiamplexi-
7
latis ferratis fcabris, -pedunculis alternis fubunifloris - caulibus floribus tribus fefFilibus terminalibus. Star-
fcalycibus difcum fuperkntibus. Hort. 408. Stdr- ClifF. ry tally hairy ^ 'unhranched flalk^ c

worf with roughs fawed^ .fpear-Jhaped leaves^ half em- -., Mchare broader at the bafe^ and haf
bracing the Jlalks^ foot-Jlalks growing alternate^ with a Jialksy which are terminated by thnefli.

fingk flower on each fuot-ftalk^ whofe empalement is higher fltting very clofe
than the dijkx Alter Americaniis latifolius puniceis 2,i^.^AST£R {Ramocijfimus) caule ramociffimo
patulo,
'
caulibus. H. Li. 649. \ < - . ..v'
^/' fgliis lin.eari-lanceolatis rigidisj floribus ferratim po-

{Mifc ,
fitis pedunculis foliofis. Starwort with a very branching

Lin. Sp. Plant. 877. Starwortwith flowers^ whofe

\l , narrow^ fpear-Jhaped^ fliff leaves ^ flow-
^Jpr'eading ftalky

difk is longer than the rays,.^,- After ''-.i,/r^ placed one above another ^ and leafy foot-flalks.

agrisE umborie. Hort. Elth. 46,-^ ^* '-.

I '

I..
22I ^^jEK (Umbellatus) foliis lanceolatis acutis fcabris,

9 Aster (AW Belgii) fqjus lanceolatis fubferratis fef- ,^Gaulefimplici floribus umbellatis terminalibus. Star-
filibus caule paniculatoramulis unifloris folitariiscaly-
^

'
w'^twith roughpointed fpear-floaped leaves^ and afingle
cibus fquafrofis.- Hort. ClifF. 46^, Starworf with fpear- fjtalk, termnated by JTowers, growing in an umbeL
Jhaped jagged leaves^ growing dofe to theftalk 23.^ A^j^z^. {Nervofus) foliis nervofis lanceolatis acutis
'dfpiked^ and branches having a Jingle flcnver wtth .Ji;t)^'arlbus.^^^^ fimj)lici floribus terminalibus quafi
a ''rough empalement, '' After Novae^ Belgi^^ latifolius J u'mBellatum 3ilppfitis. Starwort with narrow^ fpear-
^

unibellatus floribus dilute violacels,

).<
H. L. 66. Jhapedj pointed, nervous leaves , a fingle ftalk, terminated
J.

10. Aster {LinarifoUus) foliis la] ,' byflofmers growing almoft in an umbeL ....
'carnbfis Tntegerripiis planis floribus corymtjp^f^. fafti- 2-^. Aster
{Panin^l^tuf} foliis inferioribus ovatis bafi
catis pedunculis foliolofis. Lin. Sp. PU.nt. 87.4.' '5^^r- '//femiamplexicaufibus, fuperioribus lanceolatis parvis
wort with narrow^ fpear-Jhaped^ flefhy leaves^ zvhicb are ,
cauTe paniculate raaTiis unifloris pedunculis foliofis.
'
plain and entire^ flowers gathered into acorymhusy' and ^ ^Sf^i^dri with the lower leaves cvdl, whofe bafe half em-
leafy foot-Jlalks. After Tnpolii flore. C. B, IJ. 267^. .braces the ft (f Iks, the upper leaves fmall and fpear-fljaped,
1 1. Aster (Concolor) caule fimplicilTimo foliis oblonso- a ftalk terminated by a loofe fpike, witjb a fmgle flower on
ovatis fefTuibus integernmis racemo terminali. rlor. . each branch, and aleafyfoot-ftalh..:\...,.).:
Virg. 178. Starwort with fmgleftalksy oval entire leaves 25. Aster (Rigidus) floribus terminalibus folitariis foliis
growing clofe to the ftalks^ which end in a loofe fpike.,. linearibus alternis. Flor. Virg. 9^. Starwort withflngle
12. Aster {Ericcides) foliis linearibus integerrimis, caule , flowers at the ends of the branches, and very narrow leaves
'

paniculate, pedunculis racemofis, pedicellis foliofis. placed alternately, /: .

. Flor. Virg. 124.. Starwort with linear leaves^* a panicu- 26. Aster {Latifolius) foliis lineari-lanceolatis glabris
lated ftalk with branching leafy foot-flalks. - A{itr eri- trinerviis, floribuscorymbofis terminalibus." Starwort
'

coides diimofus. Hort. Elth. 40. ; > '/ "' .

with fmooth fpear-floaped leaves, with three veins, and

13 'difolia flowers in a corymbus, which terminate theflalks. After
hf latifolius Tripolii flore. H. R. Pan
heart floaped leaves^ having foot -flalks^ and a loofe fpiked of
flalh After latifolius autumnalis. Cornut. Canad. 'ery

64. loofe fpike of /<

ifolitis) •After Novas Anglias linarias foliis Chamcemeli flore.
pedunculis foliofis. Lin. Sp. 1227. Starwort withharrow Par. Bat. Prod, gs* -

fpear-fhaped entire leaves^ and leafy foot-ftalks. After 28, Aster (y/;7;^/^j) foliis lanceolatis lateribus inferiorum
Americanus Belvidere foliis floribus ex cseruleo al- L
crenatis, radice annua, caule corymbofo pedunculis
bicantibus fpicis pr^elongis. Pluk:' Phyt. tab. 78. nudis. Hort. ClifF. 409. Starwort with fpear-flooped
f. 5. leaves, the fides of the lower leaves jagged, an annual root,

15 ^Mi and ftalks ending with a corymbus offlowers, with naked

ceolatis reflexis, floribus folitaris, calycibus fquarrofis. foot-flalks. After ramofus annuus Canadenfis. Mor.
Flor. Leyd. Starwort with a corymbous flalk^
168. Hift. , .

fpear-floaped^ reflected leaves^ andfmgle flowers with rough 29. Aster {Fruticofus) foliis linearibus fafciculatis punc-
empahnents. After Virginianus pyramidatus HyfTopi tatis, pedunculis unifloris nudis, caule fruticofo iti-
folius afperis calycis fquamulis foliaceis. Mart. Cent. gofp. Hort. Cliff. ,409. Starwort with narrow pointed
."
19. - leaves growing in clufters, nakedfcot-ftalks with oneflrO^vcr,
16. Aster (Scabris) foliis lanceolatis fcabris integris, and a Jhrubby ftalk. After Africanus frutefcens foliis
caule ramofo, pedunculis foliofis, calycibus obtufis. anguftis &
pkrumque conjunftis. Hort. Amft. 3.
Starwort with rough fpear-Jhaped entire leaves^ and a P- SZ
branching fialk^ with leafy foot-ftalks. After Atticus nfu

Alpinus alter. C. B. P. 267. '

.
' petiolatis calycibus terminalibus patentibus foliofis.

17. AstePv (Glalris) foliis olongo-lanccolatis acutis fer- Hort. Starwort with oval angular indented
Cliff. 407..
ratis caule ramofo floribus terminalibus calycibus' li- leaves, and the empalements terminated by fpreading leaves.
nearibus ereftis, Starwort with oblonF. fpear-Jh After Chenepodii folio annuus, flore ingenti fpeciofo.
'd flawed leaves, and a branching ftalk Hort. Elth. 38.
flowers, whofe
31 Aster
 A T A
31. Aster [Atrrantius) foliis pinnatis. Ilort. ClifF. 407. many branches are put out, for near half their
fide
Star'uuort wiih winged After Americanus foliis
leaves. lerigth, thefe are garniilied with fnialiei* lca^^es,
whicli
pinnacis &
ferratis fioribus aurantis. Houft. MSS. diminilh in their fize to the top, where there is a fingle
32. AsT£R {Procumhcns) foliis ovatis dentatis caule pro- {lower, terminating the ftalk, of a blue colour. This
cumbente, pedunculis nudis axillaribus unifloris. Star- flowers in Auguft and September ; it is eafily pro-
'voort with oval indented leaves^ a trailing fialk^ and naked pagated by parting the roots, foon after the flow-
foot-Jlalks proceeding from the fide with a fingle flower. ers are paft, and will thrive in almoft any foil or
After Americanus procumfcens bellidis minoris facie. fituation.
Houft. MSS. The fifth fort fends up many ftalks from the root,
33. AsTi-R {Mutahilis) foliis lanceolatis ferratis, calyci- which rife five feet high ; garniflied with fpear-fliaped
bus fquarrofis, panicula fubfaftigiata. Lin. Sp. 1230. leaves which are entire, and half embrace the ftalks,
Starwcrt with fawed fpear-fhaped leaves y rough flower- which are terminc^ted by large purple violet flowers^
'upSy and bundled panicles. After Novi Belgii latifolius growing in a loofe panicle it flowers in Auguft, and
:

paniculatus, fioribus faturate violaceis, H. L. 6^. I is very hardy, fo may be planted in any foil or fitua-

4 34. Aster {Sibiricus) foliis lanceolatis venofis fcabris tion, and is propagated by parting the roots.
extimoferratis, caulibus ftriatis, pedunculis tomen- The fixth fort grows naturally in North America,
tofis. Lin. Sp. 1226. Starwort with veined fpear-fhaped \ This hath broad heart-fliaped waved leaves at the
leaves^ flriatedflalks^ and woolly foot-ftalks, I bottom, the ftalks rife between two and three feet
^5, AsruR (Divaricates) Viimis divaricatis, foliis ovatis high, which fend out fmall fide branches, upon which
ferratis, floralibus intcgerrhnis obtufiufculis amplcxi- the flowers come cut in. loofe fpikes, which are of a
caulibus. Flor. Virg. 123. Starwort with forked \
very pale blue colour, inclining to white. This flowers
branches^ oval fawed. leaves^ thofe near the flowers are in the fame feafon as the former, and may be propa-

cblnfc^ entire^ and embrace After Americanus

the fialk. I gated in the fame mannen
latifolius fummum brachiato, Pluk.
albus, caule ad f The feventh fort fends up feveral ftrong ftalks, up-
Alm. 56. * - , . , I ward of two feet high, which are of a purple colour,
The firft fort grov/s naturally upon the Alps, where - garniflied with fpear-fliapedfmooth leaves, whofe bafe
it feldom rifcs more than nine inches high, and when embrace the ftalks half round-, the flowers grow
tranfplantcd into a garden, not above fixteen. It^ ... tipon fingle foot-ftalks, forming a corymbus at the
fends up fingle ftalks from the root, which are thinly |
:
top, and are of a pale blue colour j thefe appear the
garniflied with oblong leaves i at the top of each ftalk latter .^pnd of September. This comes from North
is one large blue flower, fomewhat like thofe of the- America, and may be propagated in the fame way as
Italian Starwort. This flowers in June ; the root is the former.
perennial, but muft be planted in a fhady fituation,' The eighth fort with flender ftalks, upward of
rifes

and a m.oift foil.' It is propagated by parting the! three feet high; fending out many weak branches
roots, which fhould be done in autumn. v. I .
on every fide, garnifhed with very fmall leaves; the
The fecond fort is the Italian Starwort, which was- 1 >; floWers come'out on fhort foot-ftalks, on every fide
fome years paft more common in the gardens than at l of the branches, thefe are fmall, with white rays and
prefent -, of American Star-'j
for fince the great variety ; ;, a yellow difk". They appear in November, and often
worts have been introduced into England, this fort I -, continue part of December. This comes from the
hatli not lx:en fo much cultivated, though it is by no' fame country with the former, and may be propagated
means inferior to the bell of them, and, in fome re-' as is before dircfted for them. ^

fpctfls, preferable to moft of them'; foi* it is not fo I The ninth fort rifes hear four feet high, having broad
fubjeft to creep by the root, as many of the American'! ' leaves at the bottom which diminifh gradually to
forts do, whereby they often become troublefome in j
; the top; the flowers are produced in a loofe kind of
fmall gardens, nor do the ftalks require fuppofting as! j
-j umbel at the top of the ftalks, which are of a pale
they do, for thefe feldom grow more than two feet' j blue colour ; thefe appear the latter part of Auguft.
high, and the ftalks are generally ftrong, fo are veiy' Thisris hardy, and may be propagated as the former.
rarely broken by the wind, Thefe grow' in large^ The tenth fort grows naturailly in the fouth of France
clufters from the root, and each of them" branch at and Italy ; the ftalks of this divide into a great num-
th^ top into eight or ten foot-ftalks, each of which ber of branches, which divide again toward the top
is terminated by a fingle large flower, liaving blue' into feveral fmaller, fully garnifhed with very narrow
rays, wiih a yellow diflc. It flowers in October, and,' leaves their whole length ; the flowers grow in large
in mild fcafons, will often continue till the middle of clufters at the top, forming a fort of corym.bus they ;

November, during v/hich time they are very orna- areof a pale bluifh colour, and appear the beginning
mental plants in a garden. This fort is propagated of Auguft. This is hardy, and may be propagated
by parting the roots, tlis beft time for this work by parting the roots, as the former.
is foon after thev are out of flower, for thofe which The eleventh fort rifes four feet high, with a fingle
z removed in tl-.e fpring will not flower fo ftrong ftalk, and oval leaves growing clofe to the ftalks,
the fucceeding autumn. Thefe roots fhould not be which are terminated by flender loofe fpikes of pale
removed oftener than every third year, where^^they are blue flowers, which appear about Michaelmas. This
expected to produce many flowers. grows naturally in North America, and is propagated
It grows naturally in the vallies of Italy, Sicily, and as the forts above-mentioned.
Narbonne, and is generally fuppofed to be the The twelfth fort fends up flender ftalks three feet
Amellus mentionetl by Virgil in his fourth Georgick, high, which fend put flender fide branches moft of
to grow in the paftures the leaves and ftalks being
•, their length, fo as to form a thick bufh tlicfe are -,

rough and bitter, the cattle feldom browfe upon it, garniflied with very narrow leaves their whole length,
fo that whenever* there are any of thefe roots' in the and are terminated by fingle flowers.
fields, they fend up a thick tuft of ftalks, which, being The thirteenth fort grows about two feet high, having
left after the grafs is eaten bare, thefe being full of flender ftalks, garniflied with oblong, pointed, lieart-
flowers, make a fine appearance, and therefore might fhaped leaves, which are fharply fawed on their edges;
engage the poet's attention. the upper part of the ftalks is divided into feveral
The third fort grows naturally in fait marflies, which fmall branches, which are terminated by white flowers
are flowed by the tides, and is feldom admitted into growing in loofe panicles. This flowers in September,
gardens. It flowers in July and Auguft.
. and may be propagated' as the former.
The fourth fort is a native in North America, but The fourteenth fort fends up ftalks five fee: high,
has been many years in the Englifli gardens. It fends which put out many flender fide branches, garnifhed
up many ftrong flioots from the root every fpring, narrow fpear-fhaped leaves, and are terminated
Y/ith
which rife between two and three feet high, garniflied by fpikes of fmall v/hite flowers, which appear the
with oblonp; leaves, placed alternately, and half em- end of Oftober. This fort fpreads greatly at the
brace the ftalk with tiieir bafe ^ from the main ftalks, root, fo is apt to over-run the borders.
2 The
 .

h^

^.'he fifteenth fort hath narro^, oblong, haii7 leaves 'nelled about two feet high, garninied wit!i
flalks
''A.t the bottom ; the ftalks rife three feet high, gar- Tough fpear-fhaped leaves ending in a point, placed
nifned with fmall, narrow, roligh leaves, which turn alternately on every fide th^ flalks ; the flowers arc
backward'; the ftalks fend nVttfrtahy fide brainches, white, and grow in a fort of umbel at the top of the
each being terminatol by a fingle large blue ;fl6wer. ftalks. It flowers tlie end of September, and is pro-
This fort flowers the^end'of Odo'ber, and continues pagated by parting the roots.
mofb part of November, when it mr^.kes a fine apf^ear- The twenty-third fort I received from Mr. Peter Col-
ance. It dpth not multiply faft by its rOots, but linfon, F. R. S. who procured it from Penfylvania.
may be propagated in plenty, by cuttings made from This hath much the appearance of the former fort,
the young fhoots in May, which, if planted in a bed but the leaves are narrower, whiter on their under
of light earth, and fhaded from the fuit. Will take fide, and have three longitudinal veins ; the flowers
root, and flower the fame year. It is commonly are alfo larger and whiter. It grows about the fame
called by the gardeners Catefby's Starwort, from Mr. height, and flowers at the fame time with the for-
Catefl^y, who brought it from Virginia. - .
•
iner. • - . .

The fixtecnth fort fends up feveral ftalks 'a foot and The twenty-fourth fort rifes four feet high, the bot-
a half high, garniflied widi rough fpear-fhaped leaves, tom leaves are oval and half furround the fl:alk at
fending out many fide branches which diverge from their bafe the upper leaves are fmall and fpear-fliap-
;

the ftalk every way i thefe are terminated for the moft ed ; the {lalks put our fide branches toward the top,
part by one large blue flower, fomewhat like thofe wiiich grow ereft, forming a loofe fpike, each being
of the Italian Starwort, but paler, and comes earlier terminated by one large blue flower, with a leafy foot-
to flower. It grows naturally on the Alps^ and is ftalk; this flowers about the end of Oftober. It
propagated by parting the root. grows naturally in North America, and is propagated
The feventeenth fort rifes to the height
^ of five feet, by parting the roots.' . .

with branching fl:alks, garniflied with oblong fpear- I , The twenty-fifth fort fends iip from the root feveral
which are fawed on their edges. Each I flender ftalks near three feet high, garniflied by many
of the fide branches are divided at the top into feve- |
vtry narrow leaves, and puts out fide branches, each
ral foof-flalks, which are terminated by large, pale, being terminated by one white flower. This grows
J

blue flowers, and are in beauty in Odoben This naturally in Philadelphia ; it flowers in November,
is propagated by parting the roots, as the forts and is eafily propagated by parting the rootSi
beforementioned. .It grows naturally in North The twenty-fixth fort rifes about a foot and a half
America.,., . .- *
.,^-t/i<^ :--i -.^."^ •
"^ '*'.' •• ,'
high ; the ftalks are garnifhed with narrow, fpear-
The eighteenth fort was brought from Virginia many fhaped, fmooth leaves the end of the ftalks are ter-
;

years ago, by Mr. John Tradefcant, who was a great minated by fOot-ftalks bri every fide, each having
coUeftor of rarities ; and from his garden it was foon one pale blue fk)wer. This grows naturally in Ca-
difperfedi and became common. It is generally . nada, and is propagated by parting the roots. It
-Jcnown by the title of Michaelmas Daifey, from its is titled After Canadenfis linariae folio. Hort. R;
'
flowering about old Michaelmas day. of The ftalks Paf I
I ' -

- this fort are numerous, and rife about three feet and a The twenty-feventh fof t grows about two feet high^
• half high, being fully garniflied with oblong leaves, with ereft ftalks, garnifhed with narrow fpear-fliapcd
:; ending in a point, whofe bafe half embrace the flalks. leaves, which come out irregularly in clufters from •,

Thefe fhoot out many lateral branches, which are the upper part of the ftalks, there are a few fide
terminated by pretty large flowers, of a very pale branches produced, which are garnifhed with narrow
bluifli colour, tending to white. The roots of this leaves ; the flowers are produced in a panicle, which
multiply very faft, and the feeds often are blown are of a pale blue colour, and appear in September.
about, fo that it propagates to much as often to be This is propagated by parting' the roots. ;

troublefome it will thrive in any fituation.

•, ' . The twenty-eighth fort is an annual pllnt, which when
^he nineteenth fort fends up feveral ftrong hairy once introduced into a garden, the feeds will fcatter,
ftalks, which rife a foot and a half high, having and the plants come up without care. This fends
many oblong rough leaves ending in a point, whofe up ftrait ftalks about two feet high, which are termi-
bafe half embrace the ftalks, which divide into many nated by white flowers growing in form of a corym-
fmall branches at the top, forming a kind of corym- bus. It flowers in Auguft, and the feeds ripen in Oc-
bus, each being terminated by one large blue flower, tober, and grows naturally^ in North America,
having a very hairy empalement. This flowers the The twenty-ninth fort grows naturally at the Cape
latter end of July. It grows naturally on the Alps, of Good Hopei This rifes with a woody ftem about
fo very hardy, but fhould have a moift foil and
is three feet high, fending out fide branches which are
a fhady fituation. It is propagated by parting the ligneous, garnifhed with narrow leaves coming out
roots. '
, .. v-'-'t ' .- *'/[ ;; / >'
in clufters from one point, like thofe of the Larch-
The twentieth fort rifes with ftrong hairy ftalks, to tree ; the flowers are produced from the fide of the
the height of eight or nine feet, which are upright, branches, upon long flender foot-ftalks fingly , thefe
unbranched, and garnifhed with oblong hairy leaves, are of a pale blue colour, and appear the beginning
ending in a point ; their bafe half furrounds the ftalks, of March ; as this plant never produces feeds in Eu-
which are for the moft part terminated by three large rope, only propagated by cuttings, which may
it is

purple flowers inclining to red, and fit clofe to the be performed any time in fummer. Thefe fhoukl
top of the ftalk, furrounded by a few narrow leaves. be planted in fmall pots filled with fight earth, and
This fort flowers in November. It came from Phi- plunged into an old hot-bed ; where, if they are
ladelphia, where it naturally grows, and is propa- fhaded from the fun, and gently watered, they will
gated by parting the roots it delights in a moift •,
put out roots in fix weeks, w^hen they maybe placed
foil. '
' in the open air ; and in about a month after tlicy
The hath flender purplifli ftalks,
twenty-firft fort fhould be feparated, each planted into a fmall pot
which rife about three feet high, fending out many filled with light fandy earth. In Oftober thefe muft
fide branches almoft the whole length, which fpread be removed into the green-houfe, and placed where
horizontally, garniflied with narrow, fmall, fpear- they may enjoy as much free air as poflible, but be
fhaped leaves; the flowers are produced in a fort of fecured from froft or damps, either of which will de-
loofe fpike, growing one above another on each fide ftroy them ; fo that they are much cafier preferved in
the ftalk. Thefe are fmall, of. a pale purplifli co- a glafs-cafe, where they will enjoy more light and air
lour, ai:vi appear in November. It grows naturally than in a green-houfe but they muft not be placed
•,

in North America, and is eafily propagated by part- in a ftove, for artificial heat will foon deftroy the
ing the roots. plants. This fort is at prefent but in few Englifli
The twenty-fecond fort I received from Philadelphia, gardens.
where it grows naturally. This fends up ftiff chan-
' *
The
 ;

A T A
^he thirtieth fort is a native of China, from whence 1:he thlrty-fccohd fort v/as difcovered by the late Df;
the feeds were fent to France by the mifiionaries, William Houflion, in the year 1729, gtov/imj in plenty
where the plants were firft raifcd in Europe. In the in the fandy ground about Vera Cruz, iirAmerica,

year 1731, I received feeds of this, from which I where he drew the and made a defcription of
figure,
raifed plants with red, and fome with white flowers j the plant upon the fpot ; which he fent to England
and in 1736, I received feeds of the bkie flower^but with the feeds, fome of which grew in the Chelfea
thefe were all fingle. They came by the title of La garden, and the plants flowered theioUowing fummer,
Reine Marguerette, or the Queen of DaiHes, by which but did not perfed; their feeds.
title the French ftill call it. In 1752, I received It hath bufliy fibrous which creep in tlie
,
roots,
feeds of the double flowers both red and blue, and ground, and fend out many flender round ftalks,
in 1753, ^he feeds of the double white fort, from my wliich bend and incline to the ground. Thefe are
worthy friend Dr. Job Bailer, F. R. S. of Zirkzee. about four or five inches long, deflitute of leaves,
Thtrfe have retained their difference from that time 'each fufi;aining pne flower, in Ihape and fize of thof*e
v/ithout variation, yet as they are generally fuppofed of the common Field Daifey, of a whitifli purple co-
to be only varieties, I have not inferted them as dif- lour, but the rays are narrower. Tlie diflc is com-
ferent fpecies. pofed of feveral florets, whicli arc fucceeded by finall
As thefe are annual plants, they are only propagated ;
feeds crowned with a pappous dov/n. The empale-
by feeds, which muft be fown in the fpring upon a ment which includes the flowers, is fcaly.
gen:le hot-bed, juft to bring up the plants-, for they As this plant is a native of a warm clim.ate, it will
Ihould be inured to the open foon as poffible,
air as liot live in the open air in England; therefore the
to prevent their being drawn up very weak when : feeds muft 'ht fown in a hot-b'ed, and the plants
t!)e plants are big enough to remove, they fliould be will require a ftove to maintain them tlirough the
carefully taken up and planted in a bed of rich earth . winter. ', ;
',
,
.
'

at fix inches diftance each v/ay, obferving to fliad The thirty-third fort is a native of North America.
them from the fun till they have taken new root TJiis hath upright ftalks about three feet high, gar-
and if the fcalbn proves dry, they mufl: be often re- niflied with fpear-fliaped fawed leaves tlie flowers ;

freflied with water. In this bed they may remain a are produced in bunchy panicles, having rough em-*
month or five weeks, by which time they will be palements.- It flowers the end of Auguft, and'is pro-

ftrong enough to tranfplant into the borders of the pagated by parting the roots in autumn.
'

flower-garden where they are defigned to remain ; the The thirty-fourth fort grows naturally in Siberia ; the
plants fhould be taken up carefully, with large balls .ftalks are ftriated about two feet high, fending out fide

of and the ground dug up and

cartli to their roots, branches, garniftied with rough, veined, fpear-fliap-
well broken with the fpade, where the holes are made ed leaves the foot-ftalks of the flowers are woolly,
;

to receive the plants after they are planted, and

: each fupporting one large blue flower. This flowers
the earth clofed about their roots^ there Ihould be in Auguft, and is propagated by parting the roots

fome water mven theni to fettle the earthi This m autumn. ' I

work fliouldjlf pofllble, be done when there is rain, The thhty-fifth fort fends about two up rough ftalks
for then the plants will foon take new root, after feet high, dividing toward the top into many forked
which time they will require no other care but to keep branches, diverging from each other, gaVniflied be-
-'

duMn clear from weeds. '

'-- ^.^ Jow with oval fawed leaves ; but the flowering ftalks
In Auguft tliefe plants will flower, by which time if '
embrace them with
Iiave entire obtufe leaves which'
the ground is rich in which they arc planted, they will their bafe^the flowers are growing almoft in an
be tv^o feet high, and furnifhed with many fide . umbel ; thefe appear the beginning of September.
branches, each of which is terminated by a large ra- It is propagated by parting the roots as the
diated flower, fom.e white, fome red, and others blue. former.
Thefe are fome of the greateft ornaments in the flower- ASTERISCUS. See Buphthalmum*
j;ardcn in autumn, during of flowering.
their time A S T E R O D E S, I Baftard Starwort. See Inula.
'i'hc feeds ripen the beginning of Oftober, which ASTRAGALOIDES. See Phaca.
fhculd be gathered when it is perfeftly dry and in j ASTRAGALUS, Wild Liquorice, Liquorice
order to preferve the kinds with double flowers, thofe Milk
which crrow upon the fide branches^ v/hich are com- The Characters are^ r

monly fuller of leaves than the flov/ers on the main // b^ilh a huttcrjiy flower^ whofe t

ftem., friould always be preferved for feeds. leaf^ cut into five acute fegments at The /?,

The thirty-flrft fort v/as difcovered by the late Dr.* dard {or vexillum) is upright^ blunts eficxed
Houflion the year 1731, at La
111 Vera Cruz in New fides ; the wings are oblongs andjljorter than theft.
Sp::in. This h an annual plant, which riles with an the keel is the fame length 'iv:

uprif^rit llaik one foot high, 2:arniflied the

a!:>()ut It hath ten fta^nina^ nine of
whole length v/irh winged leaves, each confifliing of ftandsfingly\ thefe are croivned by roundl/Jj ft At
two or th.ree pair of lobes, terminated by an odd of the flower is fituatcd a taper germen^ fv.p
on cacli of thefe lobes are heart-fiiaped, andfawed d-fhapcd ftyle^ cro-zvned by a blunt ft
on th.cir edges; at the top of the ilalk is produced ifi rd becomes a pod hi

one larp-e Orange-coloured ilov/er, having a fingle of kidney-fhaped feeds

cmpalemcnt, cut into many flender fegments which This genus of plants ranged in the third feftion of
is

cjhI in points. After the flower is pall, each floret Linnatus's fevcnteenth' clafs of plants, entitled Dia-
i.^ fiicceeded by an oblong angular feed, crowned delphia Decandria, from the flower having ten ft^-
with long down. This is propagated by feeds, which mina joined in two bodies.
fl-!Ould be fown on a moderate hot-bed in the Ipring-, The SflciiiS are,
and v;hen t!ie plants are fit to remove, they muft be I. Astragalus {GIycyphyllos)Q?iVi\^{Q^\\s proftratus leg\j-

e.ich planted into a feparate fmall pot filled with rich minibus fubtriquetis arcuatis foliis ovalibus pedun-
ear^h, and plunged into the tan-bed, obferving to culo longioribus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 758. Stalky proftrate
Ihade them until they have taken new root, as alfo . l^Iilk Vctch^ with crooked pods ahncft irtanz^iilar^ a}ui C'val

to refrefli tlte:n v/ith water, and in warm weather ad- foot-ftdk

mit free air to the plants. When thefe pots are filled Mor
with their roots,*the plants fliould be carefully fliaken /^
out; and after paring off the outfidc roots, put into oft.

larger pots, filled v/ith light earth, and plunged into guminibus fubulatis recurvatis glabris. Horc. Upial.
the hct-bt-d again, where they may remain to flower 226. Stalky trailing Milk Vetch^ with fmooth awl-ftonpid
and perfect their feeds, for they v;ill not thrive in the pods bending ijiward, Aftragalus luteus annus Mun-
'

ODcn air.. This fort flowers in ' Ibeliacus crocumbens. Mor. Hift. 2. loS.
J
ripen in September
D d 3. As;*ra
 ^ ,

3". 'Astragalus {Alopecurcides) caulcfcens, fplcls cylin- 15. Astragal-US caulefcens crc6lus Le-
(CarGlinianus)
dricis fubfcnilibLis, calycibus leguminibufquelanatis. vis pedunculis fpicatis kguminibus ovato-cvlindrici^
. Lin. Sp. Plant. 755. Stalky Milk Vetch with cylindrical ftylo acuminatis. Lin. Sp. Plane. 757. Smooth^ up-
fpikes growing clcfe to the ftclks^ and ivooUy pods and em- rigbty ft ally Milk Vctch^ with fpikedftalkSy anii cjal cy-
blements. Aftragalus Alpinus proccridr Alopccuroi- lindrical pods ending in Jbarp points. Aftragali\s proce-
G^*s. Tourn. Inil. 416. "
'

^
rior non rcpcns florc viridi flavefccnte. Hort. Ekh,
4. Astragalus (GVi?r) caulcfcens proftratu^, Ic^uminl- - 45* * ;' -

bus fubglobolis inflatis mucronatis pilofis. Horc. Up- 16. Astragalus (C(3«fjif^'7i) caulefccnsdiftlifus,
Icgu-
fal. 226. Milk Vetch tvith a profirate Jlalky and a glo- minibus fubcylindricis mucronatis foliolis fubtus lub-
bular^ fwellingj hairy pody ending in a point. Aftragalus villofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 757. Milk Vetch with diffufed

luteus perennis filiqua gcmella rotund^ vcficam refe- ftalkSy pointed cylindrical pods^ and the fmall leaves hairy
rente. Mor, Hift. 1. 107. .
-
on their under Jide. Aftragalus Canadenfis florc viridi1
'

5. Astragalus (Epiglottis) caiilefcens procumbehs, le- flavefcente. Tourn. Inft. 416.

guminibus capitaris cordatis acutis reflcxis complica- 17. Astragalus (Pilofus) caulcfcens ercaus pilofus flo-
Lin. Sp. Plant. 759. Milk Fetch with trailing Jialks^
tis. ribus fpicatus leguminibus fubulatis pilofis. Lin. Sp.
fmd pods growing in beads^ which are heart^fljaped^ point- Plant. y^(l Milk Vetch with hairy upright Jlalks^ flowers
edy reflexed^ and complicated, Aftragalus Hifpanicus growing in fpikes^ a)id awUJloapcd hairy pods, Ailraga-
filiqua epiglottidi fimili flore purpureo major. H. L. lus villofus ereftus fpicatus floribus flavcfccntibus.

74' Amman. Ruth, 166. . ; .^.

6. AsTRAGALt's (A^;;/^«/^j) fubacaulos fci^is folio Ion- 1 18. Astragalus {Procumhens) ihcarilis caulibus pro-
leguminibus
gioribus, floribus laxe fpicatis creftis, cumbcntibus fcapis folio asquantibus floribus glome-
ovatis acumine inflexo. Prod. Leyd. 392. Low Milk ratis. Hoary Milk Vetch with trailing ft alks^ fgot-flcdks

Vetch withflower-ftalks longer than the leaves^ and flow- '

tqual with the leaves^ and glomerated flowers. Aftraga-
ers growing in loofe upright fpikes. Onobrychis floribus lus fupinus filiquis villofis glomeratis. Tourn. Lift.
vicias majoribus ca;ruleo-purpurafcentibus five foliis R. H. 417 i

tragacanthae. C; B. P. 351. ^ *
19. Astragalus {tnednus) caulcfcens iriCanus, legumi-
7. Astragalus (S/r//cKj) caulefccns procumbens, fpicis nibus fubulatis recurvatis incanis. Hoa^y ftalky Milk
pedunculatis, leguminibus prifmaticis reftis triquetris .- Vetcht with awl-ftjaped recurved pods which are hoa/y.
apice uncinatis; Hort. Cliff, 225, Milk Vetch with ^
y Aftragalus incanus filiqua recurva* Boc. Monfp.
trailing ftalks, fpikes of flowers with foot-Jlalks, and up- 20. Astragalus (Capitatus) caulefcens capitulis globo-
ight triangular pods fhaped like B prifm pointed at the .
fis, pedunculis longiflimis, foliolis emarginatis. Hort.

top. Aftragalus arinuus rharitimus procumbens lati- ,

-^Cliffl 360. Stalky Mlk Vetch with globular hcads^
folius floribus pediculo infidentibus. Tourn. Inft.; .. :very long foot flalks^ and the fmall leaves crenated at their
-
points. Aftragalus Orientalis villofifllmus capitulis ro-
» *

•416. > ' . p

.
f

8. A%TK \G ALV^ [Areharlus) fubcaulefcens procumbens -, tundioribus floribus purpureis* Tourn. Cor. 29.
floribus fubracemofiS ereftis foliis tomentofis. Lin. I 2 1. Astragalus (Chinees) caulefcens procumbens,
Sp. Plant. 759. Low trailing Milk Vetch with branch- capitulis pedunculatis, leguminibus prifinaticis reftis
ing flowers growing erecly and woolly leaves. Aftragalus triquetris apice fubulatis. MilkVetch with trailing ftalks;
incanus parvus purpurcus noftras. Pluk. Aim. 59* the foot'ftalks terminated by flowers colleSed in heads,

9. Astragalus (Phyfodes) acaulos fcapis folia sequanti- and three-cornered pods fhaped like prifms. '
- , .

bus leguminibus inflatis fubglobofis nudis. Lin. Sp. 22. Astragalus (Uncatus) acaulis exfcapus, legumini-
Plant. 760. Low Milk Vetch with flower-ftalks as long bus fubulatis hamatis folio longioribus, foliolis ob-
. as the leaves^ ayid naked^ globular y fwelling pods. ' Aftra- •Tcordatis. Lin. Sp. 1072. Milk Vetch without ftalks.,
galus acaulos leguminibus inflatis fubglobofis. Aihce- awl'fljaped hooked pods kngertban the leaves, and the fmall
nit. Acad. leaves almoft heart-fkaped. '

10. Astragalus (Cbriflianus) caulefcens crectus flori- The firft fort grows wild upon cKalky ground in
bus glomeratis fubfeflilibus ex omnibus axillis folia- many parts of England, fo is not often admitted into
ceis. Lin. Sp. 755. MilkVetch with upright ftalksj and gardens. The root of this is perennial, but the ftalks
glomerated flowers growing clofe to them^ proceeding from decay every autumn : it creeps at the root, fo that it

all the wings of the leaves. Aftragalus Orientalis max- istoo apt to fpread where it is fuflxTcd to grow. Ic

imus incanus crcftus, caule ab imo ad fummum flo- flowers in Tune* and the feeds ripen in Scp-
rido. Tourn. Cor. 29, tember.
'ir. Astragalus {^gyptiacus) caulefcens fcapis folio The fecond fort is annual ; the branches of this trail
longioribus floribus laxe fpicatis ereftis, leguminibus upon the ground, which are ftriated the leaves are ;

arcuatis. Stalky Milk Vetch with flczver-ftalks longer winged, compofed of about eight pair of lobes, ter-
than the leaves^ upright flozvers growing in loofe fpikes minated by an odd one j thefe are crenated at their
and arched pods. Aftragalus jEgyptius floribus fpica- points. The foot-ftalks of the flowers arifc from the
tis purpurafcentibus filiquis incurvis. Juff. .
'Wini^s of the leaves, which are about three inches lona,

ir2. Astragalus {Sefametis) caulefcens diftufus capitu- garnifiied toward the top with a few pale yellow
lis leguminibus eredtis fubula-
fubfeflilibus lateralibus flowers rifing one above another thefe are rucceedcd •,

tis acumine reflexis. Hort. Clift". 361. Milk Vetch with by oblong pods, which bend in form of a fickle, be-
diffufed ftalksy flower-heads growing clofe to the fides of ing round on their outer fide, but flatted on the op-
the flalks^ and awl-fhaped upigbt pods reflexed at their pofite, ending in a point, opening in two cells, each
points. Aftragalus annuus foliis &
filiquis hirfutis having a row of fquare feeds. It flowers in June, and
plurimis in foliorum alis feflHibus, Pluk. Aim. 60. the feeds ripen in September, The ktds of this
13. Astragalus [Galegiformis) caulcfcens ftridtus gla- ftiould be fown in April, in the place where they are
bcr, floribus racemofis pendulis, leguminibus trique- to remain, and require no other care but to draw the
tris utrinque mucronatis. Lin. Sp. 1066. Milk Vetch plants out where they come up too thick, lea-.'ing
'
with fmocth flcnder flatksy hanging branching flowers^ and them a foot and a half afunder, and keep them clean
three-cornered pointed pods. Aftragalus Orientalis altif- from weeds.
fimus folio galegje flore parvo flavefcente. Tourn. The third fort is a biennial plant, \^'hich grows natu-
Cor. 29. rally on the Alps. This nfes with an upright hairy
14 Astragalus {Uralajfis) acaulos fcapo credo foliis
. ftalk near three feet higli, gamiflacd with long winged
longiore leguminibus fubulatis inflatis villofis crec- leaves, each having eighteen or twenty pair of o\\:l
tis. Hort. Upfal. 226. Low Milk Vetch^ with upright lobes, terminated bv an odd one. The flowers are
fcot-ftalks to the flowers longer than the leaves^ and awl- produced in large cylindrical fpikes from the wings
flmpedy upright y fwoln^ haiiypods. Aftragalus non ra- ,
pf the leaves, fitting very clofe to the ftalks, wluch
mofus villofus &
incanus fpicatus floribus purpuro-vi- are entirely covered with down, out of which the yel-
olaceis. Amman. Ruth. 167. p. 126. . . . ;* low flowers juft peep \ thefe are fucceeded by oval
+

2 ods
P
 A I
A
pods Hiut up woolly empalements, having two
in the This may be treated In the fame manner as the
cells, containing three or four Iquare feeds in each. fecond.
It flowers in June and July, and the feeds ripen in I The eighth fort is 'a perennial plant, which gro//s
autumn, foon after which the plajits decay. The naturally upon of En f^Iand, par-
IiilK in leveral parts
^'
feeds of this fliould be fown in April, on an open [
ticularly in the North. This is a low plant, feldom
'
'

border, where the plants are defigned to remain ; riflng more dian tv/o or three inches liigh, havina
and when the plants come up, they Ihould be thin- many winged leaves compofed of narrow woolly lobes^
ned, leaving them at leaft two feet afunder, and keep placed clofe on the mich-ib the flowers are pretty
•,

them from weeds ; the fecond year they will

clean large, of a purple colour, growing in loofe fpikes. It
flower, and produce feeds. and the feeds ripen in Auguft. This
flowers in June,
The fourth fort hath a perennial root, which fends may be propagated as the fourth fort, and fliould hav
out feveral ftriated ftalks near three feet high, which, a ftiadv fituation. '

if not fupported, proftrate thcmfelves towards the Tlie ninth fort hath a perennial creeping root, fend-
earth. Thefe are garnifhed with winged leaves placed ing out leaves, which are compofed of many pair of
alternately, at two inches diftancc, which are com- oval lobes, terminated by an odd one the flower- -,

pofed of about ten pair of oval fmall lobes, termi- ftalks arc as lon*g as the leaves, which fupport a cy-
nated by an odd one. The flowers arife from the lindrical fpike of yellow flowers, which are fucceeded
wings of the leaves, upon foot-fl:alks two inches long, by fwoUen pods, opening in two cells, containing fe-
in linall loofe fpikes, which are yellow, and fhaped veral greenilli feeds. This may be propagated as the
like the reft or this genus, and are fuccccded by fourth fort, and muft have a ftiady lituation. It flow-
hairy, globular, fwelling pods, ending with a fiiarp ers in June, and grows naturally in Siberia.
U)int, opening in two cells, in each of which arc The tenth fort was dif(;overed by Dr. Tournefort in
contained two or three hard reddilh feeds. It flowers the Levant, who fenc the feeds to the royal garden at
in July, and the feeds ripen in autumn. This grows Paris, where they fucceeded, from whence I was fur-
naturally in the fouth of France and Italy. It is eafily niflied with them. This fends up ftalks near th
propagated by feeds, which fliould be fown upon an feet high, v/hich are large at bottom, and gradually
open border in the fpring and when the plants come
-, diniinifla to the top ; the leaves alfo at bottom are
up, they muft be thinned and kept clean from weeds very long, and diminifli upward, fo as to form a fort
till autumn, when they fliould be tranfplanted to the of pyramid thefe are v/inged, and compofed of
i

place where they are to remain, and will afterward many large oval pair of lobes, which are placed thin-
require no other culture, but to keep them clean from ly on the midrib, and terminated by an odd one
;

weeds. One or two of thefe plants in a garden by the flowery come out in clufters from the wings d(
way of variety, may be admitted, but they have lit- each leaf, beginning near the root where the
tle beauty. foot-ftalks are the loneeft, and continuing up.
The fifth fort This fends out from the
is annual. ward, diminifliinor m tneir number. Thefe are
root two or three hairy trailing branches, which are large, of a briffht yellow colour, and are fuc-
garniflied with winged leaves, compofed of ten or r Ceeded by cylindrical pods opening in two cells,
twelve pair of blunt lobes, terminated by an odd .filledwith fquare yellow feeds. It flowers in July,
one the flowers come out from the wings of the
: and in very favourable feafons will perfeft feeds in
leaves upon naked foot-ftalks, four or five inches England. It is propagated by feeds, which ftiould
long, and arc gathered into a round head thefe are •, be fown, and the plants afterward treated as hath
fliapcd like the others, but are pretty large, and of a been directed for the fourth fort ; with this diffe-
deep purple colour, which are fucceeded by Ihort rence only, to plant them in a warm border and a dry
pods rough on their outfides, and when opened, are foil, otherwife the plants will not thrive well in this

fhaped like a heart, ending in afliarp point, contain- climate. The- third year from feed the plants will
ing three or four feeds. . flower, and continue many years in a proper foil.
l^he feeds of this fliould be fown on an open border The eleventh fort grows naturally in Egypt, from
in April, where the plants are to remain, and treated :
whence the feeds were fent to the royal garden at Pa-
as the other annual forts bctore-mentioned. It flowers ris, and Dr. Juflleu was fo good as to fend me part

in July, and the feeds ripen in autumn. It grows na- , of the feeds; this is an annual plant, which rifes
turally in Spain and Portugal, from v/hence I have wicri upright ftalks a foot and a half high, thinly gar-
received the feeds. niflied v/ith winged leaves, compofed of about twelve
Th<f fixch fort is a perennial plant, which grows na- pair of oval lobes, terminated by an odd one ; the
turally upon the mountains in Spain, from whence I foot-ftalks of the flowers arife from the wings of the
received it. This is a low plant, feldom riflng with leaves, and are extended beyond them ; thefe are ter-
a more than^threc inches high, fending out
fl:em minated by loofe fpikes of yellow flowers, which
v/inged leu-ves on every fide, which are compofed of fucceeded by fickle-lliapcd pods. It flowers in July,
many of narrow lobes, fet very clofe together
pairs and the feeds ripen inautumn, foon after which the
on the midrib, terminated by an odd one. The plants decay. It may be propagated by feeds in the
flowers grow upon lung foot-ftalks, which rife above fame manner been before diredled for the an-
as hath
tlie leaves j thefe are large and of a purj^le colour, nual forts, putting the feeds in a warm border and a
growing in a loofe fpike, and ftandered, and are fuc- dry ioil, where the plants will perfedl their feeds very
led by oblong crooked pods opening in two cells, well.
filled with fquarc feeds. It flowers in June, and the The' tv/elfth grows naturally in Italy, and the
fort
feeds ripen in Auguft. This is propagated by feeds, fouth of France, from whence I received the feeds.
which Ihould be fown, and the plants treated in the This is an annual plant, which fends out feveral weak
Jf'ime manner as the fourth fort, but fliould have a" ftalks without any order, garninicd with winged
{ludy fituation and a ftrongerfoil. leaves, compofed of ten or twelve pair of lobes, and
The feventh fore is annual. This fends out feveral fometimes terminated by an odd one thefe are hairy ;
^

trailing branches near two feet long, which are gar- at the foot-ftalks of the leaves the flowers come out

nifned with winged leaves, compofed of about ten of the ftalks,

in fmall clufters, fitting clofe to the fide;,

pair of blunt lobes, fet thinly on the midrib, termi- which are of a copper cokrar, and are fucceeded hv
rvited by an odd one: at thev/ing of each leaf conies awl-fliaped pointed pods growing erecft, and reflect-
gut a foot-ftaik near two inches lonp;, fuftaining four ed at their points. This is propagated by feeds in
pr five yellow flowers at the top, which are fucceeded the fame manner as the other annual forts before men-
by triangular brown pods, fliaped hke a prifm, grow- tioned i it flowers in July, and the feeds are ripe in
ing ereft, and open in tv/o cells filled with greenifli autumn.
fquare feeds. It flowers in July, and the feeds ripen The was dif:overed by Dr. Tournefcrt,
thirteenth fort

ia autumn, foon after which the plants decay.] i;) the Levant, who feni the feeds :o the royal garden
at
 1

-1

at Paris, where they fucceeded, and produced new two feet liigh, garniflied with winged leaves, con>
feeds, fo that many of the European gardens have been pofedof many pair of oval woolly lubes, terminated
fince fupplied with it this hath a perennial root,
-, : by an odd one; from the wings of the leaves arife
•which fends out many upright ftalks upward of five - the foot-ftalks, which are terminated by clofe fpikes
'
feet high, which are garniihed with winged leaves, of yellow flowers thefe are fucceeded by hairy awl-
-,

compofed of about fourteen pair of oval lobes, termi- :

fliaped pods, having two cells, filled with brown feeds.
nated by an odd one ; from the wings of the leaves This flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
the foot-ftalks of the flowers arife, which are garniih- . It grows naturally in Siberia, from whence the feeds

ed with fmall yellow flowers, growing in loofelpikes, v/erefent to Dr. Amman,

Peterfourgh, who com- at
. ahd are extended beyond the leaves ; thefe are fuc- municated them to me. It is a perennial plant, and
'.
ceeded by very fhort triangular pods, ending in a ,
propagated by feeds in the fame manner as the fourdi
point, which open in two cells, filled with Alh-co- fort. -' •
..
':

loured fquare feeds; u- This flowers in June or July, The eighteenth fort
a biennial plant the feeds of is :

and the feeds ripen in autumn; It is propagated by

'
this were fent me from Spain, where the plant grows
feeds, which may be fown' in the fpring, upon a naturally. This fends out many trailing ftalks, wliich
border of light earth, and treated in the fame man- are divided into many fmaller branches, garniflied
ner as the fourth fort, till the following autumn, with many pair of narrow lobes, terminated by an
when the plants Ihould be removed to an open fitu- -
odd one the flowers are collefted into heads, which
;

ation and a dry foil, and when they have taken root, terminate the foot-ftalks,- and are' white ; the foot-
, will require no farther culture. I have a root of about the fame length as the leaves ; the
. ftalks are
this fort growing in the Chelfea garden, which is :^.pods are fliort and triangular, and the whole plant is
'

more than thirty years old, and produces plenty of 'J,- covered with a filvery down. The feeds of this fliould
feeds every year. - . ,;;Mri?<. •.-',;.' .^v.^*-
<. ; ' -
•
be fown upon an open bed of light earth, where the
:

The fourteenth fort grows naturally upon the moun- plants are to remain^ and the plants afterward treated
r-\

tains in Germany ; this never rifes with a flalk, but in the manner directed for the annual forts
-, the fe- :

fends cut divers winged leaves froni'the root, which .. Gond year they will flower and perfeft their feed^,
'
are compofed of many blunt lobes, placed by pairs, after which they feldom continue. /. :

•
; and terminated by an odd one ; the foot-ftalks of the The ninteenth Ibrt grows upon the hills near Verona,
immediately from the root, and are
flowers arife from y/hence I received it. This fends up an up-
^

-longer than the leaves, being "terminated by fpikes :; right ftalk, feldom more than fix inches high, gar-
of blue flowers, "which are fucceeded by fwelling awl- :. niihed with fmall, v/inged, hoary leaves ; the foot-
.'
Ihaped pods, which areereft and hairy, having two ( 'ftalks arife from the wings of the leaves, fupport-
.-.cells which are filled with greenilh feeds; It flowers : ing three or four pale flowers, which are fucceed-
in July, and the feeds ripen in aijtumn.
:- The root is ed by fickle-ftiaped hoary pods. This is a biennial
t- abiding, and the plant is propagated by feeds as the ...i plant, and ftiould be treated in the fame, manner" as
-: fourth fort, butfhouldhave an openfituation.
'
:*. the laft. -. ' -* * 1

r-: The fifteenth fort grows naturally in Carolina, from f The twentieth fort was difcovered by Dr. Tournefort
'/whence I received the feeds; this hath a perennial in the Levant, who fent the feeds to the royal garden
:. root, but an annual ftalk, which decays in autumn ; at Paris. .This hath a perennial root, which fends up
-
from the root arife feveral upright ftalks three feet feveral ercft ftalks, garniftied with winged leaves,
high, garniflied with winged leaves, compofed of compofed of feveral pair of lobes, indented at the
eighteen or twenty pair of oval fmooth lobes, termi- k ( top from the wings of the
; leaves come out long
nated by an odd one from the wings of the leaves
; foot-ftalks, fupporting a globular head of purple
arife the foot-ftalks, which are terminated by fpikes flowers i thefe are rarely fucceeded by pods in Eng-
. of greenifli yellow flowers, which arc fucceeded by land. It flowers propagated the end of July. It is

oval cylindrical pods, to which adhere the ftyle, by feeds, wliich fliould be fown upon a moderate
•
which extends beyond the pods in a point. This J hot-bed in the fpring, and the plants treated in the
flowers in Auguft, but unlefs the feafon is warm, the 1 ,*
fame manner as hath bc'cn directed for the fifteenth
plants feldom ripen their feeds England. Tt is in fort. ; ;

propagated by feeds, which ftiould be fown upon a , i

The grows naturally in China the
twenty-firft fort :

.
moderate hot-bed in the fpring ; and when the plants plant is annual the ftalks fpread on the furface of
•,

are fit to remove, they Ihould be each planted in a the ground, which are clofely garniflied with winged
, fmall pot filled with earth from the kitchen-garden, leaves, compofed of eight or ten pair of oval fmooth
and plunged again into the hot-bed, to forward their lobes, fitting clofe to the midrib ; thefe are flightly
making new roots ; and when they are eftablifhed in indented at their end: The foot-ftalks of the flowers
the pots, they muft be^inured to the open air, into are produced from the wings o^ the ftalk, two of them
which they fhould be removed the end of May, pla- generally arifing at each place, and are equal to the
cing them in a Iheltered fituation, where they may re- leaves in length, fupporting a globular head of pur-
main till Oftober, when they fliould be placed under ple flowers, which are fucceeded by three-cornered
a common frame to ftielter them in winter; and in pods growing ereft in* a compaft head, opening in
the fpring they may be turned out of the pots, and two cells, filled with fmall triangular feeds. This
planted in a warm border, where they will thrive and pi J
flower ; and if the winter proves very fevere, a little in autumn.
old tan fiiould be laid over the roots, which will ef- The feeds of this fort ftiould be fown upon a hot-bed
'

fe£tually preferve them. = - ; in March, and when the plants come up and are fit to
The fixteenth fort grows naturally in moft parts of tranfplant, they ftiould be each put into a fmall pot
North America ; hath a perennial root, which
this filled with light earth, and plunged into another mo-
fends out many irregular ftalks about two feet high, derate hot-bed, being careful to lliade them from the
garniflied with winged compofed of many
leaves, fun until they have taken new root ; after which. they
pair of oval lobes, hairy on their under fide from ; fliould have free air admitted to them daily, propor-
the wings of the leaves come out the foot-ftalks, fup- tional to the warmth of the feafon, and frequently but
porting fpikes of greenifli yellow flowers, which are gently watered, with wliich management the plants
fucceeded by cyhndrical pods, ending in a point. will flower and produce feeds.
This flowers in July, and the feeds ripen the begin- The twenty-fccond fort grows naturally about Alep-
ning of Oftober. It is propagated by feeds, which po, from whence the feeds were brought by Dr. Ruf-
ftiould be managed as thofe of the fifteenth fort, but fel. The plant is annual, fending out a few branch-
the plants are hardier, fo will live thro' the winter ing ftalks which trail upon the ground, garniflied v;ith
in a common bed of light earth Without covering. narrov/ winged leaves, whoftj lobes are broader at
The feyenteenth fort rifes with upright hairy ftalks their points than their bafe, and are indented fo as
to .
 . ;

A A
tobecome almofl heart-Hiapcd the flowers ar^ pro- \ be fown in autumn, foon after they are r:pe, on
a
duced at the wings of the ftalks in lliort loofefpikes, fhady border ; and, when the plants are come up,
they are ahiiofl white, and are fucceeded by fickle- they ftiould be carefully weeded, and v/here they are
fnaped pods, having two cells filled with fquare brown too clofe, fome of the plants fliould be drawn out, to
feeds. J allow room for others to grow, until Michaelmas,
feeds ripen in autumn. when they ftiould be tranfpianted where they are to
This propagated by feeds, which fliould be fown
is remain \ which ftiould always be in a moiftfoil and
in the fpnng upon an open bed of light earth, and a fliady fituatipn. The
diftance thefe plants ftiould
'

the plants treated afterward in the fame manner as be placed, is three feet, for their roots will fpread to
hath been direfted for the' annual forts before-men- a confiderablc w^idth, if they are permitted to remain
tioned.
-I

long in the fame place. They require no other cul-

\.NTIA, Maflerwort. ture but to keep them clear from Weeds, and every
The Charactjers are. third or fourth year to be taken up at Mich :elmas,
It a plant whofe flcj^ers groiv in an nntbel^ the gene-
is and their roots parted and planted again. Thefe plants
ral mubel is ccrnpofed of four or five fin all ones. The in- are feldom_ preferved
but in botanic gardens, there
volucrum of the general umbel is in_ one fpecies compofed of
•
being no great beauty in their flowers. They all
two large trifid leaves^ and tzvo entire. In another fpecies ^rov/ naturally upon the xllps.
of feveral fin all leaves : the involucrum of the fmall um- ATHAMANTA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 301'. Meum.
bel is ccrnpofed of many finall pointed leaves^ which are Tourn. Inft, R. H. 312. Spignel.
longer than the umbels^ coloured and fpread open. The The Characters are,
empalement of the fiovoer is per7nanent^ ereoi^ and cut into // is a plant with an umbel!a ted flower j the general urn-
fivefijort acute figments the fozver is compofed of five
-^
belfpreads open^ and is compofied of many finall ones \ the
bifi J involucrum ofi the great limb el is compofied of many narrow
five fiawina the length of the petals^ cro-ivned by ftngk .
leaves^ which are floor tcr than the rays \ thofe ofi the fimall
fumniits ; the oblong germcn is fituated below the recepta- ones are narroit the fli
cle^fupporting two Jlcnder fiyl'S, crowned by fprcading of the great umbel are uniform ; thofe ofi'the fimallerhavt
fiigrm ; the germcn aftei'Wdrd becomes an oval^ blunt^ five infle^ed hcart-floapcd petals^ which are a little unequal \

channelled fruity divided into two parts ^ having two ob- each flower hath five fiu'nder flajnina.,- tvhich are the of
long oval feeds inclofied in the cover. •
*
fiame length with the petals, and crowned hy rounJiflj
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feftion fi the germcn is fit iceptacle^
of I.inna;us's fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria Digynia, fiupportingtwo r'flexed ftyles., crowned by cbtufie ft
the llower having five ftamina and twoftyles. the germen afiterivard becomes an oblong channelledyruity
TheSp£CI£s are, divided into two parts, each containing one oval channelled
, AsTRANTiA {Major) foliis radicalibus quinquek feed^ I
J

ferratis, cavflinis trilobatis acutis. Maflerwort

rt with This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feflion
five fawed and thofe
lobes., of Linnseus's fifth clafs of plants, entitled Pentan-
ftalks Aftrantia major dria Digynia,^ the fiov/ers having five ftamina and two
m.*

corona floris purpurafcentc. Inft. R. H. 314. ftyles. -^

2. AsTRAisTTiA {Candida) foliis quinquelobatis lobis tri- ,

•The Species are,* - '^ - '

partitis. Ilaller. Helv. 439. Majler 1. Athamanta (M^//?7?) foliolis capillaribus, femini-
A
having five tripartite lobes. Aftranti a bus glabris Hort. 07. Sdimel with hair-
7*77
ftriatis.
T
Cliff.
y*^^0
floris Candida. Tourn. Inft. 314. like leaves, and fincotb channelled feeds. iVIcum foliis

3. AsTRAXTiA {Minor) foliis digitatls ferratis. Lin. Sp. Anethi. C. B. P.- 14S. commonly called Spignel
M4 e>
2. Athamanta {Gretenfts) foliolis linearibus planis hir-

f^ futis, petalis bipartitis, fcminibus oblongis liirfutis.

a 86 ^*. Lin. Mat. Med. 143. Spignel with plain hairy leaves.,
The nrft fort hath many fpreading leaves rifing from petals divided into two parts, and oblong hairy ficecls. Dau-
the root, which are compofed of five large lobes, cus Creticus foliis funiculi tenuiffimis. C. B. P.
fawed pretty deep on their edges from between thefe
; 3. Athamanta {Sicula) foliis inferioribus nitidis, um-
the ftalks arife near two feet high, having at each bellis primordialibus fubfcfTiIibus, feminibus pilofis.
,
joint one leaf deeply cut into three fliarp-pointcd i. -to •hfi
iobes \ top of the ftalk is produced the umbel
at the firft fitting clofii Daucus fe-
of flowers, at the bottom of v/hich is fituated the ge- cundus ficulis fophia^ folio. Zan. Hift. So.
neral involucrum, compofed of two long trifid leaves, 4 Athamanta {Orcofielinum) foliolis divaricatis. Flor.
and two entire ones of the fame length. The fmall Suec. 249. Athamanta with divaricated leaves. Apium
umbels ftand upon long foot-ftalks or rays, under montanum folio ampliore. C, B. P. 153.
v/hich is placed the involucrum, compofed of many 5. Athamanta {Ccrvaria)
pinnatis decuftatis, foliolis
fpcar-Aiapcd pointed leaves, v/hich extend beyond incifo-angulatis, feminibus nudis. Lin. Sp. 352" J-
the rays, and are of a purplifti colour. fie 'V angularly
s^

The fecond fort hath much the appearance of the cut. and naked fieeds, •
Daucus miontanus Apii folio
firft, fo has been fuppofed to be only a variety of it major. C. B. P. 150.
but it ditfcrs froni that in having 'iw^ lobes to the The firft fort is the common Spignel ufed in medi-
leaves of the ftalks, which are much fliorter, and cine. ^- This grows naturally in Weftmoreland, and
rounder at the point than thofe of the other. The by^ the inhabitants there is called Bald-Money,' or
. general involucrum of the umbel
compofed of is Bawd-Money-, by fome it is called Meu. This is a
fhort narrow leaves, and thofe of the fmaller umbels perennial plant the ftalks rife a foot and a half high,
-,

' are ftiorter and v/hite. and are channelled ; the leaves are very ramofe, and
Tlie third fort feldom rifcs a foot high \ the foot- compofed pf many fine Iiair-like leaves fct pretty clofe,
ftalks of the leaves are four inches long \ the leaves of a deep green ; the ftalk is terminated by an umbel
are divided into eight fcgments at the bottom, and of white flowers, which are fucceeded by oblong
fpread out like a hand thefe are deeply fawed on
•, fmooth feeds.
•
their edrxs : the involucrum of the general umbel is This may be propagated by parting the roots at
-
compofed of feveral very narrow leaves ; tJie foot- Michaelmas, or from ieeds fown foon after tliey are
ftalks of the feparate umbels are very large and flen- ripe; the plants'ftiould have a ftiady fituation and
. der, and tov/ard the top often divide into three, each moift foil. It flowers in J feeds ripen in
having a fmall umbel. The involucrums of thefe Auguft.
fmall umbels are fliortand v/hite. The fecond fort of which
is the Daucus Creticus,
Hiefe plants are very hardy; they may be propa- there are two forts, whofe feeds are indifferently ufed
•
gated eith^er by fowing their feeds, or parting their in the fliops, one of which is annual, but that here
roots. If they are propagated from f^^eds, they llaould mentioned is a perennial plant, which fends out many
E e ftalks,
 ,

I
\

A V
H A H
|talks, gamifhed with flender narrow leaves like thofe .feriorlbus linearibus dentatis, fuperioribus ovatis fcr-

of Fennel, irregvilarly difpofed. . The fiower-ftalk ratis. Lin. Sp. 1181. Athanafta ivith a ccmpcund
rifesabout two feet high, fending out many branches, corymhuSy the lower leaves linearand indented^ the
garniHied the whole length with the fame compound upper cval and fa'-jued. Coma aurea Africana frutef-
capillary leaves, and at the top are terminated by cens, foliis inferioribus incifis^ fuperioribus dentatis.
compound umbels, compofed of near twenty fmall Com. Rar. PI. 41.
ones ; thefe have white flowers with five petals, which 2. Athanasia (7V//i^rri2/(3) corymbis fimplicibus, foliis
are fucceeded by oblopg, hairy, channelled fruit, di- trilobis cuneiformibus. Lin. Sp. ii8i, Athanafui-juitb
vided into two parts, each containing one oblong a fmgle corymbus^ and wedge-Jhaped leaves viith three
naiiy feed. . # * * s - 4 r * lobes. Qom^i aurea Africana fruticans, foliis glaucis
This fort is propagated by feeds, which {hould be & in extremitate trifidis. Hort.Amft. 2. p. 97.

fown in autumn on an open bed of light dry ground ; 3. Athanasia {CrithmifoUa) corymbis fi'mplicibus, fo-
and v/hen the plants come up in the fpring,they fhould liis femitrifidis linearibus, Liu. Sp. 1181. Athanafia
be kept cle^n from weeds, and thinned where they with afmpk corymbus^ and linear femitrifid leaves. Co-
are too dole, fo that they may have room to grow ma aurea fruticans foliis angufl:iffimis trifidis. Burm.
till the following autumn, when they fliould be care- Afr. 1S6. .- . -

fully taken up, and planted at about a foot diftance 4. Athanasia {Puhefcens) corymbus fimplicibus, foliis
in a bed of light fandy earth, where the ./opts will lanceolatis indivifis viilofis. Amcen. Acad. 4. p.
329.
continue feveral years, and annually flower and pro- Athanqfia ivith aftmple corymbus.^ and fpsar-J/japedy un-
duce ripe feeds. It flowers in June, and the feeds ;. divided, hairy leaves. Coma aurea Africana fruticufii
are ripe in September. This grows naturally in Can- omnium maxima, foliis tomentofis Incanis. Hurt, &
dia, but Is rarely injured by cold in thL5 country. .
>
.
.. Amft..2. p. 93. .

The thii'd fort is a perennial plant 3 this fends up 5. Athanasia (Annua) corj'mbus fimplicibus coartfba-
from the root feveral upright ftalks, near three feet tis, foliis pinnatifidis denutis. Lin. Sp. 11 82. Atha-
high, which are terminated by compound umbels ,
7iaJIa with afimple and winged indented leaves.
coryrr.hus.,

thefe, at their appearance, arc very clofe and firft Elichryfum inodorum glabrum, coronopi folio da-
compa6t, but aftersvard fprcad open, and divide into brum. Magn, Montp. 307.
feveral fmaller umbels ; the foot-flialks or rays of 6. Athanasia {Maritime) pedunculis fubco- unifloris
thefe are Ihort and hairy. . The compofed
flowers are r)'mbofis, fohis lanceolatis indivifis crenatis obtu-
of white petals, which are
five not quite equal, and fis tomentofis. Lin. Sp. 11 82. Athanafta with fmgle
are fucceeded by objong woplly fruit, divided in- flowe)'s en each foot-fialk formed like a corjmlus, oid
to two parts, each containing one oblong channelled fpear-flpaptd, obtuft Gnaphalium mari-
ieed, .^..y:-- '.-^- <
•"..
,
timum. C. B. P. 263.
This may be propagated m the fame manner as the he Cape of Good
. former, and is equally hardy ; it grows naturally in Hope this hath a low, flirubby, branching ftalk,
:

jSicily, and fome parts of Italy. •_ which feldom rifes three feet liigh ; the branches are
, The fourth fort is a perennial plant, which growsr na- garniflied with two forts of leaves^ thofe toward the
turally in fome particular parts of England, France, bottom are linear, and indented, but the upper are
and Germany ; the leaves of this are linear, and oval and fawed on their edges the flowers are dif-:

acutely cut into oblong fegments j the ftalks rife two pofed in a compound coiymbus at the end of the
feet high, dividing toward the top into three or four brandies ; they are of a pale yellow, and appear early
branches, each being terminated by an umbel of in fummer, and if the feufon proves favourable, will
white flowers, which are fucceeded by oblong ftriated be fucceeded by ripe feeds in autumn.
feeds. It flowers in July, and the feed? ripen in The fecond fort is a native of the Cape of Good
autumn. , ' ,
- 1,

i
A
'. I

f-
r. L^ - I Hope this rifes with a Ihrubby ftalk five or fix icct
:

The fifth fort grows naturally in the foutli of France, high, dividing into many irregular branches, g.ir-
and in Auftria this hath a perennial root ; the ftalks: nifhed with glaucous leaves cut at their extremity
flat

rife three feet high, garnifhed with winged leaves, into three fegments j thefe have an agi'ccable odour
wliich are cut into angular feg-ments ; they are ter- when bruifcd. The flowers are produced in a fini-
minated by umbels of white flowers, which are fuc- ple corymbus at the extremity of the branches they •,

ceeded by naked feeds. This flowers in July, and are of a bright yellow colour, and appear in Auguit,
the feeds ripen in autumn, but are feldom fucceeded by ripe feeds England. in
Thefe two forts are feldom admitted into any gar- The third fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
dens but thofe of botanifts, for the fake of variety, Hope: this hath a flirubby branching ftalk like, the
being plants of little beauty or ufe. They are pro- former; the leaves are linear, and divided more than
pagated by feeds, which lliould be fown in autumn half their length, fome into three, and others into
foon after they are ripe, and the plants will appear five narrow fegments the flowers are produced at
:

the following fpring, when they will require no other the extremity of the branches in a fiinple corymbus,
care but to thin them where they are too clofe, and like thofe of the former fort in fhape and colour, of
keep them clean from weeds. The fecond fummer which there is a fuccefiion on the fame plant frrcat:
they will flower and produce ripe feeds, but the roots part of fummer ; but unlefs the fcafon is warm, \he/
will abide feveral years where they are defired. are rarely fucceeded by ripe feeds in England.
ATHANASIA. Lin. Gen. 943. Baccharis. Vaill. Aft. The fourth fort rifes with a flirubby ftalk fix or fcvca
Gall. 17 19. Goldylocks. feet high*, the branches are garnifned with hairy,
The Characters are. fpear-fliaped, entire leaves ; the flowers are ycllovv',

The empalement is imbricated, oval, ,

and the fcales are and produced in a fimple corymbus at the extremity
fpear-Jhaped \ of the compound kind; the
'the flower is of the branches, but are not fucceeded by good feeds
florets are uniform and longer than the corolla \ the her- in England.
maphrodite florets are funnel-Jhapedj cut into flve'feg- Thefcfour forts arecafilypropagatedbycuttingsduring
which are ere^l ; they have each five floort hair-like
snentSy the fummer months. If thefe are planted cidier in pots
flamina, with cylindrical tubulofe fummits, and an oblong or upon an old hot-bed, and ciuicly covered witli
germen with a fl.endcrftyle, terminated by an obtufe bifid glafics,fliading them in the heat of the day, and rcfreDi-
'

Jligma \ each floret has an oblong feed with a chaffy down ing them with water when they require it, they v/iil
between them. put out roots in five or fix weeks and in two mondis ;

This genus of plants is ranged of

in the firft order they may be taken up and planted in pots filled
Linna^us's nineteenth clafs, entitled SyngenefiaPoly- with light earth, and placed in a fliadyTituation un-
gamia -^qualis ; the florets of this order are all her- til they have taken new root , after which they fliould
maphrodite. be removed to a flickered fituation. mixin'^ then) with
The Species are, other exotic plants, where they may remain till the
I. Athanasia {Bentala) corymbis impofids, foliis in- middle or end of October, according as the feafon
proves
 A R 1
A
proves favourable; then Ihould be removed either "which compofe the rays^ or border^ are ftretched
out en
into a green-houfc, or a glafs cafe, where they may one fide like a tongue^ and are fiightly indented in
five parts.
enjoy as much free air as pofTible, but fecured from Thofe ivhich ccmpofe the dijk^ or middle^ are fiinneUfic^d^
froft, with which management they will thrive and cut at the top into jive parts-, thefe have both
five fiaider
produce plenty of flowers; but where they are drawn fi;amina in each^ 'which are fioprt^ and crc-ivned by cylin-
weak in winter, they will not appear fightly. drical ftwimiis ; in thofe of 'the difk is fttuated a
fhort
The fifth fort is an annual plant, which grows na- crowned germm, fupporting a flcnder fiyle^ crowned by a
turally in Africa. Tliis hath an herbaceous flalk bifid fiigma, The germen afteruoard heccmes a turbinated
about nine inches high, which divides toward the top comprej/ed fecd^ cro-ivned v:ith a plume of down^
fijut up
into three or four branches, garnifhed with fmooth in the empalement.

leaver, divided into fegments like thofe of Bucks- This genus of plants is ranged in the
of flrfl: feftlon
horn Plantain; the flowers are larj^e, of a bright yellov/ Linn^eus's feventeenth clafs, entitled Syngencila Po-
colour, and are produced at the extremity of the lygamia /Equalis, from tlie florets of the border and
branches in a compaA Ample corymbus; thefe ap- dilk being hermaphrodite.
pear in July and Auguft, but are rarely fucceeded The Species are,
by ripe feeds in this country. I. Atractylis {Cancellata) involucris cancellatis ven-
This is propagated by feeds when they can be ob- tricofis, linearibus dentatis calycibus ovatis, floribus

tained good, which fliould be fown on a m.oderate flofculofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 830. Diftaff Thijlle with a
Ihot-bed the latter end of March; when the plants are bellied netted involacrum^ an ovaU indented.^ linear em^
come up they fliould have air in proportion to the palement^ and fiofculous flowers.
Cnicus exiguus capite
warmth of the feafon admitted to them, to prevent cancellato femine tomentofo. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
their drawing up weak; and fo foon as they are big j
2. Atractylis {Humilis) foliis dentato-finuatis, flore
enough to remove they fliould be tranfplanted on j
radiato obvallato involucro patente, caule herbaceo.
another gentle hot-bed, at three inchesdi fl:ance, obfer- j
Lin. Sp. Plant. 829. Diflaff Thiftle tvith fmuated in-
ving to fl:sade them until they have gotfrefli root; after I dented leaves., a radiated flower ftrongly guarded by its
which they mufl: have air and water, and by the end J
fpreading involucrum.^ and an herbaceous flalk. Cnicus
of May, the plants will have acquired fl:rength enough j
aculeatus purpureus humilior. Tourn. Infl:. R. H.
to be tranfplanted into the open air ; when fome may j
451.
be planted in pots to place among other exotic plants 3. Atractylis {Gumrmfera) Lin. Sp. Plant.
flore acaule.
J

in fammcr, and the others into warm borders, where ^%(). I)iftaffThifde with a flower without a ftalhQ^\o:x%
they will flower all the autumn, but unlefs the feafon Carlinas folio acaulos gummifer aculeatus. Tourn.
is very warm, they will not ripen feeds. Cor. 33.
The fixth fort grows naturally on the fea coaflrs in The firil grows naturafly in Spain, Sicily, and
fort
the warm parts of Europe, and alfo in fome parts of other warm parts of Europe. This is an annual plant
Wales, from whence I have received plants, The which feldom riles more than eight or nine inches
ftalks trail on the ground, feldom growing more than high, with a flendcr fl:em, thinly garniflied witli nar-
feven or eight inches long, garnifhed clofely with row hoary leaves," having fpincs on their edges ; at
woolly leaves, which are fpear-fhaped, entire, and ob- the top of the fl:alk there are two or tlaree flender
tufe ; the flowers are of a bright yellow, each pro- branches fent out, each being terminated by a head
duced on a fingle foot-ftalk, forming a kind of co- of flowers, like thofe of the Thillle, with an invo-
rymbus ; they appear in June and July, but rarely lucrum compofcd of fcveral narrow leaves, armed
ripen feeds in the garden. with fpines on their fide, which are longer than the
This may be propagated by planting flips or cuttings head of flowers. The empalement is curioufly netted
during the fummer months, in the fame way as the over, and is narrow at the top, but fwelling below,
African forts ; fome of the plants fhould be put into containing many florets of a purplifli colour. Thefe
pots to be placed under a hot-bed frame in winter, are each fucceeded by a Angle downy feed it flow- ;

the other may be planted in a warm border, where if ers in July, and, if the feafon be warm and dry, it
the winter proves favourable they will live, but they will ripen its feeds in September, but in cold years
rarely furvive cold winters. never perfeds feeds here.
c? It is propagated by feeds, v/hich mufl: be fown upon
Gr. a fphere] is an appendage of the earth, which an open bed of light earth, where the plants are to
of a thin, fluid, elaftic fubfliance, called air,
confifl:s remain, and will require no other care but to keep
furrounding the terraqueous glob^ to a confiderable them clean from weeds, and thin the plants where
height. they come up too clofe together.
The whole mafs, or aflemblage of ambient air, is , The fecond fort with a fl:alk near a foot high,
rifes

commonly underft:ood to be the atmiofphere. which is garniflied with indented leaves, having fmall
But the more accurate writers refl:rain the term at- fpines on their edges ; the upper part of the ILalk is
mofphere to that part of the air which is next to the divided into two or three flender branches, each fup-
earth, which receives the vapours and exhalations, porting a head of purple flowers, having rays in the
and which is terminated by the refraction of the light border, and florets in the difK, inclofed in a fcaly em-
of the fan. palemcnt. l"he roots of this will live two or three
Thofe fpaces that are higher, and beyond thefe, are years ; it flowers in June, but unlefs the fummer is

called a:ther; and, being fuppofed to be poffefl^ed By warm and dry, it will not perfeft feeds in England.
a finer fubftance, are called the i^thereal regions, tho' The feeds of this fort fliould be fown where they are
thefe, perhap?, are not defl:itute of air. to remain, and will require no other culture than the
This atmofphere inflnuates itfelf into all the vacuities former. It grows naturally about Madrid, from
of bodies, and by that means becomes the great whence Ireceived the feeds. ^

fpring of mofi: of the mutations here below, as ge- The third fort grows naturally in Italy, and the iflands
nerat'iou, corruption, diffolution of vegetables, &c. of the Archipelago, and is what the College of Phy-
to the prefiTure of the atmofphere, plants owe their ficians have placed among the medicinal flmples, by
vegetation, as well as animals do their refpiration, the title of Carline Thillle ; the root of this is per-
circulation, and nutrition. ennial, and fends out many narrow leaves, which
ATRACTYLIS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 837. Difl:afi' are deeply finuated, and armed with fpines on their
lliiflle. • edges. Thefe lie clofe on the ground, and betv/ecn
The Characters are, them the flower is fituated, without fl:alk, having
flowery compofed of many
td many florets, inclofed in a prickly empalement. Thofe
'
florets.^ which are included in a common on the border are white, but thofe which compofe the
/- I empalem mt. This haih a permanent invo- diflc are of a yellowifli colour. It flovvers in July, but

:fed off veral narrow plain leaves^ which never perfeds feeds in England.
/ nr fides. The hermaphrodite florets
 ' .

A 9
-

A
It propagated by feeds, which mvifl: be obtained
IS this country. It flowers in June and July. This is

from the countries where it grows naturally \ thefe •

a native of the country about the Cape of Good Hope,
iliould be fown upon a border of light earth, in a from whence it was brought into the gardens in Hol-
warm and when the plants
fituation, early in April, land, and has been feveral years in the Englifli til-
come up, and are fit to tranfplant, they ftiould be dens, where it is allowed a place more for tjie lake
thinned, and thofe which are drawn out may be tranf- of variety, than its beauty. It may be eafily pro-
planted, leaving the other two feet afunder \ after
'
pagated by cuttings any time in the fummer, and in
which the only culture they require is, to keep them v/inter the plants muft be fcreened from froft,
elean from weeds in fummcr, and in winter to cover ATRIPLEX, Orach, or Arach.-
the roots with fome old tanners bark, to prevent die The Characters are, . >, .•

froft from penetrating the ground. and hermaphrodite flowers on the fame
Ji hath female

The fourth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good pla-nt. "fhe hermaphrodite flowers have a permanent 0,1-

Hope ; this rifes with a Hirubby ftalk near three feet palement of five oval concave leaves^ with membranacecus
hip"h, o;arnifhed with oblono; leaves, indented on their borders-, they have no petals^ but five awl-fhaped ftaminay
edges, which have weak fpines at each indenture \
placed oppofitc to the leaves of the empalement^ f<pporti::g
there are fcvcral weak branches fent out on 'the fides, double fimmlts. In the center is placed the orliciikr gcr-
each of which are terminated by a fingle head of men^ with a fhort bipartite ftyle, crowned with a rcficxcd
flowers, inclofed in a common empalement, which ftigma. "The germen afterward becomes an orbicular com-

Ipreads open, and are of a golden colour, but are prcffed fced^ fhut up in the five-cornered empalement. The
never fucceeded by feeds in England/ '-This is pro- female flowers have a two4eaved empalement, which are
pagated by flips, taken from the flower-ftalks in June, . large, plain, ereti, and pointed. They have no petals n:r
and planted in pots fiFied with light earth, arid ' ftamina, but in the center a ccmpreffed germen, fuppcrting
plunged into an old bed of tanners bark, where the a bipartite ftyle, crowned by a reflexcd ftigma. The ga--
heat is gone, and Ihaded with mats 'in the heat of the men afterward becomes an orbicular comprejfed feed, in-
day, until they have taken root ; after which time clofed in the heart-fhaped
valves of the empalement.
they may be expofed in tlie open air till October, This genus of plants is ranged in the firft ictiion of
'
when they mufl be removed into flielter, and, during Linnajus's tv/enty-third clafs, entitled Polygamia Mo-
the winter, fhould have little water, and in fummcr noccia, the fame plants having female and herma-
" phrodite flowers. .
expofed with othet hardy exotic plants in a flickered •.
'

fltuation. - •. -
''"'"' •
;
••- - .The Species are, .; .

ATRAPHAXIS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 405. We have 1. Atriplex caule eredlo herbaceo foliis triangulari-
no name for
Englifli this. ' , .
bus. Hort. Cliff. 469. Orach with an upright herba-
'

The Characters are, '

ceous ftalk, and triangular leaves. Atriplex liortenfis
Thefozver hath a permanent empalement^ compofed of tzvo alba live pallide virens. C. B. P. 119.' .

"
fmall coloured leaves placed oppofite. The fioijoer hath tzvo 2. Atriplex caule fruticofo foliis dekoidibus inteeris.
'
roundfp fmuated petals larger than the empalement^ which Hort. Cliff. 469. Orach with a fhfubby ftalk and en-
•
are permanent \ it hath JIx capillary ftammay which are . tire leaves, floaped like the Greek delta. Atriplex lati-
'-
the length of the empalement^ crowned with roundifj fum- •
folia five Halimus fruticofus. Mor. Hift. p. 2. 207.
'
mts ; in the center isfttuated a ccmpreffed germen^ having commonly called Sea Purflane-tree.- \:' ..'i .

iioftyk^ but crowned by two fiigma\ the germen afterward 3

Atriplex caule fruticofo foliis obovatis. Flor.
'
becomes a roundiflj compreffed feed^ fhut up in the em- Suec. 829. Orach with a fhrubby ftalk and oval leaves.
'
palemcnt, *
Atriplex maritima fruticofa, Halimus Portuhca &
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedlion marina didta angiiftifolia. Raii Syn. .

' of Linn^us^^s fixth clafs, entitled Hexandria Digynia, There are feveral other fpecies of this genus, fome of
the flower haviijg fix fl:amina and two fl:igma. wliich grow
naturally in England, but as they are
The
Species arc, *-
plants of no beauty, they are rarely^ admitted into
I. Atraphaxis ramis fpinofis. Hort. Cliff. igS. Atra- gardens, for which reafon I fl^all not enumerate them
phaxis with prickly branches. Atriplex orientalis^ frutex here. . -

aculeatus flore pulchro. Tourn. Cor. 38. TJie of thefe plants was form.erly cultivated in
firft
7 •

2. Atraphaxis inermis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 333. Jtra- the kitchen-gardens as a culinary herb, being ufed
phaxis withct/t fpines. Arbufcula Africana repens folio as Spinage, and is now, by fome perfons, preierred
ad lateral crilpo, ad Polygona relata. Hort. Elth. to it ; though, in general, it is not efteemed amongft
-
36. -
-_ ^- ' the Englifli ; but the French, at prefent, cultivate
.The firfl: fort Media, from whence
grows naturally in this plant for ufe.
Dr. I'ournefort fent the feeds to the royal garden at There are three or four different forts whofc of this,
Paris. difference is only in the colour of the plants; one of
This is a flirub which rifes four or five feet hi^h, which is of a deep green, another of a dark purple,
fending out many weak lateral branches, which are and a third with green leaves and purple borders.
'
armed with fpines, and garniflied with fmall, fpear- Thefe are fuppofcd to be only accidental varieties
fliapcd, fmooth leaves, of an Afli-colour. The flowers v/hich have come from the fame feeds, but in forty
come out at the ends of the flioots in clufters, each years wliich I have cultivated thefe forts, I have never
confining of two v/hite leaves tinged with purple; yet obfervcd them to vary. But as there is no other
and are included in a two leaved empalement, of a effcntial difference, I have not enumerated them
white herbaceous colour j thefe appear in Augufl:, here.
but the feeds never ripen here, fo the plant is propa- Thefe plants are annual, fo muft be fown for ufe
•
gated by cuttings, and mufl: be fcreened from hard early in the fprlng, or at Michaelmas, foon after tlie
froft, wliich cornnionly deflroys thofe which are feeds are ripe an which time it generally fuccecds
-,

planted in the open air. better than when it is fown in the fpring, and will
The fecond fort fends out many flender branches, be fit for ufe at leaft a month earlier. Thefe planis
which on the
trail ground when
they are not fup- require no other culture, but to hoe them when tliey
ported, garniflicd with fmall oval leaves, about tlie are about an inch high ; to cut them down v/!iere
fize of thofe of the Knot Grafs, waved and curled on they are too thick, leaving them about four inches
their edges, embracing the ftalk half round at their afunder, and to cut down all the weeds. This muft
'
bafe, and are placed alternate. The flowers come be done in dry weadier, otherwife the weeds will take
out from the wings of the leaves, and have much root again, and render the work of or no uie.
little
the appearance of an apetalous flower, being com- When the plants are grown about four inches high,
pofed of four herbaceous leaves, two of which are it will be proper to hoe them a fecond timic, in order
the. empalement, the other two the petals; in the to clear them from weeds
and, if you obferve the
;

center is fituated the comprefllrd germen, attended plants are left too clofe in any part, they ftiOuld then
by fix ftamina, but the feeds are never produced in be cut out,. If this be well performed, and in dry
7 weather,
 ;

R
Weathfer, the remain clean until the plant
ground will ladonna frutefcens rotundifolia Hifuanica, touhi
is fit for uie. Where thefe plants are fown on a rich Inli R. H. yy.
foil, and allowed a good diltance, the leaves will be
'1
Atropa {Herbacea) caule herbaceo, fciliis ovatis ner-
very large, in which the goodncfs of the herb con- vofis marginibus undulatis. Deadly NightJIoade ^xith an

fifts. Tills mud be eaten while it is young ; for, herbateous ftalk^ and oval ^jcined leaves waved on their
when the ftalks become tough, it is good for nothing. edg^s.

Some few plants of each kind may be permitted to The firft fort grows wild in manyEno-hnd,
parts of
ftand for feed, to preferve their kinds, which will but is not very frequent near London. I have ob-
ripen in Augull", and may then be cut, and laid on ferved it in Woodftock Park in Oxfordfhire, and in
a cloth to dry ; after which the feeds may be beaten great abunclance in Uppatk in Hampfhire. This
out, and put up for ufe. The firft fort is ordered by plant hath a perennial root, which fends out ftroiio-
the College of Phyficians for medicinal ufe.
^
herbaceous ftalks of a purplifll colour, which rife to
The fecond fort was formerly cultivated in gardens the height of four or five feet, garhiftied with obloha
as a ftirub ; and, by fome perfons, they were formed entire leaves, which toward autumn change to a pur-
into hedges, and conftantly fheared, to keep them plifll coloui* ; the flowers arfe large and come out be-

thick ; but this plant is by no means fit for fuch pur- tween the leaves fingly, upon long foot-ftalks bell- •,

pofes, on many accounts, for it grows too vigorous i fliaped, and of a dulky brown colour on their out-
the fhoots, in one month, at the growing feafon of fide, but are purple within. After the flower is paft^

the year, will be two feet long, provided they have the germen turns to a large round berry, si little
a good foil ; fo that a hedge of this plant cannot be flatted at the' top, and is firft green, but when ripe

kept in tolerable order, nor will it ever form a thick turns to a fliining black, fitting clofe upon the em-
hedge. But a worfe inconvenience attends this plants palement, and contains a purple juice of a haufeous
for, in very hard winters, it is often deftroyed ; as fweet tafte, and full of fmall kidney-ftiaped feeds. In
alio, in veiy dry fummers, many of the plants will fome places this plant is called Dwale, but in genei-al
decay, whereby there will become large gaps in the Deadly Nightfliade, from its quality. It h rarely-

hedge. admitted into gardens, nor indeed fliould it be fuf-

But although this plant will not be proper for hedges, fered to grow in any places where children refort, for
yet it may have a place in wildernefs quarters, where it is a ftrong poifon there have been feveral inftunces
:

it will ferve to thicken ; and the filver-coloured leaves within a few years paft, of its deadly quality, by fe-
will add to the variety, among other Ihrubs of the veral children being killed with eating the berries,
fame growth. This will grow eight or ten feet high, which are of a fine black colour, and about the fize
and, if fuffered to grow wild, without pruning, will of a black Cherry, and not unpleafant to the tafte.
fpread feveral feet in compafs, and will fometimes Mr. Ray gives a good account of the various fvnip-
produce flowers. toms it produces, by what happened to a Mendicant
It may be propagated by which may be
cuttings, Frier, upon his drinking a glafs of Mallow wine, in
planted in any of the fummer months, on a fliady which this plant was infufed in a Ihort time he be-
:

border i where, if they are duly watered, they will came delirious, foon after was feized with a grinning
focn take root, and be fit to tranfplant the Michael- laughter, after that feveral irregular motions, and at
mas following, when tliey fhould be planted where laft a real madnefs fucceeded; and fuch a ftupidity

they are to remain ; for they do not fucceed well in drunk hive, which after aii^
as thofe that are fottiflily
tranfplanting, efpecially when they are grown pretty was cured by a draught of vinegar.
large and woody. There is alfo an inftance of the direful effedls of this
Tlie third fort grows wild in divers parts of England, plant recorded in Buchanan's Hiftoiy of Scotland,
on the fea fide, from whence the plants may be pro- wherein he gives an account of the deftrudicn of th6
cured ; or it may be propagated by cuttings, in the army of Sweno, when he invaded Scotland, by n\\x-
fame manner as the former fort. This is a low under ing a quantity of the juice of thefe berries with the
fhrub, feldom rifing above two feet and a half, or at drink which the Scots by their truce were to fupply
moll three feet high, but becomes very bufhy. The them with ; which fo intoxicated the Danes, that the
leaVes of this kind are narrow, and of a whitifh co- Scots fell upon them in their fleep, and killed the
lour, but are not fo white as thofe of the former. greateft part of them, fo that there were fc^rcely men
Tliis may have a place amongft other low fhrubs \ enough left to carry off their king.
and, if planted on a poor gravelly foil, will abide fe- The fecond with a flirubby ftem to the height
rifes

veral years, and make a pretty diverfity. of fix or eight feet, and divides into many branches.
ATROPA. Lin Gen. Plant. 222. Belladonna. Tourn. garniflied with round leaves, in ftiape like thofe of
Inft. R. H. yj. Deadly Nightfliade. the Storax-tree v thefe are placed alternately en the
The Characters are, branches. The flowers come out between the leaves
deflower hath apermnnent empalement of one leaf^ eut ;
upon which are ftiaped like thofe
ftiort foot-ftalks,

Jive parts •, it is bell-jh ^ed^ the tube isjkcrt^ andfwells of the former, but much lefs, of a dirty yellowifli
fpreads colour, with a few brown ftripes^ thefe are never
Jive awl'Jhaped Jlamina rifing fucceeded by berries in England. It grows naturally

frora the bafe of in Spain, from whence the feeds may be procured.
fpread from each other, and are crowned with large fo It is propagated by feeds, which fliould be fown ia
Jiand M the fpring upon a very moderate hot-bed, juft to bring
fupporting a Jlender Jiylt up the plants ; when they are fit to remove, they
tranfverfe ftigma, Th '/^ fhould be each put into a feparate fmall pot, filled
^buhr berry having thret fitt. with loamy earth, and fliaded until they take root
with kidney-fi.
id filed then they may be placed with other hardy exotic
I'his genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion of plants in a flieltered fituation,* and in Oftober they
Linna^Lis's fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria Monogynia, muft be removed into the green-houfe, and treated
the flower having five ftamina and one ftyle. as other plants from the fame country. It flowers in

The Species are, July and Auguft.

I. Atropa {Belladonna) caule herbaceo, foliis ovatis in- The feeds of the third fort were fent me from Cam-
htfhade b peachy this hath a perennial root, which puts out
-,

fialk. Belladonna feveral channelled herbaceous ftalks, which rife about

majoribus foliis & floribus. Tourn. Inft. R. H. two feet high-, and toward the top divide into two or
77 three fmall branches, garniflied w^ith oval lcavt;s
'it eft four inclies long and three broad, having feveral
fertis, foliis cordato-ovatis obtufis. Lin. Sp. Plant. tranfverfe ribs under fide, which are promi-
on their
182. Deadly Nightfoade with a fmthby ftalk^ foot-ftalks nent. The flowers come out from between the leaves
in chfcrs^ and ovaly hcart-fhaped^ cbtife leaves. Bel- on fhort foot-ftalks ^ they are white, and fliaped lik^;
F f thofe
 . ;; :;

. A
tiiofecf the common fort, but arc finallcr. It riowcrs ]
little cr no damage ; the ftraw and hnilcs bein'^- of lb
in July and Auguft, but feldom ripens its fruit in dry a nature; that if they are houfed wet, they will
'

Endand. It is propagated by pardng the rpots in not heat in the mow, or become mouldy, as other
the fprinfjC, and the plants muil be kept in the bark- gra^n ufually do fo is of great advantage in the nor-
•,

ftove to have them thrive well in this country. ..-. . thern parts of Englaud, and in Scotland, where their
A VENA. Lin. Ge'n. Plant. '85. Tourm Inft. R. H. harvell generally late, and the autumns wet.
is

5^4 Oats. ''1 !

.
The meal of this grain malces tolerable good bread,
The CfiARACTKRs are, ,\ ;. ,;
: , :
and is the gommonfood of the country people in tlie
"The ft'rivers are colic tied in a Icofe panicky ^^ithgut beards \ north. In the fouth .if ,is efteemed for pottage, ai^.d
thejc have a hhcdvidar empcikrnent^ fivclling in the niid- '
other mefics, and in fpme places they make beer with
dk^ and pointed at 'loth ends, The petal of the fiowcr is this grain.
bivalve^ the lower valve being of the fame fize^imth the The bed time for fowing of Oats is in February or
ernpcdenunt^ butbqvder^ piUting cut from the backafpiral N).arch, acc9rding as the feafon is early or late ; and
bccirdy t'ujfiing^ jointed^ and refexed. There are two -y I
fpmetimes I have known it fown in April upon cokl
oval nc£iarii fitting upon the upper fde of the gennen^ lanH, and has been early ripe. The black and red
rohicb is cbtufe^ fupporting. two refiexed hairy flylcs^ Qats may be fowa a month earlier than the white,
crowned by two plain Jfigma ; thefe are attended by three becaufe they are hardier/ ,/ , ,

^_efolder ft amine ^ crowned by oblong forked fumffptsl^^.'^he .

1 ,'
Oats are often fown on }and whicli has the former
germen afterward becomes an oblong fwelling fced^ pointed produced Wheat, Rye, or Barley. I^he com-
at both endsy having a longitudinal furrow^ and clofely mon method is to plough in the ftubble about the
fhiit lip in the cover or chaff. beginning of February, and fow tlie Oats, and har-
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fc(5t\on .T?yFh9ni inj but tjxei) they irxult be hari*owed the
of Linna^us's third clafs, entitled Triandria Digynia, farne way as the t arrows, lay, for if it be done crofT-
from the flowers having three ftamina and two ways, the ftubble will be raifed on the furface; but
ityles. this is not a good method of hufbandry, for when
AvEMA {Difpermis) calycibus difp.ermibus feminibiis las-
|
people have time to plough the ftubble in autumn.
vibus. Hort. Cliff. 25. Oats with two frnooth feeds in each it will rot in^winter j and then giving the land ancdicr

empalernent. There are three forts ot thefe Oats culti- ploughing and a good harrowing juft before the Oats
vated in England, viz. the white, the black, and the are fow>^, it' will make the ground finer' ^nd better
brown or red Oat^' Ayhifh^'are fuppofed to be only acci- to receive the grain. ; Moft people allow four bulhels
dental varieties ; but where they have been many years of oats to an acre, but I am convinced three buft:icls
feparately cultivated, I have never obierved themto are more thanenouszhj the ufual produce is about
alter. However, as their prmcipal ciiiierence is m twenty-nve buftiels to an acre, though I have fomc-
the colour of their g'-ain, I ihall not enumerate them times known more than thirty bufliels on an acre.
as diftinft fpecies. There is alfo a naked Oat, which Oats are rdfo fown upon land \yhep it is firft broken
fpmetimes cultivated in the diftant parts of England,
is up, ^before the ground is brought to a tilth for other
. but is rarely feen near London. -.
'
, grain, and is frequently fown upon the fward with one
TThe white fort is the moft common, about London •,
ploughing ; but it is much better to give the fward
"
the black is more cultivated in the northern parts of tin^e to rot befpre; the Oats are fown, for the roots of
England, and is efteemed a very hearty food for the grafs will prevent thofe of the Corn from ftriking
hories'i but the firft makes the whiteft meal, and is downward. .

chiefly cultivated where the inhabitants live much AVENUES are walks of trees leading to a houfe,
upon Oat-cakes. :
-
* which are generally terminated by fome diftant ob-
I'he naked Oat than either of the
is lefs common ' .'J

others, efpecially in the fouthern parts of England Thefe were formely much more in requeft than nt
but in the north of England, Scotland, and Wales, refent, there being few old feats in the country bur
it is'cultivated in plenty. This fort is efteemed, be- lave one or more of thefe avenues ; and fome have
caufe the grain threflies clean out of the huflv, and as many of them as there are views from the houfc;
need not be carried to the mill to be made into oat- but of late thefe are, with good reafon, difufed; for
meal or grift. An acre of ground doth not yield fo nothing can be more abfurd, than to have the fight
many buftiels of the common Oats, by
of thefe, as contradled by two or more lines of trees, which Ihut
rcafon the grain is fmall and naked, and goes near in out the view of the adjacent grounds, whereby tlic
meafure but %vhat is wanting in the mealure, is lup-
•, verdure and natural beauties of the country are loft
plled in value. .
' and where the avenues are of a confiderable length
The red Dats are much cultivated in Derbyfliire, (even where their breadth is proportionable) they ap-
Suffordfliire, andChefliire, but are rarely feen in any pear at each end to be only narrow cuts through a
of the counties near London : though, as they are a v/ood, which never can pleafe any perfon of real tafte
;ry hardy fort, and give a good increafe, they would
vei and, when the road to the houfe is throu^-h the ave-
be well worth propagating, efpecially for all ftrong
: nue, nothing can be more difagreeable ; for in ap-
lands. proaching to the houfe, it is like going throug h a
The Itraw of thefe Oats is of a brownifli red colour, '
narrow lane, wliere the objc6ls on each fide arc fliut
as .is aifo the grain, which is very full and heavy, an.d out from the view ; and when it is vievred from the
efteemed better food for hoifes than either of the houfe, it at bcft has only the appearance of a road,
fornier forts. ,
- which beino; extended to a len^-th in a ftrait line, is
Oats are a very profitable grain, and abfolutely ne- not near fo beautiful as a common road, which is
cefiary, being the principal grain which horfes love loft by the turnings, fo as feldom to be feen to a great
and arc efteenled the moft wholfoinc food for thofe extent but as thefe avenues muft be made exactly
:

cattle, bcir.g fwcct, and of an opening nature; ether ftrait, fo when the trees are grown to any fize, they
forts of grain being apt to bind, v/hich is injurious entirely break the vicv/, whatever v/ay the fight is
to Jaboiinng horfes but if you feed them with tliis
: direfted through them; and if this is in a park, tlie
grain foon aiter they are houfed, before tliey have lawn of grals through which the avenue is planted,
Iwcatin the inov/, or are otherwife dried, it is as bad is thereby entirely deprived of the beauty which it

on the other hand, for they arc then too laxative. naturally would afibrd, if left open and well kept
This grain is a great iniprovement to many eftates in i therefore, whenever th.e fituation of a houfe A\'ill ad-
the north of England, Scotland, and Wales; for it mit of a large open lawn in front, the road to the
will thrive on cold barren foils, whicli will produce houfe ftiould be carried round at a proper dlft'ancc;
no otiier fort of grain ; it will alio thrive on the liot- and, if it be carried fometimes through trees, and
teft" land in fliorr, there is no foil too rich or too
: ferpented in an eafy natural way, it w^ill be much
poor for it, too hot or too cold for it ; and in wet more beautiful than any ftiff formal avenue, liow large
lurvefl^, when other grain is fpoiled, this will receive foever madet.
But
 ;;

V
Bat as there may be fome perfons fo much wedded ?. ANTIUM [this plant is fo called ^rom aii-
to the old way of laying out and planting grounds, rum, LaL gold, on account of its golden colour,] the
as to prefer the avenues to the moft beautiful difpo- Orange-tree.
fition of lawns, woods, &c. I Ihall mention the ufual The Characters are*
1

methods of defigning and planting them, that have 'jf

the flo'wer is finally cf
been efteemed the beft. dented in five parts, five ohlcng fprecd-
The ufual widthallowed to thefe avenues was generally ing petals^ and ftamina^ which are
f,
as much as the whole breadth of the houfe and wings-, in jmallfeparate

but if they are planted twelve or fourteen feet wider, long fmnmits. In the cent. fit
tliey will be the better ; becaufe whtn the trees are fupporting a cylindrical fiyk
p-rown to any confiderable fize, they will fpread and oe gennen after^uoard becomes a glolukr
fiejhy /;
. ovcrhano:, fo will con- raft the view. ejed at both ends^ having a thick ficJhy pulp
And as for fuch avenues to woods or profpefts, &c.
1 _
fi
they ought not to be Icfs than fixty feet in breadth feeds
and becaufe fuch walks are a long time before they This genus of by Dr. Linnnsus joined to
plants, is

are fhady, it w^ill be convenient to plant another row the Citron, to which he has alfo added the Lemon,
on each fide, rather than to lofe the ftatelinefs that making them only fpecies of the fame genus, and
the main walk v/ill afford in time by being broad, ranges it in his eighteenth clafs, entitled
Polyadelphla
4.

where any thing of a profpc6t is to be gained. - Icofandria, the flowers having more than twenty fta-
And as to the diftance one from another, they fhoiild mina, which are joined in feveral bodies*
not be planted nearer one another thun rhirty-five or The Species are, .!

forty feet, efpecially if the trees are of a fpreading 1. AtrkANTiuM {Acri) foliis ovato-lance6iatis glabris.
kind and the fame diftance, if they are for a regular
'y
Orange-tree^ with oval^ fpcar-Jha'ped^ fmooth leaves. Au-
grove. rantium acri medulla vulgare. Ferr. Hefp. ^e Se-
As to the trees proper for planting avenues, they ville Orange,
may be the Enghlh Elm, the Lime-tree, the Horfe 2. AuRANTiuM (Sintnfe) foliis lanceiolatis acuds glabns.
Chefnut, the common Chefnut, the Beach, and the with pointed^ fpear-Jhped^ fmooth leaves.
Orange-tree,,

Abele. +
Aurantium Sinenfe. Ferr. Hefp. fhe China Orange.
The Englifh Elm
approved for all places where it
is 3 AuRANTiurvi (Orientale) foliis lineari-lanceolatis c-Ja-
will fucceed, and that it will do in moft places, ex- bris. Orange-tree with narrow-, fpear-foaped^ fmooth
cept in very wet or cold fhallow grounds, i. Becaufe leaves. Aurantium anguftofalicis folio riiftum. Boerh.

it will bear cutting, heading, lopping in any manner Ind. alt

fi
whatfoever, and probably, with better fuccefs than called the Turkey Orange,
any other tree. 4. Aurantium {Decumcna){oV{is ovato-Ianceolatis crafTis
Secondly, the Lime-tree this is approved by others,
: lucidis, fruftu maximo. Oranze-tree fi^
becaufe it will do well in any tolerable foil, if the tng,, oval^ fpear-fioaped leaves,, and a large fruit, Au-
bottom be not hot and .gravelly ; and becaufe of the rantium fru6tu maximo Indise Orientalis. Boerh. Ind»
regular Ihape it has in growing, the agreeablenefs of alt. 2. 238. "The Pumpelmoesy ^cr Shaddock.
its ftiade, and the beautiful colour of its leaves. 5. Aurantium {Huniile) pumilum foliis pvatis fioribus

')
Thirdly, the Horfe Chefnut is alfo to be ufed in fuch felTiiibus. Dwarf Ora
places as are very well defended from ftrong winds flowers growing clofe to the branches, Aurantium pu-
becaufe, wherever it grows freely, if it be not flcii- milum fub acri medulla. BartoL The Dwarfs cr
fully managed now and then by cutting, the branches Nutmeg Orange.
are fubjed to fplit down. This tree is valuable on ac- There are many varieties of this, as there Is of moft
count of its quick growth, the earlinefs of its coming other fruits which have arifen from culture but thofe ;

our, the noblenefs of its leaves, and the beauty of its here enumerated may ftriftly be allowed to be diftinct
flowers, being a fine plant both for Ihade and orna- fpecies. The the Englilh gardens are.
varieties in
ment. This delights in a ftrong hearty foil, but will I. The yellow and white ftriped-leaved Orange*
do well in any tolerable ground, if good care betaken 2. The curled-leaved Oranp;e. q. The horned Oranw.
in the planting of it but wherever thefe trees are
; .4. The double flowering Orange. And 5. The her-
planted in avenues, they fliould be placed thirty feet maphrodite Orange. '

afunder, that their heads may have room to fpread, The China Orange is not fo hardy as the Seville,
otherwife they will not appear fo beautiful. therefore muft be treated more tenderly, placing it in
Fourthly, the common Chefnut will do w^ell in a winter in the warmeft part of the green-houfe, and
proper foil, and will rife to a confiderable height, if houfing it earlier in autumn, otherwife the fruit will
planted clofe together; but if it be planted fingly, all drop from the trees. This fort rarely produces
w^here the tree can take its own natural Ihape, it is good fruit in England, nor are the leaves of the tree
rather inclined to fpread and grow globous than tall; near fo large or beautiful as thoie of the Seville
Fifthly, the Beech is recommended by fome; butthi Orange ;• therefore the latter fliould be preferred, and
feldom fvKceeds well, after tranfplanting, without only a tree or two of the China fort kept for variety.
traordinary care ; though it arrives to a very large The Dwarf Orange is alfo tender, the leaves are very
tree in many places in England, where it grov/s natu- fmall, growing in clufters ; the joints of the branches
rally; and the moft tedious and trouhlefome to
is are very near each other, and the flowers of thefe
raife, to any tolerable fize, in a nurfery way. grow very clofe together, and appear lilce a nofegay,
Sixthly, the Abele this, indeed, grows more dif-
: the branches being covered with them.' This fort,
perfed and loofe in its head than any of the former, when in flov/er, is proper to place in a room or
and confcquently, is worfe for defence ^ but yet is not gallery, to adorn them ; the flowers being very fweet,
to be left out from the number of trees for avenues, will perfume the air of the place ; but thefe are fel-
becaufe it is the quickeft in growth of all the foreft dom to be found in good health, becaufe they muft
trees, and will thrive tolerably well in almoft any foil, be treated with more care than the common Orano-e
nd particularly in wet ground, where few of the be- and Lemon-trees, muft alfo the Shaddock, other-
as
fore-mentioned trees will thrive, and this feldom fails wife the fruit will always drop off in winter. The
in traafplanting. ,
Pumpelmoes v/as brought from the Eaft-Indies by
Seventlily, the Oak but feldom ufed in plant-
-, this is one Capt. Shaddock, from whom the inhabitants of
ing avenues, becaufe it requires fo long a time to the Weft-Indies gave this fruit the name. But they
raife it up to any tolerable ftature in the nurfery way; have greatly degenerated the fruit fihce it has been in
nor is it apt to thrive much after it has been tranf- the Weft-Indies, by raifing the trees from feeds; t!ie
planted, any bignefs.
if at greateft part of which produce harfl^ four fndt, greatly
As for the Alder, Afh, Platanus, and Sycomore, they inferior to the original fort the flelli or pulp of which
;

are but rarely ufed for planting avenues. is red;^ whereas the greater part of the trees in Ame-
rica
 /

A A R
tica produce fruit with a pale yellow fiefll, and by to fcreen th^m from the fun in the heat of the day,
conftantly raifing thefe trees from feeds, they dege- In this method, with due care, your plants will grow
nerate the fruit continually whereas, if they would
•, to be two feet high by July, when you muft begin
bud from the good fort, they might have it in as great to harden them by degrees, in raifing your glafics
plenty as they pleafed but there are few perfons in
; very high, and when the weather is good, take them
that part of the v/orld who underftand the method ot quite off; but do not expofe them to the open iun in
grafting or budding fruit trees, and if they did, tliey the heat of the day, but rather take off the glaffcs,
are fo negligent of their fruits, &c. as to leave the and ftiade the plants with mats, which may be taken
whole to nature, feldom giving themfelves any far- off when the fun declines ; for the violent heat in the
ther trouble than to put the feeds into the ground, and middle of the day would be very injurious to them,
leave them to grow as nature fhall incline. .
y young. Toward the end of Septem-
efpecially while
In proof of what I have here faid, I cannot omit to ber you muft houfe them, obferving to place them
'

mention, that a few years ago, I fent two fmall trees near the windows of the green-houfe, to prevent the
^ to Jamaica, where this fort
: damps from moulding their tender fhoots. During
was wanting ; and from thefe many other trees were the winter feafon they may be often refreflied with
budded, which have produced plenty of fruit, fome water, and in March or April, wafti their heads and
of which were fent to England a few years paft i and ftems, to clear them from the filrh that may have
although they were long in their palfage, yet when fettled thereon, during their being in the houfe ; and
they arrived here,- they were greatly .fuperior to any you muft alfo give them a moderate hot-bed in the
of thofe fruit which are imported hither from Spain fpring, which will greatly forward them ; but harden
or Portugal, one of thofe affording three tiqies the them by the beginning of June, that they may be in
quantity of juice, that a fruit of equal fize from either right order to bud in Auguft ; when you lliould make
of thofe countries does. choice of cuttings from trees that are healthy and
All the forts of Orange-trees with ftrlped leaves are fruitful, of whatever kinds you pleafe, obferving that
tender, therefore muft be placed in a warm part of the Ihoots are round j the buds of thefe being much
the green-houfe in winter, and muft be treated with better and eafier to part from the wood, than fuch
more care than the common
otherwife they will
fort, as are flat. When you have budded the flocks, you
not thrive. Thefe are varieties which fome perfons fliould remove them into a green-houfe, to defend
are fond of, but they never produce good fruit, nor them from wet, turning the buds from the fun but -,

are the flowers produced in fo great plenty,, there- let them have as much tree air as poflible, and refrefli

fore a few only fliould be preferved for the fake of them often with water. In a month's time after
variety, ',',". budding, you will fee which of them has taken ; you
Tlie horned Orange differs from the other forts in muft then untie them, that the binding may not pinch
the fruit dividing into parts, and the rind expanding the buds, and let them remain Iri the green-houfe all
in form of horns this and the diftorted Orange are
; the winter ; then in the fpring, prepare a moderate
preferved by fome curious perfons for variety, but hot-bed of tanners bark ; and, after having cut oft'
are not fo beautiful as the common
Orange, There the ftoeks about three inches above the buds, plunge
is alfo a great variety of fweet Oranges both in the their pots into the hot-bed, obferving to give them
Eaft and Weft-Indies, fome of which are much more air and water, as the heat of the weather fliall require ;
elieemed than thole we now have in Europe ; but as but be fure to fcreen them from the violence of the
they are much tenderer, they will not thrive in this fun during the heat of the day. In this management,
country with the common culture ; therefore I ftiall if your buds ftioot kindly, they will grow to the
not enumerate them, but ftiall proceed to give di- height of two feet or more, by the end of July ; at
redtious for the management of Orange-trees in Eng- which time you muft begin to harden them before the
land. cold weather comes on, that they may the better
V/here the trees are to be raifed for ftoeks to bud O- ftand in the green-houfe the following winter. In
ranges, you ftiould procure fome Citron-feeds which the firft winter after their fliooting, you muft keep
were duly ripened for the ftoeks of this kind are
•, them very warm ; for, by forcing them in the bark-
preferable to any other, both for quicknefs of growth, bed, they will be fomewhat tenderer j but it is very
as alfo that they will take buds of either Orange, Le- neceffary to raife them to their height in one feafon,
mon, or Citron j next to thefe are the Seville Orange that their ftems may be ftrait for in fuch trees,
:

feeds. The beft feeds "are ufually to be had from which are two or more years growing to their heading
rotten fruits, which are commonly eafy to be procured height, the ftems are always crooked. In the fuc-
in the fpring of the year ; then prepare a good hot- ceeding years, their management will be the fame as
bed, of either horfe-dung or tanners bark; the laft of in full grown trees, which will be hereafter treated
v/hich is much the better, if you can eafily procure of: I ftiall therefore, now, proceed to treat of the
it. "When this bed is in a moderate temper for heat, management of fuch trees as are brought over every
you muft fow your feeds in pots of good rich earth, year in chefts from Italy; which is, indeed, by much
and plunge them Into the hot bed ; obferving to give the quicker way of furnilhing a green-houfe with
them water frequently, and raife the glaftes in the large trees ; for thofe which are railed from feeds in
great heat of the day, to give proper air, left the England, will not grow fo large in their ftems under
feeds llioald fuffer by too great heat: in three weeks eighteen or twenty years, as thefe are when brought
time your feeds will come up, and if the young over; and although their heads are fmall when wc
plants are not ftinted, either for want of proper heat receive them, yet in three years, with good ma-
or moifture, they will be in a month's time after their nagement, they will obtain large heads and produce
nppearance, fit to tranfplant into fingle pots you : fruit.
nluft therefore renew your hot-bed, and having pre- In the choice of thefe trees obferve firft, the diffe-
pared a quantity of fmall halfpenny pots (which are rence of their ftioots and leaves (if they have any
about five inches over at the top,) fill thefe half full upon tliem) todiftinguilli their different forts, for the
of good frefti earth, mixed with very rotten cow- Shaddock and Citrons always make much ftronger
dung j and then ftiake out the young plants from the flioots than the Orange for which reafon, the Italian
;

large pots, with all the earth about them, that you gardeners, who raife tliefe trees for fale, generally
may the better feparate the plants without tearing propagate thofe forts, fo that they bring few of tlie
their roots and having half filled the pots with earth,
•,
Seville Orange-trees over, which are much more va-
put a fingle plant into each of the fmall pots ; then fill luable both for their flowers and fruit ; alfo prefer
them up with the fame earth as before direfted, thofe that have two good buds in each ftock (for
plunging the pots into the new hot-bed, giving them many of them have but one, which will always pro-
a good watering to fix the earth to their roots ; and duce an irregular head;) the ftraitnefs of the ftem,
obferve to repeat the fame very often (for this plant, freflinefs of the branches, and pluiiipnefs of the bark,
wJien in a hot-bed, requires much water,) but be fure are necefl^iry obicrvatioi^s.
I
6 "SVhen
 ' ; ;;

* r

A R '

When you liave furniflied yourfelf v/lth a parcel of rumniertb flop'ftrong fhoots where thev grow irre^-u-
trees, you muft prepare a moderate hot-bed" of tan- larly,to force out lateral branches to ViU the head
;
ters bark, in length and breadth according to the but do not pinch off the tops of all the fnoots (as
is
number of trees to be forced ; then put your trees the pra6lice of fome,) which will fill the tree
with
into a tub of water upright, about half way of the fmall Ihoots too \vealc to fupport fruit ; but endea-
ftems, leaving the head and upper part of the ftem vour to form a regular head, and obtain ftrong fhoots,
out of the water, the better to draw and imbibe the taking away weak trifling branches where they are'
molfture. In this fituation they may remain two or too clofe.
three days (according to their plumpnefs when you During the fummer feafon, your Oranp-e-trees will
received them ;) then take them out, and clean their require frequent waterings in dry weather, cfpecially
roots from all filth, cutting off all broken or bruifed ifthey arc large ; therefore youihould endeavour ta
roots, and all the fmall fibres, which are quite dried have the water as near the trees as pofTible, to fave
by being long out of the earth, and fcrub the
fo the trouble of carrying it, which, in a large quantity
ftems with a hard hair-brufli, cleaning them after- of trees, takes up much time. Your v/ater ftiould
wards with a cloth; then cut off the branches about be foft, and expofed to the air, but never add duno-
fix inches from the ftem, and having prepared a of any fort thereto which, although by many fre-
;

quantity of good frefli earth, mixed with very rotten quently recommended, yet has always been found de-
neats dung, plant your trees therein, obferving never ftruclive to thefe, and all other trees, if much ufed
to put them into large pots ; for if they are but big it being like hot liquors to human bodies, which, at

enough to contain their rootJ^, it is fufficient at firfl firft taking, feem to add vigour, yet certainly leave

planting and be fure to put fome potflicrds and large

; the body weaker after fome time than before.
llones in the bottom of each pot, to keep the holes Your Orange-trees will require to be ftiifted and new
at the bottom of the pots from being ftopped with potted eveiy other year, therefore you muft prepare
earth, that the water may freely pafs off, and wrap a quantity of good earth, at leaft a year before you
fome haybands round their ftems, from bottom to intend to ufe it, that it may be well mixed and per-
top, to prevent the fun from drying their bark ; then fedly rotten. The beft feafon for this work is about
plunge thefe pots into the bark-bed, watering them t"he end of April, that they may have taken frelh root

well to fettle the earth to their roots, frequendy re- before they are removed out of the grecn-houfe and -,

peating tlie fame all over their heads and ftems, be- when this work is performed, it will be neceffar)^ to
ing very careful not to over-water them, efpecially let them remain in the houfe a fortnight longer than

before they have made good roots ; and obferve to ufual, to be well fettled.
fcreen the glafles of your hot-bed from the fun in the |
In the performing this work, after you have drawn
heat of the day. the trees out of the pots, you muft cut off* all the
If your trees take to grow kindly (as there is little I roots round the outfide of the ball of earth, and take
reafon to doubt of, if the diredions given be duly ob- ,
away all mouldy roots (if rfny fuch be ;) then with a
ferved,) they will have made ftrong ftioots by the be- I fharp iron inftrument, get as much of the old earth
ginning of June \ at which time you ftiould ftop their from between the roots as pofTibie, being careful not
fhoots, to obtain lateral branches to furnifti their to break or tear the roots then fet the root of the
;

heads and now you muft give them air plentifully,

•, tree into a large tub of water for about a quarter of
and begin to harden them, that in the middle of July an hour, to foak the under part of the ball of earth ;
they may be removed into the open air, in fome warm and afterwards fcrub the ftems of the trees with a hard
fituation, defended from the great heat of the fun, hair-brulh, cleaning them and the heads with water,
and from winds, that they may be hardened before and a foft woollen cloth. Your pots being prepared.
winter. About the end of September you ftiould |)0tftaerd.

houfe thefe plants, fetting them at firft in the front of put fome of your' frefli earth about into the pot,
the green-houfe, near the glafl!es, keeping the win- three or four inches thick and having placed your
•,

dows open at all times when the weather will permit tree thereon, in the middle of the pot, upright, fill
and about the latter end of October, when you brin it up with the fame rich earth, preffing it dov/ n hard

in the Myrtles, and other lefs tender trees, you muft with your hands ; then water the tree all over the
fet your Oranges in the warmeft and bell part of head, with a watering-pot that has a rofe upon the
the houfe, placing lower plants or trees in the front, fpout, to let the water fall light and thick (as in a
to hide their ftems. During the winter, let your fliower of rain \) and in watering tiiefe trees, do it in
waterings be frequent, but give them not too much I the fame manner, during the time they abide in the
at a time ^ for now their heads are but fmall, and houfe after ftiifting will greatly refrefti their
'

^ this
therefore incapable to difcharge too great a quantity heads, and promote their taking frelh roots,
of moifture, and take great care to guard diem from When you firft abroad after fliiftino-,
fet thefe trees
froft. . you ftiould place them near the ftielter of hedges, and
In the fpring, when you begin fome of to take out |
faften their ftems to ftrong ftakes, to prevent their be-
your hardieft forts of plants to thin your houfe, ing difturbed by winds, which fometimes will blow
wafli and cleanfe the ftems and leaves of your Orange- frefti planted trees out of the pots, if too much ex-

trees, taking out the upper part of the earth in the pofed thereto, and thereby greatly injure their new
pots, filling them up again with good, frefli, rich roots.
earth, laying thereon a little rotten neats dung round If old Orange-trees have been ill managed, and their
the outfide of the pots, but do not let it lie near the -heads become ragged and decayed, the beft method
ftem of the trees then place them at wider diftances
-, to reftore them, is to cut the greatcft part of their
off*

in the houfe, that the air may circulate round their heads early in March, and draw tliem out of the
heads, giving them air difcredonally, as the weather tubs or pots, and lliake oft' the earth from their
prows warm but do not remove them into the roots, cuttingaway all firiall fibres and mouldy roots
open air until the latter end of May, that the wea- and then foak and clean their roots, ftems, and
tlier is- fettled ; for many times, when they are branches, planting them in good earth, and fetting
removed out too foon, the mornings often proving them into a hot-bed of tanners bark, as v/as directed
cold, give them at leaft a great check, which will for fuch trees as came from abroad, managing them
change the colour of their leaves, and many times kill in the fame manner by this method they will pro-
:

the extreme weak part of the flioots. Let the fitua- duce new heads, and in t\vo years time become good
tion for your Orange-trees, during the fummer feafon, trees again. But if thefe are large trees, and liave
be as much defended from the fun in the heat of the grown in tubs for feveral years, your beft way will
day, and ftrong winds,- as pofllble, by tall trees or be to prepare a parcel of rough bafkets (fuch as are
hedges ; both of which, if they are expofed thereto, ufed for bafkering Evergreens, when fent to a diftant
are very hurtful to them. place :) let thefe be fomewhat lefsthan the tubs you
A^ thefe trees advance, it will be nectflary in the defign to plant your trees into -, then plant your trees
G g herein,
 ' ;
* -

>

A I
A U R
herein, plunging them into the hot-bed, and about defign of training the branches to the walls, or in bor-
the beginning of July, when your trees have made ders at a Imall diftance, fo as to train them up as
^
good fhoots, you inay remove them into the tubs, flandards, there fhould be a contrivance of a fire-
with their balkets about them, filling the empty fpace place or two, in proportion to the length of the wall,
with the fame good earth this will preferve your
: and flues carried the whole length of the wall, to
tubs from rotting in the bark, and the trees v/ill do warm the very cold weather, otherwife it will
air in

equally well as if planted into the tubs at firft, pro- be very difficult to preferve the trees in very hard win-
vided you are careful in removing the baflcets, not ters afive ; or, if they do live through the winter, they
to difturb their roots ^ and alfo let them remain in will be fo much weakened by. the cold, as not to bi^
the green-houfc a fortnight or three weeks after plant- recovered the following fummer to a proper flrength
ing, before you fet them abroad. for bearing ; fo that wherever the trees are intended
Thefc trees being new potted or tubbed every other to be placed againftor near old walls, the flues fhould
year, thofe years in which they are not fliifted, you be built up againft the front, allowing four inches
mull in April obferve to take out as much of the old thicknefs of the brick-work on each fide the flues,
earth from the tops of the pots and tubs, and alfo obferving to faften this with irons, at proper diflances,
round the fides of them, as poflible, without injuring to fecure it from feparating from the old wall ; the
the roots of the trees, and fill them up with frefh manner of making thefe flues, is fully explained under
earth ; you miift alfo wafh and clean their ftems and the article of Hot Walls. Where this contrivance
leaves from filth, which will greatly ftrengthen their is made, there will be no hazard of lofing the trees,

flowering, and caufe them to ihoot vigoroufiy the be the winter ever fo fevere, with a little proper care ^
following^ fummer. ; v/hereas, if this is wanting, there will require great
In the management of Orange-trees which are in good care and trouble to cover and uncover the glaffes
health, the chief care Ihould be to fupply them with every day, when there is any fun ; and if the wall
water duly, and not (as is fometimes praftifed) ftarve is not thicker than they are ufually built, the froll

tliem in winter, whereby their fibres are dried, and will penetrate through the walls in fevere winters fo ,

become mouldy, to the great prejudice of the trees -, that covering and fecuring the glafTesof the front will
nor to give them water in too great abundance, but not be fufficient to preferve' the trees, be it done with
.
rather let their waterings be frequent, and given in ever fo much care ^ therefore the firft expencc of the
moderate quantities. You mufl alfo obferve, that walls will fave great trouble and charge, and be t!ie
the water has free paflage to drain off; for if it be de- fecureft mxthod.
, tained in the tubs or pots, it will rot the tender fibres If the ground is wet, or of a ftrong clay, fo as to
of the trees. During the winter feafon, they mufl detain the moifture, the borders fhould be raifcd
have a large fhare of air when the weather is favour- above the level of the ground, in proportion to the
able •, for nothing is more injurious to thefe trees than fituation of the place for where the wet lies in win-
•,

ftifling of them, nor fhould they be placed too near ter near the furface, it will greatly prejudice, if not
each other in the green-h'oufe but 'fet them at fuch
-, totally deftroy the trees •, fo that lime rubbifh fhould
"diftance, that their branches m.ay be clear of each be laid at leaft two feet thick in the bottom of tlie

other, and that the air may circulate freely round their border, to drain off the wet and the earth fhould be
;

heads. In fummer they Ihould be placed where the laid two and a half or three feet thick thereon, which
winds are not violent, and to have the morning and will be a fufficient depth for the roots of the trees.
evening fun ; for if they are too much expofed to the In thefe boi"ders there may be a few roots of theGuern-
mid-day fun, they will not thrive. The beft fitua- fey and Belladonna Lilies and Hsemanthus planted,
tion for them is near fome large plantation of trees, or any other exotic bulbous-rooted flowers, which do
which will break the force of the winds, and fcreen not grow high, or draw too much nourifliment from
them from the violent heat of the fun. In fuch a the borders and thefe, producing their flowers in
-,

fituation they may remain until the beginning of Oc- autumn or winter, will make a good appearance, and
tober, or later, according as the feafon proves fa- thrive much better than if kept in pots.
vourable i for if they are carried into the green-houfe The management of the Orange-trees in thefe places,
early, and the autumn fhould prove warm, it will is nearly the fame as hath been directed for thofe in

occafion the trees to make frefh fhoots, which will be pots or tubs, excepting that the borders in thefe
weak and tender, and fo liable to perifh in winter ; places fliould be dug, and refrefhed with fome \7 cry
and fometimes it will occafion their flowering in winter, rotten dung everv year.
which greatly weakens the trees ; nor fhould they re- AURICULA MURIS, or Pilosella. Moufe Ear.
;r main fo long abroad as to be injured by morning frofls. This is a fort of Hawkv/eed with fmall hairy leaves,
The befl compofl for Orange-trees is two thirds of which are white underneath the plant trails upon the
:

> frefh earth from a good paflure, which fhould not be ground, taking root at the joints, by which means it
too light, nor over fliff\> but rather a hazel loam ' will loon fpread over a large compafs of ground.
this fnould be taken about ten inches deep with the This is very common in England it grows chiefly on ;

fward, which fhould be mixed with the earth to rot, ' dry barren places, or upon old walls, and is too often
and one third part of neats dung ; thefe fhould be a troublefome weed in grafs-plats in gardens.
mixed together, at leafl twelve months before it is AURICULA URSI [i. e. Bear's Ear, fo called

ufed, obferving to turn it over every month, to mix becaufe the ancients fancied it refemblcd the ear of a
it well, and to rot the fward ; this will alfo break the bear.] Bear's Ear, or Auricula.
clods, and caufe the mould to be finer. Before you Dr. Linna;us has joined this genus to the Primula
make ufc of this earth, you fhould pafs it through a veris of Tournefort, making this one fpecies under
rough fcreen, to and the
fcparate the great flones the title of Primula.
roots of the fward therefrom ; but by no means fift To enumerate the diverfities of this plant, would be
the earth too fine, for this is very prejudicial to mofl almoft endlefs and impoffible ; for eveiy year pro-
plants, but particularly to Orange-trees, - duces vaft quantities of new flowers, differing in
Of lateyears there have beenmanyof thefetrees planted fhape, fize, or colour of the flowers ; and alfo in the
againfl walls, againfc which frames of glafs are made leaves of thefe plants there is as great a variety, fo that
to fix over them in winter; and fome few curious per- the flcilful floriil is oftentimes capable of diftinguifh-
fons have planted thefe trees in the full ground, and ing many of the particular forts thereby.
have ereded moveable covers to put over the trees But as it feldom happens, that fuch of thefe flowers
in Winter, which are fo contrived as to be all taken as are at one time in great efteem, continue to be re-
away in fummer where thefe have been well execut-
: garded a few years after, (their being ftill finer or
ed, the trees have made great progrefs in their growth, larger flowers produced from feeds, which are what
and produced a much larg^er quantity of fruit, which the florifts chiefly feek after) it would be needlefs to
have ripened fo well, as to be extremely good for mention any of them ; wherefore I ftiall proceed to
eating. If thefe arc planted either againfl walls with give the characters of a good Auricula,
-',

7 I. rbc
I
 . ;:

A U H
R
1 "The ft em of the flower flmdd be lofty and ftr When you have taken your plants, which are now
all

2. The fcot-ftalk of the flower fhould be floor t^ come up, out of your boxes or pots, level the earth
timhel may be regular and clofe, gently again ;^ for it often happens, that fome of tlie
3. of each flower fhould be _/Z
'The pipe or neck feeds will lie in the ground two years before they ap-
the fliowers largey and regularly fpread^ being no ays in- pear, efpecially if they were covered too deep when
cllnahle to cup. fown, as was before obferved.
4. That the colours are very bright^ and well mixed, The fpring following many of thefe flowers will
5. That the eye of the flower be large ^ rounds and of a fliew, when you may feledl fuch of them as have good
/

good whitCy or yellow ^ and that the tube or neck be not properties, which fliould be removed each of them in-
too wide. to a pot of the fame prepared earth, and prefervcd
All the flowers of this kind that want any of the until the next feafon, at v/hich time you will be capa-
above-mentioned properties, are now rejefted by every ble to form a judgment of the goodncfs of the flow-
good florill ; for as the varieties every year increafe er \ but thofe that produce plain-coloured or fmall
from feeds, the bad ones are turned out to make flowers, fliould be taken out, and planted in borders
room for their betters ; but in fomie people the paffion in the out-parts of the garden, to make a fliew, or
for new flowers fo much prevails, that, fuppofing the gather for nofegays, &c. the' others, which do not
old flower greatly prefex**able to a new one, if it is of produce their flowers the fame year, may be taken
their own raifing, the latter mufl: take place of the up, and tranfplanted into a frefli bed, to remain till
old one. you fee how
they will prove.
In order to obtain good flowers from feeds, you mufl: The manner of propagating thefe fiov/ers when ob-
make choice of the befl: flowers you have, which fliould tained, is from offsets, or (lips, taken from ihe old
be expofed to the open air, that they may have the roots in April, vv^heh the flowers are in bloom : thefe
beneflt of fliowers, without whica they feldom pro- offsets muii: be planted into fmall pots filled with the
duce good feeds : the time of their ripening is in fame fort 'of earth as Vv'as before direfted for the feed-

June, which you know, by their feed-vefll?l

will eafily lings, and, during the fummer ic?.lbn, fliould be i^t
turnino; to a brown colour, and opening you mult ;
in a fliadyplace, and mufl: be often (but very gently)
therefore be careful lefl: the feeds be fcattered out of refreflied with warei' but in the autumn and winter
;

the veflx^l, for it will not be all fit to gather at the fliould be flickered from violent rains. The fpring
fame time. following thefe young plants will produce flowers,
The time for fowing this feed is commonly in Au- though but weak ^ foon after they are paft: flowering,
guft, but if it be fown any time before Chrift:mas, it you mufl: put them into larger pots, and the fecond
will be time enough. year they will blow in perfection.
The befl: foil for this feed is good, frefli, light, fan- But, in order to obtain a fine bloom of thefe flowers,
dy mould, mixed with very rotten neats dung, or very you mufl: obferve the following direftions.
rotten dung from die bottom of an old hot-bed : Firfl:, Preferve your plants from too niucli wet in

with you fliould

this your pots, boxes, or baflcets,
fill winter, which often rots and fpoils them but lee \

in which you intend to fow your feeds and having \ them have as much free open air as poflible^ nor
levelled the furface of the earth very fmooth, fow fliould they be too much expofed to the fun, which
your feeds thereon, covering it very lightly with rotten is apt to forward their budding for flower too foon -,

Willow mould taken out of the fl:ems of decayed hol- and the frofly mornings, which often happen in March,
low Willow-trees \ then cover the box, &c. with a thereby deft:roy their buds, if they are not protedted
net or wire, to prevent the cats, birds, &c. from therefrom. To prevent which, thofe who are very
fcratching out, or burying the feeds too deep ; for curious in thefe flowers, place their pots in autumn
whenever this happens, the feeds will remain a year under a common hot-bed frame, whei*e, in good wea-
in the ground before the plants appear, if it fliould ther, the plants may
enjoy the full air, by drawing
grow at laft: ; for which reafon many perfons never off^ the glafl^es ; and in great rains, fnow, or frofl:, the

cover thefe feeds, but leave them upon the furface plants may be fcreened by covering them. Where
of the earth, in the boxes, for the rain to wafli them this method is praclifed with judgment, the flowers
into the ground, which is often the befl; method will be much ftronger, and the plants will increafe
let thefe boxes, &c. be placed fo as to receive half fafl:er than when they are expofed abroad.

i Secondly, In the beginning of February, if the wea-?

March ther is mild, you mufl: take off" the upper part of the
only have the morning fun till ten of the clock \ for earth in the Auricula pots, as low as you can without
the young plants will now foon begin to appear, difturbing their roots, and fill up the pots with frefli
which, if expofed to one day's whole fun only, will rich earth, which will greatly fl:rengthen them for
be all deftroyed. bloom ; prepare your ofl^sets for tranfplanting
as alfo
During the fummer feafon, in dry weather, often re- in April, by caufing them to pufli out new roots.
frefli them with water, but never give them too great Thofe plants which have fl:rong fingle heads, always
quantities at once July produce the largefl: clullers of flowers \ therefore the
will be large enough to tranfplant, at which time curious florift:s pull off* the oftsets as foon as it can be
you mufl: prepare a bed, or boxes, filled with the done with fafety to their growing, to encourage the
above-m.entioned foil, in which you may plant them mother plants to flower the fl:ronger they alfo pinch -,

about three inches fquare and (if in beds) you mufl:

-,
off the flowers in autumn, where they are produced,
fliade them everyday, till they are thoroughly rooted, and fuflfer them not to open, that the plants fliould
as alio in very hot dry weather but if they are in •,
not be weakened thereby.
bafl<ets or boxes, they may be removed to a fliady Thirdly, You muft cover your pots with miats in
place. frofl:y weather, during this time of tlieir budding for
Wlien the feedling Auriculas are planted in beds, flower, lefl: the fliarp mornings blight them, and pre-
tlierefnould be fome rotten neats dung laid about ten vent their blowing.
inches under the furface, and beaten down clofe and Fourthly, When your fiower-fl:ems begin to advance
fmooth this will prevent the worms from drawing
: and the bloflbm buds grow turgid, you mufl: protect
the young plants out of the earth, which they gene- them from hafl:y rains, which would wafli off then-
rally do where this is not praftifed. This dung fliould white meally farina, and greatly deface the beauty of
be laid about half a foot thick, which will entirely their flowers ; but at the fame time obferve to keep
prevent the worms getting through it until the plants them as much uncovered as pofi;ble, othcrv/ife their
are well eftabliflied in the beds ; and the roots of the ft:ems will be drawn up too weak to fuppcrt their fiov/-
Auriculas will fl:rike down into the dung by the fpring, ers (which is often the cafe w^hcn their pots are placed
v/hich will make their flowers fl:ronger than ufual near walls) give them gentle waterings to ft:rengthen
beds fnould be expofed to the
tlieie eaft, and fcreened them, but let none of the water fall into the center
from the fouth fun. of the plant, or among the leaves.
Fifthlv,-
 A A
Fifthly, When your flowers begin to open, you The firft of thefe here mentioned, is a low fhrub,
(hould remove their pots upon a ftage (built with rifing with feveral flender fl:ems near four feet high.
rows of flielves, one above another, and covered on The leaves come out in clufl:ers at the ends of the
tJie top, to preferve them from wet this fhould be : flioots, without order they are fpear-fliaped, but nar-
:

open to the morning fun, but flickered from the heat row at their bafe 5 their edges are fet with very fhort
of the fun in the middle of the day :) in this pofition teeth, which are rough. The flowers come out in
they will appear to much greater advantage, than clufters between the leaves, at the extremity of the
when upon the ground ; for, their flow-
the pots fl:and branches, which are white, with a mixture of dirty
ers being low, their beauty is hid from us i whereas, yellow on their outfide they have a tube an inch :

when they are advanced upon fhelves, we fee them in long, and at the top are pretty deeply cut into live
a full view. In this fituation they may remain until fegments ; the two upper are reflexed, the two fide
the beauty of their flowers is pafl:, when they mufl: ones are bent inward, and the lower one Is turned
be fet abroad to receive the rains, and have open free downward. There are five flender flramina, which
air, in order to obtain feeds, which will fail if they are a longer than the petals of the flower, fup-
little

are kept too long under flielter. When your feed is porting oblong Saffron-coloured fummits. The fl:y!e
ripe, obferve to gather it when it is perfeftly dry, and is much longer than the fl:amina, and' crowned by an

expofe it to the lun in a window upon papers, to pre- obtufe fl;igma. Thefe flowers have much the appear-
vent its growing mouldy, and let it remain in the ance of thofe of the Honeyfuckle, and are as agreea-
pods till the feafon for fowing it. bly fcented. July
AURICULA URSI MYCONI. See Ver- are not fucceeded by feeds in England.
BASCUM. I' I

The fecond fort grows taller than the firfl:, and in its
A X I S of a plant. Axis is properly that round fmooth native country frequently rifes to the height of fifteen
. cylinder, about which a wheel is turned ; whence, by feet, but in Endand is never more than half that
way of mxtaphor, that long, round, fmooth part, height. - This fends out from the root,
feveral fl:ems
: placed in the center of the iuli, or cat tails, on Nut- which are garniflied with oblong fmooth leaves, placed
^ trees, &c. about which the male organs are difpofed, alternately, having foot-fl:alks. The flower-fl:alks
may be called the Axis. The French call it Ame, arife from the which are lono-
divifion oJF the branches,
Noyau, or Poinfon. and naked, fupporting a clufEer of red flowers, which
AZALEA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 195. American up- are tubulous, fwelling at their bafe like thofe of the
right Honeyfuckle. Hyacinth, and contraded at their neck> they arc di-
The Characters are, vided at the top into five equal fegments, which fpread
// hath a [mail colour ei empalement "which is permanent^ open The five ftamina and the fl:yle are m.uch
cut into five' acute ^parts at the top. ^he flower is longer than the petals, and ftand ereft. This flowers
fumel-Jhapedy having a long naked tube ^ cut into five parts -, about the fame time as the former, but is not fo well
: the two upper fegments are refiexed backward^ the two fcented. .
-

:
Jtdes are bent inward^ and the lower one turns downward. Thefe plants grow naturally in Ihade, and upon moift
: It hath five flender ftamtna of unequal lengths ^ which ground in mofl: parts of North America, from whence
-^ have oblong ere5f fummits.. The round germen fupports a many of the plants have been fent of late vears to
long flender ftylcy crowned with an obtufe ftigma \ the ger- England, and feveral of them have produced their
, me7i afterward becomes a roundifh capfule^ having five beautiful flowers in many curiolis gardens.
. cells y whichare filled with roundtflo fmall feeds. They mufl: have a moifl; foil and a ftiady fituation,
This genus of plants is ranged in the firfl: fedion of otherwife they will not thrive. be They can only
. Linnasus's fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria Monogynia, ,
propagated by flioots from their roots, and laying
the flower having five fl:amina and one Ityle. down their branches, for they do not produce feeds
The Species are, . - here; and if good feeds could be obtained, they
1. Azalea {Vifcofa) foliis margine fcabris, corollis pi- would be difficult to raife, and a long time before
lofo glutinofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 151. Azalea with leaves they would flower. But when they are in a proper
having rough edges, the petals of the flower hairy and fituation, their roots extend, and put out fl:ioots,
glutinous. Cifl:us Virginiana flore &
odore pericly- which may be taken off^ with roots, and tranfplant-
. meni. Pluk. Phyt. tab. 161. f. 4. ^
ed. When any of them are laid down, it Ihould
2. Azalea {Nudiflora) foliis ovatis corollis pilofis fl:ami- be only the young flioots of the fame year, for the
nibus longifiimis. Lin, Sp. Plant. 150. Jzalea with old^^branches will not put out roots. The beft time
oval leaves^ hairy flowers ^ and the longefl ftamina. Cif- for this is at Michaelmas, and if they are covered
tus Virginiana periclymeni flore ampliori minus odo- with fome old tan, to keep out tHe frofl:, it will be
rato.Pluk. Mant. 49. - of great ufe to them. The autumn is alfo the befl:
There are three or four other fpecies of this genus, time to remove the plants, but the ground about their
two of which grow naturally upon the Alps, chiefly roots fliould be covered in winter to keep out the
on bogs ; thefc are low plants,, which have little frofl: ; and if this is every year praftifed to the old

beauty, and very difficult to keep in gardens. The plants, it will preferve them in vigour, and caufe them
others grow one in the eafl:, near Pontus, and the to flower well.
other in India ; but as neither of thefe are in the Eog- AZEDARACH. Me
lifli gardens, I fliaUnot enumerate them,: 1

•^'
A^EROLE, orUAZAROLE. Mes

.'L f *-
;; '- -/«>>
i

\ -

( .

• -
tkC CA,
 ^

frt

A N
A CCA, i.round fruit, for the
e. a berry, is a hermaphrodite florets included in the common cm-
mofl part foft, and covered with a thin fkin, palcment ; they are of an herbaceous colour, fo make
containing feeds in a pulpy fubftance but, if •, little appearance, and are not fucceeded by feeds in

it be harder, and covered with a thicker flefli,

England;
it is called Pomum, i. e. an Apple,
This plant is propagate, for the cuttings
difficult to

BACCIIARIS, Ploughman's 'Spikenard, vulgo. do wuth great difficulty take root ; and it is very rare

The Characters are, to find Ihoots near the root to lay down, fo that in
fio-zver is compofcd of many hermaphrodite and fi Holland they lay down the entire head of young
ii'hich are included in one common^ cylindricpJ^ plants, thebranches in the fame
fmaller
/ flitting
manner as is pradifed for Carnations, laying them
)akraeut, 'Tb^ florets are eqiuiU the hermaphrodite

'dfc lie are intermixed, ^he hermaphrodite florets are into the ground and forking each down to prevent
r and quinquefld'^ thefc have flvefl,ender fta- their riflng thefe when duly watered put out roots
junncl'fljCiped •,

hiina^ ero'tvncdLy cylindrical firmmits^ and <in ovalgermen^ in one year, when they may be taken off, and planted

fnpporting a flicnder flyle^ crowned hy a hifldftigma. The in fmall pots filled with light earthy and placed in

<rerri:en aftcrvjard becomes a Jingle frjort feed crowned with the fliade till they have taken new root ; after which
^a long down. The female flowers have no flamina^ but in they may be placed in a flneltered fituation in fum-
clhcr rcfpetis are the fame. mer, but in winter muil be kept in a green-houfe.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feflion The third fort is pretty common in the nurferies
of Linnxus's nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Po- about London, where it is ufually called the Ground-
lygamia fuperflua, the flowers being compofed of her- fell-tree ; this is a native of Virginia and other parts
maphrodite and female florets, which are both fruitful. of North America grows to be a flu'ub of about
; it

The Spizcies are, fevcn or eight feet high, and flowers in Odober^ the
1. Baccharis {h^folia) foliis Unccolatis loi
^ flowers are white, and not very beautiful but the •,

liter dentato-ferratis. Lin. Hort. Cliff. Ploughman's leaves continuing green through the year, has oc-
Spikenard with fpearjhaped leaves^ which are longitudi- cafioned this flirub to be admitted into many curious
vally indented and flawed, Senecio A^icana arborefccns gardens, '
-

folio ferrato. Boerh. Ind. alt. i. 117. This fort may be propagated by cuttings, whicli
Baccharis {Neriiflolia) fohis lanccolatis fupernc uno fliould be planted in April or May, upon a fliady
akerove denticulo ferratis. Tlort. CliiF. 404.. Plough- border, and duly watered in dry weather, until they
vians Spikena)'d with fpear-papcd leaves flawed on the have taken root; and, at Michaelmas, they will b ^ r^

ed'^es, Arbufcula foliis nerii. Bo,erh. Ind. 2. p. 263. fit to tranfplant where they arc to remain ; this will

ifd at.
:s iuperne
r,
emar- live in the open air, and never is injured by the cold
ginato crcnatis. Hort. Cliif. 405. Ploughman's Spike- of pur ordinary winters ; but fevcre froft will fo.mc-
nard with cval indented leaves, Senecio Virginianus times deflroy them.
CT-bor^'fccns, atriplicis folio. Raii Hift. 1799. The fourth fort grows natyraliy in Carolina, and fome
.4. Baccharis (Fa'tida) foliis lanceolatis ferrato-dentatis, other parts of North America-, it riles with a lig-
corymbis foliofis. Flor. Virg. 121.. Ploughman's Spike- neous ft:alk fix or fcven feet hicrh, p-arnifhed with Ions:
nard with fpear-floaped flawed leaves^ and a leafly corym- fpear-ffiaped leaves, which are hoary on their under
bus, Conyza Americana frutefcens fcetidifllma. Hort, fide, having a difagreeable fcent v/hcn handled the -^

Elth. tab. S9. fl:alks are terminated by loofe umbels of flowers,

The Engliili name of Ploughman's Spikenard has which appear late in the autumn, fo are not fucceeded
been always applied to the Conyza major^ or greater by feeds in this country.
Fleabanc •, b-it fiuce moft of the modern botaniflis It may be propagated by cuttings, which fliould be

hvive applied the title of Baccharis to this genus, I have planted toward the end of May, vhich if fliaded and
added the old Englifli name to of Ploughman's
it, duly watered will put out roots in two months-, when
Spikenard, rather than leave it without anEnglifli title. they fliould be potted, that they may be flickered
The firfl was brought from the Cape of Good
fort under a frame in winter.
Hope, but grows naturally in Peru, and in other BACCIFEROUS [Baccifer, L^/. of Bacca, a Berry,
parts of America. Tliis plant has been long pre- 'and fero, to bear] is an epithet apj^lied to trecs^
fer\Td by the curious in tlielr gardens. It grows to flirubs, or plants, that bear berries, as Briony, Lily
the height of five or fix feet, and is a manageable of the Valley, Afparagus, Butchers Broom, Nigfit-
ihrub-, "it may be propagated by cuttings, which flnadc, Solomon's Seal, and many others.

fhould be planted in a lliady border durijig any of B ALA U S T I A. See Punica.

the fumm.cr nionths, or by feeds fov/n in a common BALA STI U UM
is the cup of the fiov/er of .the

border in the fpring of the year. Thefe feeds ripen wild Pomegranate.
AvcU in tliis country, and, if permitted to fcattcr on B A L L O T E [E^tXAccMr!, Gr:"^ Black Horehound.
the irrocnd, the plants will com.c up the following Tliis is a common weed, growing on the iidcs of
fpriiK-;. I: is pretty hardy, and will live abroad in bar:i:s in moftpcirts of England, lb is fcldom allowed

if planted in a warm fituat:on a place in gardens ; there are two varieties oi it, one
^--- but it
mild wint \

is ufually kept in green-houfes, and placed abroad in with a white, and the other a j:jurple flower. As thefe
fi.mmcrV it requires much v/ater in warm weather. are not .cultivated, I fliall not trouble the i;eader witl^
'J*he fecond fort is alfo a native of Africa; this hath a farther deicription of them. .

a Ibfc flirubby ilalk which rifes to the height of eight BALM. See Melissa.
or ten f-et, putting oat fide brandies toward the top, BALS A M I N A. The female B-ilirtmlne. See L:-
garnifaed with (liflTpear-rnaped lea'/cs, having a few PATIENS.
mdentures toward their toji; thefe are placed without B L
A SA M T A. See Tanacetum.
I

Oivler the flowers are produced at

:
tlie extremity of B A M T A M O S C H A T A. See Hi ej sous.

the brandies in a clofc fpike, confiiling of female and B 1 A N A N A. See Musa.

H h «ANiS-
i
 '

^ \

A N F
A N
and are thinly garniflied with oval fmooth
SxVNiSf ERIA. Houft. MSS. Lin. Gen.
C^en. 509 higli,

Sloan. Cat. 137. Plum. Cat. 18. leaves ; the flowers grow in a round bunch at the
Acer Scandens.
The Characters are, extremity of the branches, which are of a brownifh .,

yellow colour, and are fucceeded by winged feeds

h hath a fmall fcrmancnt e'mpaJement^ citt into five acute

to the bottom the fiower hath five fetals^ which' like the former, but fmaller, and have narrower
fegmcnts \

wings.
crejhaped of the papilionaceous tribe, hutfpnad
like thofc

cpc?u having in feme fpccies one^ in others two, and in The was fent me from Carthagena, where
third fort
it naturally grows. This fends out many branches,
fome, feveral necfariotis glands. It hath tenfhort ftamina,
crowned withfimple funiviits. 'There are in forae fpscies which divide again into others, growing without
'

threc^ and in others but Gnegermm, each fupporting afingle

order, and become ^ery bufliy upward, fending out

crowned by art obtufeftigma ; the germen afterward tendrils by wliich they fafl:en themfelves to the neigh-
fiyle,
become fo maty winged fruity like thofc of the Maple ^ each bouring trees, and mount to a great height ; thefe
containing a Jingle feed. are garniflied with oval ftiflf leaves, ending in a point.

The title of this genus was given by the late Dr. The flowers are produced in loofe fpikes at the ends
Houftoun, in honour to the memory of Mr. Banifter, of the branches, which are firft of a gold colour, and
a curious botanift, who loft his life in the fearch of fade to a fcarlet. Thefe are fucceeded by feeds of
the fame fliape with the former, but are flender, thin,
'

plants in Virginia. '

The D9ftor genus in the clafs of papi-

ranged this and for the moft part fingle.
lionaceous flowers, X.O which it has great affinity by The fourth fort was fent me from Campeachy, by
the form of its flower^ but the ten ftamina ftanding Mr. Robert Millar this hath many irregular climbing
-,

feparate, induced Dr. Linnaeus to jplace it in his tenth ftalks, which fatten themfelves to the neighbouring

rlafs ; but although he has put it under his third fec- trees, and rife to a great height, garniflied with oval

tion, yet it would with greater propriety conic Under leaves, which are hairy on their under fide, where
his fccond, the greater number of f|)ecies having but they have many tranfverfe ribs. The flowers come
two ftyles. » out thinly from the fide of the branches, which are
.-. The Species are, .
\' _
of a pale yellow colour, and are fucceeded by large
1. Banisteria {Angulofa) oy^to-oblongis rigidis
foliis winged feeds, which are double.
raccmis tcrminaUbus caule fruticofo fcandente, Ba- The fifth fort hath ftrong woody ftalks, which twiae
Ttifieria with oblongs oval, ftiff leaves, fpikes offlowers ter- about the trees which grow near it, and rifes twenty
minating the branches y and a fhrubby climbing ft alh Sir feet high, garniflied with oblong pointed leaves like
Hans ^oarie" titles it, Acer fcandens foliis Laurinis. thofe of the Bay-tree, growing oppofite j from the
, Cat. Jam. 137. v wings of the leaves the flowers are produced in loofe
2. JBanisteria (Fiilgens) foliis pyatis glabi^s, floribus Ipikes, upon long foot-ftalks, which are blue, and
coryliibofis terminahbus, caule fruticofo fcandente. are fucceeded by flender winged feeds, which fpread
''

^anifteria with oval fmooth leaves, flowers growing in a open from each other. '

corymbus at the extremity of the branches, and a ftjrubby The fixth fort was fent me from Tolu in New Spain,
climbing ft alk, Acer fcandens minus Apocyni facie where It grov/s naturally. This hath" climbing ftalks,
'

folio fubrotundo. Sloan. Cat. 138. which divide into many branches, garnifhed with'
'3. Banisteria {Brachiata) foliis ovatis acuminatis flo- long winged leaves, compofed of about twenty pair
- ribus laxe fpicatis, ramis difFufis fcandentibus. Ba- of fmall, oblong, blunt pinnas, each having a deep
nifteria tvith oval pointed leaves, fliowers growing in hofe furrow on the under fide. At the wings of the leaves
fpikes, and climbing diffufed branches, Banifteria fcan- the ftalks are armed with ftiort ftrong fpines, a little
dens &
frutcfcens folio fubrotundo, flore ex aureo crooked. The flowers grow in long loofe fpikes at
Coccineo. Houft. MSS. the end of the branches, which are fucceeded by fingle
4. BanisttiRia {Laurifolia) foliis ovatis nervofis fubtus feeds, as large as thofe of the greater Maple.
incanis, floribus laterahbus, caule fruticofo fcandente. The fevenlh fort hath ftrong ligneous ftalks, covered
Banifteria with nervous heartffjaped leaves, hoary on with an Afli-colourcd bark, and divide into niarv
. their under fide, flowers growing from the fide of the branches, garniflied with winged leaves, compofed
. Iranches, and a (lorubby climbing fialh Acer Amcri- of five or fix pair of oval fmall leaves, nearly of the
. canum fcandens foliis fubrotundis fubtus pubefcen- 'fize with thofe of the common Acacia, but are whitifh

tibys. Millar. Cat. .

on their under fide from the wings of the leaves are
•,

5 Banisteria ovato-oblongis acu-

[Benghalenfis') foliis produced flender bunches of flowers, growing in a
minatis racemis lateralibus fcminibuspatentibus. Flor. racemus like thofe of the Currant-bufh, of a puq^lifii
Zcyl. 176. Banifteria with oblong, oval, pointed leaves, colour i thefe are fucceeded by broad winged feeds,
fpikes of flowers growing from the fide of the branches, growing erect. It was fent me from Campeachy,
and fprcading feeds: Acer fcandens foliis Citrei flore where it grows naturally.
c^rulco fpicato. Plum. Cat. 18. "",
Thefe plants are all of them- natives of warm coun-
6. Banisteria {Aculeata) foliis pinnatis, foliolis oblongis tries, fo cannot be preferved in England, unlefs they
obtufis, floribus fpicatis caule ramofb aculeato. Ba- are kept in a bark-ftove. They are propagated by
mfteria with winged leaves, whofe fmall leaves are oblong feeds, which muft be procured from the countries
end blunt, flowers growing in a JpikCy and a prickly where they grow naturally. Thefe feeds fliould be
branching ft alk, ' > .
fully ripe when gathered, and put into fand or earth,
*j^ Banisteria {Purpurea) foliis pinnatis foliolis ovatis in which they fliould Joe fent to 'England, othcrwife
Ipicis lateralibus fcminibus eredis. Banifteria with they will loofe their vegetatiye quality for from a -,

winged whofe fmall leaves are oval, fpikes of

leaves, large parcel of thefe feeds which were fent over in
flowers grozving from the fide of the braftches, and ere^ papers, as frefti as they could pofllbly arrive here,
feeds, iianifteria foliis ovatis fpicis lateralibus femini- there was very few plants raifed, and thofe did not
bus ereclis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 427. appear till the fecond year ; for thefe feeds are not
The firft grows naturally in Jamaica. This hath a only in fliape like thofe of the Maple, but alfo are of
woody which twills itfelf round the neighbour-
italk, the fame quality, requiring to be fown as foon as
ing trees, and rifcs to their top. It is garniflied '
pofllble when they are ripe, or preferved in flmd or
.\yith leaves as large as thofc of the Bay-tree, and of earth they are fown, otherv/ife they rarely fiiccced;
till
the fame thickncfs, growing oppoflte^ the flowers are tlierefore when the feeds arrive, they fliould be im-
produced long branching fpikes at the ends of the
in mediately fown in pots, and, if it happens in autumn
.uanches, which are yellow, compofed of five fmall or winter, the pots fliould be plunged into a hot-bed
leaves 'thefe are fucceeded by two or three winged
•,
of tanners bark, where the heat is very moderate,
feeds like thofe of the greater Maple. ^ v and fecured from froft and wet, till fpring, v/hen they
The fccond fort grows naturally in Jamaica, at Cam- muft be removed to a frefli hot-bed, which -vvill bring
:eachy, and Icvcral odier parts of America. This up the plants ; but
they fliould not appear the firlt
if
lath (lender winding ftalks, which rife five or fix feet year, the pots fliould be preferved till the next fpring.
7
 A R A R +

to fee if the feeds will .crpw. When the plants come four feet high, are garnillied with two oval
indented
up, they muft be phiiued in feparate pots, filled with leaves ftanding oppofite the flowers are fcarlet, and
-,

light earth, and plunged into the bark-bed, after are placed in whorls at the joints of the
llalks ; theie
v;hich they muft be treated like other tender plants appear in July, Augufl, and September, and are
from tlie iame countries. fucceeded by fliort puds inclofing flat feeds.
BAOBOB. See Adansonia. The roots of the firll Ibit will continue three or four
BARB A
A C P R IE. See Spir^a. years,^ but after the fecond year, the plants
grow too
J Sec Anthyllis. rambling, and the lower part. of the branches are
BARB A R K A. See Erysimum. naked. To are net fo fightly as the young plants
j
BAR N
D A A. See Arctium. therefore a fucceflion of thefe fliould be raifed,
and
BARLF^RIA. the old ones turned out. Tliey are propagated by
The name v/as given to this genus of plants by fa- feeds, which will fow themfelves in the pots which

J are near^ them in the ftove, when

the plants are
who v/as a famous botaniit. once obtained i but where the feeds are received from
The Characters are. abroad, they mufl: be fown upon a hot-bed in the
// jMtb a pcrrnam Uvided into four pan fpring ; and when the plants are fit to remove, they
/'-"
L\/ fmaller^^ The fiower is of
oppcftt. , t. muft be each planted in a feparate pot, and pluno-cd
of cue kaf ftifincl-fiaped^ and divided tntofi into a hot-bed of tanners bark, where they muftcon-
fegment beiyig broad and ere^l^ fcantly remiain, and managed in the fame manner as

f'd: er. and the under one which turns

KV-'^ other tender exotics from the fame countries ; giving
dcK-rn-ioard is divided into t-ivo. It hath four flender fla~ them water frequently in fiimmer, and letting the
V frefli air to diem every day in warm weather, but in
eA fi
fi
winter they fliould have lefs water and be kept warm.
^, fupporting aflender cro^vmd by a
Jlyle^ They flower from June' to November, and their feeds
ZJ
fi ^ ^I'be germen afterward becomes an oblongs ripen foon after.
ejfei The fecond fort liath flexible perennial ftalks, which
difJj if cut ofi^ during the fummer months, and made into
lengths of fix or eight inches, and planted in pots,
fi
This genus of plants is by Dr. Linn::£us ranged in the plunging them into a hot-bed, and duly v/atered and
fecond order of his fov^teenth clals, titled Didy- Ihadedfrom the fun, will foon nut out rooiq. fo mav
namia Angiofpermia, whofe flowers have two long J
be planted each in a fmall pot, and plunged into the
and two ihort ftamina, and their feeds are included j
tan-bed in the ftove'; for although this fort may be
in a capfulc. kept in a dry ftove through the winter, yet the plants
The Species are, will nbt grow near fo faft, nor will their leaves be fo
tfc .
large as tliofe which are plunged into bark. By this
is. _ ithfp. method the plants may be propagated in plenty, but
of the branches^ andfpcar-f:
'fide as they rarely produce flowers in England, fo two
E.irleria aculeata folani folio anguftiore flore ca^ruleo. or three plants will be fufiicient to maintain the
rium. N. G. 3!. fpecies, .
'
^

2. Barlhkia {Prionltis) fpinis axillaribus quaternis fohis .'

The third and fourth forts v/ill produce feeds in Eng-

intcgerrimis. Ivin. Sp. Plant. 636. Barkriawith fpines land, provided the plants are kept in the tan-bed m
i^ro-zvin"^ by fours from the fide of the branches^ ard entire the ftove, fo thefe may be propagated by feeds,
"leaves. Coletta-veetla. Hort. Mai. o. p. 77. which fiiould be fov/n in the hot-bed, and the plants
3 Barleria {Buxifolia) fpinis axillaribus oppofitis fo- afterward treated in the fame manner as the firft

litaris, foliis fi-ibrotundis intcgerrimis. Lin. Sp. 887. fort.

Bsirieria with fpines at the wings of the ft alky androundiflo BAROMETER [from B^V^, a weight, an-d />t£r;ov,

entire leaves, Americana fpinoflima frutefcens,

Barleria a meafure,] is an inftrument or machine for meafur-
buxi folio parvo flore. Airim. Herb. 104. ing the weight of the atmofphere, or the minute vari-
4 Barlkria {Cocciyiea) inermis foliis ovatis denticulatis ation of the weight or prefllire of the incumbent air,
>oiit fpines^ and in order to determine the changes of v/cather.
-/ Barieria folani This machine is founded on the Torricellian experi-
folio, flore coccineo. Plum. Nov, Gen. 31. ment, fo called, from the inventor Torricellius.
llie with upright fquare ftalks tliree
firft fort rifes li It confifts of a long tube of glafs, hermetically

feet hi^h, o-arniflied with two oblono; entire leaves fealed at one end ; and being filled with quickfilver,
at every joint-, above which the flowers come out in is inverted fo as to have one end of it immero-ed in a

whorls furrcundirig the ftalks, and under each whorl bafon of ftagnant quickfilver, and the odier iierme-
there are fix lliarp fpines, which are as long as the tically fealed, which is expofed to the preffureof the
empalement of the flowers. Thele joints are about .'
outward air; out of v/hich open end (after fuch im- \

three inches diftance; the flowers are blue, and have merfion) the quickfilver in the tube being fuffered to
more of the form of the labiated flowers, than any run as much as it will into the ftagnant quickfilver, in
of the other Ipccies. I received this from Pa- which that moudi or open end is immerled, there is
nama. wont to remain a cylinder of quickfilver fufpended in
The fecond fort has been long in the curious gardens the tube, about twenty-eight, twenty-nine, or thirty
in Holland, but has not been many years in this inches high, meafuring from the furface of the ftag-
country. This fends out many flender ftems from nant quickfilver perpendicularly, but more or lefs
the root, which rife eight or nine feet high, garniftied within fuch limits, according as the weight or pref-
Vv'ieli oval pointed leaves, two growing oppofite at fure of the air incumbent on the external ftagnant
er.ch joint, which are attended by four long fpines quickfilver expofed to it, is greater or lefi^er, leaving
ftanding crofs-ways. This plant hath not as yet flow- the upper part of the tube void, or at leaft empty of
tred in^England, though there are large plants of it common air.
in the Chellea crarden. The phsenomena of the barometer are various, and
he third hath Ihrubby ftalks v/hich rife five or
fort the caufes afligned for them, by feveral amhors, as
fix feet hip-!i, o-arnifiied with roundifti endre leaves various ; nor is the ufe of it in prediding th.e wea-
jdnced oppofite, under which are placed ftrong. fpines-, ther, yet perfeftly afcertained.
live flowers are produced in whorls toward tlie upper The mercury has been known to"
greateft height the
part of the fialk % thefe are fucceeded by fiiort feed- ftand at in London, is thirty inches three-eighths, and
fielr. containing three or four Piat feeds. This grows its leaft, twenty-eight inches and though, as Mr.
:

tTiturally in Jamaica. Boyle obferves, the pha:nomena of the barometer are

1'hc fourth fort grows naturally in the warm pai-ts of fo very precarious, that it is very difficult to form

An;erlca. Ih.e "ftalks of this are finooth j they rife any general rules about the rife and fall ihe;"egf5 fince
 . :

A R
.' -*^

B:
wkicii feems to hold mofl univerfally, viz. two contrary winds blowing towards the place of
in tjiat \yf
obfervatipn, whereby the air of other places is brought
that when the 'high winds blow, the mercury is the
thither and accumulated ; fo that the incumbent cy-
'lowei-, they fomctimes fail, yet the following obfer-
vations have been made by feveral authors. linder of air fed
Dr. Halley obferves, that in calm weatHer,^ when weight, the mercury preffed thereby muft needs rilb
the air is inclined to rain, the mercury is continually and ftand high, as long as the winds continue fo to
lovV-j in ferene good fettled weather, high. ^
.
blow i and then the air being fpeciflcally heavier, the
That on great winds, though unaccompanied with vapours are better kept fufpended, fo that they have
rain, the merCury is loweft of. all, with regard to the no inchnation to precipitate and fall down in drops,
point of the compafs the wind blows on ; that, ce- which is the reafon of the ferene good weather, which
teris parihus, the greatelV heights of the mercury are
attends the greater heights of the mercur}^

on eafterly and north-cafterly winds i that after great 3. The mercury finks the loweft of all by the very

ftorms of wind, v/hefi the mercury has been low, it rapid motion of the air in ftorms of winds.
rifes again very faft. For the of the region of the earth's' furface,
traft

That in calm frofty \Veather itftands high, :

-
wherein thefe winds rage, not extending all round
That the more northerly places find greater altera- the globe, that ftagriant air which is left behind, as
tions than the more fouthera-, and that within the likewife that on the fides, cannot come in fo faft as to

. tropics, arid near them, there is little or no variation fupply the evacuation made by fo fwift a current > fo

of the mercury at all. /'*' - that the air muft neceflarily be attenuated when and
Dr. Beal obferves, that, ceteris paribus^' i\\Q mftroirf where the faid winds continue to blow, and that moi-e
is higher in cold weather than in warm, and ufually or lefs, according to their violence add to which, :

higher in morning and evening than at rilid-day, that the horizontal motion of the air being fo quick as
Tliat the mercury is higher in fettled and fair weather, it is, may, in all probability, take off fome part of

than either a litde before, or after, or in the rain ;

the perpendicular preffure thereof j and the great agi-
and that it generally delcends lower after rain, than tation of its particles is the reafon why the vapours are
it was before it ; if it cliance to rife higher after rain, diffipated, and do not cbndenfe into drops, fo as to
generally foUo^^-ed by a fettled ferenity.
It is form rain, otherwife the natural confequence of the
" '

That there arc frequendy great changes in the air, air's rarefaftion. . .

without any perceptible alterations in the barometer. 4. The mercury ftands the higheft upon an eafterly
As to the predidiohs from the barometer. Dr. Hal- or north-eafterly wind becaule, in the great Atlan-
;

ley has. fpund,, '^

-
"
';,;, .' •/ ''

.
'
."
,
'
;
tic ocean, on this fide the thirty-fifth degree of north

That the rifing of the mercury forebodes fair weather latitude, the wefterly and fouth-wefterly winds blow
after fouT^ and an eafterly or nprth-eafterly wind. almoft always trade fo that whenever h^re the winds
:

That the falling of the mercury portends foutherly come up at eaft and north-eaft, it is fure to be checked
-J

or wefterly winds, with rains, or ftormy winds, or by a contrary gale as foon as it reaches the ocean ;
Both:- :f; -
.
.
: ..„ .
;
wherefore, according to what is made out in the fe-
That in a ftorm the mercury beginning to rife, is a cond remark, the air muft. needs be heaped over this
<*

pretty fure fign that it begins to abate. . ifland, and confequently, the mercury muft fta^d

Mr. Patrick obferves, that the falling of the merciiiy high, as often as thefe winds blow, ^

in hot weather prefages thunder \ that when foul wea- 5. In calm frofty weather, the mercury generally
ther happens after the fall of the mercury, it feldom ftands high, becaufe, as he conceives, feldom freezes it

holds long-, aiid the fame is obferved, if fair weather but when the winds come out of the northern or
^
fucceeds pitfcntly after its rife., '^
, north-eaftern quarters, or at leaft, unlefs tliofe winds
Hence Mr. Pointer conceives, that the principal blow at no great diftance off, . - •

caufe of the and fall of the mercury, is from the

rife For the northern parts of Germany, Denmark, Swe-
variable winds which are found in the temperate den, Nonvay, and all that trad, from whence north-
zones, and whofe great inconftancy here in England eaftern winds come, are fubjefl; to almoft continual
is moft notorious. • ' froft all the winter, and thereby the lower air is very
A fccond caufe he takes to be, the uncertain exha- much condenfed, and in that ftate is brought hither-
lation and perlpiration of the vapours lodging in the ward by thofe winds ; and, being accumulated by
air, whereby it comes to be at one time much more the oppofition of the wefterly wind blowing in the
<;rdwded than at another, and confequently heavier ; ocean, the mercury muft needs be prefled to a more
but this latter, in a great meafure, depends upon the ordinary height; and, as a concurring caufe, the
ormer. ; .. .
-
Ihrinking of the lower parts of the air into leficr room
And frorri' thefe principles, he endeavours to explain by cold, muft needs caufe a defccnt of the upper parts
the feveral pjio^nomena of the barometer. of the atmofphere, to reduce the cavy:y made by this
i. The mercury's being low, inclines it to rain-, be- contraftion to an equihbrium.
caufe the air being light, the vapours are no longer 6. After great ftorms of winds, when the mercury
Supported thereby, being become fpecijically licavier has been very low, it generally rifes again very fiift
than the medium wherein they are floated ; fo that he fays, he once obferved it to rife an inch and a half
they defcend towards the earth, and in their fall, meet- in lefs than fix hours, .after a long condnued ftorm of
ing with^ other aqueous particles, they incorporate fouth-weft wind.
together, and form little drops of 'rain ; but the mer- The reafon is, becaufe the air being very much rare-
cury's being at one time lower than another, is the fied by the great evacuations that fiich continued
effe£l of two contrary winds blowing from the place ftorms make thereof, the neighbouring air runs irj
. ^ where the barometer ftands, whereby the air of that more fwiftly, to bring it to an equilibrium, as wc fee
place is caj-ricd both ways" from it, and confequently water runs the fafter for having a greater declivity.
'
the incumbent cylinder of air is diminilhed, and ac- 7. The variations are greater in the more northerly
"
'
cordingly the mercury finks. As for inftance, if in places, as at Stockholm greater than at Paris [com-
the German ocean
fhould blow a gale of wefterly it pared by Mr. Pafchal •,] becaufe the more northerly
'/ *wind, and at tlie fame time an eafterly wind in the parts have ufually greater ftorms of wind than the more
* '
Irifli fea or if in France it fhould blow a northerly
•,
foutherly, whereby the metxury lower in
fliould fink
wind, swld in Scotland a foutherly, it muft be grant- that <:xtreme ; and then the northerly v/inds bringing
ed, that that part of the atmofphere impendent over die condenfed and ponderous air from the neighbour-
England, Would thereby be exhaufted and atte- hood of the pole, and that again being checked by a
jiuated, "aiiid the mercury would fubfide-, and the foutherly wind, at no great. diftance, and fo heaped
vapours whicjh before floated in thofe parts of the air, up, m.yft of necefllty, make the mercury in fuch caf^
jof equal gravity with themfelves, would fink to the ftand higher in the .other extreme.
. earth.' '

8. This remark, that there is little or no variation

t,k The greater height of the barometer is ocpafioned near the equinoftial, does^ above all others, confirm
tlis
 ; ;.

A
the hypothefis cf the variable winds being the caufe bu5. Lin. Sp. 390. BafeUa with plain leaves and fmrpU
of thcfc variations of the height of the mercury ; for foot-ftalksi Cufcuta foliis fubcordatis, liort. ""CLff.
in the places above-named, there is always an eafy gale 39. Climbing l^ightfhade, ,

of wind, blowing nearly upon the fame point, viz. 2. Basella {Alha) foliis ovatis undatis, pedunculis fim-

E. N. E. at Barbadoes, and E. S. E. at St. Helena pHcibus folio longioribus. Lin. Sp. 390. Bafellawith
fo that there being no contrary currents of the air to oval waved leaves, and fvot-ftalks longer than the leaf
exhauft or accumulate it, the atmofphere continues Bafella Sinica, foliis & caulibus viridibus minus fitc-
much in the fame flate. culentibus fruftu minore; Jufi!^

Mr. Patrick gives us the followincr rules and obfer- The firft forthas thick, ftrong, fucculcnt (talks and
vations for the rifing and falling of the mercury, in leaves, which are of a deep purple colour. The
order to foreknow the weather by the barometer. plant requires to be fupported, for it will climb to the
1. It has been obferved, that the motion of the mer- height of eight or ten feet, when the plants are kept
cury does not exceed three inches in its rifing or fall- in a ftove or glafs-cafe, and produce a great number
ing in the barometer of the common form. of branches
fide : but if they arc expofed to the open
2. That its leafl: alterations are to be minded, in or- air, they will not grow fo large, nor will they perfect

der to the right finding of the weather by it. their feeds, except it be in very warm feafons when •,

3- The rifmgof the mercury prefages in general fair they are placed in the bark-ftove, they will often li^'e
weather. and its falling. foul, as rain, fnow, high through the winter, and produce great quantities of
winds, and ftorms. flowers and feeds. The flowers of this plant have
4. In very hot weather, the falling of the mercury no great beauty, but the plant is preferved for the odd
forclliews thunder. appearance of the ftalks and leaves.
5. In winter, the rifing of the mercury prefages froft j The feeds of the fecond fort I received from Dr.
and in frolly weather, if the mercury falls three or Juflieu of Paris, from whence I have obtained two
four degrees, there will certainly follow a thaw ; but varieties ; one of which hath purple ftalks and leaves,
if the mercury rifes in a continued froft, it will cer- and the other hath leaves variegated with white but ;

tainly fnow. both of them retain their fmall ftalks, and oblong
6. When foul weather happens foon after the falling flaccid leaves, fmaller flowers and fruit, in which
of the mercury, you may exped but little of it and j they efltntially differ from the firft.

you may judge the fame, when the weather proves Thefe plants are propagated by feeds, which fliould
fairfliortly after the mercury has rifen. be fown in a hot-bed in the fpring ; and when the
7 Whe s much and high in foul plants are fit to remove^ they fhould be each planted
weather, and continues fo for two or three days before into a feparate pot filled with rich earth, and plunged
the foul weather is over, you may expeft a continu- into the tan-bed, where they muft be treated in the
ance of fair weather to follow. fame manner as other tender exotics. They may alfo
8. When the mercury falls much and low in fair be propagated by cuttings, which ftiould be laid to
weather, and continues fo for two or three days be- dry a day or two after they are taken from the plants,
fore the rain comes, then you may expeft agreat deal before they are planted, that the wound may heal,
of wet, and probably high winds. otherwife they will rot. Thefe cuttings muft be plant-
9. Theunfettled motion of the mercury denotes un- ed into pots filled with light frefh earth, and plunged
certain and changeable weather. into a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark,^ where they
10. You are not fo fl:rid:ly to mind the words engraven will take root in a fortnight or three weeks time, when
on the plates, though for the moft part they will they fliould be treated in the fame manner as the feed-
agree with them, as the rifing and falling of the mer- ling plants. But as thefe rife fo eafily from feeds, it
cury i for if it ftands at much rain, and rifes up to is feldom they are propagated any other way, becaufe

changeable, it prefages fair weather, although not they are plants of fliort duration. Thefe flower from
to continue fo long as it would have done, if the June to autumn, and the feeds ripen in September
mercury were higher, and fo on the contrary. and December.
Thefe rules and obfervations are fufficient to inftrufl Thefe plants will climb to a confiderable height, and
perfons who are unacquainted with this inftrument, fend forth a great number of branches, fo that they
how to make their obfervations ; and with conftantly fhould have a place near the back of the ftove, where
remarking what alterations happen in the weather on they may be trained up to a trellife, or faftened to the
the variations of the mercury, a perfon may nearly back of the ftove, otherwife they will them- twift
predift the great alterations of the weather a day or felves about whatever plants ftand near them, and
two before they happen, which is frequently of great be very injurious to the other plants ; wliereas, when
life to the gardener and farmer, but particularly to they are regularly trained to a trellife, they will have
the latter, who may begin to mow his grafs when he a good effeft in adding to the variety.
• finds there is a profpeCt of fair weather, or poftpone From the berries of the firft fort, I have feen a beau-
it a few days until he forefees a likelihood of fuch. tiful colour drawn, but when ufed for painting, did

The fame alfo may be of great moment in reaping not continue very long, but changed to a pale colour
his corn, as alfo in fowing his grain, and moft of his though I believe there might be a method invented,
other bufinefs. Therefore the ufe of this inftrument whereby this beautiful colour might be fixed, fo as to
Ihould be more generally known by the praftical far- '
become very ufeful j for I have been afllired, that
mer and gardener. the juice of thefe berries has been ufed for ftaining
M See Triumfetta. of calhcoes in India,
D Malabar M See OcYMUM.
The Characters are, BASONS or fountains, &c. which ferve either for

/ empalemenl ; / the ornament or ufe of gardens, are made in divers

fle/Jjy at lie bafe and fwelling^ but clofed toi, forms, fome round, fome oblong or oval, others
, where it is divided into fix parts^ two of u fquare, oftangular, &:c. but their riioft corhmon form
ere larger than the others, It haih five awl-fl. is circular ; and,ground will permit, the larger
if the
ftamina-, which are crowned
eqitaU fajlcncd to the petals they are the better ; and when they exceed in fize,
with roundijJo fummits. The globular germen, which is they are called pieces of water, canals, filh ponds,
fttuated in the center, fupports three /tender ftyles^ crowned pools, and refervoirs.
by oblong ft igma. The petal of the fewer remains, and In making thefe, care ought to be taken to avoid
indofes a rcundifj /fby berry ^ incbding one round feed.^ both tlie extremes, and not to make them either too
This"o;enus of plants is ranged in the third feftion big or too little, that a water work may not take
of I .inn:...us's fifth clafs, entitled Pentanefria Trigynia, up the beft part of a fmall fpot of ground nor to •,

the liowcr having five ft'amina and tlu'ee ftyles. make too little a bafon in a large fpot. This muft
The Specils depend entirely on the judgment of the defigncr of
Ip Basella {Kdra) fuhis planis, pedunculis fimplici- the garden.
I i Some
 i
;

If-

bullock's blood, to prevent it from cracking

Some \you)d have the fize of a bafon to be propor- f' I
oil, .or

tioned to the Jet d' Eau, that the water thro-vvn up in Qr flawing; this being done, the water Ihould be k-t
tlieair,'n:aynot, by being blown by the air, be car- into the bafon as foon as may be.-. '
^

ried beyond the edge of the bafon, but all fall down •t
-
Thofc bafons which are made of lead, are to be thu^
without wetting the walk. i\ i. . * '*» *' "
wrought the outline^ ouglit to be enlarged one foot
;

As -to the depth of bafqns i| is ufcally from two to < of a fide, and digged half a foot deeper than the ba-
I

three feet, thisdepth being furncicnt to fecure the fqn is to be.

bottom of the bafonsfrom trod, and to dip watering I'he wall muft be madea foot thick, that it may be
M -

I able to bear up againft the earth lying againic it ; buc

are tp i^\y^ for refervoirs, or to keep fifli

Jvit if tliey the bottoni will not require to be more than half a
in, then they may be made four or five feet d&ep, fopt thick, ;

which both hold water enough, and be deep

will l^hefe \yalls muft be built in rubble laid in mortar all
tnoufrh for the fifh to breed in, and alfo to bear a of plafter, becaufe the lime will eat tlie lead, and then
the lead. muft' be laidon the walls andbpttom, a^d
Deeper than they need not be, and if they were
this be fe^med with folder. \ < ^ ;,..:... y '

dpeper, tKcy WQpW be dangerous as to the drowning But bafons of lead arc not much in ufe, becaufe of
of perfons who might chance to fall in. .; ,'. ',om their great charge in making, and the danger of the
In making bafons, great care ought to be taken hi le^d being ftokn. ,* v.. ..i..' .'
, -./.r i
'

niaking thcin at firft \ for the water always naturally Great care ought to be taken to keep the upper edge
endeavouring to run away, and by its weight and and fupcrficies of a bafon upon a level, that the wa-
preflure in a bafon, making its way out at the lead
'

ter may cover all the walls equally. ^ '..:. -

.

Cranny, it ^'JIJ grow coniUntly bigger and bigger ; fo As tp the watte pipes of bafons, whether at the bot-
that if it be not well made at firft, it will be very dif- tom or fuperficies, they ought not to be made too
ficultto repair it. . . '.iv . fmall, left they ftiould be choked, iK)twithftanding die
'1
-

^afons arc made either with clay, cement, or lead \ cawls that are dr^awn before them. v ;.. , .
' -

they are mofl: ufually made of clay \ in making fuch, When this wafte water is only to be loft in finks and
at the m.arking out the dimennons,' the diameter common fevvers, it is carried away in drains or eai*then
ought to be four feet bigger on each fide, yet the pipes ; but when it ferves to pi y the bafons that lie
t^alon will not be the wider, for it will be taken up below it, it muft pafs through leaden pipes.
with the walls on each fide ^aiid tfie clay- work, which Thcfe bafons are now pretty generally rejected by per-
is to fill the fpace between; the bafon muft alio be I .. fons of good tafte, as being no \vays ornamental
dug two feet- deeper than the depth ot the water is therefore where there is a necefiity to make jtfcrvoirs
t^eligned to be, becaufe it is to be laid over eighteen for water for the ufe of gardens, they are coniinonly
inches thick \^'ith clay, and fix inches with gravel and dug in the loweft part of gardens, pr where the fpot
paving, vii'^ ": • • ''" - :
'
'• : ' • ; ismoft convenient for receiving the water, which may
The ought to be well wrought with the hands
clay run from the adjacent grounds in hard rains; tlxele
and water, and when it is fprcad, fliould be trodden ponds fliould have their fides nr\ade very eafy, for, if
ii\ with the naked feet, that the water of the bafon they are too upright, the earth frequently breaks down
'may not dikite through It, and the roots of any trees by the water waftiing, and making it hollow below
that may grow may not penetrate into theout-
near, the fides and bottoms of thefe ponds Ihovdd be laid
w.-^rd wall, which may be made of Ikards, rubble, or . nine or ten inches thick with well wrought clay ; and,-
flints, with mortar made of tlie natural earth, and is as the clay is finiihed, it ftiould be well covered to
called the ground v;all, becaufe it is only made lo'tc- prevent the fun and wind from cracking it before the
fift, ground about it. 'The inward
the pr^ fu;rc of the water is let in. The figures of thefe ponjlsj, fhould
wall ought to be made with good rubble ftones that not be regular, for the fhape of the hollow^ w^here
v/ill not fc^le and come off in flaflies in the water, or .,tliey are made, ft)ould be followed, which will favc

clfe of flints and ftones from the hills, which wdll expcnce, and have a better appearance.
niake durable work, but will not look fo neat as the A T
B S E R I A. Nov, Qen. AU-fpice.
pointed rubble; and there ought to be laid here and As this plant had no proper title given to it, I have
tjiere fton.cs, tkQ thicknefs of the wall, to render it given it this in honour of my worthy friend Dr. Job
the more fubftantial. -. Bafter, F. R. S. of Zurick Zee, in Jlpllaud* who is
The method of making bafons of cement Is as fol- a gentleman well flvilled in botany, and has a fine
^ow5 aft^r you. have marked out the dimenfions of
: garden ftored with rare plants, of which he is very
the bafon, as before, if you enlarge it one foot nine communicative to his friends, as I have many ye;
inches, it will be fufiicient, and the fame depth deeper experienced.
at the bottombe enough. {'
will i. . The Characters are, '

l^his being done, you mult begin to back up and Tbe empakmcnt of the fiower is jhort^ of one leaf end
raife againft the ground ; cut perpendicularly a wall cut into five narrow fegmcnts at the top. It hath a don-
cf mafonry a foot thick, which muft go to the bot- hie feries of narrow petals^ which fprcad open^ and turn
tom, and Ihould be bulk with fliards and rubble ftones inward at their extremity. Under the receptacle is fitu-
*

laid in mortar of lime and fand. alcd an oyal gcrmen^ hailing nofyk^ I :it five ftigma reji-
When the wall is round" the circumference,
finiflied t?2g Upon it, and is furrotinded by many (loort ftamina^
then the bottom is to be wrought a foot thick with crowned by cbtnfe fwnmits, ^he gcrmcn afterward be-
the fam.e materials ; and tlie folid work or linino- of comes a roundifi fruity ccmprcffcd at both ends, having
^

cement is to be backed up againft the walls nine cells^ contaijiing oblong feeds.
Jnches thick, including the plaftering and inward fur- We have but one Species of this genus at prefent
Yace. This folid ought to be made of fmall flints, in England, which is,
laid in bednof mortar made of lime and cen?ent. Basteria foliis ovatis oppofitis,hueralibus floribus
When this folid is tight inches thick, it ought to be caule fruticofo ramofo. Bafteria with oval haves placed
plaftered over tlie whole furface of the bottom with cppoftte, flowers coming from the fides of the ft-alks, and a
cement well fifted before it be tempered with lime ; branching fimihhy ft alk, Frutex Corni foliis conjugatis
and with this it fiiould be wrour;ht over fmooiih with floribus Anemones ftellatcT, petalis crafils rigidis co-
the trowel. lore fordide rubente, cortice Aromatico. Catefi^. Mift,
The proportion of cement ftiould be two thirds
tlils Carol. Vol. p. 46. commonly called in Carolina
I. AU-
^( cement qv powdered tile to one third of lime. ,
fpice,
I'his cement has the property to harden fo underwa- This flirub grows naturally in America. Mr. Catefby,
ter, that It. will, be as Iiard as ftone or marble, and
who firft introduced it into the Englifti gardens, pro-
the body will be fo folid as nc\\T to decay. cured from the continent, fome hundred miles en
it
After the finifning of the bafon, the plaftering fliouId the back of Charles Tov/n, in Carolina.
be for four cr five days fucceffively anointed over with

It
 ;

<- *

It feldom rifcs more

four feet high in this coun-
tlian
\

Jh^prd, wnkjed and rejlexcd, hit in others rctnidijh

and
try, dividing into many (lender branches near the conccsje it hath tenftamina^
ve :: tt t^n H^^niitm <TMh;rU ^^^ ^r ..^-.^..^i k
which are cf
— ,;,.

o-ronnd, which are o-arniflied with two oval leaves fi of thefe arc croii'ned by o'valfummits,
placed oppofitc at every joint, which are entire ; theie none. fits upon thefoot-Jialk.fup
have fliort foot-ftalks •, the flowersgrow fingle at the flender declining fi
extremity of the foot-ftalk, which comes out from by an obtufe fiign,
the win^s of the leaver, ; they have two feries of nar- iofMg a row of
row thick petals, which Ipread open, and turn inward effed fe

at the top, like thofc of the Starry Anemone, or the This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedioh of
Virgin's Bower thefe are of a fullen purple colour,
: Linna^us's tenth clafs, entitled DecandriaMonogynia>
and have a difagreeable fcent they appear in May.•, the flower having ten ftamina and one ftyle.
The embryo fits beneatli the flower, and fupports five The
Species are,
ftigma ; this afterward appears to have five cells, but 1. Eauhin'ia {Actdeata) caule aculeate. Hort. Cliffl
it never comes to perfe6i:ion in this country, therefore 156. Bauhinia zvith a prickly fialh Bauhinia aculcata
I can only give a defcription of it from an imperfect folio rotundo emarginato. Plum. Nov. Gen. 23.
rudiment, which a few years paft, was fairer than any 2. Bauhimia ifTomentofa) foliis cordalis, lobis femior-
I had before feen. The bark of this flirub is brown, biculatis tomentofis. Lin. Sp. ^^S. Bauhinia 'with
and has a very ftrong aromatic fcent ; from whence heart-JJjaped leaves^ nnd femtorbicular woolly lobes, Bau-
the inhabitants of Carolina gave it the title of All- hinia florc iuteo fpicato folio fubrotundo bicornL
fpice,by which it is generally known in the nuiieries Houft. —

near London.
'

3. Bauhinia ^Acuminata) foliis ovatis lobls acuminatis

This flirub will thrive in the open air in England, if femi-ovatis. Lin. Sp. Plant, i^j^, Bauhi^iia zvith oval
it isplanted in a warm fituatlon and a dry foil. It is half Bauhi-
propagated by laying down the young branches, which nianon acukata folio ampliori & bicorni. Plum. Nov.
will take root in one year, and may then be taken Gen, 2 J.
from the mother plant, and planted where they are 4. Bauhinia {Ungulata) foliis, lobis parallciis. Lin. Sp;
defigned to remain, for they do not bear tranfplanting 5 whoft
well, after they are grown to any fize. When the j
Bauhinia non aculcata folio nervofo bicorni, floribus
layers are tranfplanted, the furface of the ground albicantibus. Houfu
fhould be covered with mulch, to prevent the drying 5. Bauhinia {Emarginata) caule aculeato, foliis corda-
winds from penetrating the ground to their roots \ tis lobis orbiculatis, fubtus tomentofis.
L
Bauhinia zvitb
and if the feafon proves dry, they muft be v/atered a prickly flalk-f and hcart-flonped leaves with round lobcs^
once a week, but lliould not have too much wet, for zvhich are woolly on their undet Jide. Batihirila acuf-
that will rot their tender fibres. leata folio rotundo emarginato flore magno aibo,
The beft: tinie for laying down the branches, is in the A,
Houft.
autumn, but they Ihould not be tranfplanted till the 6. Bauhinia {Purpurea) folio fubcordatis b'partitis fo-
fpting twelve months after, for the fpring is the fafefl: tundatis, fubtus tomentofis. Lin. Sp. ^36. Bauhinia
time to remove thefe plants. After the branches are with ahnojt heart-foaped leaves divided in two roundifi
laid down, there fliould be fome old tanners bark '
lobes woolly on their Bauhinia non acvileata
under fide,
laid upon the furface of the ground, to keep out the folio fubrotundo bicorni, floribus albis. Houft*
frofl:, whiCih fliould alfo be done every winter, while 7. Bauhinia {Rotundata) foliis fubcordatis bipaftitis ro-
the plants are young, which will prevent the frofl: tundatis caule aculeato, floribus fparfis. Bakhtniawilh
from penetrating to their root, and thereby fecure heart-fhaped^ bifida rounded leaves,^ a prickly ftalk^ and
them. flowers growing fparfly.
Bauhinia aculeata foliis fubro-
This plant was very fcarce in England, till within a tundis bicornis flore magno albo. Houft.
few years pafl:, that many of them have been brought 8. Bauhinia (FjhV^^/^) foliis cordatis lobis coadunatis
from Carolina, where they have been greatly increafed obtufis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 375. Bauhinia with heart-
- in the crardens near Charles Town. -

floaped leaves,, and obtufe lobes whichjoin together, Cho-^

Dr. Kempfer has given a figure and defcription of a vanna-mandaru. Hort. Mai. i. p. ^7'
plant, in his Amoenitates Exoticarum, which feems 9. Bauhinia (5c^;ji^^;^j-) caule cirrhifero. Lin. Sp. Plant.
to be of this genus but he mentions the fruit to be
; 374. Bauhinia with a ftalk having tendrils^
compofed of eight cells \ whereas, fo far as I have 10. Bauhinia {Divaricata) foliis ovatis lobis divarlca-
been able to examine this, it appears to have but five •, tis.Lin. Sp, Plant. 374. Bauhinia with oval leaves^
however, the flov/er and general ftrufture of the whofe lobes fpread different ways, Bauhinia foliis quin-
plant, agrees very v/ell with this, but I fuppofe it to quenerviis laciniis actiminatis remotifllmis. Hort.
be a diflinft fpecies, the leaves of this being much Cliff. 156. -
. / ;
longer, and the flowers fl:and upon naked foot-ftalks \
The firft fort Jamaica, and the
grows plentifully In
whereas thofe of our fort have commonly two fmall other fugar iflands in Americ'a, where it rifes to the
leaves, which are narrower, and more pointed than height of fixtecn or eighteen feet, with a crooked
thofe upon the branches but I find Dr. Linnaeus and
: ftem, and divides into many irregular branches, armed
Monfieur Du Hamelj both fuppofe they are the fame wkh fliort ftrong fpincs, garniihed with compound
plant. \vlnged leaves, each having two or three pair cf
After I had given a figure of this plant, in plate LX. lobes, ending with an odd one, which are oblique,
of my Figures of Plants, I received Monfieur Du Ha- bl\nit, and indented at the top. The ftalks are ter-
mcFs book of the trees and flirubs, which will grow minated by fevcral long fpikes of yellow flowers,
in the open air about Paris, in which he has given a which are fucceeded by bordered pods, about tliree
bad figure of this plant, under the title of Butneria ; inches long, which contain two or three fwelling feeds.
but as my plate v/as firft publiflied, and I was not ap- Thefe pods are glutinous, and have a ftrong bal-
prifed of his title, I have continued my title to it famic fcent, as have alfo the leaves when bruifed.
not from any attachment to it, as being my own, but It is called in America, the Indian Savin-trce, from
rather to avoid confufion, wliich muft attend the fre- its ftrong odour, fomewhat refembling the common

quent alteration of the names of plants, wliich is too Savin. ^

much in faihion at prefent. • * The fccond fort was fent me from Campeachy, in
BAUHI N A, Mountain Ebony, %ndgo. This plant
I 1730, by the late Dr. Ploufton, where he found it
was fo named by father Plumier, in honour of the growing naturally. This rifes to the height of twelve?
or fourteen feet, with a fmooth ftem, dividing into
Ihe Characthr.3 are, many branches, garniflied with heart-fliaped leaves^
T'he empalement of ike flower permanent^ ttthdoui
is ^-f
having two fmooth-pointed lobes ; the extremity of
one leaf^ and cut into five parts at the top.\ ihe fli every branch is terminated by a long fpike of yellow
flowers, fo that when thefe trees are in flower, they
r.
-
offi-
make
 - '

A E
The pods are fwelling, and foot-ftaIk§ ; and three inches
thefe are fix inches long,
a fine appearance.
Itiftke

about five inches long, each containing five or fix and a half broad in the middle, and are deeply cut
into two pointed lobes, each having three prominent
roundilh comprcffed feeds. '

both Indies, where ribs running longitudinally. This hatli not produced
The third fort grows naturally in
fmooth flowers in England, nor had I any account of them
it rifes with feveral pretty ttrong, upright,
-

ftems, fending out many fiendcr branches, garnilhed . with the feeds, which were Tent me from Cam-
•with oval leaves, deeply divided into two lobes. The
peachy,
leaves come out without order, and have long^ foot- The tenth fort grov/s naturally in great plenty on tlie
ftalks, but are nmuch thinner thanthofe of the fpecies north fide of the ifland of Jamaica. This is a low
before-mentioned. The flowers come cut at tlie ' fhrub, feldom rifing more than five or fix feet high,
e^vti-emityof the branches, three or four in a lopfe
'
but divides into feveral branches, garnifbed with oval
bunch; the petals are red, or ftriped with white, ;
leaves, divided into two lobes, which fpread from

ocliers are plain upon the fame branch the ftamina •,

-, each other- The flowers gVow in loofe panicles at
and %Ie are white, and ftand out beyond the petals, the end of the branches, which are white, ar^d have
l^hefe flowers are fucceeded by long flat pods of a a very agreeable fcent. Thefe appear the grcatelt
,

dark brown colour, each containing five or fix . part of fummer, fo is one of the great beauties of the
roundifh comprefTed feeds. The wood of this tree f '
hot-houfe. The flowers are fucceeded by taper
,

is very hard, and veined with black, from whence

pods, about four inches long, each containing four
the inhabitants of America call it Mountain Ebony. or five roundifh comprefTed feeds, of a dark colour.-
The fourth fort grows naturally at Campeachy, from All thefe plants are natives of the warm countries,
whence I received the feeds. This rifes to the height . fo will not thrive in England, unlefs they are kept ia

of twenty feet, with a fmooth ftem, dividing into a warm ftove. They are propagated by feeds, which
muft be procured from the countries where they
*i

many fmall branches, garniflied with oblong heart-

Ihaped leaves, having two pointed parallel lobes, grow naturally, for they do not perfect their feeds
w^hich have each three longitudinal veins. The leaves in England-
are placed alternately on the branches, which are The laft fort has feveral times produced pods, in the
terminated by loofe bunches of wfiite flowers; thefe Chelfea garden, but they have never come to ma-
arc fucceeded by very long narrow comprefTed pods, turity. The feeds fhould be brought over in their
which have eight or ten comprefTed roundifh feeds pods, which will preferve them good* Thefe mult
in each- ^ . . : . . ' '
v be fov/n in pots filled with light frefh earth, and
5 T]ie fifth fort was fen t me from Carthagena, in New plunged into a moderate hot-bed of tanners-bark if -,

. Spain, where it grows in plenty. This feldom rifes the feeds are good, the plants will come up in about
'] more than ten feet high, dividing into many irregular fix weeks, and in a month after, will be fit to tranf-

. branches, armed with fhort crooked fpines ; the plant, wlien they fhould be carefully fhaken out of
leaves grow alternate, are heart-fhaped, and have two the feed pot, fo as not to tear off the roots, and each
.
roundiili lobes ; they are woolly on their under fide, planted into a feparate fmall pot filled with light
and have fhort foot-ftalks. The flowers o;row at the loamy earth, and plunged into the hot-bed again,
.-extremity of the branches, two or three together; being careful to Ihade them until they have taken
thefe are large, and of a dirty white colour, and are frefh root, after which they Ihould have frefh air
fucceeded by Ihort flat pods, each containing two or admitted to them every day in warm weather, la
three feeds. .

r
the autumn they muft be placed in the bark-ftove,
•
The fixth fort grows naturally at La Vera Cruz. and treated in the fame way as other tender exotics,
This rifes to the lieight of twenty-five, or thirty fcet^ giving them but little water in winter. As thefe
with many irregular ftems, which divide into many plants frequently flower, they are worthy of a place
fiender branches garnilhed with heart-fhaped leaves,
; in the ftove. ,

having two roundifh lobes. The flowers come out BA Y. See Laurus. .

in loofe fpilces at every joint from the wings of the BEANS. See Faba. •
I

leaves, with naked foot-ftalks, and are of a dirty BEANS,(KIDNEYorFRENCH.) SccPha^

w^hite colour, and are fucceeded by oblong com- SEOLUS.
prefi^ed pods, which are broadefl: at their extremity, B E A N-T R E F O I L. See Cytisus.
where they are rounded, each containing three or four BEAR's-EAR. See Auricula.
compreflTed feeds. , B E A RVE A R S A N I C L E. See Vereascum.
The feventh fort grows naturally at Carthagena, in BEAR's-FOOT. He
New' Spain. This rifes twenty feet high, with a ftrong BECABUNGA, or Brook-lime.
upright ftem, which fends out many branches toward This is a fort of Veronica, or Water Speedwell ; of
the top ; armed with fpines growing by pairs, which which there are two forts, one with a long leaf, and
are fl;rong and crooked. The leaves are heart-fhaped the other round; they are both very common in
^ and grow having two rounded lobes.
alternately, ditches, and watery places, almoft every where in
The flowers are large and white, coming out thinly England; the fecond fort is ufed in medicine.
at the ends of the branches. The petals of thefe are BEE, or GNAT-FLOWER.See Orchis.
near two inches long, and fpread open wide ; the fla- BEECH-TREE. See Fagus.
niina and ftyle are nearly of the fame length. The BELLADONA. See Atropa.
flowers are fucceeded by long flat pods, which are W See Campanula.
narrow, each containing five or fix feeds. BELLIS [is fo called Bellus, LaL pretty, handfome,
The eighth fort grows naturally in both Indies, This &c.] the Daify.
.
rifes with a ftrong ftem, upward of twenty feet high, The Characters are.
dividing into many ttrong branches, garniflied with It bath a radiated difcous flower^ eompofed of many her-
heart-fhaped leaves, having obtufe lobes which clofe 7naphrodite florets in the dijk^ and female florets in the
together. The flowers are large and grow in loofe double ft
, panicles ; the extremity of the branches, of a
at of fmall leaves of ^he hermaphrodite
I

purplifli red colour, rnarked with white, and have a florets in the difk^ are funnel-fhaped^ and cut into fhc
I

yellow bottom'. Thefe have a very agreeable fcent. parts at the brim ; the female florets are tcngue-fhapedj
-1 he flowers are fucceeded by compreflcd pods, about and make the border thefe have no flamina^ but an oval
-^

fix inches long, and three quarters of an inch broad, germen fupporting a flender flyle^ crowned by two fprend-
containing three or four comprefTed feeds in each. ing ftigma the hermaphrodite florets have an cvalgerme'n,
;
The ninth fort grows naturally in both Indies, where fupporting a fimple flyle^ crowned by a bordered ftigma,
it rifes with many flender ftalks, which put out ten- This is attended by five fhort ftamina^ crotvnedby tubular
drils, and faftcn themfelves to the neighbouring trees, cylindrical fummits, The germen afterward becomes afingk
whereby they rife to a great height the leaves come ; naked feed placed vertically, .

out alternately, are heart-fliaped, ftanding upon long

This
 R
This genus of plants is ranged in the fccond fedion This genus of plants ranged in the firft feftion of
is

of Linn:tus's nineteenth clais, intitled Syngenefia Linna^us's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
Polyp^amia fuperflua, the f:owers being compofed of the flower having five ftamina and one ftyle.
female and hermaphrodite florets, included in a com- We
have but one Species of this genus, viz.
mon empalement. Bellonia. Lin. Sp. Plant. 172. Bellonia frutefcens,
fo-
*
The Species are, liomeliif^ afpero. Plum. Nov. Gen.
19.
I. Bellis {Pcrennis) fcapo nudo unifioro. Hort. Gliff. This plant is very common in feveral of the warm
ify with a naked ft alk^ having one fl.
illands in America, from whence I have received the
ify. feeds.

2. Bellis {Annua) caule fubfohofo. Lin. Sp. Plant. It hath a ligneous fl:alk, which rifes ten or twelve
Daify with leaves on the lower part of the ft, feet high, fending out many lateral branches, o-ar-
M nifhed with oval rough leaves placed oppofite^^the
p. 96. flowers come out from
the wings of the leaves, in
{Kortenfi. loofe panicles, which are of the wheel fliape, of one
ify with a larger double fli leaf, divided into five parts thele are fucceeded by
i

The firil fort is the common Daify, which grows oval capfules, ending in a point, which are full of
naturally inpafture land in mod parts of Europe, and fmall round feeds.
is often a troublefome weed in the grafs of gardens, It is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown early
fo never cultivated.
is in the fpring, pot filled with light frefli earth,
in a

The fccond fort is a low annual plant, v/hich grov/s and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners barks, ob-
naturally on the Alps, and the hilly parts of Italy. ferving to water it frequently, as the earth appears
This feldom rifes more than three inches high, with dry; but ycu mAid be careful not to v/afh the feeds
an upright ftalk, which is garniflied v/ith leaves on out of the ground. When the plants are come up
the lov/er part but the upper part is naked, fup-
^
half an inch high, they fnould be carefully tranf-
porting a fingle flower like that of the common Daily, planted into pots filled with light frefla earth, and
but fuialler. This is preferred in fome botanic gar- plunged into the hot-bed again, obferving to water
dens for the fake of variety it v/as fent me from Ve-
-, and fhade them until they have taken root ; after
I ona, near which place it grows wild. which timetheylhould liave airadmittedto them every
The Garden Daify is generally fuppofed to be only a day, when the weather is warm ; they mull alfo be
variety of the wild fort, which v/as firil obtained by frequendy watered. When the plants ha^-e filled
culture. Tins may probably be true, but there has thefe pots with their roots, they fliould be carefully
not been any initance of late years of the wild fort iliaken out of them, and their roots trimmed, and
having been altered by culture ^ for I have kept the put into larger pots filled with light frefli earth, and
wild iort in the garden upward of forty years, and plunged into the hot-bed again. In warm weather
have conftantly parted the roots, and raifed many they fliould have free air admitted to them every
plants from feeds, but they have confl:antly remained day; but in auturhn they muft be plunged into the
the fame nor have I ever obferved the Garden Daify
;
bark-fl:ove, and treated in the fame manner as other
'

to degenerate to the wild fort, where they have been tender exodc plants. The fecond year thefe plants
fome years negleded, tho' they have altered greatly will fomedmes flower, but they rarely' produce good
with regard to the fize and beauty of tteir flowers. feeds in this climate ; however, they may be propa- '

I have aifo obferved the feveral varieties of the Gar- gated by cutdngs in the fummer months, provided
den Daily vary from one to the other, therefore I they are planted in light earth on a moderate hot-bed,
jliall not confider them as diflinft fpecies, but fliall and carefully watered and fliaded until they have
only mention the varieties, which are cultivated in the taken root. Thefe plants muft be conftantly kept in
gardens. the ftove, and fliould have a large' fhare of free air in
1. The red and white Garden Daily, with double warm weather; but if they are fet abroad, they will
fiOwers. not thrive in diis clim.a'te.

2. The double variegated Garden Daify. BELVEDERE. See Chenopodium. r

BENZOIN, the Benjamin-tree. See Laurus.

1

'

3. The Childing, or Hen and Chicken Daify^

4. The Cockfcomb Daify with red and white flowers. BERBERIS, the Barberry, or Pipperidge-bufli.
The Garden Daifles flower in April and May, when '1
The Characters are,
they make a pretty variety, being intermixed with f hath a coloured empalement.^ whii
fp
plants of the fame growth j they fl^ould be planted ofed of fix concave leaves., three cf
in a fliady border, and a loamy foil without dung, flower is of fi:
in wliidi they may be preferved without varying, 'difto

provided the roots are tranfplanted and parted every faftened to the baft
autumn ; which is all the culture they require, except of each petals and fix obtufe^ compreffed^ ere£fft
the keeping them clear from weeds. two fummits faftened on eachfiide their The germen
Thefe were formerly planted for edgings to borders, is cylindrical., of the ftamina., having no
the length
but they are very unfit for this purpole becaufe where \ ftyle., but crowned by' an orbicular ft igma broader than the
they are fully expofed to the fun, they frequently die Jh
in larcre patches, whereby the edgings become bald 'ft

in many places.' I feeds

BELLIS MAJ See Chrysanthemum. This genus is ranged in Linna^us*s firft feftion of his
BELLONIA. Mono
This plant was fo nam.ed by Father Plumier, in ho- having fix ftamina and one ilyle.

nour of the famous Petrus Bellonius, who has left The Species are,
many valuable trafts on natural hifl:ory, &c. 1. Berberis {Vulgaris) pedunculls racempfis. Mat. Med,
The Characters are. 290. Barberry with branching footftalks, Berberis du-
of one leaf metorum. C. B. P. 454. The common Barberry.
five parts at the top\ the flower is wheeUftjaped^ of 2. Berberis {Canadcnfis) foliis obverse-ovatis. Barberry
ftdort tube-, but fp with oval obverfe leaves, Berberis latifllmo folio Ca-
ife fegments th five awl'fhaped ft nadenfis. FI. R. Par.
fhort^ and crowned by ftjort ere£i fum 3. Berberis {Cretica) pedunculis unifioris. Lin. Sp.
mils, which clofe together. The germen is fttuated tindt fijjgle fiower on each f
the receptacle of the ficwer^ fupporting an awl-ftapedftyh /
which is longer than theftanmh% and crozvned by an acta The grows naturally in the hedges in many
firft fort

ftigmd. The germen afterivard becomes an oval turbinate parts of England, but is alfo cultivated in gardens
fced'Veffely ending in a pointy having one cell filled wit for its fruit, which is pickled, and ufed for garnifti-

fmall rcmd feeds. ing diflies. This ftirub rifes with many ftalks from
K k the
 ' ; ;
1
I

s
\

tlic root, to the height of eight or ten feet, which thecary at Nuremberg, who was the author of a book,

have *a white bark, yellow on the infide the ftalks ;

intitled Hortus Eyfl:etenfis. •

'

. and branches, are armed with fliarp thorns, which The Characters are, '

. commonly grow "by threes; the leaves are oval, ob- Tfjcfczver is of the perfonated or lip kind, with an em-
-'•"tufc, and flightly fawed on their edges. The flowers palernent of one leaf^ "xhich is ere^, and cut into frje
'"
'come out from the wingsof the leaves, in fmall ra- acute parts at the brim : the' flo'cver is of c?:e leaf and

^mpfe bundles, like thofe of the Currant-bufh, which

' quino^uefd ; the fegments being rcimdijld^ the Ivuoer being
'^
att ycHdw: thefe are lucceeded by oval fruit, v/hich large^ and the two upper are lefs divided-^ it hath four
[ are firfl green, hut when ripe turn to a fine red co- fianiina in the tube of the flower^ two of which are longer
•''
^'"iour. The flowers appear in May, and the fruit ripens than the other ^ crozvned by fnall fummits : the oval ger-
vten fuppcrts an awl-fhaped ftyle^ crowned by an acute
'
in September. ' "

V .

There two or three varieties of this flirub, which

arc fiigma ; this afterward becomes an oval berry ^ with one
\ *
'
have been mentioned as diftinft fpecies one is the ; cell filled with fmall feeds,

Berberis fine nucleo. C. B. P.- Barherryi^ithout ftons. Thi,iS genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fetftion
. Tlie fecond is Berberis fruftu albo. Barberry "with of Linnseus's twelfth Didynamia An- clafs, intitled
' '

white fruit. The third is the Berberis orientalis pro- iofpermia, the flower having two long and tv/o
cerior fruflu nigro fuaviiTimo. Tourn. Cor. Taller fliort ftamina, and the feeds being included in a
'

Eafiern Barberry "with a black fwcet fruit. The firfl: capfule. '

:: :. j

of thefe is certainly accidental, becaufe the fuckers, The Species are,

taken from thofe bulhes being tranfplanted, com-

' 1. Besleria {Melittifolia) pedunculis ramofis, foliis^
'
monly produce fruit with ftones ; (o it is the age of ovatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 619. Befleria with branching
the plant which occafions that variation. The fort foot fialks and oval leaves. Befleria Melifise Tragi '
foilo.

with white fruit feldom bears; the leaves of this are Plum, Nov* Gen. 29. /:'-' . ';

of a lighter green colour, and the bark of the fl:alks 2. Besleria (Lutea) pedunculis fimplicibus confertis,
are whiter than thofe of the common, which are tlie foliis lanceolatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 619. BeJIeria with
\
'"
only difrerehces betvv^een them, for the fruit is feldom fimple footfialks growing in clujlersy and fpear-floaped
'^^^Q*^^'^^^^^ here. The third fort appears the fame with leaves, Befleria virgse aurese foliis fiore luteo minor.
-

the common, and only differs in the colour and fla- Plum. Nov. Gen. 29. /:. / .
•

vour of the fruit, fo is only 'a variety. 3. Besleria {Crifiata) pedunculis fimplicibus folitariis,

The common fort is generally propagated by fuckers, '

involucris pentapliyllispropriis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 619.
-
which are put out in great plenty from the root;
'
Befleria with fnnpleflalks growingfinghy andafive-leavcd

but thefe plants are veiy fubjefl: to fend out fuckers, involucrum, • Befleria fcandens cnftata frudtu nigro.
in greater plenty than thofe which are propagated by Plum. Nov. Gen. 29." . : ... - .
,

layers;" therefore the latter method fliould be pre- The firfl:hath a fmooth woody fl:alk which is
fort
'

"ferred. The befl: time for laying down the branches jointed; at each joint are placed two oval nervou s '

V
isTH the autumn, when their leaves begin to fall; leaves oppofite, which are crenated on their edges
'
'•

the young flioots of the fame year are the beft: for
' the flowers come out from the wings of the leaves,
'this purpofe ; thefe will be well rooted by the next upon fliort branching foot-fl:alks, each fufliaining fix
autumn, when they may be taken off, and planted or eight flowers, which fl:and each upon a feparate
*
where they are defigned to remain. Where this plant fmalier foot-fl:alk. Thefe are of one leaf, of an
is cultivated for its fruit, it fliould be planted fingle, anomalous figure, and qulnquefid; after the flower
'
(not in hedges, as was the' old praftice) and the is pafl:, the gertiien becomes an oval fcft berry, with

fuckers every autumn taken away, and all the grofs one cell filled with fmall feeds.
flioots pruned out: by this method the fruit will be Th fecond fort rifes with a ligneous fl:em fix or fc-
much fairer, and in greater plenty, 'than upon thofe ven feet high, dividing toward the top into many ir-
which are fuffered to grow wild. few of thefe A regular branches, garniflied with fpear-fhaped fawed
flirubs may be allowed to have place in wilderneffes, leaves, which'have ma'ny tranfverfe veins ; the flowers
or plantations of flirubs, where they will make a come out at the wings of the leaves, in large clufliers;
pretty variety, and the fruit will be food for the birds; each having a feparate foot-1'alk: thefe are' fmalJ,
but they fliould not be planted in great quantities, tubulous, and of a pale yellow colour, and are fuc-
near walks which are much frequented, becaufe their ,
ceeded by round foft berries, inclofing many fmall
flowers emit a very fl:rong difagrceable odour. feeds. ; :
'
+

The Canada fort was more common in the Englifii The third fort hath a creeping fl:alk, which fends out
gardens, fome years pafl:, than at prefent. The leaves roots at every joint, ganiiflied with oval leaves
'

of this are* much broader, and fnorter than thofe of placed oppofite, which have many tranfverfe ribs,.
the common fort, and the fruit is black when ripe. and are fliarply fawed on their edges ; from the wings
This may be propagated in the fame way as the of the leaves come' out the foot-ftalks-of tlie flowers
commpn fort, and is equally hardy. fingle, each fuflraining one tubulous, irregular, hairy
The Box-leaved fort is at prefent very rare in Eng- flower, divided at the .top into five obtufc parts, with
land ; and while young, the plants are fomev/hat a large five-leaved involucn-im, deeply fawed on the
tender, fo have been killed by fevere frofl:. This border after the flower is pafl:, the germ.en becomes
:

never rifes more than three or four feet high in Eng- a hairy placenta, in the center oi the emp.ilemcnr,
land, but fends out many fl:alks from the root, which containing many fmall feeds. v ,
.

are ftrongly armed with fpines at every joint; the Thefe plants grow naturally in the wjrni parts of
leaves are produced without order, and are fliaped America. The feeds fliould be fown on a hot-bed
like thofe of the narrow-leaved Box-tree ; the flowers early in the fpring; and when the plants are come
come out from between the leaves, each upon a up half an inch high, they fliould be each tranlplantcd.
(lender foot-fl:alk; but thefe are not fucceeded by fruit into a fmall pot filled with light frefli earth, and
in England. plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark, obferving to
This Tor:: may be propagated by laying down the water and fliade them until they have taken root
branches in the fame manner as the firfl: ; but when after which time they fliould have air and water in
the young plants are taken off, they fliould be planted proportion to the warmth of the feafon, and the licac
. in pots, and flickered under a frame in the winter, of the bed in which they are placed. When the ' -

till they have obtained flirength, when they may be plants have filled thefe fmall pots with their roots,
turned out of the pots, and planted in a warm fi- they fliould be fliaken out of them, and their roots
'''.'' ',''.
tuation. trimmed, and put into larger pots filled v/ith hghn
B E R M U D I A N A. See Sisyrinchium. -
frefli earth, and plunged into the hot-bed again; v/here
BERNARDIA. See Croton. they fliould have a large fliare of air in warm
BESLERIA * weather, and mufl:be frequently watered. With this
This plant was named after Bafilius Befler, an apo- management the plants willthriveverv
very well infummcr,
ii

but
 ;
;

but in winter they muft be removed into the ftove, This is fown the beginning of March, upon an open
where they mail be placed in a temperate warmth, fpot of ground, not too moift^ the feeds fliould
be
and iliould be often, but fparingly, watered. The fown thinly, becaufe the plants require room to
fecond year thefe plants will flower, and fomctimes fpread for when they are too clofe, the leaves will
•,

they will perfeft their feeds in this country but they ;

be fmall and full' of fibres, fo unfit for the purpofcs
muft be conftantly preferved in the ilove, for they defigned. When the plants have put out four leaves,
will not live in the open air. the ground fl^.ould be hoed, as is praftifed for Car-
BETA, the Beet. rots, carefully cutting the weeds, and alfo the up all

The Characters are, plants where they are too near each other, leaving

^he flower hath a five-leaved concax them at leaft four inches afunder if this is performed :

is permanent, f.ve a^Lvl-Jfjciped ft< indry weather, all the prefent weeds v/illbe deftroycd;
viina^ plaeed f but as young weeds will foon appear, fo in three
cro'ivned by \dijh ft /' weeks or a month's time, the ground fiiould be a fe-
fupporting t-ivo floort erecl Jlyli cond time hoed over, to cut up the weeds, and thin
^djl the plants to a greater diftance by i]\n time they. , for
a eapfule with one celly having afingle feed^ wrapped up will be paft danger, fo fuould nQt be left nearer than

in the eViipalcment, fix inches, if regard is had to the goodnefs of their

This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feftion leaves and if it is of the Swifs kind, with broad
:

of Linnreus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Digynia, leaves, tlie plants muft not be nearer than nine or tea

the fiower having five (lamina and two ftyles. inches. If the fecond hoeing is well performed, and
The SpiiCiEs are,
•
.'
- in dry weather, the ground v/ill remain clean a month
_

t. Beta {Maritima) caulibus decumbentibus, foliistri- longer, when it flaould be hoed over a third time
i
"
angularibus petiolatis. Beet with declining fialks^ and which, if properly done, v/ili deftroy all the v/ecds ;
triangular leaves having foot-ftalks. Beta fylveftris ma- fo that after this, the plants will fpread and prevent
ritima. C. B. P. ii8. the weeds from ji^rowine, therefore will v/ant but little

2. Beta {Ilortenfis) foliis radicalibus petiolatis, caulinis cleaning for a confiderable time, and tlie leaves will
feffilibus, fpicis lateralibus longifiimis. Beet with the foon be fit for ufe, wlien the outer large leaves fliould
lower leaves having foot-ftalks^ thofe upon the ft ah be firft gathered, leaving the fmall inner leaves to
pikes offt
long f Beta alba vel pal-. grow larger ; io that a fmall fpot of ground v/ill fup-
lefcens, qure cicla officinarum. C, B. P. ix8. ply a moderate fixmiiy, and will furnifti a new fupply
3. Beta {Vulgaris) caule erefto. Lin. Sp. 322. Common of leaves for tv/o years, provided the plants are not
red Beet. Beta rubra radice rapacca, C. B. P. 118. permitted to run up to feed, for after that, their leaves
Red Beet with a Turnep root. will not be e;ood therefore thofe who are curious in
:

There are feveral varieties of this genus, fome of their herbs, muft fow a frefii fpot of ground annually,

which are cultivated in the gardens for the kitchen becaufe thefe plants naturally run up the fecond ycarj
but as thefe have been improved by culture, fp they and although the roots may be continued longer, by
muft not be deemed diftinft fpccies. There are fome cutting oflf the ftalks when they begin to flioot, yet
who have fuppofed all the fpecies were only feminal the leaves will not be fo large or tender upon thefe
variations, but from having cultivated them upward roots, as upon the young plants.
of foriy years, I could never obferve, that either of The Red Beet frequently fown with Carrots, Parf-
is

the three fpccies here enumerated have altered from neps, or Onions, by the Icitchen garcleners near Lon-
one to tlie other. The only alteration which I have don, who draw up Onions v/hen they
their Carrots or
obferved in the third fpecies, has been in the colour are young, whereby the Beets will have room to grow,
of the leaves and roots, which will be hereafter men- when the other crops are gatliered but where the \

tioned. . crops are not timely removed from them, it v/ill be

The firft grows naturally on the banks of the
fort a better method to fow them feparately. This fort
fea, and in fait marfhes in divers parts of England. requires a deep light foil, for as their roots run deep
Tills has been fuppofed by many, to be the fame v/ith in the ground, fo in fliallow ground they will be
the fecond fpecies but I have brought the feeds
; fnort and ftringy. The feeds Ihould be fown in
from the places where they grow naturally, many March, and miuft be treated in the fame manner as
times, and liave. cultivated the plants with care, but the former fort; but the plants fnould not be left
could not find any of the plants vary from^ their parent nearer than a foot diftance, or in ^God land a foot
plants in their charafters, fo that I can make no doubt and a half, for the leaves will cover the ground at
of its being a diftin6l fpecies. that diftance-. The roots will be fir for ufe in the au-
T

The fecond fort is cultivatad in gardens for its leaves, tumn, and continue good the winter; but in the
all

which are frequently ufed in foups ^ the root of this fpring, when they begin to fnoot, they will be liard
fort feldom grows larger than a man's thumb ; the and ftringy. A fev/. roots may be left for feed, or
ftalks grow ereft, and are garnillied with oblong fome of the faireft roots tranfplanted to a flickered
fpear-ftiaped leaves, growing clofe to the ftalk ^ the fpot of ground, where they may be defended from
fpikes of flowers come out from the wings of the ftrong winds, which frequently break down tlieir
leaves, which are long, and have narrow leaves placed ftalks, if they are not well fupported, efpecially v/hen
between the flowers. The lov/er leaves of the plant tlie feeds are formed , which becoming heavy as it
arc thick and fucculent,^ and their foot-ftalks are increafes in bulk, is apt to weigh down the flender
broad. The varieties of this are, the White Beet, '
{talks upon which they grow. The feed will ripen in
r.
the Green Beet, and the Swifs or Chard Beet, Theie September, v/hen the ftalks ftiould be cut off, and
will vary from one to the other by culture, as I have fpread on mats to dry, and afterv.'ard threPaed out
often experienced, but never alter to the firft or third and cleaned, and put up in bags for ufe.
fort. B N
E T O I C A [or Vettonica, fo called from the Vet-
The hath large, thick, fucculent leaves,
third fort tones, an ancient people'of Spain, v/ho firft ufed this
which are for the moft part of a dark red, or purple plant], Betony.
colour. The roots of this are large, and of a deep The Characters are.

red colour, on which their goodnefs depends ; for the of one leaf
larger tliefe roots grow, the tenderer they will be hidoiis^ cut at the hrim into five parts. flower is of
and the deeper their colour, the more they are leaf^ of
efteemed. The varieties of this are, the common 'diflj

Red Beet, the Turnep-rooted Red Beet, the Green- lower lip is cut into three parts., the middle fegment being

leaved Beet, and the Yellow-rooted Beet.

Red 'diJI:
f^
The fecond fort, which is cultivated in gardens for Ifljaped ftamina^ two long and two fljcrter., which in-
its leaves, which are ufed in the kitchen, is com- le to the upper lip \ thefe have roundiflj fmmits. ^e
monly fov/n by itfelf, apd not mixed with other crops. men is quadripartite^ fupporting a ftyle of the length
and
 ' ' , .

^ 1
Ir y/^
'i- t
-
\
V "
'f'
\ «
_j -'
- /- -

I
' -I

'» * 1
< • t I
'
* ^ J-. - V *-L
-

r ^ '
J '
. r
'.
*J-

I- L '
-r > > -i -k.-
i?.
- ^ • ' -I
i-^ X" L~
,**M.
t ^ '^-a

t
- I
i*./ I . ' •i'
»' *l r* *
y * V ;-»
» n

*
't
, ^
1-

7*^Vj a moift ftiff foil, in which they will thrive better tfiart
mifgurt of the Jlarnina^' cro'wned hy a 'V

M^edml in rich *The

ground. ^.1 tranfplant and
belt time to tranlplant
he beft arid fe-
le-
vermn afterward becomes four naked oval feeds,

ranged intHe'firft fe£tioh of

1

be fqwn upon, a fliady border, and when in the fpring

This genus of plants is

Linna^^us's twelfth clafs," intkled Didynamia Gym-^

the plants come up, they will require no other care

ndfpermia, the flower having two long^ffnd two fliorcer but to Keep them' clean frorh weeas, and to thin them
'

flamina, which are fucceeded by naked feeds. [

;
'
^
where they are too clofe, /; ;.M^ %,.'

. The Species are, '' '\ -r X^-r:'/' -^^

'" '
' >
Thefe of them flower all m May and June, and tlie

feeds ripeji in Auguft. \ - /

*

Betoxica {Officinalis) fpica intemipta/' corollarum

'- v-- .
\
1.

lacinia labii intermedia emarglnata. Flor. Leyd. Prod.

BETONICA' AQJUAT ICA.' See Scr9piju-
LARIA. -^ -
',316. Betony with an interrupted fpike, and the middle . - ' ' -^ . . .

fegment of the lower lip of the flower indented at the end.

BETONICA PAULI. See Ver-ONica.
Wood B E T U L A, the Birch-tree.
Betonica purpurea. C. B. P. 235.' Purple cr
The Characters are, ' ^ .'^-r^-

Beto.vica {Danica) foliis radicalibus ovato-cordatis, It hath male and' female fiowers,^ at fepardie'diflances on
2.
caulinis lanceolatis obtufis fpica craffiore. Belony whofe \ the fame treey the male flowers are collected in a cylin-

under leaves 'are hem-t-Jhaped^ thofe on the ftalks fpear- drical katkin, which is fcaly, loofe, and imbricated on
every fide, each fc ale having three fiowers, which have
Jhaped and chtufe^ and a thicker fpike offlowers. Beto- :;
'

nica major Danica. Park. Theat. 615. Mor. Hift. 3. T

\Jwo minute fcales on the fide, 'The flower is compofcd of
,^< '* »
\ three eqiial florets, fixed to the empalement by afiinglefcale\
5
(Alpina) foliis trianp^ularibus obtufis fpica
Betonica ; . each fioret is of one leaf, divided into flour oval figments
3
breviore. Betony with ohtufe triangular leaves^ and a
'
have four fimallft amina, crown id
which fpread open-y thefe

Jhorter fpike offlowers, Betonica'^'minimia 'Alpina Hel- by double fummits. The female fl.owers grow in a katkin,
vetica. Park, Theat. 650.
-1 f -

in the fame manner as the male. The common katkin is '

corbllarum la- imbricated, having three fcales which are Everyway op-
4 \Betonica {Orientalis) fpica Integra,
cinia labii intermedia integ^rrirha. Flon iLeyd. Prod. pofiite, faficned to the central firing or axis, having two

^316. Betony with a whole fpikel and the middle fegment heart fhaped flowers pointing toward the apex, where it is
.

K
of the lower lip entire, Betonica Orientalis anguftiffimo fituated. They have no vifible petals, but a fijcrt oval
&longiffimo folio, fpica florum^crafTiori. Tourn.' germen, fupporting two hriftly fiyles',':%vhich are the length
"
Corel. I3^';''V;*'';\-'' -'"'^-'''
•, :"-S:^'^f-
/"
'
'-^
\'.\ [' of the fcales of the empalement, and crowned with a plain
Betoxica! (Tncana) foliis lanceolatis obtufis incanis fiigma,' 'It hath no fericarptum, but the feeds are iur
y 5. •'

fpica florurti craitiori.' Betcnywilh ob'tufe, fpear-fhdped., -iludcd in the fcales of the katkin, which ari oval and
- hcary' leaves, aM a thicker fpike of fl^owers. Betonica winged, .
\ _^ ..
'-
. ^- '
r

^ : Italica incana flore carneo. Barrel. Icon. 340^• This genus of plants Ts ranged in the fourth feftioa
:, The
grows naturally in woods and on fhady
firft fort . of Linnseus's twenty-firft clafs, intitled Monoecia Te-
vr banl^s in' moft parts of England, fo is feldom cul- trandia, there being male and female flowers on the
-" tivaied in gardens. This is the fort which is ufed in fame plant, and the male having four ftamina.
V medicine, and is greatly efteemed as a vulnerary herb.
r I

The Species are.

J- i

mii
:<i • ^
%

There is a variety of this with a white flower, which 1. Betula acuminatis ferratis. Hort,
{Alba) foliis ovatis
""'
I have often found growing naturally in Kent.
-'.
Cliff. 442. Birch-tree with oval Jawed leaves ending i-a
'•

-
The fecond fort grows naturally in Denmark. This
' '

points; the common Birch-tree, "y- -:.. ."-'''-. :^^^'

diff^ers "greatly from bur common fort, the lower 2. Betula {Nana) foliis orbiculatis. Flor Lap. 266,
leaves being much broader and heart-fliaped ; thofe
.
Birch-tree with round crenated leaves, Betula pumila '

upon the ftalks are fpear-llaaped and rounded at the foliis fubrotundis. Amman. Dwarf Birch A*': y'-

V end, dnd the ftalks are larger, ftand upright,' and are 3. Betula {Lenta) foliis cordatis oblongis acuminatis
terminated bv thicker fpikes of flowers. Thefe diffe- - ferratis. Lin. Sp, Plant, 983. Birch-treey with oblong,
'• rences are conftant, for I have many years propagated pointed, heart-fhaped, flawed leaves^ ' " '/^ //%;'
*
them by feeds, and have never found the plants fo 4; Betula (Nigra) rhombeo-ovatis acurninatis du- foliis

Taifed to vary.
-

'
• '
" - plicato-ferratis. Lin. Sp. Pfant. 982. Birch-tree zviih
The grows naturally upon the Alps, where
third fort 7'homboid, oval, pointed leaves, which are doubly flawed,
it feldom rifes more than four inches high \ and when Betula nigra Virginiana. Pluk. Aim, 6^, Black Vir-
' '

^-. cultivated in a p;arden, not above feven or eiffht. The ginia Birch-tree, "
'
/
'-
-
"

leaves of this are much broader at the bafe than thofe The firft is the common Birch-tree, which is fo well
of the common fort, and are very difi^erent in their known as to need no defcription. This is not much
fliape, being triangular and blunt at the end. The • efteemed for its wood, but however it may be culti-
, flowers grow in very ftiort clofe fpikes, on the top vated to advantage upon barren land, where better
of the ftalks. Thefe differences conftantly hold in trees will not thrive ; for there Is no ground fo bad,
^ ''"-'-
- the plants raifed from feeds. '
, but this tree will thrive in it for it will grow in moift -,

i
. The fourth fort was difcovered by Dr. Tournefort in fpringy land, 'or in dry gravel or fand, where there
the Levant. The leaves" of this are very long, narrow, is little furface : fo that upon ground which produced
and hairy, and are neatly crenated on their edges. nothing but mofs^ thefe trees have fucceeded fo well,
; The flowers grow
very clofe thick fpikes at the top
In as to be fit to cut in ten years after planting, when
of the ftalks, which are larger, and of a lighter pur- they have been fold for near 10 1. per acre ftanding,
ple colour than thofe of the common fort. r-.t^it^'f
and the been confiderably increafed. after produce has
The fifth fortgrov/s naturally in Italy, upon the hills, And as many of the woods near London, which were
from whence received the feeds. IThe leaves of chiefly ftocked with thefe trees, have been of late
this fort are broader, and not fo long as thofe of the years grubbed up, fo the Value of thefe plantations
common fort, and are hoary; the ftalks are fhorter have advanced in proportion. Therefore thofe pcr-
and much thicker, as are alio the fpikes of flowers, fons who are poffeflTed of fuchpoor land, cannot
than thofe of the common, and the flowers are larger employ it better, than by planting it with thefe trees,
and of a fiefli colour. This fort conftantly keeps the efpecially as the cxpence of doing it is not great.
fame from feeds.
'

y
t. -. - t '
' ^
,
The method to cultivate this tree, is to furniflx
beft
There is another fort "which Tournefort and others yourfclf with young plants from the woods where
mention, by the dtle of Betonica rubicundifllmo flore they naturally gro\y, and are generally found there in
monris aurei ^ which differs but little from the fifth, great plenty but, in places where there are no young ;

except in the colour of the flower, fo I doubt of its plants to be procured near, they" may be raifed from
being fpecifically different from that. . .
feeds, which ftiould be carefully gathered in the au-
AH the forts are perennial plants, which may be pro- tumn, as foon as the fcales under which they are lodg-
pa ated by feeds, or jarting of their roots. They ed begin to open, otherwife they will foon fall out and
are all very hardy, but require a fhady fituation ^nd be loft; the feeds are fmall, fo fhould not be buried
deep
>

v'.,':
, >
 If

1 D
deep in the ground. The autumn is the befl: feafon curious gardens for the fake of variety, but is a plant
to low them, and in a Ihady fituation, the plants will .of no ufe. ....
thrive better than when they are expoled to the full The and fourth forts grow naturally in North
third
fun for in all places where there are any large trees
•, America, from whence their feeds have been brought
their feeds fall, and the plants come up well without to Europe, and many of the plants have
been raifcd,
care j fo that if the young plants are notdeftroyed by which thrive very fift here. In Canada thefe trees
cattle, there is generally plenty of them in all the grow to a large fize, wliere the third fort is called
woods v/here there are any of thefe trees. Thefc wild Merifier. The natives of that country make canoes
plants fliould be carefully taken up, fo as not to de- of the bark of thefe trees,' v/hich are very light, and
liroy their roots. The ground where they are to be of long duration.
planted, will require no preparation , all that is ne- Both thefe forts may be propagated by feeds in the
ceflary to be done, is to loofen it with a fpade fame manner as the firil, and are equally hardy fome •,

or mattock, in the places where the plants are to ftand, of the trees now begin to produce their katkins in
making holes to receive their roots, covering them England, fo that we may hope to have plenty of their
a^^ain when the plants are placed, and clofing the earth feeds of our own growdi, for at prefent we are fup-
hard to their roots. If the plants are young, and plied with them from America. As thefe grow more
have not much top, they will require no pruning-, vigoroudy than tlie common fort, and thrive on the
but where they have bufny heads, they fhould be mod barren ground, they may be cultivated to great
fliortened to prevent their being fliaken and difplaced advantage in England, for their wood is much '

by the wind. When the plants have taken root, they efteemed in Canada, where the trees grow to a large
will require no other care, but to cut down the great fize and they are by no means an unfightly tree in
:

weeds which would over-hang the plants ^ which may parks, for their ftems are (trait, the bark fmooth,
be done with a fickle, being careful not to cut or in- and their leaves are much larger than thofe of the
jure the young trees. This need not be repeated of- common Birch, fo may be planted in fuch places
tener than two or three times in a fummer the two firil where few other trees will thrive.
years, after which time the plants v/illbe'ftrong enough BIDENS. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 362. tab. 262. Lin.
to keep down the weeds, or at lead be out of danger Gen. Plant. 840. Water Hemp Agrimony.
from them. The Characters are,
Thefe niay be planted any tune from the middle of 'he common ey oh
Oftober till the middle of March, when the ground is ofed offmaU~
not frozen •, but in dry land the autumn is the bell 'djloiver^ the middle cr dijl^ is ccmpofed of herma-
feafon,and the fpring for moift. The diftance which fhrcdite JioretSy which ore funnel-Jloapcd and qtiinquefid.
they iliould be planted, is fix feet fquare, that they Thefe have jlve^JlKrt capiilary ftamina^ ^^tth cylindrical
may foon cover the ground, and by fianding clofe, fummits^ and an oblong germen fuppcrting a fingle fiyle the
they will draw each other up ; for in fituations where length of the flamina^ crowned by two^ oblong reflexed
flig-
they arc much expofed, if they are not pretty clofe, ma. ' the female fiorets which corapofe the border ere
they will not thrive fo well. naked \ thefe are all fiicceeded by a fnigle^ angular^ obtiife
If the plants take kindly to the ground, they will be feed^ having two or more hrijllcs cr tceth^ by which they

fit to cut in about ten years and afterward they may

•,
faft en themfelves to whatever paffes by them when ripe.
be cut every feventh or eighth year, if they are de- This genus is ranged in the firft
fedion of Linmcus's
fi^rned for the broom-makers only; but where they nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Polygamia ie-
are intended for hoops, they fliould not be cut oftener qualis,'the powers being compofed of hermaphro-
than every twelfth year. dite and female florets, which, are fucceeded by
The expence of making thefe plantations in* places feeds.
where the young plants can be ealily procured, will not There are feveral fpecies of this plant, which are
exceed forty (hillings per acre, and the after expence feldom admitted into gardens, fome of which are
of cleaning about twenty fniUings a year more ; fo that comnhon weeds in England, therefore I (hall only
the whole will not be more than 3I. and if the land mention thofe which are frequently preferved in the
fo planted be of little value, the proprietor cannot gar'densof the curious.
make better ufe of his money for v/hen the wood is -, BiDENS (Frondofa) pinnatis ferrads feminibus
foliis

cut. It will repay the expence with interefi:, and a ereflo-conftantibus calycibus frondofis corollis radia-
perpetual (lock upon the ground. I have ^ctn feve- tis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 832. Water Hemp Agrimony with
ral of thefe plantations made upon land which v/ould winged faived leaves^ feeds fianding ere£l^ a very bufloy
not lett for one (liilling per acre, which has produced ernpakmcnt^ and radiated flozver. Bidens Canadenfis
from 10 to 12 1. an acre, clear of the expence in cut- • latifolia flore luteo. Tourn.
362. Inft.

ting, and this every twelfth year. The broom-makers 2. BiDENS {Nodiflora) foliis oblongis integcrrimis caule

are conftant cuftomers for Birch, in all places within dichotomo floribus folitariis felTilibus. Lin. Sp. Plant.
tvv'enty miles of London, or where it is near water ^32.' Hemp^ Agrimony with oblong entire leaves^ a
carriage ; in otlier parts the hoop-benders arc the pur- forked ftalk^ and a frngle flower growing clofe to the
chafers i but the larger trees are often bought by the ftalk Bidens nodiflora brunelia: folio. Hort. Elth.
turners, and the wood is ufed for making ox-yokes, 52 i

and other inftruments of hulbandry. 3 (Nt

In fome of the northern parts of Europe, the wood petiolads, floribus globofis, pedunculis elongads fe-
of this tree is greatly ufed for making of carriages minibus Icevibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 833. Hemp A^ri-
and wheels, being hard and of long duration. In Hh fingle fawed leaves having foctflalks^ globu-
France it is generally ufed for making wooden fl:ioes. flowers with longer foot-ft fmooth feeds,
Itmakes very good fuel. Bidens fcabra flore nivea, folio trilobato. Hort. Elth.
r

In fome places thefe trees are tapped in the fpring,

and the fap drawn out to make Birch wine, which has 4 Bidens {Frutefcens) foliis ovatis ferratis petiolatis,
been recommended for the (lone and gravel, as is alfo caule frudcofo. Hort. Cliff. 399. Hemp Agrimony with
the fap unfermcnted. The bark of the Birch-tree is oval fawed leaves having foot-flalks, and a Jh^ubby
almoft incorruptible. . In Sweden the houfes are co- ftalk. - *

vered with it, where it lads many years. It fre- 5. Bidens {Scandens) foliis tcrnatis acutis
caule ferratis

quently happens, that the wood is entirely rotten, and fcandente floribus paniculatis. Three-leaved Hejnp A-
the bark perfectly found and good. grimony^ v^ith pointed fawed lobesy a climbing ftalk ^ and
The fecond fort grows naturally in the northern parts ftozvers growing in panicles, Chr}aanthemum trifoliatum
of Europe, and upon the Alps ; this feldom rifes above fcandens, flore luteo femine longo rodrato bidente.
two or three feet high, having (lender branches, gar- Sloan. Cat. Jam. 125.
nhhcd with round leaves, but feldom produces either 6. BiDENs (5//&/^) foliis ovatis ferratis, inferioribus op-
male or female flowers here. It is preferved in fome
*
pofins, fuperzoribus ternatis intermedio majore. Lin.
LI Sp.
 ; ^

-*-k- .4 •H>-.>

I* — <

'j^rimony with oval faived leaves^ ',

The fixtlifort is annual. This rifes' about fei
t\vo
Sp. Flari't. §'33. //?i^/
hut the upper having three high, and fends, out feveral lateral flioors, which at
tl^ekzver ones growing oppoftU^
thelargejl. Cryfanthemum the bottom have oval leaves placed by pairs at th c
lobes, the middle ofzvhicb
I I

is. ,

cohyzoides'nodiflorumfemineroftratobidente. Sloan. joints, but'upv/ard they are trifoliate, the middle lobe
being very large, and the pfo frde ones fmall ^ the
'

" "' \."-

t. J^tp. 126.,
grows naturally in Virginia, Maryland,
fort flowers are produced at the wings of the leaves upon
e firft

Canada, where often a troublefome weed. fhort leafy foot-fi:alks, and are yellow, but very fmall.
an^ it is

high, fending out many ho- It flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in autumn;
It rifes about three
_ ^
feet F

fizontal branches. garnifhed with trifoliate

leaves, the feeds of this mufl: be fown upon a hot-bed, and
fawed on edges; the flowers are pro- treated as the fecond fort. '
'

deeply 'their

duced at the end of the branches in fmall clutters, B I F O L I U M, Twyblade. See Ophrys. -

which are yellow, and fuccceded by oblong fquare BIGNONIA. Tourn. Infl:. 164. Lin. Gen. Plant;
feeds, having two crooked horns, by which they fallen 6yj. [M. Tournefort called this plant Bignonia, in
thcmfelves to the clothes of thofe who pafs near them. memory of abbot Bigpoh, librarian to Lewis XIV,
There are two forts of this, oiie whofe flowers have a king of France, he being a great encourager of learn-
fhortempaleiT:ent;wliich is Tournefort's broad-leaved ing.] The Trumpet Flower, or Scarlet Jafmine;

Canada Bidens v
the other hath a leafy empalemcnt, The Characters are, '

byjuffieu'diflinguifhed by the title of Capite 'The enipakmnct is cup-paped^ qtlt77guefid^ and of one
and is
fbliofo. But I am hot very fure of „ their being, dif- leaf. The flower is of the ringent, or grinning kind^ tu-
tlna fpecies, though I have many years cultivated
''

bulous^with long chaps, which are fwelling, and bell-

both ;, for their feeds when ripe fpread fo far, that in ffmped, divided into five parts at the tof\ the two upper
*a fmall kept feparate. _It is
gai^den they cannot be fegments are refexed, and the under fpread open \ it hath
eafdy propagated by feeds fown in the fpring, in an four awl-fljaped ftamina fhorter than the petal, two longer
open fituation, where, if the' feecis are permitted to \ than the other, having oblong reflexed fumtnits: In the ''

fcatter, the plants will come up the following fpring, center is an oblong germen, ftipporting s fender ftyle,

aiid two or three of them may be tranfplanted where crowned by a roundifh fligma, Thegertneii afterward bc~
they are to grow, and after they are rooted, will re- comes a bivalve pod, with two teVs, filled with compref-
Guire no farther care.. This is^an annual plant, fo fed winged feeds, lying over each other ixbricatim;
decays foon after the feeds are npe. .,/ This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond divi-
f
The fecond fort grows hatuVally- in warm countries. fionof Linnius's fourteenth clafs, intitkd Didyna-
This is an aniiualplaht,''\yhich rifes near three fe mia Angiofpermia, the flower having two long and
high, dividing upward into fevefal branches, which
• two fhort ftamina, and the feeds included in a cap-
' ' .'

are garnifhed ^yith pblong entire leaves ; the 'HoWers fule. ' .

come ouVilngFat the diyifipm of A^ fit- The Species are, -

tirK? clofe ; thefe are white, and fucceeded by fmooth I. Bignonia (Radicans) foliis pinnatis, foliolis incifis,

feeds.
'
caiile geniculis radicatis. Lin. Hort, Cliff. 217. Big-
\l be fown upon a moderate hot-bed in
i'his fort inufl: .
nonia tvith winged leaves,^ which are cut on their edges,
",
the fpring, and afterward treated like other hardy an- and roots coming out at the joints ofthejialk. Bignonia
, . riual plants, planting them ground the
Into ttie full AmericanaFraxini folio flore amplo Phoenicio. Tourn.
^. feter end of May. They will flower in June, and Infl. 164.
v., X'(':-\-

"
rUieif feeds ripen in autumn, foon after which the 2. Bignonia (Catalpa) foliis fimplicibus cordatis, caule
. plants will decay.
'' ''
. . . , .
.^
'
eredto, floribus Lin. Sp. Plant. 622; Big-
diandris.
The diird fort grows naturally in South CaroTina, and ncnid is:ith fingle heart-fhaped leaves, an upright ftalk,
,.,alfo at Campeachy. This is alfo an annual plant, and flowers with two ftamina,' Bignonia UriKU foliis,
which rIfes three feet high, dividing upward into flore fordide albo, intus maculis purpureis luteis &
- many flender Branches, whofe joints are far afUiider > adfperfo, fiiiqua longiffima & angilifliflTima. Catefl^.
the leaves come out by pairs at each joint upon long
t
Carol. I. p. 49.
* t
::?

flender fbot-ftalks, which are oval, ending in a point. 3. Bignonia {Frutefcens^ foliis pinnatis, foliolis lanceo-
The flowers grow at the extremity of the branches in latis aciltls fcrratis, caule "erefto, floribus paniculatis
fmall globular heads, which are veiy wjiite, ft:anding ' eredis. Bignonia with winged leaves, having acute fawed
upon very long foot-fl:alks, and are fucceeded by lobes, an upright ftalk, ana flowers growing in panicks
fmooth feeds. This mufl: be fown upon a libt-bed, ere5l, Bignonia arbor flore luteoFraxini folio. Plum.
.
and treated as the former. It flowers. and feeds about -Sp. Plant. 5. - \

"

the fame time. .

.
'
4. Bignonia [fPubefcens) foliis conjugatis cirrhofis folio-
The fourth fort rifes with a flirubby fl:alk to the lis cordato-lanceolatis foliis imis fimplicibus. Vir.
li'eight of fix or feven feet, dividing into many Cliff. 59. Bignonia with conjugated leaves having ten-
branches, whofe joints are very diftant, at each of drils, and the lower leaves fingL\
the leaves fpear-fljaped,
which are pTaced two oval leaves, flightly fawed on Bignonia Americana Capreolis donata fiiiqua breviorc.
and have fliortfoot-ftalks. The flowers
^
"

their ed^es- Brcyn. Ic. 33. -/^

are p/oduced at the end of the branches in fmall cluf- 5. Bignonia {Unguis Cati) foliis conjugatis, cirrho bre-
ters, each ftanding upon a long naked foot-fl:alk viflimo arcuato tripartito, Lin. Sp. Plant. 623. Big-
thefe are fucceeded by flat feeds, having tw^o fhort nonia with conjugated leaves, and fhort arched tendrils,
teeth at their extremity. of this I received the feeds , divided into three parts. Bignonia Americana capre-
fort from Carthagena in New Spain. This is propa- olis aduncis donata, fiiiqua lon^iflima, Tourn. Inft.
gated by feeds, which Ihould be fown on a hot-bed 104.
in the fpring ; and when the plants are fit to remove, 6. Bignonia {MquinoBialis) foliis conjugatis cirrhofis,
they mull be each planted into a feparate fmall pot, foliolis ovato-lanceolatis, pedunculis bifloris filiquiis
and plunged into a frefli hot-bed, and treated as "other liriearibus. Lin. Sp. 869. Bignonia with conjugated
•tender plants from the fame countries, and in au- leaves, having tendrils, wbofe lobes are oval, fpearfloap-
^
tumn placed in theftove: the following fummerthey ed, and linear pods.
will abide fome yc^lrs with proper trianagement. 7. Bignonia (5^;72/>^r'u/r^;/j) foliis fimplicibus lanceolatis
-The fifth fort rifes with a climbing flender ftalk to caule volubili. Lin. Sp. Plant. 623. Bignonia with
iitTie height often feet, dividing into many branches, Jingle fpear-fhaped leaves, and a ttoining ftalL Gelfe-
.;garnilhed with trifoliate fawed leaves; t"he "flowers minum five Jafminum luteum odoratum Virginia-
grow jn large panicles at the end of the branches ; num fcandens & fempervirens. Park. Catefl:). i.
they are yellow, and are fucceeded by flat feeds hav-
*

ing two teeth. This plant grows" naturally in Jamai- 8. Bignonia (jPentaphylla) foliis digitatis foliolis inte-
ca, frorn whence I received the feeds. It mufl: be "
gerrirrils obovatis. Hort. Cliffy 4517. Bignonia with fin-
treated in the fame manner as the former fort, and
.
gered leaves, whofe lobes are entire, Bignonia arbor pen-
will continue two or three years. taphylla flore rofco.- Plum." Sp, Plant. 5.
7 9. Bigko-

^-
 ,

I < "^

G
p, BiGNONiA {Leiicoxylon) foliis digitatis foliolis integer- If the plants are propagat'cd by feeds, tliey fliould be
rimis ovatis acuminatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 870. Bigno- fown upon a moderate hot-bed to bring them up,
nia with fingered leaves^ whofe lobes are oval, pointed, which fliould be foon inured to the open air, to pre-
and entire, Leucoxylon arbor filiquofa; quinis foliis, Vent their being drawn up weaic ; z nd the firfi: win-
fioribus Nerii, alato femine. Pluk. Aim. 215. tab. ter thefe young plants fliould be fcreened from hard
200. f. 4. commonly called in America ^Tidip Flower. frofl:, which will kill their tender ftioots but the -,

io. BiGNONiA {Paniculata) foliis conjugatis cirrhofis, fpring following they may be planted in the full
foiiolis cordato-ovatis, fioribus racemofo-paniculatis. ground, in a nurfery-bed, at a foot difl:ance from each
Lin. Sp. Plant. 623. Bignonia with conjugated leaves, other, where they may remain one or two years to <^et
having tendrils, theiobes oval and heart-ftjaped, and flow- fl:rength,and afterwards be planted where they are
ers in branching panicles. Bignonia bifolia fcandens, defigned to grow.
fiore violaceo odoro,fru6tu ovatoduro. Plum. Cat. 5. The fecond fort was brought into England by Mr.
J I. Bignonia [Carulea) foliis bipinnatis foliolis lanceo- Catefby, about forty years pafl:, who found it grow-
latis intcgris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 625. Bignonia with dou- ing naturally on the back of South Carolina, at a
blewinged leaves, which are entire and fpear-Jhaped. Ar- great difl;ance from the Englifli fettlements. It is
bor Guajaci latiore folio, Bignoni^e flore cseruleo. ^now very plenty in the Englilh gardens, efpecially
frudu duro in duas partes diffilicnte feminibus alatis near London, where there are fome of them near
imbricatim pofitis. Catefb. Carol, i. p. 42. twenty feet; high^ with large fl;ems, and have the ap-
'\^. Bignonia (Crucigera) foliis conjugatis cirrhofis fo- pearance of trees.
Jiolis cordatis. Vir. Cliff. 60. Bignonia with conjugated This fort rifes with ah upright Hem, covered with a
hcart-Jloaped leaves, having tendrils, andaftalk havi?ig ten- fmooth brown baric, and fends out many fl:rong la-
PfeudoApocynumfolliculis maximis obtufis femi-
drils. teral branches, garniflied with very large heart-fliaped

nibus ampliffimisalismembranaceis. Mor.Hift.3.p. 62. leaves, placed oppofite at eveiy joint. The flowers
13. Bignonia {Capreolata) foliis conjugatis cirrhofis fo- are produced in large branching panicles toward the
liolis cordaco-lanceolatis, foliis imis limplicibus. Lin. end of the branches, of a dirty white colour, with
Sp. 870. Bignonia with conjugated heart-Jhapcd leaves, a few purple fpots, and faint ftripes of yellow on their
having tendrils, whofe lower leaves are Jingle, growing infide. The tube of the flower is much fliorter, and
in panicles, and long comprejfed pods. the upper part more expanded, than thofe of the for-
14. Bignonia {jTriphylla) foliis ternatis glabris, foliolis mer fort, and the fegments deeper cut, and waved
ovads acuminatis, caule fruticofo ercdo. Lin. Sp. on their edges. The America fuc-
flowers are in
870. Smooth three-leaved Bignonia, with oval lobes end- ceeded by very long taper pods, filled with flat winged
ing in a point, and a firubby JtalL Bignonia frutefcens feeds, lying over each other like the fcales of fifii.

tri'phylla glabra, filiquis longis compreflls. Houfi:. In England there has not as yet been any of the pods
Cat. produced, but the feeds are annually brought over
The firft fortgrows naturally in Virginia and Ca- from South Carolina. Thefe fliould be fown in pots,
nada. It hath large rough ilcms, which fend out and plunged into a moderate hot-bed to bring up the
"
many trailing branches, putting out roots at their plants, which ftiouid be inured to the open air by

joints, which themfelves to the trees in their

fafi:en degrees ; and, in the beginning of June, placed abroad
natural places of growth, whereby they climb to a in a flickered fituation autumn, ^vhen they fliould
till

o-reat height ; and in Europe, where they are gene- be placed under a common frame to fcreen them
rally planted againfl: walls, they faften themfelves from frofl: in winter ^ but in mild weather they mufl:
thereto by their roots, which fl:rike into the mortar ' be fully expofed to the open air. The following
of the joints fo ftrongly, as to fupport their branches, fpring thefe may be taken out of the pots, and planted
and v/ill rife to the height of forty or fifty feet. The in a nurfery-bed, in a warm fituation, where they

branches are garniflied with winged leaves at every may remain two years to get fl:rength, and afterwards
joint, placed oppofite, cpmpofed of four pair of fmall planted in the places where they are defigned to re-
leaves, terminated by an odd one theie are fawcd -, main. Thefe plants, when young, are frequently in-
on tlieir edges, and end in a long fi^arp point. The jured by frofl:, for they flioot pretty late in the au-
flowers are produced at the ends of the fl:ioots of the tumn, fo that the eariy frofts often kill the extremity
fame year, in large bunches thefe have long fwell-
-, of their branches but as the plants advance in
-,

ing tubes, fi^aped fomewhat like a trumpet^ from fl:rength, they become more hardy, and are feldom

whence it had the appellation of TKimpet Flower. injured but in very fevere winters. It is late in the
They are of an Orange colour, and appear the be- fpring before thefe trees come
which has oftenout,
ginning of Auguft. caufed perfons to believe they were* dead and fome •,

This fort is very hardy, fo will thrive in the open have been ^o imprudent, as to cut them down on that
air-, but as the branches trail, they mufl: be fupport- fuppofition, before the tree v/as well known.
ed, therefore are ufually planted againfl; walls or build- It may alfo be propapated by cuttings, which fliould

ings, where, if the branches have room, they will be planted in pots in the fpring before the trees begin
fpread to a great diftance, and rife very high, fo are to pufti out their fnoots, and plunged into a moderate
very proper for covering of buildings, which are un- hot-bed, obferving to fliade them from the fun in the
fightly. They may
be trained up againfl: the
alio middle of the day, and refrefli them occafionally with
ftems of trees, where they may be fo managed, as to water, which muft not be given to them in too great
make a fine appearance when they are in flower. plenty. In about fix weeks have taken
thefe will
This is propagated by feeds, but the young plants fo root, and made flboots above, fo fliould have plenty
raifed do not flower in lefs than feven or eight years •, of air admitted to them confliantly, and hardened by
therefore thofe which are propagated by cuttings or degrees to bear the open air, into which they fliould
layers from flowering plants, are mofl: eileemed, be- be removed, and treated in the fame manner as the
caufe they will flower in two or three years after feedling plants, and the fpring following planted out ^

planting. old plants alfo fend out many fuck-

The into a nurfery-bed, as before direfted.
is

ers from the roots, which may be taken off, and As thefe trees have very large leaves, they require a
tranfplanted where they are to remain, for thefe plants flickered fituation for where they are much expolcd
-,

. will not tranfplant fafely if they are old. to ftrong winds, their leaves are often torn anti ren-
The neceffary culture for thefe plants after they are dered unfightly, and many times their branches are
eflrabliflied, is to cut away all the fmall weak fhoots fplit and broken by the winds, their leaves being fo
'

of the former year in winter, and fliorten the ll:rong large, as that the wind has great force againfl- them.
ones to about two feet long, that young flioots may Thefe produce their flowers in Augufl:. They de-
be obtained for flowering the following fummer , thefe light in a light moifl: foil, where they make great pro-
plants are of long duration. There are fome in gar- grefs, and in a few years will produce flowers. It

dens 'which have been planted more than fixty years, is generally known in the gardens by the Indian title

which are now very vigorous, and produce flowers in of Catolpa.

^
'plenty every feafon.
•
. The

',
 ; .

G
of the warmer parts of A- there four leaves, tv/o on each fide oppoiitc
are'
The third fort* Is a native
thefe are oval pointed, and waved on their edges, of
merica, where it was difcovered by father Plumier,
who made a "drawing of it, and gave the title of Clc- a bright green, and continue through the year-, the

matitis toit, v;hich he afterward altered toBignonia,

brandies ramble very far where they have room the :

when he became better acquainted with Tournefort's flowers are large, yellovr, and are produced at tlie

Syftem of Botany. This rifcs with an upright ftem, joints of the fl:alks, but are not fucceeded by pods in

"to the height of twelve or fourteen feet, fending out this country. I received this fort from La Vera Cruz,
many fide branches, garnilhed at every joint by two in New Spain but it thrives againft a v^arm wall in
i

.long winged leaves placed oppofite ; the fma^l leaves the open air very well, with the fame treatment as the
which compofe thefe, are long and fpear-Ihaped, end- two former forts.

ing in a point, and (lightly fiwed on their edges, The feventh fort grows naturally in South Carolina,
:h leaf being compofed of terminated by
fix pair, where it fpreads over the hedges, and at the feafon
an odd one. The flowers are produced in loofc pa- of flowering, perfumes the air to a great din:ance; it
nicles at the ends of the branches, and are fhaped alfo grows in fome parts of Virginia, but not in fa

like thofe of the other fpecies, but fpread open more great plenty as at Carolina. The inhabitants there

at the top.' Thefe are yellow, and fucceeded by call it Yellow Ja(mine, I fuppofe from the fv/eet odour
'
compfefled pods about fix inches long, having two of its flowers. .'
. ' ,

rows of fiat winged feeds, like thofe of the other This rifes with flender fl:alks, which twift: themfclves
fpecies.
'
'
'
round the neighbouring plants, and mount to a con-
I received this fort firft in 1729, from La Vera Cruz, fiderable height ^ the branches arc garniflied with ob-
in New Spain, where the late Dr. Houftoun found it long pointed leaves, which come out fingle and op-
rowing naturally in great plenty ; fince which time pofite to each other at every joint ^ thefe remain
have received the feed from the ifland of Bermuda, green through the year. The flowers come out from
'.

by the tirle of Candle Wood. V I the wings of the leaves at every joint, fometimes but
H-
It is propagated by feeds, which mud be fown on a tv/o, at other times four at each joint; theiefland

hot-bed, and the plants afterv/ard tranfplanted into ered, are trumpet-fliaped, yellow, and have a very
feparate fmall pots, filled with light frefli earth, and fweet fcent ; and in the countries where they naturally
plLinged into a frefli hot-bed to bring them forv/ard, grow, they are fucceeded by fl;ort taper pods, filled
that they may
obtain fl;rength before winter ; in the- with fmall Avinged feeds. ,*

autumn they muft be removed into the bark-fl:ove, The plants of this fort, v/hcn young, are impatient
. and during the winter fiaould have but little water, of cold, fo mufl: be flieltered in the winter until they
but in fummerthey mufl: be frequently refrefhcd with have obtained ftrength, when they fliould be planted
it, but not given in too great plenty.
^ The plants againft a warm wall, and in winter protefted from
fliould confl:antly remain in the bark-fl:ove, and be froft by coverings of mats, and the ground abouc

treated in the fame manner as other tender plants their roots covered with tan. With this management
from thofe countries. The from feed
third year I have had them flower very well in the Chelfea gar-

I'
•theywi]] flower, but they do not produce feeds in den. It is propagated by feeds in the fame manjier

/England J. .'
.
as the former forts. W.i. r-^'/-',,

'The fourth fort grows naturally in Virginia, and fe- The eighth fort was fent me from Jamaica by the late
veral other parts of America ; this hath very (lender Dr. Houftoun. " This rifes" with an upright ftem near
"trailing fl:alks, wliich mufl: be fupported > in the places twenty feet high, fending out many lateral branches,
r where it naturally grows,' the branches fafl:en them- covered with a white bark. The leaves come out
felves by whatever plants are near
their tendrils to oppofite at the joints upon long foot-ftalks ; they arc
them, and extend to a great difl:ance. In this coun- compofed of five oval ftiff leaves, which are joined in
'
try they require tlie afliilance of a wall, and to have one center at their bafe, where they are narrow, but
a good afpeft, for they are impatient of much cold, widen toward the top, where they are rounded and
fo ftiould be^ flickered in feverefrofl;; the branches obtufe. They are of a pale green, inclining to white
are aarniflied with oblono; leaves, which are s;reen all on their under fide the flowers are produced at the
-,

the year j thefe are often fingle at bottom, but up- ends of the branches four or five together, on very
ward are placedby pairs oppofite at each joint ; the fliort foot-ftalks ; they are narrow at bottom, but the

flowers are produced at the wings of the leaves, which tube enlarges upward, and at the top fpreads open
'
are yellow, and fliaped like thofe of the Foxglove. ,wide, of a pale bluifli colour,' and fmell iwect j tlicv
Thefe appear in Augufl:, but are not fucceeded by are fucceeded by taper crooked pods about four inches
pods in this country. This is propagated by feeds, long, which are filled with oval comprefll'd feeds,
•
which fliould be fown on a moderate hot-ted, and with wings of a filver colour.
treated in the fame manner as the firft: fort. When This fort is a native of the warmer parts of America,
thefe plants are planted in the full ground againft therefore will not thrive in this countiy, but in aftove.
walls, the grouha about the roots fnould be covered It is propagated by feeds, which muft be fown on a
in the autumn with fome old tanners bark to keep hot-bed, and the plants treated in the fame manner as
out the frofl: in winter i and in very fevere frofl:, the the fourth fort.
branches fliould be covered with mats, to prevent I'he ninth fort received from Barbadocs, by the ti-
I
their being deftroyed. With this management I have tle of White Wood. This rifes with an upright ftem
had the plants flower very well in the Chelfea garden. to the height of forty feet, in the natural country of
The fifth hath flender flalks like the former,
fort its growth; and the feeds are difpcrled by mnd to
which require the fame fupport ; thefe are garniflied the neighbouring lands, where the plants come up ia
with fmall oval leaves, which are entire, placed op- great plenty. This and the former fort have been
pofite at every joint ; at the fame places come out the generally confounded, and fuppofcd to be the fame,
tendrils, by which they fafl:en themfclves to the plants but the growing plants are extremely different ; for
which grow near them end in three difl:In6l
j thefe the under leaves of this are fometimes compofed of
{)arts ; the flowers come out from the wings of the five, at other times of four oval leaves and on the ;

eaves, which are fliapcd like thofe of the former upper part of the branches, they come out fingle,
fort, but are fmaflcr, and are not fucceeded by feeds placed by pairs oppofite thefe are as large as tiiofe
:

ia this country. This grows naturally in Carolina of the Bay-tree,- and of equal thicknefs, rounded at
;and the Bahama Ifiands, but will live in the open air, their end ; each of thefe have a long foot-ftalk, whereas
if it is planted againfl: a wall to a fouth afpeft, and thofe of the former join at their bafe to one center.
flieltered in very fevere frofl:. It is propagated in the
-
The flowers of this fort are produced fingle at the
fame manner as the former fort. '
wings of the leaves, which have a narrow tube near
The fixth fort hath very weak flender branches, which two inches long, but fpread open very wide at the
put out tendrils at the joints, by which they f^fl:en top, where they are cut into five unequal fegments,
themfclves to the neighbouring plants at each joint : which are fringed on their borders. The flowers are
.'
Avhite,

t *
Tfvhite, and have an agreeable odour, but tht pod I :Khich are lliaped liice thofe of"
have not feen. glove, and are of a. pale yellow colour, and are fuc-
The plants mud be preferved in the bark-flove, and ceeded by flat pods a foot long, having a border oil
treated as tlie fourth fort. It is propagated by feeds, each fide, and contairi two rov/s of flat winged feeds.
and will alfo take root from cuttings in the fummer, This plant is tender, fo muft be conilantly kept in
if they arc planted in pots, and plunged into a bark- the bark-ftov^, a;id treated in the fame manner as th^
bed. It has flowered fcveral years in the Chelfea fourth fort. It Js propagated by feeds, which muft
garden. In Auguft. be obtained fromtlie country where it grows naturally,
I'he tenth fort was fcnt me from La Vera Cruz, by for it doth not produce any in England.
the late Dr. Houftoun-, this rifes with ligneous ftalks, The from La Vera Cry
fourteentlx fort w^as fent me
v/hich put out tendrils at the joints, whereby they in New Spain, by the late Dr. Houfton. This hat
faften themfelves to the neighbouring plants; the a woody ftem covered with aix Afli-coloured bark,
leaves come out on each fide the branches, upon which rifes to the height of ten feet, fending out
pretty long foot-ftalks,two at each joint oppo- many fide branches, garnifiied with trifoliate leaves,
fite, which are heart-flaaped and entire, having a fine placed oppofite at eacli joints which are very fmooth,
hairy down on their under fide. The fiowers grow oval, and ending in points. The flowers coiiie out
in loofe fpikes at the end of the branches, which at the extremity of the. branches in loofe panicles,
are tubulous, and do not fpread much at the top \ and are of a dirty white colour.. Tliefe are fucceeded
they are of a Violet colour, and fmell very fweet. contaanina: two rows of flat
Thefe in their native country are fucceeded bj oval, winged feeds.
hard, ligneous feed-veffels^ which open in four parts, by
and are full of compreffed winged feeds. on a hot-bed, and the plants aftenvard treated as the
This fort is propagated by feeds, which muft be fown fourth Ibrt, and muft conflantly remain in the bark-
on a hot-bed, and the plants muft be treated in the ilove.
fame manner as the third fort, for they will not BIHAI. M
thrive in this country unlefs they are placed in the BINDWEED. •eC OXVOLVULUS*
bark-ftove. B I R C H-T R E See Betula,
The eleventh fort grows naturally in the Bahama BISCUTELLA. Lin. Gen, Plant. 724. Thlafpi-
Illands, from whence Mr. Catefby fent the feeds in tab loi Buckler*
•1724, and many of the plants were raifed in the gar- Muftard, or Ballard Mithri date Muftard
dens near London. This, in the country where it The Characters are.
grows naturally, rifes to the height of twenty feet, ^/
fending out many lateral branches^ garnilhed with poinkd. Tbeflo'user hath four petals^ placed in form, of
compound winged leaves, t?,c\\ having eleven alter- ofi fi-
nate wings, with fpear-fliaped fmall lobes, which grow Jiamina^ four long and two ^crt^ placed cDpcfit
alternate, and are entire \ at the ends of the branches fingh ft
fi'
the flowers are produced in very loofe panicles ; the afiitgk permanent fty
ejfed germeriy. fiipporling

foot-fl:alIcs branching into three or four, each fufliain- with an obtufe ftigmay tJ:e germen aftervoara
ing a fingle blue flower, with a long fwelling tube, plain^ compreffed^ ereU capfule^ with tz
cut into five unequal fegments at the top, where it having two cells^ terniifrnted by the^rigia
rigid fiyk^ which is

fpreads open. The flowers are fucceeded by oval feed- the fide of each cell containing one
veflels, which open in two parts, and are filled with [fed feed,
fiat winged feeds. This geiius of plants is i^anged in the firft feftion of
The twelfth fort hath a woody ftem.. fending Linna:us's fifteenth Tetradynamia Sili-
clafs, intitled
out many branches, which have four narrow borders culofa, the flower havlrtg four long, and two fhort
or wings running longitudinally, fo as to refemble a fi;amina, and are fucceeded by very fliort pods*
fquare llalk the leaves are produced by pairs,
•, The Sf ECiES are,
on each fide the branches ; thcv are heart-fnaped, 1, BiscuTELLA {A:iriculata) calycibus ne£tario
utrinque
fmooth, and have fliort have
foot-ilalks ; thcfe ^ibbis, filiculis inllylum coeuntibus. Lin. Hort. Clifi^.
tendrils coming out by their foot-ftalks, which 329. Buckler Mufiard^ with the cup of the ne5larium
fatten themfelves to the plants which grow near them, fwelling on each fide^ and fmall pods joined to the ftyle.
and thereby rife to a great height. The flowers arc Thlafpidium hirfutum calyce tioris auriculato. Infl*
roduced in fmall cluft:ers from the wings of the R. H. 214.
eaves, which have pretty long tubes, fpread open 2, BiscuTELLA (Didyma) filiculis orbiculato-didymis a
at the top, and are of a pale yellow colour-, thefe are ftylo divergentibus. Hort. Cliff. 329. Buckler Mufiardy
fucceeded by flat pods a foot in length, which have with a double orbicular pod diverging frcm the ftyle,
two rows of flat winged feeds, joined to the inter- Thlafpidium Monlpelicnfe hieracii folio hirfuto.
mediate partition. Tourn. Infl;. 214.
This fort was fent me from Campcachy, where it na- It

turally grows, and rifes to the tops of the tallefl; femiamplexicaullbus floribus fpicatis fl:ylo breviore.
trees, to whofe branches thefe plants fafl:en themfelves Hairy Buckler Muflard^ with oblong indented leaves which
by tlieir tendrils or clafpers, and are thereby fup- half embrace the ftalk^ fiowers growing in fpikes^ and a
ported. This is propagated by feeds, whicli muft fhorterftyle. Thlalpidium Apulum fpicatum. Tourn.
be fov/n on a hot-bed, and the plants treated in the Inft. 214.
lame manner as the fourth fort , for they will not The firft grows naturally in the fouth of France
fort
thrive in this country, unlefs they have a warm ftove, and Italy, where it rifes about a foot high but in a -,

w^here the branches will rife to the height of twenty garden generally grov/s near two feet high, dividing
and into fev^eral branches; and at every joint there is one
a great diftance. It has flowered in the garden at oblong entire leaf a little indented, thofe on the
Chelfea, but doth not produce pods in England. low'er part of the fi:alk being broader and more ob-
The thirteenth fort was fent me from Campeachy, tufe than thofe on the upper. Tlie flowers are pro-
Mr. Robert M duced at the ends of the branches in loofe panicles,
rife to a great height, climbing on the trees whicli which are compofed of four obtufe petals of a pale
grow near it, fafl:ening themfelves to their branches yellow colour ; thele are fucceeded by double, round,
by its clafpers, and fending out many ligneous branches, compreiled feed-vefiels, fwelling in the middle, where
which are garniflied with oval heart-fliaped leaves, is lodged a fmglc, round, flat ieed, the ftylc of the

by fours, two on each fide, growing oppofite at the flower ftanding upright between the two fmall veflt;ls,
joints ; thefe are covered on their under fide with a joined to their borders.
foft hairy down, of a yellowilh colour. The flowers The fecond fort grows naturally in the fouth of
arw^ produced iu loofe panicles at the end of the P'rance, Italy, and Germany, from whence I received
Mm tht
 ,
.

t\\c feeds, and dried famples of the plant, which are jfobt-ftalkof the flowers, which fuftains fevc^al feaH
not more than fix Inches high, though they are the Butterfly flowers, of a purplifh colour, colleftcd to^
entire plants with their roots, but in the garden they gether, which are fucceeded by^ plain pods, about one
grow almoft tv/o feet high* This hath many long,
'•-

nich long, indented on both fides the v/hole length,

narrow, hairy leaves, fpreading near the ground, divided in the middle by a longitudinal nerve, con-
which are deeply indented on each fide, refembhng taining two rows of kidney-fliaped feeds.
thofe of Hawkv/eed j from the center arifes the ftalk, It is propagated by feeds, which in this country

Which divides upward into many fmall branches, ftiould be fown in the autumn, on a bed of light
having no leaves on them, and are terminated by , earth, where the plants will come up in about three
loofe particles of yellow flowers, cOmpofed of four weeks, and will live in the open air very well. Thefit
petals, placed in form of a crofs. ,
Thefe are fuc- fliould be fown where they are defigned to remain,
ceeded by round comprcffed feed-veffels like the or transplanted very young for when they are large, •,

former, but are fmaller, and the flyle of the flowers they will not bear removing. When the plants are
bends from them. come up, they will require no other care, but to keep
The third fort fends out many oblong hairy leaves, them clean from weeds; and where they are too near,
which are flightly indented on theircdgcs;from among they fliould be thinned to about a foot diftance from
thefe there arifes a hairy branching fl:alk, which grows each other. They flower in June, and the feeds ripen
two feet high, and at each joint is placed one oblong in September. \'- '
'

indented leaf, which half embraces the ftalk at the > The feeds of this plant may alfo be fown in the fpring,
bafe i each branch is terminated by a clofe fpike of and treated in the fame manner as before directed ^
pale yellow flowers, which are fucceedcd by round but thefe will not flower till the middle or end of July,
compreflfed feed-veflfels like the other forts, but the fo unlefs the autumn fprovcs warm,' they will not
Ilyle of the flower, whichis joined to them, isfliorter ripen feeds ; for which reafon I have direded their
than thofe of the other fpecies, ;.V'';^^ - '
, ,
being fown in the autumn, as foon as they are ripe.
Thefe are all annual plants, which perifh foon after Two or three of thefe plants rhay be allowed a placii
they have perfefted their feeds. .^ Thefe Ihould be in gardens for the fake of variety, but they have not
fown either in fpring, or the autumn, upon a border much beauty.
bf light earth, in an open fituati6ri, where they are BISLINGUA. SeeRuscus.
to remain for good. Thofe which are fown in au- BISTORTA [fo called, becaufe the root turned
is

tumn will come up in about tliree weeks, and the or wreathed into various rings or fpires,] Biftort, or
plants will live through the winter without any pro- Snakeweed. . ...,../
.. . :

teftion, fo will flower earlier the following fummer, This genus isjoined to the Polygonum by Dr. Linnnsus.
whereby good feeds may always be obtained; whereas This plant flowers in May, and if the feafon prove
thofe which are ibwn in the fpring, do, in bad feafons, moift, will continue to produce, new fpikes of flowers
decay before their feeds are ripe. The autumnal till Auguft: it may be propagated by
planting the
*->

plants flower in June, and the fpring in July, and roots in a moift fliady border, either in fpring or au-
their feeds ripen about fix weeks aftet-, which, if per- tumn, which v/ill foonfurnlfli the garden with plants,
.V,
mitted to fcatter, there will be plenty of young plants for it greatly increafes by its creeping roots.
produced without any care. The roots of this plant have been recommended for
I -

Thefe require no farther culture, but to keep them tanning of leather, but the trouble of procuring them
clean from weeds, and thin the plants where they are in a fufficient quantity is too great to anf;ver the in-
too clofe, leaving them ei^ht or nine inches afunder. tention. . . -

They arc preferved in the gardens of tliofe who are B I V A L V U L A R, or Bivalve [of bivalvis] Hufk,
curious in botany, but they have no great beauty to one that opens and gapes the whole length, like" a
is

recommend them. have cultivated thefe forts

I door that opens in two parts. > V T':; **t

many years, and have never obferved either of them BIX A. Lin. Gen* Plant. 581. Urucu. Sloan. Cat. Jam.
to vary, therefore make no doubt of their beine
. Orleana. H. L. Mitella. Tourn. Irift. 242. Anoita,
diftinft fpecies. by the French Roucou. -
.

B ISERRULA. Lin. Gen, Plant. 800. Pelecinus. The Characters are.

Tourn. Inft. 417. tab. 234. It hath a plain, fmall, obtufe cr/ipalement, which is per-
The Characters are, manent ; the flower hath a double fcries ofpetals, the outer
The flower bath a tubtihus empalement of one leaf which confifting offive, which are large, oblong, and equal, the
is ereEi^ andjlightly indented at the top in five equal parts^ inner of thefame number and fhape, but narrower. It
the two upper Jlanding at a dijlance. The flower is pa- hath a great number of briftly ftardna, which are but
pilionaceous^ having a large rotindiflo flandard^ whofe edges half the length of the petals, terminated by ereEi fummits.
are rcflexeSi ^
The wings are oblongs but floorter than the In the center is fituated an oval germen, fupporting a
ftandard ; and the obtufe keel is of the fame length with flender flyle of the fame length with the fl amine, crowned
the wings, bending upward. It hath ten ftamina, nine by a bifid, comprejfed, parallel fligma. The germen after-
of which are joined, and the other fingle, with their ends ward becomes an oval heart-fhaped capfule, a little cozi-
pointing upward. In the center isfituatedan oblong com- preffed, covered with fharp br 2flies, opening with two
preffed germen, fupporting an awl-floaped ftyle, crowned by valves^ with one cell, and filled with angular feeds, ad-
^Jingle fligma-y thefe are included in the keel The germen hering to a linear receptacle, which runs longiti'AinciUy
nftervxard becomes a flat narrow pod, indented on both through the capfule.
edges like thefaw of the fwordfifh^ having two cells ^ filled This genus is ranged in the firft fe£lion of Linn^us' 5
with kidney 'floaped feeds. thirteenth clafs, intitled Polyandria Monogynia, th e
This genus of plants is ranged in the third feftion of flower having many ftamina and one ftyle.
Linnaeus*s feventeenth clafs, intitled Diadelphia De- We
have but one Species of this genus, viz.
candria, the flower having ten fl:amina, joined in two BiXA. {Orellana.) Hort. C\\S. 211. The Arnotta, or Anotta,
bodies. + by the French Roucou. MitcUa Americana maxima
We have
but one Species of this genus, which is, tinftoria. Achioti of Hernandez.
B SERRULA. {Pelecinus.) Hon. Cliff'. 361. have no We This ftirub grows naturally in the warm parts of
£nglifti name for this plant. Pelecinus vulgaris. America, where it rifes with an upright flem to the
Tourn. Inft. 417. , height of eight or ten feet, fending out many branches
This is an annual plant, which grows naturally in at the top, forming a regular head. Thefe are erar-
.Italy, Sicily, Spain, and the fouth of France. It fends
niflied with heart-ftiaped leaves ending in a point,
out many angular ftalks, which trail on the ground, whicli have long foot-ftalks, and come out without;
Subdivided into many branches, garniflied with long any order. The flowers are produced in loofe panicles
winged leaves, compofed of many pair of lobes, ter^ at the end of the branches, of a pale Peach colour,
minated by an odd one-, thefe are heart-ftiaped to- : having large petals, and a great number of briftly
ward the upper par^' of the branches come out the ftamina of the fame colour, in the center. After the
flower
 ;

. .

fiowcr is paft, the gcrmen becomes a heart-fhaped, duced by an which brings vaft quan-
eafterly wind,
or rather a mitrc-fliaped ieed-veffcl, covered on the tities of infedts eggs along with it from ibme diftari^

oiitfide Avilh brifllcs, opening with two valves, and place i which, being lodged upon the furface of the
filled v/ith angular feeds, covered with a red pulp leaves and flov/ers of fruit-trees, caufe thcfm to flirivel
or paftc, v/hich colours the liands of thofe who up and perifli. To cure this diftempcr, they advife
touch it, and is colledled for the ufe of dyers and the burning, of wet litter on tlie v/indv/ard fide of the
painters. trees, fmoke thereof may be carried to them
that the
This plant is propagated by fcedsj which are annually by the wind, which they fuppole will ftitle and dcftroy
brought from the Weft-Indies in plenty. Thefe thofe infeds, arid thereby cure the diftemper.
fliould be fown in a fmall pot, filled with light rich Others diredl the ufe of Tobacco-duft, or to wafH the
eartli, and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark ; trees w^th water wherein Tobacco-ftalks have been
where, if the bed is of a proper temperature of heat, infufed for twelve hours, which, they fay, will deftroy
the plants will appear in about a month after when : thefe infefts, and recover the
and Pepper-duft,
trees ;

thefe are about an inch high, they fl:iould be Ihaken fcattered upon the blofiTdms of fruit-trees, has been
out of the pot and carefully feparated, fo as not to recommended as very ufcful in this cafe and there :

tear off their tender roots, and each planted in a fmall are fome that advife the pulling off the leaves of the
pot filled with fome rich light earth, and plunged into tree, as the beft remedy when they are Ihrivelled up
a frefli hot-bed of tanners bark, obferving to Ihade and wither ; and to cut off the fmaller branches when
them every day until they have taken new root j after they produce crooked and unnatural fhoots, and to
which they mull be treated as other tender plants iprinkle the tree with a watering-pot, or a hand-
from the fame country, by admitting frefli air to them engine. ^
.

\ : . . =

in proportion to the warmth of the feafon ; and when Thefe conjeftures concerning blights, how fpecious
the heat of the tan declines, it fhould be turned up foever they may appear at firft fight, yet, when duly
. to the bottom, and, if neceffary, fome frefli tan added confidefed, will be found far fhort of the true caufe,
to renew the heat. The plants mull be refrefhed three as will hereafterbe fhev/n.
times a week with water in fummer, but they muft But let us nov/ examine the true caufes of blights, fo
not have it in great quantities^ for their roots often far as we have been enabled to judge from repeated
rot with much wet. If the plants are raifed early in obferVations and experiments..
the fpring, and properly managed, they will be afoot I. Blights then are often caufed by a continued dl-y

and a half high by the autumn, when they fliould be eafterly Wind for feveral days together, withoiit the
removed into the bark-ftove, and plunged into the intervention of 'fiiowers, or any mbrriirig dew, by
tan-bed. During the winter, they muft have but little which the perfpiration in the tender bloffoms is
water, and v/hile the plants are young, they muft ftopped, fo that in a fhort time their colour is changed,
have a good fhare of warmth, otherwife they are very and they wither and decay ; and if it fo happen, that
fubjed to caft their leaves, and frequently lofe their there is a long continuance of the fame weather, it
&
tops, which renders them unfightly. They muft be equally affe£ts the tender leaves for their perfpirih cr
•,

conftantly kept in the bark-ftove, for thofe plants matter hereby thickened and rendered glutinQUs,
is

which have been placed in a dry ftove, have never clofely adhering to the furface of the leaves, and be-
rjiade much progrefs. I liave had many of thefe plants comes a proper nutrinient to thofe fmall infefts^ vv*hich
{even or eiglit feet high, with ftrong ftems and large are always found preying upon the leaves ind tender
headsj but have only had one produce flowers ; nor branches of fruit-trees, whenever this blight happens;
have I heard of its flowering in any of the gardens in but it is riot thefe infefts which are the firft caufe of
Europe, for in the Dutch gardens they have no plants blights, as hath been imagined by forhe ; though it
\

of any lize. . .
muft be allowed, that whenever thefe infeits meet
The pafte which furrounds the feeds is taken off, by with fuch a proper food, they multiply exceedingly,
fteeping the feeds in hot water, and with the hands iand are inftrumental in promoting the diftemper;
waflied until the feeds are clean j then after pouring fo that many times, when die feafon proves fa-
away the water, they leave tlie fediment to harden, vourable to them, arid no proper care hath been
and make it up in balls, which are fent to Europe, taken to prevent their mifchief, it is furprifing to
where they are ufed in dying and painting. It is alfo think how whole walls of trees have fuffered by this
ufed by the Americans to dye their chocolate, and infection. ' '

the natives ufed to paint their bodies with it when The beft remedy for this diftxmper, that I have yet
they went to the wars. N,
known fucceed, is, gently to waHi and fprinkle over
B L A D D E R-N U T.
H
See Staph yle a. the trees, from time to time, with common water
BL A T T A R I A. See VePvBascum. (that fuch as hath not had any thing fteeped in
is,

BLIGHTS. it-,) and the fooner this is performed (whenever we

There nothing fo deftruclive to a fruit garden as

is apprehend danger,) the better ; and if the young and
blights nor is there any thing in the bufinefs of gar-
', tender fhoots feem to be riiuch infefted, wafh them
dening which requires more of our ferious attention, with a woollen cloth, fo as to clear them, if poffible,
than the endeavouring to prevent or guard againft from all this glutinous riiatter, that their refpiration
this great enemy of gardens. and perfpiration may not be obftru6ted and if we •,

In order therefore to remedy this evil, it will be ne- place fome broad flat pans or tubs of water near the
ceflary firft to underftand the true caufes of blights trees, that the vapours exhaledfrom the water may
for, although many curious perfons have attempted be received by' the trees, it will keep their tender
to explain the caufes of them, yet very few of them pirts in a duftik^ ftate, and greatly help them ; but
liave come near the truth, except the Rev. and learned whenever this operation of wafhing the trees is per-
Dr. Hales, Vv'ho hath, in his curious book, intitled formed, it fhould be early in the day, that the moifture
Vegetable Statics, given us fome accurate experi- may be exhaled before the cold of the night comes
ments upon the growth and peifpiration of plants, on ; efpecially if the nights are frofty nor fhould it :

together with the various eff^efts the air hath upon be done when the fun ftiines very hot upon the wall,
vegetables by carefully attending thereto, to-
i
that which would be fubjedt to fcorch up tlie tender
gether with diligent obfervations, we peedfeldomto bloffoms.
be at a lofs hov/ to account for the caufes of blights Another caufe of blights in the fpring is, Ilaan^ hoary
'^cnever they may happen.
WUv froft's, which are often fucceeded by hot funinine in

But here I cannot help taking notice of the feveral the day time wiiich is the riioft fudderi and certain
;

caufes of bliglits, as they have been laid down by deftroyer of fruits that is known ; for the cold of the
fome of our modern writers on gardening;, together night ftarves the tender parts of the bloffo ns, an4
with their various methods prefcribed to prevent their the fun rifing hot upon the walls before the moifture
deftruction of fruits, &:c. is dried from the bloffoms (which, being in fmall

Some have fuppofcd^ that blights are ufually pro- globules, collects the rays Of the fun,} a fc^lding heat
 ; ' ;
-'
*
\
. ' -,i^ 'J

1 *

.
Jc:.
f

,-i

- ' 1"
A

Is tlicreby acquired; which fcorchcs the tender flowers, better fuccced in fuch a foil, than in one that Is iriorc

arid other parts of plants.

'

,
generous : we fliould therefore always endeavour to
But that blights are frequently no more than an in- fuit the particular forts of fruits to the nature of our
ward wealcnels or diftemper in trees, will evidently foil, and not pretend to have all forts of fruit good in
appear, if we confider how often it happens, that the fame;
trees againft the fame wall, expofed to the fame afpeft, But there another fort of blight, agdinf|: which it
is

is very difficult to guard our fruit-trees ; this is Iharp,

/
arid equally enjoying the advantages of fun and air,
.

\vith every other circumftanc€ which might render pinching, frofty mornings^ which often happen at thd
them equally healthy, yet very often are obferved to time when the trees are in flower, or while the fruit
differ greatly in their ftrength and vigour*; aiiS' as very young, and occ'afion the bloflbms or fruit ta
ife'

often we obferve thd weak tr^es to be cxjn'tiriually drop off; and, fometimes, the tender ptrts of the
\
blighted, when the vigorous ones, in the famt fi- fhoots and leaves are greatly injured thereby.
tuation Ihall efcape very well ; which muft, therefore, The only method yet found out to prevent this mif-
in a great mealure, be afcrib'ed to thi^if healthy coh- chief, is, by carefully covering the walls, either with

ftitutiori. This weaknefs, therefore, in trees, rnuft

.
mats, canvas, reeds, &c. which being fafcened fo a3
proceed eit^ier from a want of a fufficient Supply of ii'ot to be difturbed with the wind, and fuffered to

noiiriniment to maintain' the:m in perfedt vigour, or remain on during the night, and taking them olF
from fonie ill qualities in the foil where they grow, every day, weather permits, is the beft and
if the

or, perhaps, from fome bad quality in the ftock, or fureft: method that hath y^t been found' fucc^fsful

inbred diftempe'r of the buds or cyons, which they •vi^hich, although it has been flighted^ and thought

had imbibed from their mother tree, or from niif- of little fervice by fome, yet the reafon of their being
management in the pruning, &c. all which are pro- not fo ferviceable as has been expefted, was, becaule
cluftive of diftempers in trees,' and ofwhich they are they have not been tightly ufed, cither by fuffering
with difficulty cured* No\V, if this is occafioned by the trees to remain too long covered by which mean* •,

a weaknefs in the tree, we Ihpuld endeavour to trace the younger branches and leaves have hccn rendered
out tlie true caufe; firft, whether it has been 6c- foo weak to endure: the 6p6n air, when they are ex-
cafioried By ill liiaMgement in' the pfiltihig, ^hich pofed to it ; which has often proved of worfe con-
is too often the cafe ; for how common is it to obferve fequence to trees, than if they had remained, entirely
Peach-trees trained up t6 ttie full length of their Uncovered, or by incautioufly expofing them tO tha
branches' every yeat, fo ds to be' carried to the tbp of air, after having been long covered.

the wall in a few years after planting, when at the fame Whereas, when the covering before-mentioned has
time the Ihoots for bearing have been lo weak, as Wen performed as It ought to be. It has' proved very
'

fcarceryfoha^-'ftrengai topm^ but ferviceable to fruits; and many times, when there
thisbei'ne the utmoft^ofthefr vigour, the bloffoms fall I has Been almofi* a general deftrudlon of fruits in ilie
off, arid, many
the branches decay, either th
tiriies, neighbouring gardens, there has been a plenty of
'
gfeateft part of their lehgth. Of quite do\^rt to the them in fuch places where they have been properly
'
place where they were produced ; and this, whenever covered : and thougTi the trouble may feem to feme;
It happens to be the cale. Is afcribed to a blight. vSfy' great, yet, if thefe coverings are fixed near the
Others there are, who fuffer theit tre^s to grow juft upper part of the wall, and are faftehed to pullies»
?,s they are naturally difpofed, during the fumnier
_
fo as to be drawn up, or let down, it will be foon and
• .
cafon, without flopping of Ihoots, or dilburdening : eafily performed ; and the fuccefs will fufficiently re-
' '

^
their trees of luxuriant branches ; by ^^hich riieans ay the trouble. ,

, two, three, or four fhoots fhall exhaufl the erreateft ut there another fort of blight that fometimes
is

part of the nourilhment of the trees ail the fumnier happens later in the foring, viz.. in April or May,
which fhoots, at the winter pruning, are entirely cut which Is bften very deftruftive to orchards, and open
but ; fo that the ftrength of the tree Was employed plantations, and againft which wc knov/ of no remedy.
only in nouriiliing ufelefs branches, .while the fruit This is what is called a fire blaft ; which, in a few-
Ijranches are thereby rendered fo weak, as riot to be hours, hath not only deftroyed the fruit and leaves,
^ble to preferve themfelves. The remedied to this but, m:uiy times, parts of trees, and, fometimes,
evil fhall be explained in the article of Pruning entire trees have been killed by it.
Peach-trees, &c. This is fuppofed to be elTeded by volumes of trarT-
. "feutif the weaknefs of the tree proc;tec?s frbm an In- parent flying vapours, which, among the many fonni
bred diftemper, it is the better way to remove the they revolve into, may fometimes approach fo near
tree at firft ; and after renewing your earth, plant a to an hemifphere, or hemicylinder, either in their
new one !tt its place. upper or lower furfaces, as thereby to make the
Or if your foil be a hot burning gravel or fand, in beams of the fun converge enough to fcorch the plants
ivhich your Peach-trees are planted, you will gene- or trees they fall upon, in proportion to the greater
rally find this will bd cbhftantly their cafe, after their or lefs convergency of the fun's rays.
'
roots have got beyond the earth of your bordefs ; for The learned Boerliaave, in his Theory of Chemiftr_v,
which reafon, it is much more advifeable to dig them obferves, " That thofe white clouds which appear in
up, and plant Grapes, Figs, ^Apricots, or "any other " fummer time, are, as it were, fo many mirrors,
fort of fruit, which may do well in fuch k foil, rather '**
and occafion exceffive heat : thefe cloudy mirrors
than to be annually difappolnted of your hopes ; for, '** are fometimes round, fometimes concave, poly-
by a Variety of experiments, it hath been found, that " gonous, &c. When the face of the heavens is co-
Apricots attraft and imbibe moifture with ia much '* verM with fuch white clouds, the fun, ihining
reater force than Peaches and Neftarines ; and con- " among them, muft, of neceffity, produce a ve-
sequently, are better able to attract the nutritive par- ^ Tiement heat ; fince many of his rays, wliich would
ticles from the earth; than the other, which require *•'
othefwife, perhaps, never touch our earth, are
to be planted in a generous capable of affordingfoil, hereby reflefted to us : thus, if the fun be on one
them a fufficiency of nourifhriient without much dif- " fide, and the clouds on the oppofite one, they \vill
ficulty: and it is in fuch places we often fee Peaches " be perfedt burning glaffes and hence the ph^no-:

.
do wonders, efpecially if affifted by art; but as for " menon of thunder.
Vine and Fig-tree, they perfpire very flowly,
'tlie* " I have fometimes, continues he, obferved a kind
and are very often in an imbibing ftate (fo that a " of hollow clouds, full of hail and fnow, during
reat part of that fine racy flavour,_^with which their " the continuance of which the heat was extreme;
ruits abound when planted in a dry foil, is probably " fince, by fuch condenfation, they were enabled to
owing to thofe refined aerial principles, which^ are " refled much moreftrongly after this came afhnrp :

:
collefled when of refpiration;) and there-
in a ftate •* cold, and then the clouds difchareed their hail in
fore, «s tTiefe trees delight not in drawing much " great quantities, to which fucceedcd a moderate
watery nourifhment from the earth, fo they will much *' warmth. Frozen concave clouds therefore, b/
7

s
 ; ; ; ;

<' thtlr great reflexions, produce a vigorous heat bf the 1

\i
<^and the fame, when rcfolved, exceffive cold." are fmall, and collefted in little heads, which are
Whence (as Dr. Hales obferves) we fee, that blafts ftiaped like thofe of the firft, but fmaller and not fa
may be occafioned by the reflexions of the clouds, as deeply coloured*
well as by the above-mentioned refraction of denfe The feeds of the third fort were fent me by the late
tranfparent vapours. Dr. Amman, who was profeflbr of botany at Pcterf-
A2:ainft this enemy hath been faid,
to fruits, &c. as burgh. This rifes near three feet high; the leaves
there is no guard to our fruit-trees, nor any remxdy are triangular, ending in very acute points, as do alfo
to cure it: but as this more frequently happens in the indentures on the edges of the leaves* The flow-
clofe plantations (where the flagnating vapours from ers come out from
the wings of the leaves in fmall
the earth, and the plentiful perfpirations from the heads, which are facceeded by berries of the fame
trees, arc pent in for want of a free air to difllpate ihape and colour as thofe of the firft, but fmallen
and difpel them ; which are often obferved, in ftill This from the firft in the fliapc and inden-
fort difters
weather, to afcend in fo plentiful a manner, as to be tures of the leaves, and in having leaves placed be-
feen by the naked eye, but efpecially with reflefting tween the berries the whole length of the ftalk, which
telefcopes, fo as to make a clear and diftinft objedt is not terminated by heads as the firft, but hath leaves

become dim and tremulous,) than in thofe that are above the heads.
planted at a greater diftance, or are not furrounded Thefe are all of them annual plants,, which will drop
with hills or woods j this direfts us, in the firfl plant- their feeds if permitted, and the plants will come up
in j? of kitchen-orardens and orchards, &c. that we Ihould in plenty the following fpring or if the feeds of :

allow a greater diftance between the trees, and to either of the forts are fown in March or April, upon
make choice of clear healthy fituations, that the air a bed of common earth, in an open fituation, the
may freely pafs between the trees to difllpate thofe va- plants will come up In a month or five Weeks after
pours before they are formed into fuch volumes, and, if they are to remain in the place where they aj-e
whereby the circumambient air will be clear, and lefs fown, will require no other care but to keep them
fubjeft to injuries ; as alfo the fruits which are pro- clear from weeds, and to thin them out, fo as to leave
duced in this clearer air, will be much better tafted them fix or eight inches apart
J
than thofe that are furrounded with a thick rancid air ; plants will begin to fliew their berries, v/hen they will
for as fruits are often in a refpiring ftate, they confe- make a pretty appearance. But many people tranf-
quently, by imbibing apart of thcfc vapours, are ren- plant them into the borders of the flower-gar-
dered crude and ill-tafl:cd, which is often the cafe dens, and others plant them in pots, to have them
with a great part of our fruits in England. ready for removing to court-yards, or to place upoa
B LI TU
M. Lin. Gen. Plant. 14. Clienopodio-morus. low walls, among other annual flowers, to adorn thofe
Boerh. Ind. Morocarpus. Rupp. Strawberry Blitc. places-
The Charactkrs are, When thefe plants are defigned to be removed, they
// haih a tripartite fprcading empalemcnty which is per- fhould be tranfplanted before they flioot up their flow*
manent ; the fozver bcth no petals^ but one hriftly fta- er-ftems, for they will not hear tranfplanting well af-
mina the higth of the empalcnient^ with a double fum- terward and if they are planted in pots, they will
:

mit. K center is fuuated an oval pointed germen fup- require to be duly watered in dry weather, otherwife
Jlyles^ the length of the ftamina^ withafingle the plants will ftint, and not grow to any fize ; and,
'

'

/ ft as the flower-ftems advance, they fliould be fupportcd

by fticks ; for if they are not, the branches will fall
ejjed capfile ^ including one globular comprejfcd feed.
/tze of the capfule to the ground, when the berries are grown pretty
This genus of plants is ranged
fecond order of in the large and weighty. .

Linnoius's firft clafs, intitled Monandria Digynia, W See Lapathum.

the flower having but one ftamina and two ftyles. BOCCONIA.
The Species are, This plant was fo called after the Reverend Paul Boc-
1. Blitum {Capitatum) capitellis fpicatis terminalibus. cone, of Sicily, who has publifhed fome curious books
Hort. Upfal. 3. Elite with fpikes terntinated by little of botany.
heads. Chenopodio-morus major. Boerh. Ind. alt. The Characters are,
2.91. Commonly called Strawbeny BlitCy or Strawberry Tihe flower hath an empalement compofed of two oval^ ch-^
Spinach, iufe^ concave leaves it hath four narrow petals^ with
-,

2, Blitum {Virgatum) capitellis fparfis lateralibus. Hort. € V fhort /

Upfal. 3. fmall heads growing fc fummits^ which are the length of In
from theftdes of the fialks. Chenopodio-morus minor. fituated a roundifl:
Wild Atritlex with a Mi fupporting a fn which is bifid at the tcp^
/*-.
rmt. crowned by a ftngle fligma. The germen aftertvard be-
. Blitum {'Tartaricum) foliis triangvilaribus acute den- comes an oval fruity contra^Ied at both ends, and a little

tatis, capitellis fimplicibus lateralibus. Elite with tri- compreffed^ having one cell., full of pulp ^ including afingk
angular leaves fharply indented^ andfingle heads proceed- round feed.
ing from the fides of the fialks. Blitum fragiferum maxi- This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fe6lion of
mum polyfpermum. Amman. Ruth. Linn^us's thirteenth clafs, intitled Polyandria Mo-
The firft fort grows naturally in Spain and Portugal, nogynia, the flower having many ftamina and one
but hath been long preferved in the Englifli gardens. ftyle.
This is an annual plant, which hath leaves fomewhat There Is but one Species of this genus at prefenC
like thofe of Spinach^ the ftalk rifes about two feet and known, which is,
a half high, the lower part of which is garniflicd with )cc0NiA. {Frutefcens.)^U\n. Sp. Plant. 505. Bocconia
leaves of the fliape with thofe at bottom, but fmaller racemofa, fpliondylii folio tomentofo. Plum. Nor.
the upper part of the ftalk hath flowers coming out Gen.
in fmall heads at every joint, and is terminated by This plant is called, by Sir Hans Sloane, in his Na-
a fmall clufter of the fame after the flowers arc paft,
: tural Hiftory of Jamaica, Chelidonium majus arbo-
the little of Wood Strawber-
heads fwell to the fize reum, foliis quercinis \ or Greater "Tree Celandine with
ries, and when ripe have the fame appearance being ^ Oak leaves.
very fucculent, and full of a purple juice, which It is very common Jamaica, and feveral other parts
in
ftains the hands of thofe who bruife them, of a deep of America, where it grows to the height of ten or
purple colour. twelve feet, having a ftrait trunk as large as a man's
The fecond fort grows naturally in the fouth of France arm, which is covered with a white fmooth baik.
and This feklom grows more than one foot
Italy. At the top it divides into feveral branches, on v/hich
high, with fmaller leaves than the firft, but of the the leaves are placed alternately. Thele leaves are
lame ihape j the flowers are produced at the wings eight or nine inches long, and five or fix broad, deeply
N n finu*
 ' -I
;
-r

BOM \

almofl: to the itild-rib^ find afe of iipon foot-ftalks, an inch long, of a whitiiTi colour
fmiiated/ fometimes
a fine glaucous colour; fo that this plant makes, a on their under fide. At the joints, which are far
afunder, come out fmall fide branches, growing erecb
beautiful variety among otlier exotic plants in the
thefe, as alfo tlie large ftalk, are terminated by loofe
ftove. The whole plant abounds with a yellow Juice
greater Celandine, which is of an acrid na- panicles of flefli-coloured flowers, which are each
like the
ture ', ufcd by the inhabitants of America,
fo that it is
fucceeded by oblong glutinous feeds.
to take off vrarts, and fpots from the eyes. , .
The feeds of the fecond fort were fent me by the fame

It is propagated by feeds, which fliould be fown in a

gentleman from Jamaica, where it naturally grows.

pot filled with light frelli earth, early in the fpring, This fends out many difflifed ftalks a foot and a Iialf
'
and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark, obferv- or two feet long, garriifhed with fmall roundifli leaves
ing to water it now and then gently, otherwife the at each joint. The flowers grow very fcatteringly
feeds will not grow. When the plants are come up, upon long branching foot-ftalks from the wings of
they fhould be each tranfplanted into feparate fmall the leaves, as alfo at the end of the branches, whicli
pots filled with light fandy eardi, and plunged into are of a pale red colour, and are fucceeded by feeds
like the former. ^
the hot-bed again, obferving to fliade the glafTes in -'-
.

. the heat of the day, until the plants have taken root.
The third fort was
Jamaica with the
fent me from
They muft be alfo gentlyfhould be
watered, but it former. This fends out feveral ftallcs from the root,
done fparingly while they are young; for their ftems which divide into many branches, and trail over what-
being very tender, and full of juice, will rot, if they ever plants grow near them, and rife to the height of
five or fix feet, garniflied with heart-fliaped leaves,
receive too much moifture ; but after their ftems are
become woody, they will require it often,' efpecially grov/ing by pairs at each joint upon long foot-
in hot weather; when alfo they fliould have a large ftalks, which are of the colour and confiftence
Ihare of air, by raifing the glafles of the hot-bed. of thofe of the greater Chickweed. The flowers
.

The plants, in two months after tranfplanting, will grow in loofe umbels at the extremity of the branches,
have pots with their roots ; therefore
filled thefe fmall
which are yellow, and are fucceeded by fmall, oblong
t>>
-
they fliould be fliaken out of them, and planted into vifcous feeds.

pots one with light frefli earth, and

fize larger, filled ; The fourth fort was fent me from Jamaica with the
plunged into the bark-ftove, whei'e, they fliould have two former this fends out many trailing hairy ftalks,
:

a good fliare of frefli air in warm weather. With this v/hich divide into fmaller branches, garniflied with
management! haveraifed thefe plants upwards of two oval leaves at every joint; and at the wings of the
one feafon, v/hich were alfo very ftrong
feet high in leaves' come out
the naked foot-ftalks, fuftaining a
-in their ^cms they mufl: be confl:antly kept in the
:
fmall clofe head of fcarlet flowers, which are veiy fu-
ilove, being too tender to thrive in this country in any gacious, feldoni ftanding more than half a day before
I,

other fituation. This plant has flowered in the phyfic their petals drop \ thefe are fucceeded by fliort oblong
^garden at Chelfea, and perfected feeds ; but if it were feeds.

, not to flower, the Angular beauty of the plant renders The fecond, and fourth forts are annual plants,
firft,

,vic worthy of a place in every curious colleftion of

which decay in autumn, but the third fort is peren-
|; plants ; and it feems the Indians were very fond of it,
nial : they are all tender plants, fo will not thrive ia

^
for Hernandez tells us, the Indian kings planted it in the open England ; they are propagated by
air in

their gardens. feeds, which muft be fcwn on a hot-bed in the fpring,

B O E R H A AV I A. This genus of plants was fo and when the plants are fit to be removed, they fliould
named by Monf. Vaillant, profeflbr of botany at Pa- be eachplantcd in a fmall pot and plunged into the hot-
ris, in honour of the famous Dr. Boerhaave, who was bed, and treated as other tender exotic plants. When
profeflbr of botany, chemiftry, and phyfic, in the they are grown too tall to remain under a common
viniverfity of Leyden, frame, a plant or two of each fort fliould be placed
The Characters are, in the ftove ; the other may be turned out of the pots,
, The hath no empalement^ and but one bell-Jhaped
floijoer and planted in a warm border, where, if the feafon
petaly 'which is pentangular and entire. It hath in fome proves warm, they will perfect their feeds ; but as
fpecies one^ and in others two jhort ftamina^ crowned by a thefe are fubjeft to fail in cold feafons, fo thofe in ihe
double globular fummit . germen isfituat^d below the
"The ftove will always ripen their feeds in autumn ; the
receptacle^ fupporting a fiort Jlender fiyle^ with a kidney- third fort may be preferved in a warm ftove two or
Jhapedjligma ; the germen afterward becomes a Jingle ob- three years, -

long feed having no cover.

J
BOMBAX. Lin. Gen. Plant. 580. Ceiba. Plum.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firfl: fe6lion of ,Nov. Gen. 32. Silk Cotton-tree.
'

LinniEUs's Monandria Monogynia,

firft clafs, intitled The Characters are.
the flower having but one fliamina and a Angle It hath a permanent empalement of me kaf which is
ftyle. bell-fhaped^ ere5l, and quinquefid. ne flower is quinque-
The Species are, fid and fpreading^ the petals are oval and concave. It
1. BoERHAAviA {Ere^fo) caule eredo glabro, Lin. Sp. Imth many awl-fhaped Jtamina^ which are the length of the
Plant. 3. Boerhaavia with an ere5t fialk. Boerhaavia petak crowned with oblong incurved fummits. In the cm--
Solanifolia ereda glabra, floribus carneis laxius dif- ter isfttuated the round germen^ fupporting aflendcr flyle
pofitis; Houfl:. MSS. the length of the fiamina^ with a round ftigma. "The em-
2, Boerhaavia {Diffufa) caule diffufo. Lin. Sp. Plant. palement afterward becomes a large^ oblongs turbinated
Boerhaavia with a diffufed fialk.
3. Boerhaavia Sola- capfulcy having five cells y opening wilh five valves ^ which
nifolia major. Vail. Def. 50. are ligneous^ containing many roundifh feeds^ wrapped in a
g. Boerhaavia (Scandens) caule fcandente floribus dian- foft down, and fixed to a five-cornered column.
dris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 3. Boerhaavia with a climbing This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth order of
Jlalk. Boerhaavia alfines folio fcandens, floribus pal- Linnasus's fixteenth clafs, intitled Monadclphia Po-
lide luteis majoribus in umbellas modum difpofitis fe- lyandria, the flower having many ftyles and ftamina
, mine afpero. Houfl;. MSS. joined to a column.
.4, Boerhaavia (Ccmw^^) foliis ovatis, floribus laterali- The Species are,
. bus compaftis, caule liirfutoprocumbente. Boerhaavia T. ^ouz AX {Ceiba) floribus polyandris, foliis quinatiK.
with oval leaves^ flowers coming from the wings of the Jacq. Amen 26. Silk Cotton-tree whofe fiowers have
. deaves in cjofe heads^ and a hairy trailing fialk. Boerhaa- many fiylesy and with five
Ceiba viticis
leaves lobes,
vii Solanifolia procumbens & hirfuta floribus cocci- foliis caudice aculeato. Plum. Nov. Gen. 42.
Tieis compaftis. Houfl. MSS, 2. BoMBAX {Penlandrum) floribus pentandris. Jacq. A-
The was difcovered by the late Dr. Houf-
firft fort mer. 26. Silk Cotton-tree whofe flowers have five fiylcs,
toun, at La Vera Cruz, in 1731. This rifes with an Ceiba viticis foliis caudice glabro. Plum. Nov. Gen.
upright fmooth ftalk, two feet high, and at each 42
joint hath two oval pointed leaves growing oppofite,
2 BoMBAX
3
 ;

V >

O M a
quinque-angularibus villofis, fide arccovered with a fliort, brown, liairy dowil, and
3
BoMBAX {Villofus) foliis [

Silk Cotton with five-cornered hairy are cut on rlicir edges into five angles. Hicfe plants
caiile gcniculato.
have not as yet flowered in England, nor have I re-
leaves, and a jointed ftalk. - -li ^ -i, t
grow naturally in both In- ceived any information what tiovver they produce v
The firft and fccond forts

they arrive to a great magnitude, being but by the pods and feeds, it appears evidently to he
dies, where
trees in thofe countries but the of this genus. The down incloled in tlicfe pods,- is
feme of the talleft ;

and not much valued, except for of a fine purple colour ; and I have been informed
wood is very light,

making of canoes, which is the chief ufe made of that the inhabltaiits of the countries where the trees
^
Their trunks are fo large, as when hollowed, grow naturally, fpin it, and work it into garments,
them.
large ones. In Columbus's firft voyage which they wear without dyeing it of any other
to make very
there was a canoe feen at the ifland colour.
it was reported,
made of the hollowed trunk of one of thefe I received a few years fince, a few pods of another
of Cuba,
palms long, and of a fort from Panama, which were not fo large as thofe of
trees, which was ninety-five
proportional width, which would contain a hundred the common, but were rounder. The down of thefe
men and fome modern writers have af- v/as red, but the plants raifed from tlie feeds were fo
and fifty :

there are trees of thefe forts now grow- like thofe of the third fort^ as not to be diftinguiflicd
firmed, that
Well-Indies, fo large, as not to be fathom- from them, fo I doubt of their being diftinct fpecies.
ing in the
men, and fo tall as that an arrow cannot I alfo received fome leeds from Siam, which produced
ed by fixteen
be Ihot to their top.
Thefe trees generally grow
...
with very ftrait ftems
.
plants of the fame kind, fo that thefe trees may be
common to many of the hot countries.
thofe of the firft fort are clofely armed with ftiort
The plants are propagated by feeds, which muft be
ftrono- fpincs, but the fecond hath very fniooth ftems,
fown on a hor-bcd in the fpring ^ if the feeds arc good,

the young plants are of a bright green, but the plants will appear in a months and tliofe of the
which in
after a few years, they are covered with a grey, or
two firft forts Will be ftrong enough to tranfplant in a
Alh coloured bark, which turns to a brown as the month w^hcn they fnould be each planted in a
after,

trees orow older they feldom put out any fide

;
fmall pot, filled with frcfii lo^my earth, and plunged
branches till they arrive to a confiderable height, un- into a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark, being care-
lefs their leading flioot be broken or injured. The ful to ftiade them from the fun till they have taken

branches toward their top are garnifhed with leaves frelh root after which they fliouM have a large lliar e
-,

coriipofed of five, feven, or nine oblong fmooth lobes, of air admitted to them when the weather is warm, to
\vhich are fpear-lhaped, and join to one center at prevent their being draw* n up weak they maift alfo be -,

their, bafe, where they adhere to the long foot-ftalk. frequently refrefiied with water^ v/hich muft not.be
Thefe fall away every year, fo that for fome time the given in large quantities, efpceially the third fort,
trees are naked, and before the new leaves comeovit, whofe ftalks are very fubjeft to rot wnth much moif-
the flower-buds appear at the end of the branches, ture. In this bed they .may remain till autumn (pro-
and fbbn after the flowers expand, wliich are com- vided there is roorn for the plants und.-r the glaifes)
pofed of five oblong purple petals, with a great num- but if the heat of the bed declines, the tan ftiould be
E

bei"of ftamina in the center ; when thefe fall off^, they ftirred up, and frefli added to it j and if the plants have

are fucceeded by oval fruit larger than a fwan's egg, filled the pots with their roots, they fiiould be ibifted

having a thick ligneous cover, which, when ripe, into pots a little larger but there muft be care takea
•,

opens in five parts, and is full of a dark Ihort cot- not to over-pot them, for nothing is more injurious
ton, ihclofing many roundiili feeds as large as fmall to thefe plants, than to be put into large pots, in
Peafe. which they will never thrive. In the autumn they
The down which is inclofed in thefe feed-veJTels is muft be removed into the bark-ftove, where they
feldom ufed, except by the poorer inhabitants toftuff muft conftantly remain, being too tender to thrive in
pillows or chairs, but it is generally thought to be this country in any other fituation. In winter they
unwholefome to lie vipon. muft have but little v/et, efpecially if they caft their
Thefe two fpecies have been fuppofed the fame by leaves ; but in the fummer they fliould be frequently
many writers on natural hiftory, who have affirmed, refrefhed with water, and in warm weather muft have
that the young trees only have prickles on their plenty of frefli air admitted to them. With this ma-
trvmks, and as they grow old, their trunks become nagement the plants will make great progrefs, and
fmooth ; but from many years experience I can affirm, in a fe\V years reach the glaffes on the top
will
that tln^ feeds which have been fent me of the two bf the ftove, efpecially if the building is not pretty
forts, have always produced plants of the difi^erent lofty. . ^
^

kinds for which they were fent, and continue the The plants make an agreeable variety in a large ftove
fame in plants, which are more than twenty years where they have room grow, their leaves having
to
growth. a different appearance from moft other plants ; but
There was a few years paft a fine plant of another as they are feveral years old before they flower in the
fort in the garden of the late Duke of Richmond, at . countries where they grow natur^ Ily, there is little

Goodwood, wliich wasfrom feeds that came

raifed hopes of their producing any in England.
from the Eaft-Indies. The ftem of this was very ftrait BON U
D C. See Guilandiva.
and fmooth-, the lea^Ts were produced round the BON T I A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 709; Plum. Nov. Gen.
top upon very long foot-ftalks, each being compofed 23. Hort. Elth. 49, Barbadoes Wild
of feven or nine long, narrow, filky, fmall lobes, The Characters are,
joined at their bafe to the foot-ftalk, in the fame man- // hath a fmall ere£i empalement^ which is quinquifid and
ner as thofe of the two former, but they were much permanent. "The flower is of the ringent kind., having a
longer, and reflexed backward, fo that at firft fio-ht long cylindrical tube^ S^pl^S ^^ ^^^ ^^^'^^ % '^he upper lip
it appeared veiy different from either of them. This ifii

may be the fpecies, titled by Jacquin, Bombax flori- back%vard. ^Ifiapedft.

ribus pentandris, foliis feptenatis. Amer. 26.
^f
The third fort was fent me from the Spanifh Weft- fi
Indics, where it grows naturally, but I do not know fit u a ted the oval ger men ^ fupper ting a fu
to what fize \ the plants which have been raifed here, der ftyle the leJigth of the ftamina, crc-zir'ied hy a bifid ob-
have foft herbaceous ftalks very full of joints, and tufe ftigma. The germen afterivard becomes an oval berry
do not appear as if they would become woody, for with one cell, includiyiga nut of thcfa-nt form.
the plants of feveral years growth have foft pithy This genus of plants is ranged in the iccond fecLicn
ftems. The leaves come out on long hairy foot- of Linn.^us's fourteenth clafs, inriiled Dxdynamia
ftalks toward the top of the plants thefe have the
-,
Angioipermia, the flower having two long and two
appearance of thofe of the Mallow-tree, but are fliort ftamina, and the feeds are included in a cover.
larger, and of a thicker confiftence j on their under

The
 ' :
J V ,-

(
V

N M
>
N \.

5. BoJtBbNiA (Cordata) foliis Cordatis mukinCrviis inte^

The Species are,
BoNTiA. {Baphncides.) Lin. Sp. Plant. Barhadoes JViU gerrlmis". Lin. Sp. Plant. 737. Borbonia with entire
I.
Plum. beart'fhaped leaves having many nerves. Spartiuni A- '

Olive. Bontia arborcfcens thymcl^se facie.

Nov. Gen. 32. fricanum frutefcens rufci folio cauleni amplexanie.
1. Bontia {Geminans) pedunculis fpi-
foliis oppofitis, Com. Hoft. Amfl:. 2. 195.
catis. Lin. Sp. Plane. 891. Bontia with leaves growing 3. Borbonia [Trincrvia) foliis Ir.nceolatis trinerviis in-

oppofite, and fpiked foot-Jlalks of flowers. Avic'ennia. tegerrimis. Lin. Sp. Plant, yoj, Borbonia with entire

Flor. Zeyl. 57. fpear-floaped leaves, having three, veins.

The firlt fort is greatly cultivated in the gardens at , Thefe plants grow naturally at the Cape of Good
Barbadoes, for making of hedges, than which there is Hope, from whence received their feeds.
I In the
not a more proper plant for thofe hot countries, it be- natural place of their growth, they rife to the height

ing an Evergreen, and of (juick growth. I have been often or twelve feet ; out in Europe they feldoni arc
informed, that from cuttings (planted in the rainy more than four or five, .having flender flcms di-
feafon, wlien they have immediately taken root) there
•
vided into feveral branches, which are garniflied with
has been a complete hedge, four or five feet high, in fliff leaves, placed alternately ; thofe of the firft fort

eighteen months. And as this will very well bear are narrow, long, iand end in a fharp point. The
cutting, it is formed into a very clofe thick hed^e, flowers come out from between the leaves at the end
which makes a beautiful appearance. In England it of the branches in fmall clufters ; thefe are yellow,
is preferved in ftoves, with feveral curious plants of and fhaped like thofe of the Broom'. It flowers in
the fame country. It may be raifed from feeds, which Auguft and September, but doth not perfe(9b feeds
fl-iould befown on a hot-bed early in the fpring (that in England.

..
the'plants acquire ftrength before winter.) When
may The fecond fort hath broader leaves than the firft:
thfc planes are come up,^ they muft be' tranfplanted
'

the flalks of this are flender, covered with white bark.

.'
out each jnto a feparate half-penny pot filled with The leaves embrace thefe at their bafe, where they
- light frefh earth, and plunged into a moderate hot- are broadefl, and are terminated by fharp points like
bed of tanners bark, obferving to water and fliade thofe of Kneeholm, or Butchers Broom. l^]:c flowers
them until -:hey have taken root ; after which they are produced in fmall clufters at the end of the
mull have a large fhare of air in warm weather, and branches, which are the fame fhape and colour as
be often refreilied with water, rn^wihtcr they muft thofe of the former, but larger. This flowers at the
be placed in the flx)ve, where they fhould have a mo- fam.etime with tlie former, but never produces feeds
derate degree of warmth, and but little water during ' here.
that feafon. In fummer they muft have a great fiiarc The third fort hath ftronger fl:alks than either of the
of air, but will not do well if expofed abroad, efpe- former, garnilhcd almoft their whole length, as are
-
daily in cold fummers;"fo that they fhould remain -alfo the branches with ftiff^ fpear-fhaped leaves, hav-

in the Hove among plants which recjuire a great fhare ing' three longitudinal nerves on each; thefe are
of air, which may be admitted by opening the glafies placed clofer together than thofe of the other fpccies.
in very hot weather. With this management, thefe The flowers are produced at the extremity of the
*
plants will produce flowers and fruit in three or four branches, each ftanding on a feparate foot-fl:alk
years from feed. They may alfo be propagated by they are of the fame fhape and colour with the for-
"
cuttings, which fhould be planted in the fummer. mer, but laro;er. ' '
. ,

'
They mull be put into pots filled with light rich As thefe plants do not perfeft their feeds in this
earth, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed, obferv- country, they are with difficulty propagated liere.
"
ing to water and fhade them until they have taken , The only method by which I have yet fucceedcd,
*
root ; after which they rnufl be treated as hath been hath been by laying down their young fhoots ; but
direfted for the feedling plants. Thefe plants being thefe arc commonly two before they put out
years
evergreen, and growing in a pyramidal form, make roots fit to be feparated from^ the old plant. In lay-
a pretty variety in the flove amongft other exotic ing of thefe down, the joint which is laid in the
plants- ground be flit upward, as is pradrifed in lay-
flaould
The fecond fort is fuppofed to be the Anacardium ing Carnations, and the bark of the tongue at bottom
Orientale j but whether this is the true fort, I cannot taken off. The beft time to lay thefe down, is in
determine, having feen only the feeds of that plant, the beginning of September; and the fhoots moft
which are frequently brought to Europe for marking proper for this purpofe, are thofe which come out
nuts ; and thofe have been too old to grow, fb I immediately, or very near the root, and are of the
cannot take upon me to determine how far Mr. Jac- fame year's growth, not only from their fituation be-
quin is right. ing near the ground, and thereby better adapted for
BONUS HENRICUS. See Chenopodium. laying, but thefe are alfo more apt to put out rooti
B O R B O N I A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 764. than any of the upper branches.
The Characters are, But where good feeds can be procured, that is the
It hath a turbinated empalement of one haf^ cut at the more eligible method of propagating the plants ; for
top into five acute fegmentSy which are Jiiff^ pungent^ and thofe railed from the feeds make the fl:raiteft plants,
about half the length of the petals. The fio-wer hath five and are quicker of growth. When good feeds are'
leaves, and is of the butterfly fijcpe, The ftandard is obtained, they fliould be fown in pots filled with light
cbtuje and refl.cxed. The wings are heart floaped andfhorter loamy earth, as foon as they are received
which, if ;

than iheftandard. The keel hath obtufe lunulated leaves. it happens in the autumn, the pots fliould be plunged

It hath nine ft amina joined in a cylinder, and one upper into an old bed of tanners bark, under a frame, where
flanding ftngle, turning up its point. Thefe have fmall . they may remain all tlie winter, being careful tliac
fummits. In the center isfttuated an awl-flaped germen, they are fecured from froft, and liave not much wet.
fupporting afhortflyk, crowyied by an obtufe indented ft ig- In the fpring, the pots fhould be plunged into a hot-
ma. The gennen afterward becQtnes a round pointed pod bed, which will bring up the plants in five or fix
terminated with a fpine, having one cell, inclofing a kid- weeks. When thefe are fit to remove, they fliould
ney-ftjapcd feed. be each planted into a feparate fmall pot, filled with
This genus of plants is ranged in the third order of the like loamy earth, and plunged into a moderate
Linna^us's feventeenth clafs, De-
intitled Diacjelphia hot-bed, obferving to fhade them until they have
ca'ndria, the flower having ten ftamina, nine of which taken frefli root, as alfo to refrefla tliem with water,
are joined, and the other Hands feparate. as they may require it. After this they muft by de-
The Species are, grees be inured tofhe open air, into which they fliould
I. BoRBONiA {Lanceolata) foliis lanceolatis multinerviis be removed in June, and placed in a flickered fitua-
integerrimis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 07. Bcrbcnia with en- tion, where they may remain till autumn, wlicn tlicy
/

tire fpear-fhaped leaves havingmany nerves. Gcnifta A- muft be rem.oved into the green-houfe, and placed
fricana frutcfcens rufci nervofis foliis. Raii Hift. ^3. where they may enjoy the air and fun ; during tlie'
'07 6
w^incer
 t;

winter feafon, thefe plants mvA

be fparingly watered ;
tae lav/n : for a Imall
lawn fliould not have ve^rv
iummer, when they are placed abroad, they broad borders, nor ought a large lawn to be bounded
but in
will require to be frequently refreflied, but mud not by finall borders ; fo.that a due proportion fnould be
alv/ays obferved in the laying out of gardens.
have too much v/ater given them each time.
Thcfe plants make a pretty variety in thcgreen-houfe B O R R A G O [or Bqrago, which fignifies much the
in winter, and as they do not require any artiiicial fame as courage, becaule it is a good ralferof thefpi-
prelervc them, they are worthy of a place in nrs.] Borage.
heat to
evciy garden where there is convcniency for kecping
The Characters are,

them. Tbe etnpakmcnt is divided into five parts at the top^ and
BORDERS. The ufe of thefe in a garden, is^ to is permanent. The fiozvcr is of one leaf having a Jh or
bound and inclofe parterres, to prevent them being tube^ fpread ivide open ahove^ being divided into f.vi
them thefe are com.monly ren-
injured by v/alking in :
acute fegments at the brim, The chaps of the flozver are
dered very ornamental by means of the flowers, crowned by five prominences^ which are obtufe and indent-
&c. that are planted in them.
llirubs,
ed. It hath five ftamina which are joined together,

Thefe ought to be laid with a rifing middle,

in the crowned by oblong fiunmits. It hath four germenftttiated

they are not agreeable to in the center^ and a fingle ftyJe lojiger than the ftamina^
becaufe, if they are flat,

the eye. fupporling a fingle fiigma. The four germ en afterward

As for their breadth, five or fix feet are often allov/ed become fo many rottndijh rough feeds ^ infer ted in the cavi-

for the largefl, and four for the lefix;;r. tiesof the receptacle^ and included in the large fwollcH
Borders are of four forts thole are the moft
: com- empalement.

mon, that are continued about parterres without any This genus of plants is ranged in the firfl: feclion
interruption, and are wrought with a gentle rifing of Linn^us's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Mono-
in the middle, like an ai?s back, and planted with gynia, the flower having five flamina and a fingle
tlowers. llyle.
The Species are, "
'

The fecond fort of borders is fuch as are cut into

compartments, at convenient diftances, by fmall paf- 1. BoRRAGo {Oficinalis) foliis omnibus alternis, calyci^
fag-cs i and being alfo raifed in the middle, as before- bus patentibus. Hort, Upfal. 34. Borage with all the
mentioned, are likewife fet off vv^ith flowers. leaves growing alternate^ and a fpreading flower-ciipi

The third fort is fuch as are laid even and ffat with- Borrago floribus CcXrulcis, J. B. .

out flowers, having only a verge of grafs in the mid- 2. Borrago {Orientalis) calycibus tubo corolla brevio-

dle, being edged with two fmall paths, raked fmboth ribus, foliis cordatis. Hort. Clifl\ 45. Borage with a
and finded. Thefe are fomctimes garnifned with flower-cup fidorter than the tube of the flower^ and heart-
flowering fhrubs, and flowers of large growth, or ftjaped leaves, Borrago Conltantinopolitana flore rc-
with vales and flower-pots, placed regularly along flcxo casruleo calyce veficareo. Tourn. Cor. 6,

the middle of the verge of grafs. i J. Borrago {Africana) foliis ramificationum oppofitis
The fourth fort is quite plain, and only fanded, as petiolatis, calycinis foliolis ovatis acutis ei'eftis. Lin.

in the parterres of orangery, and is filled with cafes Sp. 197. African Borage with leaves grovAng oppcfiicto
ranged order alons; thofe borders which arc
in a reg-ular the branches upon foot-ft;alks^ and the leaves of the em-

edged with Box on the fides next to the walks \ and palement ovaly pointed^ and ereEi. Cynogloffum Bora-
on the other, with verges and grafs-work next the ginis folio & facie ^thiopicum. Pluk. Aim.
parterre. 4. Borrago {Indica) foliis ramificationum oppofitis ca-
Borders are either made ftrait, circular, or in cants, lycinis foliolis fagittatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 137, Borage
and are turned into knots, fcroUs, and other com- with "oppofite leaveson the branches^ and fpear-fjaped
partments. leaves to the flower-cup, CynogloflToides folio caulem
Floriils alfo make borders either along v/alks, or de- amplexante. Ifnard. Aft. Scien. 1718.
taclied, and in thefe they raife their fineft and choicefl: The firft is the comimon Borage, wliofe flowers are
flowers. Thefe are frequently encompafl^ed with bor- ufed in medicine, and the herb for cool tankards in
der-boards painted green, which make them look ex- fummer. Of this there are three varieties, w'hich ge-
ceeding neat. nerally retain their diff'erence from feeds ^ one hath a
But, in large parterres, this is not to be expected ^ blue, the other a white, and another a red flower
fince, if they be fl:ocked with flowers fucceeding one and there is one which hath variegated leaves. Thefe
another in their feveral feafons, it is fufficient, fo that variations have continued feveral years in the Chelfea
nothing appears bare and naked. garden, with very little alteration ; but as they do
It is ufuaito difcontinue the borders at the ends next not differ in any other refpeft from the common, I
to the houfe, that the embroidery and rife of the par- have only mentioned them as varieties.
terre may not be hidden by the flirubs and flower- This is an annual plant, which, if permitted to fcat-
ing plants, and that the defign may be betterjudg- ter its feeds, the plants will come up in plenty widi-
ed of. out care ; the feeds may alfo" be fown either in fpring
Since the modern way of gardening has been intro- or autumn, but the latter feafon is preferable, on a
duced in England, all the French tafte of parterres, fpot of open ground where the plants are defigned
fcroU-borders, and fret-work in Box, has becnjufl-ly to remain ; when the plants have obtained a little
baniflied our gardens t)aerefore I have only men-
:
ftrengthi the ground fhould be hoed to deftroy th c^
tioned them here, to expofe the taflie of thofe archi- v/eeds, and the plants mufl be cut up where tliey are
tecl-gardeners, who have no idea of the noble fim- too near each other, leaving them eight or ten inches
plicityof an open lawn of grafs, properly bounded afunder. After this .t:hey will require no farther care,
by plantations j but, inftead of this, divide die oatt unlefs the weeds fl:iould come up again ; then the
of the garden near the houfe, into various forms of ground fliould be a fecond time hoed over to deflroy
borders edged with Box, with find, fliell, or gravel- them, which, if v/ell peformed, and in dry weather,
walks leading about diern, by which the ground is will clear the ground from weeds, fo it will require no
cut into many angles, fcroUs, &c. which is very hurt- more cleaning till the Boi-age is decayed. The plants
lul to the eyes of a judicious pcrfon : therefore, v/here which are raifed in the autumn, will fiowxr in Mav,
flowers are defired, there may
be borders continued but thofe which are raifed not flower
in the fpring, will
round the extent of the lawn, immediately bcfor till June i fo that where a continuation of the flov/erg
tlie plantations of flirubs which, if properly planted
; are required, there fliould be a fecond fowing in the
With lurdy flowers to fucceed each other, will afford pnn S. ^ bout a nionth after the firfl: ; but this Ihould
fi

a much more pleafing profpecl tl;an the (liff^ borders be on a fiiady border, and if the feafon" fliould prove
made in icrolls and compartments, after the Fiench dry, the ground mufl: be v/atered frequently, to oring
.
r.Linner, can pofnbly do. up tlie plants ; this latter fowling w-ill continue fiow-
Th.cle bordLis m.ay be made fix or eight feet wide, crincf till the er;d of fum.m.er.
in proportion to the extent of the garden
and fizc of
O o The
 ;;
:

: •/

R
A,
'
F

L
s w

The fcCond fort was brought from Conftantinople, with a ftem as large as a middling perfon's Icgj the
where it grows naturally. This is a perennial plane, branches come out very irregular, and make con-
fiderable flioots in fummer, which fliould be fliortcncd
having thick flcfhy roots, which fpread under the
furtace of the ground, and is thereby propagated every fpring, to preferve the heads of the plants in
with great facility. This fends out many oblong any tolerable order thefe branches retain their leaves
:

till toward the fpring, w^hen they fall away, and new
hcart-lhaped leaves from the root, without any order,
having long hairy foot-ftalks from the root arifes •,
leaves are produced foon after it may be propagated
:

the flower-ftem, which is n)ore than two feet high by cuttings planted in the fpring, and the plants muft
when fully grown, having at the joints a fingle fmall be houfed in winter, being too tender to live in the
leaf without a foot-ftalk. The upper part of the ftalk open through the year, in this country.
air

branches out into feveral fmall foot-ftalks, which are BOS QJJ E T S are little groves ; fo called from Bof-
terminated by loofe panicles of flowers thefe are of -, chetto, Italian, which is a diminutive of Bofco, a

a pale blue colour, and the petal is reflexed backward, wood or grove.
^
.

fo that the connected ftamina and ftyle are left naked. Thefe are fmall compartments in gardens, which arc
After the flowers are fallen, the fourgermen become formed of trees, flirubs, or tall large growing plants,
fo many rough feeds, fmaller than thofe of the com- planted in quarters ; and are either dilpofed regularly
mon Borage. It flowers in March, and the feeds in rows, or in a more wild or accidental manner, ac-
ripen in May. When the flower-fl:alk firft appears, cording to the fancy of the owner thefe quarters* are :

the flowers feem coUeded into a clpfe fpike, fome commonly furrounded with Evergreen hedges, and
of which often fpread open before the ftalk is fix the entrance formed into regular porticos with Yews,
inches high j but as the ftalks advance, they divide which are by far the beft and moft tonfile trees for
into many loofe fpikes.
j-'.^- -
this purpofe. In the infide of thele quarters may be
It is propagated by the root, which may be
eafily made fome walks, either ftrait or winding; which,
parted in the autumn thefe fliould have a dry foil
;
if the quarters are large, Ihould be five or fix feet

and a warm fituation, for as the flower-ftalks appear broad, and may be laid with turf, and kept well
early in the fpring, fo when they are much expofed, mowed and rolled, which will render the walking
they are often killed by the froft, and thereby pre- much eafier and pleafanter than if the walks are only
vented flowering ; if thefe plants are planted in dry the common earth which in fmaller quarters cannot
;

rubbifli, they will not grow too luxuriant, fo will be otherwife, for if the trees are clofe, and the walks
not be in danger of fuff^ering by froft. Some of the narrow, fo as to be fliaded and over-hung by the trees,
feeds of this have fcattered into^the joints of an old the grafs will not grow.
wall in the Chelfea garden, where the plants have Thefe quarters may be alfo furrounded with hedges
grown without care for fome years, and are never in- of Lime, Elm, Hornbeam, or Beech ; which fliould
jured by cold or heat. be kept well flieared, and not fufl^ered to rife too high
The third and fourth forts grow naturally in Africa; that tne heads of the trees may be fully feen over
thcle are both annual plants, which rarely rife a foot them, and the ftems only hid from the fight, when
"'high, having rough ftalks; thofe of the third fort in the walks on the outfide of the quarters.
are fet on by pairs oppofite, with fhort foot-ftalks,
' In the planting of thefe bofquets, you fliould obferve
but the leaves of the fourth clofely embrace the ftalks td mix the trees, which produce their leaves of dif-
at their bafe ; the flowers come out on Ihort foot- ferent fliapes, and various fliades of green, and hoary
ft^ks from the wings of the leaves, and alfo at the or meally leaves, fo as to afford an agreeable profpefi
top of the ftalks. Thofe of the third fort are white, befides, there is a great variety of different fruits,
and of the fourth a pale flefla colour; but
thofe which thefe trees produce in autumn ; which, altho*
neither of them make any great appearance, fo are of little or no ufe, that we know of, yet have a very
feldom cviltivatcd but in botanic gardens for va- good effed, in affording an agreeable variety for fome
riety, ' time after the leaves are gone ; as the Euonymus, or
The feeds of thefe plants fliould be fown upon a hot- '
Spindle-tree, the Opulus, or Marfti Elder, the Cock-
bed in March, and when the plants are ftrong enough fpur Hawthorn, with many other forts, too nume-
to be removed, they fliould be each planted in a fmall rous to mention in this place ; whofe berries afford
ot filled with light eartli, and plunged into a new food for the birds, fo that they will be thereby invited
ot-bcd to bring them forward, otherwife they will to ftay and liarbour in thefe little groves, which by
not perfedt their feeds in this country; but in hot their different notes, will render thefe places very
weather they muft have a great fliare of air, otherwife agreeable in the fpring. But I would advife never to
they will draw up weak, and fail before the feeds mix Evergreens with deciduous trees; for, befides
are ripe. the ill hath to the fight (efpecially jn winter,)
effect it

B O S E A, Yervamora, or Shrubby Golden-rod. they feldom thrive well together; fo that thofe quar-
The Characters are, '
ters where you intend to have Evergreens, ffiouJd
// hath an empakment compofed offive roundijh^ concave^ be wholly planted therewith ; and in the other parts
equal leaves \ it hath no
hut five awl-jhaped fta-
corolla^ mix as many of different trees, which caft
varieties
mina longer than^ the empakment ^ terminated by Jingle their leaves, as you can conveniently; and alfo plant
fummitS'y aytd an oblongs oval, pointed germen, with two fome of the largeft grov/ing flowers (efpecially near
ftigma fitting clofe upon it. Jhe empalement afterward the outfide of the quarters,) which will add greatly
becomes a globular berry with one cell^ inclofing one roundijh to tlie variety, if they have but air enough to grow
feed. but if any of the Evergreen trees are mixed with the
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feftion deciduous, it fliould be only to border the wood.
of Tinofeus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Digynia, Thefe bofquets are proper only for fpacious gardens,
the flower having five ftamina and two ftyles. being expenfive in their firft making, as alfo in
Wc have but one Species of this plant, viz. keeping.
EosEA. [Tervamora.) Lin. Hort. Clift". 84, Arbor bacci- BOT Y
R S. See Chenopodium.
fcra Canarlcnfis, fyringin:^ cnerula^ foliis, purpuran- B O X-T REE. See Buxus.
tibus venis, fruttu monopyreno Yervamora Hifpa- BRABEJUM, African Almond, vulg5.
' Tiorum. Pluk. Phyt. Commonly called Golden-rod-tree. The Characters are.
This plant is a native of the iflands of the Canaries, The fiower hath no empalement ; it is compofed of four
and it harh alfo been fince found in fome of the Bri- narrow obtufe petals which are ereEl., forming a tube, but
tlfli iflands in America
but was firft brought into
; are turned backward at top ; it hath four Jlender ftamina
England from the Canaries, and has been long an which are inferted in the bottom of the petals, and are of
inhabitant of the Englifli gardens ; but I have not as the fame length, having fmall fummits. In the center is
et iccn any of thefe plants in flower, though I have a fmall hairy germen, fupporting a flender ftyle, crowned
ad many old plants under my care more than forty by a fingle ftigma ; the germen afterward becomes an oval.
years ;
it makes a pretty ftrong woody flirub, growing hairy ^ dry berry, inclofing an oval nut.

This
 *-

R - - .
'

ranged in the firft feaion of has joined the Turnep, NaVfew, Snd Rocket, wklch
Tills peniis of plants 5s
Tetrandna Monogy-
intitled by their generical characters, mayin a fyftem of bo-^
LinncEUs's fourth clafs,
four ftamlna and one ftyle. tany, come under the fame title ; but in a trcatife
nia, the flower having
of plant, viz. of gardening, it may occafion confufion ; therefore
We
have but one Species this
of them under their former
^ABE]VM.(SieUatifolium.)Hort. Cliff. Amygdalus^thi-
I fhall treat titles, by
Breyn. Cent. Jfrtcan, or which they are generally knov/n.
pica, frudu holoferico.
The Species are,
Ethiopian Almond. ^
'

of the country about the

,
Cape I. Brassica {Oleraced) radice caulefcente tereti carhofa.'
This tree is a native
Hort. 338. Cabbage with a tapr fiejhyfialk. Braf-
Cliff.
of Good Hope.
In Europe it feldom grows above eight or nine feet
.
fica capitata alba. C. B. P.^ iii. common ^ivhiti ne
foil is a tree of middbng Cabbage,
hio-h, but in its native it t

mufl be kept in pots, or tubs, {Napohrajpii

growth but as it
;

through the winter in the open carnofo, fohis feffilibus. Cabbage with a round fiejhy
beincT too tender to live
grow to a great fize. Jlalky and leaves growing clofe to the Jlalks, BraflTica ra-
air, k) we cannot exped to fee it

upright ftem, which is foft, and full dice napiformi. Tourn. Inft, R. H. 219. Turnep-
It rifes with an
of pith within, covered with a brown bark. From rooted Cabbage,

fent out horizontal branches at every 3. Brassica iBotrytis) radice caulefcente tereti car-
the flem are
the longeft, and every tier nola, floralibus multicaulis. Cabbage with a taper fiejhy
joint, the lower being
the top, fo as to form a fort of py- fialk at the root^ and many branching flower-ftalks. This
diminifliing to
are garnifhed with leaves at is the Braffica Cauliflora. Cafp. Bauh. Pin. iii. 216^
ramid. I'he branches
each joint, which are from four to five inches long, CauM
and half an inch broad in the middle, of a deep green (Syhefi:

upper but of a pale ruifet colour on perenni marginibus incifis. Cabbage with
foliis alternis
on their fide,
J

their under, indented on their edges, {landing on very j

^ branching perennial fi:alk and root^ and haves growing
flowers are produced toward
The alternate^ which are cut on their edges. Braffica mari-
fliort foot-ftalks.
the end of the ihoots, coming out from between the Mor
Taller (h
leaves quite round the branches, which are of a pale
colour, inclining to white •, thefe appear early in the 5. Brassica [Violacea) foliis lanceolato-ovatis glabris in-

fpring, and fall away without any fruit fuccecding Hort. Upf. 19 !• Cabbage with entire^
divifis dentatis.
'

them in this country. fpear Jhaped^ fmooth

This plant is, with difficulty, propagated by layers ;
6. Brassica^ {Purpurea) foliis oblongo-cordatis amplexi-
j

roots oblong heart-Jhi

enough be taken from the old plants ; when the

to / BralTica
campeftris perfoliata {lore purpureo, C. B. P. 112.
branches are laid down, it will be a good method to
them at ajoint (as is praftifed in laying Carnations) J- "Q^assiq a {Orientalis) foliis cordatis amplexicaulibua
flit j

which will promote their taking root heart-Jhapedfmooth

Thefe muft have but little water given them, efpe- leaves which embrace the ftalk. Braffica Grientalis
cially in winter, for as the young fhoots are chieflv
perfoliata flore albo filiqua quadrangula, Tourn.
pith within, fo they are very fubjedt to rot with much Cor. 16.
moiflure. The befl time to make the layers is in 8. Brassica {Gon^lodes) radice caulefcente tereti^ foliis

April, juft as the plants are beginning to Ihoot; the inferioribus petiolatis fuperioribus femiamplexicau-
layers muft always be made of the former year's ftalk
llioots. As this plant is propagate,
very difficult to j
foot-ftalks., and the upper half embracing the ft Na-
fo it is very fcarce in Europe, there being very few Navew.
in the Dutch gardens at prefent. Seed.

The plants muft have a good green-houfe in winter, . The Varieties

^ of the firft .^.. are.
fort ^.w,

but in fummer fhould be fet abroad in a fheltered fi- i. Brassica {Sabauda) fabauda hyberna. Lob. 1

tuation, where they will thrive, and annually produce Savoy Cabbage^ commonly called Savdy.
flowers in the fpring, fo will make a pretty variety 2. Brassica {Rubra) capitata rubra. Ci B. P. iii; The
among other exotic plants in the green-houfe. Red Cabbage,
BRAN A UR N
C SI A. See Acanthus. 3. Brassica {Pyramidalis) capitata alba pyramidalls*
BRASSICA, the Cabbage. The Sugar4oaf Cabbage.
The Characters are, 4. Brassica {Pr^ecox) capitata alba prascox. The early
of four upright^ fpear-fh
ofed Cabbage.
fmall leaves^ which are convex at their bafe^ and fall off, 5- Brassica {Peregrina) peregrina mofclium olens. H.
The fioiver is crofs-ftjapedy having fc Mufk
which fprec f^
6. Brassica {Mufcovitica) capitata alba minor Mufco-
neElarious g ?ing fituated on each fide of the vitica. H. A. Small Ruffta Cabbage.

fhcrt ftami. taly and one on each fide the 7. Brassica {Capitata) capitata alba comprefl^a* Boerh.
ernpale^nent, fix ftamina^ which are awl- Ind. alt. II. The large fided Cabbage.
fiaped and of which are oppofii 8. Brassica {Viridis) capitata viridis fabauda. Boerh.
f the empalement^ the other four are longer \ theft Ind. II. The green Savoy,
^dfi It hath a taper germen the 9. Brassica {Laciniata) fimbrlata, C. B. P. iii. The
length of the ftamifia^ having a fhort ftyl Borecole,
the germen^ and crowned by an entire ftigma. The ger- 10. Brassica {Selenifia) fimbriata virefcens. Boerh* Ind.'
men afterward becomes a long taper pod^ depreffed on each 2.12. Green Borecole.
fide^ and is terminated by the apex of the intermediate 11. Brassica {Fimbriata) fimbriata Siberica. Boerh.
partition^ which divides it into two cells filled Ind. 2. 12. Siberian Borecole^ called by fome Scotch
feeds. Kale.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feftion The fecond fort is undoubtedly a diftinft fpecies, for
of LinniEus's fifteenth clafs, intitled Tetradynamia I have always found the feeds produce the fame, with
Siliquofa, the flowers having four long and two flior t this difference only, that in good ground the ftalks
ftamina, and are fuccecded by long pods. will be much larger than in poor land.
I fliall firft enumerate the fpecies, which are diftinft, The Varieties of the third fort are,
and afterward mention the varieties, which are cul- Jufl^ Purple
tivated for the table ; for although moft of thefe may Broccoli,
be continued diftinft by proper care, without altera- Juffi White
tion yet as they are liable to vary when planted near
•,
Broccoli.
each other for feeds, fo we muft not admit of their The fecond fort, I believe, never varies, for 1 have
being diff'erent fpecies. To this genus Dr. Linnceus cultivated it many years, and have not found it to
6 alter.
 )
'- -

H -

-i-

-1-

BRA feed, from which the Rape Oil

R A
is drav/n and it hath
'
alrer.-. This grows naturdly on'thc fca-fl-iore,
near" ",
. ;

been cultivated of late years in other places,

Dover. It hach a perennial branching ftalk, ia which .alfo

I have continued for feeding of cattle, to great advantage. This hath

/. it difFcrs fronn all the other fpecies.

thele. three or four years» and have eaten the young been lately joined to the Napus Sativa, or Garden
flioots after they had been much f"rozen, when they
Navew, fuppoflng them to be the fame fpecies ; but
I have cultivated both forts more than twenty years,
'
were very fv/cet ami good; but at other times they ,

are "very'ilrong and i'tringy. In very fevere winters, and could never obferve either of them to vary ; in-
when the other forts are dellroyed, this is a necefliiry deed the whole appearance of the plants, is fufficient
plant, for the fevere froftsdo.npt injure it. The
mod to determine them as difl:in6l fpecies ; but as the

leaves of this are inclining to a purple colour, and Garden Navew approaches nearer the Turnep than
are placed alternately on the branches.' The flbwer- the Cabbaf^fe, fo I fliall treat of that under the title
Italks grow from the end of the bVaricIies, and fpread of RaPA'. -.i:
' .-:..;
. . :

out horizontally, but thofe which arife from the The Cole Seed,when cultivated for feeding of cattle,
ceriter of the plants, grow ereft, and feldom put out
fliould be Ibwn about the middle of June. The
branches. .."'-.. •
ground for this fliould be prepared in the fame
"The third fort, which is the Cauliflower, has been manner as for Turneps. The quantity of; feeds for
ar> acre, of land, is from fix to eight pounds, and- as
. fuppofed a variety of the common Cabbage-, but from
more than fifty years experience in cultivating thefe the price of the feeds is not great, fo it is better to
•;
plants, I could never find the leaft appearance of
'
allow eight pounds ; for if the plants are too clofe in
'/either fpeciea approaching each other; and they are any part, they may be eafily thinned when the ground
fo different in their leaves, as to be eafily diftinguiffied ^_is hped., :.. "When the plants have put out fix leaves,

{ by perfons of ilcill, when the plants' are young. Eu;^ they \yill be fit to hoe, which mufl: beperformed in
, tiiere is one cflential difference between them in their jhe fame manner as is pra6tifed for Turneps, with
flower-ftems ; for the common Cabbage puts out one of leaving thefe much nearer to-
this difference only,
.; upright ftem from the center of the Cabbage, which gether; for as they have fibrous roots and flendcr
.
afterward divides into feveral branches, whereas the Italks, fo^ they do not require near fo nuich room.
'

Cauliflov/er fends out many flower-ftems from the -Thefe plants fliould have a fecbnd hoeing, about five
, part which is eaten; which is only a compafl'col- or fix weeks after the firft, which, if well pertbrmed
l^dion of the heads of thefe flalks, w^hich afteward in dry weather,, will entirely deftroy the weeds, fo
,
" they will
dfvides into fo many items, branching out into many require no farther culture^ . By the middle
; fpreading flioots, fo as to form a large fpreading head of November thefe will b*e grown large enough for
when in fioW^r, l)ut ne\yr;.rifes pyramidically like the feeding, when, if there is a fcarcity of fodder, this
\,

;--Cabbaoe. -> *'

'•x^ ,':-:• ^..- / \m^Y be either cut or fed down ; but where there is
The two
of Broccoli I take to be only varieties
forts not an immediate w^jit of food, it had better be kept
^,^of: the Cauliflower, for although thefe may with care as a referve for hard weather, or fpring feed, when

t^^bg^kept difcind, yet I doubt, if they were to fl:and there may "be a fcarcity of other green food. If the
near each other for feeds, if they would not interm/ix; I
headg ar6 cut off, and the ftalks left in the ground,
i;
.'j-mpd.I arh the rather inclined to believe this, from the
I
they will flioot again early in the fpring, and produce
,.

various changes which I have obferved in all thefe

t

I
a good fecondi crop in 'April, which
.
be either m^
'
:;.fdrts; for I have frequently had Caviliflowers of a green fed off, or permitted to run to feeds, as is the praftice
'

with flower-buds regularly formed at the ends

.t^coloUr, where this is- cultivated for the feeds but if the firfl:
. :

is fed down, there ihouldbe care taken that the cattle

r of the flioots, as thofe of Broccoli, thouo;h the colour
was, different ; and the white Broccoli approaches fo
.
do not deffroy their ftem.s, or pull them out of the
.

.near to the Caulifl-ower^ as to be with difficulty dif- ground- As. this plant is fo hardy as not to be dc-
,

tinguiflied from it ; yet*when thefe are cultivated with Itrdyed by frofl:, fo it is of great fervice in hard win-
' care, and never fuffered to Hand near each other, ters for feeding of ewes ; for when the ground is fo
'when left to produce feeds, they may be kept very hard frozen, as that Turneps cannot be taken up,
-

diitind: in the fame garden; for the variations of thele ^ thefe plants may be cut off for a confl^nt fupply.
plants is not occafioned from the foil, but the mixing In feveral places v/here I have fown this feed, I have
of the farina of the flowers with each other, where found that one acre of land will produce as much
they^ are planted near together; therefore thofe perfons food, as almofl: two acres .of Turneps ; and this will
who are curious to prefei-ve the feveral varieties dif- aflbrd late food after .the Turneps are run to feed ;
.tinft, fliould never" fufter the different kinds to fl:and and if it is afterward permitted to fl:and for feed, one
near each other for feed. " . acre will produce as much as, at a moderate compu-
,
The Cauliflower was firfl: brought to England from tation, will fell for five pounds, clear of charges.
.

the ifland of Cpyrus, where I have been informed Partridges, pheaflmts, turkeys, and mofl: other fowl,
' tlicy are in very great perfeftion at prefent but it is : are very fond of this plant; fo, that v/herever it is
fuppofed, they were originally brought thither from cultivated, if there are any birds in the neighbour-
fome other country mofl: of the old writers mention
: hood, they will confl:antly lie among thefe plants.
'
it to have been brought from that ifland, to the dif- The feeds of this plant are fown in gardens for
ferent parts of Europe, fo'that from thence all t!::e v/interand fpring fillacfs, this being one of the fmall
gardens in Europe have been fupplied ; and althouc^h iailad-herbs.
this plant v/as cultivated in a few Enghfli gardens, The common white, red,, flat, and long-fided Cab-
long fince, yet it was ngt brought to any degree of bages are chiefly cialtivated for winter ute the feeds :

'perfection, till about 1680, at leaft: not to be fold in of thefe forts muft be fown the end of March, or
the markets; and fince the year 1700, they have been beginning of April, in beds of good frefli earth and ;

.
fo much improved in England, as that Hich of them in May, when the young plants v/ill have about eight
as before were greatly admired, would at prefent be leaves, they fliould be pricked, out into fliady bor-
little regarded. ders, about three inches fquarc, that they may ac-
-This plant has been much more improved in Eno-- quire flrength, and to prevent their growing Ion
r.land, than in any other parts of Europe. In France' ftianked. ; ,

. they rarely have Cauliflowers till near Michaelmas, About the beginning of June you muft tranfplant
and I-L.lland is generally fupplied wath them from them out,, where they are to remain for o-ood (which
England. In many parts of Germany there was non in the kitchen-gardens near London, is commonly
r
t>T them cultivated till within a few years pafl: ; between Cauliflowers, Arrichokes, &c. at about two
and
moll parts of Europe are fupplied with feeds from feet and a half difl:ance in the rows ;) but if they are
"
hence.' '
planted for a full crop in a clear fppt of ground, the
T!ie eiglith which is generally known by the
fort, diflanccfrom rov\^ to row fliould be three feet and a
title of Rape or Cole Seed, is niuch cultivated in the half, and in the rows two feet and a half afunder if :

ifle of Ely, and fome other parts of England for

its the fcafon fliould prove dry when they are tranfplanted
out,
 ;;;

A' A
cut, you mud water them every other c^cniiig, until tleman's garden, not fo much for die advantage
is

they 'ha\'e taken frefii root and

•, afterwards, as the of the market gardener, who loves to have his ground
advance in height, you fliould draw the earth cleared fooncr, that he may liave another crop upoii
phuits
their ftcms with a hoe, whlcli wii! keep the it, of Celery, Endive, &c. which is niore to his
about
earth moill about their root^^, and greatly Ilrengthen purpofe; for they, paying large rents for their land,
plants }-ou muft alfo obierve to keep them clear are obliged to have as many ^crops in a year as
tlie :

from weed.s which are apt to draw the plants up poffible.

tall (if fuffered to grow amongft them,) and

often Although before have advifed the planting out of
I

fpcil them. Cabbages for good in Oftober^ yet the Sugar-loaf

Thele Cabbages will fon-ieofthem be fit for ufe foon kind may be planted out In FebrLiary, and will fuc-
after IMichaehuas, and will condnue until the end of
ceed as well as if planted earlier, with this difference
Februaiy, if they are not deftroyed by bad weather ; only, that they v/ill be later before they cabbage.

to prevent v/hich, the gardeners near London pull

You ftiould alfo referve fome plants of th^ early kind
up their Cabbages in November, and trench their in fome of ground, to fupply your
v^ell-flieltcred fpot

ground up in ridges, laying their Cabbages againft plantation, in cafe of a defe6t ; for in mild winters

their ridges as clofc as poffible on one fide, burying many of the plants are apt to run to feed, efpecially
their ilems in the ground: in this manner they let when tlieir feeds are fov/n too early, and in fevere
them remain till after Chridmas, when they cut them winters they are often deftroyed.
for tlie marlvct; and althougji the outer part of the The Savoy Cabbages are propagated for winter ufe,
Cabbage be decayed (as is often the cafe in very wet as being generally efteemed the better when pinched

orharci^'winters,) yet, if the Cabbages were large and by the froft tliefe muft be fown about the middle
:

hard v/hen laid, the infide v/iil remain found. .

of April, and treated after the manner as was dire6led
I'hc Ruffian Cabbage v/as formerly in much greater for the common white Cabbage with this difference, -,

.cfteem tlaan at prefent^ it being now only to be found that thefe may be planted at a clofer diftance than
in particulargentlemens gardens, wlio cultivate it thofe ; two feet and a half fquar^ will be fufficient.
for their own ufe, and is rarely ever bionght to the Thefe are always much better when planted in an
market. This niuft be fownlate in the fpring of the open fituation, which is clear from trees and hedges;
year, and managed as thofe before direfted^ with for in clofe places they are very fubjeft to be eaten
this difference only, thatdiefe muftbe fconer planted almoftupby caterpillars, and other vermiin, efpecially
out for good, and muft have an open clear fpot of if the autumn prove dry.

ground, and require much lefs diftance every v/ay Tlie Borecole may be alfo treated in the fame manner,
for it is but a very fmall hard Cabbage. 'Thefe will but need not be planted above one foot, afunder in
be fit for ufe in July or Auguft^ but v;ill not con- the rows, and the rows two feet diftance thefe are :

tinue long before they will break, and run up to never eaten till the froft hath rendered them tender,
feed. The beft method to have thefe Cabbages good. for otherwife they are tough and bitter.
is to procure frcih feeds from abroad every year, for The feeds of the Broccoli, (of which there are fe-
apt to degenerate in England in a few years.
it is veral kinds, viz. the Roman, or purple, and the
The early and Sugar-loaf Cabbages are commonly Neapolitan, or white, and the black Broccoli, with
fown for fiunmer ufe, and are what the gardeners fome others ; but the Roman Is chiefly preferred to
about London commonly call Michaelmas Cabbages. them all) fhould be fown about the latter end of
The feafon for fowing of thefe is about the end of May, or beginning of June, in a molft foil ; and
July, or beginning of AugufV, in an open fpot of when the plants are grown to have eight leaves, tranf-
ground; and when the plants have got eight leaves, plant them into beds (as was direfted for the com-
you muft prick tliem into beds at about three inches mon Cabbage ;) and toward the rniddle of July they
diftance every way, that the plants may grow ftrong will be fit to plant out for good, which fhould be
and fliort fnanked-, and in the middle of O6tobcr into fome well fficltered fpot of ground, but not under
you fhould plant them out for good the diftance
•, the drip of trees the diftance thefe require is about
:

that thefe require is, three feet row from row, and a foot and a half in the rows, and two feet row from
tv/o feetand a half afunder in the rows. The gar- row. The foil, in which they Ihould be planted,
deners near London conimonly plant thefe Cabbages ought to be rather light than heavy, fuch as are the
upon the fame fpot of ground, where their winter kitchen gardens near London if your plants fucdeed :

Spinach is fov/n ; fo that when the Spinach is cleared well (as there will be little reafon to doubt, unlefs
oh' in the fpring, the ground will have a crop of the winter prove extreme hard,) they will begin to
Cabbages upon it; you muft therefore clear off" the fliew their fmall heads, which ate fomewhat like a
Spinacli juft round eacli plant early in the fpring, that Cauliflower, but of a purple colour, about the end
with a hoe you niay draw the earth up to the ftem of December, and will continue eatable till the middle
and when all your Spinach is cleared off, v/hich is of April.
commonly in the beginning of April, you muft hoe The brown or black Broccoli Is by many perfons
<lown all the weeds, and draw up the earth again greatly efteemed, though it doth not deferve a place
about your Cabbage plants. in the kitchen-garden, v/here the Roman Broccoli
In May, if your plants v/ere of the early kind, they can be obtained, which is maich fweeter, and will
will turn in their leaves for cabbaging; at which continue longer in feafon : Indeed, the brown fort is
rime, the gardeners near London, in oalcr to obtain much hardier, fo that it will thrive in the coldeft fi-

them a little fconer, tie in their leaves clofe v;ith a tuations, where the Roman Broccoli Is fometlmes
llender Ofier-twig to blanch their m.iddle; by which deftroyed in very hard winters. The brown fort
means, they have tliem at leaft a fortnight foonerthan Ihould be fown In the middle of May, and managed
they couki have jf tliey v/ere left untied. as hath been direfted for the common Cabbage, and
"i'he early Cabbage being the firft, we fnould choofe fhould be planted at the fame diftance (which is about
(if for a gentleman's wk) to plant the fewer of them, two feet and a half afunder.) This will grow very
and a greater quantity of the Sugar-loaf kind, which tall, fo ftiould have the earth drawn up to their ftems
conies after them ; for the early kind v/ill not fupply as they advance in height. This doth not form
,

tlie kitchen long, generally cabbaging apace v/hen heads fo perfect as the Roman Broccoli ; the ftems
tl'icy begin, and as loon grov/ hard, and burft open and hearts of the plants are the parts which are
''
but the Sugar-loaf kind is longer before it comes, eaten. -
'

and is as How in its cabbaging ; and, being of an The 'Roman Broccoli (if well managed) will have
hollow kind, will continue good for a long time. I large heads, which appear in the center of the plants,
have known a large quarter of ground, which was like clufters of buds. Thefe heads fliould be cut
planted wid\ this fort of Cabbage for market ufe, before they run up to feed, v/ith about four or five
v/hich hath afforded a fup]:)!y for near three months inches of the ftem ; die fldn of thefe ftems ftiould be
^ icr. T'his, thoupk of fini'ular fervice to a gen- ftripped off, before they arc^ boiled thefe will b^ :

pp very
 . ;;

.1

R A .r
R A
interior to Aiparagus.
L^l'
Aitei
All fweetcf In fevere winters than in mild feafons. Tlus
Vtt^ tender a^d little

the firft heads are cut off, there will be a great num- may be propagated by fowing the feeds the begin-
'

ber of fide Ihoots produced from the ftems, which

ning of July ; and when the plants are ftrong enou<Th
for tranfplanting, they fhould be planted in rovvS
Will have fmall heads to them, but are full as well fla-
voured as the large. Thefe fhoots will continue good about a foot and a halt afunder^ and ten inches dif-
until the middle of April, when the Afparagus will tance in the rows ; this workfliould be performed ac
a moift time, when the plants will foon take root, and
'

come in plenty to.fupply the table. ^

The Naples Broccoli hath white heads. Very like require no farther care. Thefe will be fit for ufe
after Chriftmas, and continue good until April, io
thofe of the Cauliflower, and eats fo like it, as not to
that they are very ufeful in a family.
be diftinguifhcd from it. This is much tenderer than
the Roman not fo much cultivated in
Broccoli, fo is The Muik Cabbage has, through negligence, been
aliTioft loft in England, though for eating it is one of
England for as the gardens near London generally
•,

produce great plenty of late Cauliflowers, which, if the beft kinds we have but being tenderer than many-,

other forts, not profitable for gardeners who fup-

is
the feafon prove favourable, will continue tillChrift-
mas, the Naples Broccoli, coming at the fame time, ply the markets i but thofe who* cultivate them for
their own table, fhould make choice of this, rather
ISnot fo valuable.
Befidcs this firft crop of Broccoli (which is ufually than any of the common Cabbage, for it is always
fown the end of May,) it will be proper to fow ano- loofer, and tender, and has
and the leaves more crifp

ther crop the beginning of July, which will come a mofl agreeable mufky fcent when cut. This may
in to fupply the table the latter end of March, and be propagated in the fame manner as the common
the beginning of April, and being very young, will Cabbage, and ihould be allowed the fame diftance.
be extreniely tender and fweet. It will be fit for ufe in Oftober, .November, and De-
, .

In order to fave good feeds of this kind of Broccoli cember ; but> if the winter proves hard, thefe will be
in England, you fhould referve a few of the largeft much fooner than
dcftroyed the common fort.

heads of the firft crop, which fhould be let remain The common Colewort, or Dorfetfhire Kale, is new
to run up to feed, and all the under fhoots fhould be almoft loft near London, where the markets are ufu-
conftantly ftripped off, leaving only the main ftem ally fupplied with Cabbage plants, inftead of them

to flower and feed. If this be dulyobferved, and and thefe bein^ tenderer, and miore delicate in win-
no other fort of Cabbage permitted to feed near them, ter, are much more cultivated than the common Colc-

the feeds will be as good as thofe procured from . wort, which is better able to refift the cold in fevere
'
abroad, and the fort may be prefefved in perfedlion winters than thofe, but is not near fo delicate till
many years. .
,^^
,
^
-
, .
^ . .
pinched by froft. And fince the winters in Eng-
The manner of preparing the Naples Broccoli for the land have been generally temperate of late years, th
'
table is this
:'
grown to their full
when your heads are common Cabbage plants have conftantly been culti-
bignc^(as"niay be eafily known by their dividing, vated by the gardeners near London, and fold in the
'and beginning to run up,) then you fhould cut them markets as Coleworts, which, if they are^of the Su-
-of^'with about' four inches of the tender ftem to gar-loaf kind, is one of the fweeteft greens from De-
'
thetn i then ftrip off the outer fkin of the ftem, and cember to April yet known. Indeed, where farmers
,^' after having wafhed them, boil them in a clean linen fow Coleworts to feed their milch-cattle in the fpring,
^
'cloth (as is and ferve them
pfaftifed for Cauliflowers,) when there is a fcarcity of Kerbage, the common
\ up with butter, &c. and, if they are of a right kind, Colewort is to be preferred, as being fo very hardy
they will be tenderer than any Cauliflowers, though that no froft willdeftroy it. The bell method to cul-
very like them in talte. tivate this plant in the fields fow the feeds about is, to
''
The Turnep-rooted Cabbage was formerly more cul- j
the beginning of July, choofing a moift feafon, which
'
tiyated in England than at prefent, for fince other will bring up the plants in about ten days or a fort-
''forts have been introduced which are much better night the quantity of feed for an acre of land is nine
•,

flavoured, this fort has been neglefted,

There' are {
pounds when the plants have got five or fix leaves.
:

fome perfons Who efteem this kind for foups : but it they fhould be hoed, as ispraftifed forTurneps, cut-
is generally too ftrong for moft Englifli palates, and ting down all the weeds from aniongft the plants,
eldorn good but in hard winters, which will ren- and alfo thinning the plants where they are too thick ;
' Vi - -

SX it tender and lefs ftrong.

, ,
but they fhould be kept thicker than Turneps, be-
^;Tt may be propagated by fowing the feeds in April, caufe they are more in danger of being deftroyed by
"'
oh abed of light frefh earth ; and when the plants are the fly this work fliould be performed in dry wea-
:

Come Up about an inch high, they fhould be tranf- ther, that the weeds may be killed for if it fhould •,

'
^'planted out in a fhady border, at^ about tv/o inches prove moift foon after, the weeds will take root again,
" diftance every way, obferving to water thehi until and render the work of little ufe. About fix weci^s
they havQ^^taken root; after which time they will re- after, the plants lliould have a fecond hoeing, whicJi,
quire no other culture^but to kee^ them clear from if carefully performed in dry weather, will entirely
weeds, unlefs the feafon fhould prove extremely dry ; deftroy the weeds, and make the ground clean, la
in which cafe it be proper to' water them every
wjjl. that they will require no farther culture. In the
four or five days, to prevent their being ftinted by fpring they may either be drawn up and carried out
mildew, which is fubjeft to feize thefe plants in
ttie to feed the cattle, or they may be turned in to fa^d
^

;'ve?y dry weather.

'
-'^^

^:X^!^W^^^^^ . :
^^
upon them as they fland ; but the former m.ethod is
In the beginning of June, the plants fhould be tranf- to be preferred, becaufe there will be little wafte
planted out where they are to remain, allowing _tj}em whereas, when the cattle are turned in am^ongft the
two feet diftance every way^ "obferving to water plants, they will tread down and deftroy more than
them until they have taken root*, and as their ftems ;
they eat, efpecially if they are not fenced off by
advance, the earth fhould be drawn up to them with
. hurdles.
a hoe, which will preferve "a rnoifbare about their The perennial Colewort is alfo little cultivated in tlic
roots, and prevent their ftems from drying and grbw- ,
gardens near London at prefent. This is very hardy,
ing woody, fo that the plants will grow more freely
^
-, and may be cultivated in the fame manner as the for-
but it fhould not be drawn very high, for as it is the mer fort. This will continue two years before it runs
"globular part of the ftalk which is eaten, fo that fiiould up to feed, and will afterwards produce many fide
not be covered. In winter they will b^ fit for ufe, .
fhoots, and in poor land will continue three or four
when they fhould be cut off, and the ftalks pulled '
years but in rich foils it wi]l not laft fo long. This
-,

out of the ground, and thrown away, as being good may be ufed as the former fort, to feed cattle ; for
for nothing after the ftems are cut off. ^, .! , it is not fo good for the table (unlefs in very fevere
The curled Colewort of Siberian Borecole, is now froft) as the plants wliich are now cukivattd for that
more generally efteemed than tlic former,' beine ex- purpofe.
treme hardy, fo is never injured by cold, butisalways
The
 i \

R
came from Chind, where it is culti- ftrohger fticks, and placfed near the upper part of
The fifth fort

vated as an efculent plant j of this there are two or the feed, in diff^erent places, fo that the birds may
which I have cultivated fome years, alight upon them, by which means they will be faf-
tlirce varieties
but I find them as variable as our common Cabbage. tened thereto, where you muft let them remain a con-
annual plants, which, if fown in April, fiderable time, if they cannot get ofi' themfelves and
Thefe are :

flower in July, and perfeft their feeds in 06to- although there fliould be but few birds caught, yet it
will
ber. They never clofe their leaves to form a head, will fufficiently terrify the
that they will notreft,

like the common Cabbage, but grow open and loofe,

come to that place again for a confiderable time after

more like the wild Navew, and are very unfit for the have experienced.)^
(as I

table. As thefe are generally in their perfection for When your feed is fully ripe, you muft cut it ofi^;

the beginning of July, I imagined their fl:rong and, after drying, thrcfli it out, arid preferve it in
ufe
flavour and toughnefs might be occafioned by the
bags for ufe. .

warmth of the leafon therefore I fowed fome of the

•,
But Cabbages for feed, I would advife
in planting

feeds in July, that I might make trial of them in

*
never to plant more than one fort in a place, or near
winter but in
;
the midft of froft, I found them much one another as for example, never plant red and
:

worfe than our common Colewort, fo I thought them white Cabbages near each other, nor Savoy with either
not worth propagating. white of red Cabbages for I am very certain they
,

two of Cabbage are varieties fit for will, by the commixture of the effluvia, produce a
The other forts

a botanic garden, but are plants of no ufe. Thefe mixture of kinds ; and it is wholly owing to this ne-
gledt, that the gardeners rarely fave any good red
may be propagated by fowing their feeds on abed of
light earth, early in the fpring, in the place where Cabbage-feed in England, but are obliged to procure
rhey are defigned to remain (for they do not bear frefli feeds from abroad, as fuppoflng the foil or cli-

tranfplandng well.) When the plants are come up mate of England alters them from red to v;hite, and
pretty ftrong, they fliould be thinned, fo as to leave of a mixed kind between both j whereas, if they
them four or five inches apart ; and they muft becon- would plant red Cabbages by themfelves for feeds,
ftantly kept clear from weeds. J and notfuffx^r any other to be near them, they might
flower and their feeds will ripen tlie beginning of
•,
continue the kind as good in England, as in any other
Auguft, which, if pexTnitted to fall, the plants will part of the world ; for in the Dutch gardens, from
come up, and maintain themfelves without any far- whence the beft feeds of red Cabbages are procured,
ther care but to keep them clear from weeds. They they cultivate no other fort.
are annual plants, and periih when they have per- Cauliflowers have of late years been fo far improved
fedlcd their feeds. in England, as to exceed in goodnefs and magnitude

The bed method to fave the feeds of all the befl what are produced in moft parts of Europe ; and by
f jrtsof Cabbages is, about the end of November the of the gardener, are continued for feveral
flcill

you Ihould make choice of fome of your befV Cab- months together but the moft common feafon for
•,

bages, which you fliould pull up, and carry to fome the great crop, is in May, June, and July. I fliall

ihed, or other covered place, where you fhouldhang therefore begin with dire£tions for obtaining them in
them up for three or four days by their ftalks, that this feafon.

the water may drain from between their leaves ; then Having procured a parcel of good feed, of an early
plant them in fome border, under a hedge or pale, kind, you muft fow it about tlie twenty-firft of Au-
quite down to the middle of the Cabbage, leaving guft, upon an old Cucumber or Melon-bed, fifting
only the upper part of the Cabbage above ground, a earth over the feeds, about a quarter of an
little

obferving to raife the earth about it, fo that it may inch thick and if the weather fliould prove extreme
*,

ftand a little above the level of the ground ; efpecially hot and dry, you fliould fliade the bed with mats, to
if the ground is wet, they will require to be raifed prevent the earth from drying too faft, which would
pretty much above the furface. endanger the fpoiling your feed and give it gentle -,

If the winter fliould prove very hard, you muft lay a waterings, as you may fee occafion. In about a week's
little ftraw or Peafe-haulm lightly upon them, to fe- time your plants will appear above ground, v^hen
cure them from the froft, taking it off as often as the you muft take off" your coverings by degrees,, but do
weather proves mild, left by keeping them too clofe not expofe them too much to the open fun at firft. In
they fliould rot. In the fpring of the year thefe Cab- about a month's time after fowing, your plants will
bages will flioot out iVrongly, and divide into a great be fit to prick out, you fliould therefore put fome frefh
number of fmall branches you mufl: therefore fup- : earth upon your old Cucumber or Melon-beds ; or
port their ftems, to prevent their being broken ofl^ by v/here thefe are not to be had, fome beds fliould be
the wind and if the weather fliould be very hot and
•, made with a little new dung, which fliould be trodden
dry when they are in flower, you fliould refrefli them down clofe, to present the worms from getdng thro'
with' water once a v/eek all over the brandies, which it-, but it fliould not be hot dung, which would be

will greatly promote their feeding, and preferve them hurtful to the plants at this feafon, efpecially if it
from mildew. proves hot into this bed you fliould prick your young
-,

When the pods begin to change brown, you will do two inches fquare, obferving to fliade
plants, at about
well to cut off the extreme part of every fnoot with and water them at firft planting ^ but do not water
the pods, which will ilrengthcn your feeds ; for it is them too much after they are growing, nor fuffer
generally obferved, that thofe feeds which grow near them to receive too much rain, if the feafon fliould
the top of the flioots, are very fubjed to run to feed prove wxt, which would be apt to make them black
before they cabbage fo that by this there will be no
•,
flianked (as the gardeners term it, which is no lefs
lofs, but a great advantage, efpecially if you have than a rottennefs in their ftems,) and is the deftrutftion
more regard to t!ie quality than to the quantity of the of the plants foaffefted.
feeds, which indeed is not always the cafe, when it is In this bed t!iey fliould continue till about the thir-
intended for fale but thofe who fave it for their own
i tieth of 06lober, when they muft be removed into
vXit, fliould be very careful to have it good. the place where they are to remain during the winter
'

When your feeds begin to ripen, you mufl: be parti- feafon, v/hich, for the firft fowing, is commonly un-
cularly careful, that the birds do not defl:roy it for ^ der bell or hand-glafll's, to have early CauUflowers,
they are very fond of thefe feeds. In order to prevent and thefe fliould be of an early kind : but in order to
their mifchicf, fome ufe old nets, which they throw have a fucceflion during the feafon, j^ou fliould be
over their feeds, to prevent their getting to it but : provided with another more late kind, which fliould
this v.iil not always do, for, unlefs the nets are very be fown four or five days after the other, and ma-
fl:rong, way thro' them, as I have
they will force their naged as v/as direfted for them.
often fcen but the belt method I know, is to get a
; In order to !iave very early Cauliflowers, you fliould
quantity of birdliiric, and dawb over a parcel of flen- make choice of a good rich fpot of ground, that is
der twio:s, v/hich fliould be fallened at each end to well defended from the north, eaft, and weft winds,
with
 :
.'' " t
Vn

.i,

A
With iiedcres, pales, or walls ; but the firfl: is to be j
thereto, efpeclally after having been nurfed up und^r
preferred, if made with reeds, becaufe the winds will
fall dead and not reverberate as by pales or
in thefe, After you have finifhed your "beds, you may fct your
walls. This ground fhould be well trenched, bury- glafles over your plants again, obferving to raiieyour

ing therein a good quantity of rotten dung ^ then props pretty high, efpecially if the weather be mild,
level your ground, and if it be naturally a wet foil, that they may have free air to ftrengtiien them and ;

you fliould raife it up in beds about two feet and a in mild foft weather fet oiF youyour elaffcs, as alfo in
half, or three feet broad, and four inches above the gentle fliowers of rain ; and now you inuft begin tj
level of the ground ; but if your ground is moderately harden them by degrees to endure the open air how- :

dry, you need not raife it at all then plant your ;

ever, it is advifeable to let your glafl^es remain over
plants, allowing aboUt two feet fix inches diftance them as long as pofl^ible, if the nights fliould be frofty,
from glafs to glafs, in the rows, always putting two which will greatly forward your plants but be fure •,

good plants under each glafs, which may be at about do not let your glafl^es remain upon them in very hot
four inches from each other and if you dcfign them
•,
fun-fliine, efpecially if their leaves prefs againil the

for a full crop, they may be three feet and a half, fides of the for I have often obibrved, in
glafl^es ;

row from row but if you intend to make ridges for

:
fuch cafes, that the moifl:ure which hath rifen from
Cucumbers or Melons between the rows of Cauli- the ground, together with the perfpiraticn of t! c» i

flower plants (as is gerterally pradtifed by the garden- plants, which, by the glafies remaining over them,
ers ne^ir London,) you mufl then make your row^ hath been detained upon the leaves of the p]anc.^,
eight feet afunder. and when the fun hath flione hot upon the fides of the
When you have planted your plants, if the ground glafies, hath acquired fuch a powerful heat from the

is very dry, you Ihould give them a little water, and beams thereof, as to fcald all their larger leaves, to
then fct your glafies over them, which may remain the no fmall prejudice of the plants nay, fometimes :

clofe down upon them, until they have taken root, I have feen large quantities of plants fo aff'efted there-,
which will be in about a week or ten days time, un- with, as never to be worth any thing after.
lefs there fliould be a kindly fliower of rain ; in vv^hich If y9ur plants have fucceeded well, tov/ard t!ie end
cafe you may {^t off the glaffes, that the plants may of April fome of them will begin to fruit j you mult
receive the benefit of it ^ and
about ten days after in therefore look over them carefully every other day,
planting, you fliould be provided with a parcel of and when you fee the flower plainly appear, you muft
forked fticks or bricks, with which you fliould raife break down fome of the inner leaves over it to guard
your glafies about three or four inches on the fide it from the fun, which would make the flower yellow

toward the foiith, that youf pTants may have free air. and unfightly, if expofed thereto ; and when you fijid
in this manner your glafies fliould remain over the your flower at its full bignefs (which you may know
plants night and day, unlefs in frofl:y weather, when by its would run,) you mnft
outfide, parting, as if it

you fliould fet them down as clofe as poflible : or if then draw it out of the ground, and not cut them off,
'
the weather fliould prove very warm, which many leaving the ftalk in the ground, as is by fome prac-
^
times happens in November, and fometimes in De- tifed i and if they are defigned for prefcnt ufe, you
'ceniber; in this cafe, you fliould keep your glafies' may cut them out of their leaves ; but if defigned to
• *
ofi^in the day-time, and put them on only in the night, .
keep, you fliould preferve their leaves about them,
lefl:, by keeping the glafies over them too much, you and put them into a cool place: the befl: time for
fliould draw them into flower at that feafon, which is pulling of them is in a morning, before the fun hath
many times the cafe in mild winters, efpecially if un- exhaled the moifl:ure \ for CauUflowers, pulled in th:;
fl<.ilfully managed. heat of the day, lofe that firmnefs wliich they naiu-
Toward the latter end of February, if the weather '
turally have, and become tough.
proves mild, you fliould prepare another good fpot But to return to our fecond crop (the plants beinc;
t)f ground, to remove fonie of the plants into from raifed and managed as was direfced for the early crop",
under the glafiis, which fliould be well dunged and until the end of Ofcoberj) you m.ull then prepare
trenched (as before;) then fet off the glafi^es, and, fome beds, either to be covered with glafs-frames, cr
after making choice of one of the molt promifing arched over with hoops, to be covered with mats, &c.
plants under each glafs, which fliould rerriain for Thefe beds fliould have fome dung laid at the bot-
good, take away the other plant, by raifing it up with tom, about fix inches or a foot thick, according to
a trowel, &c. fo as to preferve as much earth to the the fize of your plants \ for if they arc fmall, the' bed
root as pofiible but have a great regard to the plant
; fliould be thicker of dung, to bring tlieni forward,
that is to remain, not todifliurb or prejudice its roots and fo vice verfa : this dung fliould be beat dov/ii
then plant your plants which .you have taken out, at clofe with a fork, in order to prevent the worms from
the diftance before diredted, viz. if for a full crop, ' finding their way through it j then lay fome good
three feet and a half, row from row ; but if for ridges frefli earth about four or five inches thick thereon, in
of Cucumbers between them, eight ittx.^ and two which you fliould plant your plants about two inches
feet four inches difl:ance in the rows : then, with a ^
and a half fquare, obferving to fliade and water tlicin
fmall hoe, draw the earth up to the ftems of the until they have taken frefli root but be fure do nor:

plants which were left under the glafies, taking great keep your coverings clofe, for the warm.th of th.e
care not to let the earth fall into their hearts \ and fet dung v/ill occafion a large damp in the bed, which,
your over them again, raifing your props an
glafiTes if pent in, will greatly injure the planes.
inch or two higher than before, to give them more When your plants have taken root, you muft give
air, obferving to take them off" whenever there may them as much free open air as pofiible, by keeping
be fbme gentle fliowers, which will greatly refrefli the glafiTes off" in the day-time as much as the weather
the plants. -
will permit ; and in the night, or at fjcli times as
In a little time after, if you find your plants grow the glafies require to^ be kept on, raife them up v/ith
fo faft- as to the glafies with their leaves, you
fill bricks or other props to let in frefli air, unlefs in
^

fliould then flightly dig about the plants, and raife frofty weather i at which time the glaffts fliould be
the ground about them
bed broad enough for
in a covered with mats, ftrav/, and Peafe-haulm, &c. but
.
the giaflTcs to ftand about four inches high, which this is not to be done except in very hard frofts you ;

. will give your plants a great deal of room by raifing muft alfo obferve to guard them againft great rain,
the glafies fo much higher, when they are fet over which in winter tim.e is very hurtful to them but in j

them and by this means they may be kept covered

; mild weather, if the glafies are kept on, they fliould
until April, which otherwife they could not, without be propped to admit frefli air; and if the under leave:
:'
prejudice to the leaves of the plants and this is a grow yellow and decay, be fure to pick them off-,
great advantage to them for many times we have
-,
for if the weather fliould, prove very bad in winter,
returns of fevere frofts at the latter end of March, fo that you fliould be obliged to keep them clofe co-
wliich prove very hurtful to thefe plants, if expofed vered for two or three days together, as it fomctinies
happens^
 :

R A r-
- h

thefc decayed leaves will render the inclofed often look over them, to turn down their leaves, a^
happens,
noxious and the plants perfpiring pretty was before direfted, to preferve their whitenefs ; and
air very
..y
,
;

time, are often dedroyed in vaft quan- when they are full grown, obferve the former direc-
muc h at that
tions in pulhng them, &:c. but wherever you meet
tities.
beginning of February, if the weatlier proves with an extraordinai-y good Cauliflower^ wliofe curd
In the
harden your plants by degrees, is hard and white, andperfedly free from any frothi-
mild,vou muft begin to
prepared tranfplantation and nefs about the edges^ you fhould fuffer it to remain
that they may be for ;

where you intend to plant your Cauli- for feed, keeping the leaves clofe down upon it un-
the ground
(which be quite open til the flower hath fliot out ftems, and then remove
flowers out for good fliould

&c. and rather nioift than dry,) having the leaves from them by degrees, but do not expofe
from trees,
been %vell dunged and dug, fliould be fown with Ra- them too much to the open air at firfl:. Astheflrems
v/eck or fortnight before you intend to plant advance, you muft take the leaves quite away and -,
difhes a
out your Cauliflowers :^the reafon why I mention the , when they begin to branch out, you fliould fix three
Radilhes particularly, is this, viz. that if pretty fl;rong Hakes, at equal angles, about it, fur-
fowing of
there are not fome Radilhes amongfl: them, and the -
rounding them with packthread, &c. to fupport tlielr
May prove hot and dry, as itlbme- Dranches, which would be othemife liable to break
month of fliould
happens, the fly will feize your Cauliflowers, with the wind. . .

times
and eat their leaves full of holes, to their prejudice,
When your pods begin firft to be formed, if the
and fometimcs their deftruftion ; whereas, if there weather proves dry, you fliould give them a little
are Ratliflies upon the fpot, the flies will take to them, water all over (with a watering-pot that hath a rofe
to it*,) which will promote the progrefs of the feeds,
and never meddle with the Cauliflowers fo long as
they lafl. Indeed, the gardeners near London mix and preferve them from mildew, which is often hurt-
Spinach v/ith their Radiih-feed, andfo have a double ful to the feeds ; and, when your feeds are ripe,

crop, which is an advantage where ground is dear, you muft cut it off, and hang it up to dry, and rub
it out as was diredted for Cabbage-feed and althouerh
or where peribns are fliraitened for room ; otherwife it :

is very well to have only one crop amongfl: the Cau- your flowers do not produce fo much feed as thoie
liflowers, that the ground may be cleared in time. which were of a fofter or frothy nature, yet the good-
Your ground being and the feafon good,
ready, nefs of fuch feeds will fufficiently recompenfe for the

bout the middle or end of February, you may begin quantity ; and any perfon who was to purchafe his
to plant out your Cauliflowers the diilance which
:
feeds, had better give ten fliillings an ounce for fuch

is generally allowed by the gardeners near London

feed than two for the feeds commonly faved for fale,
(who plant other crops between their Cauliflowers to as the gardeners about London have experienced,

fucceed them, as Cucumbers for pickling, and winter who will never buy any feeds of this kind, if they do
Cabbages) is every other row tour feet and a half not know how they were faved.
apart, and the intermediate rows two feet and a half, But in order to have a third crop of C::uliflov/ero,^
and two feet two inches difl:ance in the rows fo that •, you fliould make a flender hot-bed in February, in
in the latter end of May, or beginning of June (when which you fliould fow the feeds, covering them a
the Radiflies and Spinach are cleared off,) they put quarter of an inch thick with light mould, and co-
in feeds of Cucumbers for pickling, in the middle of vering the bed with glafs-frames you fliould now
:

the wide rov/s, at three feet and a half apart ; and and then gently refrefh the bed with Vv^ater, obfervino-
in the narrow rows, plant Cabbages for winter ufe, to raife the glafies with bricks or props in the day-
at two feet two inches diftance, fo that thefe ftand time, to let in frelh airj and when the plants are
each of them exaftly in the. middle of thefquare be- come up, and have gotten four or five leaves, you
tween four Cauliflower-plants ; and thefe, after the fhould prepare another hot-bed to prick them into,
Cauliflowers are gone off, will have full room to grow, which may be about two inches fquare ; and in the
and the crop be'hereby continued in a fucceffion thro' beginning of April harden them, by degrees, to fit
the whole feafon. them for tranfplanting, which fliould be done the
About three weeks or a month after your Cauliflow- middle of that month, at the diftance directed for
ers are planted out, the Radilhes between them will the fecond crop, and muft be managed accordingly
be fit to hoe; at which time, when you are hoeing thefe (if the foil is moift where they are planted, or
out the Radiflies where they are too thick, you fliould the feafon cool and moift) will produce good Cauli-
cut off allfuch as grow immediately about the Cauli- flowers about a month after the fecond crop is gone,
flowers, and \vould prove hurtful to them, by draw- whereby their feafon will be greatly prolonged.
ing them up tall and weak and alfo at that time
•, There is alfo a fourth crop of Cauliflowers, which
draw die earth up to the fl:ems of the plants, being .
is raifed by fowing the {ctd about the 23d of May
5

careful not to let any get into their hearts (as was and being tranfplanted, as hath been before directed,
before directed;) and when your Radiflies are fit to will produce good Cauliflowers in a kindly feafon
pull, be fure to clear round the Cauliflowers firfl:, and and good foil, after Michaelmas, and continue thro'
keep drawing the earth up to their fl:ems as they ad- Odlober and November ; and, if the feafon permlr,
vance in height, which will keep their fl:ems from be- often a great part of December.
ing hardened by the weather, and be of Angular fer- The reafon why I fix particular days for the fowing of
vice to your plants. '
this feed, iS becaufe two or three days often make a
I'herc are many people who arc very fond of water- great diflerence In their plants and becaufe thefe are
•,

ing Cauliflower-plants in fummer, but the gardeners the days ufually fixed by the gardeners near London,
near London have almofl wholly laid afide this prac- who have found their crops to fucceed bcft when
tice, of trouble and charge to little
as finding a deal fown at thofe times, although one day, more or Icfs,
purpofe ; for if the ground be fo very dry as not to will make no great odds. I have alfo, in this edition^
produce tolerable good Cauliflowers without water, altered the days to the new ftyle.
itieldom happens, that watering them renders them B R E Y N I A, See Capparis.
much better and when once they have been w^atered,
•,
B ROM
ELI A. Plum. Nov. Gem 46. tab. 8. Lim
if it is not confl:antly continued, it had been much Gen. Plant. 356.
better for them if they never had any as alfo if it be
-,
The Characters are,
given them in the middle of the day, it rather helps // halh a tbree-corncrcd permanent ewpatcmcnt cut into
to leak! them fo that, upon the whole, if care be
: three parts^ upon which the germen is fituated, "The
taken to keep the earth drawn up to their fliems, and flozver hath three long narrow petals^ which are erc^^
clear tliem from every thing that grows near them, each having a ncSiar'ium joined to it ahove the hafe. It
that they may have free open air, you will find that hath fix ftojnina the length of the petals^ which arc ter-
they will fucceed better v/ithout than with water, oblong ft. /
wp.ere any of thefe cautions are not fl:ri6tly obferved. fupporting a /lender ft_
^^ hen your Cauliflowers begin to fruity you mull Ghtufe Jlig Jhe €7npakmcnt a!^t award becomes
 ^ t

'

I 4

^ -
t

'.
R O /

m ohlong Capfule, divided by a partition in the middle^ to During the fummer feafon the plants fhould have a
moderate fliare of in proportion to the heat of
Kvhichjhe feeds arejused guite round thefe arefmootb and -^
air,

almojt cylindrical the weather ; and, autumn, they muft be removed

in

This genus of plants ranged in the firft fedion of

is in the bark-ftove, and treated in the fame manner aii

Linnseus's fixth clafs, intitkd Hexandria Monogynia, the Ananas, or Pine Apple, with which management
the flower having fix ftamina and one ftyle. Dr. Dil- they will make good progrefs , but after the firft v/in-
lenius has fuppoied this to be the fame with Plumier's ter, they may be placed upon ftands in the dry ftove,
Karatas, which miflake he was led into by Plumier's though they will thrive much better if they are con-
drawing, where the flower of his Caraguata is joined ftant^ kept in the tan-bed, and treated like the A-
to the fruit of his Karatas, sind vice verfa and from -, nanas, and will flower in three or four years \ whereas
hence Dr. Linnaeus has been induced to join thefe thofe in the dry ftove will not flower in twice that
*

and the Ananas together, making them only fpecies time ' * , , »- - . .^

of the fame genus. The other parts of their culture is only to (hift them
: The
Species are, ,. , „ , ,
intofrefli earth when they require it 5 but they fliould

I. Bromelia {NudicauUs) foliis radicalibus dentato-fpi- by no means be put into large pots, for they will
nofis caulinis integerrimis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 286- Bro- not thrive if they are over-potted j n'dr muft they have
melia with lower leaves indented and prickly^ and thofe of much wet, cfpecially in winter. ^:
ibeflalh entire, Bromelia pyramidata, aculeis nigris. Thefe plants make a pretty variety in the hot-houle,
Plum. Nov. Gen. 46. . ,.. v^. fo thofe who have room, may allow a planter two of
2. Bromelia (Lingulata) foliis ferrato-lpinofis obtufis, each fort to have a place in their coUedtion of exotic
fpicis akernis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 285. Bromelia with plants.. ., ' i'.. - i f

fazvedy prickly, pbtufe leaves,and fpikes of fiowers grow- B ROOM, the common. See Spartium.
ing alternate. Bromelia ramofa facemofa foliis A- & B ROOM, the Spanifh. Set Spartium and Genista.
rundinaceis ferratis. Plum. Nov. Gen. 46. B ROWALLIA. Lin. Gen, Plant, 691. Hort.
,..;
The firft fort hath leaves very like fome qf the forts Clifi^. 318.
of Aloes, but not fo' thick and fucculent, which are ^ .. The Characters are.
Jharply indented on their edges, where they are armed of one leaf, and indented at
with ftrone black fpines from the center of the plant
-, the top in five itneqttal parts. The flower is ftinnel-fhaped,
strifes the flower-ftalk, which is near three feet high,
^
of one leaf, having a cylindrical tube twice the length of
the lov/er part of which is garnifhed with ehtif-e leaves, \ the empalefHent ; the upper part is fpread open, and di-
placed alternately at, every joint. The upper part of vided into five parts, the tipper fegment or lip being a
the ftalk garniihed with flowers, fet in a loofe fpike
is little larger than the others, which are equal. It hath
or thyrfe \ thefe have three narrow herbaceous petals \

f<
fitting upon the germen, and fix (lender ftamina, with ry fh
y
which
the ftyle, are fhorter than the petals.,' Thefe and reflexed to the mouth of the tube, which inclofe them ;
lowers in the country where they naturally grow, are thefe are terminated by ftngle incurved fummits. In the
* fucce'eded by oval feed-rveflTels, having a longitudinal an oval germen, fupporting a flender
center is fituated

partition, in the center of which are fattened cylindri- flyle the length of tie tube, crowned by a thick, com-
1"

cal feeds on every fide, which are fmooth. preffed, indented fiigka. The empalement afterward be-
The fecond fort hath ftiorter leaves than the firft, comes an oval obtufe veffel with one cell, opening at the
which ftand eredt, and are narrow at the bafe, increaf- top in four ;parts, and filled with fmall compreffcd
ing in width gradually to the top, where they are feeds, :-. * /.,
"
. >,.

broadeft ; thefe are ftiarply fawed on their edges, and This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedlion
are of a deep green colour. The flower-ftem arifcs of Linn^us's fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia
from the center of the plant, which divides upward Angiofpermia, the flower having two long and two
into feveral branches > the upper part of thefe ate Ihort ftamina, and the feeds included in a capfule. ^

The
'

garniftied with fpikes of flowers, which come out al- Species are, -. : .
-

ternately from the fides of the brandies, each having I. Browallia {Bemiffa) pedunculis unifloris. Hort.
a narrow entire leaf juft below it, which is longer than Cliff. Browallia with one flower on a foot-ftalL
318.
the fpike. The flowers are placed very clofe on the The title of Browallia was given to it by Dr. Lin-
fpikes, each having three ftiort petals fituated upon nasus, in honour of profefiTor Browall, of Amfter-
the globular empalement ; when thefe decay, the em- dam. J- 'W
palement turns to an oval pointed feed-veflel, inclof- 2. Browallia {Elala) pedunculis unifloris multiflorif-
mg feeds of the fame Ihape with the former. que. Lin. Sp, 880.
/
Both thefe plants grow naturally in very warm coun- foot-ftalk, and fomet\
tries. Father Plumier, who gave this title to the ge- Mr,
nus, found them growing in the French Iflands in bert Millar, from Panama, in the year 1735 ; which
America-, and the late Dr. Houftoun obferved them fucceeded in the Chelfea garden, where it has conti-
growing in Janiai'ca, and in feveral parts of the Spa- nued to flower, and produce feeds every year, but
nifh "Weft-Indies. The firft fort alfo grows on the the plants are annual, foperifti in autumn the feeds ;

coaft of Guinea,from whence I received the feeds •, of this plant muft be fov/n upon a hot-bed in the
and the fecond fort was fent me frohi St. Chrifto- and the plants brought forward on another,
Ipring,
pher's. •'•..' otherwifi they will not perfeft their feeds in England.
Thefe plants are propagated by feeds, which muft be Some of thefe plants may be tranfplanted in June '

procured from the counciy where they grow naturally, into the borders of the flov/er-garden, where, if the
for they do not produce any in England. Thefe feafon proves warm, they will flower and perfeft
muft be fown in fmall pots filled with light kitchen- feeds ; but left thefe fliould fail, there fliould be two
garden earth, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed or three plants kept in the ftove for that purpofe.
of tanners bark i the earth in thefe pots flioiild be The plants ufually grow about two feet high, and
fprinkled over with water two or three times a week, fpread otit into lateral branches, garniftied with oval
according to the heat of the^ weather, but muft not leaves which are entire, ending in "a point, having
have too muchmoifture. If the feeds arc mod, the fliort foot-ftalks. Toward the end of the branches
plants will appear in about five or fix weeks, and in a the flowers are produced fingly, upon pretty long
month after will be fit to tranfplant, v>^hen they foot-ftalks, arifing frOm the wings qf the leaf. Thefe
iliould be carefully fliakcn out of the pots, and each have a fliort empalement of one leaf, which is cut
planted in a feparate fmall pot filled with the fame into five parts ; out of the center of the empaIemen^
earth as before \ dien they muft be plunged again into the flower arifes, which is crooked and bent down-
a moderate hot-bed, obfcrving frequently to fprinkle ward the top of the tube is fpread open, and the
;

them over with water, but be cautious of giving them brim, or Open part of the flower, has fome refem-
too much, left the roots fl^culd be thereby rotted. blance to a lipped flower, being irregular. of a
I Jt is

bright
 bright blue colour, fomctimes inclining to a purple j
bark,_ obferving to water the earth as often as yoil

or red, and often there are flowers of three colours When ^ ^,,

on the fame plant. When thefe fall away, the ger- they fliould be tranfplanted each into a feparate final!
iTien in the center becomes an oval capfule of one pot filled with frefta light earth, and plunged into the
cell, filled with fmall, brown, angular feeds. It flowers hot-bed again, obferving jo water and fliade the
in July, Auguft, and September, and the feeds are
plants until they have taken root ; after which they
ripe in five or fix weeks after. muft have admitted to them every day, in propor-
air

When this plant was firft raifed in the Chelfea garden, tion to the warmth of tlie feafon. When the plants
I save it the title of Dalea, in honour to Mr. Dale,' have advanced fo high as not to be contained in the
an e minent botanifV, and a great friend of Mr. Ray's. frames, they fhould be removed into the bark-ftove,
By this title was delivered to the Royal Society,
it where, during the fummer months, they fliould have
and printed in the Philofophical Tranfaftions, and a large (hart of free air, but in winter they muft be
alfo in the catalogue of the Chelfea garden and by : kept very clofe. With this management the plants
/
the lame I communicated the feeds to Doftor Lin- will be veiy ftrong, and produce their flowers every

nasus, who afterward changed the name to Browallia, feafon. Thefe plants may alfo be incrcafed by plant-
and printed it in the catalogue of Mr. Clifford's mg cuttmgs in fprin g> before they begin to

garden ; where there is a figure of it exhibited, fo make new pots filled v/ith frefli light earth,
flicjts, in

that this latter title is become almoft univerfal among and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark, ob-
botaniils. ferving to water and fhade them until they have taken
The fecond fort Peru, from whence
grows naturally in root after which, they muft be managed as hath

the younger Juflieu fent the feeds this plant rifes •, been directed for other tender exotic plants from the
about the fame height as the firft, but hath ftronger fame countries. ^

ftalks, and fends out a greater number of branches, BRUSCUS. SeeRuscus.

'

fo is much more builiy than that i the flowers are pro- BRYONIA [this plant is from B^S^v, rnofs,
fo called
duced upon foot-ftalks, which proceed from the wings or hair, bccaufe it bears a flower which is fcft and
of the leaves ; fome of thefe foot-flalks fufliain one, hairy,] Briony. -<

others three, or more flowers, of a dark blue colour; The Characters are,
thefe are facceeded by oval capfules, filled with fmall I^ hath male and female flozvcrs onfame plant The the .

angular feeds. flowers have an 'empakment of one leaf which is

This plant is annual, and requires the fame culture j
hell-fhapcd^ and indented in fi- ^e tarts at'thetoD. The
as the firft fort, with which it will produce plenty of flower is bell-fh

feeds. five fcgments floor t ftamina and fi'

BRUNELLA, Self-heal. See Prunella. fummitSy two of the flamina having double ft
BRUNSFELSIA. Plum. Nov. Gen. 12. Lin. the other one. The female flowers fli
^
Gen. Plant. 230. This plant takes its name from Dr. I and have a deciduous empakment^ but. the petal is the
Brunsfelfius, a famous phyfician. fame with thofe of The germen which is under
The Characters are, the flower^ fupports a trifid fpreading ftyl
The empakment is permanenty belUfhaped^and of one leaf fpreading indented flig ifterward becomes
"which is cut into five blunt fegments at the top. The fmooth globtdar bcrry^ containing oval feeds
'
flower is and funneUfhaped^ having a long
of one leaf the fkin, ,
'

tuhe^ but fpreads open at the top^ where it is divided into This genus of plants is ranged in the tenth fedion
five ohtufe fegments \ it hath five ftamina the length of the of Linn^eus's twenty-firft clafs, intitled Monoecia Syn-
tnbey which are inferted in the petals and are terminated genefia, from its having male and female flowers on
by oblong fummits. In the center is placed a fmall round the fame plant, and the ftaminajoined with the ftyle.
gcrmen^ fupporting a flender ftyle the length of the tube^ The Species are,
which is crowned by a thick ftigma. The empakment af- u Bryonia {^Albd) folils palmatis utrlnque callofo-fca^
terward becomes a globular berry with one cell, incloflng bris. Hort. Cliff.
45J. Bryony with palmated leaves^
a great number of fmall feeds ^ which adhere to the Jkin of which are rough and callous ok both fides, Bryonia af-
the fruit. pera, five alba baccis rubris. C. B. P. 297." White
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of I Briony with red berries,
Linn^EUs's fifth clafs.
clafs, Pentandria Mono-
intitled 12."
gynia the flower having five ftamina and but one utrinque lasvibus, laciniis pinnatifidis. Lin. Sp. 1438.
ftyle. Briony with palmated leaves cut into five fegments, which
We know but one Species of
genus, viz. this are fmooth on each fide.' Bryonia Africana laciniata,
Brunsfelsia. {Arnericana,)lJm. Sp. Plant. 191. American tuberofa radice, floribus herbaceis. Par. Bat. 107.
Brunsfelfia, Brunsfelfia flore albo, fruftu croceo molli. 3. Bryonia {Cretica) foliis palmatis fupra callofo-punc-
Plum. Is^ov. Gen. 12- tatis. Hort. 453. Cretan Briony with palmated
Cliff.
This plant rifes with a woody ftem to the height of leaves^ whofe upper furface isftudded with callous fpots.
eight or ten feet, fending out many fide branches, Bryonica Cretica maculata. C. B. P. 297,
which rough bark, garniftied with
are covered with a 4. Bryonia {Racemofa) foliis trilobis fupra callofo-
oblonff leaves which are entire, and on the 1 punftatis, fruftu racemofo ovali. Briony with trilobate
part o the branches come out fingle^ but toward their leaves^whofe upper fides are marked with callous fpotSj
extremity, they are placed on every fide, and are and oval fruit growing in bunches, Biyonia olivse frudtu
unequal in fize. At the extremity of the branches, rubro. Plum. Cat. 3.
the Rowers are produced, generally three or four to-
5. Bryonia {Variegata) foliis palmatis, laciniis lanceo-
gether. Thefe are almoft as large as thofe of the latis, fupra punftatis inferne l^evibus, fruftu ovato
greater Bindweed, but have very long, narrow, hairy fparfo. Briony with palmated leaves, whofe fegments are
tubes; the brim is expanded in the form of the fpear-fljaped^ a7td their upper ftde fpotted, but their under
Convolvulus, but is deeply divided into five obtufe fmooth, and an oval flattered fndt, Bryonia Americana
fegments, which are indented on their border. After fruftu variegato. Dillen.
the flower is paft, the empalcment turns to a round 6. Bryonia {Bonarienfts) foliis palmatis quinquepartitis
fofc fruit, incloflng many oval feeds, which are fi- hirfutis, laciniis obtufis. Briony with hairy palmated
tuated clofe to the cover or fl^in, to which they leaves divided into five parts, and ohtufe fegments, Bryonia
adhere. Bonarienfis Hort. Elth. 58.
fici folio.
This plant grows naturally in moft of the fugar idands The firft fort grows upon dry 'banks, under hedges,
in America, in which places they call it Trumpet in many parts of England ; but may be cultivated in
Flower; but in the EngltHi gardens, it is at prefent a gardeafor ufe, by fowing the berries, in the fpring
ver\' rare. It may be pr pagated from f^^eds, which of the year, in a dry poor foil ; where they will in
fhoukl be fown early in :ne fpring in pots filled witli two years time, grow to be large roots, provided
light earili, -nd plunged into a hoc-bed of tanners they are not too clofe. The roots of this plant have
.

6 been
 ,1 - »1

- .-. I

,irft'

'ifc '

1
-'

4 .V

U
-*-

3f

> 'J

:
l)een formerly, by impoftors, brought into an niiman
'
5 The Species are, '
. Ihape," und carried about the country, and Ihewn for 1. BuBON (Macedonicum) foliolis rhombeo-ovat:s crc-
Mandrakes to the common people, who were eafily V natis, umbellis numerofiflimis. Hort. Cliff, c)^. Bubon

: Impofed on by their creduUcy, and thefe got good : with oval^ rhomboid, crenated leaves, and many umbels,
livings thereby. The method which theft people ^ Apium Macedonicum. C, B* P. 154^ Macedonian
- ","
pra£t:fed, was to find a young thriving Briony plant, .-Parfley.
'
' • '

then they opened the earth 'all round the plant, being 2. Bubon Hort. Cliff. 95.
{Rigidius) foliolis linearibus.

careful not to difturb the lower fibres-, and (being Bubon with very narrow leave's. Ferula durior five ri-
prepared with fuch a mould, as is ufed by the people gidis &
breviffimis foliis. Eoccon. Muf. 2. S4.

who make plafter figures) they fixed the mould clofe 3. Evjiou {Galbanmn) foholis rhombeis dentatis glabris
with v/ire, to keep it in its fl;riatis umbellis paucis. Hort. Cliff. 96. Bulon wi/h
to the root, fattening it

proper fituation ; then they filled the earth about the fnooth rhomboid leaves and few umbels, PYrula Afri-
root, leaving it to grow to the Ihape of the mould, .'cana galbanifera folio & facie liguftici. Par. Bat.
' .'-• tt

v/hich is effefted in one fummerV'fo that if this be 163* .

•done in March, by September have the fliape. it will 4; Bubon {Gumiferum) foliolis glabris inferioribus rhom-
•
The leaves of this plant are alfo often impofed on the -
beis ferratis, fupsrioribus pinnatifidis tridentatis. Prod.

. people in the m.arket for Mandrake leaves, although :^:: Leyd. 100. Bubon with fmooth rhomboid under leaves
-
there is no refemblance between them, nor any agree- .which are flawed., and upper leaves winged and indented
'"

ment in quality. ,'' '^ 'i. / :.

'

in three parts. Ferula Africana galbanifcra folio myr-

The fecond and fourth forts are perennial plants, their rhidis. Hort. Amft. p. 115.

roots remaining feveral years, but their branches de- The firft fends 'out many leaves from the root, the
cay every winter. Thefe roots mutt be planted in lower growing almoft horizontally, fpreadingnear tlie
pots filled with frefh light earth, and in winter muft : furface of the ground
. the foo't-ftalk of each leaf di- :

be placed in the grecn-houfe, to protefl them from vides into feveral other fmaller, garniflied with fmooth
and great rains which would deftroy them,
froll •,
rliomb-fliaped leaves, which are of a bright, pale,
if they were expofed theieto.
'

During the wintei green colour, indented on their edges. In the center
feafon, they fiiould have very little water given them j
•
of the plant arifes the fiower-ftem, which is little
but in fummer, when they are expofed to the open more than a foot high, dividing into many branches,
aii^, they muft be frequently refreflied with.jvater in
.
each being terminated by an umbel of white flowers,
dry weather.
; ,
J
-
which fucceededby oblong hairy feeds. It flowers
are
fummers will perfed their feeds. in July, and the feeds ripen in autumn, fjon after
•
The third, fifth, and fixth forts, are annual plants ^ which the plant decays., •

- thefe muft be raifed on a hot-bed early in the fpring,

.
This plant in warm countries is biennial; the plants
/ .and when the plants are about three inches high. which rife from feeds one year, produce flowers and
w
feeds the next, and then perifla
'

'^they fhould be each tranfplanted into a fmall pot filled but in England, :

• with frclh light earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of tliey feldon flower till the third or fourth year from

^ \tanners bark, obferving to water and Ihade them •

feed ; but whenever the 'plant flowers, it always dies.
until they have taken root. Whe It is propagated by feeds, which fliould be fown on

ir ;^rown fo large, as to ramble about on the furface oi a bed of light fandy earth, either early in the autumn,
, I

, the bed, and begin to entangle with other plants, they or in April ; and if the feafon prove warrh and dry,
fliould be Iliifced into larger pots, and placed in the :; the ground fliould be fliaded in tlie heat of the da}-,
barli-llove, where their branches may be trained to '
and frequently refrefhed with water, which is a fure
the wall, or againft an efpalier, that they may have method to bring up the plants ; for where this is not
fun and air, which is abfolutcly neceffary for their
.. praftifed, the leeds often fail, or remain long in rh
producing fruit. When thefe plants are full of fruit, ground. When the plants come up, they will re-
they make a pretty variety in the ftove amongft other quire no other care but to be kept clean from weeds,
;:'-•'
.

'/
.
exotic plants. •'
'''"-
.*',,-. : till the beginning of Oftober, when they fliould be

The
fecond and fourth forts are alfo propagated from carefully taken up, and planted in a warm border of
V feeds, which fliould be fown on a hot-bed
- and when -, dry ground; and a few of them fliould be put into
the plants are fit to tranfplant, they fliould be put pots, that they may be fheltered under a frame in
-'into pots ; and after they have taken root, fliould be ,
winter; for in fevere froft, thofe which are expofed
-.inured to bear the .open air by degrees; where they to the open air, are frequently killed ^ though, in
\ may remain during the fummer feafon, but in winter moderate winters, they will live abroad without co-
^
they miuft be Ihckered under a hot- bed frame. The vering ; but it is a fccure way to preferve the fpecies,
fourth fore is much tenderer than the former. to keep two or three plants in pots, in flicker, during*-
BRYONIA NIGRA. See Tamn-js. .the winter, left thofe abroad fliould be deflroyeck
BUB ON. Lin. Gen.'JPlant. 312. Apium, C. B. 154. The feeds of this plant is one of the ingredients in
.
Ferula. Herm. Par. 163. Macedonian Parfley. Venice treacle.
The Characters are, r .^\ -f^ %
The fecond fort grows naturally in Sicily, from wliencc
It hath an umHeUiferous fewer \ the greater^ or general I received the feeds. This is a low perennial plant,
ccmpcfed of abcut ten f nailer^ thofe ivhich are
tnnbely is having fliort ftift' leaves, whicli are very narrow tlie :

Jitnated in^ the 7Kiddk being the port eft ; the fmall umLels flower-ftalk rifes near a foot high, which is terminated
have near twenty rays, The general invclncrum hath five ^
by an umbel of fmall white flowers, whicli are fuc-
pointed fpear-fapcd leaves^ which fpread open and are ceeded by fmall, oblong, channelled feeds. It flowers
permanent \ thefe of the fnailer umbels^ con/ft of many in June, and the feeds ripen in September. It is
little leaves cf the fame length with the umbel: the em- propagated by feeds, and fliould have a dry foil and
•pcJ.ement of the ftoiver is permanent^ fmal!^ and indented a warm fituanon, where the plants will continue fe-
in five parts 'y
the flower is compofed of five fpear-fljaped yeral years. It is a plant of little beauty or ufe, fo
^

petals^ which turn inward \

hath five ft amina the length it is only preferyed for the fake of variety.

of the petals^ tcrnnnatcd by fingle fummits. The oval The third fort rifes with an upright ftalk to the
germen isfituatcd below the fiower^ fupporting two briflly height of eight or ten feet, which at bottom is lig-
ftyks which are permanent^ and the length of the ftamina^ neous, having a purphfli bark, covered with a whitilh
crowned by cbtife ftigma. The germen afterward becomes powder, which comes off when handled; tlie upper
an Qval^ channelled^ hairy fruity dividing in 'two parts^ part of the ilalk is garniflied wkh leaves at every joint,
each having an oval feed-, plain on one fide ^ but convex en the foot-ftalks half embracing them at their "bafc i
the other,' branching but into feveral fmaller,' like thofe of the
This genus of plants is ranged in the
fecond fedion common Parfley, and are fct v/ith leaves like thoic
otUnr.a^us's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Digynia, ofLovagc, but fmaller, of a grey colour-, the toj^
the flower having five ftamina and tv;o fl:yles. of the Hulk terminated by an umbel of yellow iii

1
tlowers.
 ; ;

i ft

U D 4
D
fiowers, v/hich are. fucceeded by oblong channelled tefoens foliis conjiigatis & ferratis florib'Js fpicatis lu-

feeds, having a thin membrane or wing on their

teis. Houft. MSS. .
'.

border. It flowers in Auguft, but hath not produced 2. BuDDLEjA {Occidentdis) foliis lariceolatis acuminati.^

feeds in England. When any part of the plant is integerrim>s oppofitis, fpicis imerruptis. Buddlejawitb
pointed fpear-Jfjciped leaves "which arc entire^ placed
broken, there iffues out a little thin milk of a cream
cppoftte^ and trokcn pikes of flower s.^
colour, which hath a ftrong fcent of Galbanum. f Buddleja fru-
The fourth fort with a ligneous ftalk about two
rife.s ,
tefcens foliis oblongis nuicronatir, floribus Ipicatis

feet hio-h, garnifhed with leaves at each joint, which

albis. Houft, MSS.
branch out like the former ; but the fmall leaves or The firft fort groWs_ naturally in Jamaica, arid moft
lobes are narrow and indented, like thofe of Baftard of the other iflands in America, where it rifes to the
Hemlock: The terminated by a large um-
ftalk is height of ten or twelve feet, with a thick woody
bel of fmall white flowers, which are fucceeded by ftem, covered with a grey bark; this fends out many
feeds like thofe of the former fort: branches toward the top, which come out oppofite
Thefc plants are both natives of Africa. They are as are alfo the leaves fo placed, which are Oval, and

propagated by feeds, which Ihould be fown in pots covered, with a brown hairy down. At the end of
filledwith light loamy earth, as foon as they arrive the branches the flowers are produced in long clofe
which, if it happens tov/ard autumn, ftiould be fpikes, branching out in clufters, which are yellow,

plunged into a bed of tanners bark, where the heat confifting of one leaf, cut into four fegments; thefc

is gone, and fcreened from froft in winter. In the are fucceeded by oblong capfules, filled with fmall

fpring the plants will come up, and by the middle of feeds. This was fent me by Dr. Houftoun, from Ja-

April will be fit to remove, v/hen they fhould be maica, in 1730, under the title Verbafci folio minor
carefully jhaken out of the pots, being careful not to ^rbor, floribus fpicatis luteis tetrapetalis feminibus
tear off their roots, and plant them each into a fe- fingulis oblongj's in fingulis vafcuHs ficcis. Sloan. Cat.
paratc fmall pot, filled with the fame earth as before; Jam. 139. But as this was a vague title, the
then plunge the pots into the tan again, and water aoftor afterward conftituted a new genu^, and gave
them of the plants, and
to fettle the earth to the roots it the title of Buddleja, in memory of Mr. Buddie,
fhade them from the fun in the day time, until they aileminent Englifti botanift.
have taken new root 3 after this they muft be inured The fecond fort the fame gentleman fent rne frorri
gradually to bear the open air; into which they fhould Carthagena, where it grows naturally. This is the
be removed in June, and placed with other exotic |
Ophioxylon Americanum, foliis cblongis mucroriatis,
plants in a flieltered fituation, where they may remain leviter bardan^e inftar, fubtus laniiginofis.
ferratis
till autumn, when they muft be removed into the Pluk. Aim. 270. tab. 210. fig. s. and was by Plukenet
j
green-houfe, and placed where they may enjoy as fuppofed to be the fame with the former^ vfhich
j

much of the fuii arid air as poflible, but defended from was denied by Sir Hans Sloane In his Hiftory of Ja-
|

froft. maica.
In winteir thefe plants fhould have but little water
j
This fort rifes much
than the firft, and divides
taller
given them, for much wet
very injurious to, them:
is
j
into a great number of flender branches, which ard
in fummer, when they are expofed to the open air, i covered with a ruflfet hairy bark, garniflied with long
they muft be frequently refrelhed with water in dry |
fpear-ftiaped leaves, ending in Iharp points thefe :

'.
weather J but at no time fliould have too much wejt, every at the end of the
for that will rot their roots. branching
Thefeplantsmakeapretty variety In the green-houfe flowers^ growing in, whorls round the ftalks, with
I
in winter^ and when they are placed abroad in the I fmall fpaces between each. It hath long, narrow, '

fummer with other green-houfe plants, they have a I fpear-ftiaped leaves growing between the fpike ^7
good efleft, efpecially when they are grown to a large I whereas thofe of the other fort are naked. The leaves
fize. They generally flower the third year from feeds, I of this are much thinner than thofe of the firft fort,
but their flowers are produced fo late in fummer, j
"
and havie fcarce any down on their under fide ; the
that the feeds have feldomtime to form before the cold
j
fpikes of flowers grow more ere6t, fo form a large
coir>cs on in tlie autumn fome years paft,
\ at leaft for loofe fpike at the end of eveiy branch,
as the feaforis have been cold and moift ; but in warm I The plants grow naturally in gullies or other low
. fummers, the fourth fort will perfed feeds, if they , ,
Weft
ftand in a warm Iheltered fituation. being too tender to refift the force of ftrong winds, fa
The Galbanum of the ftiops
fuppofed to be pro- is are rarely feen in open fituations.
cured from the third fort, for upon breaking the They are propagated by be ob-
feeds, which ftiould
leaves, the juice which flovv^s out from the wound, tained from the countries where they naturally grow^
hadi a ftrong odour of the Galbanum, which is a con- for they do not perfe6l theiVi in England. Thefe
firmation of it. fhould be brought over in their capfules or pods, for
BUCKSIIORN, or HARTSHORN. See thofe which are taken out before they are fent felddhi
Plantago. grbv^. They fliould be fown in fmall pots, filled
BUDDING. See Inoculatin-g. . b
with rich li^ht earth, and very lightly covered witli
BUDDLEJA. Houft. MSS. Lin. Gen. Plant, i^i.
*

the fame % for as thefe feeds are very fmall, fo if they

The Char/cters are, are buried deep in the ground, they perifti. I\he
It hath a fmall permanent empakmcnt, zvhkh is fligMy pots ftiould be plunged into a moderate hot-bed, and
cut at the top into five acute parts. ht flower milft be every third or fourth day gently watered,
'7' is of one
Icaf^ bcll-fhaped^ and quadrifld, the petal king ftretched being very careful not to wafti the feeds out of the
cut beyond the e/mpalement y it haih four ftamina^
fljvrt ground, by too hafty watering them. If the feeds are
'which are placed at the divifior.s of the petals terminated frefti and good, the plants will come up in about fix
hy flyort fiimmis. Hoe oUor.g germen is Jitiiatcd in the weeks, provided they are fown in the fpring ; and if
center^ fupporthig afljortflylc^ crowned hy an obtufeflig- they grow kindly, will be large enough to tranfplant
ina\ the germ en nj'terwardbecon^es an oblong capfule^ having in about two months after, Tliefi they ftiould be
two ceils filled with fen all feeds. .
tarefully feparated, and each planted into a fmall p^r,
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of filled with light rich earth, and plunged into the
Linn^us's fourth dais, inritled Tetrandria Monogy- hot^bed again, obferving to fliade them from the k'Si
nia, the flov/er having four ilamina and but one until they have taken new roof, as alio to refrefti
ftyle.
them with water when they require it. After the
The
Spfxiks are, plants have taken frefli root m the pots, there fnould
1. Buddleja {Americana) foliis ovatis ferratis oppofitis be frefh air admitted to them every day, in pror
floribus fpicatis racemofis, caule fruticofo. Buddleja portion to the warmth of the feafon they muft aJfo •

"with oval favocd leaves^ grovolng

oppofi.te^ flowers grorwlng be frequently, but moderately, refreiried with wat'.r.
in branching fpikes^ and afijrubhyftalL .Buddleja fru- If the plants thrive well, they will ha\-c filled thefe
R r iin.;U
 ,

B G r

pots vvith their roots by the middle of Augufl, grows' naturally wild in great plenty, fo ir \s
this
C.v/xW
ai which time it will be proper^ to fliift them into -feldom admitted into gardens.
pots one fi/e large'r, that they may have time to take The fecond fort grows naturally on the Alps; tl;c
good root again, before the cold weather comes on. leaves of this are much longer than thofe of tlie com-
mon Bugle, the fl:alks are weaker, and decline on.
\Vhen tjide are new potted, the tan fliould be turned
over to renf'w the lieat; and if it is wanted, fome every fide, and the whorls of flowers are much fmaller,
ficfli tai^ rfiuft be added to the bed, to encoyr^ge
and are ranged at a greater diflance. This is ad-
the roots of the plants. In this bed they may remain mitted into fome gardens for the fake of variety, and
:till autumn^ when they mull be removed into the
propagates in plenty by its trailing ftalks. This re-
, ftove, and plun jei^ into the tan- bed ; where they muft quires a m.oift Ihady fuuation. ,. -
.
1

CQpiftantly remain, for they are too tender to thrive in The third fort grows naturally in France, Genxuny,
this country, if they are not fo treated. During the .
and other countries, but is not a native in England.
winter they muft have but little v/ater, and fhould be This grows about four or five inches high, with a
Kept warm , ]put in fummer th?y Ihouid have fr^ili , Cngle fl:alk, which is garniflied with leaves at each
air admitted to them conflantly when the weather is joint, placed oppofite ; thefe are oval, and indented

warm, and frequently fprinkled all over with water. bluntly on their edges. The flowers grow in whorls
\Yith thi5 management, the gjants will fio>yer t;he round the ftalks, and toward the top form a clofe
fp^irth year from feeds, and continue fq to do every thick fpike; and are of a fine blue colour.
ear after, and will make a go^d appearance In the . The fourth fort grows naturally in many parts of
ove. .
. .
' - X . ^ . '^ v
Europe. This approaches near to the common Bugle,
BUGLOSSVM- See Anchusa, and Lycopsis, but the leaves of this are woolly, and the flower-cups
]^ U U
G L A. fourn. Inft. R. H. 208. tab. 58. Ajuga. are very hairy, inwhich the chief difference confifts.
Lin. Gen. Plant. 624. Bugle. ^ -lurii^-^it.-'v ,- There are two varieties pf this,^ one with a white, and
'-

^ The Characters a^-e, ;:{: ?ri;-'-rM;

'

.^
the other a red flower,
^^ ^^.
// h0Sb a fmrt permanent empalement of one leaf 'which The was brought from the Levant by Dr.
fifth fort

^^ fiig^^^h ^^^ ^'^^^ fi'^^ P^^^^ ' ^^^^ flo'wcr is of one leaf Tournefort, and ip preferved by thofe who are curious
v
of the lip kind^ having an incur%;ed cylindrical tube \ the in collefting rare plants. There are two or three va-
ersSy and bifd y the under lip or rieties of it, which only differ in the colour of their
: . Vpp^^ ^(? '-^
V^^y fa^^^i
heard is large^ open^ and divided into three obtufe feg- flowers. ,' - •

inents, md4lf bji^^g l^^g^.t .^-pA^.k^ two fides fm4l\

the This fort requires a little protection in winter, there-

ilk^jhjpur erep^ Jiamim^ ^Ijpoof^ti^hich are longer than fore the plants iliould be planted in pots filled with
the upper lip^ and two'fljorter^ terminated by double fum- ,^ iQ^anfiy foil, and placed in a fhady fituation in fum-
:
tnits, Injfj^ center isjti(at^ii ihe.ffiur germn^^ mer^ but in the winter they muft be reqioved under
. & fender; jiyle th^ l^'^S^k ^f ^^^ fiaminq^ crowned by a common frame, where they may enjoy as much
iwo Jlender Jligma:' The germen afterward become four free air as poffible in mild weather
but in hard froft -,

l]i<5uld be, covered, otherwife they will not live thro*

/Tl^is genujs of gla/its is ranged in tlje firft fection of the winter in this country, unlcfs it proves very fa-
-',
Linna^us's foumenth Didynamia Gym- clafs, intitled vourable. - / '
.

•h/
* *
eijmU? the flower having two long, and two _
This may be propagated, by feeds, which fhould be
•^
gioi;t ftaiTjinajj^ apd i^ fucceeded by naked feeds. fown foon after it is ripe, in a pot filled with loamy
Specibs are, Thg earth, and placed in a fliady fituation till autumn,

\ IJuguIh {R%iqns) foliis caullnis femiamplexicauli- . when it fhould be removed under a frame, where it:
1 ,
bus, ftolo{y|)USJ5p^tricibus, Bugle whofe leaves half may be fcreened from hard froft. In the fpring the
embrace ite Ji,alksy^ and Jhoots "which put out roots* Bu- plants will come up, which fhould be tranlplantcd
gula. Dod. Peii>pt. 135. Common Bugle, -
into feparate pots as foon as they are ftrong enough
2. l^\jqvLA^{Dc^,myfis) foliis qblpngo-oyatis, caulibus to remove, and, in fummer, placed in the Ihade, and
- decumbentibus, Buzle with ol-
verticillis diftantibus. treated as the old plants. It flowers in May, and the
long o-val leaves^ declining ft alhy and the whorls of flowers w
•
feeds ripen the latter end of July. It may alfo be
\

wide afnnder,^^xigu\d, folio n7^^;!cimo flqre pallide cas- ^increafed by ofi'sets, but this is a flow method, be-
nileo. BoVrh. Ind. alt. i. 184. .
', r\y'\ - ;-; caufe the plants put out but few of them, efpecially
3. BuGULA (Pyramidalis) fohis obtufe-dentatis, caule while they are young, fo the other method is chiefly
. fimplici. Bugle with blunt indented leaves^ and a Jingle praftifed. \ .,

JlalL Ajuga tetragono pyramidalis. Lin. Sp. Plajit. . All the other forts are hardy enough, and are eafily
multiplied bjr their fide fhoots -, thefe delight in a moift
4. BuGutA {Gcnevcnjis) foliis oblongis tomentofis, ca- fhady fituation, where they are apt to fpread too
lycibus hifjluisj. Bugle with oblong woolly leaves^ and '
much, efpecially the mo firft forts.
hairy flower-cups, Bugula carneo flore. Cluf. Hift, 2. BULB [Bulbus^^ Lat, Bulbous roots are
o'f BoaSo?, Gr.']

P- 43 >H
' ' I

of two forts, viz. tunicated (or coated) and fquamous

5- ^UGVi^A {Oncnt aUs) ^^
v;lIofa, folds Qvato-dentatis M- (or fc%.) A
tunicated root confifts of many coats,
fiiibus, fioribus refupinatis. Hairy Bugle with oval in- involving each other ; as the Onion, Tulip, &c. m
dented leaves^ pla'ced clofe to theftalksy and invertedflow- whofe roots, if cut through the middle, plainly fhew;
ers. Bugula crientahs villofa flore inverfo candido the feveral coats. A
fquamous root confifts of^many
cum oris purpureis. Tourn. Cor. 14. - \- ,.
,, fcales, lying over each other like tiles upon a houfe,
The hrft fort grows naturally in woods, and fliady or fcales on fifh ; of this Jcind are the Lily, Marta-
jnoiil places, in moft parts of E^ngland, where it gon, &c.
Ipreadsand mcreafes greatly by.the fide flioots, which^ BULBINE. See Anthericum.
put out roots at their joints. There are two varieties BULBOCASTANUM. See Bunium.
of this, one witli a white, and the other a pale purple BULBOCODIUM. Tourn. Cor. 50. Lin. Gem
flower, which I obfervcd growing in fevcral parts of Plant. 368.
Weftmorcland ; but thefe do not differ in any other The Characters are,
refpeft than in the colour of their flov/ers from the The flower hath no empalement^ it is funnel-fljaped^ and
common^ therefore I have only mentioned. them as compofed of fix petals^ which are concave^ having long^
varieties, • -
narrow nccks^ connected at the mouthy but are fpear-
The common Bugle greatly efteemed as a vulne-
Is
fljaped above. hath fix awUfhapedftaminafljorter than
It
.rary herb, and is ufed both internally and extcrnallyj the petals^ and are inferted in their middle^ having in-
it enters as an ingredient into the vulnej-ary decoc- cumbent furnmits. It hath an oval^ blunt^ three-cornered
tions of tJie furgeons, and is commended externally, germen^ fupporting a fender flyle^ crowned by three ob-
applied to ulcers. This is confl:antly mixed with long ere£l fligma. The germen afterward becomes a
the vulnerary lierbs, imported from Switzerland* It triangular pointed capfuky having three cells, which are
is titled Confolida Media, or Middle Confound. As filed with angular feeds.
This
 ' ; '

N N
genus of plants ranged in the firfl: Icclion of fiimmils, vohich are bifid at their bajV. In the confer
This is is

Linn^us's fixth clafs, intitied HexandriaMonogynia, fttuatsd an oblong germen^ having no

ft
by an cbtufe ftigma.
the flower having fix ftamina and one ftyler rfi

The Species are, Jh

I. BuLBocoDiuM '{Alpimim) foliis fubulato-linearibus. e/*

Prod. Leyd. 41. Bidbocodium with narroiV aivl-jbapcd dtfij ft

leaves. Bulbocodium Alpinum juncifolium florc unico

This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feftion
intus albo extus fquallide rubente. Raii Syn. Ed. 3. of Linna^us's fifteenth clafs, intitled Tetradynaniia
Siliquofa, the flowers having four long and two iTiorc
P- 374-
Bulbocodium {Vernum) foliis lanceolatis. Prod. Leyd. '
ftamina, and are fuccecded by pods.

41. Bidbocodium 'with fpcar-JJjaped leaves. Colcliicum The Sp£ci£s are,

vernum Hifpamcum. C. B. P. 6(). I. B CN-iAS [Orientalis) filiculis ovatis
gibbis verrucofis.
Tlie firft fort grows naturally^ upon the Alps, and Lin. Sp, Plant. 670. Btinias with oval convex pods,
alfo upon Snowdon hills, in Wales. This hath a fmall haying protuberances. Cranibe Orientalis dcntis Iconis
bulbous root, which covered with a rough hairy
is folio erucaginis facie. Tourn, Cor. 14. -
flcin^ from which arifes a few long narrow leaves, 2. BuNiAS (£r/<r^^^-(?) fificulis tetragonis angulis bicrifta^
fomewhat like thofe of the Saffron, but narrower ; in tis, Lin. Sp. Plant. Bunias with frjort four-cornered
the middle of thefe the flower comes out, which pods^ whofe angles are doubly crefted. Erucago Monfpe-
ftands on the top of the foot-ftalk, growing ere(5l, and liaca filiqua quadrangula echinata. C. B. i^. 99.
is Ihaped like thofe of the Crocus, but fmaller \ tlie 3. Bunias {Cakile) filiculis ovatis Is^vibvis ancipitibus.
foot-ftalk rifes about diree inches high, and hath four Lin. Sp. Plant, 670. Bunias with fmcoth cval podsj
or five narrow leaves placed alternately upon it
fliort ftandiiig on each fide thcftalk. Eruca mxaritima Italica,
below the flov/er. This flowers in March, and the filiqua hafta: cufpidi C. B. P. 99.
finiili.

feeds are ripe in May, when it grows in a garden, but The firft fort grows naturally in the Levant, from
where it grov/s naturally it is much later. whence Dr. Tournefort fent the feeds to the Royal
The fecond fort grovv^s naturally in Spain,^but harh Garden at Paris. This hath a perennial root, and an
been long cultivated in gardens* It hath a bulbous annual ftalk. It fends out many oblong leaves, which
root, fhaped like thofe of the Snowdrop, covered with fpread on every fide near the ground, and are deeply
a brown fkin, fending out three or four fpear-fliaped jagged on their edges, like thofe of the Dandelion ^
concave leaves, between which comes out the flower, from betv/een thefe arife the ftalks, which grow up-
Handing on a very ihort foot-ftalk, compofed of fix wards of two feet high, fending out branches gar-
petals, three ftanding on the outfide, and three within nifiied at each joint by one oblong fiiarp-pointed
betv/een the other -, thefe, when they firft
'

appear, leaf, eared at the bafe, where they fit clofc to the
change to a bright
are of a pale colour, but afterward ftalk. The branches are terminated by long loole
purple i v/hcn thefe decay, they are fucceeded by fpikes of yellow flowers, compofed of four leaves,
triangular feed-veflTels, which are full of fmall roundilh fhaped like thofe of the Cabbage; thefe are fuc-
feedsT It produces the flowers about the fame time [
ceeded by fliort, oval, rough pods, ending in a point,
" inclofing one round feed.
with the firft. ^ J
Thefe plants are propagated by oflfsets, in the fame the feeds are ripe in September.
manner as other bulbous rooted flowers. The time The fecond fort grows naturally in the fouth of
to remove them, is foon after their leaves decay, but [
France and Italy this is an annual plant, fending
-,

the roots may be kept out of the ground two months [

out many branches, which fpread, and incline toward
without prejudice at that feafon. They fliould not be the ground; garniflied with glaucous leaves, which are
removed oftener than every third year, for their roots deeply divided into many fegments, almoft like th6fe
do not multiply veiy faft, fo by fuftering them to re- of Swines Crefs. The flowers are produced fingly from
main, they will flower much ftronger, and make a the wings of the leaves, toward the extremity of die
greater increafe than if they arc often taken up. , branches; thefe are very, fmall, of a pale yellowifli
The firft an eaftern afpeft, for if it hath
fort requires colour, compofed of four petals, placed in form of
too much fun, it will not thrive ^ but the fecond a crofs, which are fucceeded by fliort pods, which are
fliouki have a warmer fituatlon, fo may be planted in crefted on each fide, containing one or two roundifli
a fouth border, and fliould have a frefh loamy foil, feeds.
but not dunc-ed. They may alio be propagated by The grows haturally about Montpelier
third fort
feeds, which fliould be fown in pots filled with frefli this is alfo an annual plant, fending out many oblong
loamy earth in September, and the latter end of Oc- leaves near the root, which are hairy, deeply cut on
tober, the pots fliould be placed under a frame, to each fide, and fpread on the ground ; between thefe
proteft them from fevere froftj in the fpring the arife two or three ftalks, which grow a foot and a
plants will appear, when they may be removed cut half high, fending out feveral fide branches, gar-
of the frame, and placed where they may have the niflied with oblong rough leaves, indented on their
morning fcn,. but fcreened from the fouth. In very edges ; the upper part of the branches are deftltute
dry weather, they fhould be refrelned now and then of leaves, but have flowers placed alternately on each
with a little water, while their leaves continue green; fide, ftanding on fliort foot-ftalks, which are purple,
bur, when thefe decay, the pots fliould be removed and compofed of four petals ; thefe are fucceeded
to a fliady fituation, where they may remain till au- by oval-pointed pods, containing one or two roundifh
tumn, obferving to keep them clean from v/eeds. In feeds ; there is a variety of this with narrow leaves.
October there fliould be a little frefli earth laid on Thefe plants are all propagated by feed the firft fort :

the fiarface of the other, and the pots placed in flicker . may be fown w^hcre the plants are defigned to remain,
again till the following fpring, when they niuft be in the beginning of April, and when the plants
treated in the fame manner as the form.er year, till come up, they fliould be thinned, leaving tlie(n two
their leaves decay, then the roots fliould be carefullv feet afunder, after whicii they will require no other
taken up, and tranfplanted into the borders of the care but to keep them clean from weeds. Tlie fecond
flower-garden, treadng them as the old roots the •,
year they will produce flowers and feeds, and the
fpring following they will produce their fiov/ers. roots will abide many years after.
BUNIAS. Lin. Gen. Plant, y^j. The other two forts nu;ft be fov/n wkere they are ro
The Characters are, remain, but the beft time is in autumn, IxTaviil t.Kofe
7hc cmpalcjiient is compofed of four cbhngfpreading leaves^ which are the fpring often fail, cr do not
{own in
^.d'icb fall away. The fiower bath four petals,, placed i) come up time enough to perteft tlieir leeds. Thefe
form of a which are oval^ and double the length
crcfs^ require no other culture but to keep them clean
m ere5i. It hath
of the empakment^ joined at their hafc^ and from weeds, and thin the plants to one foot dillan^;.e.
fix ftamina the length of the cttp^ two 0^ which are op-
f ^UNIUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 29S. Bulbocaftanum.
pcfite^ andftjcrtcr than the ether four ^ terminated by ercil Tourni Inft. 312. tab. 161. Pig Nut, or Eardi Nut,
'"*
 ^ .
r*

B B
v; female fit
The Characters Are^ , " * *

^he rrcct, or general mibel is contpofcd of near /c^ pofe the rays {or border) are ftretched out on one fide like

rays cr fmall umbels^ \.Mch are jhort^ and dofe togeti. a tongue, which fpreads open^ and is indented at the top
m in three parts thefe have no ftamina^ but a double-headed
The invclucrtm -of the great timlel is compcfed of \

germen, fup'porti'ng dfi'cndtr flyle, crowned by tivo oblong

fiort narro'-jv leaves^ thoje af the fmaller are the fame
are as long as the umbels. The proper empakment of fligma. The germen becomes a fingle comprejjed feed, cut
'. ^'
ffo-wer is fcarce tlifcernibki The rays of the great mi on each fide. - . : ', - -.

are uniform. The jlc-'j:jers have Jive heart-floaped pe This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedion
which are emtaL and turn inward \ they have five flam of Linn^us*s nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngencfia
IT
are fhorter than the petals., terminated by Polygamia fuperfiua, the flowers having herniaphro-^
'ts \ 'the obloHg germen is fituatcd below the dite and female florets, included in one common em-
fi'

fapporting tvoo reflexed ftyles

.'
palement, wliich are both fruitful;";.. ... - .

ftignia. The germen afterward becomes an oval fruity '

The SrEciES are, . -, .. . V
dividing in t^zvo parts^ containing t'lvo oval feeds^ plain i: BuPHTHALMUM (Helianthoides) calycibus foliolis, fo-
m one fide ^ and convex on the other. . ,
* • *
..liis oppofitis ovatis ferratis triplinerviis caule herba-

This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feftion Hort. Upfal. 264. Ox-eye with a leafy empalement^
ceo..

of LinncEus's fifth clafs of plants, intitled Pentandria ' oval flawed leaves placed oppofite, having three veiiiSy
Digynia, the flower having five ftamina and two and an herbaceous ftalh Chryfarithemum Scrophularia^
ftyles. ..!.,'-", .. . ,
. ;
", ,
i
.
'
' '

.folio Americanum. Pluk. Aim. 99. tab. 22. fig. i.

.

The SpEctES are, .

.., ./-., /\ -
-i
2; BuPHTHALMUM
[Grandiflorum) foliis alternis lanceo-
I.BuN^iuM (Bulboctfftamm) bulbo globofo. Saiiv. Morifp. /latis fubdenticulatis glabris, calycibus nudis caule

256. Earth Nut ^.vith a globular root. Bulbocaftanum herbaceo. Hort; 415. Ox-eye with fmooth fpear-
Cliff.

majus folio Apii. C. B. P. 162. '•;^'' '- '- .w '^ -"^

: ^ . Jbaped leaves {indented below,) naked cmpalcments, and aA
2; BuNiuM {Creticum) radice tnrbinato. Earth Nut with herbaceous ftalk. Afteroides Alpina falicis folio gla-
a turbinated root. ^ Bulbocaftanum Creticum radice bro. Tourn. Cor. 51. tab. 487; ,
,

napi-formi. Tourn. Cor. / i;y' '

'
'
,.!- 3. Bvi*UTHALy.vM{Saliciflolium) foliis alternis lanccola-
BuNiuM (Saxatile) foliis tripartitis filiformibus linea- ^ tis fubferratis villofis calycibus nudis caule herbaceo.
g.
. '
ribus.Earth Nut with very narrow tripartite leaves. Hort. 414. Ox-eye with flpearfhaped leaves placed
Cliff.

Bulbocaftanum minus faxatile Peucedani folio. Tourn. alternate, flawed below and hairy, naked empalements., and

. Inft. 312. ^r . r an herbaceousftalk. After luteus major, foliis faccifaf.

. Thegrows naturally in moift paftures, and
firft fort C. B. P. 266.
in woods, in many parts of England. Of this there . 4. BuPHTHALMUM (Spinoflum) calycibus acute foliofis,

is a variety, fuppofed to be' larger than that which ramis alternis, foliis lanceolatis amplcxicaulibus inte-
•/grows commonly here, but I could never obferve ,
gerrimis caule herbaceo. Hort. Cliff. 414. Ox-eye with
any efleritial difference between" them ; for in fome acute empalements, branches placed alternate^ and
leafly

- places it is found mu'ch larger than in others, but when entire leaves embracing the ftalks, which are herbaceous.

.: they have been tranfplanted into a garden, they have Afterifcus annuus, foliis ad .florem rigidis. .Tourn.
/. proved to be the fame. This hath a tuberous folid Inft. 497. . '

root which lies deep in the ground^ and puts out fi- 5. BuPHTHALMUM {Seffile) floribiis axillaribus calycibus
, 'x,bres from the bottom and fides. The leaves are finely - foliofis, fpinis terminalibus, foliis oblongis obtufis
Cut, and lie near the ground.
;
The ftalk rifes a foot . feffilibus.Ox-eye with fillers comi7tg from the forks of
']
and a half high, -vVhich is round, channelled, and fo- the branches, leafy empalements ending with flpines, and
lid, the lower part being naked ; but above, where . growing clofle to the branches. Afte-
joblong blunt leaves -

it branches out, there is one leaf placed below every ,

rifcus annuus maritimus patulus. Tourn. Inft. 498.
branch, which are cut into finer legments than thofc 6. BuPHTHALMUM (Maritimum) calycibus obtuse foliofis
below. The flowers are white, and fliaped like thofe .
pedunculatis, ramis foliis alternis, fpatulatis cauk
of other umbelliferous plants ; the feeds are fmall, ob- leafy
long, and when ripe arc channelled. It flowers in
/
May, and the feeds ripen in July, foon after which, herbaceous ftalk. Afterifcus inaritimus perennis patu-
the whole herb decays to the ground. .
'
lus. Tourn. Inft, 49 S. ...
The roots of this fort are frequently dug up, and by 7. BuPHTHALHiuM {Jquaticum) calycibus obtuse foliofi.5
the podrer fort of people are eaten raw, naving much feflilibus axillaribus, foliis alternis oblongis obtufis
refemblance in tafte to the Chefnut, from whence it
' caule herbaceo. Hort. Cliff. 414. Ox-eye zvith blunt
had the title of Bulbocaftanum. Thefe roots, when
-
leafy empalements fitting clofle to the florks ofl the flalk,
boiled, are very pleafant and delicious, and are fup- oblong blunt leaves, and an herbaceous ftalk. Afterifcus
pofed to affbrd great nourifliment. The fwine are very annuus Lufitanicus odoratus. Boerh. Ind. 105, alt.
fond of thefe roots, and will root them up, when they 8. BuPHTHALMUM {Fruteflccns) foliis oppofitis lanceola-
are admitted where they grow, and will foon become tis petiolatis bidentatis caule fruticofo. Hort. Clifi'.

fat with feeding on them.. ...:

'
. . 415. Ox-eye with flpear-fhaped leaves growing oppofltte,
The fecond fort was difcovered by Dr. Tournefort in
, having floot-ftalks with two teeth., and a fhrubby flalk.
the ifland of Crete, but it grows naturally in many Afterifcus frutefcens leucoii foliis fereceis & incanis.
other parts of the Levant.
. I received dried fam- Hort. Elth. 44. tab. 38. ? .

ples and feeds of this from Zant, \yhere it grows 9. BuPHTHALMUM {Arboreflcens) foliis oppofitis lanceola-
plentifully. tis craffis, glabris utrinque viridibus floribus pedun-
The third fort I received from the Alps. This is a Ox-eye with thick, flmooth, flpear-floaped leaves
culatis.
very low plant, fcldom rifing above fix inches high. growing oppofite, green on botbfitdes, flowers having floot^
Thefe plants delight to grow among grafs, fo cannot ftalks, and a tree4ike ftalk. Afterifcus frutefcens leu-
be made to thrive well long in a garden, coii foliis viridibus & fplendentibus. Hort. Elth. 43.
BUPHTHALMUM.
.

Lin. Gen. Plant. 876. Af- tab. 38,

terifcus. Tourn. Inft. R. H. tab. 285. Ox-eye. 10.. BuPHTHALMUM (Incanum) foliis oppofitis linearl-
The Characti: Rs are, •

. lanceolatis craflls incanis, floribus feffilibus caule fru-

The ewpakracnt is different in the feveral fpecies. It ticofo. Ox-eye with thick, hoary, narrow, flpear-fljaped
hath a compound radiated fo%ver^ compofed of hermaph leaves placed oppofiite, flowers growing clofle to the branches ^
dite and female florets. The hermaphrodite florets co and a fhrubby ftalk. Afterifcus frutefcens Ic-ucoii fo-
pofe the dijk \ thefe are funnel-fljaped^ and cut into J. liis anguftiflimis fereceis & incanis. Ind. Hort.
farts at the bri?n^ zvhich fprcad open^ and have five fl. Chelf. 27.
der ftamina^ which are floort^ terminated by cylindri The firft grows naturally in North America.
fort
fummits. In the center isjituated an oval compreffed This hath a perennial root and an annual ftalk from
g :

crowned by a thick fligt

pien, fupporting a flcnder flyky the root there arifes many ftalks, in number propor-
The germen afterward becomes an oblong fecd^ whofeb tional to the fize of the roots ; thefe grow upward of
2 fix
 ;

u v.>v%.

feet high, garniftled at each joint with two ob- root their leaves, which are oblonr, bl unt, an d
fix
heart-ihaped leaves placed oppofite, which have hairy, placed alternate, grov/ing cioie
are clofe to ti^e
lon^>-

three longitudinal veins, the bale on one fide being

branches without any foot-ftalks ; the leaves of the
fnorter than the other. The flowers come out at the empalement of the fifth fort end in a very fnarp fpine,
extreniity of the branches, having a leafy empale- and are much broader at their bafe than either of the
ment ^ they are radiated, of a bright yellow colour, other. The flowers of all thefe have much the ap-
rcfembling a fmall Sun-uower, from whence the in- pearance of thofe of the laft, but fome are fm^illJr,
habitants of America have given it that appellation. and thofe of the feventh fort have an aQ-reeable odour.
Ic flowers in Augufl,and when the autumns prove They flower at the fame feafon, and are propa<^ated
favourable, the feeds will ripen in England ; but as in the fame manner.
It propagates eaflly by parting the roots,
there are The fixth fort is a low perennial plant with a flirubby
few perlbns who are folicitous about the feed. ftalk, which rarely rifes a foot high, fending our.

belt time to tranfplant and part the roots, is toward many Ipreading branches from the fl:cm, garniflied
the end of October, when the flialks begin to decay. with hairy leaves, which are narrow at tlieir bafe, bur
Thefe fhould be removed every other year, to pre- broad and roundifli at their extremity the flowers ^

vent their fj^reading too far ; they are very hardy, fo are produced at the end of the branches, they are

will thrive in any lituation bur as the roots are apt

:
yellow, and fliaped like thofe of the former fores,
to extend, they are not proper for the borders of but the leaves of the empalement arc foft and obtufe.
fmall flower-gardens j but in large borders, on the Thefe are feldom fucceeded by feeds in England, but
fides of rural walks, or in fpaces between Ihrubs, the plant is eafily propagated by flips during the fum-
they will be ornamental during their feafon of flow- mer feafon ; if the cuttings are planted in a bed of
enng. freih loamy earth, and covered with a hand-glafs, ob-
Hie fecond grows naturally on the Alps, as alfo
fort ferving to fliade them from the fun in the heat of the
in Aufl:ria, Italy, and the fouth of France. This day, ^nd frequently refreflied with water, they will
hath a perennial root, and an annual fl:alk it grows •, I take root in about iix weeks, when they fliould be
near two feet high, with flender branching ftalks, |
carefully taken up, and each planted in a feparatc
garniflied with oblong fmooth leaves ending in a frnall pot filled with frefli undunged earth, and placed

point ; the flowers grow at the extremity of the in a Ihady fituation till they have taken frcfli root 5
bi'anches, which are of a bright yellow colour, ra- after which they may be removed to a flickered fitu-
diated round their borders like thofe of the Starwort. ation, where tliey may remain till the end of Oftober,
It flowers in June and July, and the feeds ripen in .when they muft be removed to a frame for the winter
autumn. There are two or three varieties of this, feafon, being too tender to live abroad in v/inter in
dilferinf^- in the breadth of their leaves and fize of their this country ; but as they only require proteftion
flowers, but from the fame feeds all thefe have been from hard frofts, they will thrive better when thev
produced. ave a great Iliare of air in mild weather, than if
This fort is generally propagated by parting the roots, confined in a green-houfe : therefore the beft method
which may be performed at the fame time, and in is to place them in a common frame, where they may
the fame manner as is directed for the firfl: fort. As be fully expofed inmild weather, but fcreened from
this doth not fpread fo much as the former, a few the froft. This fort grows naturally in Sicily. Ic
roots may be allowed room in the borders of the flowers great part of the year, which renders it the
flower-garden, efpecially thofe which have little fun, more valuable.
where thefe will continue a long time in flower. The eighth fort with feveral woody ftems from
rifes

The third fort is fomewhat like the fecond, but the the root, which grow to the height of eight or tea
leaves are broader and obtufe ; the fl:alks and leaves feet, garniflied with leaves very unequal in fize, fome
arc alfo hairy, in which confiflis their difference. This of which are narrow and long, others are broad and
flowers at the fame time with the former, and is pro- obtufe ; thefe are intermixed, fometimes coming out
pagated in the fame manner. at the fame joint, and often at the intermediate one-,
The fourth fort rifes a foot and a half high the ; they are foft, hoary, and placed oppofite. The foot-
ftalks divide into many branches upward ; the fide ftalks of the larger leaves have, on their upper fide,
branches rife much above the middle fl:alk, garniflied near their bafe, tv/o fliarp teeth ftanding upward, and
with fpear-fliaped hairy leaves, placed alternately a little higher there are generally two or three more,
the flowers are produced at the forks of the branches growing on the edge of the leaves. The flowers are
on fliort foot-ftalks ; the empalement confifts of feven produced at the ends of the branches fingle ^ thefe
long, ftifi', ending
fpear-fliaped leaves, fliarp ma are of a pale yellow colour, and have fcaly empale-
point thefe fpread out beyond the rays of the flower
i ments. It grows naturally in America. I received
in form of a ftar. The flower fits clofe upon the em- '

"another fort of this from the Havannah, whicli was

palement, the border or rays being compofed of '

found growing naturally there by Dr. Houftoun, who

many female florets, which have one fide ftretched fent it by the following title, Chryfanthemum fruti-
out like a tongue, and indented at the end in three cofum maritimum, foliis glaucis oblongis, flore lu-
parts ; the middle or diik: of the flower is compofed teo. Sloan. Elift. Jam. i. p. 125. The leaves of this
of hermaplirodite flowers, which are tubulous, fun- are fliorter and thicker than thofe of the tenth forr,
nel-fhapcd, and flightly indented in five parts at the and have* no teeth on their foot-ftalks, but in other
brim they are of a bright yellow colour, and arc fuc-
; refpefts are very like it" ; the plants arc not fo hai'dy.
ceeded by oblong compreflTed feeds. The plants The eighth has been long preferved in the Englifli
June and July, and their feeds ripen
flower in in Sep- gardens, and was originally brought from Virginia,
tember, foon after which the plants decay. as I was informed by the Bifliop of London's gar-
The feeds of this fliould be fov/n the beginning- of dener, who raifed it in 1696 atFulham.
April, on open borders, where they are to remain, The ninth fort grows naturally in the Bahama Iflands,
and will require keep them clear
no other care, but to from whence I have feveral tiir^es received the feeds.
of weeds, and thin them to the diftance of a foot and This feldom grows' much more than three feet hio-h,
a half, that their branches may have room to fpread. fending out many ftalks from the root, which are
If the feeds are fown in the autumn, or are permitted fucculent, except near the root, where they are lig-
to fall when ripe, the plants will come up foon after, neous, garniflied with thick, fucculent, fpear-fhaped
and thefe will more certainly ripen feeds than the leaves placed oppofite ; the flo\yers are produced at
fpring plants. the end of the branches upon foot-ftalks which are
The fitth and feventh annual plants,
forts are alfo two inches long. Thefe flowers are larger thanthol ^
which grow naturally in the fame countries with the of the eighth fort, of a bright yellow colour. They
laft. Thefe feldom g ow more than one foot high in appear in July, Auguft, and September, but often
gardens and where ti^ey are wild not fo high, but continue till the end of October.
iciid out many fpreading alternate bra^jches near the

S s The
 '"' ;;
.
.^.

J '

The"' tentlk fort groves' in the' Bahama iflands, from 4. Bo^LEURUM (Rigid^m) caule dichotomo fubnudo, In-
whence I feceived the feeds. This fends out many volucris minimis acutis. Lin. Sp. Plant'. 238. Hare's-
from the root,
flender ftalks which rife near three feet ear' with ftalks growing from the diviJiisH of the branches,
^ ^ . f' \

•
nign, garnnaea wuii luiig, narrow, tliick, fucculent which have no leaves below, and a very fmall pointed in-
leaves, which are very hoary, growing oppofite, em- volucrum, Bupleurum folio rigido. C. B. P. 278.
bracing the ftalk at their bafe j the tlowers are yel- 5. Bupleurum {TenuifiUmum) umbellis fimplicibus akcrnis
low, and" are produced at the end of thb fhoots, hav- pentaphyllis fubtrifioris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 238. Hare's-
ing very Hiort foot-lValks. Thefe appear at the fame ear with ftngle umbels growing alternate^ and five leaves

time with thb?e of the ninth fort. under each three flowers. Bupleurum anguftiffimb fo-

As thefe three forts do not perfeft their feeds m this lio. C. B. P. 278.

countrv, they are pmpagated by cuttings. They 6. Bupleurum {Fruticofum) frutefcens, foliis obova i";

Iliould be' planted in July, when the plants have

been iritegerrimis. Lin. Sp, Plant. 238. Shrubby Hare's-ear
'

for ibme time expofed to the open air, wliereby their with oblong oval leaves which are entire. Bupleurum ar-

flio'ots will behardened and better prepared to take borefcens falicis folio. Tourn. Inft. 310. Sefeli ^-
root, than come abroad. The cut-
when they firft thiopicum frutex, Dod. Pempt. 312. Shrubby Hart-
ting's fhould be planted in fmVJ pots filled with light , t
wort of ^Ethiopia.
loamy edrth,"^nd pfiihged into a very gentle warmth,^ 7 Bupleurum {Diffome) frutefcens; foliis vernalibus
obferving fo fhade them from the fun in the heat of decompofitis planis incifis, asftivalibus filiformibus

tjic day, and gently refrefh them with water, but it angulatis trifidis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 238. Shrubby Hare's-
muft be given to them fparirigly, for ihiith ^et ear, whofe fpring leaves are decompbiinded, plain, and cut,
will' rot them. Ih about fix weeks thefe will have and the furhmer leaves are ridrfd^, angulary and. trifid,
taken root, when they muft be gradually inured to Bupleurum frutefcens foliis ex ^uno punfto plurimis
bear the open air> andfoon after they fhould be eich juhceis tetragonis, Burmari; Afr. i '^5, tab; 7 1
planted in a feparate ffiiall jib't filled with light loamy fol. I.

earth, and placed in the fhade until they have taTcen The firft fort grows naturally upon chalky land
frefli root after which they may be removed to a fhel-
•,
among wheat, in feveral parts of England, fo is fel-r
tered fituation, where tliey may remain till the middle dbm admitted into gardens. The leaved and feeds
'

of Oclober, whtH they muft be removed m the of medicine ; the herb is efteem-
this plant are ufed in

green-houfe. 'f he being hardier than either

eigla'th fort ed' good for dilTolving fcrophulous tumours, and is

of the other, may be placH in a common green- by fome ufed foi- internal and
'
'

ailinents, rup!lH-es,
Koufe ; 'biit'the other tAVo will thrive better in a warm bruifes from a fall. It is called Thoroughwa^t in
glafs-cafe; where thej will receive more fun, and EnglifK.^
'

have a drier air. During the winter, they fliould have The fecond, third, fouftli, and fifth fort^ are annual.
but little'mbiftufe, aAd in very mild weather they The fifth fort grows naturally of Eng-
in federal parts

[\ ^ould have frefH air admitted to them. In the fum- land, the others are natives of the Alps and Pyrenees
'

mer they muft placed abroad in i fheltered fitu-

1^^ thefe are feldoWfcultivaKd but in bbtanic gardens for

: 'ation^' arid trealed in the fame manner as other ex- the fake of variety-'^ Thofe who Hfe defirous to have
,-. otic plants. ' any of thefe Ipecies m their gardens, fhould fow their
BUPLEUROIDES. See Phyllis; feeds Th autumn, where die plants are defigned to
BUPLEURUM [fo called, from Bouj, .%>.and remain, for they do not bear tranfplahtirig well ; and
TO:XfupJi/, coJiay_ latus,, becaufe it is cornmohly belfeved, keep the plants clean from weeds, which is all the
that if cows eat of it, it will burft their bellies.] Lin. culture they require. They flower in June and July,
Gen. Plant. 291. Plafe's-ear.
'
'. .

;
and their feeds ripen in September." --
' if ^

The Characters^ are, The ,fixth fort hath a woody fteni, which fends but
it is a plant with an imhcllateZ jTower j the rays of the branches, fo as to form a large head or bufh,
•rfiany

principal umtel are thin-, cohftfting &f tenjmaller umbels^ covered with a puiplifh bark, and garniflied with ob-
which are mil. and fpread. The jrtvolucrum of the great long, Qval, ftiff leaves, which ai'e very fmobth, of a
tmbel is ccmpofed of many oval pointed leaves, thofe of Tea-green colour the ends of the branches are ter-
^

^ 'tfjefmall have five: The flower hath five Jmall hehrt- minated by umbels of yellow flowers fomewhat like
Jhaped petals, which are thfl'exed\ it bath fiyefiender fta- thofe of Fennel. - Thefe bdme but in Auguft, but
niina^which are terminated by roundifh fummits. Theger- arefeldom fucceede^i by perfeft feeds in England.
men'is fttuated below the fiower, fupporting 'two fmalt re- It grows naturally in the fouth of France and Italy,
'

flexed ftylc)\'^ crowned by a flnall fligma. The gerifienaf- hear the borders of tKe Tea.
teYtjard becomes a foundifh compreffed fruit which is
_,
It is commonly known anidh^g gardeners by the title
channelled^ 'dividing in two parts, containing two oblong of Shrubby Ethiopian Hartwort, and is now pro-
ch'anneHe^Jeeds, convex on one fide, and plain on the other. pagated in the nurfery-garJens for fale. This grows
This genus'of plants is ranged in the fecond fedtion five or fix feet high, formrrig a large regular bufh,
of Linnasus's fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria Digynia, the leaves continuing green through the year render
twoftyles. itmore valuable.^ hardy, fo will thrive in the
It is
The Species are. open air, ahd may l^e ihWmixed with other ever-
I. :uRUM (Rotundifc involucns univerfali- green fhrubs of the falmc'gfbwtTi, in the front of taller
tiis, foliis perfoli; trees, where their ftems are defigned to be excluded
ear. w ^ote ^greater ilmbe from fight. propagated by cuttings, which
It is
flalks growing through the leaves, Perfoliata vulgatif- Ihould be phrited in pots filled with frefh loamy earth,
_ ftma five arvenfis. C. B. P. 277. .
,. .
and in winter fheltered under a hot-bed frame ; in
2. ^UPLEURUM {Angulofum) invblucellis'^p'entaphyllis or- the fpring the cuttings will put out roots, but they
biculatis, univerfali triphyllo ovato, fohis amplexi- will not be fit to'tran^lant till the autumn following
cauhbus cordato-lanceolatis. Lin. Sp, Pl^nt. 236.! fo the pots fhould be placed in a^fliady fituation^n
llaris-ear with the fmall involucrum compofed offive or- fummer, andin dry weather they muft be refreflacd
. ^icular leaves, the larger of thred oval onesy dhd heart , With water. The young plants may be planted in a
fpear-fkaped leaves embracing theflalk. Perfoliata Al-
"
nurfery-bed at two feet diffahde for a year or two to
pina anguftifolia major folio angulofo. C. B. P. get ftrength, and then tranfplanted where they are to
'

3. BuPLEURUM (Odontitis) involucellis pentdphyllis acu- remain. <

tis, univerfali triphyllo, flofculo centrali alciore, ra- The feVenth fdit grows naturally at the Cape of Good
pis Lin. Sp. Plant. 237. Hare' s-ear with
divarlcatrs. Hope, from whence was introduced to the gardens
it
fmaller invoXucrti, Vompofed offive pointed leaves which in Holland. 'This Hfes with a fhrubby ftalk to the
are acute, thofe of the larger three-leaved, the flower in height of five 'or Tix 'feel:, fending out fome fide
the center taller, and the branches fpreading from each branches, which in the fpring have their lower parts
olner. Perfoliata minor anguftifolia, Bupleuri folio. 'garniftied with leaves compofed of many fmall plain
C\B.P.277. I Idbds, "*vvhich are finely cut like thofe of Coriander,
of
 ^; ;

.4K -*
u
of a fea-grecn colour, thefe leaves foon fall ofF, and Will not thrive when planted in dry ground, and being
part of the branches are clofely covered too tender to live abroad in England, renders them
the uppei-
very difficult to preferve ; therefore whoever is de-
withJong rufli-like leaves having four angles, which
firous to have them, fhould plant them in pots, which
come out in clufters from each joint. The flowers
fpreading umbels at the extremity of the fhould be plunged in troughs of water, fo deep as to
grow in
branches, which are fmall and of an herbaceous co- cover the furface of the mould therein about three
lour, and are fuccceded by oblong channelled feeds.
inches. Thofe troughs in which the firft fort is
This fort is commonly propagated by cuttings, which planted, fhould be placed in a warm ftove, where
take root, if they are planted in April in they fhoulcj conftantly remain, being careful to fupply
readily
the water as it may diminifh in the troughs from time
pots filled with light earth, and plunged into a mo-
derate hot-bed, and when they have taken root, they to time. The troughs in which the fecond fort is
ihould be inured to the open air by degrees, and af- put, fhould be placed in a grceh-houfe in winter to
they have obtained ftrength, may be planted each protect the plants from froft, but in fummer they
ter
into a feparate pot filled with light loamy earth,
may be expofed in the open air, with "this manage-
placing them in the Ihade, till they have taken frefh ment, if carefully attended to, the plants may bepre-
root, when they may be placed with other exotic
ferved, and fometimes may be brought to produce
plants in afheltered fituation, where they may remain flowers. w

till the autumn, when they muft be removed

into the BURNET. See Poterium and Sanguisorba.
green-houfe, and placed with fuch hardy plants as BURSA PASTORIS, Shepherds-pouch. This is
require a large ihare of air in mild weather, and only a common weed in mofl parts of England \ which
require a proteftion from froft. propagates fo fad by feeds, as not to be eafily cleared
If this plant is propagated by feeds, thej^ fhould be when they are permitted to flied for there are com- -,

fown in the autumn, foon after they are ripe, in pots monly four generations of this plant from feeds in a
filled with light earth, which mufl be fheltered under year, fo fail does the feed ripen, and the plants come

a frame in winter, and in the fpring removed to a

"

up ; therefore it cannot be too foon or carefully rooted

very gentle hot-bed, which, will foon bring up the out of a garden.
plants ; thefe mufl be inured to bear the open air by 1 U T O MU S, [BiiTo^uov, of ^h, an ox, and Ts/^tw, to cut,

degreess, and then treated in the fame inanner as thofe fo called, becaufe the leaves of it are fo acute, that

railed July: the tongue and lips of oxen, which are great lovers
the feeds ripen in September. of this plant, are wounded by it, fo that the blood
M This genus was J
has the leaves of a Rufh, and produces a
fo titled by Dr. Linnaeus, in honour to his friend Dr. fine
it
- ^ ^i .-,t
^ ^
Burman, profefTor of botany at Amfterdam.
'
- ^^ .
Wate
The Characters are. Gladiole. y

of one leaf The Characters are.

, the floii The flowers grow a Jingle umbely having ajhort three
in

three fmall oblong petals^ fituatei in the mouth of the em- leaved involucrum* "Tht flower bath fix roundifh concave

clement^ it hath ftx fmall Jlamina^ the fummits are at petalsy which are alternately fmaller and more pointed^ it
f hath nine awl-fhaped flamina^ fiyi of which furround the
the mouth of the empale?nenty two at each \ the germen is
c^lindricaly half the length of the empalement^ fupporting ether ^ and are terminated by double lamellated fummits ;

a flender fiyle the length of the corolla^ having three obtuft it hath fix oblong pointed germen^ fupporting a fingle

fligma ; the germen afterward become fix oblong pointed

PS'
feeds. capfules^ having one cell filled with oblong feeds.

with fmall feeds

filled This genus of plants is ranged in the third feflion of
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of Linnaeus's ninth clafs, intixled Enneandna Hexagy-
Mono nia, the flower having nine ftamina, and fix germen.

the flower having fix ftamina and one ftyle. We

The Species are, BuTOMus (Umbellatus) Fh Lap. 159. The Flowering-
ltrmannia (Diftii Rufh^ or fVater-Gladiole. J
s' fpike offli Ruflj
(Bifli There are two one with a
varieties of this plant,
Burmannia with two flowers, Burmannia fcapo biflor^e. rofe coloured flower, and the other with a white, but
Flor. Virg. 1^6, thefe are only accidental variations, therefore not to
The firft grows naturally in Ceylon, in places
fort be enumerated as ^iftinft fpecies.
covered witn water molt part 01 the year, the root ^he Rofe coloured fort is pretty common in ftanding
is compofed of many capillary fibres, from which waters, in many parts of England ; the other is a
come out fix or eight narrow fpear-fhaped leaves, variety of this, though lefs common with us near
near two inches long, which are entire. The flower- London. Thefe plants may be propagated in boggy
ftalk rifes a fpan high, garniflied with five or fix places, or by planting them in cifterns, which fhould
narrow fpear-fhaped leaves which embrace it at their be kept filled with water, that fhould have about a
bafe the ftalk is terminated by a double .fpike of
•, foot thicknefs of earth in the bottom, into which the
flowers fpreading each way thefe are garnifhed with
: roots fhould be planted, or the feed fown as foon ^s
fmall blue flowers, included in a fwelUng fpatha, or they are ripe; thefe, though common plants, yet
fheath ; thefe have each three Ihort petals, fix ftamina, produce very pretty flowers, and are worth propa-
and one ftyle ; and in its native foil, the empalement gating for variety, efpecially/if in any part of the
of the flower becomes a triangular cover to the garden there fhould be conveniency for an artificial
feeds. bog, or where there are ponds of {landing water, as
The fecond fort grows naturally in Virginia and Ca- is many times the cafe, and perfons are at a lofs what

rolina, in watery places, this hath a ftrong fibrous to plant in fuch places, that appear beautiful may
root, from which arife feveral oblong oval leaves, whereas, if thefe, and a few more wild plants, which
four or five inches long, which are fmooth and entire naturally grow in fuch places, were taken into the
between thefe arifes the foot-ftalk of the flower, garden, they would have a very good effeft in diver-
which is fix or eight inches high, terminated by fpikes fifying the feveral parts thereof^
of flowers, two growing in each fpatha or flieath There another fpecies, or at leaft a variety, of thi$
is
thefe arc blue, and in their native foil are fucceeded plant, which is found growing near London, inter-
by fmall feeds inclofed iii the triangular empale- mixed with the common fort, but not half fo larg-e
ment. either in leaf, ftalk, or flower \ but in other refped:S
Thefe plants are very difficult to preferve in gardens; fo like it, as to render it veiy difficult to be diftin-
for as they naturally grow in marfhy places, which guifhed from it, for \vhich re^fon I have npt eni;mef
part rated it j thoi^gh many of the plants fettled in the
rivar
 *' , ' ^
I.
-
' -f ,<

h *

I
U X h
BY
rJvcT'ThnrteCclofe by theChelfea garden, where i
.'-Box-hin/nearDarkiilg in Surry, where wer^
many years. ji
laro-e trees of thefe kinds i biTt of late they have been
they continued their uiiial Tmall frze
1.^/

E UXU S, the Box Tree. pretty much deftroyed, yet there are great numbers
: The Characters are,
! 1
of the trees remaining, which are of, a confiderable
!
'

// halh male and female flo'wers^on thefajne plant ; the bignefs. The wood
of this tree is very ufeful for
male floivcrs have q three-leaved^ and the female a jour- tufners, eno-ravers, and mathematical inftrumcnt-
'
leaved empalement^ which are concave. ^he male flowers '
makersj the wood being fo hard, clofe, and pondei-
/ 0^ and the female three concave petals^ which ous, as to fink in water, which renders it very valua-
are larger than the empalement. The male flowers have ble for divers utcnfils. 'V'^; ^'

-J
''
''"--^
" -
.''

'
four upright Jlamina\ terminated by'double ere5f fimniits All the varieties of the tree ov large ^ox are proper
'
with a rudiment of 'a germ en, but tioflyle or fligma : the to intermix in clumjps of Evergreens, &c. where they
'

female fowers have roundifj, blunt^ three-cornered germ'en^ add to the variety of fuch plantations ; theTe riiay be
fuppcrttng three very floor tfiylesy crowned by obtufe prickly propagated by planting the cuttings in autumn in a
'

Jligma^ The empalement afterward becomes a_ roundijh fliady border, obferving to keep them watered until
capfule, floapcd like an inverted pottage pot^ opening '*in they have taken root, when they may be tranfplanted
three cells^ each having two oblong feeds^ which are cafl into rlurferies, till they are fit for the purpofes intend-

forth by the elaflicity of the pod when ripe. r:\\'\ '

. ed." '
The beft feafon for removing thefe trees is in

This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth feftion •

06lober, though indeed, if care be ufed to take them
of Lmna:us's twenty-firft clafs, intitled Mon'oecia up with a good ball of earth, they may be tranfplant-
Tetrahdria, there being male and fernale flowers on ed almoft at any time, except in fummer. Thefe
\ the fame plant, and the male flowers havino; four trees are a very great ornament to cold and barren
foils, where'few other' things will grow, they may
-'
,i '•"*•• F
{lamina. '
'

Ihe Species are. -frv,,

alfo be propagated by laying down the branches, or
"

z. Buxus {Arborefcens) arborefccns, foliis ovatis. Tree from feeds the laft being the beft method to have :

Box with oi'al leaves, Buxus arborefcens. C. B. P. them grow to be large, the feeds muft be fown foon
*>-«.

232. after they are ripe in a fliady border, w^hich muft be

.'
2. Buxus {Angvflifolia) arborefcens foliis lanceolatis. duly watered
. in dry weather, v- v. ;; -

Tree Box with fpe'ar-fhaped leaves. Buxus aneruftifolia. The Dwarf kind of Box is ufed for bordering flower-
^7 '>i

Raii Syn. 44^. Narrow-leaved Box. beds' or border^ for which purpofe it far exceeds •,

Buxus '{Suffrutkofa) humilis foliis orbiculatis. Dwarf any other plant, it being fubjed to no injuries from
2
Box with round leaves, Buxus humilis. Dod. pempt: cold or heat, and is of long duration, is very eafily
•
782. Dwarf or Butch Box. '
f'
.'
kept handfome, and, by the firmnefs of its rooting,
'-
Thefe are three certainly difl:in<St fpecies.' " The two keeps the mould in the borders from wafliing into the
of Tree Box have been frequently raifed from
forts gravel-walks, more efteftually than any plant what-
feeds, and conftantly produced ^plants of the fame ever. This is increafed by parting the roots, or plant-
'•
kind from"'t"hofe the feeds were taken from; and the ing the flips but as it niakes fo great an increafe of •,

itfelf, and fo eafily parts, it is hardly worth while to

\ Pwarf Box will never rife to any confiderable height
^':
with any culture,' nor have I ever feen this fort flower, plant' the flips that have no roots.t-ii^It. is now be-
'"
where the plants have been encouraged to grow many come fo common, that it may be purchafed from the
'V years in the greateft luxuriancy. There are two or nurferies at a cheap rate. / .. •' .
", -. ,,!

three varieties of the firft fort, which are propagated '[The manner 6f planting this in edgings, &c. is fo
\
iji'the gardens, 'one with yellow, and the other white -^:.well underftood by every working gardener, that it

ftriped leaves. The otlier hath the tops of the leaves would be needlefs to mention any thing of that kind
;'

only marked with yellow, which is called Tiped Box. here. .\ •--: ; ,. ,
/- j/^-^- ::) ..'.

The firft and fecond

T - /- --»
forts grow in great plenty upon BYTTNERIA.. b '
See Basteria. > ,
. , X

f M, * ' V,
-^.
f */ ' _
_ .^

' ^ .* .-* fi.* *

1
* t * 41
t - 4 - -
• * , a
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I T'T
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. V I
M ..^
tw K

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) I I

\
lif " I
* 1^4'
: -

t ' f . '•
-> >
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* f

-'
^' ^, A^
,^ is ^' * L
V \
/

•i r- '< f-1 -k
-.' \ - ' ^
1 ^
- /( " I r = i 4
i-r • I

"J

*'L •r - t _ aJ ' \

* -^ -. " -•
',

V fs -•

^y. A-' T ^ ^ .
* *-
ij^i/
If'

• *H,<
* J" *
f

< f
•'
!
€ A C A
* ->
^i ' -^ ,:r-:: »

I- - ' *
'*
I

-
•

' '^
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* -
^
C C
AAPEBA. See CissAMPEiius; ':^ \ This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feflion of
CABBAGE. See Brassica-/'-'' I
'Linnreus's twenty-firft clafs, intitled Syngenefia poly-
CABINET, in a gartlen, a conveniency is 'gamia asqualis ; thefe have
'
all hermaphrodite flowers
'which differs from an arbour, in this, that ;
'-^
which are fertile. -
.

V an arbour or fummer-houfe is of great length, and

.1
"'The Species are, " *'

\ "arched over head in the form of a gallery but a ca- •, Cacalia {Alpina) foliis reniformibus acutis denticu-
; .
, binet is either fquare, circular, or in cants, making latis calycibvis fubtrifloris. Gouan. Monfp. 429. Ca-
'
;-
a kind of falon, to be fet at the ends, or in the mid- calia with kidney-fhdped leagues which are floarply indent-
':"
•/ die of a long arbour. \ " ed., and generally three flowers in each empalement, Ca-
"GACALIANTHEMUM. See Cacalia,
•

calia foHis crafiis hirfutis. C. B. P. 197.

1:ACALIA,. Foreign Coltsfoot, ;; '../.':/! 2. Cacalia {Glabra) foliis cutaneis acutioribus & gla-
^' "•"
'^he Characters are, '
'
"' •
bris. C. B. P. 198. Cacalia zvith fntooth leaves^ having
_
-It bath
compound flowers which' are included in one com- acute points.
Doints.- Cacalia glabro folio. Cluf Hift. 2.
\,f^'^on.,eyUndrical.^fcaly empalement: the flowers are tu~ p. 115* "'"* '.-''.- '-^'J ^--^
lulous and fimnel-fhaped^ cut at the top into five parts Cacalia {Suaveolens) caule herbaceo foliis haftato-fa-
3
^
\vhichfland "ereEl ^ thefe have 'each five fhortflender'Jta-
' gittatis denticulatis, petiolis fuperne dilatatis. Horc.
^
minay terminated by cylindrical fummits. The germen is _
Upfal. Z54" Cacalia with an herbaceous flalk., fpear-
crowned with down, fupporting a fender ftyle, crowned floaped indented dr/i the' tipper fide of the foct-ftalk
ledi^es,''
by two oblong recurved fligma the germen afterward be- -^ fpreading, Cacalia Americana procerior, folio triangu-
comes a fmgle oblong feed^ crowned it ith long down. lari per bafin- auriculato, fioribus albis. Edit, prior.
6
V
4. Cacalia
 A +
A
caule herbaceo, foliis fub- The fourth fort Is 1 native of America, but has been
4 Cacalia (Atriplkifolzd)
cordaris dentato-finuatis, calycibus quinquefloris. Lin. many years in foir.e curious gardens. This hath a .

Cacalia with an herbaceous ftalk^heart- perennial root, and an annual ftalL The root
Sp. Plant. 835. i.?

leaves, and five forets in each empalement. compofed of many flelhy fpreading tubers, fending
foapcdfinuated
Pluk. Aim. out feveral ftrong ftalks in the fpring, which rile
Kardus Americana procerior, foliis ca^fiis.
four or five fc-et high, garniflied with roundifli he.art-
251.
{Ficoides) caule fruticofo, foliis compreffis fliaped leaves, greatly indented on their edges, of a
5. Cacalia
Lin. Sp. Plant. 834. Cacalia with a firubhy fea-green on their under fide, but darker above, placed
carnofis.
Senecio
comprejfed leaves.Africanus alternately the length of the ftalks, which are termi-
ftcilk, aftd flefiy
arborelcens,rtcoidis folio &
facie. Com. Ran Plant;40. nated by umbels of yellowifti herbaceous flowers, ap-
caule fruticofo compofito, foliis pearing in July and Auguft, and are fucceeded by
6. Cacalia [Kleinia)
feeds like thofe of the former which ripen
lanccolatis planis, pctiolorum cicatricibus obfoletis,
fort,, in
Plant. 834. Cacalia with a compound Jhrubhy Oftober.
Lin. Sp.
ftalk, plain fpear-JJjaped leaves,
and the foot-jtalks leav- The firft and fecond propagated by parting
forts are

Cacaliantlienuim folio nerii glauco. Hort. their roots, for they feldom produce good feeds in
ing fears.
Eith. 6r. tab. 54.
' England. The beft time to tranfplant and part their
•

Cacalia caule
{Papillaris) fruticofo obvollato fpinis roots is in autumn. They require a loamy foil and
7.
a fliady fituation. .)-...
pctiolaribus truncatis. IJn. Sp. Plant. 834. Cacalia
'. .. • -

with a forubhy Jtalk, guarded en every fide^ with broken

* The third and fourth forts propagate in great plenty^
rough foct-fialks, Cacalianthemum caudice papillari. both by their fpreading roots, and alfo^ their feeds.
Hort."Eltli. (>!,. tab. 55. ^
.
' The roots ftiould be tranfplanted in autumn, and re-
8. QACAhiA{Ante-euphorbium) caule fruticofo, foliis ova- quire a moift foil and an open fituation. If the feeds
to-ob]ongis, petiolis bafi linea triplici deduftis. Lin. are permitted to fcatter, the plants will come up in
frrribby ftalk the fpring v/ithout any care.
of the ft The fifth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
ftalk. Klcinia foliis carnofis planis ova Hope.* This rifes with ftrong round ftalks to the
Hort. Cliff. \. height of feven or eight feet, which are woody at bot-
395.
Cacalia {Scnchifolia) caule herbaceo, foliis lyratis tom^ but foft and fucculent upward, fending out
amplexicaulibus dentatis. Lin. Sp. ii6g. Cacalia with many' irregular branches, garniflied more than half
ftalk, and lyre-ft their length with thick, taper, fucculent leaves, a
little compreffed on two fides, ending in points, co-
theft
10. Cacalia {Lutea) caule herbaceo, foliis quinque- vered with a whitiftu glaucous farina, which comes
partitis acutis fubtus glaucis, floribus terminalibus off when handled. Thefe, when broken, emit a
pcdunculis longifTimis. Cacalia with an herbaceous ftalk, ftrong odour of turpentine, and are full of a vifcous
leaves divided into five acute parts, glaucous on their under juice i at the extremity of the branches the flowers
fde, and flowers with long fcot-ftalks terminating the ftalks. are produced in fmall umbels ; they are white, tubu-
The firit fort grows naturally in Auftriaj and the .
lous, and cut into five parts at the top. The ftig-
Helvetian mountains, but is frequently preferved in ma which cro>yns the ftyle is of a dark purple colour,
curious gardens for the fake of variety. This hath a and ftands eredt above the tube. The ftamina are ,

flefhy root which fpreads in the ground, from which much ftiorter, and furround the oblong germen, which
fprin 3 up many leaves, ft.lnding on fingle foot- is fituated in the center of the tube, and is crowned by

llalks^, neaped like thofe of Ground Ivy, but of a long, white, hairy down. The germen afterward be-
thicker texture, of a fhining green on their Lipper comes an oblong feed, with the fame down adherintr
fide, but white on their under between thefe arife
•, to it; but thefe do not ripen in England. Some of
the foot-ftalk, wJiich is round, branching tov/ard the the noblemen In France have the leaves of this plant
top, and grows a foot and a half high under each •, pickled ; in doing of which, they have a contrivance
divifion of the ftalk is placed a fingle leaf, of the to preferve the white farina with which they are co-
lame fliape with thofe belov/, but much fmaller; the vered, and thereby render them very beautiful.
branches are terminated by purplifli flowers, grpw- This fort is eafily propagated by cuttings during the
ing in a fort of umbel. I'hefe are fucceeded by ob- fummer months thefe ftiould be cut from the plants
:

long feeds, crowned with down. and laid to dry a fortnight, that the wound may be
The fecond fort hath the appearance of the firft, but healed over before thiCy are planted. Moft people
the leaves are almoft heart-fliapcd, pointed, and plunge the pots, in which thefe are planted, into a
fnarply fawed on their edges, and on both fides very moderate hot-bed, to forward their putting out roots %
green; the ftalks rife higher-, the leaves upon the but if they are planted in June or July, they will
italks have much lonc-er foot-ftalks than thofe of the root as well in the open air. I have frequently had
firll. The fiowers of this are of a deeper purple co- the branches broken off by accident, and fallen on
lour. This grov;s naturally on the Alps. They flower the ground, which have put out roots v/ithout any
toward the end of May, or the beginning of June. care, Thefe branches may be kept fix months out
"r*he third fort grows 'naturally in North America. of the ground, and will take root if planted. This
This Iiaih a perennial creeping root, which fends ftiould have a light fandy earth, and in winter be
out many ftalkr, garnifhed with triangular fpear- placed in an airy glafs-cafe, where they may enjoy thd
iliaped leaves, fharply fawed on their edges, of a pale '
fun and air in mild weather, but muft be protefted
green on their under fide, but a deep flaining green from froft. During the winter fcafon, the plants
above, placed alternatelv. The ftalks rife to the muft have but little water-, and in fummer, when
'^ht
heigl of {^v^w oreiglit feet, and are terminated by they are placed in the open air, it fliould not be given
um bels of white flowers, which are fucceeded by ob- them too often, nor in great quantity, but treated
long feeds crowned with down. It flov;ers in Au- like the Ficoides, and other fucculent plants from
guft, and the feeds ripen October. This plant
in the fame country. It flowers ufually in autumn, but
niultiplies greatly bv Its fpreading roots, and alio by is not conftant to any fcafon.
t:K* iti'ds, which are fpread to a great diftance by the The fixth fort grows naturally in the Canary Iflands,
wind, the down wliich adheres to them being greatly but "has been long an inhabitant in the Englifti gar-
afiiiun:; to their convevance. The roots of this dens. This rifes with a thick flefhy ftem, divided
plant, V. hich have been caft out of the Chelfea gar- at certain were, in fo many joints ;
diftances, as it
den, have been carried bv the tides to a p-rcat diftance, each of thefe divifions fwell much larger in the mid-
where they have lodged on tlie banks of the river, and dle than they do at each end ; the ftalks divide ir.to
taftened chcmfelves to the 'ground, and have increafed many irregular branches of the fame form, which,
io much, as that in a few years, it may appear as a toward their extremities, are garniflied wnth long, nar-
native of this countr}-. The ftalks decay in autumn, row, fpear-fhaped leaves, of a glaucous colour, (land-
and new ones arife in the ipring. ing all round the ftalks without ord As thefe fall
T t ofi^.

*_
 «
.'tT'

J
1^
I

GAG
off, they leave a fear at the place, which always re- fown on a hot-bed in the fpring, and when the plaats
mains on the branches. The flowers are produced in are fit to remove, they fliould be planted on another
large clufters, at the extremity of the branches, which hot-bed to bring them forward, ftiading them till
are tiibulous, and bf a faint Carnation colour. They they have taken new root, after which air fliould be
appear in Auguft and September, but continue great daily admitted to them in propc^-tion to the warmth
part of Odober, and are not fuccecded by feeds in of the feafon. When the plants have acquired ftrength,
this country. There have been ftones and fofTils dug :: they fliould be planted in pots, and either plunged
up at a great depth in fomc parts of England, which . into a moderate hot-bed under a deep frame, or
have very perfefl: impreffions of this plant upon them j .. placed in a glafs-cafe, where they will flower and
from whence Dr. Woodward has fuppofed, the plants perfect their feeds. ,/- r ''•..: .-

were lodged there at the univerlal deluge j and ' ,.T1k tenth Helena, frojn
fort grows naturally at St.

.
finding the impreffions of many other plants and .;.whence I received the plants: the roots of this fort
animals, which are natives of thofe iflands, he con- fpread and increafe under the furface, fo is eafily pro-
cludes that the waters flowed hither from the fouth- pagated by parting the roots j the leaves arile im-
weft. ,;. >
+ I

: mediately from the root, having very fliort foot-ftalks;

.

This plant has been called Cabbage-tree by the gar- thefe are cut into five or fix long acute fegments al-
deners, I fuppofe from the refemblance which, the :'moft to the midrib, the fegments are alfo acutely cut
llalks bf it have to that of the Cabbage others have : . on their fides in two or three places the under fide :

.: titled it Carnation-tree, from the fhape of the leaves, of the leaves are glaucous, their upper fide of a dark
and colour of the flowers. :-.>.{: ;<-
r
, green. The flower-ftalk arifes between the leaves
It is propagated by cuttings, in the fame manner as immediately from the roots; this is naked, about
4 .the former fort, and the plants require the fame cul- eight inches high, terminated by fix or eight yellow
I'
ture ; but muft have a dry warm glafs-cafe in winter, . compound flowers ftanding on longfoot-rtalks, almoft
and very little water, being very fubjeft to rot ... umbellatim ; the flowers are fucceeded by oblong
with wet. In fummer they muft be placed in the V feeds, which rarely ripen in England. ^^
open air, in a warm flickered fituation, and in very As this plant increales fo faft by its root, there is
,

dry weather refreflied moderately with water. With little want of the feeds ; therefore the roots may be
-t
this management the plants will flower annually, and parted either the beginning of September, or the
:
,

grow to the height of eight or ten feet. . r. r :;

'latter end of March, and fliould be planted in pots

The feventh fort refembles the fixth in its form and ..filled with light earth, and plunged into the tan-bed

manner of growth, but the leaves are narrower and in the ftove, where it fliould be conftantly kept, being
more fucculent. "Thefe do not fall off entire like the too tender* to thrive elfewherc in this climate.
'' >

other, but break ofl^ at the beginning of the foot- CACAO. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 660. Theobroma. Lin. i

ftalk, which are very ftrong and thick and alv/ays -, Gen. 806. The Chocolate-nut. .... . ,

;i continue, fo that the main ftalk of the plant, and the •^ The Characters are.

*U lower part^of the branches, which are deftitute of )fed of five fpear-Jlmped leaves^
leaves, are fet round on every fide with thefe trun- '
which fpread open. f bkb
- '
cated foot-ftalks. This fort hath not as yet produced fpread
any flowers in England. It is propagated in the fame ere5f Jlaminay which are as long as the petals, terminated
manner two former
as the forts, from cuttings, and by pointed fummits. In the center is placed the oval ger-
-

- ' the plants muft be treated hath been direfted for

as fupporting a Jingle fiyle, the length of the ft amine.
the fifth fort, but require to be kept drier, both in crowned by an ereEt ftigma. ift

winter and fummer ^ therefore, in very wet feafons, comes an oblong pod^ ending in a -point ; which is woody,
the plants fliould be fheltered from hard rains, which •
warted, and divided into five cells, which are filled with
often caufe them to rot, when they are expofed oval, comprejjed, fiejhy feeds, ? .
'

;
-

thereto \ but they require the open air in fummer. l^his genus of plants was conftituted by father Plu-
This fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good Hope. mier, who communicated
the charafters, which he
The eighth fort has been long prefervcd in the Eng- . had drawn in America, to Dr. Tournefort, who has
lifli gardens, and was generally titled Ante-euphor- inferted it in the Appendix Dr. to his Inftitutions.
bium, fuppofing it to have a contrary quality to the Linnasus has joined this to the Guazuma of Plumier,
Euphorbium. This rifcs with many fucculent ftalks under the ricle of Theobroma; but as the fruit of
from the root, as large as a man's finger, which thefe plants are very different from each other, I
branches out upward, into many irregular ftalks of keep them under different genera.
ftiajl

the fame form, but fmaller, garniftied with flat, ob- We have but one Species of this plant, which is,
long. fucculent leaves, placed alternately round the Cacao. Cluf. Exot. 'The Chocolate-nut-tree.
branches ; under each foot-ftalk there are three lines This tree is a native of America, and is found in
or ribs, which run longitudinally through the branches great plenty in feveral places between the tropics,
joined together. This fort very rarely flowers in
. but particularly at Caracca and Carthagena, en the
Europe, but is propagated by cuttings in the fame river Amazons, in the ifthnuis of Darien, at Hon-
manner as the fifth, and
equally hardy.
is It muft duras, Guatimala, and Nicaragua. At all thefe places,
have very little wet, elpecially in winter, and requires it grows naturally without culture; but it is culti-

a dry, fandy, poor foil. ^ \ vated in many of the iflands which are pofl^efied by
The ninth fort grows naturally in Ceylon, China, the French and Spaniards, and was formerly planted
and alfo in the Spanifli Weft-Indies, from whence I in fome of the iflands which are in the pofieflion of
received the feeds. This fort feldom continues longer the Englifli ; but it has been ncglefted for many years
ihan to ripen its feeds. The ftalk rifes near two feet paft, fo that at prefent it is fo fcarce in thofe places,
high, branching a little toward tlie top ; the leaves that the Englifli are fupplied with by the Frcncii. it
are cut on their fides, and finuated fomewhat like and Spaniards, who make the inhabitants pay them
thofe of Muftard, fitting clofe to the ftalks, which a good price for it; and as there is a great quantity
are terminated by flowers formed almoft in an umbel; of it confumed in England, confequently it mull
thefe are infome plants yellov/, and in others purple; make an alteration in the balance of trade greatly
they are fmall, and are fucceeded by oblong oval to the prejudice of the Englifli; which might be
feeds, having a feathery down. It flowers in July, cafily remedied, our colonies were
if the planters in
and the feeds ripen in September, foon after which but the leaft induftrious ; fince, as it formcrlv grew
the plant decays. on thofe iflands, fo as to produce not only a fufikieut
This propagated by feeds, which, if fown in the
is quantity for their own confumptioji, but to fupply
autumn foon after they are ripe in a pot, and plunged Europe with great quantiries, there can be no ob-
into the tan-bed in the ftove, will more certainly jeftion to the planting it in thofe iflands again, cfpe-
fucceed than thofe fown in the fpring ; but where cially thofe fituations where the fugar canes do
in
there is not fuch convcniency, the feeds fliould be not thrive to advantage.
I fliall
 ;;

A
fubjoin the bcfl account of this plant, planted, fo a§ that they may be placed in a qiiiitcun^r
I Hull ihcrcforc
which requires in thole countries, order, at equal diftance every way, or at leaft that
and the culture it

which
profitshave arifen from it to thofe the Plantain-trees between them may form a quin-
with the
fomc of thefe trees of late years, cunx, with the two rows of Chocolatc-trecs^ which
who liave planted
experiment, in order to excite others to are placed between each row of them. •

bv way of
their example and fliall afterward give di- In making a plantation of Chocolate-nut-trees, the
follow •,

cultivating in England, by way of nuts mull be planted where the trees are to ^
rections for it f

for if the plants are tranfplanted, they feldom live

curiofity.
making of
a plantation Chocolate-trees, you and thofe which furvive it, will never make thriving
In
the choice of the fituation, trees for, as I before obferved, thefe trees have a
muft firft b'e very careful in -,

otherwifc there will be fmall hopes of tender tap root, which, if broke, or any way injured,
and the foil,
the tree commonly decays.
fuccefs. As to the fituation, it fliould be in a place
where the trees may be protected from ftrong winds, The nuts fiiould always be planted in a rainy feafon,
they expofed, they will foon be de- or at lead when it is cloudy weather, and fomc hopes
to which if are
ftroyed fo that in fuch places where torrents of water
:
of rain falling foon As the fruit ripens at two
after.
different feafons, viz. at Midiummer and at Chrift-
have wafhed away the earth lb as to leave broad and
mas, the plantation may be made at either of thofe
deep furrows (which the inhabitants of thofe idands
but the chief care muft be to choofe fuch nuts as are
call gullies,) thcfe trees will thrive exceedingly: and
perfectly ripe and found, otherwifc the whole trouble
as thcfe are very frequently to be found in thofe
ifiands, and many of them are of large extent, and
and expence will be loft. The manner of planting
the nuts is, to make three holes in the ground, within
not much cultivated, it may be a great improve-
ment to fome eilates, which, at prefent, are of fmall two or three inches of each other, at the place where
value. The foil in thefe guUies is generally rich and every tree is to ftaud; and into each of thcfe holes
moill, which is what thefe trees require \ fo that they fliould be one found nut planted about two inches

v/ill make great progrefs in thefe places, as hath been

deep, covering tliem gently with earth. The reafon
experienced by thofe perfons, who have lately made for putting in three nuts at every place is, becaufe

trials of the plants in thefe fituations i but where they feldom all fucceed ; or, if molt of them grow^
there are not a fufficient number of thefe gullies, the plants will not be all equally vigorous fo that •,

choice fhould be made of a fituation which is well when the plants have had one year's growth, it is very
llieltered by large trees or, if there are not trees
-,
eafy to draw up all the weak unpromiifing plants,

already grown^ there fhould be three or four rows and leave the moft vigorous ; but in doing this,
planted round the fpot which is defigned for the Cho- great care ihould be had to the remaining plants, fj
colate-trees, of fuch forts which are of quickcft as not to injure or difturb their roots in drawing the
otiier out.
^
rowthi and within thefe rows there fhould be fome :I

Plantain-trees, planted at proper diftances, which I It isvery proper to obferve^ that the Chocolate-nuts
will not retain their growing faculty long after they
being very quick of growth, and the leaves very | .

large, will afford a kindly flielter to the_ young are taken frorii the trees, fo that there is no poffibility

Chocolate-trees placed between them. of tranfporting them to any great diftance for plant-
The Chocolate-trees which are cultivated, feldom I pg; nor Ihould they be kept long out of the ground,
grow to more than fourteen or fifteen feet in height, I in the natural places of their growth. There are
nor do they fpread wide ; fo that
their branches very I iomt authors^ who have written the hiftory of this
if the Plantain-trees are placed in rows, about twenty I
tree, and of the nuts,
diftinguifli three different forts

four feet afunder, there will be room enough for two from the colour of their fkins, one of which is of a
rows of Chocolate-trees between each row of Plan- whitilh green colour, one of a deep red, and the third
tains and if they are placed at ten feet diftance in
;
6f a red and yellow colour-, but thefe are not fpeci-
the rows, it will be fuflicicnt room for them. Thofe fically different, but all arife from feeds of the fame

trees which are found wild in uncultivated places, I

tree, as is the cafe of our Filberts, which differ in

are generally of much larger growth, which may be l the colour of their flcins, but are of the fame colour
occaiioned by the other trees, amongft which thefe ' .within, and have the fame tafte. There are others,
are found growing; for, being protecled from the who would diftinguifli thefe nuts by their fize and
winds by thofe, they are not fo much in danger there- form, fome being larj^c and thick, others almoft as
from, as thofe which are cultivated and the other : I flat as Beans \ but thefe differences, I have been ere-

trees clofcly furrounding them, will naturally draw

j
dibly informed, from fome accident, as thofe
arife
them up to a greater height however, that is not a :
trees which are young and vigorous, and grow upon
j

defirable quality in thefe trees; for the lower tliey a deep rich foil, will always produce larger and better
j
are, the better the fruit may be gathered without I
nourilhed fruit, than thofe which ftand on a ftallow
hurting the trees, and the Icfs they are expofed to the ^I'y ground, and are unthriving trees: as will alfo
I
injuries of the weather ; fo that the inhabitants never
defire to have their trees above twelve or fourteen I
of the fruit; for old tr<ies are generally obferved to
feet high. produce fmallerand flatter nuts than thofe v/hich are
The foil upon which thefe trees thrive to moft ad- |
young, or than the fame trees did bear while they
vantage, is a moift, rich, deep earth ; for they ge- were vigorous.
nerally fend forth one tap root, which runs very When the Chocolate-trees firft appear above ground,
deep into the ground, fo that wherever they meet they are very tender, and fubjed to great injuries
with a rocky bottom near the furface, they feldom from the ftrong winds, the fcorching fun, or great
thrive, nor are they of long continuance but in a ; droughts, for which reafon the planters are obliged
rich, deep, moift foil, they will produce fruit in to guard againft all thefe enemies, firft, by making
pretty good plenty the third year from feed, and will choice of a flickered fituation, or at leaft by planting
continue fruitful for feveral years after. trees to form a flneker ; and, if poffible, to have the
Before the plantation is begun, the ground fliould plantation near a river, for the convenlency of wa-
be well prepared by digging it deep, and clearing it tering the plants the firft feafon, until they have made
from the roots oi the trees, and noxious plants, ftrong roots, and are capable of drawing their nou-
\vhich, it iulfered to remain in the ground, will flioot rifliment from fome depth in the earth, where they
up again after the firft rain, and greatly obftruft the meet with moifture. But in order to flielter the
growth of the plants ; {o that it will be almoft im.- plants from the fcorching rays of the fun, they ge-
poffible to clear the ground from thofe roots, after nerally plant two rows ot Caffada between each row
the Chocolate plants are come up, without greatly of Chocolate-trees, which will grow about fevcn or
injuring them. eight feet high, and fcreen the young plants from
^^ hen the ground is thus prepared, the rows fliould the violence of the fun the firft feafon ; after which
be marked out by a line, where the nuts are to be time, they will be in lefs danger of injury therefrom \
1

2 anJL
 ;
-'
.
:f ..; -^

c
i:

when theXadada taken - 4* moclerate crop, but tliey generally pull off fome
ah(i the following fearon, is

the ground fhould be Vorkcd between ,. flowers from thole trees which are weak, that thi-y
vp for ufe,
the young plants, being very careful not to injure
'
may recover ftrcngth bef5r€ they Art too old.

their roots by this operation. This method of plant- From the time when*
the fiowers
-
fall off, to the rhu-
- turity of the fruit. about four irionths; It, is ealy
ing the Caffada between the yoUng Chocolate-trees,
Is

is of great advantage to the planter ; for when

the to know when the fruit is ripe by the colour of the
roots of the Caffada are taken up for ufe^' it will de- pods, which become' yelloV/ oh th<? fide next the fun.
fray the expence of keeping the ground cTeaii from
In gathering the fruit, they generally place a negro
»>'-
weeds, without which the young plants will come to to each row of trees; v/ho, being furnifiied with a

nothing/- The Plantains alfo, which will be fit to ^bafket, goes from treeto6ve, aiid cuts off all tliole

cut in about twelve months after planting, will de- whi^h are ripe, leaving the others for a longer time
fray the whole expence of preparing the ground, fo to ripen;" When the baiket is full, he carries the

that the produce of the Chocolate-trees will be neat fruit, and lays it' in ^'tmtpitonc ^nd of the plan-

profit; for as the Plantains produce fruit and decay, where, after they have gathered the v/h6!e
tation ;

plantation, they cut the pO(3s lengthways, and take

they will be fucceecfed by fucker^, which will produce
fruit in eight months after; whereby there will be a out all the nuts, beirig careful to diveft them of the
continual fupply of food for the negroes, which will pulp which clofely adhered to them'; and then tlicy
more than pay for keeping the ground wrougKt,'lhd
"

carry them to the houfe, where they lay them in large

'^caflcs, or other veflils of wood, raifed above ground,
clear fforfi weeds, until the Chocolate-trees begin to
produce fruit, which is generally the third year after and cox^r thehl with kaves of the Indian Reed and
planting. -, > '
^''
±1
'' -^^-' ^^'^ mats, upon which they lay fome boards, putting
The planters ufually fet the Plantain-trees two or fome ftones thereon to keep them down clofe, in
N

three months before the Chocolate-nuts are ripe, order to prefs the nuts'. In thefe vcffels the nuts -are
that they may be large enough to afford fhelter'to the kept four or five days ; during which time, they muft
young plants when they come up and the Caffada -,
be ftirred and turned every morning; otherwiie they
always planted a month or fix weeks before the Svill be in danger of perifliing from the great fermen-
is

Chocolate-nuts, for the fame reafon. 'Sorne people ,tation they art ufually in. In this time 'they change
plant Potatoes, 6thers Cucdriibers arid Melons, or from being white to a dark red or brown colour.
-Water Melons, between the rows of Chocolate plants; Without this fermentation, they fay the nuts will not
which, they fay, will prevent the weeds from rifing ^ktep; but will fprout, if they are in a'damp place,
to injure the young plarifsV for "is all thefe trail on >or Ihrivel and dry too much, if tliey are cxpofcd to
'heat. '-.' .:' '**»"! ''" ''\ f

the ground, they occupy the whole furface, and pre- . ^ iJ** t^ *

vent the weeds from growing: but where tliis is

'
After tTie nuts have been ihus fermented, they Ihould
I:

pradlifed, it Ihould be done with great cauttdn, left, r^be taken out of the veffels and fpread on coarfe cloths,
t
1
by being over-covetous, you injilre the young Cho- where they may be expofed' to the fun and wind ; buc
J

colate-nuts fo much, that they may never recover V at night, or in rainy weather, they muff betaken
i

it ; therefore great care fhould be taken t6"feduce the under ihelter, otherwife the damp' will fpoil them.
^*
Ihoots of thefe plants, whenever^ they approach the If the weather proves fair, three days time will be
^

t otherwife long enough to dry them, provided they are carefully

^ jure if not totally deftrby them'.
•
Uirned from time to time, that they may- dry equallv
In about feven or eight days after the Chocolate-nuts j
-on every fide. When they are perfeftly dry, they
are planted, the young plants will begin to appear 'may be put up in boxes or facks, andprcferved in a
above ground ; when they Ihould be carefully looked dry place until they are fliipped off, or otherwifed"'if-

over, to fee if any of them are attacked by infefts 'pofedof. The freflier thefe nuts are, the more oil
in which cafe, if the infefts are not timely deftroyed, is contained in them ; fo diat the older they arc, tlie
'

'
they will foon devour all the young plants; or if Icfs they are cftcemed. - '' '-
'

there fliould be any weeds produced near the plaiits, Thefe trees do not produce their fruit on the you n;^
they fliould be carefully cut down with a hoe ; in branches, or at their extremities, as moft other trees
doing which, great care fliould be taken that neither do ; "but from the trunk, and die larger branches,
the tender flioot, nor the rijid of the bark are injured. come out the buds for flov/ers and fruit. While the
About twenty days after the plants have appeared, trees are young, they do not produce their fruit in
they will be five or fix inches high, and have four or great plenty for before the trees are eight years old,
;

fix leaves, according to the fl:rength of the plants. they reckon it a good crop to have twenty-eight or
Thefe leaves are always produced by pairs, oppofite thirty pods on each one gathering, 'efpccially
tree at
to each other, as are alfo the branches ; fo that they that at Midfummer; which is always a much v/orfe
make very' regular fiandfome heads,
they are not if crop than the Chriftmas feafon, which is occafioncd
injured by winds. In ten or twelve months they will by the much greater drought of the fpring; for the
be two feet and a half high, and have fourteen or autumns being the rainy feafgns, the Chocolate-trees
fixteen'leaves. By this time the Caffada, which was produce a much greater quantity of fruit. When
planted between the rows of Choc6late plants, will the trees are full grown and vigorous, they will fome-
have large roots fit for ufe, therefore fliould be taken times produce two hundred, or two hundred and
up ; and the ground being then wrought over again, forty pods at one feafon ; which will make ten or
will greatly encourage the yOling plants. ' twelve pounds of Chocolate, when dried fo tliat ic ;

In two years time the plants will have grown to the is]a very profitable commodity, andean be managed
height of three feet and a half, or fometimes four with very little charge, when compared with fugar.
feet, many of which will begin to flower; but the I have been credibly informed by a perfon of gicat
careful planters always pull off all thefe bloffortis worth 'and integrity, who refided fome years in
for if they are permitted to remain to produce fruit, America, tliat he has feen as much Chocolate gathered
they will fo much weaken the trees, that they feldom from one tree in a year, as hath been worth thirty
recover their ftrength again, fo as to become vigo- ftiillings fterling on the fpot: fo that the trouble of
rous. When thefe plants are two years and a half gathering and preparing for the market, being much
old, they will produce flowers again, fome of which lefsthan for many other commodities which are mii-
are often left to bear fruit; but the riiofl: curious , nufaftured in the Eritifli colomes, it is furprifing it
planters pull off all thefe, and never leave any to pro- fliould be negleded cfpecially as it yields fo large a
;

duce fruit until the dilrd year; and then but a few, fliare of fuftenance to the wealthier inhabitants' of
in proportion to the ftrcngth of the trees ; by which thofe colonies, that they cannot live comfortably
method, their trees always
produce larger atid better without it, and purchafe it froni the French and
nouriflied fruit, than thofe which are fuffered to bear Spaniards at a confiderable price ; which in time muft
a larger quantity, and will continue much longer in greatly impoverifli the colonies*
vigour. The fourth year they fuffer their trees to bear
The
 ;

A A
The planted on a good foil, and
Chocolate-trees, if about a fbrtmght after the nuts are planted, theplanfij
properly taken care of, will continue vigorous ancV will begin to appear above ground when they ihould ;

fruitful twenty-five or thirty years: tlierefore the be carefully watered in dry weather,' and protected
charge of cultivating a plantation of thefe trees, mud froni the violent heat of the fun, which is very in-

be much lefs than that of Sugary for although the jurious to thefe plants, efpecially while thc7 are
ground between the rows of plants will require to be young: they Ihould alfo be kept very clear from
often hoed and wrought, yet the firft working of a weeds , which, if fuffered to grow in the boxes, will
ground to make a new plantation of Sugar, Indigo, foon overbear the plants and deftroy them. When
CaiTada, &c. is a larger cxpence than the after-work- the plants are grown ftrong enough to tranfport, they
ino-s are. Befides, Sugar-canes require as much la- ihould be fliipped and placed where they may be
bo'iir in their cultivation, as and
any plant whatever ; fcreened from ftrong winds, fait water, and the violent
fince the infefts which deftroy the Sugar-canes, have heat of the fun. During their paffage they muft be
fpread fo much in the Britifh colonies, nothing is a frequently refrefhed with water; but it nuifl not be
more uncertain crop tlian Sugar-, .^or which reafon, given them in great quantities, left it rot the tender
I think it would be greatly worth thofe planters care, fibres of their roots, which will deftroy the plants
wlio are poffeflcd of proper lands for the Chocolate- and when they come into a cool latitude, they muft
trees, to make fome fmall trials at leaft, to be con- be carefully protefted from the cold, when they will
vinced of the truth of this fadt. not require lb frequently to be watered for in a :

The leaves of thefe trees being large, make a great I moderate degree of heat, if they have gentle water-
litter upon the ground when they fall ; but this is |
ings once a week, it will be fufficicnt.
not injurious, but rather of fervice to the trees ; for ""
When the plants arrive in ^
" "
.
England, they (liould be
. - -

tlie furface of the ground being covered with them, carefully taken out of the boxes, and each tranfplant-
they preferve the moifture in the ground, and prevent ed into a feparate pot filled with light rich earth, snd
its evaporating-, which is of great ufe to the young plunged into a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark,
tender roots, which are juft under the furface; and being careful to cover the glafles in the heat of the
when the leaves are rotten, they may be buried in day, to fcreen the plants from the fun they iruft :

digging the ground, and it will ferve as good manure. alfo be frequently watered, but it muft be done vrith
Some planters let the pods, in which the Chocolate caution, not to rot their roots.In this hot-bed th.e
is inclofed, lie and rot in a heap (after they have plants may remain till Michaelmas, when they rnuft
taken the nuts out) which they alfo fpread on the be removed into the bark-ftove, and plunged into
ground inftead of dung. Either of thefe manures are the tan, in the warmeft part of the ftove. Durino-
very good, provided they are well rotted before they the winter feafon the plants muft be frequently re-
are laid on the ground; and great care fliould be freftied with water, but muft be given to tliem in
it

had, that no vermin ftiould be carried on the plan- fmall quantities, yet in fummer they w^U require a
tation with the dung. more plentiful ftiare. Thefe plants are too tender to
Befides the ordinary care of digging, hoeing, and live in the open air in this country, even in the 1) jtcelb

manuring the plantations of Chocolate-trees, there is feafon of the year; therefore muft conrtantly remain
alfo another thing requifite in order to their doing in the bark*ftove, obferving in very warm weather to
well which is, to prune the decayed branches oft^,
;
• let in a large fliare of frefli air to them, and in winter

and to take away fmall ill placed branches, wherever to keep them very warm. As the plants increaie in
they are produced. But you ftaould be cautious how bulk, they fliould be fliifted into larger pots ; in do-
this work is performed ; for there fhould be no vi- ing of which, -there muft be particular care taken not
gorous branches fhortened,, nor any large amputa- to tear or bruife their roots, which often kills the
tions made on thefe trees ; becaufe they abound with plants ; nor muft they be placed in pots too large, be-
a foft, glutinous, milky juice, which will flow out for caufe that is a flow,, but fure death to them. The
many days whenever they are wounded, which greatly leaves of thefe plants muft be frequently w^afiied to
weakens the trees. However, fuch branches whofe clear them from filth, which they are fubjeft to con-
extreme parts are decayed, fliould be cut off, to pre- trad: by remaining conftantly in the houfe ; and this
vent the infeftion from proceeding farther ; and fuch •becomes an harbour for fmall infefts, which will in-
branches as are much decayed, fhould be taken off feft the plants, and deftroy them, if rhey are not
clofe to the ftem of the tree ; but be per-
this fliould timely waflied off. If thefe rules are duly obferved,
formed in dry weather, foon after the crop of fruit the plants will thrive very well, and may prodpce
is gathered. flowers in this climate : but it willbe very difficult to
Some people may perhaps imagine, that what I have obtain fruit from them ; for,' being of a very tender
direfted, is a tedious laborious work, and not to be - nature, they are fubjeft to many accidents in a cold
performed by a few flaves: but this is a great miftake, country,
for I have been credibly informed, that five or fix CACHRYS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 304.
negroes will cultivate a plantation of ten thoufand of The Characters are,
thefe trees, provided they are properly inftrufted; // hath an umhellated flower^ the great or general umhel
which is a i'mall number, when compared to the being compofed of many finaller ; the mvohhrum of both
quantity necefl^ary to cultivate a Sugar plantation of is compofed of many narrow fpear-floaped leaves the great ;

the like extent of ground. And when the profits of umbel is uniform. The flower hath five fpcar-fhaped^
both are compared, there will be a great difl^erence : erc^^ equal petals. hath fiveJingle fiajnina the length
It
for, fuppofing we fet the price of five
per fliillings of the petals^ terminated by ftngle fummits, The turbi-
annum, for the produce of each tree, when grown, natcd germen is Jittiated under the receptacle^ fupporting
(which I am of opinion is very moderate, confiderino- tzvo fiyles^ crowned by roundifij fiigma. The empalement
what has been related;) then a "plantation often aftervmrd becovaes a large ^ oval^ blunt fruity dividing in
thoufand trees will produce twenty-five hundred tzvo parts^ each having one large fungous feedy convex on
pounds a year; which, managed by fix or feven ne- one fide ^ and plain on the other.
groes, without the expence of furnaces, &c. is a This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feftion
much greater profit than, I think, can be drawn from of Linna^us's fifth clafs, intitled PentandriaDigynia,
any other produftion. the flower having five ftamina and twoftyles.
In order to cultivate this plant in Europe, by way of The Species are,
curiofity, it will be neceffary to have the nuts planted Cachrys
1. {Trifidus) foliis bipinatis, foliohs linearibus
into boxes of earth (in the countries where they grow) .trifidis, feminibus l^vibus. Cachrys with bipinnatcd
foon after they are ripe ; becaufe,. if the nuts are leaves^ whofe lobes are linear^ and a fmooth fruit, Ca-
fent over, they will lofe their growing quality before chrys femine fungofo tevi, foliis ferulaceis. Mon
they arrive. Thefe boxes fliould be placed in a Umb. 62.
and muft be frequently watered, in
fliady ikuation, 2. Cachrys (Sicula) foliis bipinnatls, foliolis linearibus
'

order to forward the vegetation of the nuts. In acutis, feminibus fulcatis hifpidis. Lin. Sp. ^f^^, Ca-
U u chrys
 ' :

I'.'

. - c f-y.

C
thys 'ivUh double winged Uaves^ lohofe Ichcs are linear,
weeds; and every fpring to dig the ground carefully
'
acute, end prickly furro-ived feeds. Cachrys^ femine . 'between them, fo as not to injure the roots.
fung-ofo fukato aipcro, ioliis peucedani ladufculis. -v Thefe plants decay to the ground every autumn, and
Mor. Hid. 3. p. 267. .
come up again in the fpring: they commonly flower

Cachrys {Libanotis) foliis bipinnatis, foliolis acutis in the beginning of June, and their feeds are ripe in
3.
feminibus fulcatis la:vibns. Lin. Sp. '^ss*
inultifidis, September. Their roots fomedmcs run down three
Cachys with double winged leaves, whofe lobes are acute, - or four feet deep in tht earth, provided the foil be
muUifid, and fmootb furrowed 'feeds. Cachrys^ femine light, and are often as large as Parfneps, They will
fungofo fukato piano rainorc, foliis peucedani anguf- continue many years, and if the foil is moift and rich,
tis.Mor. Hilt. 3. p. 267. ,
- they will- annually produce good feeds; but w^hen
4. Cachiiys {Linearia) foliis pinnatls foliolis linearibus they grow on a dry foil, the flowers commonly fall
nuilundis feminibus fulcatis planis. Cachrys zvith very away, and are not fucceeded by feeds. . . -

narrow, multifid, winged leaves, and a plain channelled There is but little to be faid of the ufcs of this genus
fruit. Cachrys femine fungofo fukato piano majore of plants ; the Hungarians in the neighbourhood of
foliis peucedani anguftis. Mor. Umb. 62. Erlaw, and thofe who border on Tranfylvania, Ser-
Cachrys illungarica) foliorum impari lobato, hir-
'
via, &c. eat the root of the fifth fpecies in a fcarciiy
5.
futo, femine fungofo fukato pkno. Cachrys with hairy of corn, for want of other bread. ...

leaves, terminated with an cdd lobe, and a plain, fungous, CACTUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. Si^^ Melocaaus.
channelled feed. Cachrys Hungarica Panacis folio.
,
Tourn. Append; A 'T-fc
\
< V

Tourn. Hift. 325. -T This genus was firft titled Melocarduus, and alfo K-
;
I'he firft fort hath a thick flefliy root which ftrikes chinomelocaftus, or Hedgehog Mcion-thiftle ; but
deep in the ground, from which fprings out many thefe names being compounded, Dr. Linnseus has
narrow winged leaves refembling. thofe of Giant-fen- changed the name to Cailus, and has added to this
nel, which fpread near the ground; from between genus, the Ccreus and Opuntia. ; ,. .

thefe arife a hollow funizpus ftalk about two feet high, •

The Characters are, ,. ilv.v-. .
,

terminated by a large umbel of yellow flowers, which The empalement of the flower is of one leaf, tulndcus^
are fucceeded by ov.al, fmooth, fungous fruit, divid- floort, and cut into fix parts,:. 'I'he flower is compofed of
^

fix petals, which fpread open at the topy and refls upon
^
ing into two parts, each inclofing an oblong feed;
The fecond fort hath a large, iirm, fweet-fmelling the embryo // hath fix long fiender ftamina, which are
•,

root, which fends out feveral pinnated leaves like .

terminated by ere^ fumniits, -The oval gcrmen, which is

thofc of Hog*s-fennel, but Ihorter. .The ftalk is _ . fituated below the petals, fupports a cylindrical f}.yL\

fmooth jointed, and rifes four or five feet high, which crowned by a blunt fiigma •,afterward beco^nes a pyramidal
is terminated by large umbels of yellow flowers like fl^f^y f™^ "^^^h ^^^P ^^lly filled with fmall cvgular feeds

thofe of Dill ; thefe are fucceeded by oblong, fun- ': furrounded with pulp.
\,
.. gous, channelled feeds, which are prickly. This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fcdion of
!v ' The third fort hath a thick flelliy root like Fennel, Linn^eus's twelfth clafs, intitled Icofandria Mono-
-
^. which runs deep into the ground, fending out feveral gynia. This claJs includes thofe plants whofe flov/ers
. ^^ narrow pinnated leaves, ending in many points-, be- have from twelve to twenty ftamina; which, with
^^
'tween thefe arife a fmooth jointed ftalk about three . the corolla, are fattened to the inner fide of the cni-
T.

, feet high, which is terminated by large umbels of palement. S'

*;t> r.Vi..N,.:J > ,;

flowers like thofe of the former fort, which are The Species are, .; 5 '.
I I •-

fucceeded by fmalkr fungous plain feeds which are 1. Cactus {MeUcaElus) fubrotundus quatuordecem an-
. furroY/ed. gularis. Hort. Cliff. 1,81. Rcundifh Callus with four-
The fourth fort hath very thick roots which ftrike teen angles,Melocaftus Indiae occidentalis. C. B, P.
. deep ground, fending out very narrow winged
in the 384. Commonly called Great Melon-thiftle.
leaves like thofe of Ilog's-fennel. The ftalk rifes 2. Cactus {Intortus) fubrotundus quinquedecem angu-
five or fix feet high, and is jointed like tJiofe of Fen- laris, angulis in fpiram intortis, fpinis eredris. Round-
nel, terminated by large umbels of yellow flowers, ifi Ca5fus or Melon-thiftle, with fifteen angles fpirally
which are fucceeded by large, oval, fungous feeds, twifted,and ercol fpines. 'Melocadus purpureis ftriis
wliich are deeply furrowed. in fpiram intortis. Plum. Cat. ,

The fifth fort has a tliick fungous root, from which 3. Cactus (Recurvus) fubrotundus quinquedecem an-
\ ,
flioot out many winged leaves, having large hairy gularis, fpinis latis recurvis creberrimis, Roundiffj Me-
, lobes placed alternate, terminated by an odd one: lon-thiflle with fifteen angles, having broad recurved fpines
. the ftalk is hollow, rifing four feet high, terminated fet very clofe,
'
-;:; / _
by ah umbel of yellov/ flowers like tliofc oftlie for- 4. Cactus fubrotundus rectus tubcrculis
{Mamillaris)
mer forts. This grows naturally in Hungary. ovatisbarbiTtis. Hort. Clifi: 181. RcundifoCa5ius clcfely
l"he firft fort o;rows naturally in the fouth of France covered with bearded tubercles, Melocactus Americana
and Spain the fecond and third in Italy ; tlie fourth
; minor. Boerh. Ind. alt. 2. 84. Smaller American Me-
in Sicily. They flower in June, and their feeds ripen hn-thiftle,
, in autumn. ,/ ,. , 6. Cactus {Prcliferus) proliferus fubrotundus, teclus tu-
. Tliefe plants are all propagated by feeds, which berculis ovatis barbatis longis albidis. Roundifh pre-
ftiould be fown'foon after they are ripe; for if they lific Cactus, with oval tubercles clofely joined, havir.g
'
are kept'out of the ground till the following fpring, long white beards, commonly called Small Cbilding Melon-
they often niifcarry, and when tliey fucceed, they thifile,
never come up until the fpring after j fo that by Thefe plants of the Weft-Indies, wher
are natives
fowing them in autumn, a whole year is faved, and there are more forts than are here enumerated, if per-
the feeds feldom mifcarry. Thefe feeds flaould be fons of fkill were to examine thofe iflands. There
fown on a fliady border, where the plants are to re- have been about four of the large kinds brouglu to
main \ iox the plants having long tap roots, will not England, fome of which have been crowned with a
bear tranfpLmting fo well as many other kinds. The prickly brown cap, in form of one of thofe fur cap.^,
diftance to be obferved for the fowing of their feeds which are worn by the Turks ;.and others, whicli have
Ihould be three feet apart \ fo that if each kind is been dcftitute of thefe caps, although the plants vvcre
fown in a drill, wlien the plants are come up, they full as large as thofe which had them \ therefore
^
may be thinned, leaving two of the moft promifin^ o- • fome perfons have fuppofed them to be diftind: fpe-
plants of each kind to remain. Thefe plants will be- cies, efpecially fince thcfc have been many years prc-
gin to appear early in April, when they muft be care- ferved in theg^ardens, arid no appearance of any caps
fully cleared from weeds
and in dry weather, if
-,
as yet have been produced 5 but as thefe have been
they are gently watered while young, ?t. will greatly rarely propagated by feeds, it is diificult to determine
promote their growth; after whicli time they will if they are eifentially different. H-iofe which have
\ require m
farther care but to keep them clean from '
thefe caps, produce their fruit in circles round the
ujiper
 ; ;

A
upper part of cap ; whereas, the fmaller fort.'; pro-
tl:e 1 cannot take upon me to determine ; Hnce, in tin?
duce tlieir fruit from between the tubercles, round country, they are very rarely propagated by feed-?
j

the middle of the plant and in feme figures

: of the nor could I obferve, in the feveral years that I have
larger forts of tl:efe plants, the fruit is reprefented as had thefe plants' under my care, there was the lealt
coiifin-^- out near the crown of the plants fo that if a difpofition in either of them to produce fruity when,-

ficihul botanlft v/as to examine thefe plants in the at the fame time, the common large fort produced
i^laccs of their growth, there would probably be found plenty of fruit out of their caps every year, from the
much greater variety of them than is at prefent leeds of which I have raifed fome young plants
a
known. but although fome of thefe have grown to a con-
'ilicfe ftrange pbnts commonly grow upon the fleep fiderable fize, yet none of them have as yet pro-

fides of rocks in the warmed parrs of America, where duced caps, therefore no fruit can be yet expected
they feem to be thruft out of the apertures, having from them. ,
'•

litilV or no earth to fupport them j their roots flioot-

The produces quantities of fruit annually ;
fifth fort

in dov/n into the of the rock to a confidera-

fiffurcs and as the feeds grow very readily, it is now very
blc depth, fo that it is troublefome to get the plants common in thofe gardens where there are fl:oves to
up, elpecially as they are fo ftrongly armed with keep them ; for if the fruit is permitted to drop upon
thorns as to render it very dangerous to handle them ; the earth of the pots, and that is not difliurbed, there
will plenty of plants come up without any farther
and as thefe plants delight in thofe rocky places, they
feldom live long when they are tranfplanted into better trouble ; and thefe feedling plants may be taken up
foil by the inhabitants of thofe iflands. as Toon as they arc of a proper fizc to remove, and*

I'he o-rcat forts were fome years fince brought over planted fix or feven of them into a fmall halfpenny
to England in much greater plenty than of late-, but pot, where they may fl:and one year ; by wliich time
then tiie greateft part of them were deftroyed, by the they will be large enough to be each planted into a
unikilfulnefs of thofe perfons who had the care of them feparate pot, and afterward they will make great pro-
in the voyage ; for, by giving them water, they ge- grefs, efpecially if they are plunged into a hot-bed of

nerally caufed them to rot before they were taken out tanners bark in fummer; for although this fort is
of the fliips ; and fome of thofe which have appeared much miore hardy than the large kind, and may be
to be found, have been {o replete with moilture, as preferved in a moderate ftove, yet the plants will not
to rot foon after tliey have been placed in the ftoves make near the progrefs as thofe which are kept in a
therefore whoever propofes to bring thefe plants from greater degree of heat. .This fort will condnue
abroad, fliould be very careful to take up their roots many years with proper care, and the plants v/ill grow*
as entire as pofTible, and tubs filled
to plant them in to be a foot high or more ; but when they are fo tall,
with (tones and rubbifli, mixing very little earth with the lower part of them is not fo fightly, their green
it, and to plant three or four plants in each tub, in being decayed, and the fpines changed to a dark dirty
proportion to tlieir fizes for if they are placed clofe
-, colour, they appear as if dead, fo that the upper part
together, it will fave room and as they do not in-
-, of thefe old plants only feem to have life whereas ;

creafe their growth during their paflfage, there need the plants of the middling fize appear healthy from
not be any room allowed them for that purpofe. top to bottom. iThe flowers of this fort appear in
.

There be feveral pretty large holes bored thro'

fliould July and Augufl:, and are fucceeded by the fruit-
the bottom of thefe tubs, to let the moifture pafs off; quite round the plant, which are of a fine fcarlet co-
and if thefe plants are planted in the tubs a month lour, and condnue frefli upbri the plants tlirough the
before they are put on board the fhip, they will in tliat v/inter, which renders theni very beautiful at that
time have made new roots, which will be the moft feafon. And in the fpring, when the fruit flirivels
fecure method have them fucceed but, during
to -, and becomes dry, the feeds will be ripe, and may
their continuance in the country, they fliould have then be rubbed out, and fown upon the furface of the
no water given them, and after they are put on board earth in fmall pots, which fliould be plunged into a
the fliip, they muft not have any moifl:ure whatever ; hot-bed of tanners bark to bring up the plants.
tlicrefore it will be a good method to cover the plants The fixth fort is but little larger than the fifth, grow-
with tarpaulin, to keep off the fpray of the fea in bad ing nearly in the fame form ; but this produces a
weather, and expofe them at all times to the open air great number of young plants from the fides, by w^Ifich
when the fea is calm. By obferving thefe directions, it is increafed. This fort produces tufts of a fofc
the plants may be brought to England in good health, v/hite down upon the knobs, and alfo between them
provided they are brought in fummer. at every joint, which makes the whole plant appear
Some of the large fort which have been brought to as if it was covered with fine cotton. Tiie flowers of
England, have been more than a yard in circumfe- this fort are produced from between the knobs round
rence, and two feet and a half high, including their the fides of the plants, which are In fliape and colour
caps ; but I have been informed by feveral perfons veiy much like thofe of the fifth fort, but laro-er.
who have refidcd in the Wefli-Indies, that there are Thefe flowers are not fucceeded byanyfruit, at lead all
plants near twice as large. thofe which I have under my care, have not produced
Tlie third fort w^as brought into England by the late any, although they have produced plenty of flowers
Dr. William Houftoun, who procured the plants for fome years ; but from the fame places where the
from Mexico ; but as they were long in their pailao-e, flov/ers have appeared, there have been young plants
and had received wet, they were decayed before they thrufl: out the followin^r feafon. Thefe young plants
arrived in England ; but from the remains of them I have taken off, and after laying them to dry for two
which were they appeared to be the mofl: finou-
left, or three days, I have planted them, and they have
lar of all the fpecies yet known. This has two or- fucceeded very well.
ders of thorns one of which are fl:rait, and fet on
-,
All the fpecies of this genus are plants of a fingular
at the joints in clufters,fpreading out from the center fl:ru6ture, but efpecially the larger ^kinds of them,
each way like a fl:ar ; and in the middle of each cluf- which appear like a large flefliy green Melon, with
ter is prodv^ced one broad flat thorn near two inches deep ribs, fet all over with fl;rong fliarp thorns ^ and
in length, which fl:ands ereft, and is recurved at the when the plants are cut through the middle, their
point, and is of a brownifli red colour. Thefe infide is nothing but a foft, green, flefliy fubftance,
thorns are, by the inhabitants of Mexico, fet in very full of moift'ure. And I have been afllired by
.

gold or filver, and made ufe of for picking their teeth, perfons of credit, who have lived in the Weft-Ir.dies,
and the plant is by them called Vifnaga, i. e. tooth- that in times of great drought, the cattle repair to
pick. the barren rocks, which are covered with thefe plants,
The fort with fpiral ribs, as alfo that with white and after having ripped up the large plants witli their
ipines, I received from Antigua, with the common horns, fo as to tear the outfide
off^ fl<in witli the thorns,
fort -,
but whether thefe are only accidental variedes, they have greedily devoured all the flefliy moifl' parts
ariiing trom the lame feeds, or real different fpecies, of the plants, which has afforded them both meat
an -I
 ' ; .
i.

\-
\
1 L

c «
-M S 4

and drink ; but how any animal fliould ever attack plentifully ftockcd with them, maybe foon fupplied
plants which are fo well defended by ftrong thorns, with the from feeds, and ttie fixth from the
fifth fort

which arenas' hard' and llifFas whaleborie, or any other young plants which are thruftout from the fide of tlae
bony fubftance, fs difficult to conceive nor could any -,

thing but diftrefs for moifture ever have tempted CiESALPlNA. Plum. Nov. Gen. 9. Brafiletto.
them to venVure amongft thefe troublefome plants tp ^ This plant was fo named by father Plumier, who dif-
•
fearchTor relief, fince they muft encounter with many covered it in America, in honour of Andreas Ca^fal-
difficulties, before they could find a method of dii- pinus, an eminent botanift, and one of the firft writ-
lodging the rhoms. -• > :j'v<»; / ' ers on a method of claffing plants.

The fmit of all the f6r'te of Melon-thiftlcs, are fre- The Characters are, f -

'
cuently eaten by the inhabitants of the Weft-Indies j It hath a empahment^ the un-
qulnquefid pitcher-JIoaped

mere is fcarce any difference in the fruits of all the der lobe being large, 'The flower hath five almojl equal

kinds I have 'yet feen, either in fize, fhape, colour, petalsy of the butterfly kind. It hath ten declining fla-

or tafte. They are about three quarters of an inch in mina which are diJlinBy and terminated by roundiflj fum-
lencrth, of a taper form, drawing'to a point at the mitSy and an chhng gerrhen fupporting a Jingle Jtyle the

bottom toward the plant, but blunt at the top, whet length of the ft amina^ cron.vned by a blunt ftigma. ^he
the empalement of the flower was fituated. The tafte einpalement afterward becomes an oblong comprejfed pod^
is an agreeable acid, which, in aliot country, muft with one cellincloftng three of four comprejfed feeds.
f
render the fruit more "grateful. .''-' '' ^ : ' This genus of plants Js, ranged in the firft fed:ion of
^ AU.tlie forts of thefe plants require a very goodftove Linnseus's tenth clafs, intitled Decandria Monogjmia,
*

to preferve them through the winter in England, nor

t

the flower having ten feparate ftamina and one ftyle.

'
flibuld they be expofed to the open air in fummer
t -

-•
r
:'.
TheSpEtiES are, ' ^ *

f6t although they may continue fay: to 6utward ap-

'
^ 1. CjESAhPifJA (Brajilienjis) foliis duplicato-pinnatis,
pearance, when they have been fome time expofed ;; foliolis emarginatis, floribus decaridris. defalpina with
abroad, yet they will imbibe mbiftifre, which will ^ doubly winged leaves y whofe fmall leaves are indented at
caufe them to rot foon after they are removed into the and flowers with tenftaminal
the endy Pfeudo-fanta-
'
ftove.' And this is frequently the cafe of thofe plants lum croceum. Sloan. Hift. Jam. Vol. 11. p. 184. Saf-
: brought from abroaiJ, which have a fair
which are fron-coloured Baftard 'Sauni^s^ commonly called Brafiletto.
. healthy appeafahce Many tirhes at their firft arrival, 2. C^^sALPiNA {Jrijh) fdliis duplicato-pinnatis foliolis
but foon after decay, and this will happen veiy fud- . ovatis integerrimis floribus pentandriis. defalpina with
denly. Scarce any appearance of diforder will be doubly winged leaves^ 'whofe fmall leaves are oval and
.{

feeri, till the whole plant is killed;, which, in a few

.
entire^and flowers with five ft armna, Csefalpina poly-
hours time, has often been the 'fate of thofe plants, phyllaaciilis horrida. -Plum. Nov. Gen. 28,
'
when tlieyhave been placed in the ftove. ^--i'^J - •The firft fort is the tree which affords the Brafiletto
-1 'plunged into a hot-bed of tanners . wood, which is much ufed in dyeing. It grows na-
e will greatly forward them in their
:
f warmeft parts of America, from whence
rurally in the
/.growth; but when this is praftifed, there Ihbuld be the wood is imported for the dyers; and the demand
''

."'icaree any water given to the plants, for the moifture for it has beenfo great,, that there .are no large trees
r v/hich they will imbibe from the Ferpentation of the . left in any of the Britifti colonies, the biggeft fcarce
"
tan,' will be Tuffictent for them^ arid more would "exceeding eight ihch^s in diameter, and fifteen feet
t caufe them to rot, -
The beft method to preferve all in height. It hath very flender branches, which are
-

: the large kinds is, in winter, to place the pots, either \ armed with recurved thorns. The leaves are wing-
upon the iops of very near
the flues, or, at leaft, ,
ed, branching out into many divifions*, each being
;

•
them, that they may have the warmeft place of the ^'
garniftied with fmall oval lobes which are indented at
'
ftove ; and during that feafon, never'to give them any the top, and are placed oppofite. The foot-ftalks
water \ but when the feafon comes for leaving out the of the flowers come out from the fide of the branches,
fire in the ftove, to remove them bed of tdn- into a and are terminated by a loofe pyramidal fpike of
' ners bark', wHich will foon fet them
in a growing ftate, white flowers, which are fliaped fomewhat like thofe
and recover their verdure. The foil in which thefe of the" butterfly kind, having ten ftamina which <SiXt
.'
fhould be planted, muft be of a fandy nature, and if much longer than 'the petals, and terminated by
- mixed with fome dry lime rubbifh, it will be llill bet- roundlfli yellow fummits.' The germen afterw^ard
r teV. :; In the bottoin of the pots fhould be placed fome becomes a long compreffed pod with one cell, incloi-
:
ftones, in order to drain off any moifture which may ing feveral oval flat feeds; . :

be in the earth ; for as thefe plants naturally grow The fecond fort grows naturally in the fame countries
)
upon 'the 'hot dry burning rocks which have no with the firft, but is 6f larger fize it fends out many :

earth; and*, w^fe it 'fiotfor thefe plants, would be ab- weak irrep;ular branclies, armed with fliort, ftrong, up-
folutely barren, we muft imitate their natural foil as right thorns. The kaves branch out in the fame
near as poffibley making fom"e allowance for the dif- manner as the but the lobes (or fmall leaves)
firft,
*
ference of climates."'. I

are oval and entire. The flowers are produced in

The rear forts may be propagated by feeds, which long fpikes like thofe' of the former, but are varie-
muft e fown and managed as hath been diredled for gated with red ; thefe have each but five ftamina,
thfe fmaller fort ; biit as the' plants which are raifed therefore, according to Linn^us's fyftem, fhould
froni feeds in England, will befomey^ars in arrivino- not be ranged in this clafs ; but as in all the other
to any confiderable fize, it will be much the beft Way characters they agree, I have continued them to-
to procure fome plants from the Weft-Indies and if ; gether.
•

.
the plants arrive here in any of the fummer months,
,

Dr. Linri^us has joined thefe two fpecies together,

fo as that there may be time for them to get new root in which he has beeh followed by Dr. Burman ; but
before the cold comes on in autumn, the plants will if either of them had feen the plants, they could^not
more certainly fucceed. When the plants come over, have committed this miftake. To this genus Lin-
'it will be proper to take them out of the earth as fooh naeus has added two other fpecies, ^one of which is a
as poffible, and lay them upon the fhelves,
in the ftove Guilandina, and the qjther a Bauhinia to the latter he ;

-to dry for a fortnight or three Weeks ; and when they has^ added the Synonime of Colutea Ver^ Crucis Ve-
are^^planted, they fhould be plunged into at good ficaria, which is a plant totally different, being a ge-
warm bed of tanners bark, to promote their making"
nuine Colutea. I received this from the late Dr.
new roots. Jn this bed they may remain till the be"^ Houftoun, who found it growing naturally at La Vera
ginning of Oftober, v^hcn they itiuft be removed into Cruz, in Nev/ Spain.
the ftove, and treated in the j-nanner before diredted. Thefe plants are propagated by feeds, which ihould
The two fmall forts prop-.f^ate fo faft in England, as be fown in fmall pots filled with light rich earth early
to render it unnccefTary to fend for plants of thefe in the fpring, and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners
kinds from abroad y for whoever hath a mind to be bark, obferving to water the earth as often as it jip-
'

6 pears - "
 ;
^ j

A A
order to promote the vegetation of the when the plants come up, they fliould be tenderly
ptars dry, in
nights fliould prove cold, tlie glaifes treated while young, admjtting frefli air to then>
•
j'ceds ; and if the
be covered with mats, to keep daily in proportion to the warmth of the feafon, giv-
of the hot-bed fliould
moderate warmth. In about fix weeks ing them water frequently, but fparingly \ when they
the bed in a
"
the plants will begin to appear, when they have obtained ft:rength enough to he removed, thole
after,
carefully cleared from weeds, and frequently of the firfl: fort fliould be tranfplanted into another
muft be
hot-bed, allowing them four inches difl:ance.
rcfrclhcd with water y and, in warm weather, the The
middle plants of the fecond fort fliould be put into fmall pots
olciflcs of the hot-bed (hould be raifed in the

the day, to admit frefli air to the plants, which plunged into the tan-bed, obferving to ftiade them
of
ftrengthen them, otherwife they are apt until they have taken new root after which they •,
will greatly
When the plants are about three fliouldbe treated in the fam? manner as othe^ tender
to draw up weak.
exotic plants, watering them frequently in warm
inches high, they fliould be carefully taken out of the
'

weather, and admitting frefli air to them daily. "When

pots, and each tranfplanted into a feparate fmall pot
the plants of the firfl: fort have grown fo flrong as to
filled with frefli light earth, and plunged into the liot-
meet, they fliould be carefully planted in pots, and
bed again, obferving to water them, and fcreen them
from the heat of the fun until they have taken new
removed either into the flove or glafs-cale, where
root after which time, the glaffes of the hot-bed
;
they may reniam to ripen feeds, after which they foon
fliould be raifed. every day, in proportion to the heat
die. The plants of the
fecond fort will live many
years if they are preferved in the bark-fl:ove, but
of the v/eather, to admit frefn air to the plants. In
they are too tender to thrive in tne open air in this
this hot-bed the plants may remain till autumn, when
they fliould be removed into the ftove, and plunged country however, they fliould have plenty of frefli
-,

air admitted to them in fummer when the weather is

into the bark-bed, where they may have room to
srow. Thefe plants being tender, fliould always be w^arm. J

kept in the bark-fl:ove, and have a moderate fliare of GALENDULA. Lin. Gen. Plant, 885. Marigold,
heat in the winter, and being placed among other The Gharacters are, "

tender exotic plants of the fame country, will afford It hath a ccnipound radiated flower^ conflfting of her-
an agreeable variety. maphrodite and female florets^ included in a coramon fingk

C N T
A I I O. See Chrysophyllum. ofed of f
C A KILE, Sea Rocket. See Bunias. florets y which are flretched out on one fid
Maftich See CoRNUS. thefe have no flamina but an cbhnT- tkn
^

M M fupporting a flender ftyle ^ crowned by two refli

CALCEOLUS, Ladies Slipper. See Cypripe- ftigm /' e/'

difly are tubuhus and qumfiefidy having five floor t fi

DIUM.
C A L C I T R A P A, See Centaurea. der flamina y terminated by cylindrical The gcr-
GALEA. fituated under the petals fupporting afli

The Characters arc, by an obtufe bifid flig rkefefli

// hath a uniform compound flower ^ compofed of ma\ female florets are each ft
incurved feed.
equal hermaphrodite florets^ included in a loofe i^nbricat.
^m;palement ; the florets are tuhulous^ divided into fl'
This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth fe6lion
have each flve flamina with cylindric
they ^.of Linn^us's nineteenth clals, intitled Syngenefia Po-
fegments •,

fummitSy and an oblong germen^ with a flender ftyle t lygamia necefl^aria ;'
in which are included all thofe
Icmth of the corolla^ crowned by two recurved ftigm plants which have hermaphrodite barren flowers in the?
diflc, and fruitful female flowers in the border,
1'he florets are fucceeded by an oblong feedy crowned wi.
iffy fubft^
The SPECijiS are.

feed.
I. Calendula {Arvenfts) feminibiJs cymbiformibus mut
This genus of plants order of
is ranged in the firfl; ricatis incurvatis. Su^e, 711. Ma?
Flor.
Linnxus's nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Poly- rough boat-fhaped feeds. Galtha arvenfis. G. B. P, 275.
o;amia asqualis, the flowers being compofed of her- 2. Galendula {San£fa) feminibus urceolatis obqvatis
1 1 * i"^

maphrodlte flowers. Isevibus, calycibus fubmuricatis, Lin. Sp, 1304. Ma-

The Species are, rigold with fmcoth pitcher-fhaped leaves^ and a rough
J, Galea [pppofitifolid) corymbus congefliis, peduncu- tmpalement. Galtha media folio longo cinereo, flore
lis longiffimis, foliis lanceolatis, caule herbaceo. A- Middle Marigold with a long Aflj-cc^
moen. Acad. 5. p. 404. Calea with a clofe corymbus^ oured leaf and a pale
fl^
very long foot-fialks to the flowers ^ fpear-fljaped leaves 3 Calendula ( Officinalis) cymbiformibus
(ind an herbaceous ftalk, Santolina Americana foliis muricatis, ipcurvatis omnibus. Lin. Sp. 1304. Ma
oblongis integris, fioribus albis. Houfl;, MSS. boat-fh feeds, CaltJi^
2. Galea [Amellus) fioribus fubpaniculatis, calycibus viugaris. G. B. P. 275. Common Marigold.
brevibus, feminibus nudis, fohis ovato-lanceolatis pe- 4 Calendula (Pluvialis^ foliis lanceolatis finuato-den-
"' " -
'^
-
Calea with flowers ticulatis caule foliofo, pedunculis filifcrmibus. Hort*
in panicles^ fljort empalep. :ed feedsy and oval Upfal. 274. Marigold with Jpear-fljaped indented leaves^
fpcar-fhaped leaves on foct-ft Santolina fcandens and flender foot-ftalks. Galtha Africana flo^-e intus
'Americana Lauri foliis, fioribus racernofis. Houfl:. albo extus violaceo. Tourn. Infl;. R. H- 499/
MSS. _ _
'

5- {Nudi finuatOr
Thefe plants grow naturally in Jamaica, The firfl: fubnui Marigold
hath an upright herbaceous flialk three feet high, hfimuatedj indented., fpear-fh
garniflied with entire fpear-fliaped leaves, placed op- flalk, Galtha Africana flore intus albo, extus leviter
poflte at the joints terminated by three
; the fl:aik is pi gocrh, Ind. altr ir
foot-rcaiks, one in the middle, and one on each fide, 113
P-
fjpporting a fmall corymbus of white flowers clofely {Hybrid
ioined together. foliofo, pedunculis fuperne incrafl"atis. Hort. Upfal.
The fecond fort hath ligneous branches, which fpread 274. Marig fpear-fl3 _
over the neighbouring plants, and rife eight or ten Cardifpermum
f the foot flalk fwelling,
feet higli, garniflied with thick fpear-fliaped leaves Africanumpubefcens foliis incifis parvo flore. Vfiilk
placed oppofite -, from thefe fl:alks ^re put out many Mem 724
fide branches, garniflied with fmaller leaves placed ifolia)
7
oppofite, and terminated by panicles of yellow flow- 922. Mari-
I. Sp. Plant.
er^;,having fliortcmpalements thefe are fucceeded :
gold with narrow entire leav(Sy find a naked flalk. Gal-
by naked ked^inclofed in the flower-cup. tha Africana foliis Groci anguftis, fiorum petalis ex-?
Thele plants .are both propagated by feeds, which •purafcentibus, interne albis., IJoerli, Ind. alt,
^lould be fown upoa a hpt-bed'early in the fpring I. II
p 3
X at %, CM.EJf"
 %

-'

y
A J^ "t

8^ Cai^ndula JuMent^tis,
{Fruticdfa) fojiis .pbovatis ber, which, if permitted to fcatter, will furnifh a
oaiile rruuc;9.(9rAni^:n- Acad.
'5. p. 25.' Marigold fupply of young plants m
the Ipring ; but as thefe. -

^iitfi civerfey ova\ indented leaves^ and a Jhruhly Jtalk^ will be a mixture of bad and good,' the befl: method "Is
^. Calendula (Decuwhrn) foVns oppoCiti^ ipl^n^]f\dh .to fayethe befl: feeds, ai^d,fpw <rach of the varieties'
difl:in6l:, which is the fure way them in per*
to liave

.i;ylisnud;s. M^irilpU^iiith rou^h pnji^Jifid lea^^^ feclion. The flowers of the common Marigold are
inglppjiie^ 'wlict aire \vhite'on their 'im^ ^fiil- Vied in the kitchen.
:'
hamhes, and haled fcfi^fiaMC^^^
\{ng The fourth fort growsn^turally at the Cape of Good
\ ^^^olii^laGiniads flore lutep. Houft.
,MSS. ]. • ''.\^ Hope. ,'This plant is annual, and periflies foon after
16.' Calendula ('Jmencamycmh cixao rui-ioib^ fpjiis the leeds are perfected. . ', ; , /

} oblohgisopporifisTirfutrs, floribus lateraJibus. [Ma- The lower leaver are oblong, fpear-fliaped, and
:rigold wilb ^<i$ u^rtgbj brancbijig Jiajk^ oUong hairy
'
deeply indented on their edges-, they are fleniy, and
leaves growing cppojue^ and ^lowers j^'oeeeding from the of a pale green colour. The ftalks are produced on
/idesoftbeJialL .
..Caltha Airicricanij cfe^Sa, & hi^%a, every fide the root, which decline toward the ground,
,
pchroieqca Houft. MSS,
fi6r:c,paryd .
and ^re fro^ fix to eight inches long, garniftied with
The firfl Tort grows naturally in the fouth of France, leaves from the bottom'j to within two inches of the
^..SpalnV antl'ltal^^ it' rifes with a {leader branching topV The leaves on the 'ftalks are much narrower,
\ ilallc," ,>vKich Ipf^acjs near the around, and is garnilh- &nd m9^e inden^^d ,t^i,^n jhqfe at ^le root. The up-
. .gd .yith narrow, ipear-fliaped, hairy leaves, which per part oiF tlie ftalk is very flender, upon which
furround the ftalk at' their bafe ; 'the flowcrs are
I'alf refl:sone flower, fliapeH like thofe of the common
.;,.^i)oduced"Wt the extremity of the branches upon Ion cr Marigold, having a purple ,b,ottQni ; ^jid the rays
'
najced foot-Il;iIks. They are Very fmall, and of a (or border) of the flower are of a Violet-colour on
pale yellow colour the rays are very narrow, as are -, their outfide, and of a pure white withm ; thele open
,
alfo tJie leaves of the empalement.-' Tije feeds are when the fun fliines, butfliut up in thp Evening, and
'long, narrow, and on tjieir oytfide armed with rerpain fp in cloudy weather. When the flower de-
..prickles. The
annual, and periflies foon after
root is cays, the pedicle (or foqt-ftalk) becomes weak, and
"^
'the feeds are r"ipe. If the fe'eds pf this plant are per- the head hangs down* during the formation and
. niitted to fcatter, there w^i be a frelh fupply of growth of the feeds i but wlien they are fully ripe.
young plant's :'fo that from May, ''when the flowers the foot-ftalk raifes itfelf again, and the heads of the
M
wi^l bp
appear,'
.a
the Yrbft puts a ftop to them, there
till

fucceffion of plants in flower. There are

leeds frand upright.
The fifth fort is g.
pf the Cape of Good Hope.
nf^tiye
;

i
feveral botanifls fuppole the con^mon Marigold,
who This is alfo an annual plant, and has much the ap-
which is*
J,'
cultivated in gardens, to be only a variety pearance 'of the former, but the leaves are more
.'^
of this, arifing froqj culture but T have cultivated i deeply indebted pn thfir edges;, the fl:alks grow
.//this in the garden' more than forty' years, without about the fame length as the former ; the flower is a
^ ^n^ing "the leaft' "alteration in it^ therefore c;^wot little fmallcr, and the outfide of the rays are of a

doubt .of if? being ^ diftinft fpeciq^s.

\' fainter purple colour,? The feeds of this are flat and
The fecond fort f gathered in the garden atLeyden, heart-fliaped, but t"hofe of the former' are Ions and
where it had been Teveral yearscultivated without al- narrow. :\ «-
# -

r *

tering-, the leaves of this fort ^efrqopth, andp^uch The fixth fort wa? brpught from the fame country
larger than thofeof the former,"" but' not fo large as
thofe of the common Marigold ; *the flowers are alfo
witli the two former, and i;
the leaves or this are much lo
'
,^p an
er than thole o
mp'
of a middle fize between them, juid are of ^^ very pale iijf the former forts, anci Broat

yellow colour. This is alfo an annual piant. If the regularly indented near the root, but thoft on the
feeds arc permitted to fcatter, there will be a cohltant fl;alks have but few and fliallow indentures. The
'*'A »'- i_--^wta|F-F-F ^ J^P * m ^ '•^ - ' r- — X -- ; -
fwj
utiply of young plants come up. fl^lks of this fort are much longer and thicker than
The third fort is the Gomrnqn Marigold, which is jJoof? of fJhe former ; and' at the top, jufl; below the
culjuvatcd for ufe in the gardens this is fo well -, flower, fwell larger than at the bottom ; the flower is
Icnov/n, as 'to require no' defcriptlon. Of this there fmaller than thofe of the otiaer forts, but is of the fame
are the follnwins varieties ; thp common finde die ; colour. Thefe plants flower in June, July, and Au-
double fio\yc;*ingi the largelt very double flower^ the gufl:, and their feeds ripen about fix weeks after , fo
3oubIe Lemon-Coloured flower; the greater' and that they mufl: be gatherecl at different times as they

/
Tmallcr childino; Marif^old, come to maturity.
Thde varieties are fuppofed to have been originally The feeds of thefe plants fhould be fown in the
obtained from tlie feeds of the common Marigold, but ipring in the borders of the ggirden where the plants
mpflof thefe dij^er^ nccs cohtirjue, if tlie feeds are pro- are ciefigned to remain, for they do not bear tranf-
perly favednor have I ever obferved the common
; pjanting "well j therefore they may be treated in the
fort approaching to either of thefe, where they have fame manner, and fo^yn at thp f^me time, with Candy
.been long cultivatea the greateft plenty ; but as m Tuft, Venus Lopking Glafs, and other hardy annual
the two childing Mangolds, and the lar^eft double, plants, putting four or five feeds in each patch ; if
are lubject to degenerate, where care is no^ taken in they aU grow, there ftaould not be more than two
Taving their feeds, I conclude they are not diftinft plants left in each patch after this, they require no
:

fpecies.^ The befl: way to preferve thefe varieties, is farther care but to keep them clean from weeds. If
to pull up thofe plants, whofe flowers are lefs dou-
all the feeds of thefe plants are permitted to fcatter, the
ble, as foon" as they* appear, that they may not im- plants will come up the following fpring without care,
pregnate the others \v^th tlif ir farina, and fave the and thefe will flower earlier than thofe which are fown
leeds from and mbft double flowers ^d
t"he largeft •, in the fpring. \

the childing fort fliould be fown by itfelf in a feparate Thp feventh fort is alfo a native of the fame coun-
part of the garden, and the feeds faved from the large try. This is a perennial plant, which divides near the
center flowers only, not from the fmall on^s which root into fcveral tufted heads, which are clofely co-
come frorh the empalemerit 6f^ the bthef^ for the feeds vered with long grafly leaves coming out on every
' '" '.'
of thefe are apt to change. *
' *
fide without order j fome of thefe have one or two in-
The feeds of thefe may be fown in March or AnriL dentures on their edges, but the mofl: part are entire.
where the plants are to remain, and will require no From between the leaves arife naked foot-flalks
other culture but to keep tTiem clearfTroin weeds, about nine inches long, fuftaining one flower at tlie
and to thin the plants whcrp they are too clofe, leav- top, v/hich is about the fize of the common Mari-
ing tliem tenlnches afunder, that their branches n^ay gold, having a purple bottom ; the rays are alfo pur-
have room 'to fpread. Tlicft plants wiirbegin to ple without, but of a pure white within. Thefe expand
flower in June, and continue in flower until the frofl: when the fun flnnes, but always clpfe in the evening,
Icills them. ,"
The feeds ripen in Augufl: an4 Sepcem- and in cloudy weather. The general feafon of their
beauty
 : '

A A+

i}(;4Uty h in April and v/hen they have the

May, flowers, about the fize of thofe of the Field Daify;
grc'^teft number of flowers vipon 'them ; but there is
which are fucceeded by long, flat, rough feeds. It
cqnip:;only a fuccefllon of flowers late in the autumn,
grows naturally in poor fandy ground, and flov/err, in
riiough not in fo great plenty. This fort doth not the fpring. This plant is annual; the feeds muft
ortcjrproduce good feeds in Europe, but it is eafily be fown in the fpring upon a hot-bed, and when die
propagated by flips taken off from the heads, in the plants are fit to remove, they ftiould be planted in
p.ir.i^ manner ^s is praftifed for Thrift. They may be
pots filled with light fandy earth, and plunged into
plaiitcd any time in funimer, with light
in pots^flllcd a hot-bed of tanners bark, obfervine; to fliade them
frcfn earth, wliich may be plunged into a very mo- until they have taken new root; then they muft have
air admitted to them every day, in proportion to the
iieratc hot-be45 ^Q forward their putting out root s
^,

u: udierwiie xh,?, pats may be funk in the ground up warmth of the feafon, and treated in the fame manner
to tlveir rims, and covered with a Melon-glafs, which, as other tender plants from the fame countries. With

in the middle of fummer, will anfwer full as well, this management, the plants will flqwer in Augufl:,

but in the fpfjng or autumn, the form.er method is and the feeds ripen in Oftober.
to be preferred when thefe are planted, the glaflfes
: #
mult be fliaded in the heat of the day, and the flips inches high, fending out flender ftifF branches on
muft be frequently refreflied with water, but it mufl; every fide^ thofe near the ground being much longer
not tie given them too liberally, for much wet will than the upper; thefe are garniflied with oblong
rot them after they have got fl:rong roots, they fliould
:
hairy leaves without foot-flralks, placed oppofite.
be each planted into feparate fmall pots, filled with From the wings of the fl:alk, arifes the foot-ilalk of
frefn light earth, a,nd placed in a flaady fituation, till the flower, having two fmall leaves placed oppofite,
they have taken frefli root, when they may be placed juft below the flower, which hath a fingle empale-
in the open air, in a flieltered fituation, where they ment, like the other fpecies. The flowers are of a
may remain till autumn, and then ihould be placed yellowifli white colour, This fort was fent me v/ith
in a dry, airy, glafs-cafe, for the winter feafon, or the Tormer from La Vera Cruz, by the fame gentle-
under a conimon hot-bed frame; for thefe plants do man, \ It is an annual plantj and requu'es the fame
iiot thrive in artificial hear, they only require pro- treatment as the former fort,
teftion from froil and wet, and flapuld enjoy the air CA L F's SNOUT. See Antirrhinum.
at all times when th,e weather is mild. The feeds of CALL A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 517, Wake Robin, or
this fort are he^f t;-fh^p^d, like thofe of the fifth. I Ethiopian Arum.
have fomctim,es ha4 otie or two heads of them ripen *
The Characters are.

in a feafon, But this is veiy rare ^ and if the feeds are ')cn fpatha of ont
not fown in autumn, they feldom grow. -/ ending in a point,
TKe eighth fort has been of late years introduced into fingle upright fp. to which the
the Dutch gardens from the Cape of Good Hope. 1 flowers and f and female
Yhis was fent me by Dr. Van Royen, profeflbr of] flp'tvers^ intermixed toward the upper part of the club
{
botany at Leyden, fome years pafl:. It hath a flender, ale flov^ers confijt of many very fhort fi.

tllrubby, perennial fl:aj.k, which rifes to the height tmninatei iy fmall yelloi^ifh fummits ; the ft
of feven or eight feet, but requires fupport ; this 1 flowers have a compreffed fiyle^ rejting upon an obtuft
fends out ;i great number of weak branches, from dfiig Thefe fli

the bottom to the top, which hang downward, unlefs flrft fl^
they are fupported; they ate garniflied with oval foon falls off^ leaving the ftyh
'h The germen
leaves, having fliprt flat fopt-fl:alks; mofl: of thefe 1 afterward becomes a globular pulpy fruity comprejjed
are flightly ir*dente4 toward the top, and many of fldes^ inclofing two or three obtufe feeds
'tiiem are entire ; they are of a fliining green colour This genus of plants is ranged in the feventh fedlion
on their upper fide, but paler underneath ; the flow- of Linn^eus's twentieth clafs, intitled Gynandria Po-
ers come out at the encf of the branches, on Ihort lyandria. This clafs includes thofe plants whofe male
naked foot-ftalks, and are in fize and colour like thofe J and female flowers are intermixed ; and this fe6tioo,
of the fixth fort ; thefe are fometimes fucceeded by . ^ fl:am .,
^ ,

flat lieart ftiaped feeds, The flowers appear during The Species are,
the fumrner months. 1, Calla i^Mthiopicd) foliis fagitato-cordatis, fpatha
'

I'liis Is eafily propagated by cutdngs, which may be cucullata, fpadice fuperne mafculo. Hort. Clifi\ 436.
jjlanted any time in fummer in a fhady border, or Calla with arrow-headed h'eart-fhaped leaves^ a hooded
^
otherwife Ihadcd with mats in the heat of the day fpatha or floeath^ and male flowers fttuated en the upper
Arum Africanum flore albo odo-
'

in five or fix Aveeks, thefe. will have taken root, when part of thefpadix.
they flipuld bc carefully taken up, and each put into rato. Par. Bat, Prod,
4 ieparate pot, fiUed with light fandy earth, but not 2, Calla (Palufiris) -foliis cprdatis, fpatha plana, fpa-
dunged, and placed in the flaade till they have taken dice updique hermaphrodito. Hort. 436. Calla Cliff,
frefn root then they may be placed with other hardy
;^ with heart-Jhaped leaves, a plain fheatby and evoy part
exotic plants in a flaeltered fituation where they may ofthefoohftalk hath hrmaphrodite flowers. Dracunculug
remain till the frx)fl: begins, when they muft be re- aquatiUs, Dod. Pempt. 330,
moved into the* green-houfe, placing them near the 3, Calia {Orientqlis) foliis Qvatis. Gron. Orient. 282;
windows that they may enjoy die free air, for this Calla with oval leaves. Arum minus Orientalej ro*
plant only requires protection from frofl:. The earth tundioribus foliis. Mon Hifl:. 3. p. 544.
in which thefe are planted, fliould be light, but very This plant hath thick, flefliy, tuberous roots, which
poor, for in rich eartli they grow too luxuriant, and ^re covered with a thin brown Ikin, and fl:rike down
leldom flower. -^
many fl:rong flefliy fibres into the ground. The leaves
The ninth fort was fent me from La Vera
Cruz, in arife in clutters,having foot-fl:alks more than a foot
New Spain, by the late Dr. Houft:ouh, where he long, which are green and fuccu]ent. The leaves arc?
found it growing naturally in great plenty. This ftiaped like the point of an arrov/, they are eight or
fends out many herbaceous (talks from the root, which nine inches in length, and of a ftiining green, ending
arc h^iry, a,nd trajl upon l\\t ground. The leaves in a fliarp point, which turns backward; between
are placed by pairs oppofite ; thefe are long, narrow, the leaves arife the foot-ftalk of the flower, which is
and, indented on their edges in two or three places thick, fmooth, of the fame colour as the leaves, anci^
oppofite to each other, fo as to appear like three, rifes above tHem, and is terminated by a fingle flower,
five, or fcvcn lobes: they are rough,
and of a deep Hiaped like thofe of the Arum ; the hood or fpatha
green on their upper fide, but hoary on their under, being twift:ed at the bottom, fpreads open at the
covered v/ith flcnd<jr hairs, From the divifions of top, and 15 of a pure white cplour. In the center of
tlie brandies and the wings
of the leaves, come out this is fituated'the fpadix or club, which is of &n
long n^kcd fopt-fl-^lks, terminated by fingle yellow herbaceous, yellow colour, ugon "^hith the fmall her*
 »

».

-- - -
'?
•f fe

p
A M
. baceous nowcis are placed, and lo cloiely joined, as
"
of growth, or when they are re-
their hatiiral places
'

that the naale and female parts are very difficult^to moved into a garden. They both grow upon moift
'

. diftine-uilli, without the affiftance of {piaffes. When :

= boggy land, in many parts of England, but the firfl:
'"'
thefe fade, part of thofe which are fuua'ted at the top is the mofl common of this there is a variety with
•,

of the club, are fuccecded by rouhdilh flefliy berries ' ' very double flowers, which for its beauty is preferved
iri many gardens. This is .propagated by parting the
comprefled on two fides, each containine; two or three
•
'

. feeds. .
'- *
'roots in autunln, and Ihould be planted in a moift
..' -^

'This plant grows naturally at the Cape of Good foil and a Ihady^ fituation j and as there are often

y Hope, but has been long an inhabitant in theEngliih fuch places in gardens, where few other plants will
gardens. propagates veiy fall by offsets, which
It thrive, fo thefe may be allowed to have room, and

. Ihould be taken off the latter end of Augiift, at which during their feafon of flowering, will afford an agree-
'

time the'old leaves decay; but this plant is never able variety. This fort with double flowers, doth
deftitute of leaves, for before the old ones decay, not appear fo early in the fpring as the fingle, but
„ there are young leaves* produced, which advance in
-
continues much longer in beauty. It flowers in May,
,. height all the-winter •, but at this feafon the roots are and if the feafon is not very warm, will continue till
"
!'
in their Thefe roots have gene-
moft inaftiye ftate. the middle of June. ^. ;
'''!

CALYCANTHUS. See Basteria. -

-•p

rally a great number of offsets about them, fo that

..'
r

unlefs there' is a want of them, the largeft "only ihould CALYX [with botanifts, cup of a flower
fignifies the

^ be chofen; which fiiould be feparated from all the before it opens this is ftyled the empalement of the
:

v'fmaller, and each planted in a feparate pot, filled flower ; in fome plants this continues, and becomes
with kitchen-garden earth, and placed with other
,
afterward a cover to the feeds of herbs, and fruit of
hardy exptic plants in, the open, air till auaimn, when trees.] Lat, The cup inclofing or containing the
\
..',.. "
they muft be removed into fhelter for the winter flov/er.' .

\ feaion,' during which time, they muft not have too CAMARA., See Lantana. v '

much wet, for that will rot the roots.^* This plant
\', CAMERARIA. Plum. Nov. Gen. 18. tab. 29.
is fo hardy as to live in the open air in mild winters, Lin. Gen. Plant. 264. ^ _

without any cover, if they are planted in warm bor- ., This plant was fo named by father Plumier, in ho-
ders, and have a dry foil j but with a little fhelter "'nour of Joachim Camerarius, a phyfician and botanift
in hard frofl;, they may be preferved in the full ground
'
of Nuremberg; who publilhed an edition of Mat-
very well. It flowers in May, and the feeds ripen thiolus, in Latin and High Dutch, with new figures
in^^iuguft', but as the roots increafe fo plentifully, of the plants, and many obfervations, '

'

.. .:few perfons care to fow the feeds, becaufe the young The Characters are,
,'''"
than three years. The
plants will not flower in lefs nc fiower bath a fhort permanent empalement 'of one leaf
.- V'nowers of this plant have but little fweetnefs, altho' cut into five acute fegments at the top : the fiower is
of
^^. by Herman's title, it fhould have a very agreeable one leaf faher-fhaped^ having a long cylindrical tube at
','^oabufV but unlefs a perlbn places it near him, it ' "
bottom^ which is enlarged' above^ and divided at the top
vcannot be perceived. I have frequently received the into five acute fegments. hath five Jhort infiexed fta-
-It
.

..\ from tlie'Cape of Good Hope, but have

feeds of this .
mina., which are terminated by obtufe membranaceous
fim-
I always found they produced the fame fort . mits. In the bottom of the tube atejituated 'two roundifij
'[,
The fecond fort grows naturally in moiil or marlhy germen^ having one common fiyle^ which is ^cylindrical^
^^ grounds in many parts of Europe, fb is rarely ad- '
and the length of the ftamina, crowned by two fiigma
\

mitted into 'gardens. the under one is orbicular and flat., the other is concave.
'
The. third fort grows naturally on the mountains near The germen afterward becomes two long, taper, leafy cap-
Aleppo. This hath a thick tuberous root, from with oblong cylindrical fe
fules, filled > -

which fpring up feveral oval leaves, ftanding on pretty This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
long foot-ftalksi the fpadix of the flower rifes be- Linn^us's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia^
tween the leaves, about fix or eight inches high, the flowers of this clafs having five ftamina, and thofe
"
'fupporting one white flower at tlie top. in thii fedtion but one ftyle.
The roots of this fort fliould be planted in pots filled The Species are, '

T with light earth, and in fummer they may be placed 1. Cau^rakia (Latifolia) foliis ovatis, utrinque acutis
," open air; but in winter
"with other exotic plants in the .
tranfverfe ftratis. Hort. Cliff: 76. Lin. Sp. Plant. 210.
i they'I!i6uld be placed under a common 'hot-bed Cameraria with roundifh leaves ending in points tranf-
' v-
frame, to fcreen them from froft, to which if they verfly ribbed, Cameraria lato Myrti folio. Plum. Nov.
are expofed the roots will be deftroyed ; there is little Gen. 18. ; ' ' N -

beauty m this plant, To it is only preferved in botanic 2. Cameraria {Angufiifolia) foliis linearjbus. Lin. Sp.
gardens for variety. - '
Plant. 210. Cameraria- with long narrow leaves. Ca-
C A L L A C A R P A. ^ee Jo'hns'onia. meraria angufto linari^ folio. Plum. Nov. Gen. 18.
'C A L T H A. Lin. Geri. Plant. 623. Marjh MarigcU.
'"'"'.
The firft fort was fent me from the Havanna by the
The Characters are, •
late Dr. Houftoun,' where he found it growing na-
^he fiower hath no empalement^ hut compofed of five is turally in great plenty. This
with a ftirubby rifes
- -

large^ cval^ cofhave pelals, which fpread open. It hath ftalk to the height of ten or twelve feet, dividing
a great number offiender fiamina^ which arefljorter than into feveral branches, garnifiied with roundifli pointed
the petals^ terminated by obtitfe ere^ fummits : in the leaves placed oppofite, having many fmooth tranf-
center there are feveral oblong comprejfed gmnen fituated^ verfe veins running from the midrib to the borders.
which have no fyleSj but are crowned Jingle Jligma. ^ The flowers are produced at the end of the branches
^he germen afterward become fo many port pointed cap- in loofe clufters, which have long tubes enlarging
. fuks^ containing many roundijh feeds, gradually upward, and at the top are cut into five
\ This genus of plants is ranged in the feventh feftion iegmcnts, broad at their bafe, but end in fliarp
""of Linna^us's thirteenth clafs, intitled Polyandria Po- points the flower is of a yellowilh white colour.
:

^^^ flowers of this clafs having many fta- After the flowers are fallen, the germen become two
Vsy^"^^*^' '
'"

mma, and of this feftion feveral getmen.

'

leafy capfules joined at their bafe, and have two

The Species are, fwelling protuberances on each fide at the bottom,
I. Caltha (Af(7/'^r)foliis orbicularis crenatis, fiore majore. the middle being extended confiderably longer ; thefe
MarJJj Marigold with round crenated leaves^ and a lafger have one cell, filled with cylindrical feeds. It flow-
. flower. Populago flore majore. Tourn. Infl:. 273. ers in Auguft, but never produces any feeds in
"2. CAwmAtMincr) foliis orbiculato-cordatiscrenatis flore jEns;land.
rfl: -fi The fecond fort hath an irregular Ihrubby ftalk,
fnaller fit which rifes about eight feet high, fending out irre-
Thefe two forts are fuppofed to be the fame, but I gular branches, garniflied widi very narrow thin leaves
\ have never o?bfcrvcd either of them to vary, either in placed oppofite \ thefe have two ribs running longi-
tudinally
 ;

A M I
A M
tudinally through each. The flovVers are pfolluccci i The SpecIes arc;
,.

fcatteringly at the end of the branches, v;hich arc r. Campanula {Pyramidalis) foliis ovatis glaoris fub-
»,

Ihaped hke thofe of the former fort, but fniallcr. ferratis, canle credo paniculato, ramulis brevibun.
Both thefc plants abound with an acrid milky juice Lin. Sp. 233. Bell-flower with cvalfinocth leaves fazved
like the Spurge. The fecond fort grows naturally in l^elowy an upright paniciilated ftalk, and fljort branches.

Jamaica.
'
Campanula pyramidata altiffima. Tourn. Inlt. 109,
Thefe plants are propagated by feeds, which muft be Talleft pyramidal Bell-flower, ... ,

procured from the places of their growtli, for they 2. CAM^ANULA (Z)a-2^r;r«j) foliis radicalibus.obovatis,
do not perfedl their feeds in England. They may caulinis lanceokto-linearibus fubferratis feflllibus re-
motis. Lin, Sp. Plant. '164. Bell-flower with lower
alfo be propagated by cuttings planted in a hot-bed
during the fummer months : they mufl have a bark- leaves oval,and thofe on theftalks narrow, fpear-floaped^
ilove, for they are very tender plants ; but in warm flawed, and growing clofe to the ftalks at remote diftances..

weather muft have plenty of air. Campanula perfica; folio, Clul". Plifl:. 171. Peach-leafed
CAMOCLADIA, the Maiden Plumb. Bell-flower. . , .
' .

The Characters are, 3. Campanula {Medium) capfulis quinquelocularlbus

// hath a tripartite coloured empdement of one leaf fpread- teftis, calycis finubus reflexis. Vir. Cliff*. 16. Bell-

ing open ; the flower hath three plain^ oval^ jpreading flower with a covered capfule,. having five cells, and the
^Ifljapedftamlna fl borders ofl the cup reflexed. Campanula hortenfis folio
roundiflj incumbent ft & flore oblohgo. C. B. P. 94. Commonly called Canter-

flyle^ crowned by an obtufe ftig bury Bell-flower. ^' . .

- . .

,ft
Plumb^ 4. Campanula {^iracheliuni) caule angulato, foliis pc-
lofing a nut of tiolatis^ calycibus ciliatis, pedunculis trifidis. Vir.

fame form. Clifl: 16. Bellflower with an angular ftalk, leaves having
This plant ranged in the firft order of Linn feus s
is foot-Jlalksy a hairy empalement, and trifld floot ftalks to
third clafs, intltled Triandria Monogynia> the flower theflo'puers. Campanula vulgatior, foliis urtic^ vel
having three ftamina and one ftyle. major & afperior. C. B. P. 94. Nettle-leaved Bell-
The Species are, flower.
1. Camocladia [Integrifolia) foliolls integris. Jacq. 5. Campanula [Latiflolia) foliis ovato-lanceoiatis, caulc
Amer. Camocladia zotth entire lobes. Prunus race-
12. fimpliciflimo tereti, floribus folitaris pedunculatis fruc-
mofa, caudice non ramofa, alato fraxini folio non tibus cernuis. Vir. Cliff. 17. Bellftower with oval
crenato, frudu rubro fubdulci. Sloan. Cat. 184. The flpear-floaped leaves, a ftngle taper ftalk, flowers growing
Maiden Plumb. - .
Jtngly upon floot ftalks, and pendent fruit. Campanula
2. Camocladia {Dentata) foliolis fpinofo-deritatis. maxima foliis latiflimis. C. B. P. 94. Greateft Bell-
Jacq. Amer* 12. Camocladia with prickly indented flower with broadeft leaves.
leaves. 6. Campanula {Rapunculus) foliis undulatis fadicalibus
J lanceolato-ovalibus, panicula coarftata. Horr. UpfaL
Weft 40. Bellftower with waved leaves, thofe growing near
rifeswith an upright ftem near twenty feet high, gar- theftalk oval and fpear-fhaped, and a compreffed panicle.
niihed with long winged leaves, whofe pinnie are en- Campanula radice efculenta. H. L. Commonly called
tire; at the top there are a few branches fent out
about a foot long, which 'fullain the flowers and
Rampion.
Campanula
.....
(Glomerata) caule arigukto fimplici,
7.
fruit; floribus feflllibus capitulo terminali. Vir. Clift^. 16.
The fecond fort grows naturally at the Havanna, Bellftower with a fingle angular ftalk, flowers growing
where it rifes about the fame height with the former; clofe, and terminating in a head. Campanula pratenfis
but as the flowers and fruit of this are unknown to flore conglomerato. C. B. P. 94. Meadow Bellftower
the author, he can give no farther account of with flowers gathered in bunches.
them, 8. Campanula {Spectdum) caule ramoflfllmo diffufo fo-
Thefe plants arc propagated by feeds, when they can liis oblongis fubcrenatis, calycibus folitariis corolla
be obtained from the places of their growth, which longioribus, capfulis prifmaticis. Hort. Upfal. 41.
fliould be fov/n in pots and plunged into a hot-bed •,
' Bellftower with a very branching diffufled flalk, oblong
-1 ±. i_^

the plants, when fit to remove, fliould be each planted crenated leaves, fclitary flower- cups which are longer than
in a fmall pot, and plunged into a tan-bed, and in the petal, and prifmatic capfules. Campanula arvenfii
the autumn fliould be plunged into the bark-bed in erefta Euphrafl^ luteal, feu Triflaginis appuhe fo-
the ftove, and treated as other tender plants. liis. PL Cath. Commonly called upright P^enus Looking-
CA iM P A I F O N RM
flowers [of campana, a bell
and forma, Lat. fhape/J fuch flowers as in fliape re- 9. Campanula [Hybrida) caule bafi fubramofo fl:ri6}:o,
femble a befl. foliis oblongis crenatis, calycibus aggregatis corolla
CAMPANULA. Tourn. Infl:. R. H. 108. tab. 38. longioribus, capfulis prifmaticis. Lin. Sp. Plant. i68\
Lin. Gen. Plant. 201. [fignifies a little bell, as tho' Bell-flower with a fltalk branching at the bottcm, cblon^
parva campana, Lat. fo called, becaufe the flowers crenated leaves, fl.ower-cups gathered together, which are
refemble a little bell.] longer than the petal, and prifmatic capfules. Campanula
Hie Characters are, arvenfis. minima eredta. Mor. Hifl:. 2. 457. Small Venus
The empalemcnt is divided int fi -
Lcoking-glafs.
fpreading^ mid refts upon th flower is 10. Campanula (Erinus) caule dichotomo,
of foliis fef-
fljaped like a bell^ fpreading at the baft fllibus utrinque dentatis. Hort. Cliff*. 65. Bell-flower
i holes. In the bottom isfituated the fi^ with a florked flalk, and leaves growing clofe to theftalks^
which are indented on both fides. Campanula minor
It hath five fljort flamina.^ which are inferted ir -
annua, foliis incifis. Mor. Hilt. i. 458! Smaller annual
of the valves of the ncBarium^ terminated by lo Bell-ftower_ with cut leaves.
pre/fed funiniits : below the receptacle is fituated II. Campanula {Penlagonia) caule fubdivifo ramofif-
gidar gerrmi^ fupporting a ftyle which is longer than the acuminatis. Hort. GG.
fimo, foliis linearibus'^ Cliff".
ftaminay crowned by a thick ^ oblongs tripartite fligrna.
Bellftower with a very branching divided ftalk, and
The empalemcnt afterward becomes a roundiflo angular
narrow pointed leaves. Campanula pentagonia flore
capfule^ which in fome fpecies have three, and in
others five amplifllmo Thracia. Tourn. Infl:. 112. Five-corr.cred
ceils, each having
a hole toward the top, through which Bellftower of Thracica.
tlx feeds are flattered when ripe. 12* Campanula {Perfoliata) 'Caule fimplici, foliis cor-
This genus of plants ranged in the firfl: feftion of
is datis dentatis amplexicaulibus, floribus feflllibus ag-
Linnieus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia; gregatis. Horr. Upfal, 40. Bell-flower with a fingle
tlie flowers of tliis
clafs have five (tamiha, and in this flalk, hcart-fljaped indented leaves ivhich embrace thcftcdk,
fccliun but one ftyle.
and fl.owers gathered together, growing clofe to the flalk.
Y y Cam-
 !,! '

-CAM
Campanula pentagonia pcrfoliata. Mor. Ilifi:. '2.
p. qiiickeft, therefore generally praftifed,
M
but the plants
which are raifed from feeds, are always ftronger ; the
457- Five-tornered perfoliate BelUfloiver.
fulih hn- ftalks will rife higher, and produce a greater number
13. Campanula {^Americana) caule ramofo,
;uiformibus crenulatis margine cartilagineo. Prod,
of flowers, thcraore I recommend it to the practice
^

,cyd. 246. Bell-fo'wer v)itb a branching Jialk^ end'

j

of the curious; but in order to obtain good feeds,

Cam- there fliould be fome fi:rong plants placed in a warm
tcngue-Jhaped crenulaud leaves with ftiff edges.
ficvmtion, near a pale, or wall, in autumn ; and, if
panula minor Americana, foliis rigidis flore cfcrulco
"
\

the following Winter fliould prove fevere, they ftiould

patulo. H. L. 107. Smaller Ar/ierican Dell-floiver.^
Campanula [Canarienfis) foliis haftatis dentatis op- be covered either with hand-glaflTes or mats, to pre-
14.
vent their being injured by the froftj and, in the
^

pofitis petiolatis, capfulis quinquelocularibus. Lin.

Sp. Plant. 1C8. Bell^ficjver ivith fpear-Jhapd indented] fummer, -when the flowers are fully open, if the feafon
having foot-Jlalks and capfules fliould prove very wet, the flowers muft be fcreened
leaves growing cfpoftte^
with five cells, .Campanula Canaricnfis, atriplicis fo- from great rains, otherwife there will be no good
lio, tuberosa radice. Canary Bell-flower, feeds produced: the not obferving this, has occafioned

15. Campanula (P^/«/^) foliis ftridlis, radlcalibus lan-

many to believe that the pknts do not bear feeds in
ceolato-ovalibus, panicula patula. Flor. Suec. i86. England, which is a great mifl:ake, for I have railed
Bell-flower whofe radical leaves are oval, fpcaZ-pap^d^
and fpreading flowers in panicles. Campanula ciculenti always found
facie, rami^ & fioribus patulis. Hort. Elth. i. 68. have been long propagated by ofisets, feldom
16. Campanula (C^n;/Vma) hifpida, fioribus fcffilibus, pjro4uce feeds, which is the fame with many otlicr
capitulo terminali, foliis lanceolato-linearibus undu- plants which are propagated by flips, or cuttin (Y3

latis. Lin. Sp. 235. Rough Bell-fliower with [eflik flowers which in a few years "become barren.'
terminating the flalks^ and linear^ [pear-floapcd^ waved When the feeds arc obtained, they mufl: be fown in
leaves. Campanula foliis echii. C. B. 36. autumn in pots, or boxes, filled w)th light undungcd
earth, and placed in the open air till the froft or
17. Campanula {Saxatilis) foliis bbovatis crenatis, fio-
ribus nutantibus, capfulis quinquecarinatis.
alternis hard rains come on, wl^n tliey fliould be placed
"

Lin, Sp. 237. Bell-flower with oval crenated leaves^ under a hot-bed frame, where they rhay be fnelrercd
nodding flowers placed alternate^ and hoat-fljaped capfules from both, but in mild weather the glafiis fliould be
with five cells. Campanula Cretica faxatilis, bcllidis drawn ofi^ every day, that they thay enjoy die free
magno Tourn. Inft. iii. '
'•>.:;'''" air; with this management the plants'will come up
folio, flore. .

There are feveral other fpecies of this gerius, fome \ cariy in the fpring, and then they mufl: be removed
•
of which grow naturally in England, and ethers in out of the frame, placing them firfl; in a warm fi-
the .horthero, parts of Europe, which have but little tuation but wlien the feafon becomes warm, they
•,

fliould be rejnoved where they may have the morning

beauty, therelore are feldom cultivated in gardens,
^ .
fo I Ihall not enumerate them here. There arc alfo fun only. During the following fum^mer they mull
. l^veral varieties of fome of the forts here mentioned, be kept clean fiom weeds, and in very dry weather,
which I fhall take notice of in their proper place;
'-^ now and then refreflicd with water, which mufl: be
but as they are not diftind fpecies, they are omitted
-
given with great caution, for the Toots are very fub-
^ -in the above lifl:. je6t to rot with too much moifturei In September
"

The firft fort hath thick tuberous roots which are the leaves of the plants will begin to" decay, at which

V milky this fends out three or four fl:rdng, "fmooth,

•,
time they fliould be tranfplanted therefore there
-,

upright ftialks, which rife near four feet high, and mufl: be one or two beds pi'epared, in proportion to

are garniflied with fmooth oblong leaves, whole. edges the number of plants. Thefe beds mufl: be in a warm
are a little The
lower leaves are
indented. much fltuation, arid the earth light, fandv, and without
broader than thofe which adorn the fl:alks. The any mixture of dunsr, which 1 enemy to this
flowers are produced from the fide of the fi-alks, and plant. If the fltuation of the place is low, or the
are regularly fet on for more than half their length, natural foil moift, the beds muft be raifed five or fix
forming a fort of pyramid thcfe are large, open,
; inches above the furface of the ground, and the na-
and iliapcd like a belL The moft common colour tural foil removed a foot and a half deep, putting
- of the flowers is a light blue but there have been
;
lime rubbifli eight or nine inches thick in the bottom
fome with white flowers, which make a variety of the trench, to drain off* the moifture. Wiien the
. when intermixed with the blue, but the latter is moft beds are prepared, tlie plants muft be taken out of
cfteemed. the pots, or cafes, very carefully, fo as not to break
This plant cyltivated to adorn halls, and to place
is or bruife their roots, for they are very tender, and,
before the chimnies in the fummer, when it is in on being broken, the milky juice will flow out plen-
flower, for which purpofe there is no plant more tifully, which gready weaken them.
will Thefe
proper i for when the roots are flirong, they v/ill fend fliould be planted at about four inches diftance each
out four or five fl:alks, which will rife as many feet way, with the head or crown of the root half an
high, and are garniflied with flowers great part of inch below the furface ; if there happens a gentle
their length. Thefe upright fl:alks fend out -fome fliower of rain foon after they are planted, it will be
ftiort fide branches, which are alfo adorned with of great fervice to the plants; but as the frafon fome^
flowers, fo that by fpreading the upright fl:alks to a times proves very dry at this time of the year, in
fiat frame compofed of fiender laths (as is ufually that cafe, it will be proper to give them a gentle
praftifed) the whole plant is formed into the fliape watering three or four days after they are planted,
of a fan, and will fpread near the width of a common and to cover the beds with mats every day, to pre-
fire-place. AVhen the flowers begin to open, the vent the fiin from drying the earth; but thefe muft
pots are removed into the rooms, where beinp; be taken off in the evening, that the dev/ may fall
ftiaded from the kept from the rain, the
fun, and on the e;round. Towards the end of October the beds
flowers will continue long in beauty and if the pots
•, fliould be covered over with fom.e old tanners bark
are every night removed into a more airy fituation, to keep out the froft, and where there is not conve-
but not expofcd to heavy rains, the flowers will be niency of covering them with frames, they fliould
fairer, and continue much longer in beauty. be arched over with hoops, that in fevere frofts they
Thofe plants which are thus treated, are feldom fit rnay be covered wuh mats-, for tliefe plants, vvhca
for the purpofe the following feafon, therefore a fup- young, are often deftroyed in winter, where this care
ply of young plants fliould be annually raifed. The ISwanting. In the fprino; the coverin^-s muft be re-
common methodof propagating- this plant, is by di- miOved, and the following fumm.er the plants muft
viding the roots. The bell time for doing this is in be kq^t clean from wet^s and, if the feafon fliould
;

September, that the offsets may have time to get prove very dry, they muft now and then be ri^frcilicd
ftrong roots before winter. with water. The following autumn the furface or
This method of propagating by the offsets is the tlie ground fliould be ftirred between the plants, and
foir.G
 ' ;

p^ . ..,

M M
'
fome earth fpread over the
frefla beds, and in thcwln- have taken new root after wliich tlicy will require
-,

"ier covered as before. In thcle beds the plants may no other culture, but to keep them clean from weeds
ffmain two years, during which time they nuift be tillthe following auturnn, wiien they Ihould be tranf-
-»cated in the manner before direfted ; by which time ;
planted into the borders of the flower-garden. As
; the joctswill be flrong enough to flower: in Sep- thefe plants decay the fecond' year, there faould be
tember they lliould be carefully taken up, and fome annually young ones railed to lucceedthem.
of the moft promifing planted in pots ^ the others The fourth fort hath a perennial root, which fends
'
may be planted into warm borders, or in afrelh bed, up feveral ftiff' hairy ftalks, having tvro ribs or an-
'

at a greater diftance than before, to allow them room gles. Thefe put out a few fhort fide branches, gar-
to grov/. Thefe plants which are potted fhould be ^
niflied with oblong, pointed, hairy leaves, deeply

:1^ a winter from ereat rains and hard frofts, fawed on their edges. Toward the upper part of the
key will be in danger of rotting, or at leaft ftalks the flowers com.e out alternately, upon fliort

be fo weakened, as not to flower with any llrength trifid foot-ftalks,having hairy empalemcnts. The
the following fummer ; and thofe which are planted flowers are of the fliape of the former, but fl:ioitcr,
in the fullground, fliould have fome old tanners bark fpread more at the brim, and are pretty deeply cut
cm, to prevent the froft from entering into many acute fegments.
J
deei^ to the roots ; with this management thefe plants ,
the feeds ripen in autumn.
may be brought to the utmofl perfeftion, and a con- .• The varieties of this are, the deep and pale blue the \

ilant fucceflion of which will be!

good roots raifed, white with finglc flowers, and the fame colours with
n'luch preferable to thofe which are propagated by' double flowers. The double forts are propagated by
offsets. I have been informed diat there is a double parting their roots in auramn, wlxich fliould be an-
flower of this kind, but as I have not feen any, I nually performed, ofherwife the flowers are apt to de-
can give no farther account of it. This fort is by generate to Angle to prevent which, t1\e roois fhould
',

ibme called Steeple Bell-flower. ! be every autumn tranlplanted and parted. The foil
The fecond fort grows naturally in the northern parts fliould not be too light or rich, in vHiich the/ are
of Europe, but has been long cultivated in the' planted, for in either of thefe t!iey will degenerate •,

Enghih wardens ; of this there are the following va- out in a Ilrotvo- fre!h loam their flowers will be in the
ficties, VIZ. the Angle, blue, and white flower, which greatefl; perfeftion". Thefe plants are extreme hardy.
]uvc been Ions: here : and lb may be planted in any fituation ; thofe v/ith fingle
colours twenty flowers do not place in gardens.
nittft a
years in England, but has been propagated in fuch The fifth fort grows naturally in the northern parts
plenty, as to have almofl: baniflied thole with fingle of England this hath a perennial root, compofed of
:

lowers from the gardens. All thefe varieties are eafily m.any flefhy fibres, which abound v/ith a milky juice,
propagated by parting their roots in autumn, every from which arifc feveral ftrong, round, fingle ftalks,
head which is then flipped off will take root ; they which never put out br-anches, but are garniftied ^ixh
lare extreme hardy, fo will thrive in any foil or fitua- oval fpear-fliaped leaves, flightly indented on their
^ tion, therefore are very proper furniture for the com- edges, which are placed alternately. Toward the
mon borders of the flower-garden. ^^ upper part of the ftalk the flowers come out fmgly
(This hath a root compofed of many fibres, and fends \ipon fliort foot-ftalks ; thefe fpread open at the brim,
up an angular, or channelled fl;iff flialk, about two' where they are deeply cut into five acute fegments.
. feet and a Iialf high, garniftied with oblong, oval, ft:iff After the flowers are paft, the empalement becomes
. leaves near the root, which' are placed without order j a fiv^-cornered feed-veffcl, which turns downward till
but thofe on the and narrower, hav-'
fl:alks are longer "the feeds are ripe, when
upw^ixi it rifcs

ing their edges' nightly indented, and are of a fliining' Thevarletiesof this are, the blue, purple, and white
green. The flowers are produced towards the upper' flowering, This fort is eafily propagated by feeds,
poi't of the ftalk upon ftiort foot-fl:alks. Thefe are which furnilhes in great plenty, and, if fuflcred to
it

Ihapcd like thofe of the former fort, but are finaller, fcatter, the plants will come up in as great plenty the
and more expanded. This flowers in June and July, following fpring ; when they may be tranfplanted Into
and in cool leafons diere will be fome continue great the nurfery till autumn, at which time they fiiould bg
part of Augufl;. As
1
rhe third fort is a biennial plant, which perlfhes foon this fort delights in fliade, the plants may be planted
fifter It hath ripened feeds. It grows naturally in the under trees, or in fliady borders where few bet-
. woods of Italy and
but is cultivated in the
Aufl:ria, ter things will thrive, they will aflbrd an ac^ree-
Englifh gardens for the beauty of its flowers. Of able variety when they are in flower. It flowers in
^this fort there are the following varieties, the blue, June and July, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
fie purple, the white, the fliriped, and the double The fixth fort hath roundift-\ fleftn-noots eata- which are
flowering, but the lafi two are not very common in ble, and arc much cultivated in France for fallads, and
, England. -
fome years was cultivated in the Englilh gardens
paft' it
This hath obloncr, roup;h, hairy leaves, which are fcr- for the famepurpofe, but is now generally negledled.
fated on their edges, coming out without order from It grows naturally in feveral parts of England, but the
^root; from the center of thefe a fl:iff, hairy, fur- roots never grow to half the lize of thofe whicli are culr
t.
xt)Wcd ftalk, arifes alx)ut two feet high, fending out tivated. This is propagated by feeds, v/hich fliould
icvcral lateral branches, from the bottom upward, be fown in a fliady border the latter end of May, and
^rnifhcd with long, narrow, hairy leaves, fawe^ on when the plants are about an inch high, tlie ground
their edges, and are placed alternately from tlie fliould be hoed, as is praftifed for Onions, to cut up
^

fetting on of thefe leaves, come out the foot-flalks the weeds, and thin the plants to thediftance of three
<Vf the flower, thofe which are on the lower part of or four inches and v/hen the weeds come up again^
•,

the ftalk and branches being four or five inches lon^,

they muft be hoed over to deftroy them tiiis, it well :

;^ininiing gradually in their length upward, an^d performed in dry weather, will make the ground clears
'wreby form a fort of pyramid. The flowers of for a confiderable time, fo that being three times re-
this kind are very
large, fo make a fine appearance \
peated, it will keep the plants clean till winter, Vv^hich
-they come out the beginning of June, and, if the is the feafon'for eating the roots, when they may be
.leafonis not very hot, will continue a month in beau- taken up for wic as they are wanted. Tlicfe will con^
1^ The iceds ripen in September,
*
and the olants tinue good till April, at v/hich time fend tliey will
decay foon after. .
out their ftalks, when they will become hard and un-
It propagated by feeds, v/Iiich muft be fown in the
IS
fit for ufe, as do alfo thofe roots which have flowered ^
Ipnng on an open bed of common earth,
and when fo that the youn^ roots only are fuch which are fit for
the plants are fit to
remove, they fl\ouId be tranf- the table, therefore when the feeds fown too
arc _

planted into the Hower-nurfery, up to i5owe; \ he fame

;
in beds fix inches early, the plants frequently run
wunde^ obJcrvin^v to water them frequently fpoils their roots.
till they year, which
T:ds

::-^^
 t" H

A M
'liiis fort fends cut upright ftalks about Iwo feet high,
iandj dr it where it grows "Wild among cbrri, fcarccjy

rifes to the Height of fix inches. Thefl.alk is fing!c,

which are garnifhed with oblong fpear-fliaped leaves,
placed alternately. Towards the upper part of the rarely putting out any branches, unlefs near the root,

.llalk the fmall Bell-flowers arc produced, ftanding from whence there are fometimes one or two fliort
upright clofe to the ftalk fome of thefc flowers are
•,
lateral branches produced. The leaves are roundiflj,
blue, and others white ; they come out in June and and embrace the ftalk at their bafe ; their edges are
July, and the feeds ripen in autumni - . . .
'

fharply fawed, and from their bafe comes out a clufc

The feventh fort grows naturally upon chalky paf- tuft of flowers, furrounded by tlie leaf, as in an env

tures in many parts of England, where the fl:Aiks do palement. , The flowers are five-cornered, fliapcd
not rife many times a foot high, and in other places like thofe of the Venus Lookin^:^-dafs, but are muLn
it grows to double that "height, which has occalioned fmaller ; thefe are produced the whole length of the
their being taken for two diftind plants. This hath ftalk. The feeds are inclofed in fhort capfules, which
a perennial root, which fends up feveral round hairy are fliaped like thofe of the former forts. It grows in

ftalks, which often rife upward of two feec high ; the Italy, and alfo in Virginia. If the feeds of this fore
bottom leaves are broad, and fl:and upon long foot- are permitted to fcatter, the plants will come up with-
ftalks, and are flightly fawcd on their edges. Tliofe out care ; or the feeds may be fown in tlie Ipring, in
which are upon the ftalks are long, narrow, have no the fame manner as thofe of the laft forts, and treated
foot-ftalks, and are placed alternately at confiderable in the fame way.
diftances. From the wings of the leaves, towards The thirteenth fort is a native of America, but has
the upper part of the ftalk, come out long naked been long cultivated in the gardens of the curious,
foot-ftalks, fupporting two or three bell-fliaped flow- both in England and Holland. This hath many rigid
ers, clofely joined together in a head, and the main oblong leaves coming out from the root on every
ftalk terminated by a large clufter
is of the fame flow- fide, which form a fort of head like thofe of Houfc-
ers, which are fucceeded by roundifli capfules filled leek, crenated, having a ftrong rib running on their
with fmall feeds. This plant is eafdy propagated border longitudinally.' From the center of the plant
either by feeds, or parting their roots, and will thrive proceeds the ftalk, which rifes about a foot high,
in any foilor fituation. It flowers in July, and the and is thinly garniflied with very narrow ftifF leaves,
feeds ripen in autumn. of a ftiining green. From the wings of the leaves
The an annual plant, which rifes with
eighth fort is come out tlie foot-ftalks of the flower, which are
flender ftalks a foot high, branching out, garnilhed from two to four inches long, each being terminated
with oblong leaves, a little curled on their edges ;
by one fpreading bell-ftiaped flowef, whofe empale-
from the wings of the leaves come out the flowers, ment is fliort, and cut into five acute fegments. The
fitting clofe to the ftalks, which are of a beautiful ftyle of this is longer than the petal, and
crowned is

purple, inclining to a Violet-colour, divided into by a bifid ftigma. There is a v/hite and a blue
five fegments, which refemble fo many leaves, and
* flower of this fort in the gardens, but in Holland they
.in the evening contraft and fold into a pentagonal have it with a double flower. This fort doth not
figure ; from whence it is by fome titled Viola Pen- produce feeds in England, fo is only propagated by
tagonia, or five-cornered Violet. The empalement offsets ; thefe may be taken off from the old plants in
which encompaflfes the flower, is compofed of five, Auguft, that they may get good root before the cold
long, narrow, green leaves, which fpread open, and weather begins they muft be planted in fmall pots
:

are much longer than the petals of the flower ; thefe

.'. filled with frefli, light, loamy earth, and placed in
remain on the top of the prifmatic feed-veflcl, which the ftiade until they have taken root j then they may
is filled with fmall angular feeds. If this plant is be placed with other hardy exotic plants, and in au-
fown in autumn, grow much taller, and flower
it will tumn they muft be removed into flielter, for in fc-
a month earlier than when the feeds are fown in the vere winters thefe plants are often deftroyed which
fpring. The autumnal plants will flower in May, are expofed ; though in mild winters they will live in
and the fpring plants in June and July. There is a the open air. July
variety of this with white flowers, and another with I The fourteenth fort is a native of the Canary Iflands,
pale purple. '
'
from whence it was introduced to the gardens in Eu-
The ninth fort is the common Venus
Looking-glafs, rope, where it hath been many years cultivated and ;

which hath been long cultivated in the Englifli gar- of late years great numbers of the plants have been
dens. Tliis fort feldom rifes more than fix inches raifed from feeds which were brought from thence,
high, with a ftalk branching from the bottom upward, but the flowers of thefe new-raifed plants are not fo
garniflied with oval leaves, fitting clofe to the ftalks, well coloured as thofe of the old ones.
from the bafe of which the branches are produced, This hath a thick flefliy root, which is of an irregular
. which are terminated by flowers very like thofe of the form, fometimes running downward like a Parlhcp,
former fort. at other times dividin^y into feveral knobs near the
The tenth fort grows naturally in thefouth of France top, and when any part of the root is broken, there
and Italy. This is alfo a low annual plant, which ifliaes out a n^ilky juice at the wound. There are
feldom rifes fix inches high, but divides into many many ftrong flefliy fibres fent out, which ftrike deep
branches, garniflied with fliort oval leaves, fitting into the ground, and from thefe a numerous quantity
clofe, which are deeply indented on both fides. The of fmall ones. From the head, or crown of the root,
flowers are produced at the ends of the branches, arife one, two, three, or more ftalks, in proportion
which are fliaped like thofe of the other fort laft men- tp the fize of the root ; but that in the center is ge-
tioned, but they are fmall, their colours lefs beauti- nerally larger, and rifes higher than the others. Thcfc
ful, and the leaves of the empalement are broader. flalks are very tender, round, and of a pale green ;
The eleventh fort grows naturally in Thrace, but their joints are far diftant from each other, and when
hath been long in the Englifli gardens. This is alfo the roots are ftrong, the ftalks will rife ten feet high,
a low annual plant, which rifes little more than fix fending out feveral fmaller fide branches. At each
inches high ; the ftalks divide by pairs, and frequent- joint they are garniflied with two, three, or four
ly there arifes a branchfrom the middle of the divi- fpear-fliaped leaves, with a fliarp pointed beard on each
fions i the lower leaves are oblong and obtufe, but fide. Thefe of a fea-green, and, when ihty firft
are
.
thofe which come out toward the end of the branches come out, are covered flightly with an Afn-coluured
are much narrower, and pointed. The flowers come pounce. From the joints of the ftalk t!ic flowers are
out fingle at the end of the branches, having a long produced, which are of .the perfeft bell-fliape, and
five-leaved empalement, and are larger than thofe of hang downward ; they are of a flame colour, marked
the three laft forts, of a fine blue colour; the feeds with ftripes of a brownifli red ; tht flower h divided
are like thofe of the eighth fort. into five parts, at the bottom of each is fituated a
The twelfth fort is an annual plant, which, in good 1 nedtarium* covered with a white tranfparent fl^in,
ground, will rife a foot and a half high, but in poor much refcmbling thofe of the Crown Im^-erial, but
'

t
are
 '

M
fituated a ftamcn, The Characters
AN
are Tinaller ; upon each of thefe Is are,
1'
ahnoft the length of the petal, and is ter- It hath a piuhr-fiapcd four-pointed empaUmcnf^ which
I

.%
which rifes
oblong fummits, In the center of the is permanent^ hut no corolla. It has four Jlcnder Jlcmina
1 niinated by :

fituated the ftyle, which is longer than the . which are terminated by cval fummits, and an
equals
-'flower is

crowned by a trifid ftigma, which is oval compreffed germen, fupporting a fender

!'
ftamina, and is ftyle longer
The beginning
flowers begin to open in the than the empalement^ crowned by acute jo-ma.
^rcflcxed- :- The em- f
is often a fucceffion of them palement afterward becomes a capfule crowned with one
"
of Oftober, and there
4
rT

till March. The ftalks decay to the root in June, and cell' open at the top^ inclofmg one comprejfed feed.

new ones fpring up in Auguft. -. ^

,;.
The Species are,
It' is propagated by parting their roots, which mufb r. Camphorasma {Monfpeliacd) foliis hirfutis linearibus.
f

be done with caution ; for if the roots are broken or Amoen. Acad, i^ p. 392. Camphorata with linear hairy
wounded, the milky juice will flow out' plentifully, leaves.. Camphorata hirfuta. C. B. P. 486.
fo that if thefe are planted before the' wounds are 2, Camphorata {Glabra) foliis fubtriquetris glabiis
fkinned over, it occafions their rotting ;, therefore inermibus. Amoen. Acad. p. 393. Camphorata with
I-.
ff
^whenever any of them are broken, they fhould be fmooth three-cornered leaves.
[\
laid in the grcen-houfe a' few days to heal. 'Thefe I'he firft fort grows naturally about Montpelier. It
be too often parted, efpecially if they is an annual plant, whofe branches trail on the ground,
roots muft not
are expe(n;ed' to flower well ; for by frequent parting and extend each way a foot and more in length, gar-
the roots are weakened. The befl: time for tranfplant- niftied with linear hairy leaves placed dole on the
ing and parting their roots, is in July, foon after the ; branches the flowers are produced from the joints
•,

4.

ftalks are decayed. The earth in which thefe fliould . . of the ftalks, which are fo fmall as to be fcarce per-
be planted, ihould not be rich, for that will caufe ceptible, having no petals but a pitcher-fliaped em-
U~-

them to be luxuriant in branches, and but thinly gar- ;. palement, which afterward becomes a capfule to the
nifhed with flowers. The foil in which they have - feed.' This is an annual plant, which is propagated

Succeeded befl:, is a light fandy loam, mixed with a by feeds, which, if fown in the autumn, will more
fourth part of fcreened lime-rubbifli : when the roots probably fucceed, than if fown in the fpring and if •,

are firft planted, the pots fhould be placed in the the feeds are permitted to fall in the autumn, there
fiiade y and, unlefs the feafonvery dry, fliould not
is will be a fupply of young plants the following
^
be watered, for during the time they are ihaftive, fpring.
\ .
i.--v
:

T .

wet is very injurious to them. About the middle of The fecond fort gro\Vs naturally in the Helvetian
Auguft the roots will begin to put out fibres, at which mountains. This is %, perennial plant, whofe branches
time, if the pots are placed under a hot-bed frame, trail on ground ; the leaves are fmooth, three-
the-

«nd as the nio;hts p;rew cool, covered with the glaffes, cornered, and unarmed. The flowers are not mor f:tk

but opened every day to enjoy the free air, it will vifible than thofe of the firft fort, and the empale-
^- greatlyfonvard them for flowering, and increafe their ment becomes a cover to the feeds. .

ftrength ; when the fl:alks appear, the plants mufl; be Thefe plants are preferved in fome gardens, more for
now and^^then refreflied with water, which mufl: not the fake of variety, than for either beauty or ufe ; if
: be given too often, nor In great quantity. The plants the feeds are fown in any abjeft part of the garden, and
^ thus managed, by the middle of September, will have . when the plants come up, they are thinned, and af-
grown fo tall, as hot to be kept longer under the frame, terv/ard kept clean from weeds, they will ripen their
to they fliould be removed into a dry airy glafs-cafe, feeds, which, if permitted to fcatter, tJiere will be a
where they may enjoy the free air in mild weather, fupply of plants.
but fcreened from cold. During the winter feafon CAMPION. See Lychnis.
> they muft be frequently refreflied with water, and CANDLE-BERRY-TREE. See Myrica.
i guarded from froft ; and in fpring, when the ftalks CANDY-TUFT. SccIberis.
begin to decay, the pots ftnould be fet abroad in the C AN N A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 1. Indian flowering Reed,
ftiade, ^nd not watered. r In French Balifier.
t The fifteenth fort grows naturally in fome of the north- The Characters are,
^„ weft counties of England. It is a biennial plant, The flower hath a three-leaved empalement^^ which is per-
but the branches grow more
'very like the eatable fort, manent^ ere£l^ and coloured. It hath one petals which
^ Iion?;ontal, and the flowers fpread wider open. is divided into fix parts : the three upper figments ar$
-' This is propagated by feeds, which fliould be fown in
•
creEl^and broader than the lower,, which are longer,, two
the autumn ; for thofe feeds which are fown in the
, of which are ere5ly and the other turns hack and is twift-
'
fpring often fail, or at leaft lie a year in the ground ed. It hath one fpear-fhaped ftamina rifing as high as
before they grow. -When- the plants come up, they the petal,, having the appearance of a figment,, which
r fliould be thinned and kept clean from weeds, which hath a flender fummit fitting upon its border. Below the
. is all the culture they require: empalement is fituated a roundifio rough germen^ fupport-
The grows naturally in Germany and
fixteenth fort ing a flat ftyle,, with a flender ftigma faftened to its bo?'-
^
Sweden ; this hath rough leaves the ftalk rifes : der, After the flower is paft,, the germen becomes an ob-
,
• two feet high, garniftied with narrow fpear-fliaped long,, roundifhy metnbranaceous capfule^ having three Ion-
; leaves and, are terminated by an obtufe fpike of gitiidinal furrows,, crowned by the empalement^ which
'

fi owers; hath three with round fmooth feeds.

cells filled
*
The feventeenth fort grows naturally upon in Crete, This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
.
rocks, where the roots penetrate the fifllires, whereby Linna^us's firft clafs, intitled Monandria Monogynia.
the plants continue much longer than when they are" The flowers of this clafs have but one ilamen, and in
. tranfplantedinto gardens. The ftalks of this rife a this fedtion but one ftyle.
foot high, garnilhcd with oval crenated leaves ; tlie The Specieo are,
• flowers are large, blue, and placed alternate, nodding 1. Canna {Indica) foliis ovatis utrinqucacuminatis ner-
r toward the ground ; thefe open in July, and are fuc- vofis. Prod. Leyd. 1 1. Canna with oval 7?ervous leaves
- ceeded by feed-veflTels, having five cells filled with pinnted at both ends. Cannacorus latiiblius vulgaris.
fmall feeds. Tourn. Inft. '^Sy.
Thefe plants are propagated by feeds, which, if fown 2. Canna [Latifolia) foliis oblongo-ovato, acuminatis,

•
,f
in the^ autumn, will more certainly fucceed than when fegmentis florum anguftioribus. Camia with oblong,,

; fown in the fpring. When the plants are fit to re- oval,, pointed leaves,, and the ficgments of the fower nar-
,
mpve, they mould be tranfplanted into beds, and row. Cannacorus ampliflimo folio florjrutilo. Tourn.
-1 -.1
treated in the fame manner as the hardy forts before- Inft.
:

367.
* mentioned ^ but a few plants of the laft fort may be Canna [Coccinea) foliis ovatis obtufls nervofis, fplcis
1 3.
planted in pots, to be ftieltered in winter. florum longioribus. Canna with ovaU ohtufc^ nervous
CAMPHORA. See Laurus. leaves,, and longer fpike s of flowers, Cannacorus flore
CAMPHOROSMA. Camphorata. Tourn. Inft. Coccineo fplendcnte. Tourn. Inft. 367.
"-'
- Z z 4. Cann*\

- I

-:-< -
 ;

c N N
Canka {Luted) foliisovatis petiolatis neivofis fpatha much brighter fcarlet.'- The feed- vefl^els arc longer,
4 and the feeds larger than thofe ; and thefe difi^Tcnces
floribus longiore. Caima cvaU, obtufe^ nervous
^xith
are permanent froni feeds, fo that I make no doubt
leaves^ having fcot-Jlnlks^ -and a longer hood to the flower,
being " ;•.-;.-
Cannacorus flore luteo pundtato. Tourn. Inft. R. H. of its a diftinft fpecies.
The fourth fort is lefs common ia America than ei*-
Canna {Glaiica) folUs lanceolatis petiolatis enervi- ther of the former.^ I received the feeds of this from
'

5 [

'with fpear-Jhaped fmooth India, but have had tv/o varieties arife from tlie feeds,
bus. Prod. Lcyd. ii. Canna
leaves having foot-ftalks, Cannacorus glaucophyllus, one with a plain yellow, and the other a fpottcd
ainpKore flore, Indis palullris facie. Hort.Elth, 69. flower, which I find are apt to change from one to the

The firft fort grows naturally in both Indies the : other, when propagated by feeflji, This fort hath
.' ^

inhabitants of the Britilh iflands in America, call all fliorter and rounder leaves than either of the former

the fpecics without diftinftion Indian Shot, from the forts. '
The ftalks feldom rife higher than three feet,
roundncfs and hardnefs of the feeds. ' '
- -' ; and the fpikes of flowers are like thofe bf the firft fpe*
This plant hath a thick, flelhy, tuberous root,
- cies, excepting the colour of the flowers.- ^

which divides into many irregular knobs, fpreading The feeds of the fifth fort I received fi-om Cartha-
wide near the furface of the ground, fending' out geria in New Spain, in the year 1733, which produced

many large oval leaves without any order ^ thefe, at very ftrong plants the firft year, fome of which flow-
their firft appearance, are twilled like a horn, but af- ered the fame autumn. The roots of this are much
terwards expand and are near a foot long, and five larger than either of the former forts, and ftrike down
inches broad in the middle, leffening gradually to both "ftrong flefliy iibi'es deep in the grqund.. ,The ftallij;

ends, and terminating m points. They have many rifefeven or eight feet high. The leaves are near
large tranfverfe veins running from the midrib to the two feet long, narrow, fmooth, and of a fea-green
prominent on their under fide and
fides, whicli are • colour. The flowers are produced in fliort thick
between each of thefe riin two fmaller, parallel, point- fpikes at the extremity, which are large, and of a
ed veins, which are peculiar to this fpecies. The pale yellow colour \ the fegments of the petal are
ftalks are herbaceous, rifing four feet high, encom- broad, but their fliape like thofe of the odicr fuits.
pafled by the broad leafy foct-ftalks of the leaves ; The feed-veflels are larger, and much longer than
thefe are comprefled on two fides at the upper part
• thofe of the other forts, but contain fewer feeds,
of the ftalk the flowers are produced in loofe fpikcs, which are very large. ":The young plants which arc
e*ach being at firft covered 'by 'a leafy hood, which raifed from feeds bf this fort, do more certainly flower

afterward ftands below the flower, and turns to a than the old roots, or the offsets taken from them ;
brown colour. Each flower hath one petal, which for the roots fend out many offsets, which will fpread
is cut almofl to Hie bottom into fix flender fegments, to aconfiderable diftance where they have room, but
the three upper being broadeft ; thefe are of a pale feldom produce flowers ; fo that it is the beft way to
red colour. The flower is encompaflTed by a three- raife a fuccefllon bf plants from feeds, and to throv/

leaved empalement, which fits upon a fmall, roundifii, out the old ones after they have perfcftcd their feeds.
rough germen, which, after the flower is fallen, fwells All the forts are propagated by feeds, which ftiould
to a large fruit or capfule oblong and rough, having be fown on a hot-bed in the Ipring and when the -,

three longitudinal furrows, and is crowned by the plants are fit to remove^' tliey lliould be tranfplanted
three-leaved empalement of the flower which remains. into feparate fmall pots,^" filled with rich kitchen-gar-
When the fruit is ripe, the capfule opens length- den earth, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed of
ways into three cells, which are filled with round, tanners bark, obferving to fliade them till they have
hard, black, fl:iining feeds. The principal feafon of taken root ; after which, they (hould have a large
thefe plants flowering, is in June, July, and Auguft. fhare of free air admitted to them every day in warm
As this fort is a native of the warmeft parts of A- weather, and be frequently refreflied with water. As
merlca, it requires to be placed in a moderate ftove thefe plants will m>ake great progrefs in their growth,
in winter, othcrwife the roots will decay. I have they muft be fliifted into larger pots filled with the
frequently 'tried to keep thefe roots through the win- fame fort of earth, and part of them plunged into
ter in a green-houfc, but could not fucceed ; for al- the hot-bed again ; and the others may be placed
though {uA-it have efcapcd, yet they were fo much abroad in June, with other exotic plants, in a warm
weakened by the cold, as not to recover their ftrength fituation. Thofe which are placed in the hot-bed,
the following fummer, fo as to flower in any tolerable will be ftrong enough to flower well in the ftove the
degree of perfedion ; fo that I have fince conftantly following winter; but thofe in the open air, will not
kept them in Vv'inter in a moderate ftove, v/here they flower before the following fummer. Thefe may re-
time they make
always, flower in that feafon, at v/liich main abroad till the beginning of Oftobcr, when
a fine appearance; and in the furnmer, place them they muft be removed into the ftove, and treated in
abroad in a flickered fituation with other tender exotic the fime manner as the old plants ; and in May, if
plants, where they flower again, and produce ripe a gentle hot-bed is made, and covered a foot thick
feeds annually. ;
with rich earth, and the plants turned out of the pots,
The f-cond fort grows naturally in Carolina, and planting them with their balls of earth upon the hot-
fome of the other northern provinces of America. bed, covering each wkh a bell-glafs, which may be
The leaves of this fort are longer than thofe of the raifed on one fide every day to admit air to the plants
former, and terminate ;n fharper points. The ftalks and as thefe advance, they muft be gradually inured
grow taller, and the fegments of the flower are much to bear the open air. With this management the
narrower ; tlie colour is a pale red, fo it makes no plants will grow much taller, and flower ftronger
'great appearance. The feeds are like thofe of the than thofe which arekept in pots, and from thefe
former fort. If the roots of this fort are planted in good feeds maybe expe6i:ed in autumn. Thefe plants
warm borders and a dry foil, they will live through will continue m.any years with proper management-,
the winter in the open air. I have plants of this fort but as young plants always flower better than" the cid
jn the Chclfea garden, v^hich have furvived twelve roots^ it is icarce worth while to continue them after
winters in a fouth-weft border without cover, and they have borne good feeds. .

flower well every year, but do not produce feeds. The fecond fort, which is much hardier than either
The third fort hath larger leaves than either of tlie of tlii: other, fliould have a different treatment. The
former ; the iklks rife much have received
taller. I young plants of this muft be earlier inured to the
the feeds of this from America, and from tlie Bra- open air, where they may rem.ain till thefroft begins>
zils, by the title of Wild Tlantain. The flower- then they muft be placed in the green-houfe, and
ftalks of this fort rife more than fix feet high. I'he fliould have but little wet in winter ; and the begin-
leaves are veiy large, and thofe near the root have ning of May, thefe fhould be turned out of the pots,
long foot-ftalks. The flowers arc produced in larger and planted in a v/arm fouth border, in a dry foil,
l])ikcs than thofe of the former fort, and are of a where they will thrive and produce flowers annualiv j
bu;
 1 ;
Ptr- -.' I

N
'^^ is little beauty in this fort, a few plants lecds will prove abortive, produce nothing If fo;vn
but as there
be as many as mofl: perfons willchoofc the next year, nor will thofe concerned in the oil*
for variety will
of this with variegated
a variety mills give any thing for them, there being only empty
to keep There is
' fome gardens, and is huflcs, without any kernels to produce the oil.
leaves, which is preferved in Thefe
parting the roots but this hath little male plants begin to decay foon after tliey have flied
^- •
propagated by ;

their farina;
is fcarce worth cultivating.
'[
>'ieauty, fo . .,
.
..] ,
L

CANELLA. See WiNTERANA. The fecond pulling is a little after Michaelmas, when
'(' •

the feeds are ripe this is ufually called Karle Hemp,

CANNABINA. See Datisca: :

it is the female plants which were left at the time

/CANNABIS [Unxt;, Gr.] Lin.
>1
Gen. Plant. 988.
when the male were pulled. This Karle Hemp Is
Heitip
bound
- >

bundles of a yard compafs, according to

in
>i;The Characters are.
^-^ *
ti -^'i
^

different plants. ''\pje male ftatute meafure, which are laid in the fun for a few
^*:i /> male and female in
'
have a five-ieaved empatcment which is^ coHcuve^ days to diy ; and then it is fl:acked up, or houfed to
flowers
''

no petals they have five Jhort hairy Jiaminay keep it dry, till the feed can be thrcflied out. An
but have \

The female flowers acre of Hemp on a rich foil, will produce near three
t
terniinated ly oblong fquare fummlts.
empalements of one leaf which are objpng quarters of feed, which, together with the unwrought
have permanent
rand pointed. They have no petals, but a fmall germen, Hemp, is worth from fix to eight pounds.
fnpporting two long ftyles, crowned hy acute ftigma-, Of late years the inhabitants of the Bptifli colonies
t'-

the fmall germen afterward becomes a

globular deprejfed in North America, have cultivated thi^ ufeful plant,
empalements """ ' and a bountj^was granted by parliament for the Hemp,
'
feedJ inclofedin the .

'

This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth feftion of which was imported from thence ; but whether the
Linnius's twenty-fecond clafs, intitled Dioecia Pen- inhabitants of thofe colonies grew tired of cultivating
male and female flowers being in feparate it, or the bounty was not regularly paid, I cannot
tandria, the
'
plants, and the male having five ftamina. fay ; but whatever Has been the caufe, the quantity
..
We have but one Species of this plant, which is, imported has by no means anfwered the expectation
Cannabis. Lin. Sp. Plant. io27._JH[emp." Xanhabis of the public, which is greatly to be lamented be- ;

fativa. C B. P. 320. Manured Hemp, Mofl: of the caufe, as this commodity marine,
is foefl^ential to the

old writers have applied the latter title to 'the ft male \yhich fliould be the principal objeft of this king-
Hemp^ and the male they have titled Cannabis erra- dom, the being furniflied with it from our own
•
tica, or Hemp
but as both arife from the fame
Wild •, plantations, will not only fave the ready money paid

feeds, fo they fliould not be made different plants.

for it, but fecure to the country an ample lupply at
all times, without being obliged to our neighbours
This plant is propagated in the rich fenny parts of
'

-: ... .,.-

lincolnfliire, in great quantities, for its bark,^ which for it.

'
is ufeful for cordage, cloth, &c. and the feeds afford CANNACORUS. See Canjta.
an oil, v;hich is ufed in medicine, v^ ' '^
'

'
* '
. CAPERS. SeeCAPPARis.
V

Hemp is always fown on a deep, moift:, rich foil, fuch CAP IL LAMENTS [Capillamenta, Lat.} the
found in Holland, in Lincolnfliire,* and the fens
as is
ftrings or threads about the roots of plants;

in the ifle of Ely ; where it'Ts'cuItivated to great ad- CAPILLARY plants, [of Capillaris, Laf. of, or
*•' vantage, as it might in many
dther parts of England, like hair,] are fuch plants as have no main ftem, but
where^there is the like foil ; but it will not thrive on the leaves arife from the root upon pedicles, and pro-
clay, or ftifF cold land it h efteemed very good to : duce their feeds on the back of their leaves, as the
deftroy weeds, which is no other way effc6led, but Eern, Maiden Hair, &c.

1 V
"'
by robbing them of their nourifliment -, for it will CAPITULUM; i. e. a little head; the head or

greatly impoverifli the land, fo that this crop mull top of any flowering plant.
'^not be repeated on the fame ground. CAPNOIDES. See FuMARiA.
The land on which Hemp is defigned to be fown, CAPNO'RCHIS
be well ploughed, and made very fine by har-
fliould CAP PARIS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 5 C7. The Caper
rowing ; about the middle of April is a good fealbn for Bufli.
fowing the feed: three bufliels is the ufual allowance The Characters
....
are,J
-"

for an acrej'but two is flilly fufficient. In the choice The empalement compofcd of three oval concave leaves ;
is

-of thefeed, the heaviefl: and brightefl: coloured fliould

,
I the flower hath four large roundifh petals, which are
l)e preferred; and' particular care fl.i^uld be had to the |
indented at the top, and fpread open-, it hath a great
kernel of the feed, fo tRat fome of them fliouId be number offlender ftamina, which are as long as the petals,
cracked to fee if they have the germ or future plant terminated by fugle faramits,^ In the midft of thefe arife
spferfedtj for in fome places the male plants are drawn a ftngle ftyle longer than the ftamina, with an oval ger-
out too foon from the female, i. e. before they have men, cro-joned by aftjcrt obtufe ftignia. The germen af-
'impregnated the female plants with the farina: in terward becomes a flefhy turiinated capfule, with one celt,
^ which cafe, though .the feeds produced by thefe fe- with kidney-fk aped feeds.
filled v

male plants may feem fair to the eye, yet they will This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feflion of
\
not grow, as is well known by the inhabitants of Linnreus's thirteenth clafs, intitled Polyandria Mono-
V Bickar, Swinefliead, andDunnington, three pariflies gynia, the flower having m.any ftamina and but one
in the fens of Lincolnfliire, where Hemp is cultivated Ityle.
1^
in great abundance, who have dearly bought their The Species are,
'.

experience. 1. Capparis {Cpinofa) pedunculis folitariis unifloris, fti-

*
When the plants are come up, they
be hoed fliould pulis fpinofis foliis annuis, capfulis ovalibus. Lin.
out in the fame manner as is praclifcd for Turneps, Sp. 720. Caper with one flower on eaih fvot-ftalk^ prickly
leaving the plants a foot or fixteen inches apart ; ob- ftiptila, annual leaves, and oval fruit. Capparis fpi-
. (erye alfo to cut down all the weeds, which, if well nofa, fruclu minore, folio rotundo. C. B. P. 480.
performed, and in dry weather, will deftroy them. 2. Capparis {Baducca) pedunculis lubfolitariis, foliis
This crop will require a fecond hoeing about a month perfiftentibus ovato-oblongis nudis determinate con-
or fix weeks, after the firft:, in order to deftroy the Lin. Sp. 720. Caper withfingk foot-ftaiks, oh-
fertis.
'
weeds. If this be well performed, it v/IU require no long. oval, naked leaves in clufters, which are always
J
farther care ; for the Hemp will foon after cover the green, Capparis arborefcens Indica Baducca difta.
•ground, and prevent the growth of v/eeds. Raii Hift. 1630. Indian Tree Caper, called Baducca,
The firft feafon for pulling the Hemp, is ufually about Capparis {Arborefcens) h\u^ lanceolato-Ovatis pcren-
) 3
the middle of Auguft, when they begin to pull wh nantibus caule arborefcenti. Caper with oval fpear-
they call the Fimble Hemp, which is the male plants fbaped leaves which continue through the year, and a tree-
^

but it would be much the better method to defer this like

ft alk,
Aiuiujiyntor
a fortnight Or three
tnree weeks longer, until tiicle pedunculis
tiicfe niaie
4 Capparis {Cynophallophora) multifloris
_

' -
**

. . plants have fully flied their duft, without which, the terminalibus angulatis, foliis perfiftantibus ovalibus

-r
obtufis.

f
 -A
bbtufis. Lin. Sp. 721. Ccper ivith angular Iranchcs had three plants come up in an old Vr'all, whicli bein-r
^

tmninated hy foot-ftalks^ having many flowerSy and ever-^ ' -

young and tender, were deftroyed in the year 1740^
.but in the year 1765, raifed a good number of plants
^reen^ cbtufe^ oval haves, Capparls arborefcens Lauri
foliis fru£lu longifiTimo. Plum. Cat. 7. Tree Caper with
from feeds, which were fown the year before. I'htrc
is an old plant growing out of a wall in the gardcp..",
Bey leaves^ and the longejl fridL ,., (,./
A'.-

Capparis {Racanc/is) foliis ovaCis oppofitis peren- at Cambdcn-Houfe,^ near Kenfington, which has re-

naiicibus fioribus racemofis. Caper with oval leaves filled the cold for many years, and annually produces

placed cppofitCy' 'ivlich continue through the year^,and many flowers, biit the young flaoots of it are fre-
Jlciversgrozi'ing in tuncfCCS. , .
quently killed tb'the fi:ump every winter.
I J •-.

6. Capparis {Siliqtiofa) peclunciilis uniflom comprefTis The roots of this plant are annually brought from
foliis peifillentibus lanceolato-oblongis acuminatis Italy, by the perfons who import Orange-trees, fome

fubtus punft.itis. Lin. Sp. 721. Caper with comprejfed of which have been planted in wallsj where they have
fcot'Jlalks having one /lower and oMoiigy fpear-Jljapedy
lived a few yearsV but Hav^ hot continued long!
y^

evergreen leaves^ with piin^ures'ch tMr tinder fide. Brcy- F H

The third fort I received from Carthagena in New
Spain, near Vhich place it grows naturally.
1

nia arborefccns, foliis^ oyatisiitrinque acuminatis, 1^

Tlfr.
iiliqua torofa longiilima. fe^rown. Hift. Jam". 247. rifes with a' woody ireiii to- the height of twelve or

lanceolatis acutis confertis fourteen feet, fending out m^any lateral brandies,
7. Capparis (F; uticofa) foliis
percnnantibus,' caule fruticofo. Caper with ^fointed^ covered with a ruflet bark, garniflaed with oblono-
growing in cluJlerSy which continue
fpCiir-Jhaped leaves oval leaves, fl:andihgupon long fo6t-fl.alks rhe ;
^

through the yeary and a Jlorubby ftalk. ,

.-
(v; .
i
flowers are produced from the fide of the branches,

8. Capparis \Confertis) foliis lanceolatis alternis petiolis fingle, {landing upon long foot^ftalks, which are like;
longiffimis fioribus confertis. C^/^r with fpear-jhaped thofe of the laft fort*. "'' i. :v'. .

leaves placed alternate on very long foot-Jlalksy and flow-^ The fourth fort was fent me from
Carthagena by the
ers growing in cluftcrs. Cappafisaiia arborcfcens Lauri late Mr. Robert Millar, fureeon. This g;rovvs v.it'i
foliis frudtu oblongo ovato. Plum. Cat. 7. a fl:rong upright trunk near twenty feet high, fend-
Capparis pedunculis racemofis, foliis per-
(5r^y;«V;) ing out many lateral branches, "garniihed with a very-
9.
fiftentibus oblongis, pedunculis calycibufque tomen- white bark, andclofely garnifned with large, oblongr^
tofis, fioribus oftandris. Jacq. Amer. tab. 103. Caper ftiff leaves, of a thicker confiflience than thofe of the

with branching foot-Jlalksy obkng evergreen leavesyjiozo' coiTimon Laurel, of a fplendid green, having fever J
ers with eight JiaminayWhcfe foot-Jlalks and cups are ,tranfverfe nerves from the midrib to the border,

woolly. ./,... ..' .?: ' -;,. ,;^:

which are prominent on their under fide; the flower*
.,
/f
10. Capparis {frijloris) fblUs !anceo,latis nervo'fis pe- come out from the fide of the branches,' which are
rennantibns peciunculis C^/^r with nervous
'trifloris; large, and the fummits'of the fliamina are purple.
fpear-Jhaped leaves which continue through the yeary and The fifth fort was fent me from the fame country'.
three flowers upon each foot-JlalL This rifes"with a'trunk about twenty feet hio-h, fend-
The firft is the common Caper, whofe full grown ing out many long llencler branches, winch are co-
fiower-bud pickled, and brought to England an-
is vered with a brown b^rk, and garnilhed with leaves
nually from Italy, and the Mediterranean. This is like thofe of the Bay-tree, but longer, and deeply

a low flarub, which generally grows out of the joints ribbed on'theVr under fide, flianding upon pretty lono-
of old walls, the fifiTurcs of rocks, and amongfl: rub- foot-fl:alks oppofite. The flowers are produced upon
moft of the warm pares of Europe the fl:alks
bifii, in : long branching which terminate the
foqt-ftalks,
are ligneous, and covered with a white bark, which branches, eachfufl:a:ning two or three flowers, which
fends out many lateral (lender branches under each -, are large, white, and are fucceeded by pods two or
of thefe are placed two Ihort crooked fpines, between three inches long, the thicknefs of a man's little
which and the branches come out the foot-ftalk of finger, which are filled with large kidney-fliapcd

the leaves, which are fingle, fhort, and fufl:ain a feeds thefe pods have a thick flefliy cover.
:

round, fmooth, entire leaf j at the intermediate joints The fixth fort was fent me from Tolu in America.
between the branches, come out the flowers upon This rifes with a fhrubby ftalk to the height of eioht
long foot-fl:alks before thefe expand, the bud, with
•, or ten feet, fending out many ligneous branches,
the empalement, is gathered for pickling; but thofe covered with a reddiffi brov/n bark, garniffied with
which are left expand in form of a fingle Rofe, having oblong, fpear-ffiaped, fl;iff' leaves, having punfcures
five large, whiic, roundifh, concave petals ; in the on theirunder fide ; from the wings of the leaves arife
middle is placed a great number of long fl:amina, the foot-fl-alks of the flowers, which are long, fiender,
furrounding a Ityle, which rifes above them, and is and comprefled, each of which fuftains a fniall white
crowned widi an oval gerinen, which afterward be- flower, which is fucceeded by an oval pod, containing
. com.es a capfule, filled with kidncy-fliaped feeds. many fmall kidney-ffiapcd feeds.
This fort is cultivated upon old walls about Toulon, The feventh fort rifes with a flirubby fl:em to the
and in feveral parrs of Italy.; Mr. Ray obferved it height of twelve or fourteen fending out mai;y
feet,
• growing naturally oa the walls and rums at Rome, fl:rong lateral branches, covered with a dark brown
"^
Sienna, and Florence, bark, garniffied with fpear-fiiaped pointed leaves,
.

'

'.

The fecond fort hath a tree-like fl:em dividing into placed alternately, having very ffiort foot-fl:alks \ the
branches, which are fmooth,^ having' no fpines on leaves are of a thicker confiftence than thofe of the
them the leaves are oblong, oval, and fmooth, which
',
Bay-tree; at the foot-fl:alk of each leaf comes out a
continue through the year. From the wings of the fingle flower, almoft the whole length of the branches,
leaves come out the foot-ftalks of the flowers, which which are fmall, and fl;and upon fliort foot-ftalks -,

are produced fingly; thefe flowers are like thofe of the fummits of thefe flowers are of a purpliffi colour,
the former, but are much larger, as are alfo the but the ftamina are white. This fort was fent me
buds. from Tolu.
The plants of the firfl: fort are with difficulty pre- The eighth fort rifes with a fhrubby ft:alk to i\\Q
fcrved in England, for ihey delight to grow in cre- height of ten or twelve fictty fending cut fiender ho-
vices or rocks, and the joints of old walls or ruins, rizontal branches, which are covered Avith a reddiffi
and alwav-s thrive bcft in an horizontal pofition-, fo bark; the joints of thefe branches are fardiftant;
that they are planted either in pots, or the full
when at each of thefe com.e out feveral leaves In clufl:er3,
ground, they r;irely thrive, though they may be kept without order, fi:anding upon pretty long foot-llalksi
. alive for fome years. They are propagated by' feeds they are fix inches long, and three broad in the
in rhe warm parts of luirope, but it is very difficult middle, and as thick as thofe of the Laurel, of a
to get them to grow have fevenil
in England. I fliining green,fmooth on their upper fide, but have
times fowed diefc fteds'without iuccefs, as have many many tranfverfe ribs on their under fide, which are
other perfons-, I never had raifed any of the plants from prominent. I received this fort' from Tolu, with the
feeds, e::ccptingin the years 1738 and 1765, when I former,
The
 1

grows naturally in rtlofl of the Iflands tao. 1 5. Laprana 'with alternate leaves,
The ninth fort and foot'jlc'Jki
the Weft Indies hath a ftrong woody ftem, with two flowers. Capraria Curaffiivica.
in ; it Par. Bat." no.
feet high, dividing into many Ihis plant grows nicurally in
twenty-five or thirty the warm parf^ of
- -

covered with an Afh-coloured bark, and America, whereit is often a troublcforne

branches, weed in the
aarnifhed with oblong oval leaves, downy on their plantations nfes with an an.rrular preen ftalk
; it
about
fmooth on their upper, placed with- a foot and a half high, fending out
'
Snder fide, but branches at every
the flowers are produced in loofe panicles jomt, which fometunes come out by pairs
out order i oopofice
extremity of the branches thefe confift of four but generally there are tliree at ajoint ftandini
at the ;
round
concave petals, of a purple colour, in- the ftalk J the leaves are :ilfo placed
pretty large round tl^e
eight long purple ftamina, with a veiy long branches by threes ; thefe ftand upon Hiort foot-ftalks,
cluding
ftyle crowned by an obtufe ftigma the germen af- -,
are oval, hairy, and a little indented on their ed^^es!
terward turns to an oblong flefhy pod, containing four The flowers are produced at the wiiigs of i\\t leaves,
-^

coming out on each fide the ftalk, each foot-ftalk

or five feeds.
hath fiender fhrubby ftalks, which luftaining two flowers ^ they are white, and fucceeded
1

*-.
The tenth fort
I

feven or eight feet high, fending out many lig- by conical capfules comprefled at the top, openin<^
iTV=f rife "^
in two parts, and filled with fmall feeds.
^
neous branches, garnifhed with very long, nervous,
- •

fpear-fhaped leaves. The flowers come out at the This plant ispreferved in botanic gardens for the fake
f-

branches, three ftanding upon each foot- of variety i^ but as it hath no great beauty, fo is
end of the
thefe are fmall, white, and are fucceeded by feldom admitted into other gardens.
. . ftalk ;

It is propagated by feeds, which muft be fown upon

: oval fruit.
Thefe nine forts are natives of warm countries,
laft
i hot-bed in the fpring of the year, and the plants

fo will not live through the winter in England, with- muft be brought forv/ard by planting them upon a
out the afllftance of a ftove. They are propagated by
fecond hot-bed % and about the middle or latter end
which muft be procured from the countries
k
riv

- ' feeds,
of June they may be tranfplanted either into pots of
rich earth, or a warm border, and may then be ex-
.r ^.^^where they grow naturally, for they do
not produce .

^/"''any in England-, thefe muft be fown in fmall pots,

'• pofcd to the open air, v/here they will perfeft their
:''!
-,^ filled with light fandy earth, and plunged into a hot-
'
feeds in autumn.
'"^
V bc(J of tanners bark ; which fhould be now and then
CAPREOLATE plants [of capreolus, Lat, the
refrefhed with water, but by no means {hould have tendril of a Vine,] fuch plants as twift and climb upon
given in too great plenty thefe feeds frequently :
others, by means of tendrils.
.
It"

.
. remain in the ground a year before they vegetate,
C A P R I F O L I U M. See Periclymenum.
tHerefore the pots in which they are fown (hould be CAPSICUM. Lin. Gen. Plant, 225. [takes its name
•
prbtedted in winter and the fpring following muft
•,
ofcapfa, £^/. acheft; becaufe the feeds of this plant
*

\t plunged into a frefti hot-bed of tanners bark, are mcluded, as it were, in a little cheft
j or elfe of
. '
'

which will bring up the plants if the feeds were good ;

xa7r7w, to bite, becaufe it is a burning pungent
plant.]
'

when the plants appear they muft have but little wet, Guinea Pepper; in French, Toivre d'Inde ou de
\ and a good ftiare of air in warm weather j but when Guinee.

• they are large enough to remove, they muft be each The Characters are,
^ tranfplanted into a leparate fmall pot, filled with the "The flower hath
a permanent empalement cf one leaf.
. fame earth, and then plunged into the hot-bed again, fi It hath but one:
obferving to fhade them untilthey have taken frefh l-fljaped^ having a very
fl:
*
root ; after which they fhould have frefti air admitted fpread open above^ and divided into
fi
to them every day, in proportion to the warmth of five fmall ftamina^ terminated by oblong ft
the feafon. In the autumn they muft be removed into fupporting a fit
the ftbve, and plunged into the bark-bed, where ftyle^ longer than the
ft
they fhould conftantly remain, and will require the ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a foft fruity or
^
fame treatment as other tender exotic plants from the capfule^ of an indeterminate figure^ having tzvo or 7nore
•V fame countries with this difference only, that they
•, cells^ divided by intermediate partitions^ to which adhere
-: require butlitde water, efpecially during the winter, many compreffed kidney-fhaped feeds.
for the roots of thefe plants are very fubject to rot This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fecT:ion of
with wet. Linn^us's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Mcnogynia,
'
If the feeds are brought over in their capfules, they the flower having five ftamina and but one ftyle.
will keep much better than without them ; but thefe The Species are,
fhould be fecured from infefts, by wrapping them in I. Capsicum {Annnum) caule herbaceo, frudtu oblono-o
«
Tobacco leaves which are v/ell dried without this •,
^A
precaution, the feeds will be deftroyed before they f^ •1

"

arrive. gis propendcntibus. Tourn.152. Inft.

CAPER [B E A N.] See Zygophyllum. 2. Capsicum [Cordiforme) caule herbaceo, frudu cor-

The Characters are.

Weed
ftjaped fruit,
# I'his is tJie
bacecus ft
Capficum filiqua propen-
of one leaf^ cut into fi'
dente oblonga & cordiformi. Tourn. 152.
Inft.

floiver is
hbellfijaped-^
w
of one
e ere£l

leaf^
and ftand afunde
divided at the
3. Capsicum (T'£?/r^^(?;7//;;2) max-
caule herbaceo, fruftu
imo angulofo obtulb. Capficum with an herbaceous ftalk,
- 1.

five equal parts^ the two upper ftanding ere cl \ and a large angular obtufe fruit, Capficum frudu
four ftamina^ which are inferted in the bafe of longo, ventre tumido, per fummum tetragono. Tourn.
half fo long^ two of 153. Bell Pepper.
Inft.

/ other^ and terminated by 4. Capsicum {Angtdofum) caule herbaceo, frudu cor-

heaYt-fhapedfummits\ it hath a conical germen fupp diformi angulofo. Capficum with an herbaceous ftalk^
fender ftyle ^ long n than the ft. and an angular heartfhaped fruit. Capficum filiquis
-fioaped ft fterward furredis cordiformibus angulatis. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
capfule^ ccmprefted at the pointy 153
: having two cells^ divided by a partition filled with roundiftj rafitforme) caule herbaceo, fruc
\ feeds. Capficum with an herbaceous ftalk
'
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feftion fmooth f
'd
of Linnaeus's fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia forma. Tourn. Inft.
153.
Angiofpermia, the flower having two long and two Capsicum {Oliv^forme) caule herbaceo, frudu o^
Ihort ftamina, and the feeds being included in a cap- Capficum with an herbaceous ftalk^ and an oval-ft:
'
fule. Capficum filiqua olivas fornia. Tourn.
fruit,
. t

We
{Eiflora) foUis alternis floribus
"- — t) 7 •

geminis. Jacq
—
A a a 7. Capsicum
 c
^- Capsicum {Pyramidak) caule fruticofo foliis Iineari- tight, and of a beautiful fcarlet colour : fome of the
lanceolatis, fruftu pyramidali erefto luteo. Capftaim
-
fruit will have their tops compreffed like a bonnet,
with a Jhrubby fialk^ narro^w fpear-Jhaped leaves^ and
'

from whence it had the name ; others upon the fame

yellcw pyramidal fruit grcwing upright, plants will be bell-fhaped, but they never alter to any
8. Capsicum {Conoide) caule fruticofo fruftu coi}ico of the other forts. This is much tenderer than either
Jljrtibby Jlalk of the former, fo will not ripen its fruit in the open
commonly called Hen air in England; but if the plants are kept under
fi ,

Pepper. glaffes, without giny artificial h.eat^ they will thrive

better, and produce more fruit, than in hot-beds or
9 efc

Jhrubby ftoves. .

fmall pyramidal ft Capficum mi- The fifth fort was fcnt me from the Spanifli Weft-
J Indies : this doth not grow fo tall as the other forts,
vol. i. p. 240. Commonly called Barberry Pepper. but fpreads near the ground. The leaves come out
(Ml in clufters, which are of a fliining green, and ftand
Jhrubby Jlalk^ and a fmall on long foot-ftalks. The fruit is round, fmooth, of
'If a beautiful red, and the fize of a common Cherry.
The firft is the comnion long podded Caplicum, I have cultivated this fcveral years, and have not
which is frequently cultivated in the gardens; of this found it change.
there one with red, and another with yellow fruit,
is The fixth ibrt I received from Barbadoes this is :

which only differ in the colour of their fruit, which like the common in its ftalk and leaves, but the
difference is permanent ; for I have 'cultivated both fruit is oval, and about the fize of a French Olive. I
forts many years, and never have found them change have cultivated this many years, and ftnd it conftantiy
from one to tiie other ; but both will vary in the the fame.
Ihape of their fruic and their manner of growing, fo Thefe fix forts are annual with us, whatever tlicy

that file following varieties I have raifed from the may be in their native countries, for their ftalks de-
fame feeds, viz. cay foon after the fruit is ripe' They are propagated
1. Capsicum friiftu furre<51:o oblongo. Tourn. Capficum by which muft be fown upon a hot-bed in the
feeds,
with oblong fruit growing ere^. [
,-. . fpring ; and when the plants have fix leaves, they
2. Capsicum frudu biiido. Tourn. Capficum 'with a di- ihould be tranfplanted on another hot-bed, at four
vided fruit, -.,• ' or five inches diftance, fliading them in jthe day time
3. Capsicum filiquis furredis & oblongis brevibus. from the fun, until they have taken root, after which,
Tourn. CapJIcum with oblong and Jhort pods growing they muft have a large fhare of air admitted to them
in warm weather, to prevent their drawing up weak.
4. CapsicIjm frudu tereti fpithameo. Tourn. Capficum Toward the end of May, the plants muft be hai'd-
•
with a taper fruit afpan long. ened by degrees to bear the open air and in June ;

Of thefe different forms I have had both the red and they fhould be carefully taken up, preferving as much
yellow, but neither of them have changed their co- earth about their roots as poffiblc, and planted into
lours, though they have frequently varied in their borders of rich earth, obferving tQ w«it;ef them v/el!,
Ihape. as alfo to ftiade them untij they have taken root; after
The
fecond fort with heart-fhaped fruit, IS un- which time, they will require no other management,
doubtedly a different fpecies from the firft, and never but to keep- them cle^n from weeds, and in yeiy dry
alters toward it, though there are- feveral varieties feafons to refrcfti
^^
them three or four times a r
week
of this, which arife from the fame feeds ; of this there with water. Tiiey will flower the end of June and in
arc red and yellow fruit, which do not alter in colour, July, and their fruit will ripen in autumn. Thefe
though they produce the following varieties. direftions are for the culture of the common forts of
I. Capsicum filiqua propendente rotunda cordifor- & Capficum, which are generally planted by way of
Capficum with rounds heart-Jh _ ornament. But the plants of the third fort, which
pods, are propagated for pickling, fhoi^d be planted in a
2. Capsicum filiqua latiore & rotundiore. Tourn, Cap- rich fpot of ground, in a warm fituation, about a
ftqmt with a larger and rounder pod. foot and a half afunder, and fliaded till they have
Cap/u taken root, and afterward duly watered in i^r^
idfi weather; which will greatly promote their growth,
4. Capsicum filiquis furreftis cordiformibus. Tourn. and caufe them to be more fruitful, as alfo enlarge
Capficum with upright hear t-fijaped pods, the fize of the fruit. By this management, there may
f. Capsicum filiquis furredtis rotundis. Tourn. Capficuyn be at leaft tv/o crops of fruit for pickling obtained
with round upright pods. the fame year, provided the feafon proves not too
The have cultivated many years, and
third fort I cold ; but there Ihould be one plant, whofe pods are
have not found it alter, nor have I feen any other but large and forward, chofcn for to fave feeds ; fo the
the red fruit of this. It is the only fort which is firft fruits on tliis fhould be fuffcred to remain, tliat
proper for pickling, the Ikin of the fruit being flefliy they may have time to perfeft their feeds before the
and tender, whereas thofe of the other forts are thin froft cojnes in autumn, for the early froft generally
and tough. The pods of this fort are from one inch dcftroys thefe plants. When the fruit is fully ripe.
end a half, to two inches long, are very large, fwell- it Ihould be cut and hung up in. a dry room till
off,
ing, and wrinkled ; fiatted at the top, where they '
the fpring, when the feeds are wanted.
arc angular, and fometimes ftand ereft, at others The fourth, fifth, and fixtli forts being tender, the
grow downward. When the fruit of this are defigned plants fliould be put into pots, and placed in an old
for pickling, they ftiould be gathered before tJicy ar- hot-bed under a deep frame, where they may have
rive to their full nze, while their rind tender ; then is '
room to grov/; or if they are planted in the full
- they muft be flit down on one fide to get out the ground, the plants Ihould be each covered with a
. feeds, after which, they Ihould be foaked two or bell-glafs to fcreen them from
Thefe glaflescold.
^ three days in fait and water ; when they are taken out may be fet off every day in warm weatlicr, and placed
of this and drained, boiling vinegar muft be poured over them in the. evening again; and at fuch times
on them, in a fufficient quantity to cover them, and as the weather
not favourable, the glaffes fl:iould
is
clofely ftopped down for two months; then they be raifed on the contrary fide to the wind, to admit
ihould be boiled in the vinegar to niake them green; the frefli air. WJt|i this care, the fruit of thefe forts
' *
'^
but they v/ant no addition
" of" any fort
" *
of fpice, and "^
will ripen in -England, which without it, rarely come
are the wnoieiomeit
holefomeft and
ana beft
oeit pickle in the world. to maturity, but in very warm feafons.
p
The fourth fort is alfo a diftinci: fpecies from'all the The beauty of dicfe plants is in their ripe fruit, which
other: this hath broad wrinkled leaves; the fruit is being of different forms and colours, inrermixed with
ahb furrowed and v/rinkled; generally growin up- the green leaves, and v/hite flowers at the fame time^
6
do
 . ; 1 :
;
J- 1^
. '

^
r do make a pretty appearance in the latter part of bifcuit,which, beaten into fine powder and Ciftcdi
';'
fummer, when they are properly difpofed in the may be kept for ufe. This may be ufed as the con>
'

.'. borders of the flower-garden j or if they arc planted mon Pepper, to feafon meat or broth, or for any of
'

•
, for the decoration of courts, &c._ being in- the purpofes that the ordinary Pepper is ufed: ic
jn pots, '

/ termixed with other annual plants, which are in gives a better reliih to meat or fauce, and is found
fame fcafon, they will make an agree- of excellent ufe to break and difcufs the wind, bot!i
beauty at the
efpecially,' if as many of the different in the ftomach and the guts ; tliei-efore is very prooer
'
'^
"able variety,
fruits, of both the red and yellow colours as fauce for fuch meats as are flatulent and windy,*" or
i ^. Ihaped
that breed much moifture or crudity. A
-
can be procured, are propagated. fcrupic of
have perennial Ihrubby ftalks, this powder put into chicken or veal broth, is greatly
/. -
The four laft forts

which rife four or five feet high ; thefe are not fo commended for comforting cold fliomachs, or dif-
pelling of phlegm or vifcous humours, and helpingOP
hardy as the other, therefore when the plants have o
'
been brought forward in the hot-bed, as was di- :eilion

i -
refted for the common forts, they lliould be each Moft
planted in a pot with rich earth, and plunged
filled Indies but they have been brought to Europe from
;

';.-,: into a very moderate hot-bed, under a deep frame,

America, where they abound in all the Caribbee
iflands, and are by the inhabitants greatly ufed in all
where they may have room to advance ; and in warm
their fauces ; but efpecially by the negroes, who are
weather, they ihould have a large fliare of air ad-
great devourers of them ; from whence it had the
•
mitted to them, but mull be covered with glaffes |

every night, or in and frequently

cold weather, I appellation of Negro Pepper, and probably the titl
,^ watered. With this management, they will produce 1 of Guinea Pepper may have been applied to it for
the fame reafon.
'
*

'^ In Spain and Portugal thefe fruit

f
plenty of fruit in autumn, which ripen in v/inter
are much cultivated, where they are ufed for the fatne
but they mull be removed into the ftove, on the firft
approach of frofl:, and placed where they may have
i^ A * T^^ *

purpofes as in America but in England, thii'y are ;

1 * 111
|

a temperate warmth, in which they will thrive better |

chiefly cultivat;ed for ornament, being rarely ufed for
contmue fauce, or in medicine though it is much ufed in
-,

beauty moft part of winter, making a pretty appear- both, in feveral other countries.
'
ancein during that feafon.
.the ftove If the ripe pods of Capficum are thrown into the fire.
t
The feeds of the feventh fort I received from Egypt: | they will raife ftrong and noifome vapours, which
the leaves of this are much narrower than thofe of | occafion vehement fneezing and coughing, and often
any other fort I have yet feen the pods always grow -, vomiting, in thofe who are near the place, or in the
|
'

ereft, and are produced in great plenty, fo that the I room where they are burnt. Some perfons have
plants make a good appearance for three months in mixed the powder of the pods with fnufi^, to give to
|

tk winter, and they may be preferved two or three Others for diverfion; but where it is in quantity, there

i years but as the young plants are the moft fruitful,

-,
may be danger in ufing it, for it will occafion fuch
fo few perfons preferve the old longer, than till they violent fits of fneezing, as to break the blood-veflfels
be of the head, as I have obferved in fome to whom it
beauty has been eriven.
and have never found it vary, fo conclude it is a CAPSULATE pods [of capfula, LaL a chcft] are
diftinft fpecies. ihort, dry
little, of plants. feed-veflfels

The eighth fort I received from Antigua, by tl>e title CAPSULATED plants, are fuch produce their as
of Hen Pepper. This rifes v/ith a fhrubby ftalk feeds in fliort dry pods or hufl<s.
three or four f
*_'",' _ CA R A C A L L A. See Phaseolus,
toward the top about half an inch long
: theTruit is CA R A G A A. See Orobus. N
Ihaped inform of an obtufe cone, and of a bright CARDAMINDUM. See Trop^olum.
CARDAMINE.
H J

red, growing ereft. This ripens its fruit in winter,

' Lin. Gen. Plant. 727. [takes its
when it makes a pretty appearance. 1 r

name of Cardamum, which is called Nafturtium

. Th hence it is a fmall fpecies of Nafturtium,] in Englifh,
eighth, but differs from it in the Ihape and fize of Ladies Smock.
,
.

'
*
the fruit: of this fort being about the bignefs
tTiofe The Characters are,
-:/['' of a Barberry, and nearly of the fame fhape. "This The empalement compofed of four oval chlong leaves,
is

:^
*
I have long cultivated, "and have not obferved it to flower hath four oblong petals^ placed in for7n of a
- "'
I

alter. .
ofi 'i fpread
haft
1
'
The tenth fort is commonly known by the title of above and are much larger than the empalement ; it hath
^

. V
'
.Bird Pepper in America. This rifes with a fl^rubby fix Jiamina^ four of which are the leyigth of the empale-
•
high the leaves are broad, and
ftalk four or five feet : ment ; the other ttvo^ which are oppofite^ are much longer
'
-rounder at the ends than thofe of the other forts, and thefe are terminated by oblongs heart-floaped^ ereEl fum-
\ of a lucid green the fruit grows at the divifions of
: mits. hath aflenicr cylindrical germen^ as long as the
It

'^Jf'
. the branches, ftanding ereft : thefe are fmall, oval, flaminay having no ftyle^ but is crowned by an obtufe
antJof a bright red-, they are mvich m.ore fi:iarp ^nd ifterward turns to a long^ ccynpref
-^~ bidng than thofe of the other forts. From the fruit fed. w tth two cells y opening in two valves
* ' of this fort is made the Cayan butter, or what the if fpirally^ and cafl out the feeds when ripe^ by
..^ mhabitants of America call Pepper-pots, which they their elajlicity.
^, cfteem as the beft of all the fpices. The following This genus of plants Is ranged In the fecond feftion
^ is a receipt for making a Pepper-pot : take 61 the of LinniEUs's fifteenth clafs, intitled Tetradynamia
; ripe pods of
of Capficum, and di-y "them
this fort Siliquofa ; the flowers of this clafs have fix fl;amina,
well in the fun, then put them into an earthen or four of which are fliort, and two are longer, ftanding
none pot, mixing flour between every ftrata of pods, oppofite, and the feeds are included in long pods.
; and put them into an oven after the baking of bread, The Species are,
,; that they may be thoroughly dried; after which, 1. Cardamine (Pr^/^;//;j) foliis pinnatis, foliolis radt-
.
they muft be well clcanfed from the flour, and if any
^
calibus fubrotundis, caulinis lanceolatis. Lin. Sp.
V of the ftalks remain to the pods, they fliould be taken Plant. 6'^6. Ladies Smock with winged leaves^ whofe
orr, and the pods beaten, lobes at bottom are roundifh^ but thofe on the flalks are
-i

.^
•
or ground to fine powder;
to every ounce of this, add a pound of Wheat flour, Cardamine pratenfis magno
'*
•

fpear-fhaped. fiore pur-

c and as much leaven as is fufficient for the quantity purafcente, Tourn. Inft. 224-
- t
intended ; after this has been properly mixed and 2. Cardamine {Parviflora) foliis plnnatis, foliolis inci-
i .

,.: ;
wrought, it fhould be made into fmall cakes, and fis, floribus exiguis, caule erefto ramofo. Ladies
baked in the fame manner as common cakes of the •
Smock with winded leaves^ cut lobcs^ very fmall flowers^
fame fize ; then cut them into fmall parts, and bake and an upright branching ftalk.
Ik. Cardamina annua ex-
^^^^"^
.

',. ^S^n, that they may be as dry and hard a^ iguo flore. Tourn. lull. R, 11. 224.
Cardamine
A,

3.
i •

.' \
 -
; .

c R
3. CaRD-^mike (Hirfuto) foliis pinnatls, fionbus tetfan- The grows naturally by the fides~of rivers
fixth fort

dis, Hort. Cliff. 336. Ladies Smock, or impatient Crcfs and ditches in moft parts of England, fo is not ad-
idth ivinged leaves, andflo-voers ivithfcurjlamina, Car- mitted into gardens. There has been a variety of
damine quarta. Dalcchamp. Ludg.
'
this found with double flowers, but it is not as yet

4, Cardamine {Impatiens) foliis pinnatis incifis flipula- much known. This flowers the latter end of April,
tis, floribus apetalis. Lin. Sp. 914. Impatient Crefs and in May.
'th -ivingcd leaves, and fugacious flowers.
cut fiipuhe, The other forts are low annual plants, whicli grow
Cardamine pratcafis parvo flore. Tourn. Inft. 224. naturally in feveral parts of England, fo are feldom

5. Cardamine (Gr^'ca) foliis pinnatis foliolis palmatis admitted into gardens. Thefe have the title of Im-
a^qiialibus pctioJatis. Prod. Ley. 345. Impatient Crefs patient Crefs, from the elafticity of their pods, wliich,
ivith winged leaves, whofe lobes are handed, equal, and if touched when they are ripe, fpring open, and caft

have foct'Jlalks. Cardamine Sicula, foliis Fumarins. out their feeds with violence, to a confiderable dif-
Tourn. Inft. 225. Sicilian impatient Crefs with Fumitory tance. Thefe forts when young, are, by thecountiy
leaves. people, eaten in fallads, and have the flavour of the
6. Cardamine {Amara) foliis pinnatis, foliolis fubrotun- common Crefs, but milder.
Helv. 558. Impatient Crefs with
dis angulofis. Hall. Thefe plants, when once admitted into a garden, pro-
winged leaves, whofe lobes are roundifh and angular. pagate in plenty; for they produce great quantities
Nafturtlum aqu'aticum niajus amarum. C. B. P. & of feeds, which, if permitted to fcatter, there will be
104. .
a fupply of plants, which only require to be tliinned
7. Cardamine {Trifolla) foliis tcrnatis obtufis, caule . and kept clean from weeds, and will thrive beft in
lubnudo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 654. Three-leaved impatient the fliade.
'

Crefs with a naked ftaik. Nafturtium Alpinum trifo- C A R D I A C A. See Leonurus.

lium. C. B. F. 104. CARDINALS FLOWER. See Rapuntk-.t.
9. Cardamine {Bellidifolia) foliis fimplicibus ovatis In- CARDIOSPERMUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. Heart
tcgcrrimis petlolis longis, Flor. Lap. 206. Impatient Pea-, by the inhabitants of America called \Vild
Crefs with Jingle y oval, entire leaves, having long foot Parfley by the French, Pois de Merveille.
-,

Jlalks. Nafturtium Alpinum Bellidis folio minus. The Characters are. ';

C. B. P. 105. Smaller Alpine Crefs with a Daifey leaf ofed of ft

9. Cardamine (P^/r^^) foliis fimplicibus oblongisden- obtiift

tatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 654. Impatient Crefs with fingle, fnall ft
cblong, /indented leaves. Nafturtium petra^um. Pluk.
.
encompafftng the germen, and eight ftamina, three and
Aim. 261. Rock Crefs. -
'

three Jlanding oppofite, the ether two on each fide ; thcfc

10. Cardamine (Chelidonia) foliis pinnatis foliolis qui- are terminated by fnall fummits. The germen is three-
nis incifis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 655.' Impatient Crefs with cornered^ aiid fupports three fhort ftyles,
crowned by fin^k
winged leaves, having five lobes which are cut. Carda- fiigma. The germen afterward becomes a rcumiifljfwolkn
mine glabra Chelidonii folio. Tourn. Inft. 225. '
capfule with three lobes, divided into three cells, opening
The firft grows naturally in the meadows in
fort at the top, each having one or two globular feeds, marked
many parts of England ; it is called Cuckow Flower, ,
with a heart.
'
and Ladies Smock. Of this there arc four varieties, This genus of plants is ranged in the third feftion
^

viz. the fingle purple with white flowers, which are of Linn^us's eighth clafs, intitled Oftandria Tri-
frequently intermixed in the meadows, and the double . gynia, the flower having eight ftamina and three ftyles.
flower of both colours. The fingle forts are feldom The Species are,
admitted into gardens ; but as the firft fort ftands in 1. Cardiospermum (Corindum) foliis fubtus tomentofis.
the lift of medicinal plants, I have enumerated it. ^
Lin. Sp. 526. Heart Pea with woolly leaves. Corin-
The young leaves of this plant have been gathered dum folio &fruftu minori. Tourn. Inft. 431.
in the fpring, by fome perfons, and put into fallads 2. Cardiospermum {Halicacabum) foliis ktvibus. Horc.
inftead of Crefs fuppofed to be an antifcorbutic.
: it is Cliffy 1 50. Heart feed with finooth leaves. Corindum
The two varieties with double flowers were acci* folio ampliori, fru6tu majore. Tourn. Inft. 431.
dentally found growing in the meadows, and were The with a flender, channelled, climbino-
firft fort rifes

tranfplanted into gardens, where tliey have been pro- ftalk, to the height of four of five fc^t, fending out
pagated. Thefe deferve a place in lliady moift bor- many fide branches, garniflied with leaves, upon very
ders of the ilower-garden, where they will thrive, and long foot-ftalks, coming out oppofite at the lower
make a pretty appearance during their continuance in part of the ftalk ; but upward the leaves corne out on
flower they are propagated by parting their roots
: one fide, and the foot-ftalk of the flower at the oppo-
the beft time for this is in autumn, wlien they fliould fite i the foot-ftalks of the leaves are divided into

be tranfplanted annually. They delight in a foft three, each of which fuftain fmall leaves, which are
loamy foil, not too ftiff^, and muft have a ftiady fitu- again divided Into three parts, that are fliarply cut
ation. This flowers in May, and in cool feafons will on their edges, and end in ftiarp points. I'lie foot-
continue part of June. ' ftalk of the flowers are long, naked, and toward the
The feventh, eighth, and tenth forts, grow naturally top, divided Into three fliort ones, each fuftaining a
on the Alps, and other mountainous places. I re- fingle Immediately under thefe divifions,
flower.
ceived thefe from Verona, in the neiglibourhood of comes out tendrils or clafpers, like thofe of the Vine,
which place they grow naturally. Thefe are lov/ per- '

but'fmaller; thefe faften themfelves to whatever plants

ennial plants, which may be propagated by parting grow near them, and are thereby fupported. The
their roots in the autumn, and require a ftrong foil flowers are fmall, white, and compofed of four fmall
and fliady fituation they may alfo be propagated by
: concave petals, tv/o of which ftanding oppofite, are
feeds, which flaould be fown in the autumn, on a ' larger than the other ; when thefe fall away, the ger-
fliady border, where they will come up foon after, men afterward becomes a laro;e inflated bladder, hav-
a nd are never hurt bv froft, ib will flower the follow- ing three lobes, in each of which is contained one,
ing feafon. Thefe varieties are preferved in fome two, and fometlmes three feeds, which are round,
gardens, but having little beauty, are feldom admit- hard, and thefize of fmall Peas, each being marked
ted into the flower-i^arden. with a black fpot In fliape of a heart.
The ninth fort js a low biennial plant, which grows The fccond fort differs from the firft in having taller
naturally in feveral parts of England and Wales, and ftalks, the leaves being firft divided into five, and
is preferved in lome gardens for the fake of variety. again Into three parts. The foot-ftalks are fliortcr,
It may be propagated by feeds, which fliould be fown and the feeds and bladders in which they are con-
in the autumn, upon poor light ground in an open tained are much larger, and the whole plant Is
Jituation, and v/ill r^iquire no other care but to keep fmoother, in other refpedls they agree.
the plants clear from weeds. It flowerii in June, and Thefe plants grov/ naturally in both Indies, where
the I'.'cds ripen in July. tliey climb upon whatever fnrubs are near them, and
rife
 R \

ten feet, but in England 5. Cap.duus {Cirfatm)

rife to the height of lanceoktis dccurrentlkia
'
eight or foliis

are much above half fo high they fend denticulis inermibus, calyce fpinolb. Hort. Cliff.
they feldom ;
'
.

39 w «
branches, which fpread to 4 confidera- Thifile iviih fpear-JJocped leaves running along the
'

-;
out many
fide Jhal c .

'
'

diftance every way, and, if permitted, will with fmocth indentures, and a prickly enfalemcnt Cir-
ble' .

thcmfelves to the plants which are near them fium Angiicum. Ger. Emac. 11^2/ En^-U;h fsft cr
•

fallen
their fmall tendrils, and thereby fpread over gentle 'i hiJil-3.
, by
them.
6. Carduus {Cafahon^) foliis feffilibus knceolatis intc-
,
r ^ 1
and perifh foon after they have per- gerrimif: fubtus tomentofis, margine Ipjnis tcrnatis-
; They are annual,
their feeds, and being natives of hot countries, Hort. Cliff. 393. 1'BiJl-le with entire fpear-flj aped kiiva
•

V •
fefted
"
they will not thrive in England in the open air. They growing clofc to the ftalks^ whofe borders are jet with trink
are propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown upon fpines. Acarna Theophrafti anguillara:;. Lob. Icon.
hot-bed in the fpring and when the plants are two 486. "The fuppofed true Fiji Thiftle ofThccphrofuis.
.; a ^

. inches high, they iliould be each tranfplanted into a There are a great number of fpecies more than art:
pot with light landy \ earth, not too rich, thenfilled
here enumerated, fome of which are very trcublefoiiic
plunged into a very moderate hot-bed, where they
' weeds in the gardens and fields, therefore are better
to be kept out of both ; fo I thought it necdleis to
,/ / mufl be carefully fhaded until they have taken frelh
:

N root ; after which they mufl liave a large Ihare of air mention them here. The few forts v/hich I have here
r.'^ admitted to them, to prevent their being drawn up enumerated, being often prefer\^ed in the gardens of
tall and weak ; and when their roots have filled the the curious for the fake of variety, or cultivated
: pots, they fhould be carefully fhaken out, preferving
^;
for ufe by fome perfons, therefore chofe not to omi
'
, all the earth to their roots (for if that fhould fall off,
.
them.
the plants will not furvive it i) then put them into pots The firft grows naturally in Sicily, This is an an-
fort

; /;:'^ a them up with the fame light

little larger, filling nual plant, which rifes with a channelled ftem about a
"earth, and place them either under a deep frame, or foot and a half high, fending out feveral fide branches
behind the plants in the flove, where they may be toward the tpp, garnifiied with long narrow leaves like
from the fun till they are well fettled in the
fcreened thofe of the Aullrian Ptarmica, which are of a deep
pots i after which they may be removed into a glafs- green above, but white on their under fide, placed al-
cafe, where they may have room to grow and be ternate iufl below the foot-ftalk of the leaf come out
;
^^^

fcreened from the cold of the nights, but in warm feveral unequal yellow fpines, and at the endoftht
weather they will require a large fliare of air; with I branches the flowers are produced thcfe have very ,

July prickly ernpalements, under which are placed two

7\ feeds will ripen in autumn. long leaves the flowers are purple, and fiiaped like
•,

CARDUUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 832. Thiftle, in thofe of the common Thiftle, but are fmaller ; thefe
French, Chardcn, arc fucceeded by oblong fmooth feeds, which have a
The Characters are, long woolly down fitting on their top. This fort
> *

1 ^ ~ It bath a compound flower made up of many hermaphro- flowers in July and Augufl-, and the feeds ripen in
which are fruitful \ thefe are jnckded in one
dite florets^ September. It is propagated by feeds, v/hich iTiould
€07mnon fcaly empalement^ which is fwollen in the middle^ be fown on a bed of light earth in the fpring where
,
each fcale ending in a fharp fpine*-, the florets are funnel- the plants are to remain, for they do not bear tranf-
floapcdy of one leaf having aflender tuhe^ with an ere 51 planting, unlefs it is performed when they are very
bvint^ cut into five narrow fegments \ each of thefe florets young ; for they fend long flender roots deep into the
havefivefhort hairy ftamina^ terminated b) ground, which, if broken, the plant feldom furvives
mitSy which are indented at the top. In t fit it. The only care they will require, is to keep them
ated an oval germen^ crowned with dow fupp clean from weeds, and thin the plants where they are
Jlender ftyle^ which is longer than the ft.
too clofe.
with afingky naked^ indented ftigma, 'The germcn after- The fecond fort grows naturally in feveral of the mid-
-. ward becomes an oblong four-cornered feed^ crowned with land counties of England. This is a biennial plant,
r
*
iown^ andinclofed by the empaleraent, which fends out many long leaves near the ground,
, .
. This genus of plants is ranged in the firfl fe6lion of having leveral long fegments, placed alternate, v/hich
'
f Linn^us's nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Poly- are joined to a winged border running on each fide
'.;' gamia aequalis v the flowers of this dais have their the mid-rib the whole length ; thefe fcgmcnta point
;
h: ^mmits connected into a cylindrical tube, but the upward; the under fide of the leaves, and the mar-
; ^
ftamina are feparate, and thofe of this feftion have gin of the midrib, are armed with long fharp fpines.
' ' *
only hermaphrodite fruitful flowers. Handing every way. The following fpring, there arifes
1. Carduus tomen-
{Ptarmicifolia) foliis integris fubtus from the center of the plant one ftrong channelled
;-^_j;fis,_ fpinis ramofis lateralibus. Prod. Leyd. 133. ftalk, four or five feet high, branching every way
Thiftle with entire leaves^ woolly on their under fide^ and
'A.:.-. toward the top the ftalk and branch ^o a re garniflied
:

''.-hanching fpines proceeding from the fide of the ftalks. w^ith the fame fiiaped leaves as below, and each brand
-:: ;- Carduus humilis aculeatus, Ptarmica; Aufl:riaca£ foliis. is terminated by a fingle head of purple flowers, hav-
-- Triumf obf 96. •

ing a woolly empalement. This flov/ers in June

2. Carduus [Eriophorus) foliis feflilibusbifariam pinna- and July, and the feeds ripen in the auannn. One
tifidis laciniis alternis ereftis, calycibus globofis vil- or two of thefe plants may be al!6v/ed a place in
Thiftl ^S
fome abjeft part of the garden, for its uagulanty
MlP theftalkSy which are doubly pinnated^ the fegrae fits The feeds of this plant fiiould be fown where the
ere£fy and globular woolly heads. Carduus plants are to remain, and will require no other care
erioceplulus. Dod.Pempt. 723. Woolly-headedrhiftle, but to keep them clean from weeds. The fecond
->
.
iolki by fome Friars Crown. year they will flower, and then the whole plant
3. Carduus {Acarna) foliis lanceolatis dentatis ciliatis periflies.
*
- decurrentibus, fpinis marginalibus duplicibus. Thiftle The third fort grov^rs naturally in Snain and For-
*'Mh fpear-fiaped indented leaves ru?ming along the tugal. This riles fix feet high the lc:';.ves are
ftalks^ ;

:.,; "mth hairy edges, and the fpines double on their borders. long, narrow, and the edges are fet clofely with
;
Acarna major caulefoliofo. C.B.P.379. GreaterFifto fmall hairs every indenture of the leaves there
; at
- ,
Thiftle. comes out two long yellowifh fpines at tlie end -,

4* Carduus {Marianus) foliis amplexicaulibus haftato- of the branches the flowers are produced from the
=
pinnatifidis fpinofis, calycibus aphyllis, fpinis canali- fide of the ftalk, which have woolly oval ernpale-
. ^ulatisduplicato-fpinofis. Gouan. Monfp. 422. Thiftle ments, clofely armed with flender fpines. Tiie flow-
""^^^^ prickly leaves embracing the ftalks, ernpalements with- ers are yellov/, but make no great appearance, as they
out leaves, and
doubly armed with channelled fpines. Car- advance very little above the empalement. It uov/ers
duus^Mariae. Dalech, Hift. in July and Auguft, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
, -

1475.
^/o Our Ladies Thiftle,
J
I ^^ or Milk Thiftle. ^
^
This plant may be propagated by feeds in the fame
B b b ma;Uier
h 1
 ;

R
minner liS the former fore. It is called Fifli Thiftle, This with a thick, foft, herbaceous (Icrn,
fort rifes

from the rcfemblance which the fpines have to the to the height of eighteen or twenty feet, which is

bones of fifli. naked till within two or three feet of the top, and
I'he fourth fort grows very common on the fide of hath marks of the veftiges of the fallen leaves great
banks, and in wade land in many parts of England, part of its length j the leaves come out on every fide
and is by feme perfons blanched anddreffed as a cu- the fl:em upon very long foot-fl:alks thofe which arc
•,

rious difli. Hiis is a biennial plant, which Ihould fituated undermoft are almofl: horizontal, but thofe ou

be fown very thin, and when the plants are come up the top are cred thefe leaves (in full grown plants')
:

lb as to be well didinguilhed, the ground Ihould be are very large, and divided into many parts (or lobes)
lioed, to cut down all the young weeds, and the plants which are deeply finuated, or cut into irregular divi-
left about a foot and a half diftance ; and the following fions, The whole plant abounds" with a milky acrid
'

fummcr die ground ihould be kept clean from weeds. juice, which is efl:eemed good for the ringworm :
In the autumn the leaves of the plants Ihould be tied the ftem of the plant, and alfo the foot"fl:alks of tlir
up, and the earth drawn up clofe to blanch them leaves, are hollow in the middle. The flowers of
\vhen they are properly whitened, they will be fit for the male plants are produced from betv/een the leaves
ufe. This is a biennial plant, which perifhes foon on the upper part of the plant, on every fide, which
after the feeds are ripe. have foot-fl:alks near two feet long, at the ends c>f
The fifth fort is a biennial plant, which is by feme which the flowers fl:and in loofe clufters, each havi[;rr
cultivated for medicinal ufe, and has been fuppofed a feparate fliort foot-fl:alk thefe are of a pure white,
-,

a remedy for fome fort of madnefs. This may be and have an agreeable odour. They are monopeta-
propagated by feeds in the fame manner as the fecond lous, having pretty long tubes, but are cut at the
Ibrt. It grows naturally in the northern parts of top into five parts, which twift backward like a fcrew \
England, and flowers in June. .
fometimes thefe are fucceeded by fmall fruit, about
The fixth fort is fuppofed to be the true Fifh Thilllc the fize and fliape of a Catherine Pear, which ha^
of Theophraftus. This is a biennial plant, which occafioned fome to fuppofc it was a difl:ind fpecie.s;
rifcs with an upright ftalk fix feet high, garnifhed but I have frequently raifed this, and the female or
with long fpear-fliaped leaves, armed with triple fruitful fort, from the fame feeds, and in* general the
fpines at ever/ indenture on their edges ; at the top male flowers fall away, without any fruit fucceedincr
of the ftalks the flowers come out in clufters, which them. The flowers of the female Papaw alio come
are of a purple colour, and are fucceeded by fmooth, out between the leaves, toward the upper part of die
oval, black feeds. It grows naturally in Sicily and plant, upon very fhort foot-ftalks, fingly fitting clofe
the Levant. It is propagated by feeds as the fecond to the flem j they are large and bell-fhaped, com-
fort, which fliould be fown on a warm border, other- pofed of fix petals, which are commonly yellow, but
wife the plants will not live through the winter. It thofe of the pyramidal fort, which I before mention-
flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in auaimn. ed, were purple when thefe fall away, the germen
:

CARDUUS BENEDICTUS. See Centau- fwells to a large fleflay fruit, the fize
of a fmall Melon,
RE \ which are of different forms ; fome are angular, and
CARDUUS FULLONUM. See Dipsacus. compreffed at both ends, others are oval and globu-
C A R I C A. Lin. Gen. Plant. looo. Papaw, in French lar, and fome pyramidal ; the fruit alfo abounds with

Papaie. the fame acrid milky juice as the plants. .This fruit,
The Characters are. when ripe, is by the inhabitants of the Caribbec
It is and female hi different plants ; the flowers of
incik Iflands eaten with pepper and fugar as Melons, but
the male have fcarce any empalement \ they are funnel- are much inferior to our mofl: common Melon in fla-
fhaped^ and of one leaf^ having a longflender tube^ which vour, in its native country; but thofe which have
expands at the top^ where it is divided into five narrow ripened in England were deteftable the only uie I :

cbtufe parts^ which turn backward it hath tenftamina^

'y
have made known of this fruit, was, when they were
five of which are alternately longer than the other^ and about half grown, to foak' them in fait water, to get
ere terminated by oblong fummits. The female flowers out the milky juice, and pickle them for Mangos,
have a fmall pennanent empalement indented inflve parts \
•
for which they have been a good fubflitute. Thefe
it hath five long fpear-fhaped petals, which are obtufe^ plants are fuppofed to be natives of America, from
and turn baikward at the top \ the oval germen fupports whence they were carried to the Philippine Iflands,
five oblong blunt ftigma, which are broad at the top^ and to feveral parts of India, where they are nov/
and crenated, The germen afterward becomes a large pretty common. Though thefe plants have been
oblong flefhy fruit, having five longitudinal cells, which fuppofed to have male flowers only in fome plants,
are full of fmall oval furrowed feeds, inclofedin a gluti- and female on the other, yet I have often fcen
nous pulp. fmall fruit on the male plants, and have frequently
Tliis genus of plants ranged in the ninth fedion
is had fruit on the female, whofe feeds have grown as
of Linna;us's twenty-fecond clafs, intitled Dioecia well as any I ever fowed, though no male plants
Decandria ; the plants of this clafs have male and fe- were in the fame ilove with them.
male flowers on different plants, and in this fection The fecond fort was found growing in a garden at
the male flowers have ten fi:amina. . Lima, by father Feuillee, and it was the only plant
The Species are, he faw of that fort in his travels. This differs from
1, Carica {Papaya) foliorum lobis finuatis. Hort. the other, in having a branching fl:a!k, the lobes or
Cliff. 461. Papaw with the lobes of the leaves flnuated. divifions of the leaves beinp; entire, and the fi'uit be-
Papaya frudu Melopeponis effigie. Plum. Papa-iv ing fliaped like a Pear, which he lays Vv'ere of dif-
with the fruit flmped like the Squaflj. ferent fizes ; that which he defigned was about eight
2. Carica (Pofopofa) foliorum lobis integris. Flort. inches long, and three and a half thick, yellow within
Cliff. 461. Papaw with the Iches of the leaves entire. and without, and of a fweet flavour. The flower,
Papaya ramoia frudu pyriformi. Feuil. Peru v. 2. he fays, was of a Rofe colour, and divided but into
p. 52. tab. 39. Branching Papaw with a Pear-fhaped five parts.
fruit, Thefe plants being natives of hot countries, will not
There are of the firft fort, which
fcverul varieties thrive in England, unlefs they are preierved in a warm
differ in the fize and fliape of their fruit. Plumier fl:ovc; where there are fuch conveniencles, of a pro-
mentions three of the tcmalc or fruitful Papaw, be- per height to contain the plants, they deferve a place
fide the male, one of which he titles Melon-fliaped, as well as almofl: any of the plants v/hich are cuki-
""
and die other fliapcd like the fruit of tlie Gourd ' ~
vated for ornament ; for v/lien tliey are grown to a
^ .

and I have feen another variety in England, with a large fize, they make a noble appearance with their
large, fmooth, pyramidal fruit but thefe are fup-
: ftrong upright ft:ems, which are garniflicd on every
poled to be accidental varieties, which arife from the fide near the top with large fliining leaves, fpreadiiig
liime feeds. out near three feet all round the Hem the flowers:

\
or
\
 A
The firft grows naturally i5pon fterlle ground in
fort
ef
fruit of the female growing round the ftalks moft pares of England, fo is rarely admitted into gar-^
. 1 and the
the leaves, being fo different from anything dens. The others
are often prefervcd in botanic |ar-
i-between .

production, may intitle them to the care dens for the fake of variety. They grow naturally in
•of European
the fouth of France, Spain, and Italy.
; ; of the curious. ^ r j u- u
propagated by
,
which are an- feeds, They may be propagated by fov/ing their feeds in
all
,- They are eafily
plenty from the Weft-Indies. Thefe the fpring on a bed of frelh undungcd earth, wlicre
nually brought in
' '
fown in a hot-bed early in the fpring, that they are defigned to remain ; for, as tliey fend forth
fliould be
: the plants may obtain ftrength before the autumn : tap, roots, they will not bear tranfplanting fo well as

plants are near two inches high, they fhould moft other plants. When the plants appear above
.
when the
tranfplanted into a feparate fmall pot filled ground, they fhould be carefully v/ixded and, as
, be each ;
• -

gentle, loamy foil, and plunged into a they grow in fize, they fliould be thinned, where
'
: with a light,
they are too clofe, leaving them about ten inches or
hot-bed of tanners bark, carefully Ihading them from
',

.
-the fun till they have taken root j after which they a foot afunder. The fecond year moil of thefe plants
the fame manner as other tender will flower ; but, unlefs the fummer proves dry, they
muil
!;
be treated in
* rarely produce good feeds in England, and moft of
plants from the fame country ; but as thefe plants
, have foft herbaceous ftalks, and abound with a milky
them decay foon after they have flowered, therefore
it is pretty difficult to maintain thefe plants in this!
^ 4- -
juice, they muft not have too much water, for they
There fhould country.
are frequently killed with moifture.
>,

alfo be great care taken when thefe plants are fhifted

CARNATION. See Dianthus.
CARPESIUM.
:

^ from fmall pots into larger, to preferve the whole ball Lin. Gen. 948. Nodding Star-
of earth to their roots ; for whenever they are left
:
wort.
bare, they rarely furvive it. As the plants advance The Characters are,

> -
,^ w their growth, they will require larger pots, and // hath an imbricated empaleme?it^ the outer leaves are
larger^ fpreadingy and reflexed^ the inner are fljorter and
r

when they are too tall to remain under frames, they

muft be placed in the tan-bed of the bark-ftove, where equal: the flower is equal and compounded the herma- -^

. they Ihould conftantly remain, being careful not to phrodite florets are funnel-flo.
•
give them much water, efpecially during the winter five parts \ thefe compofe the difk The female florets are
.

fcafon i and in fummer their waterings fhould be often efidy clofing together^ which compcfe the

repeated, but given in fmall quantities. With this border. The hermaphrodite have five floort ftami-
fiorets
'
management Ihave raifed plants near twenty feet na^ crowned by cylindrical fummits^ and an oblong ger-
. high in three years, which have produced their flow- men^ with a Jingle ftalk^ crowned by a bifid ftigma ; the
.
ers and fruit in great perfeftion, female florets have the like^ and both are fucceeded by oval
CARL IN A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 836. The Carline naked feeds inclofed in the empalement.
Thiftle. This genus of plants is ranged
fecond order of in the
The Characters are, Linnaeus's nineteenth clafs, inritled Syngenefia Po-'
\ 5--tff« ,

batb a compound flower^ made up of mar^ hermapl lygamia fuperflua, the flowers being compofed of fe-
dite floretSy which are fruitful ; thefe are included in male and hermaphrodite florets, which are both
common^ fwollen^ fcaly empalement ; the inner fcales . fruitful.

Jong^ and placed in a circular order. The flowers are ft The Species are,
'M bell-flo 1. Carpesium {Cernuum) florlbus terminalibus. Lin.'
five parts at the brim ; thefe Sp. 1203. Nodding Starzvort zvhofe flozvers terminate
each five floort hairy ftamina^ terminated by cylindrical theftalks. Afl:er Cernuus. Col. Ecphr. i. p. 251.
fummtts. In the center isjituated afloortgermen crowned 2. Carpesium {Abrotamides) floribus lateralibus. Ofb.
mth doivny fupporting aflender ftyle the length of the fta- It. tab. 10. Nodding Starwort whofe flowers come from
— '-

Imindy crowned with an oblong bifid ftigma. The germen the fide of the flalks.
afterward becomes n ftngle taper feed^ crowned with a The firft fort grows naturally in Italy. It is a bien-
branching plumofe down. nial plant, whofe lov/er leaves are obtufe, woolly,
v
This genus of plants is ranged of in the firft feftion and foft to the touch. The flower-ftalk rifes from
Linnseus's nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Poly- the center of the plant near a foot and a half high,
amia aequalis, the flowers being compofed of only branching toward the top, and garniftied with leaves
t I

ermaphrodite florets which are fruitful, whofe fum- of the fame form with thofe at bottom, but fmaller :
—7 for each of the branches are terminated by one pretty
i *
The Species arc. large flower of an herbaceous yellow colour, nodding
1. Carlina corymbofo, flo-
{Vulgaris) caule multifloro on one fide the fl:alk ; thefe are compofed of female
"...ribus terminalibus calvcibus radio albis. Hort. Cliff. florets which compofe the border, and hermaphro-
dite florets which compofe the difl<j both which are
'

395 Thiftle with many Jli

ftalk fucceeded by oval naked feeds, J

4, r
pakment. Carlina fylveftris vulgaris. Cluf. Hift. 2. and the feeds ripen in September.
Thiftli The plant is eafily propagated by feeds, which may
o/a) fl lateralibu of and
Meth Thiftli when the plants come up, if they are thinned and
.few flowers growing clofe to the fide of the ftalk. Car- kept clean from weeds, they will require no other
•^ lina fylveftris minor Hifpanica. Cluf. Hift. 2.
p. 157. culture. The fecond year they v^ill flower and pro-
Small wild Spaniflj Carline Thiftle. duce feeds, foon after which the plants decay.
3- Carlina (yfcdw/fj) caule unifloroflorebreviore. Hort. The fecond fort grows naturally in China, and at
Cliff.
395. Carline Thiftle with one fhorter flower on each prefentis rare in England. This hath a hard branch-
• ftalk. Carlina acaulos magno flore albo. C. B. P. ing ft:alk, garnilhed with broad fpear-fliaped leaves
^380. , flightly crenated on the edges the flowers are thinly:

4' Carlina {Lanata) caule multifloro lanato, calycibus fcattered on the fide of the ftalks and branches, where
radio purpureis. Lin. Sp. they fit very clofe, nodding downward ; their em-
'
1 1 60. Carline Thiftle with
.
•,viafp downy flowers onaftalk^ which have purple rays to palements are compofed of many fmall leaves which
• their empalement. Acarna flore purpureo rubente pa- fpread open, and inclofe a great number of florets.
•^
C.B.P. 372.
tulo. This may be propagated by feeds, which fliould be
5- Carlina iCorymbofa) caule multifloro fubdivifo, flo- fown on a hot-bed in the fpring, and when the plants
t:.nbus feffiiibus
Prod.'Leyd.
calycibus radio flavis. are fit to remove, they Ihould be each planted in a
• -'

135. Carline Thiftle with many flowers on a alky which

'

ft fingle pot and when the weather becomes warm,

-,

': is fubdivided, the

ftowers fit clofe ontheMh^ and have they may be expofed, but in autumn they muft be
:: ytlkw rays to their empalement Acarna apula umbcUa- ^ houfed.
ta. Colym.
^

'*
Ecphn 27.
• I M
A'\%. i
CARTI-
V
 ;

'-

A R R
CAR PIN us. Lin. Gen. Plant. 952. [fo called of be firmer and more durable. If tliefe are not inter-
carpcrc, LaLto crbv\ bccaufc it maybe eafilycropped, mixed with other kind of trees, they ftiould be planted
or its wood is cafily cleft. ] The Piornbeam, or Hard- pretty clofe ; efpecially on the oiitfide of the phin-
beam, in French Charme. tations, that they m.ay prote6t and draw each other
The Characters are, up and if they are kept clean from weeds three or
:

Ithctb ynalc and female flois:ers^ gro^joing feparate en tl>€ four years, it will greatly promote their growth, afici*
Javde plant. 'The ivc.le flo-zvcrs are difpofcd in a cylindrical which the plants will have obtained funicient ftrengtii
rcpc cr kalian^ ivbich is hofe and fcdy^ each fc ale covering to keep dov/n the weeds.
cr.e JIg-u;c}\ zvhich bath no petals^ hut ten fmall Jla As the trees' advance in their growth, they muft
iiujhi^ tcy}n:nated by cornprejfcd hain ftimmits, The female be thinned, which ftiould be done with caution, cut-
J'
it ^.i, if I. rre difpofcd in the fame formy and arefingle ladder ting away the moft unpromifing plants gradually, fo
each f( ale have one petals which is fJjcped Uke'a
\ thcfe as not to let much cold air at once, to thofe which
cup^ cut into fix parts^ and t^joo fhcrt germen. each having are left, efpecially on the borders of the plantation.
i'-jco hairy fiylesy crowned by a fingle figrna. The kdtkin For in all young plantations of timber, It is much tlic
aft crv:ard grows large^ and at the bafe of each fcale is better method, to take away a few trees every year,
lodged an oval angular nut, w^here it is wanted, than, as is commonly pradtifed,
Tiiis genus of plants is ranged in the eighth feftion to let all grow till it is fit to cut as under-wood, and
of Linnisus's twenty-iirft clafs, intitled Monoecia Po- then cut all away, except thofe intended for timber
1} andria, the plants of this clafs having male and fe- w^hereby fo much cold air is fuddenly let in upon
r.^ale flowers growing feparate on the fame tree, and them, as to ftop their progrefs for fome years but ;

thofe of this fe£lion have many ftamina.- by this method a prefent advantage is gained, which
^
Th^- PECics are* is nov/ more generally attended to, than the future

Carpinus (Vulgaris) fquamis {Irobilorum planis. profit.

Hort. Cliff. 447. Ilornbeam 'with flat fcales to the cones. The timber of this tree is very tough and flexible,
Carpinus. Dod. Pempt. 841. Comraon Hornbeam. and might be converted to many ufeful purpofes, v/hen
Carpinus {Ofrya) fquamis flrobilorum inflatis. Hort. fuftcred to grov; to a proper Iize but as they ha\'c•,

Cliff. 447. Hornbeam with inflated fcales to the cones, been generally treated otherwife, the principal u] 03
Oftrya ulmo fimilis, fru6iu racenfofo iupulo fimilis. it has been applied to, was for turnery ware, for
C. B. P. 427. The Hep Honilearni which it is an excellent wood, and alfo for makimr.
Carpinus [Orientalis) foliis ovato-lanceolatis Jerratis mill-cogs, heads of beetles,-&c. It is alfo excellent fueL
ftrobilis brevibus. Hornbeam %mth oval^ fpear-fhaped^ The leaves of this tree remain- upon them, till the
fawed leaves^ and the fijortefi cohh. Carpinus Orien- young buds in the fpring thruft them off", fo they af-
talis folio minori, fruCtu brevi. T. Cor. 40. Eafiern ford much flielter to birds in winter;- and this ren-
Hornbeam^ with afmallcr leaf and foorter fruit, ders them very proper to -plant round the borders of
.4. Carpinus {Virginiana) foliis lanceolatis acuminatis, other plantations in expofed fituations, where they
ftrobilis longiffim/is. Hornbeam zvith pointedfpear-fJjapcd will defend the other trees in winter, and thereby
leaves^ and the longefl cones, Carpinus Virginiana fio- greatly promote their growth.
refeens. Pluk. Virgijiia flowering Hornbeam, The Hop Plofnbeam ftieds its leaves in winter, with
The hrft fort is vei^ common in many parts of Eng- the Elm, and other deciduous trees. This tree,
land, but is rarely fuffcred to grow as a timber-tree, tho' but lately much known in England, is very
being generally reduced to pollards by the country common in Germany, grov/ing promifcuoufly with
people -, yet where the
have been pro- young trees the common fort. It is alfo faid to grow plentifully
perly treated, they have grov/n to a large fize. I have in many North America", but it is doub?:fuI
parts of
feen fome of diem in woods, upon a cold ftiff cfay, whether that Is not a difitrent fort from this. The
which have been near feventy feet high, with large, EIop ITornbcam is of quicker growth than the com-
noble, fine ftems, perfedly ftrait and found.. Of mon fort, but v/hat the wood of that will be I \\o
late years, this has'oeen only confidered as a rfirub, not know-, for there are but* few of the trees in
and never cultivated but for under-wood in tKe coiin- England growing upon their own roots, moft of them
try, and in th.e nurferies to form hedges, after the having been grafted upon the common Hornbeam,
r rench tafte \ for in moft of their great gardens, which is the ufual method of propagating them in
their cabinets, &c. are formed of thele trees, as are the nurferies but the'trees fo raifed are of fliort du-
•,

their trellilTes and hedges which furround their plan- ration, for the graft generally grows much fafter
tations. But fince thefe fort of ornaments have been than the ftock, fo that in a few years there is a great
^ almoft banifhed from the Englilh gardens, tliere has difproportion in their fize^ and where they happen
,
'been little demand for thefe trees in the nurferies. to fcand expofed to ftrong winds, the graft is fre-
As this tree v.-ill thrive upon cold, barren, expofed quently broken from the ftock, after many years
'

hills, and infuch fituations where few other forts will growth \ for v/hich reafon, I v/ould caution every
grow, it m.ay be cultivated to great advantage by perfon not to purchafe any of thefe trees which have
th.e proprietors of luch lands. It v/ill rcfift the vio- been fo propagated.
lence of winds better than moft other trees, and is by The Virginian flowering Elornbeam is ftill lefs com-
no means fiow in its grov;th. But where thefe are , mon than the laft, and only to be feen in curious gar-
propagated for tiniber, they fnould be raifed from dens ; it is equally as hardy as the other, and may be
feeds, upon the fame foil, and fame fituadon,
in the increafed by layers.
where they arc defigned to grow; and not brouo-ht This fort will grow to the height of thirty feet, or
-
from better land, and a warmer fituation, as is too more, and is of cuicker growth than either of the
i'requently pradtifed. Nor
be propagated fliould they form.er Torts it fheds its leaves in autumn, aoout
:

by layers, wliich is the common niethod where they the fame time with the Elm ; and, during the time
are intended for hedges or under- wood ; for which of its verdure, this tree makes a good appearance,
thofe fo raifed v^iil anfwer the purpofe full as well as being v/ell clothed with leaves, v/hich are of a deep,
thofe raifed from feeds, but the latter muft always be ftrong, green colour, refcmbling; more the long-iea\'cd
preferred for timber-trees. Elm than the Hornbeam..
The feeds of this tree fhou]d be fow^n in the autumn, The Eaftern Hornbeam is a tree of humble growth,
foon after they are ripe for if they are kept out of •,
rarely rifihg above ten or twelve feet high in this
the ground till ipring, the plants Vv^ill not com.e up country, fhooting out many horizontal irre^-uhir
till the following year. When the plants appear, they branches, fo cannot eafily be trained up to a ftcin.
muft be kept very clean from* weeds, -nd treated as The leaves of this fort are much fmaller than thofe
other foreft-trees in two years time thicy v/ill be fit
•,
of tlie common Hornbeam, and the branches grow
to tranfplanr, for the fconer all trees winch are de- clofer together, therefore may be very proper for low
figned for timber lire planted where th-y are to rc- hedpes, where they are wanted in gardens ; being a
HKiln, tlie larger they will aro'w, and the w^ood will' very tonfilc plant, it nmybe kept in lefs compals
6 than
«
 ;

Si- -

any deciduous tree./ It is as hardy as This

an annual plant, which rifes with a ftifi^ lig-
is
tlianalmoft
forts, and may be propagated in the '
neous flalk two feet and a half, or three feet high,
any of the
but prefent it is rare in the Enghfh -J dividing upward into many branches, which are gV
lame manner i at
nifhed with oval pointed leaves, fitting clofe to the
cncs. .
', - .

branches thefe are entire, and are flightly fawed on

rXRROTS. See Daucus. '
• :

C ART H AMDs. Lin. Gen. Plant. 838. [fo called their edges, each tooth being terminated by a fliort

of xaHf^y, Gr. to purge, becaufe the feeds of it fpine. The flowers grow fingle at tlie extremity of
'

Baftard Saffron, or Safflower intrench; each branch the heads of flowers are large, inclofed
are ouroino-,!
:

,
in a fcaly empalement ; each fcale is broad at the
t

-%
bafe, flat, and formed like a leaf of the plant, ter-
The Characters are. 4 «

.
1

flo'tver compofed offevers! hermaphrodite Jl' minating in a fliarp fpine. The lower part of the
fcales empalement fpreads open, but the fcales above clofely
f^
compofed of many fiat leaves^ broad at their bafe^ Ending embrace the florets, which fl:and out near an inch
inafpine, nndfpread open below. "The florets are funnel- above the empalement tliefe are of a fine Safiroa
\

one leaf cut into five equal fegments at the top colour, and this is the part which is gathered for the
kaped, of ;

thefe have five fhort hairy ftdmina^ terminated hy cy- ufes above-mentioned. When the florets decay, the
lindrical tubular fummitsV In the center is /mated a fhort germen which is fituated in each, become fingle,

germen^fupportingaflenderfiyle the length of the fiamina,

'
oblong, angular feeds, of a white colour, and have
crowned by afingleftigma. Thegermen afterward becomes ; a pretty fl:rong fliell or cover to them. It flowers in

efmgh oblongs angular feedy inclofed in the empalement.

-
July and Auguft, and the feeds ripen in autumn; but
'

This o-enus of plants is ranged in the firft: feftion of 'i if the feafon proves cold and moift, when the plants
'LinncTils's nineteenth clafs, Syngenefia Po-
intitled are in flower, there will be no good feeds produced;
the flowers of this feftion being ' fo that there are few feafons, wherein the feeds of this
lygamia .Squalis ;
compofed of only fruitful florets, and their fummits
'
plant do come to perfeftion in England.
" The feeds of this plant are fometim.es ufed in me-
are connefted in form of a cylindrical tube/^ ; ;
-
-.
\
- dicine, and are accounted a pretty fl:rong cathartic,
The Species are, : "
i, - * T '

Carthamus (TV/^^^i'mj) foliis ovatis integfis ferrato- ^but at prefent they are feldom prefcribed. It is pro-
i\
aculeatis, Hort. Cliff. 394. Bqftard Saffron with oval pagated by feeds, which fl-iould be fown in April,
entire leaves^ which have fpiny ferratures. Carthamus upon a bed of light earth the bcfl: way is to fow them :

jfiard ': in drills, drawn at two feet and a half diilance from
•
Saffron oftbefloopSy with a Saffron-coloured flower. /.
- each other, in which the feeds ftiould be fcattered
fi. Carthamus (Lanalus) caule pilofo fuperne lanato, thinly,!^ vfor the plants mufi: not flrand nearer each
'
,

foliis inferioribus pinnatifidis, fummis amplexicauli- other than a foot in the rows j but as fome of the
-

bus dcntatis: Hort. Upfal. 251. Carthamus with a feeds will fail, fo a greater quantity ftiould be fown,
-^
:,

hairy folk as it will be eafy to thin the plants, at the time when
theftalk the ground is hoed. If the feeds are good, the
Diflaff Thifll plants will appear in lefs than a month ; and in a
*

4, Carthamus (Creticus) cauk l^viufculo, calycibus j

fortnight or three weeks after, it will be proper to
; fublanatis, flofculis fubnbvenis, foliis inferioribus ly- .hoe the ground to defl:roy the weeds, and at the
ratis, fummis amplexicaulibus dentatis. Lin. Sp. 11 63. fame time the plants fliould be thinned where they
fmooth flalk are too clofe ; but at this time they fli-ould not be fe-
florets^ the under leHves lyre-fhaped, . parated to their full diflrance, lefl: fome of them fliould
the flalk afterward fail fo that if they are now left fix inches
•,

folio & facie, floreleucoph^eo. Tourh. Cor. ^^. \ ^f^^i^^er, there will be room enough for the plants to

4. Carthamus {Tingitanus) foliis radicalibus pinnatis, grow, till the next time of hoeing, when they muft
•

:
caulinis pinnatifidis, caule unifloro. Lin, Sp. 11 63. ^ be thinned to the diftance they are to remain for good:
j

Carthamus whofe radical leaves are winged^ thofe on the after this they fliould have a third hoeing, which, if
'.

T ri

ftalks zving'pointedy and one flower on a flalk, Cnicus I carefully performed in dry weather, will deftroy the
perenrtis' cxruleus Tingitanus. H. L. 162, Blue pe- 1
'"
weeds and make the ground clean, fo that the plants
<

'4 :. * will require no farther care, till they come to flower

5. Carthamus {Carduncellus) foliis caulinis linearibus j
when, if the Safliower is intended for ufe, the florets
pinnatis Ipngitudine plante. Lin. Sp. Plant. 831.1 Ihould be cut off from the flowers as they come to
flalks perfedion ; but this mufl; be performed when they
^-
njohich are as long as the plant. Cnicus caeruleus hu- are perfeftly dry, and then they fliould be dried in a
^
Dwarf Cnicus if Mount kiln, with a moderate fire, in the fame manner as
t
blue fl
'^^-•i
the true Saffron, which will prepare the commodity
6. Carthamus [Caruleus) foliis lanceolatis fpinolb-den- for ufe.
tatis, caule fubunifloro. Hort. Cliff. 11 63. Carthamus But if the plants are defigned for feed, the flowers
fpear-fbaped leaves prickly indented^ and one fl^
mufl not be gathered ; for if the florets are cut ofi^,
•h flalk it will render the feeds abortive, though they may

Rougher bltie Cfiicus, fwell and grow to their ufual fize, as I have frequently
efc experienced; yet when they are broken, there will be
dentaris. Prod. Leyd. Carthamus with fword-
136. found nothing more than a fhell without any kernel.
Jhaped leaves which are finuated and indented. Cnicus And this frequently happens to be the cafe with thefe
Hifpanicusarborefcensfcetidifllmus. Tourn. Infl. 451. feeds, in wet cold feafons ; though in very wet years
Stinking fl^rubby Cnicus of Sp .1 the germen will rot, and never come fo forward as to
ofl form a fhell. /

ty flowers in umbels. Chamae- I have been informed, that this plant was formerly
leon niger umbellatus, flore casruleo hyacinthino. cultivated in the fields in feveral parts of England,
C. B. P, 380, Black umbellated Chameleon with blue for the dyers ufe; and particularly in Glouceflerfliire,
i
flowersi .;':. * ; ' * •
where the com.mon people frequently gathered the
I
"The grows naturally in Egypt, and in fome
firflfort florets, and dried them, to put into their puddings
v( cf the warm parts of Afia. I have frequently re- and cheefecakes, to give them a colour ; but fome by
ceived the feeds of this from the Britifh iflands in
r
putting it in too great quantity, gave thc]x puddings
America, but whether they were originally carried a cathartic quality.
thither, or if it grows naturally there, I could never If this plant was ever cultivated here in great quan-
be rightly informed. It is at prefent cultivated in tity, it is furprifing how it c:.me to be fo totally ne-
many parts of Europe, and alfo in the Levant, from glefted, as that at prefent, there are not the leafl
whence great quantities of Safliower are annually im- traces to be met with, in any part of England, of its
V
'
ported to England, for dyeing and painting. . ever having been cultivated ; nor is the commodity
C 9 c fcaxc«
'-t

%
 ;;

G A A
khoWn^ eSccept to thofe v/ho dell in it the time gathered, dried in a kiln for ufe.
It is The:
v.e
fcarce :^

which annually confumed in Eng- is ufually a fucccflion of flowers for fix or fevcn
quantity of thiij is

knd is fo great, as to make

a very confiderable article weeks. After the crop is gathered, the ftalks arc
in trade, lb that it might be very well worthy pf the
pulled, and tied in bundles for fuel j and when thev
public attention for although the feeds feldom come
•,
have been fet up a few days to dr)', they are carried
off, and the ground is ploughed for Wheats which
to perfection in England, yet thefe might be annually
procured from' abroad, and the plants would con- they fay, always fucceeds well after this plant.
ftantly produce the flower, which is the only part The good quality of this commodity is chiefly in the

ufeful. A
few years paft I fent a fmall parcel of the colour, which fhould be of a bright Saffron colour,
feeds of this plant to South Carolina, where I \yas and herein that which is cultivated in England often
afterward informed it grew amazingly, for in fix fails ; for if there happens much rain during the

weeks after the feeds were fown, the crop of Safflower time the plants are in flower, it will caufe the florets
was fit to cut, and the gentleman to" whom the feeds to change to a dark or dirty yellow, which will alfo

were given, fentfome of the commodity to his brother befal that which is gathered when there is any moifture

in London, who was fo kind as to fend me a fpe- remaining upon it; therefore great care muft be
cimen of it, with an account that the dyers complained taken not to gather it till the dew is quite dried off,
of its want of colour i and upon examining it, I found ,nor Ihould it be preffed together till it has been dried

the florets were drawn out of their empalements the on the kiln. The manner of doing this being the fame
whole length, fo that their tails which had been in- as for the true Saffron, I fliall not mention it here,

cluded in their covers were white, and being mixed .

but defire the reader to turn to the article Crocus,
together gave the whole a pale appearance ; upon this ^where that is fully treated.
I wrote to the gentleman to defire he would cut off In Spain this plant is cultivated in their gardens, as
the upper part of the florets with fcifiars, which would Marigolds are in England, to put into their foups,
be eafier performed, but have heard nothing from olios, and other dilhes, to give them a colour. The
him fince j however, a year or two after I received a Jews alfo are very fond of this, and mix it in molt
letter from his excellency Governor Lyttleton, in of their viands , and it is very probable they were the
which he wrote that the Safflower bid fair to prove perfons who firfl: carried the feeds of this plant to
one of their great branches of commerce, but how it America, and taught the inhabitants the ufe of it, for
has turned out I have not fmce heard. it is now as commonly vifed by the Englilh there, as

This plant is cultivated in great plenty, in fome parts in any part of Europe.
of Germany, where the feeds conllantly come to This plant may be admitted to have a place in the
perfedion ; and as I have obtained a fhort account borders of large gardens, where it will add to the
of their method of cultivation, from a curious gen- variety, during the time of its continuance in flower,
tleman of that country, fo I Ihall infert it for the be- which is commonly two months, or ten weeks ; for
nefit of thofe who may be induced to engage in this if the feeds are fown in the beginning of April, the

undertaking. firfl; flowers will appear in the middle of July atfar-

-
The ground which they propofe to fow the Car-
in thefl: ; and there will be a fucceffion of flowers on the

= thamus, has always a double fallow given to it, firfl: fide branches, till the end of September, or in mild

to defl:roy the weeds, and afterward to make it fine. warm feafons till the middle of Oftober, durino- which
They make choice of their lightefl land, and fuch as time the plants will not be deftitute of flowers; which
is clear from Couch Grafs, and other troublefome being of a bright Saffron colour, make a pretty ap-
'

weeds. After the land has been fallowed a fummer pearance; ^nd if the plants are fupported to prevent
and winter, in which time they give it four plough- their being broken, or blown down by the wind,
ings, and harrow it between each, to break the clods, they will not interfere with the other flowers, Becaufe
and pulverize it in the latter end of March they give
: I thefe have a regular upright growth. \ . r-

it the lafl: ploughing, when they lay it in narrow I When they are cultivated for this purpofe, the feeds
*
furrows of about five feet or a little more, leaving a fhould be fown in the places where the plants are de-
fpace of two feet between each t then they harrow figned to remain, becaufe they do not bear' tranf-
thefe lands to make them level, and after it is finilhed, planting w;elli therefore three or four feeds Ihould
they fow rhe feeds in the following manner. With a be fown in each patch, left any of them fliould fail
fmall plough, they draw four fliallow furrows in and when the plants are grown fo ftrong as to be out
each land, at near a foot and a half difl:ance, into oi danger, the moft promifing in each patch Ihould
which they fcatter the feeds thinly ; then with a har- trc left, and the others pulled up, that they may not

row, whole teeth are little more than one inch long, draw or injure thofe which are to ftand.
they draw the earth into the drills to cover the feeds; The fecond fort grows naturally in the fouth of
after this, they draw a roller over the ground, to France, Spain, and Italy, where the women ufe the
fmootli and fettle it. When the plants are come up, ftalks of this plant for diftaffs, from whence it had
fo as to be difl:inguiflied, they hoe the ground to de- the title of Dittaff Thiftle, It is by fome called
ftroy the weeds ; and at this firfl operation, where Baftard wild Saffron. The leaves of this plant are
the plants happen to be-clofe, they cut up the leafl: fometimes ordered for medicine, and are fuppofcd to
promifing, leaving them all fingle, at the difl:ance of have the fame virtues as Carduus Benediftus.
three or four inches ; which they always fuppofe will This plant is annual, periftiing foon after the feeds
be fufficient room for their growth, till the fecond are ripe ; the lower leaves fpread flat upon the ground
time of hoeing, which muft be performed in about thefe are five or fix inches long, narrow, and deeply
five wrecks after their firft ; in which they are guided indented on both fides they are hairy,
; and have a
by the growth of the weeds, for as this work is per- few foft fpines on their edges ; the ftalk rifes about
formed with a Dutch hoe, fo they never fuffer the | two feet'high, covered with hairs, and garniflied with
•
weeds to grow "to "any fize before they cut them ; |
oblong hairy leaves, which embrace the ftalk with
. in w^hich they judge right, for when the weeds are their bafe, and are deeply finuated, with fliai-p thorns
fmall, one man will hoe as much ground in a day, growing on their edges. The upper part of the ftalk
-as can be performed by three, when they are per- divides into many
branches, which are garniflied with
mitted to grow large ; and the weeds will be more leaves of the fame form, but fmaller. The flowers
*
effeftualiy deftroyed. are produced at the end of the branches, having a
They give a third hoeing to the plants, about five clufter of ftiff, hard, prickly leaves below the fcaly
or fix weeks after the fecond ; which generally makes empalcment, which contains many yellow herma-
the ground fo clean, as to require no more cleaning, phrodite flowers, fucceeded by oblong angular feeds.
till the Carthamus is pulled np. When the plants It flowers in June and July, and the feeds ripen in
begin to flower, and have thruft out their florets (or autumn. If the feeds of thisTort are fown in au-
thrum) to a proper length, they go over the ground . tumn, the plants will flower early the following fum-
once a week to gather it; and as it is from time to mer, fo there will be. a certainty of good feeds. '^They
• may
-^
 ' . ' ;

I" -

*'
r R
any fituation, ftalks with their bafe. The branches are terminated
'V^maybe fown upon a bed of earth in
.'

no other culture, but to keep them by large, fcaly, prickly heads of yellov/
and will require
'

flowers,
weeds, and thin the plants where they are which come out in
July, but are never fuccceded by
clean from
too clofe ; this being a medicinal plant, is kept in fome feeds m
this country, fo can only be
propagated by
fide Ihoots, flipped from the branches
gardens, but it hath little beauty. in the fprino-
variety of this, which grows much taller, and planted in pots filled with light fandy earth, an^Ii
There is a
'

larger, and the leaves are placed clofer plunged into moderate hot-bed, obferving to ftiade
a
'the heads are
upon the ftalks. This was found by Dr. Tournefort them till they have taken root ; then they muft be
.
vr
gradually hardened, and removed into the open
'in the Levant. .
air,

V
..
The third fort was alfo difcovered by Tournefort m and when they have obtained ftrength, they may be
-

of Crete, from whence he fent the feeds feparated, and fome of them planted in a warm
the illand dry
•
royal garden at Paris. This differs from the border, where they will endure the cold of our or-
to the
having a fmooth ftalk the leaves are very dinary winters; but, in fevere froft, they are fre-
,
•
former, in ;

indented, fmooth, and are armed with quently deftroyed, therefore a plant or two fliould be
ftiff, deeply

ftrong fpines ; the heads of flowers are oval, kept in pots, and llickered in winter to prefervg the
. Ycry
white, and the plant, grows near fouf feet fpecies. .
•

; the florets
-
iigh. This is an annual plant, which may be fov/n The feeds of the eighth fort were fent me from
the fime way as the former, and flowers Spain, where it grows naturally. This hath a pe-
-
and treated in
- -^

rennial root but an annual ftalk, which is fing-le, and

.

about * *

1 '

The fointh fort hath a perennial root, but an annual never puts out any fide branches; thefe are v/hlte,
ftalk. This grows naturally in Spain, and was firft fmooth, and channelled. The leaves are lonp-, narrow.
broup-ht to Eno-IanJ from Tangier; the feeds of this of a pale green, and clofely armed on their edges
are iK;ver pcrfeded in England, fo it is propagated by
with Ihort ftiff fpines, which coiiie out double. The
parting of t]\e roots. The beft time for tranfplanting jftalks are terminated by fingle, oval, of
fcaly heads -

and parting them, is about the beginning of March \vhite flowers, each fcale being terminated by a puf-
'
'they ihoLild have a dry foil and a warm fituation. plifli This fquamous empalemcnt is clofely
fpine.

otherwife they are liabje to be deftroyed in fevere 1 joined at the top, fo as few of the hermaphrodite fio- •

Winters. rets appear vifible above it and this is guarded by a;

The ftalks of about a foot and a half high,

this rife I border of long,* narrow, prickly leaves, furrounding
feldom putting out any branches, garniflied with the head, which rife confiderably above the flowers.
'
narrow fpear-fliaped leaves the whole length of the This plant flowers in July and Auguft, but feldom
italic ; thefe are deeply fawed on their edges, each of perfefts its feeds in England. It fliould be planted
i the fcrratures ending in a fharp point. The ftalk is in a light and a warm fituation, v/here it v/ill
foil

terminated by one large fcaly head of blue flowers, live abroad in our ordinary winters, but in fevere froft:
<"'
*

Ihaped like thofe of the other fpecies. - -

it is fometimes deftroyed. As the feeds of this fort
-
The fifth fort grows naturally in the fouth of France, rarely ripen in England, the only method to propa-

Spain, and Italy. This hath a perennial root and gate the plant, is by parting the roots in the fpring.
an annual ftalk, which rifes about fix inches high ; it M Carvi [fo called
is channelled, hairy, and garnifhed with long narrow
of ]L(ipc<.^ Gr, the head, as though grood for the head ;
*^
leaves, ending in feveral fliarp fpines j their edges are but others derive the name from Caria, where the
•
indented, ea^h indenture ending in a fpine. Each antients found this plant.] Carui, or Carraway.

ftalk is terminated by one large head of blue flowers, The Characters are,

having a leafy empalement, compofed of very broad fl'

^, compofed cf feveral fnall
•
fcales, each ending in a fliarp fpine. , It flowers in fi as rays to the general nmhel^

June. :
" ; tvclucrum ; the fingle flo^-xers
This fort is difficult to propagate m England, for the have very fmall each hath five heart-fhaped
erapalernents ;

do not put out offsets like the former, fo is

roots ohtufe petals^ turned inward at their points ; // hath five
, only to be railed from feeds ; which do not come to hairy fiamina the length of the petals^ terminated by round-
perfedion here, unlefs the feafon proves warm and ifh fmall fumniits. 1'he germen is fJuatcd under the
t

dry. This plant fliould have a dry foil and a warm flower^ fupporting two fmall ftyles^ crowned by a fi\
fituation. -•\^ '
-^ fiigma 2ft.

• The fixth fortfuppofed by fome, to be the fame

is gelled f
-
' with the fourth, which Is a great miftake, for they furrowcdfeed
are extremely different. This rifcs with a fingle ftalk This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feftion
about two feet high, which is of a purplifli colour, of Linna^us's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Dygynia,
^ hairy, and channelled, clofely garnifhed with broad the flowers having five ftamina and two ftyles.
fawed on their
fpear-lhaped leaves, which are fliarply The Species are,
edges, and covered with a fliort hairy down. The I. Carum (Carvi) foliis pinnatifidis planis, umbellatis
ftalk' is terminated by a fingle large head of blue in^qualibus confertis. Carraway with plain leaves ending
flowej-?, having a fcaly empalement, compofed of two with 7nany points.^ loft
.-"^-orders of leaves, the outer being broad, long, and Cuminum pratenfe, Carui officinarum. C. B, P. 159.
armed with Iharp fpines on their edges ;, the inner are Meadow Cumin^ or Carraway of thefijops,
.narrow, and terminate with a fnarp thorn. It flowers 2. Carum (Hifpanicum) foliis capillaribus multifidis,
av June and July, and the feeds ripen in avitumn.
. multifid
This fort may be propagated by parting of their loofe Carvi Flifpanicum, femine majore.
roots, which fhould be performed in autumn, when atio] Jufl'. Spanifii
the leaves decay. It ftiould have a light dry foil, in oader feed
1*1* •*« 4-^y^ '« « «
which it will endure die cold of our winters, and
, ] The firft fort is the common Carraway, v/hofe feeds
.;* continue many years. It may alfo be propagated by are greatly ufed, not only in medicine, but alfo in
fepds, which ripen well in dry feafons, but in wet
'

the kitchen, &c. This srov/s naturally in fome rich

;':^yiJ^Er!^rs the feeds are generally abortive; this re- meadows in Lincolnftiire and Yorkfliire, and is
" quires no other care but to keep it clean from weeds. fometimes found growing in the pafturcs near Lon-
w It grows naturally in Spain, France and Italy, on ar- don. It is alfo cultivated for ufe in Eflx^x, and fome
able land. other counties.
,
'
Ihe feventhfurt I received from Andalufia, where it This a biennial plant, which rifes from feeds one
is

-}
rows naturally in great plent)\ This rifes with a year, flowers the next, and periflies foon after the
rubby perennial ftalk to the heiglit of eight or ten feeds are ripe. It hath a taper root like a Parfncp,
I -

feet, dividing into many branches, garnifhed with but much fmaller, which runs deep into the ground,
pretty long fword-fliaped leaves, which are indented, and hath a ftrons: aromatic tafte, fending out many
Kl

a,rmcd with fpines on their edges, and embrace the fmall fibres ; from tlie. root arifes one or two fmooth,
fohd.
 :

. i

A
foli'd, about two feet liigh," gar-
channelled fValks, J
nilhed with winged leaves, having long naked foot- 248. Clove-tree with fpear-foaped leaves placed oppo-

Ibalks, and many fmall wings placed oppofite on the fite^ and flowers growing hy pairs from the fiides of the
midrib, which are compofed of many narrow, little, :
ftalks, ./..' . /

plain leaves, ending in feveral points. The ftalks 4. Caryophyllus (Cotinifolia) foliis ovatis obtufis op-
div-ide upward into leveral fmaller branches, each of / pofitis^ floribus fparfis alaribus. Clove-tree with cval
^vhich is terminated by an umbel, compofed of fix or blunt leaves placed cppofiite, and flowers growing thinly
eight Imall feparate umbels or rays, which divide in- from the fides of the branches. Myrtus cotini folio;
to feveral fmall foot-ftalks, each fuftaining a fingle Plum. Cat. 19. Myrtle with a leaf of Venice Sumach,
white flower, with five heart-fliaped petals \ the 5. CarV'ophvllus {Racemofus) foliis oblongo-ovatis,
flowers of thefe fmall umbels are clofely joined toge- emarginatis, ridigis, glabris, floribus racemofis ter-
ther. After the flowers are decayed, the germen be- minalibus. Clove- tree with oblong oval leaves^ which
comes an oblong channelled fruit, compofed of two are fmooth, and indented at the edges, and flowers
fliff^

oblong channelled feeds, plain on one fide, but con- growing in branches terminating theflalk,
vex on the othcn It flowers in June, and the feeds . The firfl: fott grows naturally in the Moluccas, and
ripen in autumn. * t
the hottefl: parts of the world, where it rifes to the
The beft feafon for fowing the feeds of this plant is height of a common
Apple-tree ; but the trunk ge-
in autumn, foon after they are ripe, when they will nefally divides at about four or five feet from the
more certainly grow, than thpfe fown in the fpring •, ground into three or four large limbs, which grow
and the plants which rife in the autumn, generally ereft, and are covered with a thin fmooth bark,
flower the following feafon, fo that afummer's growth which adheres clofely to the wood. Thefe limbs di-
is hereby laved. When the plants come up, the vide into many fmall branches, which form a fort of
ground fliould be hoed to deitroy the v/eeds ; and conical figure ; the leaves are like thofe of the Bay-
where the plants are too clofe, they mufl: be thinned tree, and are placed oppofite on the branches. The
in thefime manner as is practifed for Carrots, leaving flowers are produced in loofe bunches at the end of
them In the following
three or four inches apart. . the branches, which are fmall, white, and have a
ipring they will reqliire to be twice more hoed, which .
great number of fl:amina, which are .much longer
v;iU keep the ground clean till the feeds are ripe ; then than the petals. The flowers are fucceeded by oval
the ft:alks muit be pulled up, and l:ied in bundles, berries, whicharecrowncd with the empalement, di-
fetcing them upright to dry, when the feeds may be . vided into four parts, which fpread flat on the top
threflied our for ufc. -' '
" ' ^^ of the fruit, in which form they are brought to Eu-
The fecond fort grows naturally in Spain : the feeds rope J for it is the young fruit beaten from the trees
of this were fent me from the" royal garden at Paris. before they are half grown, which are the Cloves ufed
This plant riies with a ftronger fl:alk than the former, all over Europe. . .
-^ .

which feklom grows more than a foot and a half high, I have not heard of any plants of this kind being in
but is clofely garnifned with fine narrow leaves like the gardens, either in England or Holland, but I
thofe of Dill ; the ftallcs divide upward into many chofe to mention it here, to introduce the other.
. branches, each being terminated by loofe umbels of The fecond fort grows naturally in Jamaica, but par-
white flowers, which are fucceeded bv larse broad ticularly on the north fide of that ifland, where it is
iceds, having the fame aromatic flavour as the com- found in great plenty, and is a cbnfiderable branch
^

mon fort. This is a biennial plant, and may be treated of their trade ; the unripe fruit dried, beirig the AU-
in the fame manner as the former. fpice fo well known in Europe. It is now cultivated
CARYOPMYLLATA. See Geum. with care in many of the plantations, for the trees
CARTOPHYLLUS. Lin. Gen. 594. Caryo- will tluive upon ftiallow rocky land, which is unfit
phyllus arom.aticus. Tourn. Infl:. R. H. 661. tab. 432. for the Sugar-cane ; fo that a great advantage arifes to
'The Clove-lree^ or AlUfpce. :. ,
'
. . . '
the planters from thofe lands, which would ptherwif^
The Characters are, . ,
- . beof fmall account to them." .:, -r-.. i.-,. ,

// hath a double empakmmt^ that of the jlozver is of one This tree grows to the height of thirty feet or more,
Jecfy cut hito fctir ohtufe-parts^ upon which the germen with a fl;rait trunk, covered with a fmooth brown
isfiiuatcd^ the fruit hath another cmp dement^ %vhich is bark, dividing upward into many branches which
fnall^ andfightly divided into four parts^ which are per- come out oppofite, garniihed with oblong leaves,
nantnt. She flower hath four blunt petals^ which are refembling thofe of the Bay-tree. in form, colour, and
fttuated oppofite to the hicifftires of the empalement It hath . texture, but are longer, and are placed by pairs
many ftarnhia^ which rife from the fides of the empale- when thefe are bruifed or broken, they have a very
ment^ terminnted by romtdifh fummits, ihe germen is fine aromatic odour like that of the fruit. The
fituated under the flower^ -and is crowned hy the fmall em- branches grow very regular, fo that the trees make a
pakment^ fupporting a fingle upright flyle^ crowned by an fine appearance, ^and as they retain their leaves
/ cbtufefiigma, The germen afterward becomes a foft ber- , through the year, the trees are worthy of being pro-
ry with two cellsy each containing a finglc kidney-fhaped pagated for ornament and fliade about the habitations
- ^ t
feed. of the planters. The flowers are produced in large
This genus of plants is ranged in the firfl: feilion of loofe bunches from the fide of the branches, towards
Tinnitus's thirteenth clafs, intltled Polyandria Mo- their ends, each branch is alfo terminated by a larger
nogynia, the flower having many ftamina and' but bunch thp the other ; the flowers are fmall, and of
one ftyle.
'
-\ . .
'

an herbaceous colour ^ they are male and female upon

The Species are, %'. - -.
diftin£t trees. I was favoured with fine famples of
1. Caryophyllus {Aromaticus^ foliis ovato-lanceolatis both, and alfo a particular account of the trees, by
oppofitis, floribus terminalibus, ft;aminibus corolla William Williams, Efq; of Anne's, on the north
St.
longioribus. "The Clove-tree with oval fpear-fijaped lectves fide of Jamaica, who has the greatefl: dumber of thefe
growing oppofite^ and flowers terminating the ftalks^ trees on his plantation of any perfon in that ifland.
whofe flamina are longer than the petals, Caryophyllus The male flowers have very fmall petals, and a great
aromaticus fructa ob!ongo, C. B. P. 410. Aromatic number of fl;amina in each, which are of the fame
Clove with an oblong fruit, colour with the petals, terminated by oval bifid fum-
2. Caryovhyllvs \P-mento) foliis Janceolatis oppofitis, .
-mits ; the female flowers have no Itamina, but an
floribus facemofis terminalibus, &
axillaribus. Clove- oval germen, fituated below the flower, fupporting
tree with fpear-fljaped leaves growing oppofite^ and flow - •
a flcnder with a blunt fl:igma at the top. The
fl:yle,
crsgrowing in bunches at the ends of the branches^ and germen afterward becomes a globular pulpy berry,
wings of the leaves, Myrtus arborca aromatica foliis including two kidney-fliaped feeds. The ufual fea-
hiurinis. Sloan. Cat. 161. The Pimento, or All- June, J
'

fpice, ' -

^^ Augufl:.
3. Caryophyllus {Fruticofus) foliis lanceolatis oppofi- i

V
When
 :

'*\

A A
'

of thcfe trees are defigncd for life, fbvc but if the feafon fhould prove very
When the fruit ; v/ct of
•

they are gathered, or beaten down from the trees a cold, not be fafe to truft thdc plants lonp'
it, will

before they arrive to their full fize, and arc fe- abroad therefore their leaves foould be now and thcil
^
:. little

- parated from leaves, ftalks, or any rubbilli' which wadied with a fponge to clean them, which v/ill not
accidentally mixed with them then the only render thcn:i more fightly, but alio promote
may have ;

fruit is expofed every day to the fun, fpread

:
on cloths their growdi. This tree is pretty dirlicult to propa-
- for ten or twelve days to dry, but removed under co- gate in England, where the feeds do not ripen ; die
!

'
vcr every evening to fcreen it from the dews; when
.
only method in whicli this has been done, is by lay-
'
fruit is pcrfeftly dry, it is packed up for expor- ing down the young branches, flitting them at a joint
.-f-i
i the
'-
tation. permitted to grow to maturity,
If the fruit is in tlie fuiie manner us is pradlifed in making layers of
,' the pulp, which furrounds the feeds, is fo full of
Carnations. If this is carefully peiformecl, and the
^t

moifture, and is fo glutinous, as to ftick to the fin- layers are regularly but gently watered, they will
;

'
gers of thofe who bruife them, therefore are unfit for put out roots in one year ; then they may be care-
- thofe ufes to which the dried fruit are applied. fully feparated from the old plants, and each planted
'
It is called by fome Jamaica Pepper, but the moll in a fmall pot filled with light earth, and plunged
general appellation is All-fpice, from its relilli and into the tan-bed, either in the ftove or under a fiarne,

flavour, partaking of many other fpices, and is de- being careful to fliade them until they have taken
Jervedly accounted one of the bell ; and if it was as new root, after which they may be treated as the older

fcarce and difficult to procure as thofe fpices in the plants. This plant, being an Evergreen, makes a
eaft, would be much more fought after and efteemed fine appearance in the flove at all feafons of the year
^
I
our neighbours the Dutch, who have engrofled the and their leaves having fuch an agreeable fragrancy
fpice trade to themfelves, have alfo been artful enough v^hen rubbed, render them as worthy of a place in
to deceive us with this of our produftion, by purchaf- the flove, as any other tender exotic plant which is
ing the dried fruit of the All-fpice in England at a low preferved for ornament.
price, and grinding it to a powder, then felling it The third fort grows naturally in Jamaica, from
to us at an advanced price for powder of Cloves. whence I received it fome years paft. This rifes with
This I have been credibly informed of, by an eminent a divided trunk to the height of eight or ten feet,
merchant, through w^hofe hands great quantities of fending out many branches, which arc placed oppo-
this commodity have paffed. fite, covered with a grey bark the leaves come out :

"
The Dutch have alio drawn an oil from the fruit of oppofite, which areihorter and rounder at their points
" than thofe of the
this tree, which they vend for oil of Cloves. I had laft fpecies -, they are alio fmoother,
afmall phial of this oil fent me from Jamaica, which and of a firmer texture. The come out from
flowers ,

was fhewn to fome of the beft judges of drugs in the fide of the branches between the leaves, upon
London, who tried many experiments with it, and flender foot-ftalks, about an inch in length, two ge-
declared they thought it as good oil of Cloves as they nerally arifing from the fame point : thefe arc fuc-
had feen. - I
ceeded by rounci berries, of a brighter colour than
As there is fo great an affinity between this tree and thofe of the former, having the empalement on their
the true Clove, it might be worthy of trial, if the crowns. The leaves and fruit of this fort have no
fruit wfien iirft formed, or the flowers were beaten aromatic flavour, fo are not of ufe, but the charac-
down from the trees, and dried in the fame manner ters of the flower and fruit are the fame as in the
as the eaftern Cloves, might not anfwer the fame pur- other fort.
pofe or, at leaft, k.would be a good fuccedaneum
-, This tree retains its leaves all the year, which beino-
. for that fpice \ and as it is the produdtion of our own of a fplendent green, make a very good appearance,
colonies, Ihould have proper encouragement. -
when intermixed with other exotic plants in the
it is

This tree is propagated by feeds, which in the natu- ftove ; but the flowers being fmall, and growing
ral place of its. growth is conveyed, and fown by thinly upon the branches, do not make any great fi-
birds, to a great diflance ; and, it is very probable, gure, fo it is only preferved for the beauty of its fo-
the feeds paffing through them, are rendered fitter for liage. It is propagated by feeds, and requires the
.. vegetation, than thofe which are immediately gathered fame treatment as the other fort.
, from the tree y for I have received great quantities of The fourth fort was fent me by the late Mr. Robert
the berries from the gentleman before-mentioned, Millar, furgcon, from Carthagena in New Spain :
/; which were perfectly ripe and frelh, great part of this rifes with many irregular Items about twelve or
,' which I fowed in different fourteen feet high, covered with an Afh-coloured
ways, and communicated
fome of them to feveral other curious perfons, who bark, dividing into many branches upward thefe :

- did the fame, but none of them have yet fucceeded \

are garnifhed with ftiff^ oval leaves, placed oppofite.
.
and upon informing my friend Mr. Williams of this, The flowers are produced from the fide or the
he told me that a friend of his, wRofe plantation was branches, fometirnes four, five, or fix foot-flalks
- on the fouth fide of Jamaica, defired him to fave a •
arifefrom the fame point at other times, they come
•,

'*
.
large quandty of the ripe berries for him to fow on out fingle, or perhaps by pairs thcfe are white, and :

his plantadon, which he accordingly did, but his of the fame fliape with thofe of the fecond fort, and
« friend forgot to fend for them
near two years af-
till are fucceeded by berries which are rounder, and, for
ter ^ during which time, they had lain in a large heap, the moft part, contain but one kidney-fliaped feed.
-k

\ atid had fermented, and, on fowin 2; thofe berries, the I'his fort ao;rees with the fecond in its g-eneral cha-
*'

. plants came up with the firft rains in great abundance raclers, but not none of the
in the virtues, for it Iiath
;

- fo that it may be of great fervice to thefe feeds, either aromatic 'flavour, with which that abounds j but as
• to pafs through animal bodies, or to be fermented it retains its leaves throvigh the year, may merit a
before they are fov/n. place in the fl:ove, better than many other plants
The plants cannot
be preferved in England unlefs which by the curious. This is propa-
are preferved
they are placed in a Hove during the winter feafon,
- :-
gated by feeds, in the fame way as the fecond fort,
,
but they will thrive in a moderate degree of warmth : and the plants niuft be treated in the facnc manner as
.^
y^^ey fliould be planted in a foft light foil, and in win- thofe.
ter muft have but
. little water. In the fummer they The fifdi fort was fent me of Ber-
fi'om the ifiand
fliould have a large
.
Ihare of air, and in July, if the buda, where it rifes to the height of twenty feet -,

feafon proves warm,

they may be placed in the open the trunk and branches are covered with a fmooth
air, inawarm
flieltered fituadon but upon the ap- ; brown bark. The branches come out by pairs they •,

^f cold nights, they mull be removed into grow ercft, and arc garniflied with very ilifl-", fm.ooth,
K^^a^
the lloye again.
.
The cxpofing of thefe plants to the lucid leaves, which are placed oppofite, and have
open air for one month only, will very fliort foot-ftalks. The leaves vary much in
be of great fervice
. to clean their leaves from infcfts or filth, which they their form fome of diem are oval, others oblong,
•,

are fubjedl to
; tontracT:, by remainin o* long m the and fome arc indented fo deeply at their ends, as to
D d d b
 ^

A
be almoft hcart-ftiaped. Their confiftence is much , patulis. Hoft. Cliff. 158. Cafm ivith eight pair of cb-

tliiclcerthan thofc of the common

Laurel, and their '

long oval lobes^ the inner being the kaft^ foot-fialks "xith-

colour is a fplendcnt green, with one deep midrib cut glands^ ^nd a Jpreading fiipula, Caflia fylvcftris
running through their middle, and many faiall veins foetida, filiquis alatis. Plum. Cat. 18. ^IVtldJiinkin<^

going from thence tranfverdy to their border. The Cafjia with winged pods.
tiowers are produced in fmall loofe bunches at the 4. Cassia {Villofa) foliolis trijugatis, oblongo-ovatis
extremity of the branches, which have feveral narrow asqualibus villofis, filiquis articulatis, caule ereflo
leaves intermixed wich the bunches. Thefe are fuc- arboreo. with three pair of oblongs oval^ hairy
Cqffia

ceeded by bcrriiv.5 of the fame fl^ape with thofe of the leaves^ which are equals jointed podsy and an upright
fecond fort, but hirger. woody ftem. Senna fpuria arborea, villofa, foliis latlii
This tree is propagated by feeds as the other fpecies,^ mucronatis, filiquis articulatis. Houft. MSS.
and defcrvcs a place in the (love, for the beauty of 5. Cassia {Uniflora) foliolis trijugatis, ovato-acumina-
its evergreen leaves, which being of a thick confii- tis, villofis, floribus folitariis axillaribus, filiquis erec-

tence, and of a fliining green colour, make a fine tis. Cajfawith three pair of lobes in each leaf^ which ari
appearance in the ftovc at all feafons of the year ; but ovalj pointed^ hairy ^ and ftngle flowers proceeding from

this hath no aromatic flavour to recommend it, as the fides of the fialks^ with upright pods. Senna fpuria
hath the fecond fort, for which rcafon It Is feldom herbacea orobi Pannonici foliis rotundioribus, flore
noticed. I take this to be the Bay-tree, mentioned parvo, filiquis ereftis. Houft. MSS.
by Hugl'ics, in the Hiftory of Barbadoes, which he ,
6. Cassia {Marylandica) foliis oftojugis ovato-oblongis,
defcribes to have no flavour j for I have feen plants jequalibus, glandula bafeos petiolorum. Lin. Sp. 541.
of this fort wliich were brought from Barbadoes, fo 1 Cajfta with fmall leaves' compofed of eight pair of oblcngy
that I fuppofe it grows naturally there. having a gland at the bafe of the foot-
ovaly equal lobeSy
As the plants of thefe forts do not rife fo readily from ftalL Caffia Marylandica pinnis foliorum oblongis,
feeds in England, the bcft way to obtain them, is to calyce floris reflexo. Mart. Cent. i. 2r.
get fome perfon of flcill in America, to take up a 7. Cassia {Bicapfulari) foliolis trijugatis obovatis gla-
number of young plants, and plant them clofe in bris, interioribus rotundioribus minoribus, glandula
boxes of earth, fetting them in the itiade till they have interjefta globofa. Hort. Cliff; 159. Caffia with three
taken new root tlien remove them into an open fi-
-, pair of oval fmooth leaves^ the inner ones being 7-cundery
tuation, where they may have time to eftablifh their fmalkry and a globular gland placed between the leaves.
roots before they arc ihipped for England j and in Caflia hexaphylla, filiqua bicapfulari. Plum. Cat. 18.
their pafl^age they muftbe guarded from xht fpray of 8. Cassia {Fiftula) foliis quinquejugatis ovatis acumi-

the lea, and fait water, and Ihould have very little natis, petiolis eglandulofis. Flor. Zeyl. 149. Caffta
. water given tiiem j for moft of the plants which are with five pair of oval, pointed^ fmocth lobes ^ and foot-
fent to England, are killed in their paflage by having ftalks having no glmds. Caflia fiftula Alexandrina.
too much wet. If thefe directions are obferved, the C. B. P. 405, The purging Caffia of Alexandria^ or Pud-
plants may be brought in good health to England, ding Pipe-tree. ^ ,

provided they come over any time in the fummer, 9. Cassia {Bahamenfis) foliolis fexjugatlsj lanceolatk,
tliat they may have time to get frefh root before the glabris, interioribus minoribus, floribiis terminatrici-
cokl feafon begins , and when once they are well efta- bus. Caffia with fix pair of fmooth fpear-fhaped lobes^ the
blifhed in their roots here, they may be prelerved inner ones being fmallery and flowers tertkinating theftalL
many years in vigour j but I have not feen many of Caflia Bahamenfis, pinnis foliorUm nnucronatis anguf-
the plants in flower here as yet. tis, calyce floris non reflexo. Martyn. Cent. i. p. 21.
C A S I A. See OsYRis, ^ ID. Cassia {Fruticofa) foliolis bijugatis, ovato-lanceola-
CASSIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 461. Caffia, or Wild tis, glabris, floribus terminalibus, filiquis longis te-
Senna. •• . retibus, caule fruticofo. Caffia with two pair of cvaly
The Characters are, - •
fpear-fhapedy fmooth lobes ^ flowers terminating the ftalks
^he empalement is compofed offive concave coloured leaves ; long taper pods^ and a fhrubby ftalk, Caffia fruticofa
the flower hath five roundiflj concave petals^which fpread tetraphylla, filiquis ereftis. Houft. MSS.
cpcn : it hath ten declining fiaminay three of the lower 11. Cassia {Javanica) duodecemjugatis, oblon-
foliolis
are long^.the three upper are fhorter\ the fummits of the gis, obtufis, glabris, glandula nulla. Lin. Sp. Plant.
three lower are large arched^ beaked-^ and feparated at
-^
379' Caffta with twelve pair of fmooth lobes^ which
their points ; have very fmall fum-
the three upper ftamina have no glands. Caflia fiftula Brafiiania. C. B. P. 403.
mits \ the four fide ftamina have no beaks^ but fpread Purging Caffia of Braftly commonly called Hcrfe Caffia in
from the other. In the center isfituated a long taper ger- America.
men^ having a fhort ftyle^ terminated by an obtufe ftig- 12. Cassia (Liguftrina) foliolis feptemjugatis, oblongo-
tna. The gcrnicn afterward becomes a long pody divided ovatis, floribus fpicatis axillaribus, filiquis recurvis.
ly tranfverfe partitions^ each containing one or two round- Cafftawith feven pair of oblong oval lobes-, andfhort fpikes
feeds ^ faftened to the margin of the upper valve.
ifb of flowers proceeding from the fides of the ftalks^ and re-
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of curved pods. Senna folio liguftri. Plum. Cat. 18.
Linnseus's tenth Decandria Monogynia,
clafs, intitled Senna with a Privet leaf.
the flowers haying ten ftamina and one ftyle. - — 13. Cassia {Emarginata) foliolis trijugatis, obtufis,
The Sp£Cii-s are, emarglnatis, caulibus pilofis, floribus folitariis axil-
I. Cassia {Occidc7ttalis) quinquejugis, ovato-lan-
foliis laribus petiolis longioribus. Caffta with three pair of
ceolatis, margine fcabris, exterioribus majoribus, obtufe leaves^ indented at the top., hairy ftalks^ flowers
glandula bafeos petiolorum. Lin. Sp. Plant. 337. growing fingly from the fides of the ftalks upon a long foot-
Cajfa with leaves co7i:pofed of five pair of oval fpear- ftalk. Senna fpuria frutefcens, foliorum pinnis lati-
fijaped lobes with rough borders^ the upper lobes being the oribus, caulibus pilofis, filiquis longiflimis pediculis
largefty and a fmall gland at the bafe of the foot alk.
-ft
infidentibus. Houft. MSS.
Senna occidentalis, odore opii virofo, orobi Pan- 14. Cassia {Biflora) foliolis quadrijugatis oblongo-ova-
nonici foliis mucronatis glabris. Hort. Amft. i. p. 51. tis,caulibus procumbendbus, floribus axillaribus pe-
tab, 26. dunculis bifloris. Caffia with four pair of oval oblong
2. Cassia [Frutefcens) foliolis quinquejugatis ovatis gla- leaves^ and flowers proceedin'^ from the
trailing ftalks .^

bris, exterioribus longioribus, caule fruticofo. Caffia fides of the flalks^ two growing upon each foot-ftalk.
with leaves compofed offive pair offmooth oval lobes^ the Senna fpuria minima, procumbens, foHoaim pinnis
upper being the longefty and a fhrubby ftalk. Senna fpu- fubrotundis, caule pubefcente. Houft*, MSS.
ria Americana frutefcens, foliis mucronatis minori- I
D^. Cassia {Arlorefcens) •
foliolis bijugatis oblongo-
bus, filiquis teretibus, duplici feminum ordine fcetus. ovatis, fubtus villofis, floribus corymbofis, caule
Houft. MSS. - '
credo arboreo. Caffta with two pair of oblong oval
3. Cassia {/llata) foliolis odtojugatis, ovali-oblongis, leaves^ hairy .on their under fide^ flowers growing in
interioribus minoribus; petiolis eglandulufis ftipidis round hunches., and an crc^ tree -like ftcm. Senna fpuria
6 / iccra-
 A
r tetraphylla arborea, filiquis compreflis, anguftis, lon- warm fummcrs the plants may be placed
the open m
air toward the latter end of
giffimis, pendulis. Houft. MSS. June, where they will
flower very well; but thck will not perfeft
le. Cassia (Flexuofa) foliolis mukijugatis linearibus, thcnr
axillaribus, pedunculis longiffimis. feeds, unlefs they are.removed into the Hove
,: iloribus folitariis in au-
'
with many pair of narrcw leaves^ fingk flowers tumn.
Caffta _ __ _ »

woceeiing from the fides oftheftalks, andvery longfoot- rem Jamaica bv the
fialks. Senna occidentalis, foliis herbae mimofae, fili- late Dr. Houftoun, who found si'owing there na-
It

]. qua lingular!, floribus pediculis longioribus infiften- turally. This rifes with a flirubby ftalk 'five or fix
.;tibus. Sloan. Hift. Jam. 2. 51. ' feet high, fending out many branches toward the top,
^ \

Cassia {Cbamacrifta) foliolis mukijugatis linearj- garnifbed with winged leaves, compofed of five pair
17!
bus, caulibus procumbentibus, frutefcentibusj flori- of fmall oval leaves, the upper ones being ion&eil:.
^ ^
glabris. Caf The flowers come out from
the fide of the ftalks, and
which are narrow^ alfo tenninate the branches in loofe fpikes thefe are
fia with many pair of fmall leaves^ -,

'>

r'

trailing alks^ large flowers growing fingly from yellow, and fliaped like thofe of the former, but are
firuhhy ft
Senna fpuria fmaller the pods are long, taper, and contain two
the fides oftheftalks, and fmootb pods. ;

»
mimofae foliis, frutefcens &
procumbens, floremaxi- rows of feeds.
mo, filiquis glabris. Houft. MSS. •
;
This plant may be prefcrved three or four years in
'18. Cassia (Pentagonia) foliolis trijugatis ovatis, exte- the ftove, and will annually flower and perfe6l the
majoribus glandula fubulata inter infcriora.
rioribus feeds. It is propagated by feeds, which ftiould be

Prod. Leyd. 46. Cajia with three pair of fmall oval fown on a hot-bed in the fpring and the plants muft •,

teavesj the upper being the largeft, and an awUJhaped be treated in the fame manner as the former fort, with
glandule between the. lower pair. Senna fpuria ple- only this difference, that thefe, when they are too tall
rumque hexaphylla filiqua pentagona alata. Houft. to remain longer under the frames on the hot-bed,

. MSS. muft be removed into the ftove, where they will often
;#

19. Cassia (Racemofa) foliolis quinquejugatis, lanceo- flower in autumn or winter, but they feldom perfect
latis rigidis floribus racemofis axillaribus, filiquis their feeds till the fecond year.
planis, caule fruticofo. with five pair of fpear-
Caflia The third fort hath an herbaceous ftalk, which rifes
fivq or fix feet high, garniftied wich long winged
fi)apedftiff leaves^ flowers growing in bunches from the
fides of theftalk^ flat pods^ and a fhruhhy ftalh leaves, compofed of eight or ten pair of large oval
'
20. Cassia {Procumbens) foliolis bijugatis ovatis, cauli- lobes', each being more than three inches long, and

bus procumbentibus, floribus folitariis axillaribus, fi- one broad, rounded at the end, where they are (light-
liquis hirfutis. Caffia with two p^r offmall oval leaves^ ly indented. The flowers are produced in loofe fpikes

\ • trailing ftalks^ fingk flowers proceeding from the fides of at the top of the ftalk, which are large, yellow, and

ftalk Senna fpuria tetraphylla of the fame fliape with thofe of the other fpecies ^ the
Houft. MSS pods are long, taper, and have four borders or wings
{Glandulofi running longitudinally thefe contain a double row
;

Hoit. Upfal.
petioli pedicellata, ftipulis enfiformibus. of angular feeds. The whole plant hath a ftrong
1 01, CaJ/ia with many pair of haves ^ and the gland on foetid odour.

the foot-ftalk refembUng an infeS^ and fword-fhaped fti- two

fnU. Chamae chrifta pavonis Americana, filiqua mul- muft be raifed from feeds as the former forts, and
tiplici, Breyn. Cent. 64. placed in the tan-bed in the ftove, being very tender,
-
*
The grows naturally in moft of the iflands
firft fort and ftiould have but little water in winter. The fe-
in the Weft Indies, where it is called Stinking Weed, cond year the plants will flower, but they very rarely-
from its unfavoury odour. This rifes with a channell- produce feeds in England.
ed ftalk three or four feet high, dividing into feveral The
fourth fort was fent me from Campeachy by the
branches, garniftied with winged leaves placed alter- late Dr. Houftoun, who found it growing there in
nately i
each of thefe compofed of five pair of lobes
is great plenty. This riles with a woody ftem to the
which are oval, fpear-ftiaped, fitting clofe to the mid- height of fourteen or fixteen feet, fending out many
rib, having rough edges, the lower pair of lobes be- lateral branches, garniftied with winged leaves, com-
ing the fmalleft, the others enlarge to the top, which pofed of three pair of oblong, oval, hairy lobes, of
, are the biggeft ; at the bafe of the foot-ftalk is pro- equal fize-, the flowers come out in loofe bunches at
duced a fmall protuberance, which is called a gland -, the end of the branches, which are of a pale ftraw co-
'- this is differently fituated in the feveral fpecies
of this lour, and fmall, but fliaped like the others; the
genus. The flowers come out from the fides of the pods are long, narrow, and jointed, each feed being
ftalks, two growing upon each foot-ftalk ; but the lodged in a fort of ifthmus j the feeds are oval and
branches are terminated by loofe fpikes of flowers, brown.
which are compofed of five concave yellow petals, This may be propagated by feeds, which muft be
vith ten declining ftamina, fituated round the ger- fown upon a hot-bed, and the plants afterward treated
.
men and ftyle, which becomes a fword-ftiaped flat as the former forts, placing them in a warm ftove,
pod, having a border on each fide, and is indented where they will continue feveral years producing their
between each feed. flowers in fummer, and in warm feafons the feeds
' This is which is propagated by feed
a biennial plant, will ripen.
m plenty, in the countries where it grows naturally ;
The fifth fort is alow herbaceous plant, feldom rif-
but in England, the feeds muft be fown on a hot-bed ing a foot high ; the ftalk is ungle, and garniftied
in the fpring, and when the plants arc fit to remove, with winged leaves, compofed of three pair of oval
they Ihould be each planted in a feparate pot, filled pointed lobes, which are hairy ; the flowers come out
C
fingle from the fide of the ftalks ; they are of a pale
V,

moderate
^bed, where they fhould be ftiaded till they have taken yellow, and fmall ; thefe are fucceeded by narrow ta-
Trelh root ; after which they ftiould have frelh air ad- per pods two inches long, which grow upright. This
.'initted to them every day, in proportion to the warmth plant is annual the feeds muft be Ibwn on a hot-bed,
-,

of the feafon, and ftiould be frequently watered. and the plants treated as tlic firft fort they will flower :

When the plants have filled the pots with their roots, and ripen their feeds in autumn. This was
in July,
. ^
they Ihould be fhifted into larger ; and if they are too fent me from Campeachy by the late Dr. Houftoun.
tall to remain
in the hot-bed, they muft be placed The fixth fort grows naturally in Maryland, from
^^^ ^^^^' ^^ ^ glafs-cafe, where they may whence I received the feeds. It hath a perennial root,
vir!fV"
be defended from cold, but in
warm weather have compofed of a great number of black fibres ; this
plenty of air. With this management the plants will fends out feveral upright ftalks in the fpring, v/hich
flower in Auguft, and perfed rife four or five feet high, garniflied with winged
*
•
; their feeds in Odober,
but may be prefcrved through leaves, compofed of nine pair of oblong fmooth lobes,
<•-
the winter in a ftove.
Where they will continue flowering a long time. In which are equal toward the upper part of the ftalks
•,

the
 ",*

AS t
•CAS
the flowers come out from the wings of the leaves, loofe fpikes at the extremity of the branches, wTiich

two or three together •, but the ftalks are terminated are large, of a gold colour, and fucceeded by tapt:r

by loofe fpikes of pale yellow flowers, which are brown pods about nine inches long, having man\'
rarely fuccccckd by pods in England. The ftalks de- tranfverfe partitions, in which the feeds arc lodo-cd in

cay in autumn, and rife again in the fpring. The a thin pulp.
roots of this fort continue many years, and will live This fort propagated by feeds, which muft be few u
is

abroad in a warra border and a dryToik The feeds upon a hot-bed, and the plants afterward treated in
will come up in the full ground, if fown in April, the fame manner as the eighth fort, for tlie plants
and in autumn they may be planted huo the borders will not live abroad in this country in the warmcft fea-
where they are defigned to remain. fonofthe year ^ but if properly managed in the ftove,
I'he feventh fort is" an annual plant, which rifes a will produce their beautiful flowers in three or four
< i
M
foot and a half liigh, wth an ereft herbaceous ftalk, years from the feed.

garnifiied with winged leaves, compofed of three pair The eleventh fort grows in great plenty in rnoft of the
of oval lobes ; the flowers come out fingly from, the iflands of the Weft Indies. This rifes to agreatmao--
wings of the leaves thefe are fmall, yellow, and of
•, nitude, with a large trunk, dividing into many
the fame fliapc with thofe of the other fpecies, and branches, garniftied with' vefy- long' winged leaves,
are fucceeded by taper pods, having cells containing compofed of twelve or fourteen pair of oblong blunt
two rows of feeds. It grows naturally in Jamaica, lobes, which are fmooth, of alight green, and placed
and the other fugar iflands; t -
near together. The flowers come out in loofe fpikes

This is propagated by feeds, which mAifc be fowri on 'atthe end of the branches, which are of a pale Car-
a hot-bed in the fpring, and the plants afterward treat- nation colour, fliaped like thofe of the other fpecies,
ed in the fame manner as hath been directed for the and are fucceeded by large cylindrical pods, divided
firft fort. Tliey flower in July, anci the feeds ripen in by tranfverfe partitions into many cells, in which the
October, and then the plants will decay'. feeds are lodged, furrounded with a black puro-ino-
The eighth fort is the tree which produces the purg- pulp. This is called Horfe Caflla, becaufe it is f^e-
ing Caffia which is ufed in medicine.*- It grows na- nerally given to horfes, and feldom taken by any pcr-
turally in Alexandria, and in both Indies, where it fons on account of its griping quality.
rifes to the height of forty or fifty feet, with a large It is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown, and

trunk, dividing into many branches, garniihed with the plants afterward treated in the fame manner as the
winged leaves, compofed of five {>air of fpear-fliaped eighth fort, with which management they will thrive
'

lobes, which are fmooth, having many tranfverfe and produce flowers in England.
nerves from the midrib to the borders the midrib is -, The twelfth fort was fent me from the Havannah by
very prominent on the under fide the flowers are -, the late Dr. Houftoun. This hath an herbaceous ftalk,
produced in long fpikes at the end of the branches, which divides into many branches, rifing about three
each ftanding upon a pretty long foot-ftalk ; thefe are feet high, garniftied with winged leaves, compofed
> compofed of five large concave petals, of a deep yel- of feven pair of oblong oval lobes, which are rounded
low colour, and are fucceeded by cylindrical pods, at the end. The flowers come out from the fide of
which are from one to two feet long, with a dark the branches, upon very long foot-ftalks, difpofed
brown woody fliell, having a longitudinal feam on one in loofe fpikes; thefe are of a pale yellow, and are
fide, divided into many cells by tranfverfe partitions, fucceeded by recurved pods, containing one row of
each containing one or two oval, fmooth, comprefled comprefl!ed feeds. - ' • '. -^^i ..

feeds, lodged in a fweetiili black pulp, which is the This a biennial plant, which, if brought forward
IS
•''.:> early in the fpring, will fometimes perfeft feeds the
part ufed in 'medicine. ^U- -
\

This tree is propagated by feeds, which may be eafily fame year ; but if they fhould fail, the plant's may be
procured from the druggifts who import the pods for kept through the winter in a ftove, as the firft fort,
life ; thefe muft be fown oh a hot-bed in the fpring, and good feeds may be obtained the following
and when the plants come up, they muft be treated feafon. 4 -

in the fame manner as the firft fort, during the firft The thirteenth fort rifes with feveral weak ftirubby
fummer j and in autumn they muft be removed into ftalks about two ftct high, clofely garniftied with
aftove, and plunged into the tan-bed: during the winged leaves, compofed of three pair of lobes, which
winter they ftiould have very little water i for as thefe are very narrow at their bafe, enlarging to the top^
trees grow naturally in dry fandy land, moifture is a where they are blunt, and rounded with a little in-
great enemy to them, but efpecially during that fea- denture at the point; thefe contrad; clofely every
fon. In the fummer they ftiould have a good ftiare of evening, after the fun has left them. The flowers
air admitted to them in warm weather, but they will come out fingle from the fide of the branches, ftand-
not thrive in the open air in this country, at the ing upon very long foot-ftalks ; they are of a briglit
warhicft time of the year, fo ftiould conftantly remain yellow, and fliaped like of the other fpecies,
tfiofe
/ in the ftove. With proper care thefe plants will grow and are fucceeded by narrow flat pods, an inch and
to the height of eight or ten feet, and produce their a half long. This grows plentifully in Jamaica. It
flowers, when they make a fine appearance. ..'
"

is propagated by feeds, which muft be fown on a

The ninth fort grows naturally in the Bahama Iflands, hot-bed, and managed as the other tender forts it ;

from whence I received the feeds. This is an annual will continue two or three years, if placed in a wartn
plant, wliich rifes v/ith an upright ftalktwo feet and ftove.
a halt high, garoiflied with wnnged leaves, compofed The fourteenth fort fends out from the root two or
of fix pair of lobes," which are fmooth, narrow, and thre^ flender ftalks, which on the ground, gar-
trail
fpear-fliaped, ftanding at wide diftances ; the flowers nifiied with winged leaves, having four pair of fmall
are colledled into loofe bunches at the top of the roundifli lobes, of a pale green at the infertion of
;

ftalks, which are of a pale yellow, and are fucceeded the foot-ftalks arife thofe of the flower, wliich is
by long compreflx^d pods. It flowers in July, and the jointed, dividing into two fliorter at the top, fuftain-
feeds ripen in autumn. This muft be treated as the ing two fmall yellow flowers. This grows naturally
firft fort. in Jamaica, from whence the feeds were fent me. It
,

The tentli fort was fent me from La Vera

Cruz, in is an annual plant, whofe feeds muft be fown early
New Spain, by the late Dr. Houftoun. This grows in the fpring on a hot-bed, and treated like the other
upward of twenty feet high, with fevcral trunks co- kinds ; but as the branches of this grow near the
vered with brown bark thefe divide into many
•,
ground, fo the plants may remain under a frame all
branches upward, garnifiied with winged leaves, com- the fumsner, and will flower in July ; when, if the
pofed of two pair of lobes, v^hich in the lower feafon is warm, they muft have have a large fliarc of
leaves are oval but thofe of the upper are five inches
; air, otlierwife the flowers will fall oft', witliout being
long, and two and a half broad in tlie middle, fmooth, fucceeded by pods but ; if rightly managed, tlie feeds
and of a light grcen^ Tfic flowers are produced in
'

will ripen in autumn.

The
 . ;

A S
1:h€ hfteenth fort was fent me from La Verl
Cruz, i
fpikes ; of a deep Orange colour, large, aM
thefe are
Dr. Houftoun. This rifes fliaped like thofe of the other ipccies, and
in New Spain, by the late are fuc~
a ftrong upright trunk, to the height of twenty- ceeded by flat brown pods, about four inches lon^,
with
:five, or thirty feet, dividing into many branches, containing one row of fiat, fmooth, oval feeds.
Thts
widian Alh-coloured bark,garnifhed fort was fent me from Carthagena, by the
wtii.ch are covered late Mr
winged leaves, having long foot-ftalks; each Robert Millar.
v/ith
^
compofed of two pair of oblong oval lobes, This fort is propagated by feeds in the lame manner
being
- .four inches long, and near two broad, which are as the other fpecics, and requires a warm ftove
to
fniooth, of a dark green on their upper fide, but preferve it, where it will thrive and produce flov/ers
j

paler underneath. The flowers are produced fome- annually.

-
^ times from the fide of the ftalks, where they are few The twentieth fort v/as fent me from La Vera Cruz
'

and fcattering, but the ends of the branches have large by the late Dr. Flouftoun. This hath feveral trailin
'round bunches of flowers, which branch out from herbaceous ftalks, about two feet long, garniihcd
one center ; they are of a deep yellow, inclining to with winged leaves, having long foot-ftalks, which
'
Orange colour. Thefe are fucceeded by compreflTed are placed at a conAderable diftance from each other-,
an
pbds, near nine inches long, having a border on each they have two pair of oval fmooth lobes. The flovv-
'
fide, and contain one row of oval, fmooth, compreflTed ers come out Angle from the Ade of the branches,

feeds.
which are of a pale yellow colour, and are fucceeded
V
This fort maybe propagated by which fhould feeds, by fliort, flat, hairy pods, containing one row of flat
'.^
t? Town on a hot-bed in the fpringi and when the feeds.

plants come up, they will require the fame treatment This Is an annual plant, which muft be raifed on a
as' the feventh fort; with which 'management the hot-bed early in the fpring, and treated in the fame
plants will thrive, and produce their flowers in a few manner as the other annual forts before-mentioned.
years. It flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in autumn.

yhe hath very flender trailihg ftalks,

fixteerith fort The tv;enty-firft fort grows common in all the iflands
about two feet long, garnifhed with winged leaves, of the Weft-Indies, This rifes with a flender ftalk
fitting clofe to the branches, compofed of many about tv/o feet high. Tending out a few Ade branches
narrow pinnae, like thofe of the Senfitive Plant ; the upward, garniflied with winged leaves, compofed of
flowers come out Angle from the fide of the ftalk, many pairs of narrow pinn^, like thofe of the Senfi-
upon long flender foot-ftalks, which are fmall, of a tive Hant. The flowers come out upon fliort foot-
bright yellow colour, fliaped like thofe of the other ftalks from the Ade of the branches, each foot-ftalk
fpecies; they are fucceeded by fliort flat pods, con- fuftaining two or three yellow flowers, of the fame
This grows naturally in form with the other fpecies of this genus tkefe are
J h

taining two or three feeds. -,

.Jamaica. It is a biennial plant, and requires the ftme fucceeded by fliort flat pods, containing thfee or four
treatment as the flrfl: fort- - '

. flat feeds in each.

The feventeenth fort was fent me by the late Dr. This an annual plant, and requires the fame treat-
is

Houfl:oun from Cruz, wJ^ere he found it

La Vera ment as the laft ; but as the ftalks of this grow up-
growing naturally. This rifes with feveral ftirubby
.
right, they will be too tall to remain under a frame
trailing ftalks, which are two feet long, fending out all the fummer i therefore when the plants are ad-^
many fide branches, clofely garniflaed with winged vanced fo high as to be near the glaflTes, they ftiould
. leaves, compofed of feveral pair of very narrow pin- be removed into the ftove, or a glafs cafe, where they
nae, fmaller than thofe of the fenfltiye Plant. The may have room to grow, and be fcreened from the
flowers are pr.oduced Angle from the fide of the cold, but in warm weather fliould have a good fliare
branches, on very fliort foot-ftalks ; they are large, of air admitted to them,; with this management they
bf adeep Orange colour, and are fucceeded by fliort, 'Will flower in July, and perfe6l their feeds
- ^jiarrow, fmooth pods. This plant diff'ers much from autumn.
the Chamae crifta pavonis major, of Breynius, in Thefe plants are frequently preferved in the gardens
\ V haying a flirubby trailing ftalk ; the leaves are much •of feveral curious perfons, therefore I have enume-
lliorter, having but half the number of plnnte, rated them here, though feveral of them have not
' which are
Y
alfo
^
narrower and
,
T
fliorter, the flower is alfo much beauty to recommend them, but are chiefly
larger. ^ ^. : kept for the fake of variety. The moft beautiful are
This plant will continue two or three years, and pro- the fourth, the eighth, tenth, eleventh, fifteenth,
^
•
duce flowers annually, but it muft be treated in the and nineteenth forts-, thefe all make a good appear-
fame manner as the other tender forts ; for it will not ance in the ftove, efpecially when they are in flower;
'thrive unlefs it is preferved in a warm ftove, where and as they retain their leaves all the year, they
...it will perfedt feeds the fecond year. It flowers in July make an agreeable variety in the winter fcafon, when
and Auguft, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
., t . intermixed with other plants from the fame countries.
THe eighteenth fort was fent me fr6m Caimpeachy, All the fpecies of this genus contraft their leaves
.* by the late Dr. Houftoun. This rifes with a ftirubby every evening as the fun declines, and open them
(lender ftalk about two feet high, dividing upward
, again with the rifing fun in the morning which is -,

^into feveral branches, which are thinly garniflied with alfo common to many other plants, fome of which
^ V. winged leaves, compofed of three pair of oval lobes, turn their upper furfacc outward, but all thofe of 1

^the upper being thelargeft; thefe ftand upon long this genus turn their under furface outward, the
r~foot-ftalks, from the bafe of which comes out the upper being very clofely folded together. Thefe are
> .'flower, ftanding Angle on a fliort foot-ftalk, of a pale what LinniEUs titles fleeping plants. It muft alfo be
yellow colour, and is fucceeded by a bending pod, obferved that moft of thofe plants, whofe under fur-
near four inches long, having five longitudinal wings. face is turned outward, are fuch as grow upon dry
_ m a point. fandy land, 'where their roots do not find a fupply of
It is a biennial plant, which
brought forward in the
if moifture, fo that the lower furface of their leaves
§)ring, will flower the fame fummer, and fometimes being generally covered with a fliort foft down, or
perfed feeds in autumn ; but if the plants are placed hairs, detain the nightly dews, wliich are inhaled by
in a warm ftove, they will live through the winter, the leaves, and furnifli part of their nourifliment
and the following fcafon will flower earlier, and good whereas the other, whofe upper furface is turned
feeds may
then be obtained. outward, do not ftand in need of this fupply ; being
•The nineteenth fort rifes with a flirubby ftalk to the fmooth, the moifture is caft off, and not Imbibed by
height of ten or twelve feet, dividing upward into them.
many branches, garniflied with winged leaves, com- CAS SID A [i. e. an helmet,] Scull-cap. See Scu-
^pofed of five pair of ftifl^ fpear-fliaped lobes; the tellaria.
flowers come out from the fide of the branches, on C ASSI NE. Lin. Gen. Plant. 333. The Caflioberry
-long branching foot-ftalks, coUeded into large looie Bufli, and South-Sea Thea.
E e e The
 ;

c A
1
near the flicker of trees, or walls, they are very rarely
The Characters are,
permanent mpnlancnt^ "jjhkh is divided hurt.
// hath a fmall
into five parts theflozvcr huth
',
tut one petal, which is The fecond fort grows naturally in Carolina, and alfo
into ohiuje figments^ v:hich fpread Qpen\ it hath in fome warm parts of Virginia, but chiefly near the
cut five
ivhich fpread from each olher^ and are ter- fea ; this, in the natural places of its growth, rifes to
fivefiamiym,
hatha conical germen^ with- the height of tenor twelve feet, fending out branches
mnated by f.ngk fummits
; it

cut ajixle, fuppcrting three reflexed fiigma, the germen from the ground upward, which form thcmfclve.s
into a fort of pyramid, garniflied with fpear-fliaped
iifterivard becomes an umhilicated berry with three cells,
leaves, placed alternately thefe are in texture and
each containing a ftngh feed.
•,
< -

I'his genus of plvnts is ranged in the third fedtion colour like thofe of Alaternus, and continue green
of Linnxus's fifth claft, intitled, Pentandria Tri- through the year. The flowers are produced in clofe
gynia, the flower having five ftamina, and three whorls round the branches, at the foot-ft:alks of the
ftignia.
leaves they are white, and of the fame fliape as the
•,

. The Species are, former i thefe are fucceeded by red berries, like thoic
of the former fort.
•

. Cassine {Corymbcfa) foliis ovato-lanceolatis, ferratis,

oppofitis, floribus corymbofis axillaribus. Fig. PI. Dr. Linnasus has feparated this from the clafs in
plat. 83. f. I. Cajt fpear-p. which he has placed the other, and has joined it to
d flovjers growing in round bunches fi the Dahoon Holly, fuppofing them to be the fame

fides of
plant ; in which he is equally miftalcen, for they not
only differ in the fliape of their leaves, but alfo in
Cajfwberry their effential chara6t:ers \ for the Dahoon Holly mufl,

'iff:.
- according to his fyft:em, be ranged in his twenty-
t. Cassine {Paragua) foliis lanceolatis alternis femper- fecond clafs, and the Caffine mufl: be ranged in his
virentibu-,, floribus axiHaribus. Fig. pi. Plat. 83. f. 2. fifth.

Cajfne with evergreen fpearfhaped leaves placed alter- This plant was many years preferved m feveral cu-
fiately, and flo-ivers of the
proceeding from the fides rious o-ardens near London, till the fevere winter in
branches. Caffine vera Floridanorum, arbufcula bac- 1739, ^hen mofl: of them were deu:royed, fo that
cif^era "Alaterni ferme facie, foliis alternatim fitis there was fcarce any left but of late years diere have
;

tetrapyrene. Pluk. Mant. 40." Evergreen Cajfine^ Ya- been many of the young plants raifed from feeds,
pon, or South-Sea 'Then, -i
^-^-^ •
''' ' which came from Carolina, fome of which have been
-.

^ ^ ^
3. Cassine {OppofitifoUa) foliis ovatis acutis glabris, growing in the full ground feveral years, and have
floribus axillaribus {^zv^is. C'ajmewith oval acute leaves refifted the cold of the winters, without covering;

placed oppofite, and flowers coming from the wings of the though they often fuffer in very cold feafons, where
- commonly called Hyffon tea. they are not very well ftieltered. If this plant can
ftalks,
The firfl: fort rifes with two or three ftems, which be brought to thrive well in England, and to endure
ferid but many fide branches their whole length, and the winter in the open air, it will be a fine plant,
•
become bulhy thefe feldom rife more than eight or
-,
to make a variety in plantations of Evergreen-trees.
nine feet high. branches are garniflied with oval
The The leaves of this fort are" riot fo bitter as thofe of
fpcar-fhaped leaves, Tawed on their edges, which the firft;, efpecially when green, therefore are preferred
-
grow oppofite. Toward the upper part of the to them for making the Thea but an infufion of the
•,

branches the flowers come out from the fides, grow- leaves of the has been taken for a lofs of appe-
firfl:,

'
ing in roundifli bunches; thefe are white, and are tite by fome perfons with good fuccefs ; but it mull

divided into five parts almoft to the bottom ; in their not be too fl:rong, lefl: it fliould prove emetic or ca-
*
center is placed the germen,'attended by five fl:amina, tharnc. -;.,..''

i
which fpread open, near as much as the fegments of The inhabitants of North Carolina and Virginia,
the petal. After die flower is pafl:, the germen fwells where this flirub grows in plenty, give it the title
to a round bcny, having three cells, each containing of Yapon, which fuppofe to be the Indian name
I

a fingle feed. This is by Dr. Linnaeus fuppofed to for, as it is a plant much efl:eemed by the Indians for

be the fame plant as the Phillyrea Capenfis folio ce- its medicinal virtues, they certainly have a name for

lafl:ri. Hort. Elth, But thofe who know both the \t ; this grows to the height of ten or twelve feet

-
plants, can have no doubt of their being different. the leaves are about the fize and fliape of thofe of
The Caffine here mentioned drops its leaves in au- the fmall leaved Alaternus, but are fomewhat fliorter,
tumn; whereas that Phillyrea is evergreen j the former and a little broader at their bafe ; they are a little
lives abroad in the open air, but the latter can fcarce notched about their edges, and are of a thick fub-
be kept through the winter in a green-houfe, without flrance, and deep green colour; the flowers of this

artificial heat nor have the plants the fame appear-

•, fort are produced at the joints near the foot-fl:alk of
ance, and withal differ effentially, according to his the leaves, but the Caffioberry Bufli produces its
own lyflem, in the number of fl:amina, which removes flowers in umbels at the extremity of the flioots ; the
them to different claffes. "
; berries of this Yapon continue upon the plants mofl:
The been prett;y common in the nur-
firft: fort has part of the winter, and, being of a bright red colour,
feries near London fomc years, where it is propagated intermixed with the green leaves, make a fine ap-
by laying down the branches, which afford flioots in pearance at that feafon. From thefe berries con-
"
plenty for that purpofe from the root, and lower part tinuing fo long untouched by the birds, we may
of the item, lb as to become very bufliy and thick, reafonably conclude, they have fome venomous
- if they are not cut off-, there are numbers of thefe quality, becaufe few of the fruits, or berries, which
Ihrubs which produce flowers in England every year, are wholefome, efcape the birds, in a country where
but none of them ripen their feeds. there arefuch flocks of many kinds of them.
'

The leaves of this plant are extremely bitter, fo that Thefe flirubs are propagated by fowing their feeds
if a fingk' one is chewed, the bitternefs cannot be (which are obtained from Carolina, where they grow
gotten rid of in a long time. Thefe leaves will con- in great plenty near the fea-coafts ;) they fliould be
tinue green very late in autumn, if the feafon proves fown in pots filled with light fandy earth, and plunged
mild, and they come out early in tlie fpring, but into a gentle hot-bed, obferving to water them fre-
are frequently pinched by the frofl: in March, quently, until you fee the plants appear, which is
: when they appear fo foon. This flirub flowers in fometimes in five or fix weeks time, and at other
July and Augull. It grows naturally in Virginia and times they will remain in the ground until thefeconJ
Carolina. year ; therefore, if the plants fliould not come up in
It loves a light foil, not too dry, and fliould have a two months time, you fliould remove the pots into
warm fituation •, for, in expofed places, the young a fliady fituation, where they may remain till OAober,
llioots are frequendy killed in the winter, whereby being careful to keep them clean from weeds, and
the flirubs arc rendered unfightlyj but v/here they are now and then in dry weather givins: them a little
6 water •,
 . 1

f-/
I

A \

thefe pots Into Jlicltef during been time out of mind: we hiay alfo ot3ll-rvv^
in ufe
— » Wirer theft remove
•

and in the March following put that rhe place of its growth in the north, is
the fame
the winter feaibn,
hot-bed, which will forward the -latitude as Paraguay
fouth ; fo I fliall beg leave td
is
them upon a frelli
-
'

infert the account given of the Paraguay

* I feeds in their vegetation. n i j . j
Tea by
come up, they lliould, by de- Monf. Frezier, who travelled through great part bf
When the plants are

erees, be expofed to the open air, in order to inure New Spain, by cxprcls order of the king of France.
*"

climate yet they fhould not be expofed In SouthCarolina theplant is called Callena, or South-
diem'to our •,

fun but rather let them have the Sea Tea; the inhabitants of that country do not
to die open at firft,

morning fun only, placing them for fome time where make fo great ufe of this Tea; as thofe of Viro-'mia
from cold winds they fliould and North Carolina; in the lafl of which, the white
they may be Iheltered ;

flicker during the two or three firfl winters, people have it in as great efteem as the Indians, and
enjoy a
after which the Caffioberry Bufli may be planted make as conftant ufe of it.

the South-Sea Thea fliould be kept in Monfieur Frezier Spaniards who

alfo fays, tl^at the
abroad but •,

being flower of growth, live near the gold mines in Peru, are obliged fre-*
pots a year or two longer,
therefore not have ftrength enough to refifl: quently to drink of the herb Paraguay or Mate, to
M ' , and will
moiften their breafts, without which, they are liable
.i-.V the cold when young.
I
V 1
.V; The third fort has been but few vears introduced to
to a fort of fuffocation, from the fti'ong exhalations
gardens this rifes eight or ten feet high, which are continually coming from t]\e mines.
the Enelifli ;

fending out branches from the root to the top, gar- The fame author alfo adds, that the inhabitants of
i;.

with oval, fmooth, entire leaves placed op- -Lima, during the day-time, make much ufe of the
..:niflied
':'.
pofite, whofe foot-ftalks are drawn toward each other, herb Paraguay, which fome call St. Bartholomew's
'.tr whereby the leaves turn upward the flowers come -,
Herb, who, they pretend, came into thofe provinces,
out from the wings of the leaves thinly, they are where he made it wholefome and beneficial ; whereas.
—
~-J
,hi

.white, and of the iame Ihape with thofe of the other j

before it was venomous ; this, he fays, is brought to
>A t-

forts, but are not fucceeded by berries in England.

Lima dry, and almoft in powder.
This is propagated by feeds as the other forts, or by Inftead of drinking the tinfture or infufion apart, as
4 If-
laying
^ down the branches in the fpring*
^ _ which if we drink tea, they put the herb into a cup or bowl
carefully performed will take root in one year; when j
made of a calaJDafh tipped with filvcr, which they
thev may be cut from the old plant, and put into call mate ; they add fugar, and pour the hot water
^ V «^« m * 4 J^1 *tl1 1
j
I * 1*11 1*1* 1*1 *1 **
upon it, which they drink immediately, without giving
fmall
afterward it time to infufe, becaufe it turns black as ink. To
'fummer, but in autumn they muft be removed into {
avoid fwallowing the herb, which fwims at the top,
^^"^^y make ufe of a filver pipe, at the end whereof is
fheltcr. I
t
llie Paraguay, or South-Sea Thea, is accounted by a bowl full of little holes ; ib that the liquor fucked
j

Indians very wholefome, and (as I have been in- in at the other end, dear from the herb. They
is
the j

formed by feveral worthy perfons, who refided for drink round with the fame pipe, pouring hot water
j

feveral years in Carolina) is the only phyfic the In- on the fame herb, as it is drunk off. Inftead of a
tiians ufe; and for which, at certain times of the year, pipe, which they call bombilla, fome part the herb
j

they come in droves, fome hundred miles diftant, for with a filver feparator, called apartador, full of little
the leaves of this tree (it not being known to grow holes. The reluftancy which the French have Ihewn

e at any from the fea;) where

confiderable diftance |
to drink after all forts of people, in a country where

, tlieir ufual cuftom is, to make a fire upon

the ground, many have the venereal difeafe, has occafioned ihe in-
J
H --

J
and, putting a great kettle of water thereon, they j
venting the ufe of little glafs pipes, which they begin
p- . I
throw into it a large quantity of thefe leaves, and I to ufe at Lima. This liquor, he fays, in his opinion,
^'i
\
I immediately fet themfelves round the fire, and, with j
is better than tea ; it has a flavour of the herb, which

t y begin drinking is agreeable enough the people of the country are

;
j
*
large draughts, which in a very fliort time vomits ufed
r
•' them feverely ; thus they continue drinking and vo-
4

j
day, when they rife in the morning.
?'miting, for the fpace of two or three days, until they j
The trade for this herb, (he fays,) is carried on at
r. tave fufficiently cleanfed themfelves ; then they gather
j
Santa Fe, whether brought up the river of Plate.
it is

r] every one a bundle of the fhrub to carry away with There are two forts of it; the one called Yerba de
•
i them, and retire to their habitations. But thefe Palos; and the other, which is finer, and of more
gentlemen obferved fomething very extraordinary in j
virtue, Yerba de Camini.; the laft is brought from
vt
i

I the operation of this plant, which was, that in vo- the lands belonging to the jefuits. The great con-
w
<

miting it gave them no uneafinefs, or pain, but fumption of it is between La Paz and Cufco, where it
is worth half as much more as the other, which is
. - 1^

came away in a full ftream from their mouths, with-

^^ out fo much as declining their heads, or the leaft fentfrom Potofi to La Paz, There come yearly from
-
'
reaching. ^ Paraguay into Peru about fifty thoufand arrovas,
'•'
1. This plant is generally fuppofed to be the fame as twelve thoufand hundred weight of both forts, where-
-
;^-'that which grows in Paraguay, where the jefuits of of at leaft one third is of the Camini, without reck--
•
' iiNthat country make a great revenue of the leaves, oning twenty-five thoufand arrovas of that of Palos
:
' which they export to feveral other countries, where for Chili. They pay for each parcel, containing fix
"'it is infufed and drank like tea; indeed, there are or feven arrovas, four royals for the duty called al-
U fome perfons who
being the fame ; which doubt- its cavala (being a rate upon all goods fold;) which,
'•^ will be
pretty difficult to determine, fince there is with the charge of carriage, being above fix hundred
vAo little converfe between the inhabitants of Paraguay
'
leagues, doubles the firft prices, which is about two
* rand thofe in Europe; and all the leaves of that tea, pieces of eight ; fo that at Potofi it comes to about
which have been brought to Europe, have been ge-
^.' five pieces of eight the arrova. The carriage is com-
"-
'nerally fo broken and defaced, as to render it almoft monly by carts, which carry an hundred and fifty
impolTible to know their true figure ; however, from arrovas from Santa Fe to Jujuy, the laft town of the
-'fome of the faireft leaves, which were picked out of province of Tucuman ; and from thence to Potofi,
the Paraguay Tea by a perfon of flcill, who compared
' '
which is an hundred leagues farther, it is carried on
them with thofe of the Yapon, he had great reafon
*
mules.
to believe they were the fame ; and as the virtues What this curious author has obferved, on there being
-'
attributed to the Yapon are nearly, if not abfolutely, two forts of this lierb, may very well agree with the
'
'. the fame with thofe of the Paraguay, the Indians of two laft forts mentioned, fince botli of them are ge-
" thefe nortKern parts of America making the fame ufe nerally fuppofed to agree in their qualities, though
of it of the fouth parts of America
as the inhabitants one is much preferable to the other; therefore I
do, viz. to reftore loft appetites, and they fay it gives imagine the Yerba de Camini, is what v/e call Para-
tl\em courage and agility, for which pur|)ofes it has
t
guay or South-Sea Thea ; and Yerba de Palos to be
our
 ':
,'; ;

c C s
But as our author only faw the dried lyandria, the plants of this feftion have
male and fc-
our third fort.
m^alc flowers, and the rnale flowers have many fta-
herb, he could no more diftinguifli their difference,
than we can the Thea brought from China i I mean,
mina; but he has joined this genus to the Fagus,
as to the particular trees which produce it.
making thefe of one "genus, fo that he has entirely
C H
A S S y T A, Lin, Gen. Plant. 505. abolillicd the title. However, as the male flowers
The CHArvACTERs are,, of the Chefnut are formed into long katkins, and
// hatha fiuall /bree-kaved permanent empalement y the thofe of the Beech are globular, they may with

ffciverhutb three petals ivhichare concave and permanent^ propriety be kept feparate ; and this I choofc to do,
\wd three Ghlong^ coloured^ nefarious gbjids furrounding that it may be more intelligible to common readers.

the genuou with nine cGmpreJ[edfiamma^_ and two

ereci The Species are,
globular glands^ inclcfmg each a fingle ftamina^ fitting on I. Castanea {Sativa) foliis lanceolatis acuminato-fer-

cnefiiie the hafe ; thefc have fummits under the top of

the w -
fnut with fpear~fi
•

ftamina ; // has an oval gcrmen within the coloured em- fjarply fawed.

pakmcnt, fupporlinga jMckftyle the length of thefiamina, Chefi

cr evened by an obtufe almji trifid fiigma ; the receptacle 2. Castanea {Pumila) foliis lanceolato-ovatis acute fer-
becomes a pulpy beriy^ globular hut a little deprejfed^ in- ratis, fubtus tomentofis, amentis filiformibus nodofis.
clcfed in the coloured empalemoit^ having a perforated Chefnut with oval fpear-fhaped leaves fharply fawed^
many oval feeds.
navel inclofing which are woolly on their underfide^ and a flender knotted
This is ranged in Lirinxus's firfl: order of his eleventh katkin. Caftanea pumila Virginiana, racemofa fruftu

clafs of plants, intitled Enneandria Monogynia, the parvo in fingulis capfulis echinato unico. Pluk. Aim.
flower. having eleven ftamina and one ftyle. ^o, 'The Chinquapin. , .

We
have at prelent but one Species of this genus. 3 Castanea (Sloanea) foliis oblongo-ovatjs, ferratis, \

Cassytha {Filifcrmis) Ofb. It. Lin. '^^g, Slender Cajfytha, fruftu rotundo maximo echinato. Chefnut with oblcng^
Cufcuta baccifera Barbadenfium, Pluk, Phyt. tab. oval^ fawed leaves^ and a very large ^ rounds prickly fruit.

172. f. 2. -_ .
Sloanea amplis Caflian^ foliis. frudtu echinato. Plum.
This plant groAVS naturally in both Indies. I have J^ov, Gen. 49.
received it from Barbadoes, Jamaica, and the Spanifli The Chefnut is a tree which deferves our care, as
Weft Indies J and that it grows alfo in the Eaft Indies, much as any of the trees which are propagated in
is plain from its figure in the Hortus Malabaricus. this country, either for ufe or beauty, being one of
It rifcs with taper fucculent ftalk*, which divide into* the beft fort of timber, and aflbrding a goodly fliade.
many flender fticculent.brancjiesi thefe come out fre- It will grow to a very great fize, and fpread its

quently by threes or fours at the fame joint, afterward branches finely on every fide where it has room.
they fend out fide branches ,fingly without order, and Theleaves are large, of a lucid green, and continue
become, very bulhy: the flowers come out on thet late in the autumn nor are they fo liable to be eaten
j

flde of tfie branches fingly, fitting very clofe thereto, by itifeds, 'as are thofe of the Oak, which of lat«
having no empalement j the corolla is oval, white, years have frequently happened to the latter, and has
. with a fmall tinfture of .red, opening like a navel at rendered them very uhfightly great part of fummer*
the top, including the germen, ftamina, ftyle, and which I have never obferved to be the cafe with the
. neftarious glands fo clofely, as not to be difcovcred Chefnut, which renders them more valuable for parks
till the corolla is cut ppenj .after the flower
is paft, and plantations for ornament; and there is no better
- -
the germen becomes many oblong, oval, dark feeds, food for deer, and many other animals, than their
furrounded witli, a mucilaginous fubftance. ,,_ f
nuts, which moft of them prefer to acorns ; but yer,

This plant is eafily propagated, by planting cuttings there ftiould not be many of thefe trees planted too
of it during the fummer months,, but as thefe cuttings near the habitation ; becaufe, when they are in flower,
are flicculent, it will be proper to cut thenioffa they emit a very difagreeable odour, which is very
week before they are planted, laying them in the offenfive to moft people. • ^ ^j

ilove, th^t the part cut may have timp to heal over There are feveral varieties of this tree, which have
before they are planted- Thefe cuttings fhould be accidentally ariferi from feeds ; fome have been fop-
planted in fmall pots, which muft Be plunged „into a pofed diftind: fpecies, but the diflerences are only in
moderate hot-bed, where, if they are not over watered. the fize of their fruit and leaves, which have been
;^
they will take root in fix weeks 5 then they may be j
altered, and improved by culture; fo that the wild
"
parted, planting each into a feparate fmall pot, filled j
and manured Chefnut, are undoubtedly the fame;
with light fandy earth, and may be plunged again for I have frequently found, that the nuts taken from
. ]ntothe hot-bed to forward their taking new root;
.
the fame tree, and cultivated in the fame foil, with
after which they fliould be removed into a dry ftove, equal care, have produced trees with very fmall fruit;
.
where they ftiould conftantly remain, giving but little and among them have been others, whofe fruit have
water in winter, and in fummer admitting a large been as large as thofe of the parent tree ; therefore
fhare of air in warm weather, for this plant is too they can be only efteemed as varieties. But in many
tender to thrive in the open air in this climate. countries,- where the trees are cultivated for their

: AST ANE A. Tourn. Inft, R, H. 584. tab. 352. fruit, the people graft the largeft and faireft fruit,

Fagus. Lin. Gen. Plant. 951. [It takes its name from upon ftocks of Chefnut raifed from the nut-, and
Caftana, a city of Theflaly, where this tree anciently thefe grafted trees are by the French called Maron-
grew in great plenty.] The Chefnut-tree, in French nier, but they are unfit for timber.
Chateignier, or Maronnier, .

; » ' ,
r
There is alfo a Chefnut with variegated leaves, which
The -Characters are, *4 t
is propagated in the nurferies by way of curiofity

.
// hath male and female flowers on the fame tree^ fome- this is maintained by budding, and inarching it upon
times at feparate diftances^ and at other times near each common Chefnut ftocks,' in the fame manner as other
ether » 'The rnale flowers are fixed to along firings forni- fruit-trees; but thefe variegated trees and plants are
ing a fort of katkin ; thefe have each an empalement of not fo much regarded at prefent, as they were fome
-. one leaf cut into five parts ; they have no petals^ l^ut years paft', . ,

include about ten or twelve briflly ftamina^ terminated by The Dv/arf branching Chefnut which is mentioned
-
Mong fummits. The female flowers have an empale-
alfo in moft of the books, I take to be only a variety of
ment of one leaf divided into four parts^ having no pe- the common ; for Dr. Boerhaave fliewed me ibme
- tals^ but a germen fixed to the empalement, fupports three young trees in his garden near Leyden, which he had
ftyles crowned by a reflexed ftigma. The germen^ whjch raifed from nuts, which were fent him by Micheli
•

is fttuated at the bafe of the empalemevit^ becomes a from Florence, as the true fruit of vhe Dwarf Chef-
^Youndifh fruit armed voith foft fpines^ including one or nut; but there appeared to be no difference between
more nuts, ,.-„.. thofe, and fome other which came from nuts of die
This genus of plants is ranged in the eighth fcftion large fort.
of Linna:us's twenty-firft clais, intitled Monoccia Po- »\

Tlie
 : :
,-fl

A A
The third fort growsSouth Carolina,
in from whence |
pohderofity ; thofe of them
fwim upon the fur
that
fruit with their outer covers, were fent to face
" of the water fhould be rejected as goqd for
fome of the
the Duke of Bedford, a few' years pafl: nothing ; but fuch as fink to the bottom, you may
his grace
were as large and round as a tennis-ball, and be fure are good.
theie
over with ftrong fpines like a hedge-hog In fetting thefe feeds or nuts, the beft way is, to make
armed all

capfuh^ were divided regularly in four cells, a drill with a hoe (as is commonly praftifed in fetting
, thefe
each containing one fmall Chefnut. At that time I Kidney Beans) about four inches deep, in which you
iliould place the nuts, at
:
compared thefe with father Plumier's defcription and about four inches diftance,
fio-ure, which he exhibited under the title of
Sloanea, with their eye uppermoft then draw the earth over
-,

,
and found them to agree exaftly ; and upon looking them with a rake, and make a fecond drill at about
which thefe were fent, I found box a foot diftance from the former, proceeding as before,
/ throuo-h the in

fome of the leaves of the tree, which alfo tallied with allowing three or four rows in a bed, with an alley
K.

his defcription, which confirmed my former opinion j

-'
,r
between, three feet broad, for a conveniency of
'therefore, as I could fee no other difference between clearing the beds, &c. When you have ftniftied your

^ .the fruit of this and the common Chefnut, but its plantation, you muft be careful that it is not de-
, .

1i, having four regular cells, divided by partitions, ftroyed by mice, or other vermin ; which is very often

:. i; whereas thofe of the Chefnut have generally but three; the cafe, if they are not prevented by traps, or other
.t-^ therefore I have joined them together, being perfuaded, means.
'-'-^i: that farther obfervations willjuftify my fo doing, In April thefe nuts will appear above ground you -,

^^ It does npt appear where Plumier found this tree muft therefore obferve to keep them clear from
; igrowing naturally, though it is probable, it might
'- weeds, efpecially while young in thefe beds they :

! be in Louifiana ; for I think it could not be in either

! "
may remain for two years, when you fliould remove
'^
of the Weft India iflands, where the heat is too great them into a nurfery,- at a wider diftance. The beft
for this tree to thrive ; though this is tender while feafon for tranfplanting thefe trees, is either in Oc-
-V I

r young, for two or three young plants which were tober or the latter end of February ; but Oftober is
, raifed in England, did not furvive the third winter. the beft feafon the diftance thefe ftiould have in the
:

The firft of thefe trees was formerly in greater plenty nurfery, is three feet row from row, and one foot in
- ambngft us than at prefent, as may be proved by the the rows you muft be careful in tranfplanting thefe
:

old buildings in London, which were for the moft 1 trees, to take thern up without injuring their roots.
part of this timber ; and in a defcription of London, nor ftiould they remain long out of the ground ; but
written by Fitz-Stephens, inPIenry the Second's time, if they have a downright tap-root, it fliould be
. he fpeaks of a very noble foreft, which grew on the cut off, efpecially if they are intended to be removed
north part of it : proxime (fays he) patet forefta in- again ; this will occafion their putting out lateral
gens, numerofi ferarum, latebr^e cervorum,
faltus roots, and render them lefs fubjedt to mifcarry when
(

\ damarum, aprorum, &

taurorum fylveftrium, &c. they are removed for good.
And there are now fome remains of old decayed The time generally allowed them in this nurfery, is
. Chefnuts, in the woods and chaces notfar diftant from three or four years, according to their growth; but the
( London, but particularly on Enfield Chace ; v/hich younger they are tranfplanted, if defigned for timber,
plainly proves, that this tree is not fo great a ftranger the better they will fucceed ; during which time you
to our climate, as many people believe; and may fhould be careful to keep them clear from weeds, ob-
.. be cultivated in England, to afford an equal profit ferving alfo to prune off lateral branches, which would
' ."
with any of the other forts of larger timber-trees, retard their upright growth and where you find any
;

f. fince the wood of this tree is equal in value to tlie that are difpofed to growcrooked, either by their upper
-, beft Oak, and, for many purpofes,
exceeding it; far bud being hurt, or from any other accident, you may
as particularly for making veffels for all kinds of theyearafterplanting, inMarch, cut themdown tothe
"

"

f liquor, it having a property (when once thoroughly • lowermoft eye next the furface of the ground, v/hich
'^feafoned) of maintaining its bulk conftantly, and is will caufe them to make one ftrong upright faoot,
* not fubjed to ftirink or Iwell, as other timber is too and may be afterwards trained into good ftrait tiees
i' apt to do and I am certainly informed, that all the
: but this fliould not be praftifed, unkfs the plants
I
V
large caflcs, tuns, &c. for their wines in Italy, are have abfolutely loft their leading flioot; for although
f. made of this timber*, and it is for that, and many " the ftems of the trees fliould be very crooked (as 4s
l. more purpofes, in greater efteem among the Italians, generally the cafe with them when young) yet when
h .
;.than any other timber whatever. It is alfo very va- they are tranfplanted out, and have room to grow,
' 1
fi luable for pipes to convey water under ground, as as they increafe in bulk, they wall grow more up-
-i enduring longer than the Elm, or any other wood. right, and their ftems will become ftrait, as I have
^'In Italy it is planted for coppice-wood, and is very frequently obferved where there have been great
V much cultivated in ftools, to make ftakes for their plantations made of them.
Vines;
which, being ftuck into the ground, will
^ But in doing of this, you muft becareful not todifturb
endure feven years, which is longer than any other
^ or break their roots, which, perhaps might deftroy
ftakes will do, by near half the tin)e. ,The ufefulnefs
^
them. Thefe trees require no other manure than their
of the timber. together with the beauty of the tree,
"

own leaves, which fliould be fuffered to rot upon the

*r renders it as well worth propagating as any tree ground i and in the fpring of the year, the ground
OD"*tD when thefe fliould be
;
J whatever. ;
fhould have a fiig-ht dipraino;,
t' Thefe trees are propagated by planting the nuts in buried between their roots, but not too clofe to the
^ \ February, in beds of frefli undunged earth: The trees, which might be injurious to their young fibres.
beft nuts forfowing, are fuch as are brought from After having remained three or four years in the
Portugal and Spain, and are commonly fold in winter nurfery, they will be fit for tranfplanting, either in
^i
*'f for eating,provided they are not kiln-dried, which is rows to grow for timber, or in quarters for wil-
i\i'
generally thecafeof moft of thofebrought from abroad, dernefs plantations; but if you intend them for timber,
^ which is done to prevent their fprouting or fl:iooting it is by much the better method to low them in

;
- in their paffage ; therefore, if they cannot be procured furrows (as is pradtifed for Oaks, &c.) and let them
frefli from the tree,
J-"' it will be much better to ufe remain unremoved ; for thefe trees are apt to have
^^ thofe of the growth of England, which are a downright tap-root, w^hich, being hurt by tranf-
full as -

•- good to fqw for timber or beauty, as any of the fo- planting, is often a check to their upright growth,
reign nuts, though their fruit is
much fmaller: thcfc and caufes them to ftioot out into lateral brandies, as
jhouid be preferved, until the
feafon for fowing, in is the cafe with the Oak, Walnut, &c.
land, where mice, or other
vermin cannot come to Therefore, wherever any of thefe trees are planted
•».»
them, otherwife they will foon deftroy
them : before for timber, thev fliould remain unremoved: but
you fet them, it will be proper to put where the fruit of them is more fought after, then it
them into
water, to try their goodnefs, them
which is known by their is certainly the better w^ay to tranfplant ; for as
.a- -I-.

F f f tranf-

I
 : ' ;

» -s.

tranfplanting is a" check to the luxuriant growth of mained three or four years (if the nuts fucceeded v/cll,)
trees, fo it is a promoter of their fruftification, as you will have many of thefe trees to remove, wl;ieh
msy be evinacd by obferving low Ihrubby Oaks, ftiould be done at the feafons before direftcd, leaV-

Walnuts, &c. which generally have a greater plenty in<T the. trees about three feet diftance in the rows j

of fruit, than any of the larger and more vigorous at which diftance they may remain for three or four

trees and the fruit of fuch trees is much fuperior in

•,
years more, when you ftiould remove every other tree
tafce, though the feeds of vigorous trees are vaftly to make room for the remaining, which will reduce
preferable for plantations of timber; for it is a con- the whole plantation to fix feet iquare, wliich will be
ftant obfervation, that, by faving feeds from dwarf diftance enough for them to remain in, until they are
trees or plants, from time to time, they may be ren- large enough for poles, when you may cut down
dered much lov/er in their growth than is their na- every other of thefe trees (making choice of the leaft
tural fizc'; but where the fruit is moft defired, then promifing,) within a foot of the ground, in order to
they iliould be taken from fuch trees as produce the make which, in eight or ten years
ftools for poles,

laro-eil and fweeteft nuts, which are commonly found time, will be ftrong enough to lop for hoops, hop
upon fuch trees as fprcad the moft, and have hori- poles, &c. for which purpofes they are preferable to
zontal roots \ for the weaker trees being lefs capable moft other trees ; fo that every tenth year, here will
to furnifli a fupply of nourlfhment, and having a be a frefh crop, wliich will pay the rent of the
greater quantity of fruit upon them, to which this ground, and all other incumbent charges, and, at the
muft be diftributed, together with their roots lying fame time, a full crop of growing timber left upon
near the furface of the ground (by which means the the ground but as the large trees increafe in bulk,
:

juices are better prepared by fun, air, &c. before it their diftance of twelve feet fquare will be too fmall

enters their veflels,) oertdn their juices are bet-

it is therefore when they have grown to a fize for imall
ter digcfted, and their fruits better maturated, than boards, you fnould fell every other tree, which v/ill
thofe can pofTibly be, which grow upon ftrong vi- reduce them to tw nty-four feet fquare, which is a
gorous trees, which hav^ long tap-roots running proper diftance for them, to remain for good ; this
^veral feet deep into the earth, and confequently take will give air to the under wood (which, by this time,

in vaft quantities of crude unprepared juice, which would be too much overhung by the clofenefs of the
is buoyed up to the extreme parts of the tree dnd -,' large trees ;) by which means that will be greatly en-
thelefeldom having many lateral branches, to digeft couraged, and the fmall timber felled, will pay fuffi-
and prepare their juice, by peripiring and throwing cient intereft for the money at firft laiJ^ out in plant-
off the crude part before it enters the fruits. '
-
1'
ing, &c. with the princfpal alfo fo that ail tlie re-
:

And this, I dafe fay, univerfally holds good in all maining under vrood ftill
trees are clear profit, for the

forts of fruit trees," *^nd is often the occafion of the continuing, will pay the rent of the ground, and all
'
good and bad qualities of the fame forts of fruits . other expcnces and what a fine eilate here will be
-,

growing on the fame foil. - ;

for afucceeding generation, in about fouricore years.
'
What has i3een related about grafting this tree into I leave every one to judge **'t f\

•
the Walnut, to promote their bearing, or render their *The Chinquapin, or Dwarf Virginian Chefnut, is at
' fruit fairer; or moculating Cherries Into the Chefnut, prefent very rare in England': it is very common in
'
for later fruit, very whimfical and filly, fince nei-
is . the woods of Am.erica, where it feldom grows above
•
ther the Chefnut nor Walnut will receive its own kind twelve or fourteen feet high, and produces great plen-
•
any other way than by inoculati'ng or inarchin CF and •
ty of nuts, which are, for the moft part, fingleia
it is the latter only, by which the Walnut can be pro- each outer coat or capfule. This tree is very hardv,
.

pagated ; nor was it ever known, that any two trees and will refift the fevereft of our winters in the open
'
of a different genus would take upon each other, fo ground, but is vety apt to decay iri fummer, efpo-
as to produce either a good tree or fruit ; therefore cially if it is planted in very dry grcvuid-' The nuts
i
we may juftly explode all thofe different graftings of of thefe trees,
brought from America, fliould be
if

. various trees upon each other, fo much talked of by put up in fand

as fooh as they are ripe, and fent to
tlie ancients ; at leaft we may fuppole thofe trees' 'are England immediately, otherwife they lofe their grow-
not known by the fame names now, that they ire ing quality, which is the reafon this tree is at prefent
mentioned by in their writings ; for I have made fo fcarce with us ; for not one feed in five hundred
.

many trials upon them, which, although performed fent over ever gi*w, which was dwmg to the neglect
with great care, "a'nd in different feafons, yet fcarcely ,
of putting them up in this manner: indeed, moft of
'
one of them fucceeded. But to return , the nuts which have been brought over, have been
'
If you defign a Targe plantation of thefe trees for kiln-dried, to preferve them from fprouting, which
timber, after havin'g two or three times ploughed the „ infaUibly deftroys the germen. When the nuts ar-
ground, the better to deftroy the roots of Weeds, you rive, they fhould be put into the ground as foon as
iliould make your furrows aSout fix feet difVance pofilble ; and if the winter Ihould prove fevere, ic
from each which you Ihould lay the nuts
other, in will be proper to cover the ground with leaves, tan,
;
about ten inches apart, covering them with earth or Peafe-haulm, to prevent the froft from penetrating
about three inches deep; and, when they come up, the ground, fo as to deftroy the nuts. This fort of
you muft carefully clear them from weeds the dif- : Chefnut delights in a moift foil ; but if the wet conti-
tance allowed between each row, is for the life' of the nues long upon the ground in winter, it is apt to kill
.

horfe hoeing plough, which will difpatch a great deal the trees. This will take by inarching it upon the
of this work in a Ihort time ; but it ftiould be per- .. common fort, but the trees fo propagated leldom
formed with gteat care, fo as not to injure the young fucceed well m.w . ; . < .
-

'

plants ; therefore the middle of the fpaces only fliould 'F have feeh a fpecimen, and fome nuts of a Dwarf
:.

- be cleaned with thisinftrument, and a hand hoe muft ;" Chefnut, which were brought, from North Amierica,

-
be ufed to clean between the plants in the rows, and which differed from all the other forts ; and I have
: alfo on each fide, where it will be unfafe for the plough / bce'n informed, that the French have raifed plants of
to be drawn and in hand hoeing, there muft be
: this kind, from the nuts which were brought from
great care taken, not to cut the tender rind of the Canada; but as I have not feen any of the plants
plants. If the following fpring the fpaces are care- raifed in England, I can give- no farther account of
fully ftirred with the plough, it will not only make it, than that fome of tTie late writers have fuppofed
,

. the ground clean, but alfo loofen it, fo as that the fun it might be the dv/arf branching kind before-men-

and moifture may more eafily penetrate the fam.e, tioned.

which will greatly promote tlie growth of the plants ; CAS TAN E A EQUINA: See Esculus.
and the oftener thefe ploughings are repeated, the C A S T O R E A. n See Duraxtia. .
•

clcp.her will be the ground, and the gre^^ijr v/ill be C A T A N A N C H E. Lin. Gen. Plant. 824. [K ypx-
thp progrefs of the plants, which cannot b"e ^'
IV ept too i/ayxoj,a violent allurement to love, of xaliand iyxy-'^.y
clean while they are-young.- When thefe have re- . : neceflity, or of KcP^xyxWJ^uiy to compel fo called, -,

bccaufe
 " : —

the opinion t!ie ancicnfs find of it, that It ers are they make but little appearance,
fmall,
\'
tecaufe
t 'l
-

was a ftrong, and almoft invincible inducement to '

therefore the plant Is only kept for the fake of va-
'
Candia Lions Foot. riety.
love.] ^

The Characters are,

'
'

:
The of thefe plants h a perennial, and may be
firft

many hennnfbrodite
Jtov^er is ccmpofed
of florets, propagated by heads taken off the mother plant, tn-
fhe
tbofe en the border being longer than thofe which are in ther in fpring or autumn
but thofe plants wliich are
;

fh^ fPMter 1 thck are included in one common fcaly empale- raifed from feeds, are m.uch Ilronger than tliofe from

fnent, which is permanent and elegant, '^he florets are of flips. Thefe plants are commonly planted in pots
iongue-fljaped^ indented in five parts^ and are filledwith light fandy foil, in order to flicker them in
one leaf
than the empalement thcfe have each five fljort hairy the winter from fevere frofts ; but if they are planted
longer ;

cylindrical fummits.
'^'
The germen
" in warm borders, either near walls, pales, or hedges,
ftamina^ terminated by
fupporting aflender fiyle the in a moderately dry foil, theyv/ill endure abroad very
isfltiiated belo'iu tkeflozvcr^
y length of the ftamina^ crozvned with a bifid fligma which
well. It beo-ins flowerinp; in Mav, and con-
ii reficxed, "the germen afterward becomes a ftngk oval tinues till Auguft or September (efpeclally if the funi-

'hed^ which is comprejfed and crowned with briflles-, in- \ m'er is not too dry,) ornament to a gar-
Is a pretty
den, and is eaflly kept within bounds. This may alfo
^
ilofed in the empalcment.
^^This genus of plants Is ranged in the firfl- fectiori of be propagated by feeds, which fliould be fown in a
> Linn?eus*s nineteenth clafs, Entitled Syrigeriefia Poly- border of good light earth in March and in May, -,

-gamia requalis; the flowers of this clafs have their when the plants are come up, they may be either
tranfplanted into pots or borders, where they are to
t-

r Itamina feparate, 'and their fummits connefted toge-

'
thcr in a cylinder, and thofe of this feftion have only remain for flowerinj^. Thefe plants ftiould remain
.-hermaphrodite flowers. unremoved when they are planted in the full ground,
a; The Species are,
.
which v/ill caufe them to flower better, and they
i. Catananche fquamis calycinis inferiori-
(C^riilea) will produce more feeds. The feeds ripen in Au-
. bus ovatis. Hort. CliflT. 390. Catananche whcfe tinder gufl:. -
.,
feale's of the empalement areovaL Catanance quorundam. The an annual plant, and therefore only
other fort is

Lugd. 190. Hifl:. 1 '

^
propagated by feeds, which ripen very well in this
^

I. Catan'anche {Lutea) fquamis calycinis inferioribus

country. The time for fowing them IS early in
lanccolatis. Hort. Cliff. 390. Catananche whofe under March, in beds or lx)rders of light earth where they
fcales of the empalement are fpear-Jhaped. Catanance flo- are to remain, whicli will come up in a month or five
*
fc luteo, latiore folio. Tourn. lnft.*R. H. 478. weeTcstime, and require no other care buttokeep them
t
'
Tournefort mentions a third fort with a narrow leaf, clean from weeds,' and thin tHe plants where tney are
'

in which it differs from the fecond j but if there is too clofe. Thefe flower In June, andperfedt their feeds
i- fuch a difliina fpecies, I have riot happened t6 rrieet in Augufl: or September; but
they have ^ as little

Wtth it for although I have fr^^tlfently received the

-,
beauty, they are not often kept in gardens.
feeds from feveral parts of Eurbpie' by this title, yet CATAPUTIA Major. See Ricinls.
could not find any diffefence between the giants, and
I C AT A P U T A Minor. See Euphorbia.
I

thofe of the fecond fort 5 therefore I fuppole Tourne- C ATA R A. See Nepeta.
I

fort may hive found the plants growing on a Herile CATCH-FLY. See Lychnis.
I
foil, whcffdfhe leaves were much narrower than thofe CATERPrLLARS.
gfdWing in a garden, or in better ground, which may There are feveral kinds of this infecl,
which are very
have induced him to fuppofe they were diftin^t fpe- pernicious to a garden ; but there are two forts which
cics.r Both thefe plants grow naturally in the fouth are the mofl: common, and defl;ru£tive to the youn^r
f ofFrance, in Spain, Italy, and Candia, from whence plaiits one of them is that which the white butterfly
:
'

Candia Lions ''

It is of a yellowifli colour, fpotted and
"'
-\
. it had the title of Foot. •'" breed's'.
K
''Thefirft fort fends out many long, narrow, hairy fl:rlped with black ^ this commonly infeils the tender
"V

'-« leaves, which are jagged on their edges lik^ thofe of leaves of Cabbages, Cauliflowers, and the Indian
>-Buckfl\orn Plantain, but the leaveis are broader, the |
Crefs they eat off all the tender parts of tlie leaves,
:

^ jags deeper, and at greater difl:ances ; thefe lie flat [

leaving only the fibres entire ; fo that very often we
•' on the ground, turning their points upwards, whicl fee, in tlie autumn feafon, whole gardens of winter
-'^zft very harrow.' -Between the leaves come "out tiae Cabbage's and Savoys almofl: defl:royed by them, efpe-
''^
fiower-ftalks, which are ih"^ number proportionable "to [ dally in thofe which are croudcd with trees, or are
the fize of the plant from an old thriving root,
; for
f
ne'ar Wildings. They always increafe mofl: in very
:'^ there is frequently eight 6r ten, and young^]?)!Snts do dry feafons v and when the plants have been fl:inted
not fend out.more than two or three. Thefe ftalks rife by the drought, they are confl:antly attacked where- •,

\ near two feet high, dividing into mahyfniaH HHnches as, thofe which are in vigour, feldom fuffer much by
-^ up>yard, garniftied with leaves like thofe belo\^^, but thofe infefts. Nor is there any other method found
;
are Imaller, and have few or no jags oh tKcl): ecfges : out to defliroy them that I know of, but to pick them
'
each of the foot-fl:alks are terminated with' fiho-le off the plants before they are fpread from the nefl:s ;
v heads of flowers, having a dry, filvery, fcaly eftipale- by which means, tliough perhaps many may be over-
" nient, in which are included three
or four florets, looked, yet their numbers will be greatly diminifli-
whole petals are broad, flat, and inden!ed at their ed. But this work mufl; be often repeated during the
'^'"^nds; thefe are of a fine blue colour, havino- a dark warm wcatlier, when the butterflies are abroad, which
^''
fpot at bottom, and in each the five flramina, v/ith are continually depofiting their eggs, and in^a few
tneir yellow fummits, fl:anding a little above the pe- days time will be mctaniorphofed to perfeft caterpil-
. tal, make a pretty appearance. . . -
lars. But as thefe, for tlie mofl; part, feed upon the
It by fome authors titled Chondrilla ciferulea,
has hein outer leaves 'of plants, fo they are more ep.flly taken
»' 1. C, Blue Gum Cico'ry and by others Sefajuoides,' or
•,
than the otlier fort, which is much larger the fl^in :

Catanances Sefamoides. Cafpar Bauhin calls it Chon- tir.s is called by

^
c^rulea cyani capitulo. Pin. 130. Blue Gum Ci~
drilla
'\iory ^ith a Blue Bottle head.
IS very tough, and of a dark colour
^'^ ^*--
the gardeners, a grub, and is exceeding hurtful. — :

There is a varietv of this The eggs of this fort of caterpillar, arc, for the
With double flowers, which is not very common in mofl: part, depofited in the very^ heart or center of the
•'"fneEnglifli gardens. plant (efpecially in Cabbages wliere, after it hack
' The fecond fort hath broader leaves than the firfl:, obtained its form, it eats its v/ay out through all the
^''^^*:" ^fc Imoother, and lefs jagged on their edges leaves thereof; and alfo their dung, being lodged
^
from each root arife two or three fl:alks, which grow between the inclofed leaves of the Cabbages, gives
a foot and a half high, fending
out two or three flen- them an ill fcent.
der toot-ftalks, each fuflraining
a fingle head ofyel- This infc6t alfo burrows jufl: under the furface of the
" ^^ nowei^s, Inclofed in a
dry fcaly empalement, of a ground, and makes great havock on young plants,
darker colour than thofe of the by eating them through their tender fliank^ and drav/-
firft as thefe flow- :
(i '4 '•- \ « . Y _'
ing
 ;
: ; .

E
into their holes. 'The mifchief chiefly be watered with great caution, and in fpring tliey
ing them is

whenever you obferve this, you fliould h^ carefully taken up, and each planted
doiie in the night :

fhQuld every morning look over your plat of plants in a feparate fmall pot filled with light fandy earth,
and wherever you lee any plants eaten off, ftir the and plunged into a frefli hot-bed of tanners bark, be-
ground round about t!ie place withyour fingers an inch ing careful to ftiade them until they have taken frcfh
deep, and you Vv'ill certainly find them out. This is root, as alfo to refrefli them with water gently, as

the only mcdiod I know of deftroying them. they may require it ; and in fummer, w^hen the wea-
CATKINS, or lULUS. ther is warm, they flaould have a good fliare of air ad-
This IS, by the bocanifts, called Flos' Amentaceus mitted to them-, but in autumn muft be removed
it isan aggregate of fummits, which are joined toge- into the ftove, where they ftiould conftantly remain,

ther In form of a rope or cat's tail, and is the male and muft be treated afterward in the fame manner as
flower cf the trees which produce them; as the other tender exotic plants.
Fir;, Pines, Cedars, Walnuts, Birch-trees, and This plant miay be propagated by planting cuttings
Willows. in fmall pots filled with light earth, during the months

C A T E S B iE A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 121. Hift. Carolin. of June and July. The pots flnould be plunged intvi
Vol. II. p. 100. The Lily Thorn. t - '
a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark, anti the cuttinp^s
The Characters are, ,r«e>f ft a
clofely covered with fmall bell-glaifes to exclude the

II hilt h a fmnll permanent empalement of one leaf ivith external air. If this is properly performed, the cut-

jl-vc Jhr.rp indentures-^ of one leaf funnel-

the fio'vjer is tings will put out roots in about tv/o or three months,

fljciptcU having a very long tuky which gradually widens when they may be carefully feparated, planting each
/

to [ke top^ where it is four-cornerned andfpread open \ it intoa fmall pot filled with light earth, and plunged into
hath four fiamina riftng in the neck of the tube ^ terminated the hot-bed again, and afterward muft be treated as
by' olkn'r ere^t fummits ', the romdijh germen is fituatcd the feedling plants. ;.: •

flower^ fupporting a jtcnder Jlyle^ crotvned by a Moft of thofe plants which were raifed from Mr.
ftngle ftigma, ift Catefl3y's feeds, were killed by the feyere winter in
berry '
w angular^ feeds, 1 739 but feven years ago I received fome frefli feeds,
'5

This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feclion of which fucceeded fo well, as to enable me to commu-
Linnceus's fourth clafs, intitled Tetrandria Monogy- nicate plants to feveral curious p'erfons in England
- nla^ the flower having four (lamina and one ftyle./ and PloUand. »
"^

We have but one Species of this plant, viz. ' ' CACAULI S, Baftard Parfley. '\r

CATESBiiiA. Lin. Sp. Plant. 109. The Lily Thorn. This one of the umbelliferous plants with oblong
is

. Frutcx fpinofus Buxi foliis, plurimis fimul nafcenti- feeds, which are a little furrowecf and prickly the :

bus, flore tetrapetaloide, pendulo, fordide fiavo, tu- petals of the flower are unequal and heart-fliaped.
. bo longifllmo, fruau ovali croceo, femma parva con- There are* feveral fpecies of this plant preferved in
"tinente. Catefb. Hift. Carol. Vol. II. p. 100. the botanic gardens ; but as there is no great beauty
This Ihrub was difcovered by Mr. Caten:)y, nearNaf- or ufe in any cf them, I fliall pais them over with
fau town, in the ifland of Providence, where he faw only obferving, that if any perfon hath a mind to cul-
two of them growing, which were all he ever faw tiv^ate them, thebeft feafon to fow their feeds is in

from thefe he gathered the feeds, and brought them autumn, foon after they are ripe \ for if the feeds are
to Ene;land in 1726, from which many plants were kept till fpring, the plants feldom produce ripe feeds
, railed in the Englifh gardens, feme of which have agam. They are moft of them biennial, and require
fmce flowered here. - - .•. to be fown every year. We have four or five fpecies
. It rifcs with a branching ftem to the height of tenor of them, which grow wild in England, •iil^
. twelve feet, which is covered with a pale ruffct bark ; CAULI FERGUS plants [of Caulis \Lat. a ftalk,
; the branches come out alternately from the bottom to and/fr(7, to bear ;] fuch plants as have a true ftalk.
. the top, which are garnifhed with fmall leaves, re- CAULIS, is that part of a plant v/hich rifes fingle

fcmbling thofe of the Box-tree, coming out in cluf- above the earth, from whence the leaves or little
tcrs all round the branches, at certain diftances ; the branches put forth, as Jungius defines" it; or it is the
flowerscome out finglefrom the fide of the branches, upper part of a plant ftretched forth to an height, fo
hanging downward they are tubulous, and near fix
; that the fore parts differ not from the hind, nor the
inches long, very narrow at their bafe, but widening right from the left. In trees and flirubs it is called
. upward toward the top, where it is divided into four Caudix i in corn Culmus ; the ftalk of any herb \ the
- parts which fpread open, and are reflexed backward ftem, trunk, or body of a tree. Lat. :

. thefe are of a dull yellow colour. After the flower CEANOTHUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 237. Euonymus.
decays, the germen fwells to an oval flefliy berry the Com. Hort. New Jerfey Thea.
. fize of a middling Plumb, hollow within, and filled - The Characters are, -

with fmall angular feeds. .• • ,

.
It hath a turbinated e^npakment of one lerf which is
This fl:rub is propagated by feeds, which muft be permanent^ cut into five acute fegments which clofe toge-
procured from the country where it naturally grows. ther ; the fewer hath five roundijh equal petals which
If the entire ftult are brought oyer in fand, the feeds fpread open^ and are Jefs than the empakment \ it bath
will be better preferved when they arrive in England,
:
five efe5l fiamina^ placed oppofite to the petals^ and are
.the feeds mufl:be fown in fmall pots filled with light of equal lengthy terminated by roundiflo fummits^ and a
fmdy earth, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed of three-cornered germen^ fuppcrting a cylindrical ftyle^ crown-
tanners bark, and now and then moderately w^atered. ed by an cbttife ftigma, T^he germen afterward becomes a
If the feeds are good, the plants will appear In about dry capfule with three cells^ i7i which are lodged three
fix weeks after fowing when, if the heat of the bed
•,
oval feeds,
declines, the tan fliould be turned over to the bottom, This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection oi
and, if neceflary, fome frefh added to renew the LinnjEus's fifth clafs, intitled Peritandria Monogynia,
heat, for thefe plants make but little progrefs the the flower having five ftamina and one ftyle.
firft year. When the pots are again plunged into tlie The Species are,
'"
.

tan-bed, they muft have frelh air admitted to them I. Ceanothus {Amcricant's) foliis trinerviis. Lin. Sp.
every day in proportion to the warmth of the feafon, Plant, 155. Ceanothus with leaves having three nerves,
and frequently refreflicd with water, in fmall quan- Euonymus Nervi Belgii corni foemina: foliis. Hort.
tities, for much wet will certainly kill them ; if the Amft. I. 167.New England Dogwood with female Cor-
nights fiiould prove colH, the glafltrs fliould be co- nel leaves^ commonly called New Jerfey Thea,
vered with mats every evening. As thefe plants 2. Ceanothus {Jfricanus) foliis lanceolatis enerviis,
grow flowly, they will not require to be removed out ftipulis Lin. Sp. Plant, 196. Ceanothi(S
fubrotundis.
of tlie feed-pots the firft year. In the autumn the with fp ear -fj aped leaves without nerves y and rcundifdfii-
.pots fl::ould be removed into the ftove, and plunged pnU, Alaternoides Africanalauri ferrate folio. Coin.
jiKO the tan-bed. During the winter, the plants fliould Prxl. 61. tab. II.
6 :?. Ceakothvs
 ;

A
foliis ovatis feffilibus ner-
r
in which cafe they fliould
have a. little water once m
^* Ctkmrvvs {Arbor efccns)
alaribus. Ceanothus with oval nervous eight or ten days, which will be fuffigient.
Vbilis floribus
the branches, floivers proceeding from The beft time for laying down thefe branches is in
,; q^ave{ fet clofe to
the leaves, commonly called Red-wood. autumn ) and if after this is performed, the furfi^ce of
.
-the 'ivings of
grows naturally in moft parts of North the ground is covered over with fome old tan^ taken
' The firtt f^rt
whence great plenty of the feeds have from a decayed hot-bed, it will prevent the froft froni^
i .; America, from
years brought to Europe, by the title of penetrating the ground, which will fecure them from
f y .'
ieen of late
Thea, where I have been informed the injury 5 and the fame covering will prevent the winds
,.
-Jie^v Jerfey
! •
Inhabitants dry the leaves of this Ihrub to ufe as Thea. from drying the ground in th? fpring, and thereby
people of Canada ufe the root in venereal cafes. promote their putting out roots, Theie layers^ when
The
received the, feeds of this fort frotn New rooted, may be taken up the following fpring, anc|
;>i.'I liave
:' Penfylvania, Virginia, and Carolina and treated \n the f^me manner as thofe r^^ifed from
England, -,

mention it as a common Ihrub in Canada, feeds.

>'-'tRe*^French
-J.: where they lay the cattle bfowze upon it, arid keep it The fecond fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope, from whence it was originally brought to fiol-r
-vcrv low. '
,
•
.
*
:;
• ' ' -

--j\
fhrubfeldom rifes more than three or land, and has be?n many years preferved there ; ancj '

Tn iui^Iand t;his
high, fending out branches on every fide fince has been comnuinicated to molt of the curious
four feet
the ground upward. The branches are very gardens int^urope, where it has been long knowri by
from
s. ^
and as it is pretty late in the fpring before the title of Alaternoides, &c, and by fomje authors
iieiidcr,
> to they keep growing very late it is titled Ricinoides Africana ^rborefcens, 6fc. but
'they begin flioot,
V.
therefore, unlefs the autumn proves dry and mild, the Dr. Linnaeus, having examined the char^ftejrs rripr?
bnder fhoots are often killed down very low by the exactly, has joined it to this genus.
but, in favourable feafons, the extreme This rifes of ten or twelve feet, with
to the height
c^arlv frofts -,

\ parts of the flioots only are injured by the cold. a woody ftem, coyej"ed with a rough dark-colourecl
branches are garniihed with oval pointed leaves, bark, and fends out many weak branches, which
Jhefe
having three longitudinal veins running from the hang downward', thefe while young are green, but
\
fobt-ftalk to the point, which diverge in the broad afterward change to a, purplifh colour, They arp
of the leaves frorn each other : the leaves are garnifhed with oblong pointed leavesj of a lucic^
placed oppofite, and are of a light; green colour, At green, which are fmooth, and flightly fawned on their

the extremity of each fhoot the Bqwers are produced edges,'. The flowers are fmalL of an herbaceous co-
clofe thick fplkes, which are compofed of five lour, coming out from the fide of the branches j thefe
in
fmall leaves, of a clear white. Thefe appear in July, fometimes appear in July, but are not fucceeded by
ii

make a pretty appearance during their continu- feeds in this country, nor do the plants often produce
I ^rid
every fhoot
for, ^s is terminated by one of flowers i fo thg^t they afe preferved only fof th? beauty
ance •,

Vpikes, the whole thrub is^cQvered over with of their fhining evt^rgreen leaves, which make d, y^^
thefe
flowers, the branches conlitionly growing very clofe riety in the green-houfe during the winter feafon,

./ to each other; and when the autumn proves mild, It may be propagated either by layers or cuttings
j the

thefe fhrubs often flower again in Oftober. After latter being a very fure and expeditious method, is
i'\

the flowers are paft, there fucceeds to each flower a generally preferred. The cuttings fhould be planted
'
trlcapfular feed-veffel, flatted at the top, opening into in the fpring into pots filled with good kitchen-garden

three cells, each having a fingle feed. In warm fea- earth, and plunged into a very moderate hot-bed, ob-^
*

ions the feeds ripen in England. This fhrub is befl: ferving to fhade them in the heat qf the day, and
1 1
'
pr6pagated by feeds, which fhould be ibwn in the au- now and then refrefh them with water, |n about twQ
''
tumn infmall pots, and plunged into an old hot-bed, months or lels, they will have taken root, when they
where they may remain during the winter, expofing mufl be gradually inured fo the open air, placing
K

them in mild weather to the open air, but in froft them in a flickered fituation till they have obtained
they muft be proteded from cold. In March the flrength, when they may be feparated, and each
*.

pots fhould be plunged into a moderate hot-bed to planted in a fmall pot with light earth, placing
filled

brin<y up the plants, which fhould be inured to bear them in the fliade till they have taken fre(h root j
the open air by degrees'; and as foon as they have then they may be removed, and intermixed with other
obtained a iit'tle flrength, they Ihould be expofed in exotic plants for the fummer feafon. In autumn they
^ flickered fituation till adtumn, when they mufl be mufl be houfed with Myrtles, and other more hardy
i"
under a hot-bed frame, to fcreen them' from exotic plants, and treated in the fame manner,
J)laced
cvere froll in winter mild weather they fhould
; but in The third fort grows naturally in the Bahama Iflandsa
be fully expofed to the open air, for while the plants from whence the late Mr, Catefby brought the feeds
are young, they will not endure the cold of the win- to England, It alfo grov/s naturally in Barhadoes,
.
Tn the following fpring, before the plants be-
ten '
^nd fome other iilands in the Welt Indies, frqm
'7gin to fl)00t, they Ihould be ^ranfplanted ; fome of whence I have received the feeds, This, in the coun-
; them may be put into feparate pots, ^nd the others tries of its natural growth, riles to the height of forty

into a nurfery-bed, in a warm fituation, where they or fifty feet, with large trunks, which ,?rc by the in-
f*
'jTiay remain a year or tv^ to get flrength, after which
'

habitants fav/n into boards, and were acfirft elleemed

lime they may be removed tP the places where they
t
for the beauty of their colour but being expofed to
;

•
^reclefigned to remain. They fnoiild have a mode-r the air, their colour vanifhed and they bec^rnp pale,
%ely and a fheltered fituation, wher^ they
dry foil fo have not fince beten miich regarded,
'ViU thrive and flower extremely v/ell but in flifF cold ; In Europe, where the plants have been properly
they are always veiy late in the fpring before
,
treated, they have grown to the height of twenty
'

they come out, fo that their young fhoots are full of feet i and if the ftoves in which they were placed ha4
fap in the autumn, and the firlt froft commonly kills been lofty enough, would have grown much higher,
t^.eir tops, which frequently caufes them to die great The flem is ftrong, woody, and is covered with a
part of their length. light brown bark, which, v/hen young, has feveraj
may be propagated by laying down the young
alio furrows ; the branches come out irregularly from
branches, which, in a light foil, will put out roots in every fide the ftem, garnifhed with pretty large oval
a year's tinie, but thefe layers fliould not be much leaves, of a light green colovir, having feveral longir
watered for as the fnoots are tender, moifture will
•, tudinal veins inclining to white. The flowers are
often occafion their rotting, v/hen it given in quanr i.s fmall, of ^n herbaceous white, fo make little appear-
tities,^ or too often repeated therefore the beft me- -, ance ; they come out from the v/ings of the leaves,
thod is to cover the fiirface of the ground in dry wca- and, in their native foii, are fucceeded by roundifh
'ther, all round the layers, either with mulch or rotten fruit almoft the fizc of fmall Peafe, opening in thre^
tan, which will preferve a fufficient moifture in the cells; in each i$ inclofed one flunino- bjackfeed.
graund, provided the feafon is not extremely dry
j

cJ P^ a TH.'»
 ; ,

c *
t
D - -

This IS propagated by Tecds, which fliould ht fown r when they are put up in light fand, it will prevent
that inconveniency... .The feeds Ihould be fown in
in the ipring, in ftnall pots filled with light earth,
t^-.

;
and plunged into a hot-bed thefe feeds lie generally -,
» « ^ fmall pots filled with light earth, and plunged into
two months ground
in the before the plants make a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark, obfervino- to wa-
-

their appearance, during which time the pots ihould ti ter the pots duly, and to admit frefh air whenever the

be duly watered, and air admitted when the weather

'
V. weather is favourable.
>
When the plants come up .

is warm. When the plants come up and are fit to and are fit to tranfplant, they fiiould be carefully taken
remove, they fhould be carefully feparatcd, >plantin D up, and each planted in a feparate fmall pot filkd
each in afmall pot with light earth," watering
filled
'
with the like light earth, and plunged into the hot-bed
the earth to fettle it about their roots j then plunge
'
again, being careful to water them to fettle the earth
them inro the tan-bed again, fliading the plants from to their roots, and alfo to fcreen them from the fun

the fun till tliey have taken^^ew root; afterward : till they have taken new root after which they ihould :

they may be treated in the fame manner as other ten- •- be conflantly kept plunged into the bark-bed in the
der plants from the fame countries. V/hen the plants i ftove, and treated in the lame manner as other plants

have obtained ftrength, they may be preferved in win- from the fame country.
tcr in a dry ftove, but thefe will not make fuch pro-^ C E D RU S. The Cedar-tree of Barbadoes, and the
'

prcfs as rhofe in the tan-ftove.

' 'II-'- '
Mahogany, &C;n;TC: :-.,:
CI CROPI A. Yaruma Ovicdi. ^ Sloan. Hift. Jam. : The Characters are, ;, -
. .:
- r

The Trumpet-tree, or Snakewood^ *..

.// hath a tuhulous bell-fhaped empalement of one leaf^ in-
'

The Characters are, --r 4 -i ><-f^'!

f '

' dented in five parts.-.:. The flower is of one leaf^ divided at

Th a the'top into five parts it hath five fljort Jtamina^ which
Ji hrJh rnak and female fip<u:ersin different plants, '
'^

hath an oval acute fpatba^ which hirjls and

virJe floivcr adhere at bottom to the germen^ and are terminated by
contains a tak'ccmpofed of many katkins,' which are taper rcundifh fimmits \ in the center is Jituated the roundij/j
and I'undkd tozether ; thefe are imhricatedy and have
"
germen^ fupporting a thick fligma ; the germen afterward
many turbinated fcales^ which are four-cornered^ obttife^ becomes an oval pod^ having five cells ^ opening from the
and corapreffed, deflower hat% no corolla^ hut a fcaly bottom upward with five valves, having a double cc-
'^iienariian^ zvith twofljort hair-like Jlamina^ crozvncd by -..ver-y the outer being thick and woody ^ the inner very
t '

four- cornered oblong fummits,, fhe female flowers have a . thin^ which immediately furrounds the feeds,. In the cen-
fpatka^ with four taper imbricated ger men ; they have no . ter is fixed a fi.ve'Cornc'rcd column the Jengtl^ of the pod^

corolla^ but the compreffcd imbricated germen fupport one whofe angles are ofpofite to the fiffures of the pod^ to
The empale- 'which the feeds adhere^ placed over each other like the
fijort ftyky crowned by a beaded torn ftigma.
ment afterward turns to a *b'erry with one cell^ containing 'fcales cffijh \ thefe are thick at their bafe, but upward
'one oblong compreffcd feed.
" . " '
"^* . are fiat and thin, like the wings adhering to the Jeeds of
^ This ranged in the fecond order of Linnseus's
tree is Firs and Pines. n^- u
-•' twenty- fecond clafs, intitled Dicecia Diandria, the This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion
male flowers growing upon feparate plants from the of Linnssus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Mono-
•,'1
'female, arid have each two ftamina. '- ^ '
gynia, the flower havino* five ftamina and one
1 fc
It grows naturally in moft of the woody parts of the
ermen. 5 •I
-i;

t
.

•, .•
'-
> •

' <
.^^'.
\--\i W .-if-i'..-^ '" 5

"ifland of Jamaica, where it rifes to the height of As the Cedar of Libanus is by Tournefort very pro-
thirty-five or forty feet the trunk and branches are
:
•
perly referred to the genus of Larix, and all the berry-
hr.ilov/, and flopped at diff^erent fpaces by membra- . bearing Cedars are joined to the Junipers, I have
naceous ieptai, which have fo many light annular given the title of Cedrus to this genus, as they were
it^iks in the furface ; the leaves are large, divided mentioned by imperfeft titles by moft of the authors
into many lobes like thofe of Papaya, but the foot- who have them ; and as the lirft fort lias
treated of
ftaik is placed more in the center, fo as to refemble a been generally known by the appellation of Cedar in
targec they are downy on their under fide. '
The the countries where it naturally grows, the applying:!;
flowers are inclofed in a conical fpatha or fl^eath, the the fame name to thofe plants which agree in the;r
male growing upon feparate plants from thofe which effential charaders with it, will join them propcriy
have the female; they are produced upon imbri- together. . ,

bricated katkins, compofed of feveral turbinated The Species are,

fcales, having no corolla, each having a fcaly nec- Cedrus ipdorata) foliis pinnatis, foliolis m-ukijugatis
taruim, with two fliort hair.-like ftamina, crowned obtufis, fruftu ovali glabro. Cedar-tree with winded
o
with four-cornered oblong fummits. The female leaves,compofed of many pair of fmall leaves cr Icbcs,
flowers are inclofed in a conical fpatha or flieath which are obtiife, and an oval fnooth fruit. Cedrus
thefe have no corolla, but have four imbricated ger- Barbadenfium, alatis fraxini foliis non crenatis, fructu
men, fupporting one fliort ftyle, crowned by a headed fingulari, quinis involucris crafTis validis cochleato
torn ftigma.- The empalement afterward turns to an cavis, totidem femina membranis adaudra & columnai
oblong cylindrical berry, compofed of many fmall pentagons pra^grandi adnata, occluden-
canalicLilata^
acini like the Strawberry, and much refemble it in tibus ornato. Pluk. Phyt. tab. 157. f.^i. The Barba-
flavour when ripe. does Cedar-tree. '
-
, . .

This tree is very rare atprefcnt in Europe ; the fruit 2, Cedrus (iV4i^/'J'^^^«z^ fohis pinnatis, foliolis oppofitis,
being fmall are generally devoured by birds, fo are glabris, floribus racemofis fparfis. Cedar with winged
not much obferved by the European inhabitants, but '
-leaves, whofe lobes are fnooth andftand cpprfite, andfiow-
the negroes are fond of it they alfo make ufe of the
-, ers grooving in loofe bunches. Arbor foliis pinnatis, nulio
fmall brandies of the tree to obtain fire, by rubbing impari alam claudente, nervo ad latus unum excur-
them againft each other \ by this attrition they foon rente fruclu angulofo magno, femine alato inftar Pi-
emit fparks of fire, fo that it is a ufeful tree in that nus. Catefl^. Hift. Carol. Vol. 11. p. 181. The Mabo-
country. ' . gany-tree.
I receivedf})ecimcns of this tree from the late Dr. 3. Cedrus {Alternifolitis) foliis alternis fimplicibus, corda-
Houftoun, who found it growing naturally at La Vera to-ovatis acutis, fruclu pentngono mucronato. Cedar
Cruz, in New Spain, but without flowers; nor had with fingle leaves -placed alternately, which are cvaly heart-
the Doftor leifureto examine the characters of it, fo fioaped, andhaving a five-cornered pointed frwt.
acute,
that at prclent v/e arc not fufficiently acquainted v/ith Arbor excella CoryU folio ampliore. liouft, MSS.
them. The firft fort is commonly known under the title <jf
It may be propagated by feeds (when procured from Cedar in the Britilli iOands of America, v/here this
the places where it naturally grows.) Thefe fliould tree grows naturally, and is one of tlic largeft trees
be brought over in fund; for as the fruit are com- of that country. The trunks of tlicfe trees arc fo
pofed of feveral acini like thofe of Strawberries, fo large, that the inhabitants hollow them, and form
jf they arc put up moift in papers, they will be apt them into the fhape of boats, and pcrlaguas, fur
to grow mo'.ildy, and thereby Ipoil the feeds: but which purpofe they are cxtrcnicly vv-ell adapted ; the
WUO(i
 .

^ -

— I
- H

D
. j'.

C E
be cut-out with great faci- the/Kot ^.vithout fplintering nor the worm
wood bein" foft, it may ' •, is To apt
ra.1 wl;i^ to eat this wood of the Oak, fo that for tfie
as that
liry, and being
light,
'1 Wefl: Indies the Ihips built of Mahogony are prefera-
t
irlt
i
1 «

There ai Weff
I , L

the water;
fbrmed'out^of thcfb triir^^which ble to. any other.
^^'which have been
long and fix broad the wood js light, The excellency of this v/6od for all domeflic ufcs,
-"are fbrty feet ;

bdolirt from is now lufHciently known in England and it is mat-

a brown colour, and has a fragrant -,

'of
Cedar has been given to' itV; This ter of furprife, that the tree fliould not have been
'

whence the title of

cut into flilngles for cdvenng ol taken notice of by any hiftorian or traveller to this
wood is frequently
r. '
very durable but as 't'he worms time; the only author who has mentioned this tree,
'hbiifes, and is found •,

praper;fbr- build- is Mr. Catefby, in his Natural Hiflory of

-'^reapt to eat this wood, it is Hbt Carolina'
often 'ufed for thafptirpoie, and the Bahama Iflands, before whom I believe nei-
-
ino-- of mips, though it is
'
often 'Ufed for ther the tree or the wood was taken notice of by any
as'^alfo for flieathing of fliips. It is

make chells;"be.cfufe wTiter on natural hifl:ory, although the wood has

wainfcoting of rooms, and to
frequently breed in it,' as in^.any
been many years brought to England in great quan-
.'"^Vermin do not fo
;tafte, tities.
'^•cther forts of wood, this having a -yerf^ battel: r

whatever Is pu^, into the •'

In the Wefl: Indies thefe trees are of fo quick growth,
f which is communicated to
frefh ; 'for which '

as to arrive to a large fize in a few years; the man-

'**-chefts, efpecially wJientKe \vood is

made into^ca^s,. becaufe Ipirituous

'
ncr of their propagation in the Bahama Iflands, a S It
'
;. reafon it is never
' •
liquors will di/Tolve part of the refin, and thereby, ac- Mr
r»

" fruit is hard fliell or covering fepa-

ripe, the outer
quire a very bitter tafte. .^^, -,^^:^, ... _, , ^
'
ftem, the height of le-
'
rates at the bottom, next the foot-fl:alk, thereby ex-
^This tree'rifes with a ftraij: to
pofing the feeds, which are faftened to a hard five-
/.
"
venty or eighty feet, while young the bark is fmooth,
cornered column, Handing in the middle; thefe feeds
and of an Afli-colour i but as they advance, the baric
becomes rough and of a darker colour. Toward the
'
being broad and light, are difperfed on the furface of
'

the ground, which is very rocky. Such of the feeds

top it flioots out many fide branches/ garnifhed wi^^^
as happen to fall into the filTures of the rock, very
'r
- 4 winged leaves, compofed of fix teen or eighteen pair
foon fend forth roots ; and if theie tender fibres meet
of lobes (or fmall leaves) fo that 'they are fomctimes
^

*
-

near three feet long ; the lobes are broad at "their with refiflrance from the hardnefs of the rock, they
and are near two inches long, blunt' at their
bafe,^
"creep out on the furface of it, and feek another fif-
ends' and of a pale colour-, tllefe emit a very
:' ^ -Vfure, into which tney creep, and fwell to fuch a fize

— -^y oHen- "^'and fl:rength, as to break the rock, and thereby make
v.ww«. ... ...V- .........^. , -

five. As I have not fcen any'of thefc fldWerS'upon ;

way for the root*s deeper penetration ; and by this
the trees, I can give no defcription of them.' '/The
nouriflimentfrom the rock, the trees grow to a large
about the fize of partridge's egg, fize in a few years. '
-..
%
'

fruit is oval,
fmooth, of a verydark,,colour. and opens in five
_
The of this tree are winged like thofe of the
leaves
^1

parts, havino; a five-cornered column Itanding m the Afh, having commonly fix or eight pair of pinnai
. ' •

f (or lobes) which are fliorter and broader at their bafe.

'^'
than thofe of the Afli, where they adhere to the mid-
are clofely placed, lapping over each other like the
.^»-.

rib by very fhort foot-fl:alks ; thefe lobes are very

fcaJesof fiih. ^
-
VIV-.
'

w
-^
*
> - ' '. '
.

There are fome'plants of this fort in England, which .

'
fmooth, having but one vein running through each,
* >^

are prcfcfved in the gardens 'of thofe who" are Hribus

^ which is always on one fide, fo as to divide them un-
'in colledting exotic have been raifed
plants i 'tKefe We
* '*«

from the feeds 'which have ^been brought frohl Barba- M

does, but tliey are too tender to live in the' open air by's Natural Hifliory, were drawn from a withered
in England ^ therefore thefe plants fhould be treated imperfe6t fragment, which were the only remains of
Maho the flowers which could be found at the time when
he was there ; but the fruit he has delineated very ex-
*:
7 aftly, as I have had opportunity of comparing it with
years from the feed, I have had the plants upward of
,^tcn feethicrh. fome which have been brought to Ehgland. The en-
of this kind from Paris, by
I have received plants tire fruit, before it opens, is of a brown colour ; thefe

the title of Semiruba^-, but whether the root of this fruit grow ereft, upon foot-fl:alks, which clcfcly ad-
tree is what they ufe in medicine under that appella- here to the five-cornered column, running throup-h
tion,, I cannot fay. The feeds of this have alfo been the middle of the fruit, and to which the feeds are
fent me from the French iflands in America, by the faflrened, lying imbricatim like flates on a houfe,
A *
'
tide of Acaiou Cedre. over each other ; fo that v/hen the fruit is ripe, the
<-
*i.-

Tt IS propagated by feeds, which may be cafily pro- outer cover divides at the bottom into five equal parts,
cured from the American iflands, which mufl; befov/n arid when thefe fall off, and the feeds are difperfed,
^;upon a hot-bed in the fpring, and the plants treated the foot-ilalk and the column remain fome months
.in the fame manner as the next' .
after on the tree.
/ri
Mahogony, whofe wood is now It is propagated by feeds, which may be eafily pro-
I

well known in England. cured from the Bahama Iflands, from whence mofl:
-*,'.
'This tree is a nativ^e of the warmeft parts of x\mcri- of the frcod feeds which have come to Eno-land were
fl "-t

ca, growing plentifully in the iflarids of Cuba, Ja- brought for mofl; of thefe v/hich have been fent from
;

maica, and Plifpaniolav there are alfo many of them J have not
'V
"on the Bahama Ifiands, but I have not heard of their aa Iflands,
}
jir V tein^ found in any of the Leeward Iflands. In Cuba have grown they v/ere immediately taken
as well as if
»* and Jamaica there are trees of a very large fize, fo as from the trees. TJie feeds Ihould be fovvn in fmall
to cut into planks of fix feet breadth; but thofe on .:)Ots filled with light fandy earth, and plunged into a

,
i
the Bahama Iflands are not fo large, though they are ot-bed of tanners bark, giving tlicm a gentle wa-
'. *^^quently four feet diameter, and rife to a great tering once a week if the feeds are good, the plants
:

height, notwithftanding they are generally found will appear in five or fix weeks ; and wlien they are
growing upon the folid rocks, where there is fcarce two inches high, a fufficicnt number of fmall pots
any eardi for their nourifhment. The wood which fliould be filled with light earth, and plunged into the
has been brought from the Bahama Iflands has ufiially tan-bed a day or two, that the earth may be warmed
pafied under the appellation of Madeira wood, but before the plants arc put into the pots then the young -,

the fame as theMaho- plants flioukl be fnaken out of the pots, and carefully
gony. ^
The Spaniards make great ufe of this wood feparated, fo as not to tear their roots, and each plant-
ior building of fnips ; for which purpofe it is better ed in a fingle pot, being careful to fl">ade them till
adapted, than any other fort of wood yet known, be- they have taken frefli root ; after which they mufl: be
ing very durable, rcfifting gun fliots, and burying ! treated in th.e fame manner as other tender plants from
6 the
 ' :

,>*;

€ * <
/

^
the fame^ clima^te, being tareful not to give tfiem and fpread It lath free
much water, efpecially in winter as alfo when they -, Jlamina as long as the petals^ terminated by fmall fu
are Ihifted, to preferve the earth about thei^ rsQots, tnitSy and a fmall germen with a large receptaiUy marked

otherwife they are very fubjeft to perilhi for in the wttUien deep cbannek-i fuppcrting a Ihort ftyle {^ro^^j^ncd
country where they grow naturally, they fay it is not tmih an obtufe trifid Jligma. The germen afterword bc^
poffible to -remove thefe trees ft as to live; if the comts an oval^ blunts three-cornerea capfule^ opamg in
plants are properly managed, they will m^ke con- three cellsy each containing an oval frnocth feed.
fiderable progreis. I have ibme plants now in the This genus of plants is ranged in the firfl fetSion
Chelfea garden^ more than twelve feet high, which of Linnius*s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Mono-
growth »^ d
gynia, from the flower having five ftamina and one
f<
England^ fo it might fu rely be worthy of the care The Species are, ,
'
. .

of the planters in America, many of whom are pof- i, CeLastrus {BullatKs) inermls, foliis ovatls integer-
fefledof barren rocky lands, which at prefent produce rimis. Lin. Sp. Plant. .196 Smooth Staff-tree with oval
no profit ; but if the feeds of this tree were fown entire leaves, Euonymus Virginianus, rotundifoliiis
thercw might turn out p;reatly to the advantage of , capfulis Coccirieis elegariter bullatis. Pluk. Aim.
their fuccefTofs, though the prefent pofleflbrs mould 139
not live to enjoy the profit \ but I fear there are few 2. Celastrus (Scandens) inermis, caule volubili foliis
of the gentlemen in tnofe iflands, who extend their ferrulatis. Lin. Sp, Plant. 285. Smooth Staff-tree v:ith
thoughts fo far, as to make provifion for the rifing a twining Jlalk^ whofe leave's are flightly piwed, Euony-.
generation-. : .yj .. ....,., j^l. i .. .
moides Canadenfis icahdens foliis ferratis, Ifnatd. Ac,
The third fort was difcovered by the late Dr. Plouf- : Reg. 1 71 6. *
_
r.'i !,'

toun at Campeachy, from whence he fent the feeds 3. Celastrus [Pyrdcanthus) ij>inis nudis,
to England, which fucceeded in feveral gardens-, biis, foliis acuhs. Hbrt. Cliff. 72. Staff^h
when the doftorobferved thefe trees, they were
firft [, Lycium
deftitute of leaves, but were loaded with ritpe fruit ^thiopicum pyracanthse foliis. Hort. Amft* i. p.
and on his fecond vifit to the place, he found the • - » '.I'
\i
!.. F -V L

trees in full verdure, but no appearance of flowers, ,

j
4, Celastrus (Buxifol
fo he was ^at a, lofs to kno^ what genus it beionged latis, foliis obtufis, Hort.
73. Staff-tree with Cliff.

to; but as the fruit of the trees agree exadly with leaves on the fpines^ angular branches and obtufe leaves, -i

thofe of the two former ipecies, fo I have ventured to Lycium Portoriceiife, Buxi foliis Mguftioribus. Pluk,
join it to them, j :;
'

Vl;-i ;>>J .... .:- . . ., ..

Aim. 234. tab. 202,, f. 3. , . ,

Thele ttees ufually rife to the height of.cighty feet, 5, Celastrus \Myrtifolius) mermis, foliis ovatis fer-
or upward, and divide into many large branches to- rulatis, ffdnbus racemofis caiite erefto. Hort. ClifF.
ward the top; garniftied with leaves, fomewhat re- 72. ^Staff-tree wi^^^^^^ ovdlfdwed leaves, fli

fembling thofe of the Witch Hazel, but are broader in long lunches' and, an ere^ ftatk. Myrtifolia
at their oafe, and cut angular at their top ; thefe are J
of an Alh-colour underneath, and are fet on the 2. p. 79. tab', i'93.
branches without any order the fruit of this tree is •, The firftgrows naturally in Virgima, ihd many
fort

much larger than that of the Barbadoes Cedar, being other parts of Noith America, where i^ rif^s to the
ihing height of eight or ten feet i but in England there are
top, where it terminates in a point, being upwards ,
j
few of them much more than half that height. It ,

alfo .
generally puts out two or three ftems from the root^
core, running lengthways through the fruit, to which which divide upward into feveral branches, covered
the winged leeds adhere as in th? two former but as •, with a brown bark, garnifhed with leaves near three
both their fruit are fmopth on th.e,9utfide, this differs I
inches long, and ^two broad, which are placed alter-
from them, in havin^ five angles running from the nately on the branches ; the flowers cpme out in loofe
bafe upward ; at each angte the fruit, when ripe. fpjkes at the end of the branches ; thefe are white.
feparates, and expofes the winged feeds, which are I made up of five oval petals, with a germen in the
diiperfed by the winds. center, attended by five ftamina: when the flowers
We have no account of the wood of this tree, whether fail off, the germen fwells to a three-cornered cap-

it ever ufed in buildings, or other purpofes, as

is fule, of a fcarlet cbloiir, fet full of fmall protuber-
there have been few perfons of any curiofity in that ances J this opens in three cells, each containing a
country, the cutters of Logwood being the chief hard oval feed, covered with a thin red pulp. This
people who inhabit there, from whom there can be July
little known of the produce. The plants which have in England.
been raifed from the feeds in England, have made It is propagated here by layers, which will take root
great progrefs for the two firft years, but afterward in one year; the young branches only are proper for
were but flow of growth \ for, in fix years more, they this purpofe, fo tnat where there is not any of thefe
did net flioot fo much as in the firft year from the near the ground, the main ftallcs fhould be drawn
feed, when they grew more than three feet high. T down, and faftened with pegs to prevent their rifing,
made feveral trials to propagate the trees by cuttings and the young fhoots from them fhould be laid. The
and layers, but without fuccefs ; fo that by feeds, beft time for doing this is in autumn, when they be-
fecms to be the only method of having them ; thefe gin to call their leaves, and by that time twelve-
may be raifed and managed in the fame manner as month they be fufficiently rooted, when they
will
the two foregoing forts, and with them conftantly fhould be cut from the^pld plant, and planted in a
kept in the bark-ftove. nurfery for two or three years to get ftrength after •,

CEDAR of BERMUDAS. \^ j
^See JuNiPERus.
which they muft be removed to the places wliere they
CEDAR of CAROLINA, ^

are to remain. This Ihrub grows naturally in moiit

;

CEDAR JAMAICA See Theobroma. places, fo will not thrive well in a dry foil. It is vcrj"
CEDAR ofLIBANUS. See Larix. hardy, and bears the cold of our wmters very well,
CEDAR ofLYCIA. Jt is alfo propagated by feeds, which are frequently
CEDAR ofPHCENICI A. See Tu brought from America; but as thefe rarely arrive
CEDAR ofVIRGINIA. here time enough to fow before the fpring, fo the
C E I B A. See Bombax. plants never come up the
year; therefore the feeds firft
CELASTRUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 3^2. Euonymoi- may be fown either in pots, or in a bed of loamy
des. Ifnard. Ac. R. Sc, 1716. The Staff-tree. earth, keeping them clean from weeds during the
The Characters are, fummer ; and^thofe in the pots fhould be placed in the
The flower hath a fr fliade till the, autumn, when the pots Ihould be either
five HHcqual Ihnt pi Ihefli plunged into the ground in a warm fituation, or
I placed
 ; ;;;

V;

frame, to prevent tKe frofl

common expofed to open air, and then plAced ;n a ilieit^rcj
tlie
placed under a
I

,*- J*
' •

penetrating through the fide of the pots and fituation till they have obtained ftrengtli, when
*'•
"from ;
J
thev
of thofe which are plunged in the fliould be leparated, and planted each m a ilnall
! P if the I'lirface pot
bed where the
alfo the feeds are fown filled with the fame earth, then placed in the
Vcround, and lli.vlc

covered with fome old tan from a decayed tillthey have taken frcih root ; aiter whicli they mx^'
•r' are lightly
,"",
will fecure the feeds from being hurt by be placed with other exotic plants in a iholrered fi-
hot-bed, it

In the Ipnng the plants will tuation till autumn, when they muft be houicd v/ir!\
i y fevere frofts.
muft be kept clean from weeds, and, it the plaints. and
J.
which i
;

feafon
'
proves dry, they (hould have water now and will require the fame treatment.
gready forward their growth. If This plant has been African Barberry by foinc
titled
^"then, which will
good progrefsthe fummer, they ignorant perfons, I fuppofe from the refcniblunce cf
v^- the plants make
firft

into a nurfery in autumn, other- its fruit to that of the Barberry.

.. <nay be tranfplanted
wife they fhould remain in the feed-bed till the fecond The fourth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
I
"
,,«o,. «,hfn tK,>v m.iv bs treated in the fame manner , Hope, from whence I received the feeds. This rifci
I A ., with a flender ligneous flialk to the height of ten or
..^.^as'the
t- layers. . .. :, t '

^ ^^\
^r^lie fecond out feveral ligneous
fort fends ftalks from twelve feet, covei-ed with a light Afh-coloured bark,
which arc flexible, and twift themfelves and full of joints, which are armed wich loiig fpines,
& .'the root,
about whatever trees and fhrubs grow near.them, or upon wliich grow many fmall leaves •, the branches
when they are at a diftance from fuch fupport, they . and arm.ed with the fame fpincs at every
are flender,

'•"twine about each other, and rife to. the height of -joint, but the whole plant is fo weak, as to require
T twelve or fourteen feet; but^ when they fallen them- fome fupport, without which they would fall to the
..^,

ground. The leaves come ''out in clufters withou:

- fclves about trees they will grow much taller, but
wherever this happens, their branches girt the trees any order, which are fliaped fomewhat l:ke thofe of
:i

fo clofcly, as in a few years will deilroy them. Thefe

'/ the narrow-leaved Box-tree, but are longer, and of

are garnifhed with leaves about three inches long, a loofe texture ; the branches are angular, and when

;
and near two broad, which are fawed on their edges, young their bark is whitifli. As I have not feen the
,

and placed alternately on the branches they are of •, flowers of this ftirub, I can 'give no farther Je-
- «
<
a lively green above, and paler on their under fide, fcription of it. -, ,

havino- feveral tranfverfe nerves from the middle to This rifes very eafily from feeds, and the plants make
-

•
the ficTe. ; The produced in fmall bunches
flowers are great progrcfs for I have ralfed them four feet high
•,

toward the end of the branches, which are of an hcr- in two years from feeds, without any artificial heat
- baceous colour, compofcd of five roundifli petals and fome of the plants have lived tliro' two winters
,
i:
. thefc are fucceeded by roundilh three-cornered cap- againfl: a fouth-eaft: wall, but thefe have fiied their

fules, which arc red when ripe, fprcad open in three

leaves in winter, whereas thofe which were removed
cells, difclofing the feeds in the lame
manner as our into the green-houfe have retained their verdure

common Spindle-tree. This flowers about the be- through the year.
It may be propagated by cuttings, which fliould be
J
The feeds of tliis fort generally ripen well m England, I planted in the fpring, and treated in the fame manner
'
and the plants may be propagated from the feeds, or as hath been direcT:cd for the former fort j or if the

by layers, in the fame manner as the former fort ; it young flioots arc laid, they will take root in one year,
delights in a flrong loamy foil, rather moifl: than dry, and^ may then be tranfplanted either into pots, or
1 and will grow in woods among other trees and fhrubs, againfl: a good afpefted wall, where I find they will
.

: where, when the fruit is ripe, they make a pretty ap- endure our ordinary winters without any protedion
:*^ pearance. It grows naturally all over North America, and if they are covered in fevere frofl:s, they may be
and is extreniely hardy. brought, when old, to live abroad without protection.
The dfird fort is a native of Ethiopia, from whence Thofe in pots will require a little flicker in winter,
the feeds brought to the gardens in llollarid,
were firfl: but fliould not be tenderly treated, for that will caufe
where the plants were propagated, and have been them to have weak branches, nor will the leaves have
communicated to mofl: of the curious gardens in fo much verdure, as when they are expofed to the
: Europe. /This rifes with an irregular fl:alk about
.,.
open air in mild weather.
, three or four feet high, fending out feveral fide 1 Jam
; branches, covered with brown bark, garniftied with Weft
leaves about two inches long, and more than half it rifes to the height of eighteen or twenty feet,
- an incli broad, fome of which are pointed, and others fending out many fide
branches, garniflied with leaves
areobcufe; they are fliiff, of a lucid green, and come fomewhat like thofe of the broad-leaved Myrtle, wliich
out irregular from the branches \ thele continue green arc flightly fawed on their edges ; the flowers come
> through the year. The flowers are produced from out from the fide of the branches in long bunches
the fides of the branches in loofe tufts, many of them they are white, and compofed of five petals, having
• trifing from one point, fl:anding upon long foot- five ftamina placed oppofite to them, and a germen
. ftalks i they are of an herbaceous white colour, com- in the center which is channelled \ this afterward be-
pofcd of five petals, which fpread open, and five comes a fruit, having five cells, each inclofing aa
Kpreading ftamina, w hich furround a fwelling gcrmen, oblong feed.
^-.
lupporting a tapering flyle, crowned by an obtufe I'hls plant is at prefent rare in England, for the feeds
. trifid ftif^ma-, the p;ernien afterward becomes an oval feiJom grow the year; therefore when the feeds
firft
mitt, ot a fine red colour, which opens in three cells, arrive here, they fliould be fown in fmall pots filled
; containing one oblong hard feed, the other two cells with light earth, and plunged into a tan-bed, wher
" ^ing generally empty. they fliould remain till the following fpring, v/hca
This plant is commonly propagated by cuttin^_ m
gs _.. tliey fliould be plunged into a frefli hot-bed ot tan-
' Europe, which is more expeditious than raifing them ners bark-, and if the pots are duly watered, the
from feeds, becaufe the feeds rarely come up the firfl: plants will appear in about a month artery when thefe
year. The cuttings may be
planted any time in are fitremove, they fliould be planted into k-pa-
to
fumn;er; but thofe which are planted early, will ha\ ^4^ rate finall pots, and plunged again into the tan-bed,
' niore time to get ftrength before winter. They bein^: careful to water and fliade them till thev have
.
mould be planted in fmall pots, v/hich will contain taken new root, after which they fliould be treated
four cuttings in each ; the earth of a kitchen garden, in the fame manner as otiier tender plants fromi tiic
'- v/hich is well cultivated, any for this
is as good as fiinie countries.
• purpofe. The pots fliould be then plunged into a CELERY or SALARY. See Apivm.
moderate hot-bed, and fliadcd from the fun every CELLS of plants [of Cell^E, Lat.'\ arc thofe partitions
day, and gently
refi-eflied with water now and then ;
or hollow places in die hufl^s or pods of plants, in
When they have taken root they mufl: which the feed contained.
be gradually is

II h h C E L O S I A.
 : ;

c
CELOSIA.nLm. Gen. Plant. Amaranthus.
255.' I . fpecks/ I^haVe railHgr^^^
cfillinft

Tourn. Inft. R. H. 234. tab. 118. Amaranth. from feeds which carftfe from Chi ancr other coun-
The Characters are,
*
"*^- '
tries, but have' geiferally found theit^ alter in a few

^he e^npahnent permanent^ dind compofed of three dry

is years, ri6twithfefidifig great care has te^n taken in
coloured leaves. The flower hath five ereR Jharp-pointed the faviftg of their feeds: the principal colours of
petals^ nvkich are permanent^ ftiff^ mid Jhaped like a '
their' heads are fedj' purple, yelloW, and white , but

flower-cup. It hath afmall ne^arium joined to the border I have HSd foitt^; Sffidfe h^ads ha^fe bft^ii variegated
cf the gerineny to v)hich adhm the five flamiHa, which with two or three feme fromedlotirs.' I alio raifed

m-e terminated by turning fimmits. Thi globular germen feeds which I received from Perfia^ whofc heads
fjfpcrts an upright fly le^ which is as long as theftamina^ were divided like'a ptlime of ft^tlLefs, which were
cnwned 'with afmglcfiigma. Thi empaJment dfte'rvsard '
of a t65utiful fcdHef colour, bxit thefe in a few
lf::mcs a glolular capjtili with one cell opening horizon- years degenerated: therefore I ftiall include all the
~
tdly\ coUainiv^ roundifls feeds. different varieties of Cockfcomb> iirider this general
,^kS.,.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fediori of '
title.
- . i

Linn.Tus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogyriia, The of the third fort were fent me from Ta-
feeds
inaica by the late' Dr. Houftoun. /This grows na-
'

the flower having five ftamina and dile ^' ' -

llyle. i

turally in moft ^'the Sugar Iflands.

''
The Species are, * " It riles with a

t. Celosia (Margaritacca) foliis oVatis ftipulis falcStis, weak ftalk near four feet high, garniihed with oblong
pedunculis angulatis, fpicis fcariofls. Lin. Sp. Plant. pointed leaves, which ftand oppofite at each joint.
•
297. Celq/Ia ivitb oval leaves^ a faukhion*Jhaped ftipulay The flowers eorrie out in lodfe panicles frohi the fide
and a rctigh fpike, Arnarahthus fpica albefcente habi- 6f^the ftallc'Si *aftd alfo at the ^nd 6f the branches
tiore, Martyn. Cent. 1. p. 7. -r ;::^ • ' '
> thefe dfe diYided into a great rivimber of very flender
;
1. CiaosiA (triflata) foliis lanceolato-pvatis recurvis fpikes, i^hich are of a pak yellow, ftiihing with x
fubundatis pedunculis angulatis, fpicis oblongis crif- giofs like filk.- The plants of this periflied in the
tatis. Lin. Sp. 297-. Celojiaivith ovalfpear-fljapedledves^ aiitiiffin, withMit fiferfedtirig their feeds, i

angular foot-flalksy and oblong cfcfled /pikes of flowers. The fourth fort I received from China -, this hath a

Amaranthus criftatus. Camen Epit. 792. Crefled furrowed ftalk, wJiicfe rifes three or four feet high,
^Amaranthy commonly called Cockfcomb. •'
^
•
garniihed #fth oval leaves which art fi^ eared at their
Celosia {Panicidata) foliis l^nceolato-ovatis, pani- • J
Erafe; tl^e fl:alk is terminated by ieveral fpikes of
3
cula diffufa filiformi. Flor, Virg. 144. Celofta njbith
»'
flowers which are varioufly formed, fome being
cval fpear-fhaped leaves^ and a flender diffufed panicle, crefted, others are plumed like feathers, of a bright
Amaranthus paniculSf 8*vicafite gracili Mofericea. fcarlet cblotir, fo make a: good appearance but th -,

Sloan. Hift. i. p. 14^". tab. 90. _ feeds of this when carefully faved, are apt to dege-

4 Celosia {Coccinea) foliis ovatis ftriftis inauriculatis, neratd.- V;

- ..';..-•' - '.
I

caule fulcato, fpicis nrtultiplicibus criftatis, Lin. Sp. The of hlinibleV

fifth fort i§ the leaves are
297. Celofia with oval leaves^ a furrowed ftalk^ and oval, fpear-ftiaped, ending in verj^ acute points; the
many crefled fpikes of flowers. Amaranthus panicula branches proceed fronri the wing§ of the leaves, al-
fpeciofa criftata. C. B. P. i2t. moft the length S( tlie ftalk, and are terminated by
5, Celosia [Cdflrenfls) foliis lanceolato-ovatis lineatis flender fpikes of flowers of no greait beauty, therefore
acuminatifljmis, Itipulis falcatis, fpicis criftatis. Lin. the' plant is- prelerved as a variety in the botanic
' ; -^A
Sp. 297. Celofla with ovah linear ^ fpear-fhaped^ acute-
.

gardefts^.-

pointed leaves^ and crefled fpikes offlowers. Amaranthus The grows naturally in Ceyldli'j'lt rifes with
fixth fort
vulgaris. Rumph. Amb. 5. p. 236. . a very white woolly ftalk from two to three feet
6. Celosia (iL^;/<2/^) foliis lanceolatis tomeritdns ofetufis, high,- garniflied with obtufe, fpeaf-fhaped, woolly
fpicis confcrtis, ftaminibus lanatis. Flor. Zeyl, 102. leaves ; from the upper patt of the ftalk cdhie out
Celbfia with fpear-fhaped^ obtvfcy woolly leaves^ and many two or three flender fide branches, which (as alfo the
fpikes offlowers having downy ftamina. principal ftalk) are terminated by woolly fpikes of
The firfl: fort here mentioned, grows naturally in flowers : thefe flowers are fo clofely trapped up ia
America, from whence I have frequently received their woolly enipalements, as to be fcaV'ce vifible to
the feeds. This rifes with an upright fl:alk about two the naked eye, fo they make no appearance ; but
"
feet high, garniflied with oval leaves ending in points, the extreme whitehefs of the ftalk, leaves, and fpike?^,
'
of a pale colour; thofe on the lower part being four iilalce a pretty Variety" among other tender plants

or five inches long, and one and a half broad in the during their continuance.
middle, but they diminifli gradually in their fize up- This plant is tender; the feeds ftiould be fown In tlie
ward. Toward the upper part of the ftalk, there are Ipring upon a hot-bed, and the plants fliould be
a few fide branches fent out which ftand ere£t each •, treated in the famti way as is direfted for the Cockf-
of which is terminated by a flender fpike of flowers, combs ; but when the plants are fully grown, they
and the principal ftalk is by one which
terminatecl ftiould beremoved into an airy glafs-cafe, where they
is much larger ; this is two or three inches long, and may be fcreened from cold and wet, but have fi'cc
about as thick as a man's middle finger, the whole air admitted to them in warm weather, otherwife
fpike being of a filvery colour. But there is a variety they will not perfeft t'heir feeds in this country.
of this with flender pyramidal fpikes, intermixed In order to have large fine Amaranths, great care
with red toward the top, the feeds of v/hich I re- fhould be, taken in the choice of the feeds ; for if they
ceived from Dr. Linnaeus, by the above title but I •,
are not carefully collefted, the whole expence and
am inclinable to think it is different from that which trouble of raifing them will be loft. "When you are
was figured by Dr. Martyn in his Decades of rare provided with good feeds, they muft be fown on a
plants, which I have cultivated many years in the hot-bed (which fliould have been prepared a few
Cheliea garden, and have never found it to vary. days before, that the violent heat may be abated)
I'he fpike of this is much thicker than that of Lln- about the beginning of March ; and in about a fort-
na^us's, and of equal fize the whole length-, whereas night's time (if the bed is in good temper) the planes
his diminiflies almoft to a point at tlie top, and the will rife ; but as they are tender when they firft ap-
colours of both are very different. This fort is an- '
pear, they require great care for a few days till
nual like the other Amaranths, and requires the ikmc they get ftrength; firft, in giving them a due pro-
culture. portion of air, to prevent their drawing up weak
The fecond fort is well known by its common an- and next to keep them from too great moifture, tor
pcUation of Cockfcomb, which was given to it from afmall fliare of moifture will caufe their tender ftems
the form of its crefted head of flowers refcmblino- a to rot in fowing tlie feeds, there fliould be cars
:

Cockfcomb; of this there are many varieties, v/hich taken not to put them too clofe, for when the plants
differ in their
form, magnitude, and colours ; but as come up in clufters, they frequently fpoil each other
they vary from feeds, they are not enumerated as for want of room to ";row ; in a fortnight or thrt^e
6 weetis
 weeks time the plants will be fit to remove, ^hen Let them at firft be fet near the flicker of a hed-^s
¥' '
.,,

prepare another hot-bed, covered with good for two or three days, where they may be
you muft fcrcen.^d
about four inches thick; which from the violence of the fun, and ilron^r winds, to
r
.,*
rich light earth,
few k may have a proper v/hich they muft be inured by degrees
fliould1)e made a days, that thefr plants,
:

temperature of heat ; then raife up the young plants when grown to a good ftature, perfpire very freely^
your finger, fo as not to break off the tender and muft be every day refreflied wich water, if the
'
with
prick them into the new hot-bed about weather proves hot and dry , otherwife they v/i'll ftunt,
%: roots, and
.

inches diftance every way, giving them a gentle and never produce their plumes fo fine as they would
four "

I. .watering to fettle the earth to their roofs:

but in do if taken care of.
(doing this, youn This is the proper management, in order to have fine
1 to the ground by hafly watering, which Amaranths; which, if rightly followed, and the
rarely rife again, or at leaft fo as to recover their kinds are good, in a favourable feafon, will produce
1- former ftrength in a long time, but very often rot in wonderful large and are the greateft or-
fine heads,

-: the Items, and die quite away. ^

/ ^
nament to a good garden for upwards of two months:
"After the plants are thus planted," they muft be by this method, 1 have had plants five or fix feet
'
r

iv Screened from the fun till they have taken frefh root -, high, with crefts near a foot in breadth and I am-,

but as there is generally a great fteara rifing from the perfuaded, if the kind is good, (and there is no v/ant
fermentation of the dung, which condenfes to wet of dung, or conveniencies) in a kindly feafon, they
Clr:

t. againft the glaffes,- and this dropping upon the will grow much larger.

V ..' J *H#1
plants, very frequently deftroys them ; fo the glafles By the middle or latter end of September, the Ama-
^

ihould be frequently turned in the day-time, whenever ranths will have perfefted their feeds, fo that you
i,

;.t

the weather will permit 5 but if the weather happens muft make choice of the largeft, m'oft beautiful, and
r to. prove bad, that you cannot turn your glafles, it branching plants of each kind for feed ; w^hich
j.eaft

will be of great fervice to your plants, to wipe off all you fliould remove under Ihelter, (efpecia]ly if the
V
the moifture two or three times a day with a woollen weather proves wet, or the nights frofty) that the
When I
feeds may be perfeftly ripened in the choice thereof,
•,

n
your plants are firmly rooted, and begin to 'grow, be fure never to take any feeds from fide branches,
j

you muft obferve to give them air every day (rriore I nor from the neck of the plume, but fuch only as are
i 1
5 *\'
or lefs, as the weather is cold or hot) to prevent produced in the middle thereof, which in many plants.
^ weakens perhaps, may be" but a fmall quantity; bur I do
ftems. .' ^ ilTure you, it is thofe only you carl depend upon, to
In aboiit a or five weeks thefe plants will have
month have your kinds good the fucceeding year.
*
grown fo as to meet ; therefore ftiould have another C ELSI A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 675. The name was
Jiot-bed, which Ihould be of a moderate temper, and given to this plant in honour of Dr. Olaus Cclfius,
covered with the fame rich earth about fix inches profeflfor of philofophy and theology in the univerfity
-I

thick, in which they fhould be planted (obferving to of Upfal, in Sweden, by Dn Linnaeus. have no We
take them up with as much earth about their roots as Englifli name for it.
pofTible) at or eight inches diftance every way,
kvcn The Characters are,
giving them fbme water to fettle the earth about 1( hath an oltufe permanent empalement^ which
-
is as lon^
their roots ; but be very careful not to water them as the petals divided at the top into jive parts. The
heavily, fo as to bear down the plants, (as Was be- flower is of one leaf with a very Jhort tube^ fpread open
fore direfted) knd keep them ftiaded in the heat of above^ and cut into five unequal parts ; the two upper
the day, until they have taken frefli root ; and be being fmall^ and the under larger. It hath four hairy
fure to refrefli them often (but gently) with water, fiamina^ which incline toward the upper fcgmcnts of the
and give them air in proportion to the heat of the petaly tivo of which are longer than the petals and two
weather, covering the glafl^es with mats every night, are of the fame lengthy terminated by fmall rcundrfh fum-
left the cold chill your beds, and ftop the growth of mits. In the center isfituated a roundifh germen^ fupport-
the plants. ing ajlender Jlyle^ crowned by an obttife ffigma. The
' ,
r. '-

May germen afterward becomes a rcundifh capfiik ccmpreffed at

> bed, which Ihould be covered with a deep frame, the top^ fitting upon the empalement^ having two cells
J that your plants may have room to grow: upon this which are filled with fmall angular feeds.
-
C 1
r hot-bed, you muft fet as many three-penny pots as This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feflion
.
can ftand within the compafs of the frame; thefe of Linnaiius's fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia
r
-
pots muft be filled with good rich earth, and the ca- Anglofpermia, the flower having two long and two
> ' -
between each pot filled up with any common
vities fliort itamina, and the feeds being included in a
V earth, to prevent the heat of the bed from evaporat- capfule.
f Jng,
and fiUing tlie frame with noxious fteanis ; then, There is but one Species of this genus at prefcnt
t I
*
- I

.; with a trowel, or fome fuch inftrument, take up known, which is,

L< '.
i
your plants (from the former hot-bed) with as much Celsia [Orientalis) foliis duplicato-pinnatis. Hort. Clifi\
earth as pofilble to the roots, and place each fingle 321. Cel/ia with double winged leaves, Verbafcum
middle of one of the pots, filling the pot
plant in the orientale Sophia folio. Tourn. Cor. 8. Eaftern Mullein
1'
'

up with the earth before defcribed, and fettle itclofe with a Flixivecd leaf
to the root of the plant with your hands ; water them This plant grows naturally in Armenia, from whence
> .gently, as before, and ftiade them in the heat of the Dr. Tournefort fcnt the feeds to the royal garden at
day from the violence of the fun, by covering the Paris, w^here they fucceeded, and have been fince
glafTes with mats; refrefli them often with water, communicated to moft parts of Europe. In its na-
and give them a good quantity of air in the day- tural place of growth, this is an annual but in ;
^'-
L-
"time. England it will rarely ripen its feeds, linlcfs the
t

In about three weeks more, thefe plants will have plants come up in the autumn and live through the
grown to a confiderable fize and ftrength, fo that you winter.
muft now raife the glafles very much in the day-time; It fends out many oblong leaves, which are finely
and when the air is foft and the fun is clouded, draw divided almoft to the mid-rib on both iides ; thcie
off the glafles, and expofe them to the open air, and lie flat on the fuiface of the ground, and from the
repeat this as often as the weather willpermit; which center arifes a roundifii herbaceous ftalk near two fc^t
will harden them by degrees, high, garniflied the whole length wath leaves o{ the
to be removed abroad
into the places where they fame but diminifl:iing in their fize gradually
are to remain the whole fliape,
feafon but it is not advifable to fet thefe plants out
;
to the top thefe are placed alternately, and at the
:

until a week in
Julv, cbierving to do it when the air foot-ftalk of each come out the flowers, more than
IS perfeaiy foft, and if roflible, in a gentle fhower half the length of the ftalk, v.'hich are of an iron co-
of tain. .

lour on their outfide, but pale ydlov/ within, fpread-

ing*
 : ;

c
ing open like thofe of the common Mullein, but are *
duced but was never propagated in this coun-
fruit,

nut ib regular ; the fliort tube being turned down- try; nor were there any young plants of this kind in

ward, and die lower fcgmcnts being larger than the the garden, till about fourteen years ago, when I pro •

upper, and the ftaminabeingunequal, have occasioned cured a good quantity of the truit from Italy, which
Linnaeus to remove it to his ringent flowers. The I communicated to feveral of my friends.

fced-vefiel is round, comprefied, and hath two cells This tree rifes with an upright ftem to the height
filled with fmall feeds. It flowers in June, and the of forty or fifty. feet, lending out many flencicr
feeds ripen in September if the feeds of this plant
:
branches upward, which have a fmooth dark coloured
are fown upon a warm dry border as foon as they are bark) with foirie fpots of gray ; thefe are garnillied
ripe, the plants will often come up and live through with leaves placed alternately, which are near four
the winter, provided the foil is poorj for in .rich inches long, and about two broad in the middle,
ground they are apt to grow, rank, and then they are ending in long fharp points, and deeply fawed on
generally deftroyed by the early frofts, or wUl rot their edges, having feveral tranfverfe veins which

with much wet ; but if the plants Ihould not rife the ^re prominent on their under fide. The flowers come

fame autumn, there will be little hazard of their out from the wings of the leaves all along the
growing the following fpring. When the plants come branches-, they have a male and an hermaphrodite
up, they will require no other care but to keep them flower generally at the fame place, the male flowers
clean from weeds, and thin them if they are too clofe; being fituated above die others thefe have no petals :

for they do not bear removing well, fo fhould be fown but a green herbaceous empalement, fo make no ,

where they are intended to remain. ! '

figure ; they come out in the fpring, at the fame time
I have fomedmes, when the feafons have proved when the leaves make their firft appearance, and
warm, had ripe feeds from plants fown in the fpring; generally decay before the leaves have grown to half
but this cannot be depended on, therefore it is much their magnitude. After the flowe;-^ are paft, die
better to fow the feeds in autumn. - ;
germen of the hermaphrodite flowers become a round
CELTIS. Tourn. Lift. R. H. 612, tab. 383. Lin. berry about the fize of a large Pea, which, when ripe,
.Gen. Plant. 1012. The Lote or Nettle-tree, in is black. ,
,- ; .- •

Trench Micocoulier. r. 'J

all : r^
The fecond fort grows naturally in North America
The Characters are. ^. -i.'fl** «'i it delights, in moift rich foil, in which it becomes a

flo'Wers on the fame tree very large tree. This rifes with a ftrait ftem, whicli
the hermaphrodite flo^wers are Jij^g^e^ ^^d Jituated above in young fmooth and of a dark colour, but
trees is

the male, The empalement of the hermaphrodite flower as they advance, it becomes rougher and of a lighter

is divided into five parts^ in which there are no petals^ ereen.

t5
The branches are much diffufed on every
-

hut five fhort flamina ter7ninated hy thick quadrangular fide, and are garniftied with oblique oval leaves,

fummitSy which have four furrows. In the center is ft- ending in points, fawed on their edges ; they are
tuated an oval germen^ fupporting two reflexed flyles placed alternately on tne
the branches,
Drancnes, witU
with pretty
crowned hy a fingle fligma, 'The germen afterward becomes long foot-ftalks.' The flowers come out oppofite to
a round berry with one cell, inclofing a roundijh nut. Th 1/ the leaves, upon pretty long foot-ftalks ; the male
male flowers have their empalements divided into fix parts^ flowers ftanding above the hermaphrodite as in the
and have no germen or Jtyle^ but in ether parts like the odier fpecies ; after thefe decay, the hermaphrodite
hermaphrodite. flowers are fucceeded by roundifti berries, v/hich are
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feflion of fmaller than thofe of the firft fort, and when ripe,
Linnseus's twenty-third clafs, intitlcd Polygamia Mo- are of a dark purple colour.' This tree flowers in
noecia, from the fame tree having male and herma- May Of this fort
phrodite flowers. "..
there are feveral pretty large trees in the Englilh
The Species are, gardens, fome of which produce great quantities of
I. Celtis (Jujiralis) foliis lanceolatis acuminatis, fer- fruit annually, which in favourable feafons come to
ratis', nervofis. Nettle-tree with fpear-fhaped pointed maturity, fo that from thefe feeds there have been
which are veined and fawed on their edges. Celtis
leaves, plants raifed ; and there are few years, in which there
fruftunigricante. Tourn. Inft. 612. Lote-tree with a is not fruit of this fort fent from America, whereby

Mack fruit, it is now become pretty common in the Engllfh nur-

J. Celtis (Occidentalis) foliis obliquc-ovads, ferratis, feries. •

acuminatis. 1044. Nettle-tree with

Lin. Sp. Plant. This tree is late in coming out in the fpring, but in
oblique, oval, pointed leaves, which are fawed on their recompenfe for that, it continues as long in beauty
edges. Celtis fru6tu obfcure purpurafcente. Inft. R. in the autumn, for it is the lateft in fading of any
H. 6x2. Lote-tree with a dark purple fruit. of the deciduous trees ; nor do the leaves alter their
3. Celtis {Orientalis) foliis ovato-cordatis, denticulatis, colour long before they fall, but continue in full
petiolis brevibus. -
Nettle-tree with oval heart-fhaped verdure till within a few days of their dropping oft;
leaves, flightly indented, and fljort foot-flalks. Celtis and, fo foon as they begin to fall, the trees will in
orientalis minor, foliis minoribus &: crallioribus, fruftu a few days be quite deftitute of leaves, fo that the
flavo. Inft. Cor. 42. Smaller Eaftern Lote-tree with litter which their falling leaves occafion, mav be
and thicker leaves, and a yellow fruit.
fmaller fooner cleared away, than that of any other deciduous
4 Celtis {Americana) foliis oblongo-ovatis, obtufis. tree,. There beauty in the flowers or fruit of
is little

nervofis, fuperne glabris, fubtus aureis. Nettle-tree this tree \ but, as the branches are well clothed with
with oblong, obtufe, nervous leaves,^ which are fnooth on leaves, which are of a fine green colour, the tree.s,
their upper furface, and of a gold colour beneath. Celtis when mixed with others in wilderneiTes, ma!;.e a
fubcus aureo, frudu rubro. Plum. Cat. 18.
foliis citrii pleafing variety during the, fummcr feafon. The
Lote-tree with Citron leaves, of a gold colour on their under wood of this tree being tough and pliable, 13
fdc, and a red fruit. efteemed by coachmakers for the frames of their car-
The firft grows naturally in the fouth of France,
fort riages.
in Spain and Italy, where it is one of the largeft trees The was difcovcred by Dr. Tournefort in
third fort
of thofe countries : yet this is not fo plenty in Eng- Armenia, from whence he lent the fruit to t!;e royiJ
land as the fccond, nor do I remember to have kzw garden at Paris, where tliey fucceeded, and t!ie trees,
. but two large trees of this fort in the Englifli gardens; which were there railed, have produced fruit for
one of which was formerly growing in the Bilhop of feveral years, fo that moll of the curious gardens in
London's garden at Fulhani, but was cut down fome Europe have been furniftied with it from thence.
years paft, with many other curious exotic trees, It riles with a ftem about ten or twelve feet high,
which were there growing in great pcrfeftion the : dividing into many branches, which fpread horizon-
otiicr v/as in the garden of Dr. Uvedale at Enfield, tally on every fide, having a fmooth grecnilli bark,
which was there ftanding a few years ago, v/Iien I garnifned vyith leaves about an inch and a half long,
paid a vifit to that place, which had frequently pro- and near an inch broad, inclining to a hcart-fnape.
*h
b 1
 ; "

N . \>
* - »
N
-'-
'W are' oblique, one of the ears of "the
they
bafe
are
being
of a
removing, which will be a great prejudice to their
future growth,
fmaller and lower than the other;
« thicker texture than thofc of the conimon fort, and Thefe forts are hardy enough to thrive in the open air
' branches, in England, after they are become ftrong; but for'
'
of a paler green, placed alrernate on the
'/ and have fhort foot-ftalks. The flowers come out the two lirft winters after they come up from feeds,
* from the foot-llalks uf the leaves, in the fame: manner
^ they require a little protedion, efpecially the third
V fts the former, and are fuccceded by oval yellow bcr-
-
fort, which is tenderer than either of the former. The

'^-*
lies, which, when fully ripe, turn of a darker co- young plants of this fort frequently have variegated
lour. The wood of this tree is very white,^ '
'
leaves, but thofe are more Impatient of cold than the
'•^'
yjiefe trees are all propagated by fecds,^which fhould plain leaved.
be
-^;^ fown foon after they are ripe, when they can be The fourth fort was firft difcovered by father Plumier,
V procured at that feafon, for thefe frequently come up
'
in the French iflands of
America ; and it was fo«nd
•- the following fpring; whereas, thofe which are fown growing in Jamaica, by Dr. Houftoun, who fent the
/:
in the fpring, will not come u^ till a twelvemonth feeds to England. This rifes with a ftrait trunk
after : therefore it is the bell way to Tow them in pots near twenty feet high, covered with a gray bark, di-
they'may be eafily removed, for thofe
<)r tubs, that "yided into many branches upward, garnifhed with
'4^ which are fown in the fpring mould be placed in a .Reaves near four inches long, and two and a half
H ihady fituation in fummer,'''and conftantly kept clean
*
'broad, rounded at their extremity, of a thick texture,
, r from weeds ; but in autumn they Ihould be placed in; "
very fmooth on their upper furface, and on their un-
;;^^ a warm fituation, plunging the pots into the ground
der fide are of a lucid gold colour, placed alternately
'f "and if they are covered over with a little tan from a 'on the branches. The fruit is round and red, but
decayed hot-bed, it will prevent the froft from pene- the flowers I have notfeen.
trating the earth to injure the feeds ; and if thefe The feeds of this fort rarely come up the firft year,
•-

pots are placed on a gentle hot-bed in the fpring, it

_ ^
fo they may be fowed
and plunged into the
in pots,
will greatly forward the vegetation of the feeds, tan-bed in the ftove, where they fliould remain till
whereby the plant§ will have more time to get ftrength the plants corhe up. Thefe plants muft be conftantly
before the winter but when the plants appear above : kept in the bark-ftove, and treated in the fame man-
ground they mufl have a large fhare of air admitted ner as other tender exotics.
to them, otherwife they will draw up weak ; and as C E N T AU R E A? Lin. Gen. Plant. 880. Centaurium
foon as the weather is warm, they muft be expofed majus. Tourn, Inft. R. H. 449. tab. 256. Jacea,
to the open air, and in fummer they tnuft be con- Tourn. 443. Cyanus. Tourn. 445. Greater Centaury,
ftantly kept clean from weeds ; if the leafbn proves Knapweed, Blue Blottle, &c.
^ry, they will require water two or three times a The Characters are,
Week. In autumn it will be prope/ to remove the ,
// hatb a compound fower^ whofe dijk compofed of manf is

pots, and place them under a hot-bed frame, to fhel- hermaphrodite florets^ and the borders or rays of female
ter them in winter from fevere froft ; or where there florets^ 'which are larger and loofer \ thefe are included
is not that convcniency, the pots fhould be plunged in a common^ rcundifh^ fcaly empalement the herma^ -,

into 'the ground near a wall or hedge ; and as the phrodite florets have narrow tubes^ fuelling at the top^
M plants, when young, are full of fap,' and tender, the . and cut into five parts
have five fhort hairy fta-
'^ thefe
K early frofls in autumn frequently kill the upper part mina^ terminated ty cylindrical fummits : the germen is
P-*
of the flioots ; therefore tKe plants fhould be either Jituated under the petals fupporting a fknder flyk^ crown^
covered with mats, 6r a little flraw or Peafe-haulm el with an obttifeftigma. i'he germen afterward becomes
laid over thern to proted them. a fingle feed fhut up in the empalement. The female
\

In the following fpring the plants fhould be taken florets have a fender tube, but expands above, where
out of the feed-pots, and planted in the full ground : it is enlarged, and cut into five unequal parts thefe are -y

this fhould be done about the middle or latter end of barren.

March, when the danger of the" froft is over ; there- This genus of plants is ranged in the third feftion
fore a bed Of two fhould ht prepared (according to of Linri^us's nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Po-
the number of plants i-aifed) in a fheltered fituation, lygamia Fruftanea; the flowers of this fe^iion have
and, if poffible, in a gentle loanny foil. ' The ground their diflc and middle compofed of herm.aphrodite flo-
S: mud be and cleared from the roots of
well trenched, rets, which are fruitful, and their borders of female
bad weeds, and when levelled, fhould be marked out abortive florets.
•I

z f
in lines at one foot diflance ; then the plants flaould The Species arc,
' '^be cai^efully turned out of the pots and feparated, 1. Cjentaurea [Jlpina) calycibus inermibus, fquamis
* foas not'to tear their roots, and planted in the lines ovatis obtufis, foliis pinnatis glabris incegerrimis im-
:
'-at fix inches afunder, preffing the earth down clofe to parl ferrato. Hort. Clifi\ 421. Centaury with an em-
^^
tSe roots. If the ground is very dry when they are palement without fpines, oval obtufe and fmooth
fcales,
and there is no appearance of'^rain foon, it will
planted, winged leaves, ivhich are entire. Centaurium alpinum
be proper to water the beds, to fettle the ground to luteum. C. B. P. 117. Yellow Alpine Centaury.
•; the roots of the plants; and after this, if the fur- 2. Centaurea (Centaurium) calycibus Inermibus, fqua-
* face of the ground is covered with fome old tan or mis ovatis, foliis pinnatis, foliolis ferratis decurren-
rotten dung, it will keep it moift, and prevent
the tibus. Hort. Chtf. 421. Centaury with an empalement
tliying winds from penetrating to the rbots
*-..
of the without fpines, oval fcales, and winged leaves, whofe
plants. Centaurium
lobes are fawed, and run along the midrib.
.' ^^^^ following fummer, the neceflary care mufl be to majus, folio in lacinias plures divifo. C. B. P. 117, '

them conftantly clean from weeds but after the •,

Greater Centaury with a leaf divided into many parts.
plants are pretty well eftabliflied in the ground, they 3. Centaurea {Glaftifolia) calycibus fcariofis foliis in-
' will not require any v/ater, efpecially toward the lat- divifis Hort. Cliff. 421.
integerrimis decurrentibus.
ter end of fummer, for that will occafion their late Centaury with a fcaly empalement, and undivided entii'e
rowth, whereby they will be in great danger of fuf-
leaves running along theftalks. Centaurium majus orl-
ering by the autumn frofts
; for the more any of entale ereftum, glafti folio, flore luteo, Tourn. Cor,
thefe young trees are ftopped in their growth by 32. Com. Rar. Plant. '^(), Upright, eafiern, greater Cm-*
drought towards autumn, the firmer
will be their tex- taury, with a Woad leaf and a yellow flower.
ture, fo better
able to bear the cold. 4. Centaurpa {Stiebe) calycibus ciliatis oblongis, fo-
I he plants
may remain in thefe nurfery-beds two liis pinnatifidis Prod. Leyd.
linearibus integerrimis.
years by which time
they will have obtained fuffici- 1 40. Centaury with oblong hairy eynpakmcnts, and winged
ent llrength to
be tranfplanted where they are de- pointed leaves, which are very narrow and entire. Stae-.
Iigned to remain for
good, becaufe thefe plants ex- be incana, cyano fimilis tenuifolia. C. B. P. Hoary
''oo^s wide every way, they
fo that if Stcfbe tvith the appearance of Blue Bottle^ and a narro-w
A^Vi
itand long m the nurfery, their roots will be Cut in leaf
I i i 5, CCNTAV-
 , ' •

i
G - •
N
J

D 44. Greater Centaury with a Jojt^ pointed^ cut leaf., and

1

mentofis, radicalibus lanceolatis, caulinis pinnatifidis ^ a large golden Jower^ with a prickly empalement,
caule fimplici. Prod, Leyd. 142. Centaury with a fcaly 17. Centaurea {Orientalis) calycibus fquamato-ciliatis,
empdcnicnty voolly leaves^ thofe the root being pinnis lanceolatis. Lin. Sp. Plant*
foliis pinnatifidis,

.fpcar-JIoapccU thofe on the ftalk pointedy and a fmgk ftalk 913. Centaury with hairy Jcales to the empalement., win?--
Centuurcum majus incaniim, humile, capite pini pointed leaves, whoje lobes are JpearJIjaped. Cyanus
Tourri. Infl. R. H. 469. :f.
foliis radicalibus partim Integris, partim pinnatis,
tcmy-i ivitb a heed like a Pine cone^' bractea calycis ovali, flore fulphureo. Hall. A6t. Phil.
f>, Cv.NTA\jRZA {Moi7tam) calycibus ferratis, foliis lan-
ceolatis decurrentibus, caule fimpirciffimo. Hort.ClifF, 18. Centaurea {Argentea) calycibus ferratis, foliis to-
422 fau?ed empalementSy fpear-Jh^ mentofis, radicalibus pinnatis, foliolis uniauritis. Lin.
running lecves, and a ftngle fialh Cyanus montanus Sp. 1290. Centaury with Jawed empalements.^ woolly
lacifolius. fc. Verbafculum Cyanoides. C. B. P. 273. leaves^ thoje near the root winged, and the lobes eared.
Jacea Cretica laciniata argentea, flore parvo flavef-
,7
m< cente. Tourn. Cor. 31.
lincari-lanceolatis decurrcntibus, caule fimplici. Cen- 19. Centaurea (Sempervirens) calycibus ciliatis, foliis
taury ivith Jawed empaleraentSy very narrow^ fpear-Jhapedy lanceolatis ferratis, inferioribus haftatis. Lin. Sp,
running leaves^ and a Jingle foot -fialL Cyanus angufti- "1291. Centaury with a hairy empalement, Jpear-Jhaped
ore folio & longiore Bclgicus, H. R. Par. Narroyoer Jawed leavesy and thoJe near the root halbert-Jhaped, Jacea
^"
and longer leaved Belgick Blue Bottle, *
Lufitanica fempervircns. '

•8. Centaurea (iWb/ti'rt/^) calycibus 'inermibus, fubro- 20. Centaurea (Splendens) calycibus fcariofis obtufis.
* «

tundis glabris, fquamis ovatis, foliis lyrato-dentatis. foliisradicalibus pinnatifidis, caulinis pinnatis denti-
Horc. Cliff- 421, Centaury with unarmed^ roundijh^ bus lanceolatis. Prod. Leyd. 142. Centaury with a rough
JntGGth enipalcmerJSy oval Jcales, and Jinuated leaves, Cya- obtuje empalement, the radical leaves wing-pointed, and
nus floriJus odoratus, Turcicus'five orientalis major. thoJe 071 the ftalk winged, Jpear-Jhaped^ and indented.
Park. Thcar, 42 1 Szveet oriental Cyanus^ commonly Jacea caliculis argenteis major. Infl:. R, H. 444.
called S'jject Sidcan, 21. Centaurea {Romana) calycibus palmato-fpinofis,
'9. Centaurea {Ankrbci) calycibus Inermibus,' fubro- foliisdecurrcntibus Inermibus, radicalibus pinnatifidis,
tundis, glabris, fquamis oy^tis obtufis, foliis lacinia- imparl maximo. Hort. Cliff. 423. Centaury with a
tis ferratis. Centaury with roundi^^ JmoothJ unarmed pahnated Jpiny empalement, Jmooth running leaves, thoJe
empalcmentSy cval ohtuje Jcales^ and cut leaves^ which ' near the root wing-pointed, and a large terminating lobe.
ere Jawed ofi their edges, Cyanus orientalis flore luteo Jacea fplnofa Cretica. Zan. 141.
Hifl:.
fiftulofo. Ac. R. Par. ^^, Eajlern Cyanus with a yellow 22. Centaurea {Sph^rocephala) calycibus palmato-fpi-
-
JJluIar fiower^ commonly called yellow Sweet Sultan. nofis, foliis ovato-lanceoTatis petiolatis dentatis. Horc,
10. Centaurea (C)w/?/^) calycibus ferratis, foliis linea- Cliff: 423. Centaury with a palmated prickly empalement^
ribus integerrimis, infimis dentatis. Hort. Cliff. 422. and oval, Jpear-Jhaped, indented leaves, having Joot*
Cattaury with Jawed empalements^ very narrow entire ftalks. Jacea fphasrocephala fpinofa Tingitana. H. L»
leaves indented below, '
Cyanus fegetum. C. B. P. 273. 332.-
'
Corn Blue Bottle. 23. Centaurea (£nd?pi&(7r^) calycibus duplicato-fpino-

J I. Centaurea (L/p^//) calycibus Inermibus, fquamis fis femidecurrentibus integris finuatif-

lanatis, foliis
mucronatis, foliis pinnatifidis obtufis decurrcntibus. que caule prolifero. Hort. Upfal. 272I Centaury whojt
Lin. Sp. Plant. 910. Centaury with unarmed empale- empalement is downy and doubly armed with Jpines^ run--
Jcales ning leaves, Jome entire, others fmuated^ and a cbilding
obttjt M ftalk. '-'.. .. . : .;
•
. , .

gypticus flore parvo purpureo, caule alato. D. Lipp. 24. Centaurea {Benedi£la) calycibus duplicato-lpino-
J'mall purple fli fis femidecurrentibus den-
lanatis involucratis, foliis
edftalL ticulato-lpinofis. Lin. Sp. 1296. Centaury whoJe em-
Centaurea {Cineraria) calycibus ciliatls terminali-
• - T 9 *
palement is downy and doubly armed with Jpines, running
feffilibus, foliis tomentofis pinnatifidis, lobis acutis. leaves with indentures, terminating in Jpines, Carduus
Ilort. Cliff. 422. Cent amy with hairy empalements clojely Benedidlus. Canter. Epit. 562. Blejfed Thiftle,
terminating the flalks^ woolly leaves with winged points^ There are many other fpecies of this genus, which
and the fegments very narrow. Jacea montana candi- are preferved in botanic gardens for the fake of varie-
diifima. Stashes foliis. C. B. P. 273. White Mountain ty 5 fome of which grow naturally in England, and
Knap-ivced with a St^ehe leaj, are often troublefome weeds in the fields, fo do not
13. Centaurea (i?.^^?^;?^^) calycibus ciliatis, foliis to- deferve a place in gardens -, therefore I chofe not to
mentofis pinnatifidis, foliolis obtufis ovatis integerri- trouble the reader with mentioning their titles, but
mis cxtcrioribus majoribus. Hort. Cliffy 422. Centaury have here feledted thofe fpecies which have fome
with hairy e:npalements^ woolly leaves with wingedpoints^ beauty to recommend them.
the Jmall leaves oval andcbtufc^ the outer larger, Jacea The firfl; grows naturally upon the Alps. This
fort
arborca argcntea Ragufina. Zan. Hifl:. 107. Silvery- hath a perennial root, which ftrikes deep into the
tree Knapweed cj Rrgija, ground, fending out a great number of long, winged,
14. Centaurea [Napijclia) calycibus palmato-fpinofis, Imooth leaves, of a glaucous colour-, the ftalks rife
foliis decurrcntibus radicalibus Prod. Leyd. lyratis. near four feet high, and divide upward into many
141 fpinous empalements^ and branches, garniflied with fmall leaves of the fame
Jiniiatcd prickly leaves running along the fialks. Jacea form as the lower; each of thefe ftalks is terminated
cyanoides altera, alato caule. Herm. Par. 1S9. Ano- by a fingle head of yellow flowers, compofed of many
ther Knapzveed like Cyanus., with a winged Jlalk. florets ; thofe which occupy the diflc are hermaphro-
5. Centaurea {Rhnpontica) calycibus fcariofis, foliis dite, but thofe of the ray are female. This flowers
ovato-oblongis dcnriculatis integrispetiolatis, fubtus in June and July, and, in dry feafons, will perfeft
tomentofis. Hort. CliiF. 421. Jlentaury with Jcaly ern- their feeds in autumn," It may be propagated either
palements., cvaU cbkng^ indented^ having
entire leaves^ by feeds, or by parting their root? in the autumn,
/ woolly underneath. Centaurlum majus, fo- btring careful not to divide the roots too fmall. The
lio helenii incano. Tourn. Infl. 449. Greater Centaury feeds fliould be fown on a bed of light
in the fpring
with a white Elecampane Ice
J. 'earth; and when the plants are fit to remove, they
16. Clntaurea {Peregrina)calycibus fetaceo-fpinofis, fliould be tranfplanted into a bed of frefli earth fix
foliis lanceolatis petiolatis, interne dentatis. Hort. inches afunder, in which place they fliould remain
Cliff. 423. Centaury voitb hrijlly prickly empalements^ til! autumn, when they fliould be planted where they

-/' leaves^ with Joct-Jialks indented beneath. are defigned to remain.

Centaurium m?jus folio moUi acuto laciniato, flore The fecond fort Hands in the lift of medicinal plants
aurco magno, calyce fpinofo. Boerli. Ind. alt. i. p. I of the college, but is very rarely ufedj the root is
reckont;d
 N, N
reckoned to be binding, and good for all kindi of fo well known need no defcription ; the roots of
as to
I
ule to heal wounds. This grows this fort creep under ground to a
fluxes, and of great great diftance,
on the mountains of Italy and Spain it hath -, wlierebytheplant propagates too fafl, and often be-
naturally
1,

the former fort, from

a^rtrong perennial root like May
^
which come out a great number of long winged leaves, J
'

'which fprcad wide on every fide, of a lucid green, The feventh fort differs from the eighth, havin or in
'''and fav/cd on their edges the flower-Italks are flen-
•,
much longer and narrower leaves, which are not lo
"'^der, but very ftiff, and divide upward into many white, the heads of flowers are alfo fmaller; but
'
'fmallerfoot-ftalksi thefe, together v/ich theotherflalks, whether this is only a variety from the other, I cannot
having at each
feet high, joint one determine, having never raifed either from feeds ; for
\ Crile live or fix
.'
winged leaf of the fame form with the other : thefe plants fpread very much by their creeping roots,
...injall

)!' each of tliefe foot-italks is terminated by a fingle head which renders them barren, as is frequently the cafe
-'
flowers, which are confiderably longer with many other creeping rooted plants, few of which
of purplllli
'*i
.tiian the empalement. I'his fort flowers in July, and produce feeds : however, this plant
has always re-
r" in very warm dry feafons will produce ripe feeds m tained .its diflxTence from the year 1727, when I
may be propagated by parting of the firft brot^ght it to England ; and as it propagates fa
Ij inj^Iand. It

rooTs in the fame manner as the former fort, and the fafl:, it is nov/ become almofl as plenty in the gar-
.

lants mud be treated in the fame way, but fliould dens, as the common broad leaved fort. This is
e more room to grow, therefore it is not proper equally hardy, and may be planted in any foil or fi-
for fmall gardens ; but in large open borders, or to tuation, where many other forts will not thrive, and
•I
intermix in open quarters with other tall growing during continuance in flower will make a variety
its

..plants, this will make a variety. in the garden.

The was difcovered by Dr. Tournefort in

third fort The eighth fort is annual, fo is only propagated by
•r«

the Levant, who fent the feeds to the royal garden at feeds. This has been many years propagated in the
.Paris, and frqm thence it hath fince been communi- Englifli gardens, under the title of Sultan Flower, or
cated to moil of the curious gardens in Europe. This Sweet Sultan. It was brought from tlie Levant,
•

* hath a perennial root, which ftrikes deep into the where it grows naturally in arable land among the
ground, from which fprings up a great tuft of long corn. This fends up a round channelled flralk near
entire leaves, fluped like thofe of Woad, growing three feet high, which divides into many branches,
'^"upri^ht, with many upright ftalks, which grow near garnlflied with jagged leaves, of a pale green, fmooth,
jfive teet high, garniflicd with leaves coming out fin- and itand clofe to the branches ; from the fide of the
*
gleat each joint, of the fame fhape as the under, but branches come out long naked foot-fl:alks, each fuf-
/ are lefs, and have a border or wing running along taining a fingle head of flowers fliaped like thofe of
the (lalk. Tlic upper part of the Italk divides into the other fpecies, which have a very ft:rong odour, fo
'
two or three fmaller, each of which is terminated by as to be oftenfive to many people, but to others is
t
#* a fii^.gle licad of yellow flowers, included in a filvery very grateful. The empalement of thefe is fcaly,
% icaly empalement J round, and without fpines ; the flowers are in fome
>
?
It may be propa- purple, and others white, and likewife a flelh colour
^
gated by parting the roots m the fame manner as the between them hath come from the fame feeds. There
iormer, and the plants may be treated in the fame is alfo a variety of this with fifl:ular flowers, and ano-

^ way, being equally hardy 5 and as this doth not fpread ther with fringed flowers, commonly called Amber-
fo much as the laft, it may be allowed a place in boi or Emberboi but thefe have degenerated to the
:

fmalle common fort in a few years, although I have laved

The fourth fort grows naturally in Auftria. This the feeds with great care, fo I fuppofe they are only
'
hatha perennial root as the former, from which come varieties. Thefe feeds are commonly fown upon a
out many winged leaves, which are hoary, the feg- forward
•m -
# ments narrow and enure-, the (lalks rife near three May
ntfcet high, dividing Into feveral braHches, which have the flower-garden but if the feeds are fown in a
;

a fingle winged leaf at each joint, of the fame lliape warm border in autumn, thev will live through the
i
with the other ; at the end of each flalk is one head Winter ; and thefe plants may be removed in the
of purple flowers, inclofcd in an oblong fcaly em- fpring into the flower-garden, which will be fl;ronger,
,
palcment, each fcale being bordered with fmall hairs
^
and come earlier to flower than thofe which are raifed
Jikc an eye- brow. The flowers appear in June, and in the fpring. The feeds may alfo be fown in t!\e
Ll
the feeds ripen in Augull, l^his is propagated by fpring on a common warm border, where the plants
feeds, which may be town in a bed of common earth, will rife very well, but thefe will be later in flowering
. m a nurleryand when the plants come up they
•, than either of the other. The autumnal plants will
*? muft be thinned, and kept clean from weeds, and J
the following autumn the plants ipay be tranfplanted nue flowering till September; and the fpring plants
where they arc defigned to remain after which they •, will flower a month later, and continue till the froft
will require no further care. Two or three of thefe fl:ops them. Their feeds ripen in autumn.
plants may be allowed a pla- The ninth fort has been fuppofed to be only a variety
^y of the former, which is a great miflrake ; for although
The grows naturally in the fouth of France,
fifdi fort there is a great fimilitude in their appearance, yet
t and in Icaly I received the (cah of this from Verona.
: they are fpecifically different, fo never have alter. I
It hath a perennial root, which doth not divide and cultivated this fort upward of forty years, and have
fprcad as die former, but grows fingle, fending out never obferved the leafl: variation in it. This is much
in the fpring feveral cniire fpcar-lhaped leaves, and tenderer than the former, fo the feeds muft: be fown
^tcrward a fingle ftalk, more than a foot liigh, gar- : upon a hot-bed in the fpring ; and when the plants
niihcd at each joint with onle divided hoary leaf; are fit to remove, they fliould be tranfplanted on a
—
and at the
w.,^ top
•... comes xj'.iv
^w^ ^^^lil^.^
Shaped like a cone of
out a lii'^y-,
find'- large, fcaly jiead,
.1 frefh hot-bed to bring them forvr'ard wlien they have :

tl-ic Pine-crce, very taper at the taken root in this bed, they mufl: have air admitted
top, where it clukdy furrounds the {lorets, whofetops to them every day, to prevent their drawing up weak,
jull peep out of the eaipalement they are of a bright : and refreflied with water fparingly, becaule they arc
purple colour, and appear in June, but are not fuc- very apt to rot with much wet. When the plants
ceeded by feeds in ] .ngland, fo cannot be propagated have obtained ftrength, they mufl: be carefully taken
unlcls the feeds are procured from abroad. Thefe up, and planted in leparate pots filled with light earth,
nts afterward treated and fome of them placed in the fliade till they have
,?
taken root then they m.ay be placed with other an-
;

1 he fixch fort is tiie common perennial Blue Bottle, nual plants in the pleafure-garden, where they will
which by fome is titled Eatchclors Button. This is continue long- in beautv. But as thefe plants which
are
 ;;

\ i

i
-I >

N +
€ N ^ r

tire placed in the open air rarely produce good feeds,

aW)Ut tliree ^et high ; the loWer leaves are not rnuch
there ftiould be two or three plants kept in a mode-
'

ufllike thofe of the Turnep, being rounded at their

rate hot-bed under a deep frame, wh'i?re they will come ends, and their bafc is cut into many fegments thoic •,

earlier to flower^, aiid being protefted from wet and

.' upon the fl:alks and branches are nearly of the fame
cold, they will ripen their feeds every year, which fs form, but diminifli gradually in tlieir fize to the top
the fureftmethod to preferve the fort; thefe have a border or wing running along the fl:alks,

This fort differs from the common, in its leaves be- which conneft them together; the flowers are pro-
ing fawed on their edges ; the flowers are fiftular, of . duced at the end of the branches, which have prickly
^ bright colour, and have a very agreeable foft odour. ''empalements ; the fpines come out from the border
It flowers in July and Auguft, and the feeds ripen in of the fcales, divided like the fingers of a hand.
Oftober. The flowers are of a bright purple, fo make a pretty
The tenth fort is the common Blue Bottle, which appearance. ^ This fort may be treated in the fame
grows naturally amongfl the corn in moft parts of manner as the Corn Bottle, by fowing the feeds in
England this ftands in the lifl of medicinal j)lants.
:
autumn, and keeping the plants clean from weeds.
There is a diftilled water of the flowers, which is ^
The plants will flower in June, and the feeds will
cfteemed good for the eyes. There are great varie- ripen in Auguft. If fome feeds are alfo fown in the
ties of colours in thefe flowers, fome of which arc fpring, the plants will come to flower a month after
finely variegated the feeds of thefe are fold by feedf-
:
the others, and will continue flowering till the froft
men, by the title of Bottles of all Colours. Thefe are fl:ops them. But thefe plants do not always pe'rfeft
annual plants, which will rife in any common border, feeds, fo that from the autumnal plants the
^
feeds will
and require no other care but to keep them clean more certainlybe procured. '
j
•

from weeds, and thinned where they are too clofe, The fifteenth fort grows naturally upon the Helve-
for they do not thrive well when they are tranfplant-' tian, and fome of the Italian mountains. I received

ed. If the feeds are fown in autumn, they will fuc- the feeds of this fort from Verona : it hath a perennial
cced better, and the plants will flower ftronger than root and an annual ftalk; the leaves are oblong,
thofe which are fown in the fpring. . flightly indented on their edges, and woolly on their
The feeds of the eleventh fort were fent me by Dr. under fide ; thefe have much the refemblancc of thofe
Juffieu, from Paris, who received them from Dr. of Elecampane, generally ftanding upright ; the ftalks
Lippi, at Grand Cairo.: This is an annual plant, rife little more than a foot high, and are terminated

which near two feet high, fending out two or

rifes by large fingle heads of purple flowers, inclofed in
three branches toward the top j the leaves are divided fcaly empalements ; thefe appear in July, but unlefs
into many.obtufe fegments, and have a border run- the feafon proves very dry and warm they have no
ning along the fl:alk; the flowers are fmall, of a feeds fucceed them in this country ; fo that this, like
bright purple, and have a fcaly empalement. If the the fifth fort, is very difficult to propagate in Eng-
feeds are fown in the fpring upon a border of light land, unlefs good feeds can be procured from the
earth, where the plants are to remain, they will re- countries where they naturally grow. This is very
quire no farther care but to keep them clean from hardy, fo may be treated in the fame manner as any
weeds. It flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in of the former perennial forts, but will require a little
"
autumn. more room than the fifth.

The twelfth fort is a perennial plant, which retains The grows naturally in Auftria and
fixteenth fort
its leaves through the year. This grows naturally Hungary, from both which countries I have received
in Italy, on the borders of the fields. The leaves are the feeds.' The lower leaves of this plant fpread flat
hoary, and divided into many narrow fegments; the on the ground ; they are foft, hairy, and end in fharp
branching upward in-
ftalks rife near three feet high, points, but toward their bafe are cut into feveral nar-
to many divifions, each being terminated by a head row fegments ; the ftalks rife near three feet high,
of purple flowers ; thefe come out in June, and in garniflied at each joint by fpear-fliaped enfire leaves,
favourable feafons will perfeft their feeds in autumn. and are terminated by fingle large heads of flowers,
This fort will live abroad in moderate winters, if it of a gold colour, inclofed in a prickly fcaly empale-
has a warm ficuation and a dry foil ; but in fevere ment. This flowers in July and Auguft, but never
winters the plants are commonly killed, fo one or produces feeds in this country. It hath a perennial
two of them may be fl:ieltered under a common frame root, which fends out offsets ; thefe may be taken
in v/inter to preferve the kind. It may be eafily pro- from the old plants in autumn, whereby it may be
pagated ty feeds in the fame manner as the fourth eafily propagated. It is very hardy in refpeft to cold,
fore ; or if the young branches, which do not fl:)oot but fliould have a dry foil, the roots being very apt
up to flow^er, are cutoff, and planted in a Ihady bor- to rot in winter with much wet.
der any time in fummer, they will take root, and in The feventeenth fort grows naturally in Siberia. The
autumn may be removed to warm borders, or put into feeds of this were fent me from Peterft)urgh. This
pots to be Iheltered in winter. fends out many long winged leaves from the root,
The thirteenth fort grows naturally in Mauritania, which are divided into feveral Ipear-fliaped lobes
and in feveral other places on the borders of the Me- the ftalks near five feet high, and divide upward
rife
diterranean Sea, l^his fekiom rifes more than three into many fmaller branches, garniflied with leaves of
feet high in this country ; it hatli a perennial ftalk, the fame form as the lower, but much fmaller, and
which divides into many branches, garnifhed with very the fegments very narrow ; each of the ftalks is ter-
white vvoolly leaves, divided into many obtufe entire minated by a head of yellow flowers, inclofed in a
lobes, the fmall leaves or lobes on the exterior part fcaly empalement the borders of the fcales are fet
•,

of the leaf being the largeft:. The flowers are pro- with fine hairs like an eye-brow. It flowers in June,
duced from the fide branches upon ftaort foot-fl:alks, July, and Auguft, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
which are of a bright yellow, and are included in a This hath a perennial root and an annual ftalk, which,
fine hairy empalement. Thefe appear in June and with the leaves, decay in autumn, and arife new from
July, but fcarce ever are fucceeded by feeds in Eng- the root in the fpring. It may be propagated either
land. It ispropagacedby plandng of the young flioots by feeds or parting of the roots, in the fame manner
in the fame manner as the laft, and the plants require as the fifth fort, and the plants require a large ftiare
protedtion from hard froft. But if they are planted in of room, fo fliould not be planted too near other
dry lime-rubbifh, where they will not grow luxuriant, plants ; therefore it is not proper furniture for fmall
they will refill the cold of our ordinary winters in the gardens.
open air. As this plant retains its leaves all the year, The eighteenth fort grows naturally in Crete. This
which arc extremely white, it makes a pretty variety hath a perennial root ; the lower leaves are winged
in a garden. and very woolly, thofe on the flower-ftalks are fingle,
The fourteenth fort is annual. This grows naturally wedge-ftiaped, and indented the ftalks are termi- •,

in tfie Archipelago. It rifes with a branching ftalk nated by heads of yellow flowers, compofed of as many
I . floret''
 1 ;

otiicr forts. J fcierlce of botany, or who m?y have no inclinai;idn rd

florets as the
produces ripe feeds in this country, fo is pro- £tudy and yet may want information how to cul-
it,
rarely
and as the plants tivate the plants which arc ufeful in the kitchen,
pagated by flips as the fifth fort ; I
expofed to the open air in winter are fre- have chofen to treat of thefe under their former ap-
which are
quently dcftroyed, it will be proper
.
to place one or pellation, Mr. Ray and Tournefort admit of the
under a common frame to preferve the fiftular leaves and fwelling ftalks, as characters
two of them to
diftinguilh the plants of this genus from Porrumand
grows naturally in Portugal the Allium.
The nineteenth fort :

ftalks of this are perennial the leaves continue in -,

The Varieties of the common Onion are.
verdure through the year, for which it is chiefly va- The Strafburgh. Cepa oblong. C. B. P. 71.
lucd, for t
-
beauty
X J T
The Spanilh Onion. Cepa vulgaris, floribus tuni- &
common Knapweed. It flowers in June and July, cis purpurafcentibus. C. B. P. 71.

kn'd in warm feafons the feeds ripen in September. It The white Egyptian Onion. Cepa floribus &: tunicis
candidis. C. B. P, 71.
is propagated by feeds, which, if fown in April in a
earth, the plants will rife eafily. Thefe All thefe vary from feeds, fo that there are feveral
.* bed of light
inadry foil and a flickered fituation, will live intermediate differences which are not v/orth enume-
',r
plants,
open air in mild winters but as they are fre- rating.
^ in the >

\•1
. , -' quently killed when the frofl:s are fevere, it will be Thefe three varieties are propagated by feeds, which

.^.
proper to fhelter a plant or two under a common frame fliould be fown at tlie latter end of February or the

in winter to preferve the fpecies. '

beginning of March, on good, rich, light ground,
^
: r? ^

The twentieth fort grows naturally in Spain, and which fhould be well dug and levelled, and cleared
•*i.

upon the Helvetian mountains. This rarely conti- from the roots of all bad weeds then the feeds-,

./r:
• *

nues longer than two or three years : the lower leaves ftiould be fown in a dry time, when the furface of the
ground is not moift ^ and where they are intended for
*. ++

are doubly wing-pointed, thofe on the ftalks are

^ 'r

fpear-lhaped, winged, and indented ;- the ftalks rife a winter crop, they muft not be fown too thick. Tlie
^
'
three feet high, and are terminated by flowers like commdn allowance of feed is fix pounds to an acre
-

tliofe of the common Knapweed, having filvery em- I of land j but the generality of gardeners fow more.
palements. July becaufe many of thehn allow for a crop to draw out.
L 1

,v.

September. April on a bed of

If thefe are fown in 1 : which they call, cullings ; thefe are all fuch as want
light earth, the plants will come up, and will live to be removed from others, fo are thinned out when

j through the winter in the open air. young, and tied in bunches for the market ; but thofe
The twenty-firft fort grows naturally in the .Campania who have regard to their principal crop, never prac-
; of Rome. This is a biennial plant in England ; thofe tife this therefore fow no more feeds than is fufncient,
;

plants which arife from feeds in the fpring fcldom which is the quantity before-mentioned, for when the
flower till the following year, and when they perfeft plants come up too clofe, they draw each other weak
their feeds they die. The ftalks of this fort rife three and when this happens, their roots never grow fo
feet high the lower leaves are wing-pointed, without
•,
large as thofe which arc thin befldes, there is a
:

. fpines; thofe on the ftalks run along the ftalks like greater trouble in hoeing them ; and when they are
wings i the flowers are large, red, and their empale- thinned for the market, the ground is trodden over,
.- ments are ftrongly armed with fpines. This flowers and the Onions which are to ftand have tlieir leaves
'
and the feeds ripen in September. It may
in July, bruifed, whereby they are greatly injured; fo that
be propagated by feeds as the former. where young Onions are wanted, it is a much better
^

The fecond fort grows naturally in Spain and Mauri-

;
way to fow Ibme feparate beds for this purpofe, than
tania. This is jin annual plant, which rarely ripens to injure the future crop.
'

I its feeds in England ; the leaves of this are fpear- In about fix or feven weeks after fowing, the Onions
, ;lhaped, indented, and woolly, the ftalk rifes two will be up forward enough to hoe ; at which time

\
J
feet high, dividing upward into three or fourbranches, (choofingdry weather) you fhould, with a fmall hoe
which are terminated by pretty large heads of flow-
.
about two inches and a half broad, cut up lightly all
, ers, whofe empalements are woolly, and ftrongly
*
the weeds from amongft the Onions; and alfo cut
^'/. armed witli fpines. This flowers in July, and in "
out the Onions where they grow too clofe in bunches,
warm feafons the feeds ripen in September. It is pro- leaving them at this firft hoeing at leaft two inches
\
pagated by feeds as the two former forts. apart. This, if well performed, and in a dry fcafon,
,V The twenty-third fort grows naturally in Portugal.
,
will preferve the ground clear of weeds at leaft a
The ftalk of this rifes two feet high, garniftied with
^ .
month or five weeks ; when you muft hoe them over
'•
..^, woolly leaves; fome of which are entire, others are a fecond time, cutting tip all the weeds as before, and
'
^ finuated on their borders'; the ftalks are terminated alfo cutout the Onions to a larger diftance, leaving
,;^ by woolly heads of flowers, ftrongly armed with dou- them this time three or four inches afunder. This
*K ble fpines on the empalement, which almoft inclofes alfo, if well performed, will preferve the ground
the florets.
*. July clean a month or fix weeks longer, when you mufl:
the feeds ripen in September, It is propagated by hoe them over the third and laft time.
feeds as the former. Now you muft carefully cut up all weeds, and fingle
The twenty-fourth fort is the Carduus Benedidlus, or oul the Onions to near fix inches fquare ; by v/hich
/ Blefled Thiftle, which frequently ufed as an emi-
is means they will grov/ much larger, than if left too
tic. It grows naturally in Spain and the Levant; in clofe. This time of hoeing, if the weather proves
't
f:
England it propagated in gardens for medicinal
is dry and it is well performed, will keep the ground
ufe. It is- an annual plant, which periflies foon after clean until the Onions are fit to pull up but if the
;

ihe feeds are ripe. The fureft method of cultivating weather fnould prove moift, and any of the weeds
Jthis plant, is to fow the feeds in autumn; and when fliould take root again, you ftiould, about a fortnight
the plants come up, to hoe the ground, to cut up or three weeks after, go over tlie ground and draw
the weeds, and thin the plants; and in the following out all the large weeds v/ith your hands for tlie Oni-
;

ipring to hoe it a fecond ons ha fing now begun to bulb, they fliould not hi^>

foot afander, which will pen 1 difturbed with a Iioe.

and foon after decay. Toward the middle of Auguft your Onions will have
CENTAURIUM MI See Gentiana. arrived to ilicirfull growth, which may be knov/n by
M/Ki their blades failing to the ground and fiirinking ; you
CEPA, the Onion. fliould therefore, before their necks or blades are wi-
The botanical chara6lers of this genus are the fame thered off, draw them out of the p-round, croi^nin.c
with thofe of Allium, to which it is now joined by off xh6extreme part of the blade, and lav thcio abroad
tlie late fyftem ; but as this work is intended for the upon a dry fpot of ground to dry, obfcrving to turn
inllruflion of fuch as are not well acquainted with the them over every other day at Icait, to prevent -theh'
K k k
 ; ;

i I
N t

and the cells in which the feeds are contained openincr;

ftriking fre{h root into the ground ; which they will
fuddcnly do, efpecially in moift weather. '^fo that if it be not cut in a fliort time, the feeds will

Onions will be dry fall to the ground v/hen you cut the heads, they
off*
In about a fortnight's time your
:

t;nough to houfc, which muft be performed in per- fliould be fpread abroad upon coarfe cloths in the

fe6l dry weather in doing of this, you muft care-

•,
fun, obferving to keep it vinder flicker in the night,

fully rub off all the earth from the roots, and be fure
.
as alfo in wet weather ; and when the heads are quite

to mix no faulty ones amongft them, which will in dry, you muft beat out the feeds, which are very
a fliort time decay, and fpoil all thofe that lie near eafily difcharged from their cells ; then having cleared
it from all the huflc, &c. after having expofed it one
them-, nor fhould you lay them too thick in the
houfe, which would occadon their fweating, and day to' the fun to dry, you muft put it up in bacrs
thereby rot them ; nor fliould they be put in a lower to preferve it for ufe.

room, or ground floor, but in a loft or garret; and The diredions here given for the general crop of
is

the clofer they are kept from the air, the better they winter Onions ; but there are two other crops of this
will keep. You fliould, at leaft, once a month, look common of Onion, cuhivated in the gardens
fort

over them to fee if any of them are decayed ; which about London to fupply the market, one of which is
if you find, muft be immediately taken away, other-
commonly called Michaelmas Onions. Thefe are
wife they will infeft all that lie near them. fown in beds pretty clofe, the middle of Auguft,
But notwithftanding all the care you can poffibly take .
and muft be well weeded when they come up. In
in the drying and houfing of your Onions, many of the fpring of the year, after the winter Onions are
them will grow in the loft, efpecially in mild winters, over, they are tied up in bunches to fupply the
which are generally moift-, therefore thofe who would markets ; but from the thinning of thefe they carry
preferve them late in thefeafon, fhould feleft a parcel to market young green Onions in March, for fal-
of the firmeft and moft likely to keep from the lads, &c.

others, and with a hot iron flightly finge their beards, And in the fpring they fow more beds in the fame
or roots, which will effeftually prevent their fprouting; manner, to draw up young for fallads, after the Mi-
but in doing of this there muft be great caution ufed chaelmas Onions are grown too large for that purpofe;
not to fcorch the pulp of the Onions, for that will and where a fupply of thefe are required, there may
^-^ be three different fowings, at about three weeks
caufe them to perilh foon after. '

The Onions for keeping are the Straft)urgh kind,

beft diftance from each other, which will be fufficient for
the feafon, t-j
''
'

which is an oval-lhaped bulb; but this feldom grows :

fo large as the Spanifh, which is flatter ; the white There are alfo the following forts of Onions cultivated
fort is efteemed the fweeteft ; but thefe varieties are in the kitchen-gardens.

not lafting ; for if you fave feeds of white Onions The Shallot, or Efchalottes, which is the Cepa Af-
only, you will have a mixture of the red ones amongft calonica. Matth. S5^-
them ; nor will the Straft^urgh Onion keep long to its The Ciboule, or Cepafiflilis. Matth. Lugd. 1539-
kind, but will by degrees grow flatter, as do the The Gives, or Cepa feftilis juncifoliaperennis. Mor,
large Portugal Onions, when planted in our climate, Hift.
— 2. 383.

which in a year or two will be fo far degenerated, The Welch Onion I fuppofe to be the fame with the
as not to be known they were from that race. Ciboule, although they pafs under different appella-
But in order to fave feeds, you muft in the fpring tions ; for I have feveral times received the Ciboule
make choice of fome of the firmeft, largcft, and from abroad, which, when planted, prove to be what
beft fliaped Onions (in quantity proportionable to the is generally known here b)^ the of Weigh Onions.
title

feed you intend to fave ;) and having prepared a There is alfo a great affinity between the Efchalottes
piece of good ground (which Ihould be well dug, and and thefe, fo that they are not well diftinguiflied yet
laid out in beds about three feet wide,) in the begmning for although they are generally cultivated in the gar-
or middle of March you muft plant your Onions in dens, yet they are not well known to the botanifts,
the following manner. Having ftraincd a line about fome of whom
have fuppofed a greater variety than
four inches within the fide of the bed, you muft, is in nature; while others have joined them together,

with a fpade, throw out an opening about fix inches making but two fpecies.
deep, the length of the bed, into which you fliould TheScallion, or Efcallion, is a fort of Onion which
place the Onions, with their roots downward, at never forms any bulbs at the roots, and is chiefly ufed
about nine inches diftance from each other; then in the fpring for green Onions, before the other forts,
with a rake draw the earth into the opening again fown in July, are big enough;' but this fort of
to cover the bulbs \ then proceed to remove the line Onion, how much foever in ufe formerly, is now fo
again about a foot farther back, where you muft fcarce as to be known to few people, and is rarely
make an opening as before, and fo again till the whole to be met with, except in curious bdtanic gardens :
is hniflied ; fo that you will have four rows in each the gardeners near London fubftitute another fort for
bed, between which you muft allow a fpace of two this, which are thofe Onions which decay and fprout
feet for an alley to go among them to clear them from in the houfe thefe they plant in a bed early in the
:

v/eeds, &c. In a month's time their leaves will ap- fpring, which in a fliort time will grow large enough
pear above ground, and many of the roots will pro- for ufe ; when they draw them up, and after pulling
duce three or four ftalks each you muft therefore
*, off* all the outer coat of the root, they tie them up

keep them diligently cleared from Aveeds, and about in bunches, and fell them in the market for Seal-
the beginning of June, when the heads of the flowers lions.
begin to appear upon the tops of the ftalks, you The true Scallion propagated by parting die
is eafily
muft provide a parcel of ftakes about four feet long, roots, either in fpring or autumn ; but the latter feafon
which fliould be driven into the ground, in the rows is preferable, becaufe of their being rendered more

of Onions, at about fix or eight feet apart ^ to which fit for ufe in the fpring thefe roots fliould be planted
:

you fliould fallen fome packthread, rope yarn, or three or four in a hole, at about fix inches diftance
fmall cord, which flioukl be run on each fide the every way, in beds or borders three feet wide, which
ftems of the Onions, a little below their heads, to in a fliort time will multiply exceedingly, and will
fupport then"! from breaking down with tlie Vv'ind and grow upon almoft any foil and in any fituation ; and
rain for when the feeds are formed, the heads will
•, their being fo hardy as to refift the fevereft of our
be heavy, and fo arc very often broken down by winters, and being green, and fit for ufe fo early in
their own weight, where they are not v*'ell fecured the fpring, renders them worthy of a place in all
and if the ftalks are broken before the feeds have good kitchen-gardens.
arrived to maturity, they will not be near fo good, The Gives are a very fmall fort of Onion, which
nor keep fo long as thofe which are perfeilly ripened. never produce any bulbs, and feldom grow above fix
About the end of Auguft the Onion feed will be inches high in the blade, which is alfo very fmall and
ripe, which may be known by its changing brown, flender, and are in round bunches like the former;
this
 »
I
R
great requeft for fallads in the f arifing at thefame joint, {landing round the branch i
\his was formtrly in
milder than thofe Onions which had thefe are near three inches long, and one and a quarter
fpring, as being
"the winter; thefe are propagated by broad, having a ftrong vein running longitudinally
ftood° through
roots like the former, and are alfo very through the middle, and fome fmall tranfverfe veins
/. parting their
for ufe early in the fpring. from that to the borders ; they are of a light green,
hardy,''and will be lit
'
propagated for fpring are only and their foot-Oalks change to a reddifh colour next
.
The Welch Onions
'^
never make any bulb, and are there- the branches the ends of the branches are terminated
ufe alfo ; thefe ^

"

to be ufed green for fallads, &:c. They by loofe fpikes of fpherical heads, about the fize of a
fore onl)' fit .

fown about the end of July, in beds of about marble, each of which are compofed of many fmall
.are

"three feet and a half wide, leaving alleys of two feet flowers, which
are funnel-ftiaped, of a whitilh yellow

go between the beds to clean them, and in a colour, faftened to an axis which ftands in the middle;
'broad to
thefe appear in July, and, in warm feafons, are fuc-
fortnight's time they will appear above ground, when
:-

'

they muft be carefully cleared from weeds; towards the

.
ceeded by feeds, which have fometimes ripened in
middle of Odober their blades will die away, fo that England.
naked, which hath led Thefe plants are propagated chiefly by feeds (though
A the whole fpot will feem to be
up ground again, fuppofing there has been feme railed from cuttings and layers
.
.;: many people to dig the ;)
thefe Ihould be fown in pots, for the greater conve-
% niency of removing them either into a Ihady fituation,
J
grow very vigorouQy, or where they may have Ihelter. If the feeds can be
',
V nuary, and from that time re-
be March will 'procured fo early as to fow them before Chrillmas,
, for young Onions, and are, in the markets, more
.
the plants will come up the following fummcr j but
^.., valued than any other fort at that feafon; for they
if they are fown in the fpring, they generally remain

:
v,.-^re extremely green and fine, though they are much
a year in the ground •, therefore, in fuch cafe, the
; :*.\itronger than the common Onion in tafte, approaching pots fliould be placed in the Hiade thar fummer, and
nearer to Garlick, which hath occafioned their being in the autumn following removed under a common

lefs efteemed for the table but as no winter, how- :

frame to them from froft, and the fpring
Ihelter
r
hard, will hurt them, it is proper to have a few 1 following the plants will come up.
- » of them to fupply the table, in cafe the common fort I'he Jfirll year, when the plants come up, it will be
J

(hould be deftroyed by frolls. ^ neceffary to thade.them hot dry weather, while

irt

• Tlie roots of thefe Onions, if planted out at fix or they are young, at which time they are often de-
_,^ March, ftroyed by being too much expofed ; nor ftiould the
'
feeds in autumn, but it will be in fmall quantities watering be neglected ; for as thefe plants naturally
h -

the therefore the fame^ roots fhould remain

firft year -,
grow on moill ground, fo when they are not duly
\' unremoved, which the fecond and third year will watered in dry weather, the young plants will languilh
i '

t produce many ftems, and afford a good fupply of and decay.

feeds; thefe roots will abide many years good, but The next autumn, when the leaves begin to drop,
fhould be tranfplanted and parted every fecond or the young plants may be tranfplanted into nurfery-
third year, which will caufe them to produce ftrong beds, which fliould be a little defended from the cold
winds ; and, if the foil is moift, they will fucceed
CEPHALANTHUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 105. Pla- much better than in dry ground ; but where it hap-
tanocephalus. VailL Acad. R. Scien. 1722. Button pens otherwife, it will be abfolutely necefl^ary to water
,1

Wood. - them in dry weather, otherwife there will be great

The Characters are, danger of the plants dying in the middle of fummer,
s •
// Mtb a number of fmall flowers^ which are colle5l€d into which has been the cafe in many gardens where thefe
^
a fpherical head ; have no common empalement^ hut
thefe plants were raifed.
encb articular flower hath a funnelfhaped empalement^ In thefe nurfery-beds the plants may remain a year
,\ f
.« , divided into four parts at the top ; the flower is funnel- or two (according to the progrefs they may have
>, ^ fhaped^ of one petals divided at the top into four parts^ made, or the dillance they were planted ;) then they
I 'i inclofing four ftamina^ which are inferted in the petals and may be taken up in 05tober, and tranfplanted where
\ are flsorter than the tuhe^ being terminated by globular they are to remain for good. Although I have men-
+

1 V fummits. The germen is Jituated under the flower, fup- tioned but one feafon for tranfplanting them, yet.
%% and this may alfo be performed in the fpring,
flyle which is longer than the petals is efpecially
•
j. crowned by a globular ftigma ; the germen afterward if the moift into which they are removed,
ground is

comes a globular hairy capfule^ incloftng one or two ob or that the plants are duly watered, if the fpring
*-% .
angular feeds \ thefe are joined to an axisy and fon fliould prove dry, otherwife there will be more

i r ', rou?td head- hazard of tlieir growing when removed at this

'
.
V. This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of feafon.
Mono Thefe plants make a pretty variety among other
V*^^ gynia, the flower having fout ftamina and but one hardy trees and flirubs, being extreme hardy in re-
ftyl fpeft to cold but they delight in a moift light foil,
;

a We where
^ ^
they will grow very faft, and their leaves will
fl V • ^ fl

Cephalanthus {Occidentalis) foliis oppofitis ternifque. I be larger than in dryland.

wpofit M. Lin. Gen. Plant. /;i8. Moufe
^dfc Moufe Oreilk ds
"
ternis foliis caulem ambientibus, floribus ochroleucis. Souris.
Pluk. Aim. 336. tab. 77. The CfiARACTERS are,
This flirub grows naturally North America, from in ledempalement, which fp
.
whence the feeds are annually fent .to Europe, and of open ; the flower hath five obtufe bifid petals^ whid
late years great numbers of the plants have been raifed as large as the empakment. It hath ten fiender fta
in the gardens of the curious but there are no very fhorter than the petals, terminated by roundifh ft
\

.
large plants in the Englifli gardens ; the largeft I have fituated an oval germen, from which arifi
fcen are in the curious gardens of his grace the Duke five fly It
of Argyle, Whitton, near Hounflow, where they
at ftigma empakment afterward becomes an oval,
the
(fe ;

thrive better than in almoft any other place where cylindrical^ or globular capfule with one cell, opening at
they have been planted, fo that in a moift foil they the top, containing many roundiflo feeds.
will do the beft. This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth feftion
1 his feldom higher than fix or feven feet in this
rifes of Linn^eus's tenth clafs, intitled Decandria Pen-
country. The branches come out by pairs, oppofite tagynia, the flower having ten ftamina and five
^

at each joint; the leaves alfo ftand oppofite, fome- ftyles.

times by pairs, and at other times there are three
t
'

The
 . ;

c h
R
The Species arc, s The fourth fort very like the third in itsvhoh*
is

T. Cerastium [Repens) folus lancoLitis, pediiftculis ra- appearance, and differs from it, in having but fi\c
mofis, caplulis Lin. Sp. Plant. 439.
iubrotundis. ftamina in the flower, whereas the other hath ten.
Ceraftiuni with fpear-JJjapcd leaves^ hran.hing foot-Jtalks^ .This v/as difcovered by Mr. Lcefiing, a pupil of
and romdijh capfiiks. Myofotis incana repcns. Tourn. Dr. Linnceus's, in Spain, from whence he fent the ft ctl^
Inll. R. H. 245. HocJ-y creephg Moufe-eary by fome to Upfal, part of which were fent me by the Doftor.
called Sea Pink. The was difcovered by Dr. Tournefort in
fifth fort

%. Cerastium [Tcmentofum) oblongis, tomentofis,

foliis the Levant, from whence he lent the feeds to the
pcdunculis ramofis, capfulis globofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. royal garden at Paris, where they fucceedcd, an.!
440. Cercijiimn with oblong woolly leaves^ bra7tching foot- have been fince communicated to moft of the curious
Jlalks, a7:d globtdar capftilesl Myofotis tomentofa, li- botanic gardens in Europe. This is an annual plant,
narins folio Tourn. Inlt. R. H. 245.
anguftiore. which riles with an upright ftalk a foot high ; the
JFcolly Moufc-mr with a narrow "Toad-flax leaf, lower leaves of this plant have much refemblance to
3. Cerastium {Dichotcmum) foliis lanceolatis, caule thofe of the Lychnis, which is called Lobel's Catchfly,
dichotomo ramofiffiiTK), capfulis creftis. Prod. Ley d. fo that when the plants are young, it is not cafy to

450. Ceraftium with fpcar-flj aped leaves^ a voy branching them.

diftinguifli The ftalks are garniflied wirh

Jlalk divided_ in forks^ find upright capfules. Myofotis leaves of the fame fliape, but fmaller, placed by
Hifpanica fegetuin. Tourn. Inll. R. il. 545. Spanijh
'
pairs, and embrace the ftalks at their bafe. The
Corn Moufe-ear^ or Horned Chickweed, .
.
flowxrs come out at the top of the ftalks, and alfo

4. Cerastium (Pentandrum) fioribus pentandriis, pe-

'
from the wings of the leaves, on the upper part of
talis intcgris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 438. Ceraftium with the ftalks, which are white, and fliaped like tliofe of
f.owcrs having five ft Chickweed. They appear in May and June, and are
Cerastium {Perfolia turn) foliis connatis. Jlort. Cliff. fucceeded by beaked capfules, containing many
173. Ceraftium whofe leaves are joined, Myofotis Orien- roundifli feeds.
Eaft If the feeds of this fort are fown in autumn, they wiil
rfoUated Mcnfe-car with a Lychnis leaf more certainly grow than thofe w4iich are fown tl-.e m
The firfl fort grows naturally in France and Italy, fpring i or ifthe feeds are permitted to fcatter^ thic
and was formerly cultivatec!' in tlie Englifli gardens plants will come up and live through the winter, and
under the title of Sea Pink ; one of the ufcs made will require no other care but to keep them clean
of it was to plant has an edging to keep up the earth from weeds. • - :

of borders ; but this" was before the Dwarf Box was There are many other fpecies of this genus than are
brought to England, fince which all thofc plants here enumerated, which are weeds in many parts of
which. were formerly applied for this purpofe have England, fo are never cultivated in gardens, therefore
been neglected. This plant was by no means fit for not worthy of notice here.
this ufe, becaufe its creeping branches would fpread C E R A S U S \y,iox<jo^^ Gr, fo called according to Scr-
into the walks where they put out roots into the vius, from Cerafus, a city of Pontus, which Lucullus
gravel ^ fo that unlefs they are frequently cut off, having deftroyed, he carried the Cherry-tree from
they cannot be kept -withm compafs. thence to Rome, and called it Cerafus, after the name
This fends out many weak ftalks which trail upon of the city but others will have it that the city took
•,

the ground, and pvitout roots at their joints, where- its name from the abundance of thofe trees which

by it propagates very fall ; the leaves are placed by grew there.] The Cherry-tree. -
,
- 1 _*'

pairs oppofite, which are about two inches long, and The botanical charafters of this genus, according to
little more than half an inch broad, very hoary j the fyftem of Linnseus, are the fame with thole of
thofe next the root are much fmaller than the upper Prunus; therefore he has joined the Apricot Cherry,
the flowers come out from the fide of the ftalks upon Laurel, and Bird Cherry together, making them only
flender foot-ftalks, which branch out into feveral fpecies of the lame genus \ but thofe who admit of
fmaller, each fupporting a white flower, compofed of the fruit, as a charader to determine the genus, muft
live petals, which arc fplit at tlie top. The whole feparate the Cherry from the others, becaufe they
flower has the appearance of^Chickweed flowers, but differ greatly in the fiiapc of their ftones ; but there
are larger ; it flowers in May. is a more effential difference in nature between them,

It propagates too faft by its creeping roots and trail- which is, that the Cherry will not grow upon a
ing branches, when it is admitted into gardens, fo Plumb-ftock, by budding or grafting, nor will the
may be planted in any foil or fituation \ and is very Plumb take upon a Cherry-ftock ; and yet we know
proper to be planted between ftones on the fide of of no trees of the fame genus which do not unite with
grottos, where it will fpread, and thrive without each other, by budding or grafting.
care. Hov/ever, as the joining fo many genera into one,
The feeds of the fecond fort I received from Iftria, would occafion great confufion among gardeners-,
where it naturally grows
by Parkinfon titled
\ this is who cultivate thefe trees for fale, therefore if there
lioary narrow-leaved Pink. The leaves of this fort were no other motive than that, it v/ould be a fuf-
are narrower than thofe of the former, and are much ficient excufe for not clofely following tliat fyftem in
whiter \ the ftalks grow more ereft, and the feed-vef- this work, which is defigned for the inftruftion of
fels are rounder, in which their chief difference con- thofe who have not made botany their ftudy ; fo I
fifts. This is a trailing plant, and propagates by fhall refer the reader to the article Prunus, under
fending out roots at the joints, in the iame manner w^hich the botanical characters will be inferred, and
as the former, and is equally hardy. It flov/ers in proceed to the fpecies.
May and June, and the feeds ripen in :\uguft. enumerate the forts which are fpccifically
I fliall firft
The tliird fort is annual; this grows naturally on different from each other, and then mention the va-
arable land in Spain, from whence the feeds were rieties of thefe fruits, which are cultivated in the
fent to England, where it is allowed a place in bo- Englifli gardens*, many of which fecm to differ fo el-
tanic gardens for the fake of variety, but hath not fentially from each other, tliat they may be allowed
much beauty ; this hath branching ftalks, which as fpecific differences i but as I have not had an o;v
grow about fix inches high, dividing by pairs in forks, portunity of trying the various forts fi-om feeds,
'

the flowers coming out in the middle of the divifions, fee if they alter, fo I chofe to infert thern only as \-a-

which are fiiaped like thofe of Chick weed the whole •, rieties, till further obfervation may better fettle ihcu'
plant has a clammy moifture, which fticks to the boundaries.
fingers of thoie who handle it. This flowers in May, The Species are,
and the feeds ripen in July. If the lecds are fown in I Cerasus {Vulgaris) foliis ovato-lanceolatis, fcnv.ti'^.
autumn, they will fucceed better than in the fpring ; The com?non^ cr Kcntifh Cherry. Cerafus fativa rotuncia
or if tliey are permitted to fall, the plants will rife rubra & acida. C. B. P. 449. Manured Cherry r.iih
v/ithout care. rounds red, acid fmi t,

6 2. CiiRASVs
 R
ferratis lanceolatis. Chtrry- IS cultivated as a flowering flirub for ornament.
'2 d-RASus (M;§r«) foliis The
Cerafus major ac ftones of this were fent me by Dr. Bernard de Juffieu,
'j;ith fpear-fiaped fawed
.
leaves.
''tree
F

-. fruftu fubdulci nigro colore inficiente. profeflbr of botany which fucceeded veryat Paris,
'fylveftris,
; C. B. P. 450. Greater wild Cherry-tree -with afweetijh
well in the Chelfea garden but by comparing this -,

'
whefe juice affords a black colour. -^ ^•
with a fpecimen of the old Cham^cerafus, or Cerafus
fruity
{Hortenjis) foliis ovato-lanceolatis, floribus humilis of Gerard, and other old writers, I find it to
'V Cerasus
confertis. Cherry-tree with oval fpear-Jhaped leases., and be the fame plant, for it alfo agrees exadly with their
-
growing in chfters. Cerafus racemofa hortenfis. defcriptions of it.
fotvers ^^ * % \

'
'
•€. B. P. 450. Commonly called the Clujler Cherry, This IS a low ihrub, which feldom grows more than
floribus corymb'ofis, foliis ovatis. three or four feet high, fending out many horizontal
4. Cerasus {NIahaleb)
- growing branches, which fpread near the ground on every
'LJn.Sp. Plant. 474. Cherry-tree with flowers

'•^ifiround hunches, and oval leaves. Ccvz^u^ fylveftns fide and the lower branches are very fubjeft to lie in
;
,'

The Mahaleb or fer- the ground, v/here they will put out roots, and thereby
amara, mahaleb putata. J. B.
•• '

•^
fumed Cherry.
'
• '.
.
multiply, The young branches have a very fmooth
'5. {Canadenjis) foliis lanceolatis, glabris, mte-
Cerasus bark, inclining toward red i the leaves are long,
gerrimis, fubtus, caefiis, ramis patulis. Cherry-tree narrow, very imooth, and entire, having the appear-
! -

•with Jmooth., fpear-Jhaped, entire leaves, of a bluifl:) ance of fome forts of Willow leaves, of a light
'"fn-een on their under fide, andfpreading branches. Cera- green on their upper fide, but of a bluifh or fea-green
4|
*s fus piimila Canadenfis, oblongo angufto folio Fruau on their under the flowers come out from the fide
:

- parvo. Du Hamel. Dwarf Canada Cherry, with oblong of the branches, two, three, or four arifing at the
.

'-
narrow leaves^ and afmall fruity calkd Ragouminier^ Ne- fame joint moft part of the length of the young
ga^ or Mind in Canada. .
'
'

\
' fhoots i thefe are maped like thofe of the common
^
^-
The firfl fort is the common or Kentifti Cherry, Cherry, but are fmaller, (landing upon long flender
L*' '-
which is fo well known in England as to need no de- foot-flalks.' The fruit is like thofe of the fmall wild
fcription. Fromhath been fuppofed many
this fort it Cherry, but hath a bitterifh flavour. It flowers

pf the varieties which are cultivated in the Englilh about the fame time as the other forts of Cherries,
^rdens, have been raifed 5 but as there are very J thefe fruit are good
H I

great difftrrences in the fize and ftiape of their leaves, food for birds, and the French plant them among
as alfo in the Ihoots of the trees from thofe of this their other fhrubl, to entice the birds to harbour
•4 '>

Ibrt, I think it is very doubtful, where the boun- there. V.

daries of their fpecific differences terminate : how- j

It is eafily propagated by laying down the branches
ever, I fliall generality of ijiodern
comply with the I early in the fpring, by the foU which will take root

r botanifts, in fuppofing the following forts to have I lowing autumn, when they may be taken off, and ei-
been produced from the feeds of this, as we have hot
* ther planted in a nurfery to get ft:rength, or to the
"'
' ' ^ '""^
determine o
'^~ J

places where they are defigned to remain.

fufficient experiments to Jt ipay
May"
Cherrv. The Ox" Heart alfo be propagated by fowing the ilones, in the fame
'

May The Lukeward, *

manner as other Cherries, ,

-

r.
The Archduke Cherry. The Carnation, All the of Cherries which are ufually cultivated
forts
* The Flemifh Cherry/ The Hertfordfhire Heart in fruit-gardens, are propagated by budding or graft-
i , The Red Heart. The Morello. / ing the leveral kinds into ftocks of the Black or wild
/
't The White Heart.
^.

The Bleeding Heart. Red Cherries, which are ftrong fliooters, and of
The Black Heart. Spanilh longer duration than any of the garden kinds, The
The Amber Heart.
i
ftones of thefe two kinds are fown in a bed of light
Two foits with double flowers, one larger and fuller fan4y ?arth in auturnn (or are preferved in fand till
Thefe are propagated for ornament.
*.
than the other. fpring, and then lowed.) When thefe ftocks arife
The fccond fort above-mentioned is the Black Cherry, they muft be carefully weeded, and if in dry weather
*
i fuppofed ., -.
I V
'^'f

u This . you refrefh them with water, it will greatly promote

grows to be a large tree, fit for timber, and is fre- their growth, Thefe ftocks fliould remain in the
quently foun(J growing as fuch in the woods.
n ' \
From nurfery-beds till the fecond autumn after fowing; at
this, the only varieties which I have ever known which time you fliould prepare an open fpot of good
K
'^raifed by* feeds, are "the Black Coroun, and the frelli earth, which ftiould be well worked ^ but if
v# « frnall Wild Cherry ; of which there arc two or three
- •

^ pe foil is fVefli, it will be the better. In this ground,

v^^
«
" varie tie which differ in the fize and colour of their in Odober, you ftiould plant out the young ftock S
.J fruit. 'v*'^*^V' at three feet diftancc row from row, and about afoot
r«''^
®Thefe Wild Cfiemes arc very proper to plant m parks,
t

afunder in the rows, being careful in taking them

c
-.4-
V tjccaufc the^' grow to a large fize, and make beautiful up from their feed-beds to loofen their roots well with
.^
trees ;^ and in the fpring, when they are in flower, a fpade, to prevent their breaking, as alfo to prune
^^^^. ; .-will be very ornamental. The fruit of them will be their roots ; and if they are inclinable to root down-
^-"^'f good food for birds, and when the trees are cut down, wards, you fl:iould ftiorten the tap-root to caufe it to
•
, ^ 519 wood
veiy ufeful for turflers; "Thefe trees will
is put out lateral roots ; but do not prune their tops>
i''
. thrive in poor land better than moft other forts, fo for this is what by no means they will endure.
4
there IS an advantage in propagating them in thofe The fecond year after planting out, if they take to
ptlaces. ^he French often plant them for avenues to growing well, they will be fit to bud, if they are in-
'^;their houfes, upon fuch land where they cannot get tended for dwarfs but if they are for ftandards, they
:

/* any otfier trees to thrive ; they alfo cultivate them in will not be tall enough until the fourth year j for they
'^ their woods to cut for hoops, and greatly efteem ftiould be budded or grafted near fix feet from the
" tHem :'."
for this purpofe. '
ground, otherwife the graft will not advance mych
i
.1
The ftones of this fort are generally fown for raifing
'^^
in height fo that it wift be impoflible to make a good
•,

. * ;^ocks to grift or bud the' other forts of Cherries iip- tree from fuch as are grafted low, unlefs the graft h
on, being of quicker growth, and of longer duration
^ trained upward,.
*',than either of the other, fo are verj^ juitly efteemed The ufual way with the nurfery gardeners is to bud
arid preferred to
their ftocks in fummer, and fuch of them as mifcarry
'
j^
; them. .

.,
The wood of the fourth fort, is by the Frehch greatly they graft the fucceeding fpring (the manner of thefe
,*' ^^^c^'n^cl for
makinp; of cabinets, becaufelt hath an operations will be defcribe«l under their proper heads.)
'^ agreeable odour. This, and the wood of the Bird Thofe trees where the buds have taken, mufl: be
|
'^ Cherry, arc often blended together, and pafs under fMa
the appellation of Bois
de Sainte Lucie ; but the Bird above the bud and when the bud hath ftioi in fum-
•,

;; Cherry IS tTie true fort.

mer, if you fear its being blown out by the winds, you
from where it may fallen it up with fome bafs, or any other fofi;
grov/s naturally, to the gardens
in France, wh^re it binding, to that part of the ftoqk which was left above
 u- fa. ft
R
*
'
E 4 .

ig thefe trees will be fit it is cut the weaker it ftioots; and,- at laft, br fr«-

to remove V your ground is not ready to re-

but if H J
quent pruning, I have known a whole wall of dicra
ceive them, they may remain two years before they \
deftroyed; which, if they had been fuffered to grow
are trahfplanted in doing which, yoii muftx)bferve
*, without any pruning, might probably have lived many
not to head them, as is by many praclifed, for this years, and produced large quantities of fruit.
very often is immediate death to them , but if they Cherry-trees are alfo planted for orchards in maiiy
furvive it, they feldom recover this amputation in five parts of England, pardcularly in Kent, where there
or fix years.
'
are large- plantations of thefe trees. The ufual dil-
If thele trees are intended for a wall, I would advife tance allowed for their ftanding is forty feet fquare,
the planting dwarfs between the ftandards ; fo that at which fpace they are lefs fubjed to blight than
while the dwarfs are filling the bottom of the walls,
' when they are clofer planted ; and the ground may be
the {cahdardS will cover the tops, and will produce tilled between them almoft as well as if it were entire-

a great deal of fruit: but thefe, as the dwarfs arife ly clear, efpecially while the trees are young ; and
to fill the walls, hiuft be cut away to make room for often ftirring the ground, provided you do not dit
them 5 and when the dwarf trees cover the walls, the turb their roots, will greatly help the trees ; but
ftandards fliould be entirely taken away. But I would when they are grown fo big as to over-ftiadow the
adviic, never to plant ftandard Cherries over other ground, the drip of their leaves will fuffer very few
fruits, for there is no other fort of fruit that will prof things to thrive under them. Thefe ftandard trees
per well under the drip of Cherries. ftiould be planted in a fituation defended as much as
When thefe trees are taken up from the nurfery, poffible from the ftrong wefterly winds, which are
their roots' muft be fliortened, and all the bruifed parts very apt to break their tender branches ; this occafi-
'cutoff^ and alfo all the fmall fibres,' which would ons their gumming, and is very prejudicial to them.
dry, grow mouldy, and be a great prejudice to the The forts beft approved for an orchard, are the com-
new fibres in their coming forth ; you muft alfo cut mon Red, or Kentifti Cherry, the Duke, and Luke-
off" the dead part of the fbock which was left above ward J all which are plentiful bearers. But orchards
the bud, clofe down to the back part of it, that the of thefe trees are now fcarcely worth planting, except
ftock may be covered by the bud. If thefe trees are where land is very cheap for the uncertainty of their
•,

defigned for a wall, obferve to "place the bud dii-ectly bearing, with the trouble m gathering the fruit, to-
from the wall, that the back part of the ftock that gether with the fmall price it commonly yields, hath
was cut may be hid from fight: The foil that Cher- occafioned the deftroying many orchards of this fruit
ries thrive beft in, is a frelh h^zel loam ; but if the in Kent within a few .years paft. / ,

•foil is a dry gravel, they will not live many years, and This fruit was brought out of Pontus, at the time
will be perpetually blighted in the fpring. of the Mithridatic viftory, by Lucullus, in the year
Tlie forts commonly planted againft walls, are the of the city 6So, and were brought into Britain about
Early May, and May Duke, which ftiould have a I20 years afterward, which was An, Dom. c^c, ; and
fouth afpefted wall. The Hearts and common Duke were foon after fpread through moft parts of Europe,
will thrive on a* weft wall j and in order to continue it being generally efteemed for its earlinefs, as being
they are frequently planted
this fort later in the feafon, one of the firft of the tree fruit that appears to weU
againft north and north-weft afpecled walls, where come in the approaching fruit feafon.^^/j^.:
they fucceed very well ; and the Morello on a north This fort of fruit hath been Sy rnany people grafted
->

wall, which laft is chiefly planted for preferving. upon the Laurel, to which it is a congener j but the
The Hearts are all of them ill bearers, for which rea- effeft it hath in the growth of the tree, as alfo in its
fon they are feldom planted againft walls tut t'am : fruit, will not recommend it to praftice, the trees

apt to believe, if they v;ere grafted upon the Bird being of fiiort duration, and feldom produce much
Cherry, and m>anaged properly, that defeft might be fruit i though this pradice is as old as Pliny, who
remedied ^ for this ftock (as I am informed) will ren- fays it gives the fruit a pleafant bitternefs but there
:

der Cherries very fruitful; and'having the fame'ef- is little to be depended upon in the writings of the
fed on Cherries, as the Paradife ftock hath on Appk's, .ancients, with refpefl: to the feveral forts of trees be-
they may be kept in lefs compafs, which is an expe- . 5"g grafted u^on each other very few of thofe which ^
riment well worth the trial. ,; .
. we find mentioned by them to have been frequently
Your trees, if planted againft a wall, ftiould be praftifed, will not fucceed with us. Nor is it owing .

placed at leaft twenty or twenty-four feet afunder, to the. difference of climate, as fome have fuppofcd,
with a ftandard tree between each dwarf this will : who are inclinable to believe whatever they find re-
be found a reafonable diftance, when we confider, that lated in thofe books, elpecially in the bufinefs of huf-
'Cherry-trees will extend themfelves full as far as Apri- bandry and gardening ; whereas rriany of the rules for
cots, and many other forts of fruit. . the practical part of huft>andry, are not founded on
In pruning thefe iorts of fruit, you ftiouldnever experiments, but are mere theory j for from many
ftiorten their ftioots; for the" moft part of them pro- repeated trials which have been made with the utmoft
duce their fruit buds at the extremities, v/hich, when care, by pcrfons of the beft fkill, it appears, that no
ftiortened, are cut off, and this often occafions the two forts of trees, which are of different claffes, will
'death of the (hoot, at leaft a good part of its length : take upon each other. However, the Laurel and
their branches ft.ould be therefore trained in at full the Cherry being of the fame genus, or fo near of
length horizontally, obfcrving in May, where there is a kin to be ranked together by moft botanifts, will
vacancy in the wall, to ftop fome ftrong adjoining take upon each other by grafting. But I hc^ve not
branches, which will occafion their putting out two or yet feen any of the trees fo grafted, which have lived
more ftioots ; by which means, at that feafon of the . to be of any confiderable fize \ though I have feen
year, you may always get a fupply of wood for covering "many trees fo grafted, which have lived a few years,
V

the wall and at the fame time, ftiould all foreright

•,
but have made very poor progrefs-, nor do I remenv
ftioots be dil'placcd by the hind y for if they are fuffered ber' to' have ittx\ any fruit upor; the Cherry-trees
grow till winter, they will not only deprive the bear-
- p

to which were grafted on the Laurels, jtherefore cannot

ing branchcsof their proper fupply of nourifhmeht, but determine what effect this has pn the flavour of the
when they are cut out, it occafions the tree t6 gum in rruit.
that part (for Cherries bear the knife the worft of any There fome perfons who graft the Duke, and
are
lort of fruit trees-,} but be careful not to rut) off thefides other forts of Cherries, upon the Morello Cherry,
orfpurs, wj)ich are produced upon the two and three which is but a weak {hooter, in order to check the
A
years oldwgod; for it is upon thefe that thegreateftpart
«»

luxuriant growth of "tHeir trees, which will fucceed

of the fruit arc produced, which fides will continue for three or four years but they are not of long du-
:

fruitful for fevcral years. And it is for want' of duly ration, nor have I ever feen one tree fo grafted, which
obfervir.g this cautio/i', that Cherry-trees are often feen had made fhoots above fix or eight inches long, but
fo unfruuful, efpecially the Morello. which the mo. e ''''* the^ were clgfely covered wjth blofibms,^ fo may pro-
I,
1 . .
* - "
^ ' '

. duce
 . . ;; »

*. -

!•
R I

Jy '
- ^uce fome fruit in a fmall compafs 5 but thcfe are ex- the flowers being as double and large as a Cinnamon
.

''
. periments unfit to be carried into general ufe, and Rofe and thefe being produced in large
; bunches on
proper to latisfy curiofity for is it not much every part of the tree, reqder it one of the moft beau-
'-^'r only
^ •,

better to allow the trees a greater

.
fhare of room tiful trees of the fpring. Some of the flowers which
walls, when one tree fo planted and pro- are lefs double, will often produce fome fruit, which
i againft the
•

/
^'
perly managed, will produce
• more fruit than twenty the very double flowers will not but this defed: is -,

^
V
t of thefe trees, or twice that number, when they are fufficiently rccompenfed in tlie beauty of its flowers.

."^planted too clofe, though they are grafted upon the This is propagated by budding or grafting on the
n

.JBlack Cherry or any other free ftock.

J' .
Black or Wild Cherry fliock, and the trees are vevy
, ._The Early or May Cherry is the firlt ripe, lo one or proper to intermix with the fecond growth of flower-
•
'
two trees of this fort may be allowed a place in a gar- ing trees.
-i,.

'*. den, where there next ripeis room for variety. The CERASUS RACEMOSA. See Padus. H '

S '

: ii the May Duke, which is a larger fruit. than the CERATpNIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 983. Siliqua.
:^.other, and is more valuable. After this comes the Tourn. Inft. R. H. gyS. tab. 344. The Carob, or St.
'7^^
Archduke, ^hich, if permitted to hang upon the J
/ :

' tree till the fruit is quite ripe, is an excellent Cherry • •The Characters are.

but few perfons have patience toletthem hang their

,.Z It is male and female in dift\ nale fii

full time, fo rarely have thqm in perfedion, for thefe fi

.^J
'.\ ihould not be gathered before July; and if they five longfi.
,hang a fortnight longer they will be better. This
- vt^
fi fe7nale fowers have empalements of
;..is to be underftood of the fituation near London, leaf^ divided ly fi

..^ where they ripen a fortnight earlier than in places ^fl^fiy g^rnien Jituated wiihin the receptacle^ fufp
iCforty miles diftant, unlefs they have a very warm a flender flyle^ crowned hy afligma in form of a
*

/Sheltered fituation. When this fort is planted againft ift€rvi:ard becomes a long^ flefl: c^- effed
f: north walls, the fruit may be continued till the middle 'd ly tranfvcrfe
< of Auguft; but thefe muft be prote6led from the 'difh^ ccmprefj^
birds, otherwife they will deftroy them, :^ ; -^ .,
This genus of plants is ranged in the third feftion of
The Hertfordlhire Cherry, which is a fort of Heart '

Linna:us's tv/enty-third clafs, intitledPolygamia Tri-

Cherry, but a firmer and better flavoured fruit, will
'
'
oecia." The plants of this clafs have male, female,
V *,not ripen earlier than the end of July, or the begin-
.
*
and hermaphrodite flowers on dillinft plants.
'
r ning of Auguft, which makes it the more valuable We have but one Species of this senus, viz.
','

/ for its coming when the other forts of Cherries are Ceratonia iStliqua,) H. L. The Carob-tree, or St.
L

; - This is now pretty common in the nurferies

- gone, . John's Bread. Siliqua edulis of Gafpar Bauhin, and
t but as it is one of the beftkind of Cherries, it is well the Caroba of Dale. '^..\ . .
_
. ^ , .

^
worthy of being propagated in the nurferies. :
.j, , This tree is very common in Spain^ and in fome parts
is /generally planted
'
.

f The Morello Cherry, which . of Italy, as alfo in the Levant, where it grows in the
^againft walls to a north aipeft, and the fruit com- hedges, and produces a great quantity of long, flat,
n^only ufed for preferving ; yet where^
they, are plant- brown-coloured pods, which are thick, meally, and
V
ed to a better afped, and ^lliffered .to hang upon the :of a fweetifli tafl:e. iT'^hefe pods are many tim^es eaten
V trees until they are thoroughly ripe^ is a very good by the poorer fort of inhabitants when they have a
fruit for the table ; therefore fome of the trees of this
4
fcarcity of other food, but they are apt to loofen the

, ^^
fhould have place where there is plenty of wall-
fort belly ,^ and caufe gripings of the bowels. The pods
^ ing, upon a fouth-weft wall, where they will ripen are directed by the Cqllege of Phyficians to enter fome
.

perfeftly by the middle or end of Auguft, at which

. medicinal preparations, for which purpofe they are
*
f,:tinie they will be an acceptable fruit. ^ .:^ .
;
often brought from abroad.
:

''

/vji The Carnation Cherry is alfo valuable for coming In England the tree is preferved by fuch as delig;ht
H •. late in the feafon ; this has a very firm fleftiy fruit, but m
exotic plants, as a cunouty ; the leaves always
-/
-'
f;isnot the beft bearer. This fort will fome feafons ; continue green, and being diiferent in Ihape from
,j jl^cnvery well on efpaliers, and by this means the moft: other plants, afibrd an agreeable variety when
'.j^jfruit may be continued longer in the feafon. _ . ,
intermixed with Oranges, Myrtles, &c. in the green-
"^j^ThQ large Spanifli Cherry is nearly allied to the Duke houfe. ,
_ . .

'
-: f-.^Ckw^ Teems to be^pnly a variety ac-
frofn,\vhich it Thefe plants are propagated from feeds, which, when
.
' cidentally obtained ; this ripens foon after the com-
- ;. brought oyer frefh in the pods, will grow very well, if
; i\ Jiiqn^Duke^Cherry^ andrvcry often paffes for it. ' *
they are fown in the fpring upon a moderate hot-bed j
^\, ^?,.ThejellowSpani(la Cherry is of. an oval fhape a.nd ancl when the they ftiould be care-