Atlas Polen Africa

Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135
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Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/revpalbo
Research paper
Atlas of the tropical West African pollen flora

William D. Gosling a,⁎, Charlotte S. Miller a, Daniel A. Livingstone b
a
Department of Environment, Earth & Ecosystems, Centre for Earth, Planetary, Space and Astronomical Research (CEPSAR), The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
b
Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Available online 11 June 2013 The accurate and consistent identification of fossil pollen is essential to allow robust inferences to be drawn with
regard to past climate and vegetation change. Identifications are best achieved through the direct inspection of
Keywords: reference material. Most substantial reference collections are held at prestigious universities in Europe or the
Africa United States of America which can restrict access for researchers trying to advance palynology in less developed
identification countries. Digital imaging and fast spreading access to the internet means that it is now possible to produce and
key
disseminate high quality images from pollen reference collections. In this paper we contribute to this growing
images
pollen
body of work by presenting images of 364 pollen taxa from West Tropical Africa both as printed plates with a
tropical key, and within an associated online searchable database.
© 2013 Elsevier B.V. Open access under CC BY license.
1. Introduction number, and sophistication, of online searchable pollen databases

(e.g. Lezine, 2005; Bush and Weng, 2007; QPG, 2008). However,
The accurate identification of fossil pollen and spores underpins our geographical coverage and access to images for pollen identification
ability to reconstruct past vegetation and subsequently infer variation in remains patchy.
the Earth's system. Palaeo-palynology can provide, among other The most substantial atlases for African pollen and spore
things, evidence for past changes in climate (e.g. Overpeck et al., identification are: (i) in print (Reille, 1998, 1999), and (ii) online
1990; Davis and Shaw, 2001), biome (e.g. Jolly et al., 1998; Tarasov the African pollen database (Lezine, 2005). Both contain thousands
et al., 1998; Williams et al., 2004) and biodiversity (e.g. Rull, of images of species within hundreds of families, and therefore
1987; Brown, 1999; Odgaard, 1999) across the geological record. provide good general coverage of taxa likely to be found in the fossil
At one extreme the incredible resilience of pollen/spore chemistry record. In addition, pollen/spore atlases for specific regions have also
(sporopollenin) allows palynology to provide evidence for the evolution been produced, e.g. East Africa (Riollet and Bonnefille, 1976), as well
of plants on timescales of millions of years (e.g. Crane et al., 1995; as for individual countries: (i) Chad (Maley, 1970), (ii) Ethiopia
Wikström et al., 2001). Whilst at the other, the influence of human (Bonnefille, 1971a,b), (iii) Ivory Coast (Ybert, 1979), (iv) Nigeria
activity upon plants allows the actions of people within the landscape to (Sowunmi, 1973, 1995), (v) South Africa (van Zinderen Bakker,
be traced in the recent past (10–100s of years ago) (e.g. Brugam, 1978; 1953, 1956; van Zinderen Bakker and Coetzee, 1959; Scott, 1982),
Piperno and Flannery, 2001). The integrity of the information supplied and (vi) Sudan (El Ghazali, 1993). In this paper we contribute to
by palynologists to all these areas is reliant on consistent typing or, this body of knowledge by presenting c. 3000 images and
where possible, identification of the specimens found in the fossil record. identification keys for 364 pollen and spore taxa commonly found
Since its inception morphological identification of pollen grains in tropical West Africa.
has been standard practice through comparison with modern
material (von Post, 1916, reprinted 1967). Subsequently numerous
atlases for pollen and spore identification have been produced from 2. Materials and methods
across the globe, including: (Faegri and Iversen, 1989; Moore et al.,
1991; Roubik and Moreno, 1991; Colinvaux et al., 1999; Reille, 2.1. Selection of pollen and spore taxa
1999; Beug, 2004). The proliferation of pollen/spore atlases has
facilitated the expansion of the field of palynology and helped with Taxa were selected for inclusion within this tropical West African
international standardization of identifications. In addition, as pollen atlas based upon two criteria: (i) they had been previously
computing power has developed, there has been an increase in the identified within fossil records obtained from terrestrial and marine
settings within the region (Maley and Livingstone, 1983; Talbot et al.,
1984; Lezine and Vergnaud-Grazzini, 1993; Elenga et al., 1994; Frédoux,
1994; Leroy and Dupont, 1994; Dupont et al., 2000), and/or (ii) they had
⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 190 865 5147; fax: +44 190 865 5151. been identified as significant in the regional flora (Hall and Swaine,
E-mail address: william.gosling@open.ac.uk (W.D. Gosling). 1981).
0034-6667 © 2013 Elsevier B.V. Open access under CC BY license.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2013.01.003
2 W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135
2.2. Organisation and presentation of images (continued)

Table 1 (continued)
Family Species Plate
Images are presented on 129 plates showing both polar and Annonaceae Uvaria kirkii XI
equatorial views of the grain where it was possible to obtain images. Annonaceae Uvariopsis congensis IV
Plates are organised by pollen morphology to allow ease of reference Aphloiaceae Aphloia theiformis CXI
when examining fossil pollen material; following (Beug, 2004). The Apocynaceae Baissea multiflora XXIV
Apocynaceae B. multiflora XXVIII
paper is accompanied by a searchable online database which integrates Apocynaceae Funtumia latifolia CXV
the images presented here with the c. 6000 images of N1000 taxa Apocynaceae Motandra guineensis XXIV
from the Neotropical Pollen database (Bush and Weng, 2007). To access Apocynaceae Tabernaemontana retusa XCI
a Freeware version of the complete revised Tropical Pollen Database Apocynaceae T. ventricosa LXX
Apocynaceae Tylophora sylvatica XV
download and unpack as appropriate the file TopicalPollenDB2013.zip
Aquifoliaceae Ilex mitis XLI
file from cepsar-ftp.open.ac.uk/TropicalPollenDatabase. Please note Araceae Culcasia dinklagei LXXXI
due to the high number of pictures the file is large (2.77 GB) and an Araceae Lemna gibba XIV
Apple Macintosh computer running Mac OS X 10.6 or higher is required Araceae Rhektophyllum congense XCVII
to run the software. We hope that the combination of our images with Arecaceae Ancistrophyllum laurentii XVIII
Arecaceae A. secundiflorum XVIII
those of Bush and Weng (2007) within a freeware format online will Arecaceae Borassus aethiopum VII
promote further expansion by other research groups which will lead to Arecaceae B. aethiopum XIX
the eventual development of a comprehensive pan-tropical searchable Arecaceae B. machadonis XIX
online pollen and spore identification tool. Arecaceae Calamus erectus XVIII
Arecaceae C. gracilis XVIII
Arecaceae Elaeis guineensis XVIII
2.3. Provenance of specimens and image capture Arecaceae Eremospatha sp. XIX
Arecaceae Hyphaene natalensis XIX
Images and descriptions of all pollen and spores were obtained Arecaceae H. ventricosa XIX
from the reference collection of c. 30,000 specimens housed within Arecaceae Phoenix reclinata XVIII
Arecaceae Raphia farinifera XVIII
the Department of Biology at Duke University which has been collected Arecaceae R. ruffia XVIII
and curated by DAL. Reference material was sourced from herbaria and Asparagaceae Asparagus falcatus XX
laboratories around the globe; full details for individual specimens can Asparagaceae Chlorophytum floribundum XX
be found on the accompanying online database. Asparagaceae Dracaena camerooniana XX
Asparagaceae D. reflexa XXI
Images were obtained using QCapture software (v. 3.1.1) with a
Asteraceae Artemisia judaica XCI
QImaging Micropublisher 3.3 RTV camera mounted on a Nikon Eclipse Asteraceae A.sp. XCI
50i microscope. All images were taken through a Nikon Plan Fluor Asteraceae Centaurea dimorpha XC
40x/0.75 DIC M/N2 objective. Asteraceae C. perrottetii LXXXIX
Boraginaceae Heliotropium bacciferum XLIV
Boraginaceae H. subulatum XLIV
3. Terminology Boraginaceae Trichodesma africanum XCII
Boraginaceae Trichomanes mandiocanum VII
Terminology follows Punt et al. (2007). Brassicaceae Farsetia stenoptera XXXV
Burseraceae Canarium schweinfurthii XLIII
Burseraceae Commiphora campestris XLIX
4. Nomenclature
Burseraceae C. scheffleri L
Cannabaceae Celtis integrifolia XXXIV
Taxanomic nomenclature follows conventions of Beug (2004). To Cannabaceae C. mildbraedii XXXIII
find images for a specific botanical Family or Species please use Cannabaceae C. zenkeri XXXIII
Table 1. Cannabaceae Trema guinensis XXIV
Cannabaceae T. orientalis XXIV
Capparaceae Ritchiea capparoides LXI
Table 1 Capparaceae R. fragariodora XCIX
List of pollen species shown on plates ordered alphabetically by family, genus and species. Cardioteridaceae Leptaulus daphnoides XXXII
Family Species Plate Caryophyllaceae Cerastium indicum CXXIX
Caryophyllaceae Drymaria cordata CXXIV
Acanthaceae Avicennia nitida LXIV Caryophyllaceae Lychnis sp. CXXVIII
Acanthaceae A. officinalis LXXX Celastraceae Cassine parvifolia C
Acanthaceae Justicia cordata XXVI Celastraceae Elaeodendron buchananii XCIV
Acanthaceae J. flava XXVI Celastraceae Hippocratea affinis LVI
Achariaceae Caloncoba angolensis LXXX Celastraceae H. africana LVII
Achariaceae Dasylepis assinensis LXV Celastraceae Maytenus senegalensis LVI
Achariaceae Grandidiera boivinii LVII Celastraceae Salacia kraussii LVI
Achariaceae Kiggelaria africana CVIII Celastraceae S. pyriformis CIV
Aizoaceae Sesuvium sessile XXVIII Centroplacaceae Centroplacus glaucinus XLV
Amaranthaceae Alternanthera nodiflora VII Chrysobalanaceae Afrolicania elaeosperma XCIII
Amaranthaceae A. repens VII Chrysobalanaceae Parinari curatellifolia XLII
Amaranthaceae Celosia patentiloba CXXIV Chrysobalanaceae P. holstii XLVIII
Amaranthaceae C. stuhlmanniana CXXIV Combretaceae Combretum aculeatum CXXIII
Amaranthaceae C. trigyna CXXIV Combretaceae C. gueinzii CXXIII
Amaryllidaceae Crinum pauciflorum XXI Combretaceae Guiera senegalensis CXXIII
Amaryllidaceae C. powellii XXI Combretaceae Pteleopsis diptera CXXIII
Anacardiaceae Lannea humilis LXXV Combretaceae Strephonema pseudocola LIX
Anacardiaceae L. stuhlmannii LXVI Combretaceae Terminalia aemula CXXIII
Anacardiaceae L. triphylla LXVII Combretaceae T. brownii CXXIII
Anacardiaceae Sclerocarya birrea LXXV Commelinaceae Aneilema johnstonii XXI
Anacardiaceae Spondias mombin LXXVI Commelinaceae Commelina africana XXI
Annonaceae Artabotrys likimensis XVI Connaraceae Agelaea heterophylla LV
Annonaceae Piptostigma mayumbense VIII Convolvulaceae Calystegia sepium CXXV
W.D. Gosling et al. / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135 3
Table
(continued)
1 (continued) (continued)
Table 1 (continued)
Family Species Plate Family Species Plate
Convolvulaceae Convolvulus trabutianus CVI Fabaceae (Faboideae) Tephrosia elata CIX

Convolvulaceae Hewittia sublobata CXXVIII Fabaceae (Faboideae) T. nana CIX
Convolvulaceae Ipomoea donaldsonii CXXVII Fabaceae (Faboideae) Vigna fischeri XXX
Convolvulaceae Ipomoea ochracea CXXIX Fabaceae (Faboideae) V. luteola XXXI
Costaceae Costus spectabilis CXXV Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Acacia clavigera II
Davalliaceae Nephrolepis biserrata X Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) A. eggelingii I
Davalliaceae N. exaltata X Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) A. seyal I
Dichapetalaceae Dichapetalum mossambicense XXXI Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Aubrevillea platycarpa LXXIX
Dichapetalaceae D. stuhlmannii XXXIV Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Calpocalyx brevibracteatus I
Dilleniaceae Tetracera alnifolia XXXVI Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Dichrostachys cinerea XVI
Dipterocarpaceae Monotes kerstingii LXXII Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) D. glomerata XVI
Ebenaceae Diospyros abyssinica XCIII Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) D. unijuga VIII
Ebenaceae D. austroafricana XCII Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Entada abyssinica LII
Ebenaceae D. mespiliformis XLIII Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) E. pursaetha XXXII
Ericaceae Erica arborea IV Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) E. umbonata XXX
Erythroxylaceae Aneulophus africanus XXXVI Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Mimosa strigillosa IV
Euphorbiaceae Alchornea cordifolia XLIX Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Parkia bussei III
Euphorbiaceae A. floribunda XLI Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Parkia inundabilis II
Euphorbiaceae Anthostema aubryanum LIV Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) P. velutina III
Euphorbiaceae A. senegalense CIII Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Piptadenia africana LXXXV
Euphorbiaceae Argomuellera macrophylla XLVI Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Prosopis africana LXXI
Euphorbiaceae Croton gratissimus XII Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) P. alpataco LXXXVIII
Euphorbiaceae C. macrostachyus XII Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Xylia evansii I
Euphorbiaceae Dichostemma sp. XXXVII Gentianaceae Anthocleista grandiflora XXXIII
Euphorbiaceae Discoglypremna caloneura LI Gerrardinaceae Gerrardina foliosa XL
Euphorbiaceae Erythrococca bongensis L Gunneraceae Gunnera chilensis XXXV
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia cussonioides XCVI Hernandiaceae Illigera appendiculata XIV
Euphorbiaceae E. engleri XCV Hernandiaceae I. rhodantha VI
Euphorbiaceae E. grandicornis CII Icacinaceae Iodes kamerunensis XIV
Euphorbiaceae E. hypericifolia LXIX Icacinaceae I. ovalis XXIV
Euphorbiaceae Macaranga schweinfurt XLVIII Icacinaceae I. ovalis XXVII
Euphorbiaceae Mallotus wrayi LIII Iridaceae Acidanthera brevicollis VI
Euphorbiaceae Martretia quadricornis XLVII Iridaceae A. brevicollis XXI
Euphorbiaceae Tetrorchidium didymostemon LXXXIII Irvingiaceae Irvingia smithii LXXXII
Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Afzelia bracteata XXXVIII Kirkiaceae Kirkia acuminata XXIX
Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) A. quanzensis CXVII Lamiaceae Leucas calostachys XXXVI
Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Berlinia bifoliolata LXXVII Lamiaceae Premna maxima XXXV
Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) B. grandiflora XXXIX Lamiaceae P. resinosa XXXV
Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Brachystegia leonensis XXXVIII Lamiaceae Vitex amboniensis XXXVI
Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) B. spiciformis XXXVIII Lamiaceae V. doniana XXXVI
Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) B. spiciformis LXXXV Lecythidaceae Napoleona imperialis XXXV
Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Cassia burttii CX Lecythidaceae Petersia africana XXXIX
Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) C. longiracemosa CVIII Lecythidaceae Scytopetalum tieghemii XXXVII
Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Copaifera carrissoana CX Lecythidaceae S. tieghemii LXVIII
Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) C. gorskiana LXXIII Lindsaeaceae Lonchitis currori X
Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Crudia bracteata XLII Malpighiaceae Acridocarpus macrocalyx LXXIII
Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Cynometra alexandri LVIII Malvaceae Bombax brevicuspe XXVIII
Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) C. pedicellata CXI Malvaceae B. buonopozense XXVIII
Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Daniella oliveri LXXVIII Malvaceae Ceiba pentandra XXIX
Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Detarium le-testui CVII Malvaceae Cola gigantea CI
Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) D. senegalense XCVII Malvaceae C. millenii CI
Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Dialium guianense LXXXII Malvaceae C. nitida XCVIII
Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Griffonia simplicifolia LXXIV Malvaceae Corchorus fascicularis LIX
Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Guibourtia arnoldiana LXXIV Malvaceae C. trilocularis LXXVIII
Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Hymenostegia afzelii CXII Malvaceae Grewia bicolor LXII
Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Isoberlinia angolensis LXVII Malvaceae G. glandulosa CIV
Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) I. doka LXVIII Malvaceae Hildegardia barteri LXXXI
Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Paramacrolobium coeruleum XXXVIII Malvaceae Nesogordonia fertilis XXX
Fabaceae (Ceasalpiniodeae) Piliostigma reticulatum XXVII Malvaceae N. parvifolia XXXI
Fabaceae (Faboideae) Baphia massaiensis LII Malvaceae Scaphopetalum letestui XI
Fabaceae (Faboideae) B. obovata CXIV Malvaceae S. thonneri VIII
Fabaceae (Faboideae) Indigofera leptoclada XLV Malvaceae Sterculia tragacantha LXXI
Fabaceae (Faboideae) Lotus arabicus CV Malvaceae Triplochiton scleroxylon XXX
Fabaceae (Faboideae) L. chazaliei XLIII Marantaceae Sarcophrynium brachystachyum CVIII
Fabaceae (Faboideae) Millettia oblata XCIX Meliaceae Turraeanthus africana XXXIV
Fabaceae (Faboideae) M. psilopetala XLVI Menispermaceae Cissampelos mucronata XXXVII
Fabaceae (Faboideae) M. tanaensis CVII Menispermaceae Tiliacora funifera XI
Fabaceae (Faboideae) Ormocarpum kirkii LXV Moraceae Antiaris toxicaria XXIII
Fabaceae (Faboideae) O. sennoides CIII Moraceae Bosqueia manongarivensis CXXVII
Fabaceae (Faboideae) Pericopsis angolensis LXXXIV Moraceae Chlorophora excelsa XXIII
Fabaceae (Faboideae) P. laxiflora CXIII Moraceae Ficus ingens XXIII
Fabaceae (Faboideae) Pterocarpus abyssinicus LXIX Myricaceae Myrica sp. XXII
Fabaceae (Faboideae) P. lucens LXIX Myristicaceae Pycnanthus dinklagei VII
Fabaceae (Faboideae) Rhynchosia memnonia LXXXIV Myrtaceae Eugenia michoacanensis XXII
Fabaceae (Faboideae) R.sp. LXXXVIII Myrtaceae Syzygium guineense XXII
Fabaceae (Faboideae) Sesbania goetzei LXXXVII Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea caerulea XI
(continued on next page)

Table
(continued)
1 (continued) (continued)
Table 1 (continued)
Family Species Plate Family Species Plate
Nymphaeaceae N. caerulea XX Salicaceae Homalium buchholzii CX

Nymphaeaceae N. lotus X Salicaceae Oncoba dentata CVII
Nymphaeaceae N. lotus XX Sapindaceae Allophylus africanus XXVII
Ochnaceae Lophira alata XCII Sapindaceae Blighia unijugata LXI
Olacaceae Coula edulis XXVIII Sapindaceae B. wildemaniana LVIII
Olacaceae Heisteria parvifolia XXVIII Sapindaceae Cardiospermum corindum LXXIX
Oleaceae Olea hochstetteri LIII Sapindaceae C. grandiflorum XXX
Orobanchaceae Striga forbesii XXXIV Sapindaceae Chytranthus obliquinervis LXXXVI
Pandaceae Microdesmis sp. CXIII Sapindaceae C. sacleuxii LXXXVI
Pandanaceae Pandanus kirkii XV Sapindaceae Dodonaea viscosa LXX
Pandanaceae P. livingstonianus VIII Sapindaceae Lecaniodiscus cupanioides LXXXVI
Passifloraceae Adenia nicobarica LV Sapindaceae Paullinia pinnata XXXII
Passifloraceae Barteria acuminata XIII Sapindaceae Placodiscus amaniensis CXII
Pedaliaceae Sesamum angustifolium CXIX Sapotaceae Neolemonniera clitandrifolia XCIV
Pedaliaceae S. indicum CXVI Simaroubaceae Hannoa klaineana LXV
Periscaceae Medusandra richardsiana XLIX Simaroubaceae H. undulata LXV
Phyllanthaceae Amanoa strobilacea LI Simaroubaceae Odyendea gabunenesis CVI
Phyllanthaceae Bridelia micrantha CII Thymelaeaceae Dicranolepis oligantha CXXVI
Phyllanthaceae Hymenocardia acida XXXIII Thymelaeaceae D. usambarica XIII
Phyllanthaceae Maesobotrya barteri C Typhaceae Typha angustifolia XVII
Phyllanthaceae M. hirtella LXVI Typhaceae T. australis XVII
Phyllanthaceae Securinega virosa XCVII Typhaceae T. capensis XVII
Phyllanthaceae Spondianthus preussii LX Urticaceae Musanga leo-errerae XXIII
Phyllanthaceae Thecacoris gymnogyne XL Urticaceae M. smithii XXIII
Phyllanthaceae Uapaca bojeri LXXXIV Violaceae Rinorea oblongifolia CXIII
Phyllanthaceae U. heudelotii CV Violaceae R. welwitschii CXIII
Piperaceae Peperomia sp. X Vitaceae Cissus petiolata LX
Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolata CXXIV Vitaceae C. quadrangularis LXII
Plantaginaceae P. major CXXIV Xyridaceae Xyris aristata IX
Plantaginaceae P. palmata CXXVI Xyridaceae X. montana IX
Poaceae Guaduella oblonga XVII Xyridaceae X. welwitschii IX
Podocarpaceae Podocarpus milanjianus V Zygophyllaceae Balanites aegyptiacus XLVII
Polygalaceae Atroxima afzeliana CXXI Zygophyllaceae B. glaber XLV
Polygalaceae Securidaca longepedunculata CXXI Zygophyllaceae Tribulus terrestris XIII
Proteaceae Protea susannae XXVIII
Proteaceae P. trichanthera XXXII
Putranjivaceae Drypetes gerrardii LXIV
Rhamnaceae Zizyphus mauritiana LXXXII 5. Polyads
Rhizophoraceae Cassipourea flanaganii LXVI
Rhizophoraceae Rhizophora mangle XCVI
Plates I–III
Rhizophoraceae R. mucronata XCVIII
Rosaceae Cliffortia nitidula XLVIII Key
Rosaceae Hagenia abyssinica LXXII
Rosaceae Prunus africana XLVIII 1. Comprising eight grains 2.
Rosaceae Pygeum africanum LXXIII –Comprising twelve grains 3.
Rosaceae Rubus scheffleri LXII –Comprising more than twelve grains 5.
Rubiaceae Borreria densiflora CXVI 2. Surface psilate (Plate I: 1–3) Calpocalyx brevibracteatus
Rubiaceae B. ruelliae CXVI –Surface scabrate (Plate I: 4–6) Xylia evansii
Rubiaceae Crossopteryx febrifuga LX 3. Polyad diameter less than 40 μm 4.
Rubiaceae Diodia aulacosperma CXX –Polyad diameter greater than 40 μm (Plate II: 1–3) Acacia clavigera
Rubiaceae D. scandens CXVIII 4. Surface scabrate (Plate I: 7–9) Acacia seyal
Rubiaceae Gaertnera paniculata LXXXIII –Surface psilate (Plate I: 10–12) Acacia eggelingii
Rubiaceae Ixora aneimenodesma LIV 5. Polyad arrangement non-uniform 6.
Rubiaceae I. brachypoda LXXXVII –Polyad arrangement uniform (Plate III: 4–6) Parkia velutina
Rubiaceae Lasianthus africanus XXIX 6. Polyad diameter less than 110 μm (Plate II: 4–6) Parkia inundabilis
Rubiaceae Mitracarpus hirtus CXIX –Polyad diameter greater than 110 μm (Plate III: 1–3) Parkia bussei
Rubiaceae M. verticillatus CXX
Rubiaceae Mitragyna inermis LXXXII
Rubiaceae Morinda citrifolia XIII
Rubiaceae M. citrifolia XXV 6. Tetrads
Rubiaceae Nauclea diderrichii CXII
Rubiaceae N. esculenta C
Rubiaceae Plectronia vulgaris XXIX Plate IV
Rubiaceae Psychotria fractinervata XXXI Key
Rubiaceae P. goetzei XII
Rubiaceae Sabicea floribunda XXVIII
Rutaceae Fagara macrophylla LIII 1. Visible collumnae 2.
Rutaceae Teclea villosa LXXVII –Invisible collumnae (Plate IV: 1–4) Erica arborea
Rutaceae Vepris eugeniifolia CXI 2. Surface verrucate (Plate IV: 5–7) Mimosa strigillosa
Rutaceae V. gossweileri CV –Surface scabrate (Plate IV: 8–9) Uvariopsis congensis
Rutaceae V. humbertii LXII
Rutaceae V. uguenensis XL
Rutaceae Zanthoxylum procerum CVI
Salicaceae Calantica jalbertii LVIII 7. Vesiculate
Salicaceae Casearia engleri XCIII
Salicaceae Dissomeria crenata CIX
Plate V
Salicaceae Flacourtia indica LXIV
Podocarpus milanjianus (Plate V: 1–6)
8. Inaperturate, including Polypodiaceae 10. Monocolpate
Plates VI–XVI Plates XVIII–XXI

Key Key
1. Surface reticulate 2. –1. Surface psilate 2.

–Surface echinate 6. –Surface gemmate (Plate XIX: 6–8) Borassus aethiopum
–Surface psilate 9. –Surface perforate (Plate XXI: 4–6) Acidanthera brevicollis
–Surface reticulate 14. –Surface foveolate 4.
–Surface foveolate (Plate VII: 4–7) Trichomanes –Surface scabrate 5.
mandiocanum –Surface echinate 8.
–Surface verrucate 15. –Surface reticulate 10.
–Surface gemmate (Plate VII: 1–3) Borassus aethiopum 2. Equatorial grain shape rectangular (tall) (Plate XVIII: Raphia ruffia
–Surface perforate (Plate VI: 5–7) Acidanthera brevicollis 1–2)
–Surface scabrate 16. –Equatorial grain shape rhombic (tall) (Plate XVIII: 6–8) Phoenix reclinata
2. Equatorial grain shape circular 3. –Equatorial grain shape circular 3.
–Equatorial grain shape suboblate (Plate IX: 9–11) Xyris montana 3. Polar grain shape triangular (convex) (Plate XX: 4–6) Nymphaea lotus
–Equatorial grain shape subprolate (Plate VIII: 10–13) Scaphopetalum thonneri –Polar grain shape circular (Plate XX: 1–3) Nymphaea caerulea
–Equatorial grain shape rectangular (tall) (Plate IX: 1–8) Xyris sp. (×2) 4. Equatorial grain shape rectangular (tall) Hyphaene natalensis
3. Equatorial grain diameter 9–11 (Plate X: 1–4) Peperomia sp. (Plate XIX: 9–10)
–Equatorial grain diameter 12–18 (Plate XI: 8–10) Tiliacora funifera –Equatorial grain shape rhombic (tall) Hyphaene ventricosa
–Equatorial grain diameter 27–33 (Plate XI: 11–14) Scaphopetalum letestui (Plate XIX: 11–13)
–Equatorial grain diameter 40–55 3. 5. Equatorial grain shape subprolate 6.
–Equatorial grain diameter 63–77 5. –Equatorial grain shape rectangular (tall)
–Equatorial grain diameter 70–90 (Plate XII: 7–10) Croton macrostachyus (Plate XVIII: 3–6, Plate XVIII: 17–18, Plate XVIII: 19–21) Raphia farinifera
–Equatorial grain diameter 90–110 (Plate XIII 1–2) Dicranolepis usambarica Calamus erectus
4. Wall thickness 2 (Plate XII: 1–3) Psychotria goetzei Calamus gracilis
–Wall thickness 4 (Plate XII: 4–6) Croton gratissimus 6. Polar grain shape triangular (convex) (Plate XVIII: Elaeis guineensis
5. Wall thickness 2 (Plate XIII 5–7) Morinda citrifolia 9–11)
–Wall thickness 6 (Plate XIII: 3–4) Tribulus terrestris –Polar grain shape circular 7.
6. Equatorial grain shape circular 7. 7. Collumnae invisible (Plate XX: 7–9) Chlorophytum floribundum
–Equatorial grain shape suboblate (Plate VII: 8–11) Pycnanthus dinklagei –Collumnae visible (Plate XX: 10–11) Asparagus falcatus
–Equatorial grain shape oblate (Plate VI: 1–4) Illigera rhodantha 8. Wall thinner on pole (Plate XXI: 7–9) Aneilema johnstonii
–Equatorial grain shape subprolate (Plate VIII: 14–17) Pandanus livingstonianus –Wall even 9.
7. Equatorial grain diameter 17–23 8. 9. Equatorial grain size 50–60 (Plate XXI: 10–12) Commelina africana
–Equatorial grain diameter 36–44 (Plate XIV: 1–3) Iodes kamerunensis –Equatorial grain size 75–85 (Plate XXI: 13–15) Crinum powellii
–Equatorial grain diameter 63–77 (Plate XIII: 8–10) Barteria acuminata –Equatorial grain size 85–95 (Plate XXI: 16–18) Crinum pauciflorum
–Equatorial grain diameter 81–99 (Plate XIV: 4–7) Illigera appendiculata 10. Colpus length 1 11.
8. Wall thickness 0.5 (Plate XIV: 8–11) Lemna gibba –Colpus length 2 (Plate XXI: 1–3) Dracaena reflexa
–Wall thickness 1.5 (Plate XV: 1–4) Pandanus kirkii –Colpus length 4 (Plate XXI: 12–13) Dracaena camerooniana
9. Equatorial grain shape circular 10. –Colpus length 5 13.
–Equatorial grain shape suboblate 12. 11. Collumnae invisible (Plate XVIII: 12–14) Ancistrophyllum
–Equatorial grain shape subprolate 13. secundiflorum
10. Polar grain shape circular (Plate XI: 1–4) Nymphaea caerulea –Collumnae visible (Plate XIX: 4–5) Borassus machadonis
–Polar grain shape quinquangular 11. 12. Equatorial grain size 35–45 (Plate XIX: 1–3) Eremospatha sp.
–Polar grain shape triangular (convex) (Plate X: 13–16) Nymphaea lotus –Equatorial grain size 45–55 (Plate XVIII: 15–16) Ancistrophyllum laurentii
11. Wall thickness 1(Plate VII: 16–19) Alternanthera repens
–Wall thickness 2 (Plate VII: 12–15) Alternanthera nodiflora
–12. Equatorial grain diameter 35–45 (Plate XI: 5–7) Uvaria kirkii 11. Syncolporate
–Equatorial grain diameter 50–70 (Plate VIII: 1–6) Piptostigma mayumbense
–13. Equatorial grain diameter 20–30 14.
Plates XXII
–Equatorial grain diameter 50–60 (Plate X: 11–12) Lonchitis currori
14. Wall thickness 1 (Plate X: 8–10) Nephrolepis biserrata Key
–Wall thickness 2 (Plate X: 5–7) Nephrolepis exaltata
15. Equatorial grain shape circular (Plate XVI: 4–10) Dichrostachys sp. (×2) 1. Equatorial grain size 15–20 (Plate XXII: 7–10) Syzygium guineense
–Equatorial grain shape suboblate (Plate VIII: 7–9) Dichrostachys unijuga –Equatorial grain size 20–25 (Plate XXII: 1–3) Eugenia michoacanensis
16. Equatorial grain diameter 150–200 (Plate XV: 5–6) Tylophora sylvatica –Equatorial grain size 30–37 (Plate XXII: 4–6) Myrcia sp.
–Equatorial grain diameter unknown (Plate XVI: 1–3) Artabotrys likimensis
12. Diporate
Plates XXIII–XXV
9. Monoporate
1. Equatorial grain shape rectangular (tall) (Plate XXIII: 1–4) Musanga smithii
Plate XVII –Equatorial grain shape sub-prolate (Plate XXIII: 5–9) Musanga leo-errerae
Key –Equatorial grain shape sub-oblate 2.
–Equatorial grain shape circular 4.
2. Pore shape elliptic (tall) (Plate XXIII: 10–15) Chlorophora excelsa
–Pore shape circular 3.
1. Surface scabrate (Plate XVII: 1–2) Guaduella oblonga 3. Pore morphology thickened pore (Plate XXIII: 16–17) Antiaris toxicaria
–Surface reticulate 2. –Pore morphology plain (Plate XXIII: 18–19) Ficus ingens
2. Pore size 1.5 μm (Plate XVII: 6–8) Typha angustifolia 4. Pore shape irregular (Plate XXIV: 1–5) Iodes ovalis
–Pore size 2 μm 3. –Pore shape circular with annulus 5.
3. Wall thickness 1 (Plate XVII: 3–5) Typha australis –Pore shape circular 6.
–Wall thickness 1.5 (Plate XVII: 9–11) Typha capensis 5. Surface psilate (Plate XXIV: 6–9) Baissea multiflora

Plate I. 1–3 Calpocalyx brevibracteatus, 4–6 Xylia evansii, 7–9 Acacia seyal, 10–12 Acacia eggelingii.
Plate II. 1–3 Acacia clavigera, 4–6 Parkia inundabilis.
–Surface scabrate (Plate XXIV: 10–12) Motandra guineensis –Polar grain diameter 20–30 μm (Plate XXVIII: 10–12) Baissea multiflora
6. Pore morphology thickened pore (Plate XXIV: 13–19) Trema orientalis 5. Pore size 1–3 μm 6.
–Pore morphology plain 7. –Pore size 4–5 μm (Plate XXVIII: 19–21) Protea susannae
7. Equatorial grain diameter 18–22 μm (Plate XXIV: 20–22) Trema guinensis 6. Pore morphology thickened pore (Plate XXVIII: Sabicea floribunda
–Equatorial grain diameter 63–77 μm (Plate XXV: 1–2) Morinda citrifolia 13–15)
–Pore morphology thinning sexine 7.
7. Polar grain diameter 8–12 μm (Plate XXVIII: 7–9) Coula edulis
13. Dicolporate –Polar grain diameter 18–22 μm (Plate XXVIII: 16–18) Heisteria parvifolia
8. Pore morphology thickened pore 9.
–Pore morphology slightly extruded 10.
Plate XXVI
–Pore morphology extruded 11.
Key –Pore morphology plain 12.
–Pore morphology thinning sexine 15.
9. Polar grain diameter 25–35 μm (Plate XXVIII: 22–24) Bombax buonopozense
1. Pore size 10 μm (Plate XXVI: 1–6) Justicia cordata –Polar grain diameter 40–50 μm (Plate XXIX: 1–6) Plectronia vulgaris
–Pore size 4 μm (Plate XXVI: 7–11) Justicia flava –10. Polar grain diameter 14–16 μm (Plate XXIX: Lasianthus africanus
10–15)
–Polar grain diameter 45–55 μm (Plate XXIX: 16–18) Kirkia acuminata
14. Triporate –Polar grain diameter 60–80 μm (Plate XXIX: 7–9) Ceiba pentandra
11. Polar grain diameter 36–44 μm (Plate XXX: 1–7) Vigna fischeri
Plate XXVIII–XXXIV –Polar grain diameter 54–66 μm (Plate XXX: 8–10) Cardiospermum
Key grandiflorum
12. Polar grain shape circular 13.
–Polar grain shape triangular (convex) 14.
1. Surface granulate (Plate XXVII: 1–7) Allophylus africanus 13. Pore size ~3 μm (Plate XXX: 11–14) Triplochiton scleroxylon
–Surface echinate 2. –Pore size ~5 μm (Plate XXX: 15–18) Nesogordonia fertilis
–Surface psilate 3. –Pore size ~6 μm (Plate XXX: 19–21) Entada umbonata
–Surface reticulate 8. 14. Pore size ~6 μm (Plate XXXI: 1–6) Nesogordinia parvifolia
–Surface scabrate 17. –Pore size ~8 μm (Plate XXXI: 13–15) Vigna luteola
2. Polar grain diameter 18–21 μm (Plate XXVII: 8–11) Iodes ovalis –Pore size ~25 μm (Plate XXXI: 16–17) Psychotria fractinervata
–Polar grain diameter 35–45 μm (Plate XXVII: 12–14) Piliostigma reticulatum 15. Polar grain diameter 10–15 μm (Plate XXXI: 7–12) Dichapetalum
–Polar grain diameter 50–70 μm (Plate XXVIII: 1–3) Bombax brevicuspe mossambicense
3. Polar grain shape circular 4. –Polar grain diameter 36–45 μm (Plate XXXII: 1–3) Paullinia pinnata
–Polar grain shape triangular (convex) 5. –Polar grain diameter 45–55 μm 16.
4. Polar grain diameter 12–16 μm (Plate XXVIII: 4–6) Sesuvium sessile 16. Pore shape circular (Plate XXXII: 4–6) Entada pursaetha

Plate III. 1–3 Parkia bussei, 4–6 Parkia velutina.

Plate IV. 1–4 Erica arborea, 5–7 Mimosa strigillosa, 8–9 Uvariopsis congensis.
–Pore shape elliptic (tall) (Plate XXXII: 7–13) Protea trichanthera 20. Pore morphology sunken pore (Plate XXXIII: 8–13) Anthocleista grandiflora
17. Polar grain shape circular 18. –Pore morphology slightly extruded (Plate XXXIII: Hymenocardia acida
–Polar grain shape triangular (convex) 21. 14–17)
18. Pore shape rectangular (broad) (Plate XXXII: 14–19) Leptaulus daphnoides 21. Polar grain diameter 10–15 μm (Plate XXXIV: 1–3) Dichapetalum stuhlmannii
–Pore shape circular 19. –Polar grain diameter 18–24 μm 22.
–Pore shape circular (with annulus) 20. –Polar grain diameter 40–60 μm (Plate XXXIV: 4–7) Turraeanthus africana
19. Polar grain diameter 18–22 μm (Plate XXXIII: 1–4) Celtis zenkeri 22. Wall thickness ~0.25 μm (Plate XXXIV: 8–9) Striga forbesii
–Polar grain diameter 27–33 μm (Plate XXXIII: 5–7) Celtis mildbraedii –Wall thickness ~1.5 μm (Plate XXXIV: 10–14) Celtis integrifolia
Plate V. 1–6 Podocarpus milanjianus.
15. Tricolpate 2. Equatorial grain shape rectangular (tall) (Plate XXXVII: Scytopetalum
1–6) tieghemii
–Equatorial grain shape rhombic (tall) (Plate XXXVII: 7–12) Dichostemma sp.
Plates XXXV–XXXIX –Equatorial grain shape circular (Plate XXXVIII: 19–20) Paramacrolobium
Key coeruleum
–Equatorial grain shape rhombic (broad) (Plate XXXVIII: Brachystegia leonensis
7–12)
1. Surface psilate (Plate XXXV: 1–5) Gunnera chilensis –Equatorial grain shape suboblate (Plate XXXVIII: 1–6) Brachystegia
–Surface clavate/psilate (Plate XXXVI: 6–11) Vitex amboniensis spiciformis
–Surface scabrate (Plate XXXV: 6–10) Napoleona imperialis –Equatorial grain shape prolate 3.
–Surface striate (Plate XXXIX: 6–11) Berlinia grandiflora –Equatorial grain shape subprolate 4.
–Surface reticulate 2. 3. Colp length 1 (Plate XXXVI: 1–5) Leucas calostachys
Plate VI. 1–4 Illigera rhodantha, 5–7 Acidanthera brevicollis.
–Colp length 2 (Plate XXXVI: 24–26) Aneulophus africanus 16. Tricolporate

4. Polar grain shape triangular (convex) 5.
–Polar grain shape circular 6.
–Polar grain shape tri–lobate 8. Plates XL–CXIV
5. Equatorial grain diameter 15–25 μm (Plate XXXVII: 13–18)Cissampelos Key
mucronata
–Equatorial grain diameter 40–50 (Plate XXXIX: 1–5) Petersia africana
6. Wall thickness b2 μm (Plate XXXV: 17–21) Premna maxima 1. Equatorial grain shape circular 2.
–Wall thickness N2 μm 7. –Equatorial grain shape oblate (Plate XL: 1–6) Gerrardina foliosa
7. Equatorial grain diameter 27–37 μm (Plate XXXVI: 18–23) Tetracera alnifolia –Equatorial grain shape perprolate (Plate XL: 7–11) Thecacoris gymnogyne
–Equatorial grain diameter 40–50 μm (Plate XXXV: 22–27) Premna resinosa –Equatorial grain shape prolate 3.
8. Wall thickness 2 (Plate XXXVI: 12–17) Vitex doniana –Equatorial grain shape rectangular (tall) 4.
–Wall thickness 3 (Plate XXXV: 11–16) Farsetia stenoptera –Equatorial grain shape rhombic (broad) 5.
–Wall thickness 10 (Plate XXXVIII: 13–18) Afzelia bracteata –Equatorial grain shape rhombic (tall) 6.

Plate VII. 1–3 Borassus aethiopum, 4–7 Trichomanes mandiocanum, 8–11 Pycnanthus dinklagei, 12–15 Alternanthera nodiflora, 16–19 Alternanthera repens.
–Equatorial grain shape sub-oblate 7. –Surface reticulate 28.

–Equatorial grain shape sub-prolate 8. –Surface striate 37.
–Equatorial grain shape undetermined 87. 4. Surface psilate 9.
2. Surface psilate 11. –Surface reticulate 10.
–Surface reticulate 12. –Surface scabrate 40.
–Surface scabrate 13. 5. Surface psilate (Plate XLI: 1–10) Alchornea floribunda
–Surface striate (Plate XL: 12–17) Vepris uguenensis –Surface clavate/pilate (Plate XLI: 11–16) Ilex mitis
3. Surface psilate 27. –Surface reticulate 42.
Plate VIII. 1–6 Piptostigma mayumbense, 7–9 Dichrostachys unijuga, 10–13 Scaphopetalum thonneri, 14–17 Pandanus livingstonianus.
–Surface scabrate 43. –Surface striate 85.

6. Surface psilate 44. 9. Pore shape circular (Plate XLIII: 1–6) Diospyros mespiliformis
–Surface striate 46. –Pore shape elliptic (broad) (Plate XLIII: 7–9) Lotus chazaliei
–Surface reticulate 49. –Pore shape lalongate (Plate XLIII: 10–16) Canarium schweinfurthii
–Surface scabrate (Plate LXXVIII: 4–7) Daniella oliveri –Pore shape lolongate (Plate XLIV: 1–14) Heliotropium sp. ×2
7. Surface psilate 53. 10. Pore shape circular 39.
–Surface striate (Plate XLII: 1–7) Crudia bracteata –Pore shape elliptic (tall) (Plate XLV: 1–6) Balanites glaber
–Surface reticulate 54. 11. Pore shape circular 14.
–Surface scabrate (Plate XLII: 8–14) Parinari curatellifolia –Pore shape elliptic (broad) (Plate XLV: 7–12) Centroplacus glaucinus
8. Surface echinate 60. 12. Pore shape circular (Plate XLV: 13–18) Indigofera leptoclada
–Surface psilate 62. –Pore shape circular with annulus 15.
–Surface reticulate 65. –Pore shape concave 16.
–Surface scabrate 80. –Pore shape lalongate (Plate XLVI: 1–8) Millettia psilopetala

Plate IX. 1–4 Xyris welwitschii, 5–8 Xyris aristata, 9–11 Xyris montana.
Plate X. 1–4 Peperomia sp., 5–7 Nephrolepis exaltata, 8–10 Nephrolepis biserrata, 11–12 Lonchitis currori, 13–16 Nymphaea lotus.
–Pore shape rectangular (broad) 18. –Pore shape undetermined (Plate XLVIII: 1–3) Cliffortia nitidula
–Pore shape lolongate 21. 13. Pore shape circular 26.
–Pore shape rhombic (tall) (Plate XLVI: 9–16) Argomuellera macrophylla –Pore shape rectangular (broad) (Plate XLVIII: 4–9) Parinari holstii
–Pore shape squared 23. –Pore shape lalongate (Plate XLVIII: 10–15) Macaranga schweinfurt
–Pore shape elliptic (tall) (Plate XLVII: 1–6) Balanites aegyptiacus –Pore shape lolongate (Plate XLVIII: 16–22) Prunus africana
–Pore shape irregular (Plate XLVII: 7–12) Martretia quadricornis Alchornea cordifolia

Plate XI. 1–4 Nymphaea caerulea, 5–7 Uvaria kirkii, 8–10 Tiliacora funifera, 11–14 Scaphopetalum letestui.
Plate XII. 1–3 Psychotria goetzei, 4–6 Croton gratissimus, 7–10 Croton macrostachyus.
Plate XIII. 1–2 Dicranolepis usambarica, 3–4 Tribulus terrestris, 5–7 Morinda citrifolia, 8–10 Barteria acuminata.
Plate XIV. 1–3 Iodes kamerunensis, 4–7 Illigera appendiculata, 8–11 Lemna gibba.
Plate XV. 1–4 Pandanus kirkii, 5–6 Tylophora sylvatica.

Plate XVI. 1–3 Artabotrys likimensis, 4–6 Dichrostachys cinerea, 7–10 Dichrostachys glomerata.
14. Pore morphology with an operculum (Plate XLIX: –Polar grain shape triangular (convex) 25.
1–8) 25. Equatorial grain diameter 17–25 μm (Plate LVI: 9–14) Hippocratea affinis
–Pore morphology sunken pore (Plate XLIX: 9–12) Medusandra richardsiana –Equatorial grain diameter 25–35 μm (Plate LVII: 1–8) Hippocratea africana
15. Pore morphology thickened pore (Plate XLIX: 14–18) Commiphora campestris 26. Pore morphology extruded (Plate LVII: 9–14) Grandidiera boivinii
–Pore morphology sunken pore (Plate L: 1–7) Commiphora scheffleri –Pore morphology slightly extruded (Plate LVIII: 1–8) Cynometra alexandri
16. Pore morphology thickened pore (Plate L: 8–16) Erythrococca bongensis 27. Pore shape lalongate (Plate LVIII: 9–13) Calantica jalbertii
–Pore morphology sunken pore 17. –Pore shape rhombic (broad) (Plate LVIII: 14–20) Blighia wildemaniana
–Pore morphology slightly extruded (Plate LI: 1–5) Amanoa strobilacea 28. Colpus length full 29.
–Pore morphology extruded (Plate LI: 6–12) Discoglypremna caloneura –Colpus length N2/3 35.
17. Pore position mid-wall (Plate LII: 1–8) Entada abyssinica 29. Pore shape circular 30.
–Pore position corner (Plate LII: 9–15) Baphia massaiensis –Pore shape concave 31.
18. Pore morphology thickened pore 19. –Pore shape elliptic (tall) 32.
–Pore morphology sunken pore 20. –Pore shape lalongate 33.
19. Colpus length full (Plate LIII: 1–6) Mallotus wrayi –Pore shape rhombic (broad) (Plate LIX: 1–6) Corchorus fascicularis
–Colpus length N2/3 (Plate LIII: 7–12) Fagara macrophylla –Pore shape squared (Plate LIX: 7–13) Strephonema pseudocola
20. Polar grain shape circular (Plate LIII: 13–18) Olea hochstetteri –Pore shape undetermined 34.
–Polar grain shape triangular (convex) (Plate LIV: 1–8) Ixora aneimenodesma 30. Equatorial grain diameter 18–22 μm (Plate LX: 1–6) Crossopteryx febrifuga
21. Wall thickness even 22. –Equatorial grain diameter 45–55 μm (Plate LX: 7–9) Cissus petiolata
–Wall thinner on pole (Plate LIV: 9–16) Anthostema aubryanum 31. Pore morphology sunken pore (Plate LXI: 1–6) Ritchiea capparoides
22. Polar grain shape tri-lobate (Plate LV: 1–7) Agelaea heterophylla –Pore morphology thinning sexine (Plate LX: 10–17) Spondianthus preussii
–Polar grain shape circular (Plate LV: 8–15) Adenia nicobarica 32. Pore morphology plain (Plate LXI: 7–13) Blighia unijugata
23. Visible collumnae 24. –Pore morphology slightly extruded (Plate LXII: 1–7) Cissus quadrangularis
–Invisible collumnae (Plate LVI: 1–3) Salacia kraussii 33. Pore morphology plain (Plate LXII: 8–13) Grewia bicolor
24. Polar grain shape tri-lobate (Plate LVI: 4–8) Maytenus senegalensis –Pore morphology sunken pore (Plate LXIII: 1–5) Vepris humbertii

Plate XVII. 1–2 Guaduella oblonga, 3–5 Typha australis, 6–8 Typha angustifolia, 9–11 Typha capensis.
34. Pore morphology plain (Plate LXIII: 6–11) Rubus scheffleri –Pore shape elliptic (broad) (Plate LXIV: 12–17) Avicennia nitida
–Pore morphology slightly extruded (Plate LXIV: 1–6) Drypetes gerrardii –Pore shape irregular (Plate LXV: 1–6) Dasylepis assinensis
35. Pore shape circular (Plate LXIV: 7–11) Flacourtia indica –Pore shape rectangular (broad) (Plate LXV: 7–15) Hannoa sp. (×2)
–Pore shape concave 36. –Pore shape rhombic (tall) (Plate LXV: 16–21) Ormocarpum kirkii
Plate XVIII. 1–2 Raphia ruffia, 3–6 Raphia farinifera, 6–8 Phoenix reclinata, 9–11 Elaeis guineensis, 12–14 Ancistrophyllum secundiflorum, 15–16 Ancistrophyllum laurentii, 17–18 Calamus
erectus, 19–21 Calamus gracilis.
Plate XIX. 1–3 Eremospatha sp., 4–5 Borassus machadonis, 6–8 Borassus aethiopum, 9–10 Hyphaene natalensis, 11–13 Hyphaene ventricosa.
36. Pore morphology thickened (Plate LXVI: 1–7) Maesobotrya hirtella 50. Pore morphology thinning sexine (Plate LXXIX: 1–6) Aubrevillea platycarpa
–Pore morphology extruded (Plate LXVI: 8–14) Cassipourea flanaganii –Pore morphology sunken pore (Plate LXXX: 1–6) Caloncoba angolensis
37. Pore shape elliptic (tall) (Plate LXVI: 15–20, LXVII: Lannea sp. (×2) 51. Pore morphology thinning sexine (Plate LXXX: Avicennia officinalis
1–4) 7–12)
–Pore shape lolongate 38. –Pore morphology sunken pore (Plate LXXXI: 1–7) Culcasia dinklagei
38. Pore morphology thinning sexine (Plate LXVII: 5–9) Isoberlinia angolensis 52. Pore morphology plain (Plate LXXXI: 8–12) Hildegardia barteri
–Pore morphology plain (Plate LXVIII: 1–5) Isoberlinia doka –Pore morphology sunken pore (Plate LXXXII: 1–7) Zizyphus mauritiana
39. Pore morphology thinning sexine (Plate LXVIII: Scytopetalum tieghemii 53. Pore morphology plain (Plate XXII: 7–10) Syzygium guineense
6–12) –Pore morphology thinning sexine (Plate LXXXII: 8–13) Dialium guianense
–Pore morphology sunken pore (Plate LXIX: 1–7) Euphorbia hypericifolia –Pore morphology extruded (Plate LXXXII: 14–17) Irvingia smithii
40. Pore shape elliptic (tall) (Plate LXIX: 8–13) Pterocarpus abyssinicus 54. Pore shape circular 55.
–Pore shape lolongate (Plate LXIX: 14–19) Pterocarpus lucens –Pore shape elliptic (broad) 58.
–Pore shape rectangular (broad) 41. –Pore shape elliptic (tall) (Plate LXXXII: 18–23) Mitragyna inermis
41. Colpus length 2/3 (Plate LXX: 1–7) Dodonaea viscosa –Pore shape irregular 59.
–Colpus length 1/3 (Plate LXX: 8–13) Tabernaemontana –Pore shape lalongate (Plate LXXXIII: 1–7) Tetrorchidium
ventricosa didymostemon
42. Pore shape circular (Plate LXXI: 1–6) Sterculia tragacantha –Pore shape squared (Plate LXXXIII: 8–13) Gaertnera paniculata
–Pore shape concave (Plate LXXI: 7–12) Prosopis africana –Pore shape rectangular (broad) (Plate LXXXIV: 1–3) Uapaca bojeri
–Pore shape lalongate (Plate LXXII: 1–8) Hagenia abyssinica 55. Pore morphology extruded (Plate LXXIX: 7–10) Cardiospermum corindum
–Pore shape rectangular (broad) (Plate LXXII: 9–16) Monotes kerstingii –Pore morphology thinning sexine 56.
43. Visible collumnae (Plate LXXIII: 1–6) Copaifera gorskiana –Pore morphology sunken pore 57.
–Invisible collumnae (Plate LXXIII: 7–12) Pygeum africanum 56. Polar grain shape triangular (convex) (Plate Pericopsis angolensis
44. Pore shape concave (Plate LXXIII: 13–18) Acridocarpus macrocalyx LXXXIV: 4–10)
–Pore shape lolongate 45. –Polar grain shape triangular (straight) (Plate LXXXIV: Rhynchosia memnonia
45. Wall thickness even (Plate LXXIV: 1–7) Guibourtia arnoldiana 11–18)
–Wall thicker on pole (Plate LXXIV: 8–14) Griffonia simplicifolia 57. Wall thickness even (Plate LXXXV: 1–8) Piptadenia africana
46. Pore morphology thinning sexine (Plate LXXV: 1–6) Lannea humilis –Wall thinner on pole (Plate LXXXV: 9–14) Brachystegia spiciformis
–Pore morphology sunken pore 47. 58. Pore morphology sunken pore (Plate LXXXVI: 1–20) Sapindaceae sp. (x3)
–Pore morphology plain 48. –Pore morphology thinning sexine (Plate LXXXVII: 1–6) Sesbania goetzei
47. Colpus length full (Plate LXXV: 7–12) Sclerocarya birrea –Pore morphology extruded (Plate LXXXVII: 7–14) Ixora brachypoda
–Colpus length N2/3 (Plate LXXVI: 1–6) Spondias mombin 59. Visible collumnae (Plate LXXXVIII: 1–6) Rhynchosia sp.
48. Pore shape elliptic (tall) (Plate LXXVII: 1–6) Berlinia bifoliolata –Invisible collumnae (Plate LXXXVIII: 7–13) Prosopis alpataco
–Pore shape rhombic (broad) (Plate LXXVII: 7–12) Teclea villosa 60. Pore shape concave (Plate LXXXIX: 1–7) Centaurea perrottetii
49. Pore shape circular 50. –Pore shape rectangular (broad) (Plate XC: 1–5) Centaurea dimorpha
–Pore shape elliptic (broad) 51. –Pore shape elliptic (tall) 61.
–Pore shape rhombic (broad) 52. 61. Wall thickness even (Plate XCI: 1–7) Artemisia judaica
–Pore shape zonorate (Plate LXXVIII: 1–3) Corchorus trilocularis –Wall thinner on pole (Plate XCI: 8–13) Artemisia sp.
Plate XX. 1–3 Nymphaea caerulea, 4–6 Nymphaea lotus, 7–9 Chlorophytum floribundum, 10–11 Asparagus falcatus, 12–13 Dracaena camerooniana.
Plate XXI. 1–3 Dracaena reflexa, 4–6 Acidanthera brevicollis, 7–9 Aneilema johnstonii, 10–12 Commelina africana, 13–15 Crinum powellii, 16–18 Crinum pauciflorum.
Plate XXII. 1–3 Eugenia michoacanensis, 4–6 Myrica sp., 7–10 Syzygium guineense.
62. Pore shape circular 90. 73. Pore position mid-wall (Plate CIII: 1–7) Anthostema senegalense
–Pore shape circular with annulus (Plate XCI: 14–19) Tabernaemontana retusa –Pore position corner 74.
–Pore shape concave 63. 74. Extine type tectate (Plate CIII: 8–14) Ormocarpum sennoides
–Pore shape elliptic (broad) 64. –Extine type semitectate (Plate CIV: 1–7) Salacia pyriformis
–Pore shape rectangular (broad) (Plate XCII: 1–5) Lophira alata 75. Pore morphology sunken pore 76.
–Pore shape rectangular (tall) (Plate XCII: 6–13) Trichodesma africanum –Pore morphology thickened (Plate CIV: 8–13) Grewia glandulosa
–Pore shape rhombic (broad) (Plate XCII: 14–19) Diospyros austroafricana 76. Polar grain shape circular (Plate CV: 1–6) Lotus arabicus
63. Pore morphology sunken pore (Plate XCIII: 1–7) Diospyros abyssinica –Polar grain shape triangular (convex) (Plate CV: 7–14) Uapaca heudelotii
–Pore morphology thinning sexine (Plate XCIII: 8–13) Afrolicania elaeosperma 77. Pore position corner (Plate CV: 15–20) Vepris gossweileri
64. Colpus length 2/3 (Plate XCIII: 14–16) Casearia engleri –Pore position mid-wall 78.
–Colpus length1/2 (Plate XCIV: 1–3) Neolemonniera clitandrifolia 78. Pore size ~8 μm (Plate CVI: 1–6) Zanthoxylum procerum
65. Pore shape circular 66. –Pore size ~2 μm (Plate CVI: 7–12) Odyendea gabunenesis
–Pore shape concave 69. 79. Pore morphology sunken pore (Plate CVI: 13–20) Convolvulus trabutianus
–Pore shape elliptic (broad) 70. –Pore morphology thinning sexine (Plate CVII: 1–8) Millettia tanaensis
–Pore shape elliptic (tall) 72. –Pore morphology plain (Plate CVII: 9–15) Oncoba dentata
–Pore shape irregular 75. 80. Pore shape concave (Plate CVII: 16–23) Detarium le-testui
–Pore shape lalongate 77. –Pore shape elliptic (broad) 81.
–Pore shape lolongate 79. –Pore shape irregular (Plate CVIII: 1–7) Kiggelaria africana
–Pore shape rectangular (broad) (Plate XCIV: 4–10) Elaeodendron buchananii –Pore shape lalongate 83.
–Pore shape rectangular (tall) (Plate XCV: 1–6) Euphorbia engleri –Pore shape lolongate 84.
–Pore shape rhombic (broad) (Plate XCVI: 1–7) Rhizophora mangle –Pore shape rectangular (broad) (Plate CVIII: 8–12) Sarcophrynium
–Pore shape undetermined (Plate XCVI: 8–15) Euphorbia cussonioides brachystachyum
66. Pore morphology sunken pore 67. 81. Pore morphology extruded 82.
–Pore morphology thinning sexine (Plate XCVII: 1–6) Rhektophyllum congense –Pore morphology thinning sexine (Plate CVIII: 13–20) Cassia longiracemosa
67. Pore position mid-wall (Plate XCVII: 7–13) Securinega virosa 82. Wall thickness ~3 μm (Plate CIX: 1–7) Tephrosia nana
–Pore position corner 68. –Wall thickness ~1 μm (Plate CIX: 8–14) Tephrosia elata
68. Equatorial grain diameter 27–33 μm (Plate XCVII: Detarium senegalense 83. Pore morphology plain (Plate CIX: 15–19) Dissomeria crenata
14–17) –Pore morphology sunken pore (Plate CX: 1–8) Homalium buchholzii
–Equatorial grain diameter 50–60 μm (Plate XCVIII: Cola nitida 84. Colpi width ~15 μm (Plate CX: 9–14) Cassia burttii
1–7) –Colpi width ~ 35 μm (Plate CX: 15–20) Copaifera carrissoana
69. Pore morphology sunken pore (Plate XCVIII: 8–14) Rhizophora mucronata 85. Pore shape circular 86.
–Pore morphology thinning sexine (Plate XCIX: 1–7) Ritchiea fragariodora –Pore shape lalongate (Plate CXI: 1–7) Vepris eugeniifolia
–Pore morphology slightly extruded (Plate XCIX: 8–13) Millettia oblata –Pore shape lolongate (Plate CXII: 1–6) Hymenostegia afzelii
70. Pore morphology sunken pore 71. 86. Equatorial grain diameter 27–33 μm (Plate CXI: 8–15) Cynometra pedicellata
–Pore morphology extruded (Plate C: 1–8) Cassine parvifolia –Equatorial grain diameter 35–50 μm (Plate CXI: 16–20) Aphloia theiformis
–Pore morphology slightly extruded (Plate C: 9–15) Nauclea esculenta 87. Pore morphology plain 88.
71. Equatorial grain diameter 25–30 μm (Plate C: 16–23) Maesobotrya barteri –Pore morphology sunken pore (Plate CXII: 7–9) Placodiscus amaniensis
–Equatorial grain diameter 30–40 μm (Plate CI: 1–6) Cola millenii –Pore morphology thickened 89.
72. Pore morphology thickened (Plate CI: 7–12) Cola gigantea 88. Polar grain shape triangular (convex) (Plate CXII: Nauclea diderrichii
–Pore morphology extruded (Plate CII: 1–8) Bridelia micrantha 10–12)
–Pore morphology slightly extruded (Plate CII: 9–14) Euphorbia grandicornis –Polar grain shape tri-lobate (Plate CXIII: 1–3) Microdesmis sp.
–Pore morphology plain 73. 89. Visible collumnae (Plate CXIII: 6–7) Rinorea oblongifolia

Plate XXIII. 1–4 Musanga smithii, 5–9 Musanga leo-errerae, 10–15 Chlorophora excelsa, 16–17 Antiaris toxicaria, 18–19 Ficus ingens.
–Invisible collumnae (Plate CXIII: 4–5) Rinorea welwitschii Key

90. Pore morphology sunken pore (Plate CXIII: 8–15) Pericopsis laxiflora
Funtumia latifolia (Plate CXV: 1–3)
–Pore morphology thinning sexine (Plate CXIV: 1–6) Baphia obovata
18. Stephanocolpate
17. Stephanoporate
Plates CXVI–CXX
Plate CXV Key
Plate XXIV. 1–5 Iodes ovalis, 6–9 Baissea multiflora, 10–12 Motandra guineensis, 13–19 Trema orientalis, 20–22 Trema guinensis.
–½ the full length of grain 4.

–b1/3 the full length of grain (Plate CXVI: 1–7) Borreria densiflora
1. Full length of grain 2.
–Colpi length undetermined Borreria ruelliae
–2/3 the full length of grain 3.
20. Heterocolporate
Plate CXXIII
Key
1. Pore shape elliptic (tall) (Plate CXXIII: 1–6) Combretum aculeatum

–Pore shape elliptic (broad) (Plate CXXIII: 7–12) Terminalia brownii
–Pore shape rectangular (broad) (Plate CXXIII: 13–17) Combretum gueinzii
–Pore shape concave 2.
–Pore shape squared (Plate CXXIII: 18–23) Terminalia aemula
2. Pore morphology extruded (Plate CXXIII: 24–29) Guiera senegalensis
–Pore morphology sunken pore (Plate CXXIII: 30–35) Pteleopsis diptera
21. Periporate
Plates CXXIV–CXXIX
Key
1. Pore shape irregular 2.

–Pore shape circular 4.
–Pore shape circular with annulus 8.
–Pore shape elliptic broad (Plate CXXIV: 1–4) Plantago lanceolata
2. Surface pattern reticulate 3.
–Surface pattern scabrate (Plate CXXIV: 5–8) Celosia stuhlmanniana
–Surface pattern verrucate (Plate CXXV: 1–3) Calystegia sepium
–Surface pattern psilate (Plate CXXV: 4–6) Costus spectabilis
3. Pore section plain (Plate CXXIV: 9–14) Celosia sp. (×2)
–Pore section thinning sexine (Plate CXXIV: 15–18) Drymaria cordata
4. Surface pattern reticulate 5.
–Surface pattern echinate 6.
5. Equatorial grain diameter 27–33 μm (Plate CXXIV: 19–22) Plantago major
–Equatorial grain diameter 36–44 μm (Plate CXXVI: 1–3) Plantago palmata
–Equatorial grain diameter 90–110 μm (Plate CXXVI: 4–7) Dicranolepis oligantha
6. Equatorial grain diameter 20–30 μm (Plate CXXVII: 1–4) Bosqueia
manongarivensis
–Equatorial grain diameter 60–80 μm (Plate CXXVII: 5–8) Ipomoea donaldsonii
–Equatorial grain diameter 80–120 μm 7.
7. Wall thickness 5 μm (Plate CXXVIII: 5–6) Hewittia sublobata
–Wall thickness 12 μm (Plate CXXIX: 1–2) Ipomoea ochracea
8. Equatorial grain diameter 35–45 μm (Plate CXXVIII: 1–4) Lynchnis sp.
–Equatorial grain diameter 45–55 μm (Plate CXXIX: 3–6) Cerastium indicum
Acknowledgements
Collection and collation of the pollen images, development of the keys

and preparation of this manuscript was funded by awards from the Royal
Society (International Travel grant, #TG090002, WDG and DAL) and the
Natural Environments Research Council (New Investigator Award, #NE/
Plate XXV. 1–2 Morinda citrifolia. G000824/1, WDG; and studentship #NE/H525054/1, CSM).
Appendix. Supplementary data
Supplementary data associated with this article can be found in the

(Plate CXVI: 8–9, Plate CXVI: 10–11) Sesamum indicum
online version at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2013.01.003.
2. Equatorial grain shape subprolate (Plate CXVIII: 1–4) Afzelia quanzensis
–Equatorial grain shape rectangular (broad) (Plate CXVIII: 1–6) Diodia scandens References
3. Equatorial grain shape circular (Plate CXIX: 1–5) Mitracarpus hirtus
–Equatorial grain shape suboblate (Plate CXIX: 6–9) Sesamum Beug, H.-J., 2004. Leitfaden der Pollenbestimmung für Mitteleuropa und angrenzende
angustifolium Gebiete. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil.
4. Surface baculate (Plate CXX: 1–6) Diodia aulacosperma Bonnefille, R., 1971a. Atlas des pollens d'Ethiopie. Adansonia 11, 463–518.
Bonnefille, R., 1971b. Atlas des pollens d'Ethiopie principales especes des forests de
–Surface reticulate (Plate CXX: 7–14) Mitracarpus
montagne. Pollen Spores 13, 15–72.
verticillatus
Brown, A.G., 1999. Biodiversity and Pollen analysis: modern pollen studies and the recent
history of a floodplain woodland in S. W. Ireland. J. Biogeogr. 26, 19–32.
Brugam, R.B., 1978. Pollen indicators of land-use change in southern Connecticut. Quat.
19. Stephanocolporate Res. 9, 349–362.
Bush, M.B., Weng, C., 2007. Introducing a new (freeware) tool for palynology. J. Biogeogr.
Plates CXXI–CXXII 34, 377–380.
Colinvaux, P.A., De Oliveira, P.E., Moreno, J.E., 1999. Amazon Pollen Manual and Atlas.
Key Harwood Academic Press, New York.
Crane, P.R., Friis, E.M., Pedersen, K.R., 1995. The origin and early diversification of
angiosperms. Nature 374, 27–33.
1. Polar grain shape elliptic (Plate CXXI: 1–7) Atroxima afzeliana
Davis, M.B., Shaw, R.G., 2001. Range shifts and adaptive responses to quaternary climate
–Polar grain shape circular (Plate CXXII: 1–7) Securidaca longepedunculata
change. Science 292, 673–679.
Plate XXVI. 1–6 Justicia cordata, 7–11 Justicia flava.

Plate XXVII. 1–7 Allophylus africanus, 8–11 Iodes ovalis, 12–14 Piliostigma reticulatum.
Plate XXVIII. 1–3 Bombax brevicuspe, 4–6 Sesuvium sessile, 7–9 Coula edulis, 10–12 Baissea multiflora, 13–15 Sabicea floribunda, 16–18 Heisteria parvifolia, 19–21 Protea susannae, 22–24
Bombax buonopozense.
Plate XXIX. 1–6 Plectronia vulgaris, 7–9 Ceiba pentandra, 10–15 Lasianthus africanus, 16–18 Kirkia acuminata.
Plate XXX. 1–7 Vigna fischeri, 8–10 Cardiospermum grandiflorum, 11–14 Triplochiton scleroxylon, 15–18 Nesogordonia fertilis, 19–21 Entada umbonata.
Plate XXXI. 1–6 Nesogordinia parvifolia, 7–12 Dichapetalum mossambicense, 13–15 Vigna luteola, 16–17 Psychotria fractinervata.
Plate XXXII. 1–3 Paullinia pinnata, 4–6 Entada pursaetha, 7–13 Protea trichanthera, 14–19 Leptaulus daphnoides.
Plate XXXIII. 1–4 Celtis zenkeri, 5–7 Celtis mildbraedii, 8–13 Anthocleista grandiflora, 14–17 Hymenocardia acida.
Plate XXXIV. 1–3 Dichapetalum stuhlmannii, 4–7 Turraeanthus africana, 8–9 Striga forbesii, 10–14 Celtis integrifolia.
Plate XXXV. 1–5 Gunnera chilensis, 6–10 Napoleona imperialis, 11–16 Farsetia stenoptera, 17–21 Premna maxima, 22–27 Premna resinosa.
Plate XXXVI. 1–5 Leucas calostachys, 6–11 Vitex amboniensis, 12–17 Vitex doniana, 18–23 Tetracera alnifolia, 24–26 Aneulophus africanus.
Plate XXXVII. 1–6 Scytopetalum tieghemii, 7–12 Dichostemma sp., 13–18 Cissampelos mucronata.
Plate XXXVIII. 1–6 Brachystegia spiciformis, 7–12 Brachystegia leonensis, 13–18 Afzelia bracteata, 19–20 Paramacrolobium coeruleum.
Plate XXXIX. 1–5 Petersia africana, 6–11 Berlinia grandiflora.

Plate XL. 1–6 Gerrardina foliosa, 7–11 Thecacoris gymnogyne, 12–17 Vepris uguenensis.
Plate XLI. 1–10 Alchornea floribunda, 11–16 Ilex mitis.

Plate XLII. 1–7 Crudia bracteata, 8–14 Parinari curatellifolia.

Plate XLIII. 1–6 Diospyros mespiliformis, 7–9 Lotus chazaliei, 10–16 Canarium schweinfurthii.
Plate XLIV. 1–6 Heliotropium bacciferum, 7–14 Heliotropium subulatum.

Plate XLV. 1–6 Balanites glaber, 7–12 Centroplacus glaucinus, 13–18 Indigofera leptoclada.
Plate XLVI. 1–8 Millettia psilopetala, 9–16 Argomuellera macrophylla.

Plate XLVII. 1–6 Balanites aegyptiacus, 7–12 Martretia quadricornis.

Plate XLVIII. 1–3 Cliffortia nitidula, 4–9 Parinari holstii, 10–15 Macaranga schweinfurt, 16–22 Prunus africana.
Plate XLIX. 1–8 Alchornea cordifolia, 9–12 Medusandra richardsiana, 14–18 Commiphora campestris.
Plate L. 1–7 Commiphora scheffleri, 8–16 Erythrococca bongensis.

Plate LI. 1–5 Amanoa strobilacea, 6–12 Discoglypremna caloneura.

Plate LII. 1–8 Entada abyssinica, 9–15 Baphia massaiensis.

Plate LIII. 1–6 Mallotus wrayi, 7–12 Fagara macrophylla, 13–18 Olea hochstetteri.
Plate LIV. 1–8 Ixora aneimenodesma, 9–16 Anthostema aubryanum.

Plate LV. 1–7 Agelaea heterophylla, 8–15 Adenia nicobarica.

Plate LVI. 1–3 Salacia kraussii, 4–8 Maytenus senegalensis, 9–14 Hippocratea affinis.
Plate LVII. 1–8 Hippocratea africana, 9–14 Grandidiera boivinii.

Plate LVIII. 1–8 Cynometra alexandri, 9–13 Calantica jalbertii, 14–20 Blighia wildemaniana.
Plate LIX. 1–6 Corchorus fascicularis, 7–13 Strephonema pseudocola.

Plate LX. 1–6 Crossopteryx febrifuga, 7–9 Cissus petiolata, 10–17 Spondianthus preussii.
Plate LXI. 1–6 Ritchiea capparoides, 7–13 Blighia unijugata.

Plate LXII. 1–7 Cissus quadrangularis, 8–13 Grewia bicolor.

Plate LXIII. 1–5 Vepris humbertii, 6–11 Rubus scheffleri.

Plate LXIV. 1–6 Drypetes gerrardii, 7–11 Flacourtia indica, 12–17 Avicennia nitida.
Plate LXV. 1–6 Dasylepis assinensis., 7–9 Hannoa klaineana, 10–15 Hannoa undulata, 16–21 Ormocarpum kirkii.
Plate LXVI. 1–7 Maesobotrya hirtella, 8–14 Cassipourea flanaganii, 15–20 Lannea stuhlmannii.
Plate LXVII. 1–4 Lannea triphylla, 5–9 Isoberlinia angolensis.

Plate LXVIII. 1–5 Isoberlinia doka, 6–12 Scytopetalum tieghemii.

Plate LXIX. 1–7 Euphorbia hypericifolia, 8–13 Pterocarpus abyssinicus, 14–19 Pterocarpus lucens.
Plate LXX. 1–7 Dodonaea viscosa, 8–13 Tabernaemontana ventricosa.

Plate LXXI. 1–6 Sterculia tragacantha, 7–12 Prosopis africana.

Plate LXXII. 1–8 Hagenia abyssinica, 9–16 Monotes kerstingii.

Plate LXXIII. 1–6 Copaifera gorskiana, 7–12 Pygeum africanum, 13–18 Acridocarpus macrocalyx.
Plate LXXIV. 1–7 Guibourtia arnoldiana, 8–14 Griffonia simplicifolia.

Plate LXXV. 1–6 Lannea humilis, 7–12 Sclerocarya birrea.

Plate LXXVI. 1–6 Spondias mombin.

Plate LXXVII. 1–6 Berlinia bifoliolata, 7–12 Teclea villosa.

Plate LXXVIII. 1–3 Corchorus trilocularis, 4–7 Daniella oliveri.

Plate LXXIX. 1–6 Aubrevillea platycarpa, 7–10 Cardiospermum corindum.

Plate LXXX. 1–6 Caloncoba angolensis, 7–12 Avicennia officinalis.

Plate LXXXI. 1–7 Culcasia dinklagei, 8–12 Hildegardia barteri.

Plate LXXXII. 1–7 Zizyphus mauritiana, 8–13 Dialium guianense, 14–17 Irvingia smithii, 18–23 Mitragyna inermis.
Plate LXXXIII. 1–7 Tetrorchidium didymostemon, 8–13 Gaertnera paniculata.

Plate LXXXIV. 1–3 Uapaca bojeri, 4–10 Pericopsis angolensis, 11–18 Rhynchosia memnonia.
Plate LXXXV. 1–8 Piptadenia africana, 9–14 Brachystegia spiciformis.

Plate LXXXVI. 1–8 Lecaniodiscus cupanioides, 9–15 Chytranthus obliquinervis, 16–20 Chytranthus sacleuxii.
Plate LXXXVII. 1–6 Sesbania goetzei, 7–14 Ixora brachypoda.

Plate LXXXVIII. 1–6 Rhynchosia sp., 7–13 Prosopis alpataco.

Plate LXXXIX. 1–7 Centaurea perrottetii.

Plate XC. 1–5 Centaurea dimorpha.

Plate XCI. 1–7 Artemisia judaica, 8–13 Artemisia sp., 14–19 Tabernaemontana retusa.
Plate XCII. 1–5 Lophira alata, 6–13 Trichodesma africanum, 14–19 Diospyros austroafricana.
Plate XCIII. 1–7 Diospyros abyssinica, 8–13 Afrolicania elaeosperma, 14–16 Casearia engleri.
Plate XCIV. 1–3 Neolemonniera clitandrifolia, 4–10 Elaeodendron buchananii.

Plate XCV. 1–6 Euphorbia engleri.

Plate XCVI. 1–7 Rhizophora mangle, 8–15 Euphorbia cussonioides.

Plate XCVII. 1–6 Rhektophyllum congense, 7–13 Securinega virosa, 14–17 Detarium senegalense.
Plate XCVIII. 1–7 Cola nitida, 8–14 Rhizophora mucronata.

Plate XCIX. 1–7 Ritchiea fragariodora, 8–13 Millettia oblata.

Plate C. 1–8 Cassine parvifolia, 9–15 Nauclea esculenta, 16–23 Maesobotrya barteri.
Plate CI. 1–6 Cola millenii, 7–12 Cola gigantea.

Plate CII. 1–8 Bridelia micrantha, 9–14 Euphorbia grandicornis.

Plate CIII. 1–7 Anthostema senegalense, 8–14 Ormocarpum sennoides.

Plate CIV. 1–7 Salacia pyriformis, 8–13 Grewia glandulosa.

Plate CV. 1–6 Lotus arabicus, 7–14 Uapaca heudelotii, 15–20 Vepris gossweileri.
Plate CVI. 1–6 Zanthoxylum procerum, 7–12 Odyendea gabunenesis, 13–22 Convolvulus trabutianus.
Plate CVII. 1–8 Millettia tanaensis, 9–15 Oncoba dentata, 16–23 Detarium le-testui.
Plate CVIII. 1–7 Kiggelaria africana, 8–12 Sarcophrynium brachystachyum, 13–21 Cassia longiracemosa.
Plate CIX. 1–7 Tephrosia nana, 8–14 Tephrosia elata, 17–21 Dissomeria crenata.
Plate CX. 1–8 Homalium buchholzii, 9–14 Cassia burttii, 15–20 Copaifera carrissoana.
Plate CXI. 1–7 Vepris eugeniifolia, 8–16 Cynometra pedicellata, 16–20 Aphloia theiformis.
Plate CXII. 1–6 Hymenostegia afzelii, 7–9 Placodiscus amaniensis, 10–12 Nauclea diderrichii.
Plate CXIII. 1–3 Microdesmis sp., 4–5 Rinorea welwitschii, 6–7 Rinorea oblongifolia, 8–15 Pericopsis laxiflora.
Plate CXIV. 1–6 Baphia obovata.

Plate CXV. 1–3 Funtumia latifolia.

Plate CXVI. 1–7 Borreria densiflora, 8–9 Borreria ruelliae, 10–11 Sesamum indicum.
Plate CXVII. 1–4 Afzelia quanzensis.

Plate CXVIII. 1–6 Diodia scandens.

Plate CXIX. 1–5 Mitracarpus hirtus, 6–9 Sesamum angustifolium.

Plate CXX. 1–6 Diodia aulacosperma, 7–14 Mitracarpus verticillatus.

Plate CXXI. 1–7 Atroxima afzeliana.

Plate CXXII. 1–7 Securidaca longepedunculata.

Plate CXXIII. 1–6 Combretum aculeatum, 7–12 Terminalia brownii, 13–17 Combretum gueinzii, 18–23 Terminalia aemula, 24–29 Guiera senegalensis, 30–35 Pteleopsis diptera.
Plate CXXIV. 1–4 Plantago lanceolata, 5–8 Celosia stuhlmanniana, 9–11 Celosia patentiloba, 12–14 Celosia trigyna, 15–18 Drymaria cordata, 19–22 Plantago major.
Plate CXXV. 1–3 Calystegia sepium, 4–6 Costus spectabilis.

Plate CXXVI. 1–3 Plantago palmata, 4–7 Dicranolepis oligantha.

Plate CXXVII. 1–4 Bosqueia manongarivensis, 5–8 Ipomoea donaldsonii.

Plate CXXVIII. 1–4 Lychnis sp., 5–6 Hewittia sublobata.

Plate CXXIX. 1–2 Ipomoea ochracea, 3–6 Cerastium indicum.

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Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 199 (2013) 1–135

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology

Atlas of the tropical West African pollen ﬂora

1. Introduction number, and sophistication, of online searchable pollen databases

0034-6667 © 2013 Elsevier B.V. Open access under CC BY license.

2.2. Organisation and presentation of images (continued)

Convolvulaceae Convolvulus trabutianus CVI Fabaceae (Faboideae) Tephrosia elata CIX

(continued on next page)

Nymphaeaceae N. caerulea XX Salicaceae Homalium buchholzii CX

8. Inaperturate, including Polypodiaceae 10. Monocolpate

Plates VI–XVI Plates XVIII–XXI

1. Surface reticulate 2. –1. Surface psilate 2.

(continued on next page)

Plate II. 1–3 Acacia clavigera, 4–6 Parkia inundabilis.

(continued on next page)

Plate III. 1–3 Parkia bussei, 4–6 Parkia velutina.

Plate V. 1–6 Podocarpus milanjianus.

Plate VI. 1–4 Illigera rhodantha, 5–7 Acidanthera brevicollis.

–Colp length 2 (Plate XXXVI: 24–26) Aneulophus africanus 16. Tricolporate

(continued on next page)

–Equatorial grain shape sub-oblate 7. –Surface reticulate 28.

–Surface scabrate 43. –Surface striate 85.

(continued on next page)

(continued on next page)

Plate XV. 1–4 Pandanus kirkii, 5–6 Tylophora sylvatica.

(continued on next page)

(continued on next page)

–Invisible collumnae (Plate CXIII: 4–5) Rinorea welwitschii Key

–½ the full length of grain 4.

1. Pore shape elliptic (tall) (Plate CXXIII: 1–6) Combretum aculeatum

1. Pore shape irregular 2.

Collection and collation of the pollen images, development of the keys

Appendix. Supplementary data

Supplementary data associated with this article can be found in the

Plate XXVI. 1–6 Justicia cordata, 7–11 Justicia ﬂava.

Plate XXXIX. 1–5 Petersia africana, 6–11 Berlinia grandiﬂora.

Plate XLI. 1–10 Alchornea ﬂoribunda, 11–16 Ilex mitis.

Plate XLII. 1–7 Crudia bracteata, 8–14 Parinari curatellifolia.

Plate XLIV. 1–6 Heliotropium bacciferum, 7–14 Heliotropium subulatum.

Plate XLVI. 1–8 Millettia psilopetala, 9–16 Argomuellera macrophylla.

Plate XLVII. 1–6 Balanites aegyptiacus, 7–12 Martretia quadricornis.

Plate L. 1–7 Commiphora schefﬂeri, 8–16 Erythrococca bongensis.

Plate LI. 1–5 Amanoa strobilacea, 6–12 Discoglypremna caloneura.

Plate LII. 1–8 Entada abyssinica, 9–15 Baphia massaiensis.

Plate LIV. 1–8 Ixora aneimenodesma, 9–16 Anthostema aubryanum.

Plate LV. 1–7 Agelaea heterophylla, 8–15 Adenia nicobarica.

Plate LVII. 1–8 Hippocratea africana, 9–14 Grandidiera boivinii.

Plate LIX. 1–6 Corchorus fascicularis, 7–13 Strephonema pseudocola.

Plate LXI. 1–6 Ritchiea capparoides, 7–13 Blighia unijugata.

Plate LXII. 1–7 Cissus quadrangularis, 8–13 Grewia bicolor.

Plate LXIII. 1–5 Vepris humbertii, 6–11 Rubus schefﬂeri.

Plate LXVII. 1–4 Lannea triphylla, 5–9 Isoberlinia angolensis.

Plate LXVIII. 1–5 Isoberlinia doka, 6–12 Scytopetalum tieghemii.

Plate LXX. 1–7 Dodonaea viscosa, 8–13 Tabernaemontana ventricosa.

Plate LXXI. 1–6 Sterculia tragacantha, 7–12 Prosopis africana.

Plate LXXII. 1–8 Hagenia abyssinica, 9–16 Monotes kerstingii.

Plate LXXIV. 1–7 Guibourtia arnoldiana, 8–14 Griffonia simplicifolia.

Plate LXXV. 1–6 Lannea humilis, 7–12 Sclerocarya birrea.

Plate LXXVI. 1–6 Spondias mombin.

Plate LXXVII. 1–6 Berlinia bifoliolata, 7–12 Teclea villosa.

Plate LXXVIII. 1–3 Corchorus trilocularis, 4–7 Daniella oliveri.