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Marsilea.pptx
- 2. CLASS : PTEROPSIDA SUB - CLASS : LEPTOSPORANGITAE ORDER : MARSILEALES FAMILY : MARSILEACEAE GENUS : MARSILEA Marsilea is commonly known as “pepper wort” or “water fern”. It is represented by about 53 species which are cosmopolitan in distribution. The species are hydrophytic or amphibious i.e., they grow rooted in mud or marshes and shallow pools or are completely submerged or partially or entirely out of water in wet habitats. Marsilea hirsuta & Marsilea quadrifolia are two most common Indian species, usually found growing in marshy places, wet soil or near muddy margins of ponds.
- 3. ROOT LEAF RHIZOME OR STEM o The sporophytic plant body possess rhizome bearing roots towards the lower side and leaves towards the upper side. o In young conditions, the plants are covered with numerous unbranched, multicellular hairs. o The plant body is distinctly differentiated into rhizome, leaves and roots.
- 4. RHIZOME OR STEM • It is slender, long dichotomously branched with distinct nodes and internodes. Creeps on or just beneath the soil surface. • In aquatic species the internodes are long while in sub- terrestrial species they are short. LEAVES • They are borne alternatively on upper side of rhizome at nodes, in two rows. The leaves are compound, with basal petiole and terminal lamina. Young leaves show circinate venation. Leaflet has several dichotomously branched veinlets. • Lamina consists of 4 leaflets, single leaflet consists of 4 pinnules. Leaf segments are on slender stalk called petiole or rachis. Leaflets are elliptical or obovate shaped. Near the base of petiole sporocarps are borne MORPHOLOGY OF MARSILEA
- 5. ROOTS • Roots are adventitious arise from lower side of node of rhizome, either single or in groups. The primary roots are short lived i.e., ephemeral. • In certain cases the roots are given out from internodes in M. aegyptica. SPOROCARP • Each sporocarp is oval or bean shaped biconvex, flattened structure. It is green and soft in young but in maturity it becomes hard and brown in colour. • Made of short stalk called peduncle which is attached with body by raphe. Above the raphe 1 or 2 protuberances are present and in unequal size.
- 6. LIFE CYCLE PATTERNS o Marsilea is heterosporous and spores are produced in sporangia (megasporangia and microsporangia). o Such sporangia are found in sporocarps. o Sporocarps are borne on short lateral branch called peduncle. o Peduncle is attached to the body through raphe. o Above the raphe there are 2 protuberances present known as tubercles. LIFE CYCLE SPOROPHYTIC PHASE GAMETOPHYTIC PHASE
- 7. SPOROPHYTIC PHASE Micro sporangium is oval structure, smaller in size with long stalk develop on the receptacle. It has a single layered jacket followed by two layers of tapetal cells. In the centre is present a cavity filled with microspore mother cells . At maturity the tapetal cells disintegrate and each microspore mother cell divides forming 8- 16 haploid microspores. The microspores are usually 32-64 in number and are liberated by the disintegration of the micro sporangial wall. Mega sporangium is a spherical structure with a short stalk and is present on the top of the receptacle. It is bigger in size than the microsporangium. All the megaspore mother cells except one disintegrate.
- 8. The remaining one divides meiotically to give 4 megaspores but only one megaspores survives which becomes larger and develops a thick wall. The megaspore is liberated by the disintegration of the mega sporangial wall. The decaying of the wall of the sporocarp takes place due to bacterial action and spores are liberated. Mature sporocarps are detached from the plant and remain in water or muddy soils. Sporocarp opens into two valves along the ventral side from base to apex. The coiled gelatinous ring absorbs water, swells comes out of the ruptured sporocarp and pulled out of the sori still attached to the gelatinous ring. The delicate sporangial wall breaks and spores are liberated which germinate at once.
- 9. GAMETOPHYTIC PHASE Microspores develop into male gametophyte . Microspore divides by an unequal division forming a small prothalial and a large apical cell. Prothalial cell divides to form two antheridial intials. Each antheridial intial divides and re-divides giving rise to jacket of three cells and one primary androgonial cell which further divides to produce 16 androcytes or sperm mother cells. Each megaspore has a short apical papilla. Megaspore nucleus divides into unequal nuclei and a small apical cell and a large basal cell is formed. Female gametophyte develops from small apical cell. Basal cell function as nutritive cell. Mature female gametophyte is reduced structure contain a single archegonium embedded in a cap of tissue attached over apex of basal nutritive cell. Mature archegonium contains neck two tiers of four cells, one neck canal cell, a venter canal cell and an egg.
- 10. Antherozoids swims towards archegonium and enters through neck to egg and fuses with egg and becomes zygote(2n diploid). Zygote is beginning of sporophyte generation. Then zygote divides into formation of embryo contains segments leaf, root and foot. The oospore divides into 2 unequal cells – large epibasal cell and small hypobasal cell. The oospore is the initial states of sporophytic generation. Hence, in the way the sporophytic and gametophytic generation alternate with each other although the sporophytic phase is dominant over gametophytic phase.
- 11. LEAF JUICE – USED TO STOP NOSE BLEEDING, INDIGESTION • TENDER LEAVES – USED AS FOOD, REDUCE SWELLING OF GUMS • WHOLE PLANT – EXTRACT USED TO INCREASE FERTILITY • ORNAMENTAL USE – USED AS POT PLANT AND USED COMMONLYAS GARDEN PLANT FOR POND DECORATION ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF MARSILEA MARSILEA MINUTA
- 12. MARSILEAVILLOSA MARSILEADRUMMONDII Used in some landscapes as a drought tolerant groundcover Sold on the market as “shamrock” or “four - leaf clover” It contain high levels of enzyme Thiaminase. An excellent feature for the home water garden In times of food scarcity, the dry spore capsules are used to produce flour for baking
- 13. They are used as anti- inflammatory, diuretic, depurative, febrifuge and refrigerant. The leaf extract was applied for abscesses and used to treat snakebite. Entire plant cure for cough as well as convulsive condition of leg and muscles. Remedy for respiratory troubles, sleep disorders, hypertension, epilepsy, migraine, headache, nervous disorders, body aches, insomnia, rheumatism, infantile diarrhoea and lesions on tongue and in mouth. Improving lactation after childbirth. A famine food, used in times of scarcity. Used in making bread etc.. It is rich in starch. MARSILEA QUADRIFOLIA
- 14. MARSILEA HIRSUTA MARSILEA CRENATA ORNAMENTAL USE USED IN AQUARIUM BECAUSE OF ITS CARPET LIKE EFFECT