1. Ex. No. 2 & 3
STUDY AND IDENTIFICATION
OF
DRY LAND
AND
WASTELAND WEEDS
2. Family: EUPHORBIACEAE
Common name: INDIAN ACALYPHA
Kannada:
Morphology: Broad leaved weed
Habit: Erect, annual, pubescent herb
growing to a height of 20 to 60cm.
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: Distributed profusely in
wastelands and pastures particularly
soon after rains. In cultivated areas grown
with crops requiring frequent inter
cultivation.
Acalypha indica
3. Family: Compositae(Asteraceae)
Common name: Star Burr
Kannada: Kadle mullu
Morphology: Broad leaved weed
Habit: Erect branched, hairy herb, up to
50cm height, annual.
Propagation: Achenes
Habitat: Common weed of dry lands,
roadsides and wastelands.
Acanthospermum hispidum
4. Family: Amaranthaceae
Common name: Prickly Chaff Flower
Kannada: Uttarani
Morphology: Broad leaved weed
Habit: Erect herb about 90 cm high;
sparingly branched, biennial or perennial.
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: Common in waste lands and on
bunds in dry lands.
Achyranthus aspera
5. Family: Amaranthaceae
Common name: Khaki Weed
Kannada : Nayi Mullu
Morphology: Broad leaved weed
Habit: Trailing, diffusely branched,
biennial, branches attaining a length of
60cm or more.
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: An introduced weed from
tropical America, now common in dry
land, waste lands and roadsides.
The plant is gregarious in habit and
produces roots at the nodes for
vegetative propagation.
Alternanthera echinata
6. Family: Amaranthaceae
Common name: Spiny Amaranth
Kannada: Mullu keere
Morphology: Broad leaved weed
Habit: Erect spinous herb,
glabrous, annual, bushes with
branches growing to a height of
30-60cm.
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: Common wasteland
weed and along bunds in
cultivated lands.
Amaranthus spinosus L.
7. Amaranthus viridis
Family: Amaranthaceae
Common name: Amaranthus
Kannada: keere soppu
Morphology: Broad leaved weed
Habit: The plant is a perennial with
long prostrate or ascending branches
and a woody main stem growing to a
height of 30-60cm.
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: Common wasteland weed
and along bunds in cultivated lands
8. Argemone mexicana
Family: Papavaraceae
Common name: Prickly Poppy
Kannada name: Arisina Ummatthi
Morphology: Broad leaved weed
Habit: An erect branching prickly annual
herb, with yellow latex, grows to a height of
60 -120cm.
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: A troublesome weed commonly
growing in dry lands.
9. Borreria stricta
Family: Rubiaceae
Common name: Borreria
Kannada name: Madanaganti
Morphology: Broad leaved weed
Habit: A hispid procumbent annual herb
with long internodes.
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: A common dry land weed
associated with ragi, groundnut and pulses.
A weed with many biotypes capable of
adjusting to the drought conditions.
10. Calotropis gigantea
Family: Asclepiadaceae
Common name: Gigantic Swallow
wort
Kannada name: Ekka
Morphology: Broad leaved weed
Habit: Large shrub, trunk stout,
pale, shoots woolly, perennial.
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: Common in all plains,
waste lands, dry lands, especially in
black soil.
11. Cassia Spp
Family: Caesalpinioideae
(Leguminosae)
Common name: Cassia
Kannada name: Thagache
Morphology: Broad leaved weed
Habit: Diffuse, sub glabrous, annual
under shrub, growing 2-5 feet high.
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: An introduced weed from
West Indies now wild in waste lands,
along roadsides and dry places.
C. occidentalis
C. uniflora
12. Family: Papilionoideae
(Faboideae)
Common name: Conch flower
creeper
Kannada name: Sanku pushpa
Morphology: Broad leaved weed
Habit: Vine to 6m.
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: Abundant in forest
clearings.
Clitoria ternatia
13. Commelina benghalensis
Family: Commelinaceae
Common name : Commelina
Kannada: Kanne
Morphology: Broad leaved weed.
Habit: Glabrous or pubescent, herb,
growing upto 60cm.
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: Common in all districts in dry
lands and semi irrigated areas except
very wet areas up to 1300 m.
14. Datura sp
D. metal
D. stramonium
Family: Solanaceae
Common name: Datura
Kannada name: Visha Umatthi
Morphology: Broad leaved weed.
Habit: A shrubby herb.
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: A poisonous weed, found
sparcely distributed in waste lands.
15. Digera arvensis
Family: Amaranthaceae
Common name: Digera
Kannada name: Gorji soppu
Habit: Erect or prostrate, annual herb
becoming perennial with wide
spreading branches, prostrate below.
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: Common weed of drylands,
roadsides and waste places
16. Eclipta alba
Family: Asteraceae
Common name: Eclipta
Kannada name: Garagada Soppu
Morphology: Broad leaved weed.
Habit: Diffusely branched hirsutely strigose,
annual herb.
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: The weed is present at all elevations
in wet and garden lands particularly in
sugarcane plots and dried paddy fields.
17. Gomphrena decumbens
Family: Amaranthaceae
Common name: Gomphrena
Kannada name:
Morphology: Broad leaved weed.
Habit: Prostrate, trailing, much
branched annual herb; Leaves and
stem covered with long hairs.
Propagation: By seed.
Habitat: An introduced weed from
Central America, now common in dry,
wet, cultivated and garden land,
pastures and roadsides.
18. Heliotropium indicum
Family: Boraginaceae
Common name:
Kannada name:
Morphology: Broad leaved weed.
Habit: Annual hirsute herb.
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: Dry land weed, common on
roadside and waste places.
19. Lantana camera
Family: Verbenaceae
Common name: Lantana
Kannada name: Roja gida
Morphology: Broad leaved weed.
Habit: A prickly shrub, often strongly
smelling.
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: A wildly growing weed especially
in waste lands, difficult to control.
20. Parathenium hysterophorus
Family: Compositeae (Asteraceae)
Common name: Congress Weed.
Kannada name: Congress
Morphology: Broad leaved weed.
Habit: Annual herb, up to 1.5 m.
Propagation: Seed.
Habitat: Cultivated fields and road side.
21. Solanum spp
S. kasianum
S. xanthocarpum
Family: Solanaceae.
Common name: Garden-night shade.
Kannada name: Ganike hannu
Morphology: Broad leaved weed.
Habit: An erect, much branched,
unarmed, annual herb.
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: A cosmopolitan weed of
roadside and cultivated land.
22. Portulaca oleracea
Family: Portulacaceae
Common name: Indian Purslane
Kannada name: Gandada soppu
Morphology: Broad leaved weed.
Habit: Herbs, usually succulent.
Propagation: By seed.
Habitat: In all dry areas.
23. Tephrosia purpurea
Family: Leguminosae
Common name: Wild Indigo
Kannada name: Kadu nerale
Morphology: Broad leaved weed.
Habit: Erect perennial copiously branched
pubescent under shrub.
Propagation: By seed.
Habitat: A common waste land weed, also
found in drylands and roadsides
24. Tribulus terrestris
Family: Zygophyllaceae.
Common name: Ground Bur nut
Kannada name:
Morphology: Broad leaved weed.
Habit: A herbaceous annual with a deep
root.
Propagation: By seeds carried in cocci
(bits of fruit)
Habitat: A common dry land weed; also
of medicinal value.
25. Tridax procumbens
Family: Compositeae (Asteraceae).
Common name: Tridox
Kannada name: Vibuthi gida
Morphology: Broad leaved weed.
Habit: Procumbent, hispid, weak, straggling
perennial herb.
Propagation: By achenes.
Habitat: Roadsides and waste places in all
dry areas.
26. Xanthium strumarium
Family: Compositae (Asteraceae).
Common name: Bur-Weed.
Kannada name: Marule ummatthi.
Morphology: Broad leaved weed.
Habit: A herb.
Propagation: By the hooked fruit.
Habitat: Waste places and rubbish heaps
27. Chloris barbata
Family: Poaceae
Common name: Chloris
Tamil name: Ganjala Hullu
Morphology: Grass
Habit: A tufted perennial, commonly
found as a weed in dry cultivated fields
and waste places.
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: This is a good fodder grass, also
known to serve as alternate host for
shootfly of Jowar. A common dry land
grass.
28. Cyanodon dactylon
Family:Graminae (Poaceae)
Common name: Bahama Grass, Hariyli
Kannada: Garike Hullu
Morphology: Grass
Habit: A perennial grass extensively creeping by
means of scaly rhizomes or by strong flat
stolons, very common in plains and hills; culms
7.5 to 30 cm high, slender.
Propagation: Seeds and stolons
Habitat: It is a highly nutritious fodder grass and
is extensively used as lawn grass. In black soils
and in dryland is a noxious weed and once a
field is infested with it, cultivation becomes
impossible. It is considered as one of the ten
worst weeds in the world and problematic in all
tropical and subtropical areas in dry land and
garden lands.
29. Dactylactenium aegyptium
Family: Poaceae
Common name: Buffalo Grass
Kannada name: Konanathale Hullu.
Morphology: Grass
Habit: An annual, grass growing in
waste places and dry cultivated lands.
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: Cattle graze this readily. A
common dry land weed associated with
ragi crop, often distributed in waste
places along road sides.
30. Elusine indica
Family: Poaceae
Common name: Wild ragi
Kannada name: Kadu ragi Hullu.
Morphology: Grass
Habit: An annual, grass growing in
waste places and dry cultivated lands.
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: Cattle graze this readily. A
common dry land weed associated
with ragi crop, often distributed in
waste places along road sides.
31. Ergrostis chinensis
Family: Poaceae
Common name: Ergrostis
Kannada name:
Morphology: Grass
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: Cattle graze this readily.
A common dry land weed
associated with ragi crop, often
distributed in waste places along
road sides.
63. Ex. No. 4 & 5
STUDY AND IDENTIFICATION
OF
WETLAND WEEDS
64. Ammania baccifera
Family: Lythraceae
Common name: Blistering Ammania
Kannada:
Morphology : Broad leaved weed
Habit: An erect annual herb growing up to
30 cm.
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: A common wet land weed.
66. Bergia amannoides
Family: Elatinaceae.
Common name: Water Firewort.
Kannada name:
Morphology: Broad leaved weed.
Habit: Erect, gregarious, stout, terrestrial
branching herb, branches decumbent,
smooth or thinly pubescent, hairs glandular
capitate, growing to a height of 15-45cm.
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: A wet land weed, commonly found
in marshy places also.
67. Centella asiatica
Family: Apiaceae
Common name: Indian Pennywort
Kannada name: Vandelaga
Morphology: Broad leaved weed
Habit: Prostrate, trailing perennial herb
rooting at nodes.
Propagation: Rooting stems
Habitat: A common wet land weed usually
found along bunds in rice fields and other
wet places, plains up to 2000 m.
68. Cleome chelidoni
Family: Capparaceae
Common name: Cleome
Kannada name:
Morphology: Broad leaved weed
Habit: Erect, glabrous much branched
annual herb, growing to a height of 30-
60cm.
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: Weed of moist places on the
borders of rice fields and dry tank bunds.
69. Commelina benghalensis
Family: Commelinaceae
Common name : Commelina
Kannada: Kanne
Morphology: Broad leaved weed.
Habit: Glabrous or pubescent, herb,
growing upto 60cm.
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: Common in all districts in dry
lands and semi irrigated areas except
very wet areas up to 1300 m.
70. Cyanotis axillaries
Family: Commelinaceae
Common name:
Kannada name:
Morphology: Broad leaved weed
Habit: A branched prostrate or sub-erect,
fleshy annual rooting at the nodes.
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: Particularly abundant by
riverbanks.
71. Eclipta alba
Family: Asteraceae
Common name: Eclipta
Kannada name: Garagada Soppu
Morphology: Broad leaved weed.
Habit: Diffusely branched hirsutely strigose,
annual herb.
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: The weed is present at all elevations
in wet and garden lands particularly in
sugarcane plots and dried up paddy fields.
72. Eichhornia crassipes
Family : Pontederiaceae
Common name : Water hyacinth
Kannada : Anthara Thavare
Habitat : An aquatic herb. The plant is
either free floating or partly fixed in mud
in shallow waters.
73. Gomphrena decumbens
Family: Amaranthaceae
Common name: Gomphrena
Kannada name:
Morphology: Broad leaved weed.
Habit: Prostrate, trailing, much
branched annual herb; Leaves and
stem covered with long hairs.
Propagation: By seed.
Habitat: An introduced weed from
Central America, now common in dry,
wet, cultivated and garden land,
pastures and roadsides.
74. Family: Asteraceae
Common name:
Tamil name: Masipatri.
Morphology: Broad leaved weed.
Habit: Pubesent or villous, suberect or
prostrate herb.
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: A common weed usually growing
on sandy soils and in waste places.
Grangea maderaspatana
75. Ipomea cornea
Family: Convolvulaceae
Common name: Ipomea
Kannada name: Ganeshana Kaddi /
Potle Kaddi
Morphology: Broad leaved weed.
Habit: Erect shrub to 2(3) m.
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: Planted by household fences,
canal banks, etc.
76. Ludwigia parviflora
Family: Onagraceae
Common name: Ludwigia
Kannada name:
Morphology: Broad leaved weed.
Habit: An erect annual aquatic herb
growing up to 60 cm.
Propagation: By seeds
Habitat: A common weed in rice fields and
other wet places.
77. Marsilea quadriflata
Family: Marsileaceae
Common name: The Water Fern.
Kannada name:
Morphology: Broad leaved weed.
Habit: Amphibious herb with procumbent
rhizomes
Propagation: Stolons and spores
Habitat: Occurs in marshy areas, also in
rice fields and floating in running water.
78. Mimosa pudica
Family: Leguminosae (Mimosoideae)
Common name: Touch Me Not
Kannada name: Muttidare muni.
Morphology: Broad leaved weed.
Habit: Fast spreading, diffuse, copiously
branched, prostrate perennial herb.
a number of 1 seeds bits.
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: An introduced weed form Tropical
America now wild in dry, wet and garden
lands, gregarious in habit.
79. Monochoria vaginalis
Family: Pontederiaceae
Common name: Monochoria
Kannada name:
Morphology: Broad leaved weed.
Habit: A rooted aquatic herb, commonly
growing in fresh water and marshy areas.
Propagation: By seed and also by root-
stock.
Habitat: A common wet land weed.
80. Rungia repens
Family: Acanthaceae
Common name:
Kannada name: Kodaga saleh.
Morphology: Broad leaved weed.
Habit: Decumbent or procumbent
angular pubescent diffuse annual
herb.
Propagation: By means of seed.
Habitat: A wet land weed
common on bunds along water
channels and other moist places;
rarely in cultivated fields; flowering
and fruiting from June - February.
81. Sphaeranthus indicus
Family: Compositae(Asteraceae).
Common name:
Kannada name:
Morphology: Broad leaved weed.
Habit: Strong smelling annual.
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: Wet land weed common in rice
fields and other moist areas in all plain
districts.
83. Echinochloa crusgalli
Family:Gramineae (Poaceae)
Common name: Barnyard Grass
Kannada name: Gandu Bhatta
Morphology: Grass.
Habit: A tufted annual usually met with in
rice fields and other wet places.
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: This species is very common in
rice fields. They cause considerable
damage to rice production and is difficult to
control by cultural practices. It is also
considered as number one weed in its
adverse effects on paddy.
85. Panicum repens
Family: Gramineae (Poaceae)
Common name: Ginger Grass.
Kannada name:
Morphology: Grass.
Habit: A very common perennial species,
thrives in moist places.
Propagation: By underground stems and
grains.
Habitat: It is much relished by cattle. A
very common weed of garden and wet
lands especially on bunds of paddy fields.
86. Typha angustata
Family : Typhaceae
Common Name : Typha
Kannada Name : Jendu / Aapu
Feature : Gregarious, robust
grass like herb. Terminal spike
87. Cyperus difformis
Family: Cyperaceae
Common name: Cyperus
Kannada name: Jondu
Morphology: Sedge
Habit: A very common slender, weak plant
found in marshes and in shallow ponds;
stems tufted, 12.5 to 37.5 cm long.
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: A common weed in paddy fields.
88. Cyperus iria
Family: Cyperaceae
Common name: Sedge Weed
Kannada name: Jondu
Morphology: Sedge
Habit: An erect glabrous annual
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: A widely distributed species in all
marshy situations and also occurs as a
very common weed in paddy fields and in
shallow pond
89. Cyperus rotundus
Family: Cyperaceae
Common name: Nut Grass, Nutsedge
Kannada name: Geku
Habit: Stoloniferous, stolons not
bulbiferous; stems trigonous, up to 1 m
high; tubers not zoned, perennial.
Propagation: Seeds and nutlets
Habitat: A very troublesome perennial
weed, occurring in dry cultivated lands,
gardens and in semi irrigated land. It is an
obnoxious weed with a very high
propagation potential. This is one of the
worlds top ten worst weeds.
92. Cuscuta chinensis
Family: Convolvulaceae
Common name: Dodder
Kannada name: Amaru balli
Morphology: Parasitic Broad leaved
weed.
Habit: The most common species in South
India distributed in all plains and district up
to 2000 m.
Propagation: Seeds and stem bits
Habitat: A total stem parasite now found to
parasitise many cultivated crops like onion,
Amaranthus, flowering herbs like jasmine
etc.
Cuscuta reflexa
93. Loranthus longiflorus
Loranthus
Loranthus longiflorus
Family : Loranthaceae
Feature : This weed parasitises perennial fruit plants such as Mango,
Custard apple and Sapota. Loranthus has green leaves and thus
photosynthetically active, but draws nutrients and water from host plant.
94. Striga spp
Family: Scrophulariaceae.
Common name: Witch Weed
Kannada name: Bile kasa
Morphology: Broad leaved weed.
Habit: An erect scabrous, hirsute,
branching semi parasitic herb occurring on
roots of graminaceous hosts
Propagation: Seeds
Habitat: A common semi – parasitic weed
on roots of sorghum and sugarcane. This
weed is known for its abundant seed
production and the seeds remain viable for
along period. Once a field is infested with
this weed it would be very difficult to
control.
95. Orobanche spp
Family: Orobanchaceae
Common name: Orabanche
Kannada name: Bangu
Morphology: Broad leaved weed.
Habit: An erect, parasitic herb, annual herb
growing upto 6-12 inches.
Propagation: By seeds.
Habitat: A common complete (holo) root
parasitic weed on tobacco.