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Jasmine.pptx
- 1. Dr. M. Kumaresan Assistant professor Dept. of Horticulture Adhiparasakthi Horticultural College Jasmine- introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield. Lecture No.:3
- 2. Jasmine Jasminum sp. Family: Oleaceae Chromosome number: n =13 Origin: Tropical and subtropical regions
- 3. Importance • One of the oldest fragrant flowers • ‘Jasmine’ is derived from ‘Yasmyn’ (Persian name) meaning fragrance • Leading traditional loose flowers of India. • India exports jasmine flowers to the neighbouring countries like Sri Lanka, Singapore, Malaysia and the Gulf and US.
- 4. Uses • Making garlands • Adorning hair of women, religious and ceremonial functions • Essential oil
- 5. Species More than 200 species (Dickey, 1970) India: 42 species Commercial cultivation: 4 species Important species • Jasminum sambac- Malligai/Arabian jasmine/ tuscan jasmine • J. auriculatum - Mullai • J. grandiflorum- Pitchi/ Spanish jasmine/ Royal Jasmine • J. multiflorum- Star jasmine/ Kakada Other species • J. calophyllum- Flowering through out the year • J. humile - Yellow jasmine • J. beesianum- Rosy jasmine • J. dicotomum- Gold coast jasmine, Buds-red colour
- 6. Jasminumsambac - Gundumalli / Malligai / Arabian jasmine /Tuscan jasmine
- 7. J. sambac • Arabian jasmine, Tuscan jasmine, Bela, Belphool, Malliage and Mogra. • It is the most common species in India. • Its flower buds are white with single or multi-whorled petals, used for garland-making, adorning hair, worshipping, decoration and extraction of perfume. • The leaves are simple, opposite, almost smooth with prominent lateral veins. • It is a bushy weak-stemmed shrub with pubescent branches • Flowers white, fragrant, usually in small, three forked cymes. .
- 8. Cultivar Characters Gundumalli Round flowers with good fragrance Ramanbanam Flower bud long Madanban Long bold buds with short corolla tube Single mogra Flowers with 3 or 4 rows of petals Double mogra Flowers with good fragrance resembling white rose Iruvatchi Flowers with short corolla tube with 3 or 4 rows of petals Kasthurimalli Flowers with medium corolla tube Oosimalli Long slender buds Ramanathapuram gundumalli Round flowers with good fragrance; yields 7 to 8 t/ha. Khoya Bolder buds, less fragrant J. sambac - Gundu malli
- 9. ArkaAradhana • Developed by IIHR, Bangalore in 2000 • Good for extraction of oil as well as fresh flower Yield (t/ ha) Concrete Yield (kg/ha) 8.0 14.95
- 11. Jasminum auriculatum • Juhi, Jui, Malle, Mokggu, Mullai and Ambur Malliage, it is a scandent shrub having shiny leaves with minute lateral veins. • Leaves are mostly simple, occasionally trifoliate. • The plants produce numerous star- shaped, white scented blooms and are very good as loose flowers. • The flowers are borne in pubescent compound many flowered flax cymes. • Used for garlands, adorning hair, worship and decoration. • It bears flowers from spring to summer and in rainy season. Flowers used for perfumes
- 12. Species Varieties Genesis Characters J. auriculatum (Mullai) CO.1 Selection Long Round type Long corolla tube Yield : 8 t/ha, Concrete recovery : 0.34% CO.2 Selection Long corolla tube Flower buds bolder Tolerant to phyllody Yield : 10 t/ha, Concrete recovery : 0.36% VARIETIES
- 13. Parimullai • Clonal selection from germplasm clone (medium point) • Exhibit resistance to gall mite • Long flowering season – (9 months) • Buds are white with moderate corolla tube length 1.25 cm. • 0.29 % - concrete • Yield – 10 t/ ha
- 14. Jasminum grandiflorum- Jathimalli (or) Pitchi (or) Spanish jasmine
- 15. J. grandifolium • Syn. J. officinale var. grandiflorum • Royal or Spanish jasmine, French or Catalonian jasmine, Chameli, Jahi, Jathimalli, and Pitchi, is a large shrub in striate branches having pinnate leaves, compound with 7–9 leaflets of equal sizes. • Flowers are white, often tinged with purple outside, axillary or terminal and 5 petalled. • Large single flowers are delightfully fragrant. • Garlands, decorative bunches or veni. • Suitable for planting in shrubbery, arches and pergolas. Presently concrete is extracted from its flowers. It flowers from March to September.
- 16. J. grandiflorum (Pitchi) CO – 1 • Secondary clonal selection from germplasm collection (six clones – yield varies from 4.3 t – 10.14 t/ha/year) • Buds are white with pink tinged with long corolla tube. • Yield – 10.15 t/ha/year • Concrete – 0.29 %
- 17. CO-2 Pitchi • Known for their high yield • Better floral traits • It is mutant is characterized by bold pink buds, • long flower bud (4.18 cm) • High yielding (11,680 kg/ha) • Concrete recovery of 0.30%
- 18. Arka Surabi • Released by IIHR in 1993 • Clonal selection from local J. grandiflorum • Yield • 10 tonnes/ha • Concrete yield- 0.35% • Tolerant for drought condition
- 19. Jasminum pubescens - Kakada
- 20. ArkaArpan • Developed from Jasminum puberscense, by IIHR in 1999 • Flowers- Aromatic and pink colour- consumer preference • Yield- 6.1 t/ha • It has attractive foliage and used as ornamental plant in landscaping
- 21. • Tree jasmine • Large shrub or shrubbery tree • Flowers are fragrant with white in nature J. arborescens
- 22. • Rosy jasmine • Flowers – small, fragrant, pink to deep rose
- 23. J. calophyllum • Profuse flowering species • Flowers – scented, white • Free from pest and disease
- 24. J. dichotomum • Gold coast jasmine • Vigorous climbing, woody vine • Flowers – small, fragrant • Unopened flower buds – tinted red on outside • Open flowers – pure white on inside
- 25. J. flexile • Profuse flowering • Widely in home gardens for its scented flowers • Free from insect pests and diseases
- 26. J. fruticans • Evergreen shrub • Flowers – yellow corolla, calyx with slender lobes
- 27. J. humile • Yellow jasmine, Italian jasmine • Flowers – fragrant, yellow and borne in clusters
- 28. J. nitidum • Woody vine • Flowers –fragrant • Buds – tinted pink on outside and white inside and about 4 cm across
- 29. J. nudiflorum • Deciduous shrub • Flowers – yellow, solitary
- 30. J. primulinum • Evergreen rambling shrub • Flowers – solitary • Corolla – long and bright yellow
- 31. J. rex • Kings jasmine • Vigorous, scanted shrub • Flowers – large about 5cm diameter, non-fragrant, pure white, borne terminal cymes
- 32. Soil and climate • Well drained rich sandy loam to clay soils • Jasmine require temperature of 27–32°C during day time and 21–27°C at night is ideal for flowering. • Temperature between 15 and 17°C during night shuts the flowering for a week (Leonhardt and Teves, 2002).
- 33. Propagation Jasmine can be propagated by cuttings, layering, sucker, grafting, budding and tissue culture • J. auriculatum : Semi hard wood cuttings • J. grandiflorum : Terminal cuttings • J. sambac: Hard wood cuttings and semi hardwood cuttings Growth regulators: Quick dip method • IAA (or) IBA @ 1000 ppm for terminal cuttings and 2500 ppm for semi hard wood cuttings is done • Best rooting medium: - sand: vermiculite: moss at 1:1:1 ratio • Rooting media - Sand : FYM : Red earth (1:1:1) • - Sand : Vermiculate : Moss at 1:1:1 ratio • Propagation season - April to September
- 34. Planting • The soil should be thoroughly prepared • Kept free from weeds • Pits of 45-90 cm3 are prepared depending on the type of soil • Exposed for a week • The pit is filled with top soil after mixing with about 10-15 kg of well rotten cattle manure or compost • Then irrigated to settle down the soil properly
- 35. Plant Spacing, density and season Species Spacing Density (Plants/ha) Season J. auriculatum 1.5 x 1.5 m 4400 June to November J. grandiflorum 2.0 x 1.5 m 3350 J. sambac 1.25 x 1.25 m 6400
- 36. Nutritional requirement Species Quantity(g/plant) N P2O5 K2O Method J. auriculatum 60 120 120 6 split doses at bimonthly intervals J. grandiflorum 100 150 100 2 split doses : (1) June - July (2) December - after pruning J. sambac 60 120 120 2 split doses : (1) June-July (2) November - after pruning Foliar Nutrition Spraying of zinc 0.25% and magnesium 0.5% before flowering increases flower yield. For Fe deficiency, FeSO4 at 5g/lit. is sprayed at monthly intervals until the chlorotic symptoms disappear.
- 37. Pruning Species Time of pruning J. auriculatum Last week of January J. grandiflorum Last week of December J. sambac Last week of November In jasmine, flowering habit is terminal and axillary. So increasing the number of shoots would increase the yield, for which pruning is essential. Pruning influences growth, flower bud initiation, differentiation and ultimately the flower production. Pruning height: 45-50 cm from the ground level.
- 38. Plant growth regulators • Cycocel 1000 ppm: Increase vegetative growth and yield – J. grandiflorum • Cycocel 500 ppm : delay flowering and increase number of harvesting in J. grandiflorum • Cycocel 500 ppm: yield and quality - J. auriculatum • GA3 100ppm: increase flowering in J. auriculatum
- 39. Plant Protection • Budworm - Hendecasis duplifascialis - Thiochloprid (Alanto) 240SC 1 ml/litre or Spinosad (Tracer) @ 0.5 ml/lit Blossom midge (Contarinia maculipennis): Novaluron 3ml/lit. of water.
- 40. Harvesting Short distance market • Fresh flowers- Fully developed and unopened at tight bud stage • 8-12 hours before opening • Before 8 am in the morning hours is the right time • Time increases shelf life gets reduced Long distance market • Fresh flowers- Fully developed and unopened at tight bud stage • 10-12 hours before opening
- 41. Mature Unopened Flower Bud Stage- Fresh Flower FULLY OPENED – for essential oil
- 42. Export markets • Early morning form 5.30 to 6.30 am • Fresh flowers- Fully developed and unopened at tight bud stage • 12 hours before opening Concrete extraction • Fully opened flowers • Early hours of the day • After 9.30 am the concrete recovery will be reduced
- 43. Flowering season Peak flower production in Tamil Nadu J. sambac : March - September J. auriculatum : June - July J. grandiflorum : July - October
- 44. Yield Species Flowers yield (kg/ha) Concrete recovery (%) Shelf life of flowers J. auriculatum 4733 to 9152 0.28 to 0.36 28 - 30 hrs J. sambac 739 to 8129 0.14 to 0.19 28 - 30 hrs J. grandiflorum 4329 to 10144 0.25 to 0.32 24 hrs
- 45. Major Jasmine Concrete Industries in Tamil Nadu • Pushpak Fragrance - Nilakottai • Hindustan Essential oils - Nilakottai • ENCEE Aromatics - Mettupalayam • Flavors and Fragrances - Coimbatore
- 46. Post harvest handling • Lesser shelf life- Problems faced by the farmers- during the peak season of the flowering • Fully developed flower buds soaked in the chemicals viz., • Sucrose 1% • Boric acid 4% • Copper sulphate 0.1% • Silver Nitrate 0.01% • Remain fresh for two days without loosing its fragrance
- 47. Grading • No standard grade • Graded according to the corolla tube length, bud size, shape and freshness
- 48. Packing • Polyethylene bags with 200 guage • Without ventilation • Maintaining high quality and extending the shelf life of flowers • Storing the packed flowers in cool chamber (80C)
- 49. • Corrugated fibre board boxes are properly packed for long distance market • Farmers use gunny bags for the transport of the jasmines • Gunny bags are stitched at the edges
- 50. Extraction of jasmine concrete Concrete It is a wax like substance containing the natural flower perfume together with some plant waxes, albumin and colouring matter.
- 51. Picking of flowers for extraction: • Freshly picked fully opened flowers • J. grandiflorum has the unique fragrance • Picking of flowers is before 9.30 a.m next day, after 11.00 a.m. - reduce the yield and quality of concrete. • Harvested flowers are stored in cool atmosphere and processed within two hours after harvest.
- 52. Flowers are soaked in Food Grade Hexane (Having Boiling point of 70 oC). Mixing Hexane 2 litres / kg of flowers for 30 minutes. Rotate the container slowly for 20 minutes in the rotary type of extractor. Perfume substance along with wax and pigments dissolved in Hexane.
- 53. Perfume solvent is led into the evaporator Evaporation at a constant temperature of 750C. Vapour of the solvent condensed into liquid for recycling Liquid (Perfume, wax & pigments) is distilled in a vacuum distillation unit for complete removal of solvent in the still Floral concrete settled in the still in the form of molten wax Cooled and Stored in glass (or) aluminium containers
- 54. Species Concrete recovery Jasminum sambac 0.14 to 0.19 Jasminum auriculatum 0.28 to 0.36 Jasminum grandiflorum 0.25 to 0.32
- 57. Extractor – Stainless steel Hexane storage unit Condenser cum cooler Purification unit