1. 10-04-2023 VSC 603 1
University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot
COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE, BENGALURU- 560 065
KAVYA V N
I Ph.D
UHS19PGD382
Dept of Vegetable Science
Advances in Breeding of Peas and Beans
2. SCIENTIFIC NAME :Pisum situvm
FAMILY: FABACEAE
CHROMOSOME NO:2n=14
ORIGIN: ETHIOPIA
GARDEN PEA
3. Highly nutritive containing high percentage of digestible protein
(very valuable for the vegetarians) along with carbohydrates and
vitamins A and C.
It is also very rich in minerals Ca and P.
Excellent food for human consumption taken either as a
vegetable or in soup.
Large proportion is processed (canned, frozen or dehydrated) for
consumption in the off-season.
Being N fixing legume, recognized as a soil building crop on
account of its value as a green manure crop.
Pea is being used in a growing snack market
USES
4. HABIT: herbaceous annual, glacous, tendril
bearing, climbing or trailing plant.
ROOT: root system is not strongly developed
expect tap root.
STEM :Slender ,circular and weak , trailing or
busy habit.
LEAVES : leaves are pinnate with 3 pairs of
leaflets and the terminal leaflets ending in branched
tendrils. Stipules very large and foliaceous and
denticulate @ base.
BOTANY
5. FLOWER :
Flower are large and attractive, solitary, white or purple
colored flowers on long stalked axillary racemes, with one
or three flowers per raceme.
CALYX : oblique , gamosepalous , lobes are unequal.
COROLLA :white or purple, standard petal is broad while the
keel petal is short, incurved, obtuse(blunt or rounded @ the tip)
STAMENS : diadelphos, filaments broad ,anthers reniform.
GYNOECIUM : style flattened , fixed on inner surface , stigma
minute, terminal
6. PODS: smooth swollen or compresses, straight or curved on
short stalks up to 12 -15 cm with as many as 10 seeds.
SEEDS : seeds are angular or globose,4 -10in no, smooth or
wrinkled, non-endospermous green, grey or brown in color and
sometimes mottled .
7. FLORAL BIOLOGY
Highly self pollinated crop due to hermaphrodite sex form,
homogamy i.e. maturation of stigma and anther at the same time.
Flowers opens only once between 5 am-11 am.
Stigma become receptive and pollen fertility at its maximum on
the day of anthesis.
Stigma remains receptive for 3 days
Dehiscence of anthers starts much earlier even 24 hrs before
anthesis.
9. Cytogenetics
The chromosome number of pea is 2n=14 (Das and kalloo 1970).
Pisum sativum includes the following sub-species
(Simmonds,1979)
Pisum sativum Linn.var. hortense : Garden pea
Pisum sativum Linn.var. arvense : Field pea
Pisum sativum Linn.var. macrocarpum : Edible podded pea
Pisum sativum elatius : Wild form
Pisum sativum sysiacum : Wild form
10. Cold tolerant species - P. filiformis and P. angustissimus
Salinity tolerant - P. filiformis
Drought toerant - P. acutifolius
Field peas - P. sativum var. arvense
Garden or horticultural pea – P. sativum var. hortense
Edible poded pea - P. sativum var. macrocarpum
Dwarf pea - P. humile
Red yellow pea - P. fulvum
Abyssinicum pea - P. abyssinicum
EDIBLE PODED PEAS – 2 TYPES
1. Snap pea - P. sativum var macrocarpon -
Lack of parchment layer, thick pod walls
2. Snow pea - P. sativum var. saccharatum –
Lack of parchment layer, thin pod walls.
11. • ICARDA (International Centre for Agricultural Research in Dry
Area)
• NBPGR (National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources
• IPGR(International Plant Genetic Resources) RCA (Institute for
Agro botany) Hungry -1199
GENETIC RESOURCES
12. • Improved yield potential and stability.
• Standing ability and harvestability.
• High shelling percentage.
• Suitable for freezing and canning
• Resistant/tolerant to frost and drought, particularly at podding.
• Pod shatter resistance, Resistant to disease, namely Downey
mildew Powdery mildew, Rust, Wilt.
• Resistant to insect: Leaf minor, Aphids, Pod borer, Pea stem fly
BREEDING OBJECTIVES
13. CHARACTERS INHERITENCE
1.Plant height High heritability, over dominance,
partial dominance.
2. Days to flowering Non additive gene action, partial
dominance, over dominance
3. Earliness Dominant genes, high heritability
4. Late flowering Recessive genes, high heritability
5. Number of pods per plant High heritability, epistatic gene
action
6. Pod yield Low heritability
INHERITANCE OF QUALITATIVE CHARACTERS
14. • INTRODUCTION :-
Bonneville (USA), mid season type and wrinkle seeds
Arkel ( England ),early type and wrinkle seeds.
Early budger, Lincoln, Meteor(USA)
• BACK CROSS AND PURELINE SELECTION :-
Arka Ajith(FC-1) developed through backcross and pureline
selection involving parents Bonneville, IIHR 209 and Freezer 656,
resistant to powdery mildew.
Breeding methods
15. HYBRIDIZATION AND SELECTION:-
1. Jawahar Matar 3 - T19 X Early Badger
2. Jawahar Matar 4 -T 19 X Little Marvel
3. PM2 - Early Badger X IP3
4. Jawahar Matar 1 - T19 X Greater Progress
5. Jawahar Matar 2 - Russian 2 X Greater Progress
MUTATION BREEDING:-
1. Afila : Leaflets are converted into tendril
2. Acacia : Tendrils are converted into leaflet
3. Pleiofila : Leaflets sub divided
* Early flowering mutants : 46C and JP829
* Fasciated mutants : R701
16. Genes for which linked markers have been reported in
the pea are listed below
TRAIT GENE MARKER
Cotyledon shape rb Vc-5 (RFLP)
Fussarium wilt
resistances
Fw H19.Y14,Y15(RAP
D)
Powedry mildew
resistances
Er-2 3AFLP PRIMERS
17. Diseases Resistant varieties
1.Powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni
var;pisi)
Jawahar peas-83, JP-71, JP-4
2.Fusarium wilt(Fusarium oxysporum) Early badger, early giant, super
alaska
3.Rust (Uromyces viciiae fabae) JP batri brown3, JP batri
brown4
4.Root rot Bristol
5. Wilt Cascadia
6.Leaf miner JP-179,JP-169,LMR-4,LMR-
10,LMR-20
7.Bruches JP-9, JP-179,
8.Leaf roll Dakota
9.Heat tolerance variety Lincoln , Queen of heart
10.Herbicide tolerant Bristol
Biotic and abiotic stress of pea
18. VARIETIES
Sl.No. Variety Organization Breeding Method Specific
characteristics
Early varieties
1. Arkel France Introduction
Suitable for fresh
market and
dehydration. The
variety is highly
susceptible to collar
rot
2. JawaharMatar 4 JNKV Jabalpur
Hybridization (T
19 and Little
Marvel) Yield-
60q/ha.
Mature seeds are
green and wrinkle
with 18g of 100
seed weight.
3. Early Badger USA Introduction
It is a good canning
variety and resistant
to Fusarium wilt
and tolerant heat
and drought.
4. Little Marvel England
Introduction
(Chelsea Gem x
A dwarf, wrinkled
seeded variety .
19. 6.
Jawahar Peas 54 (JP
54 )
JNKV Jabalpur
(Arkel × JM5)
× ('4bc' × JP
501)
Powdery
mildew
resistant
variety
Mid season varieties
7. Bonneville IARI New Delhi Introduction
It is
susceptible to
powdery
mildew
disease.
8. Alderman IARI New Delhi Introduction
It is an
excellent
cultivar for
freezing
purpose.
9. Lincoln
IARI Research
Station Katrian
Introduction
It is a good
canning
purpose
variety.
10 Azad P-2 Kalyanpur
(Bonneville ×
6587)
A powdery
mildew
resistant
21. • Scientific name :-Phaseolus vulgaris
• Family :-Leguminoceae
• Chromosome No:- 22
• Origin:-Southern Mexico and Central America(Kaplan1981)
• Progenitor -Phaseolus aborigineus
• Types of pollination:- Self pollination
FRENCH BEAN
22. • Habit : Either bushy or pole type ,but are annual
• Root : Tap root with secondary and tertiary root system
• Stem : Slender, internodes elongated .2 habits
• Leaf : Pinnately trifoliate, leaflets are ovate and pubescent
• Inflorescence : Raceme
BOTANY
23. FLORAL BIOLOGY
Anthesis : 5 A.M to 7 A.M and never closes open
fertilization
Anther dehiscence : one evening prior to anthesis
Stigma receptivity : Maximum on the day of anthesis
24. • French bean belongs to the family leguminosae under Phaseolus
genus and vulgaris species. The genus Phaseolus possesses four
cultivated species, viz:
1. Phaseolus vulgaris : The common, haricot, snap bean
2. P. coccineus : The runner or scarlet bean
3. P. acutifolius var. latifolius : The tepary bean
4. P. lunatus : The lima, sieve, butter of Madagascar bean.
TAXONOMY
26. Sl. No. CHARACTER NO. OF GENES TYPE OF GENE ACTION
1 Growth habit Monogenic Indeterminate or climbing habit
dominant to determinate habit
2 Pod stringness Monogenic Stringiness dominant to
stringlessness
3 Pod surface Monogenic
(accacc)
Shiny node recessive to non shiny
4 Earliness Monogenic (fdfd) Early flowering dominant to late
5 Groove of pods Monogenic Non-grooved dominant to grooved
6 Pod shape Polygenic Normal round has a general
dominace over other shapes
7 Colour of
foliage
Digenic Green dominant to variegated,
duplicate gene action
8 Hard seed Monogenic Soft seed dominant to hard seed
INHERITANCE OF QUALITATIVE
CHARACTERS
27. INHERITANCE OF RESISTANCE TO DISEASE
1.Powedry Mildew A Singal Dominant Gene
2.Bean Rust Resistance Dominant or
Incompletely Dominant
3.Anthracnose A single dominant gene ,are also
mex-2 and mex-3 genes
4.Bean Virus Single Recessive Gene, Mo
Ri for Bean Virus-1
5.Common Bean Mosaic One Dominant Gene, I Recessive
Race SpecificGenes,Bc1,Bc2,Bc3
6.Curly Top Virus Two Epistatic Dominant Genes
28. Nonstringy, long pods, flat or round in shape
Early pod harvesting
Bush/pole plant type
High number of green pods/plant
High number of pod clusters/plant
High number of primary branches/plant
Free from interlocular space
Photo insensitivity & wider adaptability
Resistance to disease and pest
BREEDING OBJECTIVES
29. • Introduction :
Pole Type :- Kentucky Wonder, Lakshmi, Pusa himlata,
Swarnalata, SVM-1, TKD1,
Bush Type :- Bountiful, Contender, Gaint stringless, Pant
Anupama, Premier,
• Selection- Pant Anupama, Phule suyash (GK- 7), Swarna priya
(CH-812)
• Pureline selection : Arka Komal (sel 9 ), APLS from IIHR 60
collection
• Pedigree method : IIHR 909 Pod selection from Blue crop X
Contender (Arka Suvidha)
• Hybridization- Arka suvidha (IIHR 909)
• Mutation –Pusa Parvati derived from a mutant waxy type EC
1906
BREEDING METHOD
30. Powdery mildew Contender, Long kidney, Top crop
Bean rust Kentucky Wonder, VL Boni -1
Common Bean Mosaic Refugee, Robust
Anthracnose Cornell49-242
Stem Fly Sel-2, SVM-1, Sel-9, Sel- 4
Aphid Bruna
Leaf hopper London horticultural, contender,
top crop
Heat and drought Red Mexican
Varieties Resistant for Biotic and abiotic stresses
31. Sl. No Variety Developing
institutions
Breeding method Special features
1 Arka
Komal
IIHR Introduction Good transport and
keeping quality,
susceptible to bean
common mosaic
virus,yield potential
80q/ha
2 Arka
Suvidha
(IIHR 909)
IIHR Hybridization (Blue
crop ×Contender)
Plants bushy and
photosensitive.
3 Contender IARI New Delhi Introduction It is susceptible to bean
common mosaic virus y
4 Pusa
Parvathi
IARI New Delhi Developed through
irradiation
Parvatifollowed by
selection from wax
podded variety EC
1906
Resistant to mosaic and
powdery mildew.
VARIETIES
32. 5 Ooty-1 Tamil Nadu
Agricultural
University
Moderately
resistant to leaf
spot,
anthracnose
and pod borer
6 Pant Anupama (UPF
191)
GBPUA&T,
Pantnagar
Selection from
line UPF181
Moderately
resistant to
bean mosaic
and angular
leaf spot
7 Phule Suyash (GK-7) MPKV, Rahuri Selection Plant are
highly tolerant
to wilt and
bean mosaic
virus
8 Swarna Priya (CH-812) CHES, Ranchi Pure line
selection
Good cooking
quality,
suitable for
daal
preparation
33. INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION
Species crosses Compatibility Utility
P. vulgaris X P. coccineus F1 seeds viable or F1
plants were fertile
Tolerant to frost
and viruses
P. vulgaris X P. flavescens Crosses readily Rust resistance
P. vulgaris X P. lunatus Fertility of F1 ranged
from nil to normal
Resistance to
diseases and
quality
parameters
34. Pusa Parvathi X ray mutant of wax pod
EC1906
Arka Komal Photoinsensitive
Arka Suvidha Photoinsensitive, resistance to
rust
Arka Anoop Photoinsensitive, resistance to
bacterial wilt and rust
Arka Sharath Photoinsensitive
Arka Bold Photoinsensitive,flat
type,resistance to bacterial wilt
Pant Anupama Resistance to angular leaf spot
Pant Bean Turkish Brown X Contender
Kentucky
wonder
Introduction
from USA
Pusa Himlata
TKD1
SVM 1 Contender X
PBL257
Lakshmi Contender X
Local type
BUSH TYPES Pole types
35. • RAPD markers have been used in common beans. RAPD markers
linked to disease resistances in common bean are given in
table(Kelly and Miklas 1998)
Resistance gene Pathogen RAPD markers Size(bp)
Co-1 Anthacnose OF 10 530
Co-2 Anthacnose OQ4
B355
OH20
1440
1000
450
BC-3 BCMV OAD19 690
Mp-1 Macrophomina B386 900
Ur-3 Rust OK14 620
Ur-9 Rust OJ13 1800
BIOTECHNOLOGY
36. • S.N : Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp
• Origin : Africa(Simmonds 1976)
• Chromosome No: 2n=2x=22
• Family : Leguminoceae
• Pollination: Self pollination
• Used in the form of dry seeds, fodder, green pod, green manure
and cover crops
COWPEA
37. • Habit : annual
• Root : strong tap root bearing numerous spreading laterals
and many nodules present on roots
• Stem : weak and trailing with rough angles
• Leaf : Petiolate, pinnately trifoliate, petioles are smooth
and long with stipules above the base
• Infloresence : Axillary racemes with 2-3 flowers to each
peduncle.
• Flowers are bisexual, white, purple or pale violet
BOTANY
38. • Infloresence is an unbranched axillary raceme bearing several
flowers at the terminal end of peduncles.
• Cow pea flowers are large and showy.
• Flowers open only 7 and 9 A.M.
• On cloudy days the flowers may open even in the afternoon.
• Anthers mature and start dehiscing about 7-8 hr before the time of
opening of corolla.
• Due to dehiscence taking place before the opening of flower, and
cow pea is strictly self pollinated in nature.
FLORAL BIOLOGY
39. There are three cultivated and two wild subspecies of cow pea
these are as follows :
• Sesquipedalis – Cultivated species
• Unguiculata - Cultivated species
• Cylindrical - Wild species
• Dekindtiana - Wild species
• Mensensis - Wild species (ancestor)
TAXONOMY
40. • High Green Pod yield
• Seed Yield
• Earliness
• Wider Adaptability
• Appropriate Plant Type
• Short Tender Pods For Whole Pod Processing
• Long Tender And Stringless Pods For Fresh Consumptions
• Varieties Suitable For Intercropping
• Resistance To Disease : Anthracnose, Cercospora Leaf Spot,
Fusarium Wilt, Ascochyta Blight
• Resistance To Insects: Hairy Caterpillars, Leaf Hoppers,
Aphids,Thrips, Bruchids, Pod Borer
BREEDING OBJECTIVES
41. Growth habit Monogenic
Flower colour Monogenic
Calyx colour Monogenic
Pod number Non additive
Pod length Partial dominance
Pod colour Monogenic
No of seed/pods Over dominance
Pod yield/plant Additive gene action
Seed yield Non additive
INHERITANCE PATTERN
42. • Indirect marker –assisted selection can be useful for applying selection pressure
in early generations for trait that are difficult to select directly or for shuttle
breeding where it is not possible to directly screen for resistances to a pest due to
quarantine restrictions.
• Isozymes have not been useful for indirect selection in cowpea due to extremely
low levels of polymorphisms in cultivated cowpea.
• DNA markers should be more effective for developing a linkage map for cow
pea.
• A cow pea linkage map has been developed from a cross between an improved
cultivar and a wild sub species Vigna unguiculata ssp.dekindtiana.
• This map consists of 87 random genomic and 5 cdna RFLP 5 random amplified
arranged in 10 linkage groups..
BIOTECHNOLOGY
43. Breeding methods:
• Strictly self pollinated
• Arka Garima derivative from the cross TU.V.762 X V.u .ssp.
Sesquipedalis and developed by backcross and pureline selection.
Pedigree method:
• Arka Suman (sel11) ,early, photoinsensitive, pedigree selection
from Pusa Komal X Arka Garima
• Selection 16 – pedigree selection from Arka Garima X Pusa
Komal.
44. Sl no Variety Method Characters
1 Pusa Phalguni Selection From Dolique Du
Tonkin
Dwarf Bushy Habit,maturity
in 60 days pods of cm
length,yield potential of
green pods is 75 q/ha
2 Pusa Barsati Exotic Selection From
Phillipines Early Variety,
pods are cm long,yield
potential 75q/ha
3 Pusa Do Fasli Pusa Phalguni*Phillippines
selection
Plant Busy,Photo
Insensitive,pods are 18 cm
long pod yield 80 q/ha.
4 4S-203 Selection-2*Virginia Double Cropping System In
Red Soils
5 Yard Long Bean Plants Need
Staking,pods are about 50cm
long,pod yield 100q/ha.
VARIETIES
45. Arka Garima Bushy type Photoinsensitive
Arka Suman Bushy type Photoinsensitive, Resistant to rust
Arka Samrudhi Bushy type Photoinsensitive
Arka Mangala Photoinsensitive
Kashi Shyamal Tolerant to golden mosaic virus
Kashi Sudha Bushy type,
Photoinsensitive
Resistant to golden mosaic virus and
cercospora leaf spot
Kashi Kanchan Bushy type,
Photoinsensitive
Resistant to golden mosaic virus and
cercospora leaf spot
Kashi Unnati Bushy type,
Photoinsensitive
Resistant to golden mosaic virus and
cercospora leaf spot
Kashi Gauri Bushy type,
Photoinsensitive
Resistant to golden mosaic virus and
cercospora leaf spot
46. • S.N.-Lablab purpureus L. sweet
• Family-Fabaceae
• Chromosome no-2n=2x=22
• Origin - India
• Other names : hyacinth bean, bonavist bean, lobia bean, Indian
bean, Egyptian bean, sem etc,.
• Pollination:- It is generally self pollinated. However, about 6-10%
cross pollination is observed (extrovert or protruded stigma).
• Flowers open generally two days after anther dehiscence opening
is mostly between 11 am to 5 pm.
FIELD BEAN
47. • Habit : Perrienial twining herb ,cultivated mostly as annual
• Root : tap root with secondary and tertiary roots
• Stem : Twining with long internodes
• Leaf : alternate , long petiolated, stipulate (small and free),leaf
pinnately trifoliate
• Inflorescence : Axillary raceme
BOTANY
48. • Anthesis : Flowers open throughout the day with maximum
opening between 11a.m and 5 a.m
• Anther dehiscence : When the anthesis of the long filament are at
or just above the level of the stigma, they
dehisce and pollen is shed on the hair of the
board below the stigma.
• Stigma receptivity : on the day of anthesis
• Pollen viability : Maximum on the day of anthesis
FLORAL BIOLOGY
49. Spreading plant habit Monogenic,dominant
Growth habit and inflorescence
type
Three genes
Photoperiod sensitivity Monogenic, dominant
Leaf vein colour Digenic,complementary genes
Purple petiole Two complementary genes
Pod form Monogenic,dominant and two
complementary
Pod colour Three duplicate gene
INHERITANCE CHARACTERS
50. Number of days to flowering
pod length and width
Additive gene action
Number of pods per plant,
seed per plant and pod yield
High heritability,high genetic
advances,additive gene action
Seed yield per plant High heritability and high GCV
Pod yield per plant Partial dominance with duplicate
type of epistasis
Seed yield Complementary type of epistasis
Number of flowers Non additive gene action
QUANTITATIVE INHERITANCE
51. • Bushy plant habit
• Early maturity
• Photoinsenstivity
• Pod characters (shape, size ,colour)
• Number of pods per plant
• Seed colour
• Number of seed per pod green pod yield dry seed yield
• Resistance to disease and pest (aphids and hairy caterpillar)
BREEDING OBJECTIVES
52. Pusa early prolific Selection From Local Type
Pusa Sem-2 Selection
Pusa Sem -3 Selection
Co-1 Selection From HD 18 Of Hisar
Co-2 Selection From Local Variety Chinna
Avarai
Co-3 Selection From A Local Type
Yanaikathu Avarai
Hebbal Avare-3 Hebbal Avare-1*Us-67-13
VARIETIES
53. Pole types bush types
Pusa Early Prolific Arka Jay : Hebbal Avare3 X IIHR99
Arka Sambhram Arka Vijay : Hebbal Avare 3 X Pusa
Early Prolific
Arka Soumya Konkan Bhushan
Arka Komal CO 8: CO 5 X DL 3169
Arka Bold MUTANT VARIETY:
Arka Amogh CO9 : Spontaneous mutant of MS98678
Kashi Haritima CO 10: X ray induced mutant of CO 4
Rajni,KDB403,KDB 405 CO 11 : C0 9 X White Yenaikathu
Dasarawal
Deepaliwal
CO 12 : CO 9 X CO 4
JDL 79
CO-1 ,CO-2,3, 4 and 5
54. • S.N - Phaseolus lunatus L.(sweet)
• Family-Fabaceae
• 2n=2x=22
• Central America (Mexico and Guatemala) for the small seeded
forms and the Andean region (Peru and Ecuador) for the large
seeded.
• Self pollination
• The world collection of germplasm is being maintained at the
Centro International de Agriculture Tropical. (CIAT, Cali,
Colombia).
• Small germplasm collections are in other countries also like the
USA, Brazil Costa rica. Germany, Indonesia.
LIMA BEAN
55. • Resistance to High Temperature
• Selection indices
• Resistance to Insect Pest And Disease
• No of Seeds Per Pod
• Pod Length
• No of Pods Per Plant
• Short Duration
• Early Maturity
• Plant Height
BREEDING OBJECTIVES
56. • Almost all varieties of lima bean in india are introductions from
abroad.
• Pole types : florida butter, challenger and Carolina butter,
• Semi pole types : hopi and Wilbur
• Bush type : baby potato, babyford hook and Henderson bush.
VARIETIES
57. BROAD BEAN
SCIENTIFIC NAME : Vicia faba L.
FAMILY : Fabaceae
CHROMOSOME NO: 2n= 12, 14
ORIGIN : Europe and Asia
58. USES
Broad bean is rich in carbohydrates, protein, minerals and
vitamins.
The broad bean are used as a green, generally cooked vegetable
either singly or mixed with potatoes in curry form
Its also used as pickles
Its pollen causes allergic and also green pods to some people. An
illness some times fatal and known as ‘’FAVISUM”.
59. HABIT : Erect growing annual, shrub with square
stem grows up to 30 -100cm with broad upright pods
in the axils of the leaves. Each pod has 5 fleshy beans.
LEAVES : Two pairs of large leaves with toothed
stipules leaflets are ovate, with no tendrils.
BOTANY
60. CALYX :composed of five joined sepals.
COROLLA :
Petals -5,
White or occasionally lilac or purple with black blotch on wing
petals.
The posterior one is large and erect forming the standard (vexillum)
partially overlapping the small lateral petals or wings which lye one
on each side of the keel (carnia) formed by the fusion of the two
anterior petals. within the keel petals.
10 stamens are present.
GYNOECIUM : 1 carpel (with numerous anatropus
ovules) style emerging from the open end of the stamen
tube and curving upwards between the anthers.
POLLINATION : by bees.
( cross pollination occurs to an extent of 50%)
61. FRUIT : A legume, with seeds forming a single row, splitting
along the full length of both sutures.
The pods are upright, in clusters of 5 or more, fleshy.
SEEDS : Smaller, short-cylindrical or some what flattened. Test
pale brown, darkening with age.
62. • Cymposis tetragonolobus(L.) Taub
• Family –Fabaceae
• Chromosome no 2n=12
• Origin-Africa
• C.sengalensis is the ancestor of cluster bean, but it is not found
growing wild.
• Pollination: Cluster bean is mostly self pollinating with only 2
percent cross pollination Cluster bean
CLUSTER BEAN
63. • Gum is used in textile ,paper, cosmetic and oil industries
• Can tolerate drought
• Contains a mucilaginous substance in seed known as
galactomannan
• Guar meal /dry seeds contain about 33.3% protein
• Young plants of cluster bean composed of D- galactopyranose
and D-mannopyranose units
64. Cluster is an upright erect summer annual growing to a height of
3 m with stiff erect branches
Stem -angled
leaves -trifoliate.
Flowers-Small white or purple
Androecium - monodelphus 10 stamens
Infloresence - axillary racemes.
Fruits -compressed, erect and 4-10 cm long double ridge on
dorsal side single ridge below , beaked
seeds- 5 to 12 white to grey or black colored seeds per fruit
Root system- deep roots
The bean has a large endosperm. The endosperm contains large
amounts of gum which is the marketable product of the plant.
BOTANY
65.
66. The genus Cyamopsis is an old world genus with four species, viz.,
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus
Cyamopsis serrata
Cyamopsis senegalensis
Cyamopsis dentana
Ayyangar and krishnaswamy (1993) observed seven pairs of
chromosomes in Cymopsis tetragonolobus (syn. C. psoraliodes)
CYTOGENETICS
67. • Plant type dwarf,
• single stem
• Seasonal adaptability
• Early maturity
• Pod quality-pod long smooth tender and fibreless Green
• pod yield
• Resistance to insect pest
BREEDING OBJECTIVES
68. Sl.No. Variety Method
1. Pusa mausami Selection
2. Pusa navbahar Pusa mausami*Pusa sadabahar
3. Pusa sadabahar Selection from a local cultivar
jaipuri
4 Durga bahar Pusanavbahar*ROC-401
VARIETIES
69. REFERENCES
Genetics and breeding of Vegetables– K.V Peter
A text book of glaustas olericulture – R . Selvakumar
Vegetable breeding principle and practices – Hari har ram
