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Cluster bean
- 2. FLORAL BIOLOGY AND CROSSING TECHNIQUES IN Cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonolobus)
- 3. FLORAL BIOLOGY AND CROSSING TECHNIQUES IN Cluster bean (Cyamopsis ) Introduction Origin and distribution Taxonomy Botany Botanical classification Floral biology Genetics and cytogenetics Breeding objectives Breeding methods
- 4. INTRODUCTION The word guar [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba] represents its derivation from the Sanskrit word “GAUAHAAR” which means cow fodder otherwise fodder of the livestock. The crop is also known by local names as Khutti, Dararietic, Guari etc. The crop is mainely grown in the dry habitats of Rajasthan,Haryana,Gujarat, & Punjab and to limited extent in Uttar Pradesh & Madya Pradesh.
- 5. AREA AND PRODUCTION Guar is grown in almost 23.30 lakh hectares area in india The maximum contribution of states in respect of area is shared by Rajasthan (119.85 lakh ha) followed by Gujarat(2.27 lakh ha) Haryana (1.20 lakh ha) and Punjab(0.14 lakh ha) Table 1: Area production and productivity of Guar in India and important states India and states Area (Lakh ha) Production ( lakh ton) Productivity (kg/ha) India 23.30 11.98 428.0 Rajasthan 19.85 7.33 370.0 Gujarat 2.27 1.15 668.8 Haryana 1.20 1.08 740.0 Punjab 0.14 0.0065 922.0
- 6. USES Soil health enrichment through atmospheric nitrogen fixation(30 kg N/ha) Add organic carbon to the soil Source of food, fodder and feed Guar seed meal is a good source of proteins Natural polysaccharide Galactomannan Gum is the chief product used in many Industries Guar gum act as binder, thickener stabilizer for the following industrial products Food industries : Frozen foods, baked foods, Processed cheese, dairy products, Dressings and sauces, instant mixings, meat products, canned meats, beverages And pharmaceutical products. Other industries : Textile thickness, paper industry, mining industry, oil well drilling Explosive industry, tobacco industry, fire fighting, industrial water treatment, agriculture
- 7. Africa was probably the centre of origin of Cyamopsis (Gillete1958) The name of cultigen in Arabic is hindia which suggest to be an Indian origin The drought tolerant species found in the semi arid and savannah zone south of the Sahara from Senegal to Saudi Arabia reached Indo – Pakistan sub continent as flotsam in Arab- Indian trade ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION
- 8. Scientific Name :Cyamopsis tetragonolobus Family : Leguminosae Sub family : Papillionaceae Tribe : Galeage( Indigoferae) Chromosome no: 2n=2x=14 Robust annual with long tap root and well developed laterals Height of 3m with stiff erect branches Generally 50-100 cm tall and bears 4-10 branches Bears on an average 30-90 pods/ plant Leaves : Alteranate, trifoliate born on long petioles Stem : Tall and slender born on long petioles BOTANY AND TAXONOMY
- 9. Flowers : Small ,typically papilionaceous. The 5 unequal linear teeth type sepals from the calyx while papilionaceous corolla has orbicular standard oblong petals and long broad keel petals. Generally purplish to pink in colour. Stamens : Arranged in diadalphous condition Style : Short Stigma : Head shaped Pods : Oblong 5-12 cm in length normally containing 5-12 oval or cube shaped seeds of variable shape The crop due to cleistogamous nature is considered strictly self pollinated however out Crossing to the tune of 0.5-7.9 per cent has also been reported( saini et al., 1981) FLORAL BIOLOGY and MORPHOLOGY
- 11. Table 2: Nutritional composition of green Guar pods Constituent( Per 100 g edible portion) Content Energy(Kcl) 16.00 Moisture(g) 81.00 Protein(g) 3.20 Fat(g) 1.4 Carbohydrate(g) 10.8 Vitamin A(IU) 65.3 Thiamine(mg) 0.09 Riboflavin(mg) 0.03 Niacin(mg) 0.60 Ascorbic acid(mg) 49.0 Calcium(mg) 57.0 Phosphorous(mg) 57.0 Iron(mg) 4.5 Roy and Chakraborti(1993)
- 12. The genus Cyamopsis D .C .is an old world genus with four species,viz Cyamopsis tetragonolobus C.Serrata C. Senegalensis C.Dentana Ayyangar and Krishnaswamy(1933) observed seven pairs of chromosomes in Cymopsis tetragonolobus (Syn. C. psoraliodes) CYTOGENETICS
- 13. Table 3; Gene action of important traits Character Mode of inheritance Reported symbol Growth habit Indeterminate: dominant De Determinate: recessive de Pubescent Pubescent: dominant G Glabrous: recessive g Hairy; dominant H Non hairy : recessive h Male sterility Male Fertile;dominant MS Male sterile; recessive ms Seed shape Flat:dominant R Round: recessive r Leaf colour Green; dominant Y Yellow :recessive y Ray and stafford(1985)
- 14. BREEDING OBJECTIVES Higher yield and productivity Development of variety suitable for summer season Resistance to diseases Early maturity BREEDING METHODS Pedigree method Bulk Pedigree method Back cross Single plant selection Mutation breeding Polyploidy breeding Interspecific hybridization Biotechnological tools
- 15. Breeding for quality traits Gum and protein contents in guar seed are of prime importance from industrial view point Positive correlation was observed between seed yield and percentage gum content but there was a negative correlation between seed weight and gum percentage which may hamper breeding for bold seededness Genetic analysis revealed that both additive and non additive gene effects were operating in the expression of this industrial component Breeding for disease resistance Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas oxonopodis), Alternaria leaf spot and powdery mildew are the serious diseases Inheritance of bacterial blight and alternaria leaf spot is not fully understood Singh et al(1995) and Saharan et al(1999) observed that resistance for bacterial blight was a dominant trait whereas alternaria leaf spot is inherited by recessive trait Additive , dominant and epistatic gene interaction played significant role towards contributing resistance in guar Phenol and peroxidase enzyme played a significant role in imparting the resistance towards main diseases
- 16. MUTATION BREEDING Perfect tool to enhance variation in crop like guar where exploitable and useful genetic variability is megre Creation of variation through hybridization is difficult Physical mutagens Occurrence of reciprocal translocation in 20kR irradiated population 200KR irradiation proved to be lethal leading to complete failure in seed germination Early flowering and determinate mutants developed by gamma radiation Chemical mutagens Chlorophyll deficient mutants observed in seed treated with EMS in M1[Gohal et al., 1970] Hydroxyl amine treatment resulted in entranced and regular pod bearing mutant EMS and hydroxyl hydrate treatment resulted in pleiotropic effect leads to extensive flowering and late flowering.
- 17. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL MUTAGENS Induction of high yielding mutants in cultivars PLG 143 and Suvidha seeds exposed to 80 to 100 Kr gamma rays and treated with EMS 0.1to 0.3 per cent leads to long pods increased number of pods and early maturity Effect of hybridization and irradiation on induction of variability Comparison of nature and magnitude of variability among the unirradiated F1S and F2S,and irradiated F1M1S and F2M2S generations revealed that irradiation cause earliness in flowering and maturity as well as increased 100 seed weight
- 18. The hybridization though a conventional method could be a complete failure. Cyamopsis tetragonoloba x c.serreta (Sandhu,1988) BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES Major problem is the lack of cloned DNA representing genes for characters of economic importance for use of guar breeders. Use of RFLPs for gene mapping could provide useful selection tool . Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer and direct gene transfer in to protoplast are the methods which have yielded transgenic plants. INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION
- 19. POLYPLOIDY BREEDING Clusterbean is a diploid with 2n=14 Autotetraploids have been characterized by comparatively slow growth during early stages of development, thickened leaves fewer stomata and lager pollen grains, Reduced pollen and seed fertility and Mixoploid plant resulted from aqueous colchicine treatment showed 2n=26 and 2n=28 chromosomes in PMC of same plant
- 20. Anthesis Flower opening at morning from 6- 10 am. Dehiscence of anther prior to blooming i.e.; 10 pm-1 am
- 21. SELFING Cluster bean is being a self pollinated crop it does not require any artificial selfing methods but for the betterment we generally go for bagging of the mature flower bud.
- 26. Crossing Emasculation carried out in mature flower bud in preceding evening. • Pollination is done simultaneously or in next morning from a freshly opened flowers.
- 30. IDEOTYPE IN CLUSTER BEAN Short duration maturity. Photo-period insensitive. Determinate growth habit. Elevated harvest index (>30%). Faster growth rate.
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