180.0000
Family
Menispermaceae Juss.; Gen. Pl.: 284 (1789), nom. cons.
73 genera, 520-550 spp. Phylogeny: Ortiz et al. 2016
Species listed in database: 549
= Pseliaceae Raf.; New Fl. N. Amer. 4: 8 (1838)
180.1214
Genus
Tinospora Miers; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, 7: 38 (1851)
Distribution: Tropical Africa (7), Madagascar (2), tropical Asia, Malesia (14), Australia, Pacific. Hyalosepalum (syn. Desmonema) is frequently treated as separate genus.
Species listed in database: 40
= Campylus Lour.; Fl. Cochinch.: 113 (1790), nom. illeg.
= Desmonema Miers; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 3, 20: 260 (1867)
= Fawcettia F.Muell.; Fragm. 10: 93 (1877)
= Fibraureopsis Yamam.; Journ. Soc. Trop. Agric., Taiwan 16: 91 (1944)
= Hyalosepalum Troupin; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 19: 430 (1949)
= Hypsipodes Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4: 82 (1868)
species :
Tinospora arfakiana
Becc.; Malesia 1: 140 (1877)
Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG
Synonyms: hidden
= Parabaena scytophylla Diels; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52: 189 (1915)
= Tinomiscium arfakianum (Becc.) Diels; Engl., Pflanzenr., IV 94: 116 (1910)
species :
Tinospora baenzigeri
Forman; Kew Bull. 36(2): 399 (1981)
Distribution: Thailand; S-Vietnam; Christmas Isl. [Austr.] [I]
41 THA VIE 42 xms
species :
Tinospora bakis
(A.Rich.) Miers; W. J. Hooker, Niger Fl.: 215 (1849)
Distribution: Mauritania; Senegal; Gambia; Mali; Burkina Faso; Benin; Niger; Nigeria; SW-Chad; Sudan; Ethiopia; Somalia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; SW-Saudi Arabia; ?Yemen
22 BEN BKN GAM MLI MTN NGA NGR SEN 24 CHA ETH SOM SUD 25 KEN TAN UGA 35 SAU
Synonyms: hidden
= Chasmanthera bakis (A.Rich.) Baill. ex Laness.; Pl. Util. Col. Franç.: 803 (1886)
= Cocculus bakis A.Rich.; A. Guillemin & G. S. Perrottet, Fl. Seneg. Tent.: 12 (1831)
species :
Tinospora caffra
(Miers) Troupin; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 25: 137 (1955)
Distribution: Central African Republic; E-D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Burundi; South Sudan; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Botswana; South Africa (Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal)
23 BUR CAF RWA ZAI 24 SSU 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 ANG MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 BOT SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Desmonema caffra Miers; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, 20: 260 (1867)
= Desmonema gossweileri Exell; J. Bot. 70(Suppl. 1): 216 (1932)
= Desmonema mucronulatum Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 26: 409 (1899)
= Desmonema pallidoaurantiaca Engl. & Gilg; O. Warburg (ed.), Kunene-Sambesi Exped.: 237 (1903)
= Desmonema schliebenii Diels; Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 273 (1936)
= Desmonema schweinfurthii (Engl.) A.Chev.; Fl. Afrique Occ. Franç. 1: 106 (1938)
= Hyalosepalum caffrum (Miers) Troupin; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 19: 431 (1949)
= Hyalosepalum gossweileri (Exell) Exell & Mendonça; L. W. Carrisso, Consp. Fl. Angol. 1: 357 (1951)
= Hyalosepalum pallidoaurantiacum (Engl. & Gilg) Troupin; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 19: 432 (1949)
species :
Tinospora celebica
Diels; Engl., Pflanzenr., IV 94: 143 (1910)
Distribution: N-Sulawesi
42 SUL
species :
Tinospora cordifolia
(Willd.) Miers; Ann. & Mag. nat. Hist. ser. II, 7: 38 (1851)
Distribution: Pakistan (Pakistani Punjab, Peshawar [I]); Nepal; NW-India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Odisha, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Lakshadweep Isl. [Laccadives]; Maldives; Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Andaman Isl. (Middle Andaman Isl., South Andaman Isl.); Nicobar Isl. (Great Nicobar Isl.); Myanmar (widespread); Vietnam
40 BAN IND LDV MDV NEP PAK SRL 41 AND MYA NCB VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Cocculus verrucosus Wall.; Numer. List no. 4966 C, D, E (1831-32), non A, B
= Menispermum cordifolium Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4, 4: 826 (1806)
= Cocculus convolvulaceus DC.; Syst. Nat. 1: 518 (1817)
= Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. & Thomson; Fl. Ind. 1: 184 (1855), isonym
= Tinospora cordifolia var. congesta Mujaffar, Yasin & Solanki; Indian Forester 139(2): 175 (2013)
= Tinospora fosbergii Kundu; Sri Lanka J. Sci., Biol. Sci. 12(1): 49 (1976)
species :
Tinospora crispa
(L.) Miers ex Hook.f. & Thomson; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 2, 7: 38 (1851), et Fl. Ind. 1: 183 (1855)
Distribution: China (Yunnan); India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, West Bengal); Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Myanmar (Sagaing); Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia; Singapore [I]; Palawan (Culion Isl.); Philippines (Luzon, Mindoro, Basilan, Mindanao); Java; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Sumbawa); Christmas Isl. [Austr.]; Montserrat [I]
36 CHI 40 BAN IND SRL 41 CBD LAO MYA THA VIE 42 JAW LSI MLY PHI PLW sng XMS 81 mts
Synonyms: hidden
= Chasmanthera crispa (L.) Baill.; Traité Bot. Méd. Phan. 1: 706 (1883)
= Cocculus bantamensis Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.: 26 (1825)
= Cocculus bantamensis Blume ex Diels; Engl., Pflanzenr., IV 94: 142 (1910)
= Cocculus crispus (L.) DC.; Syst. Nat. 1: 521 (1817)
= Cocculus rimosus Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.: 24 (1825)
= Cocculus verrucosus (Roxb.) Wall.; Numer. List: no. 4966 A, B (1831), nom. nud.
= Menispermum bantamense (Blume) Spreng.; Syst. Veg. ed. 16, 4(2): 143 (1827)
= Menispermum crispum L.; Sp. Pl. ed. 2: 1468 (1763)
= Menispermum rimosum (Blume) Spreng.; Syst. Veg. ed. 16, 4(2): 143 (1827)
= Menispermum tuberculatum Lam.; Encycl. 4: 96 (1797)
= Menispermum verrucosum Roxb.; Asiat. Res. 11: 171 (1810)
= Nephroica bantamensis Miers; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 2, 7: 42 (1851)
= Tinospora crispa (L.) Diels; Engl., Pflanzenr., IV 94: 142 (1910), isonym
= Tinospora gibbericaulis Hand.-Mazz.; Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 60: 95 (1923 publ. 1924)
= Tinospora mastersii Diels; Engl., Pflanzenr., IV 94: 140 (1910)
= Tinospora rumphii Boerl.; Cat. Pl. Phan.: 116 (1899) (nom. illeg.)
= Tinospora thorelii Gagnep.; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55: 46 (1908)
= Tinospora tuberculata (Lam.) Beumée ex K.Heyne; Nutt. Pl. Ned.-Ind., ed. 2, 1: 619 (1927)
= Tinospora verrucosa (Roxb.) W.Theob.; Burmah, ed. 3, 2: 656 (1883)
species :
Tinospora dissitiflora
(K.Schumach. & Lauterb.) Diels; Engl., Pflanzenr., IV 94: 144 (1910)
Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea); Bismarck Arch. (New Britain, New Ireland)
42 NWG 43 BIS
Synonyms: hidden
= Aspidocarya dissitiflora K.Schumach. & Lauterb.; Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee: 312 (1900)
= Aspidocarya pentaneura K.Schum. ex Diels; Engl., Pflanzenr., IV 94: 144 (1910)
= Aspidocarya stenothyrsus K.Schum.; Schumach. & Lauterb., Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee, Nachtr.: 264 (1905)
= Tinospora peekelii Diels; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52: 188 (1915)
species :
Tinospora esiangkara
(F.M.Bailey) Forman; Fl. Australia 2: 462 (2007)
Distribution: Australia (N-Western Australia, Northern Territory, N-Queensland)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Limacia esiangkara F.M.Bailey; Queensl. Fl. 6: 1997 (1902)
= Tinospora angusta Forman; Kew Bull. 36: 383 (1981), nom. superfl.
species :
Tinospora formanii
Udayan & Pradeep; Edinburgh J. Bot. 66(1): 77 (2009)
Distribution: India (Kerala)
40 IND
Remarks: provisionally accepted name, status unverified
species :
Tinospora fragosa
(I.Verd.) I.Verd. & Troupin; Mem. Acad. Roy. Sci. Outre-Mer, Sci. Nat. & Med, 8vo, n. s. 13: Fasc. 2,196 (1962)
subspecies :
subsp. fragosa
Distribution: Zimbabwe; Namibia; Botswana; South Africa (Limpopo, Mpulamanga)
26 ZIM 27 BOT NAM SAF
Synonyms: hidden
= Desmonema fragosum I.Verd.; J. S. African Bot. 7: 209 (1941)
subspecies :
subsp. kaokoensis
van Jaarsv.; Aloe 52(1): 30 (2016)
Distribution: Namibia
27 NAM
species :
Tinospora glabra
(Burm.f.) Merr.; J. Arnold Arbor. 19: 340 (1938)
Distribution: China (Hainan); Andaman Isl.; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (Perlis, Kelantan, Perak); Sumatra (incl. Krakatau); Borneo; Sulawesi; Philippines (Batanes to Mindanao); Java; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, etc., widespread); Moluccas (Tanimbar); New Guinea (Papua New Guinea, Normanby Isl.); Bismarck Arch. (New Britain); Solomon Isl.
36 CHI 41 AND VIE 42 BOR JAW LSI MLY MOL NWG PHI SUL SUM 43 BIS SOL
Synonyms: hidden
= Chasmanthera cordifolia (DC.) Baill.; Hist. Pl. 3: 31 (1872)
= Cocculus convolvulaceus Endl. ex Walp.; Repert. Bot. Syst. 1: 95 (1842)
= Cocculus cordifolius DC.; Syst. Nat. 1: 517 (1817)
= Cocculus coriaceus Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.: 25 (1825)
= Menispermum coriaceum (Blume) Spreng.; Syst. Veg. ed. 16, 4(2): 143 (1827)
= Menispermum glabrum Burm.f.; Fl. Ind. 316 (recte 216) (1768)
= Tinospora andamanica Diels; Engl., Pflanzenr., IV 94: 141 (1910)
= Tinospora convolvulacea Miers; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, 7: 38 (1851)
= Tinospora coriacea (Blume) Beumée ex K.Heyne; Nutt. Pl. Ned.-Ind., ed. 2, 1: 619 (1927)
= Tinospora pseudocrispa Boerl. ex Backer; Meded. Dep. Landbouw, NO. 4 (Fl. Batav. i.) 35 (1907)
= Tinospora reticulata Miers; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, 13: 321 (1864)
= Tinospora uliginosa Miers; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, 13: 321 (1864)
species :
Tinospora glandulosa
Merr.; J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 85: 171 (1922)
Distribution: N-Borneo; NE-Sulawesi
42 BOR SUL
species :
Tinospora guangxiensis
H.S.Lo; Guihaia 6(1-2): 52-53 (1986)
Distribution: China (Guangxi, Longzhou)
36 CHI
species :
Tinospora hainanensis
H.S.Lo & Z.X.Li; Guihaia 6(1-2): 51-52, f. 1 (1986)
Distribution: China (Hainan)
36 CHI
species :
Tinospora hirsuta
(Becc.) Forman; Kew Bull. 36(2): 391 (1981)
Distribution: Borneo
42 BOR
Synonyms: hidden
= Aspidocarya hirsuta Becc.; Malesia 1: 136 (1877)
= Parabaena hirsuta (Becc.) Diels; Engl., Pflanzenr., IV 94: 147 (1910)
species :
Tinospora homosepala
Diels; Philipp. J. Sci., C 8: 158 (1913)
Distribution: Guam
62 GUM
species :
Tinospora krispura
I.M.Turner; Eur. J. Taxon. 900: 183 (2023)
Distribution: Christmas Isl. [Austr.]; Singapore
42 SNG XMS
species :
Tinospora macrocarpa
Diels; Engl., Pflanzenr., IV 94: 141 (1910)
Distribution: peninsular Malaysia (Penang Isl., Selangor, Melaka); Singapore; ?Borneo
42 MLY SNG
Conservation Status: critically endangered (Singapore)
species :
Tinospora mahajanii
Shakun Mishra, Khristi & Solanki; Rheedea 30(4): 450 (2020)
Distribution: India (Madhya Pradesh)
40 IND
species :
Tinospora maqsoodiana
Mujaffar, Moinudd. & Mustakim; Indian Forester 140(5): 528 (2014)
Distribution: India (Madhya Pradesh)
40 IND
species :
Tinospora merrilliana
Diels; Engl., Pflanzenr., IV 94: 137 (1910)
Distribution: Borneo; NE-Sulawesi; Palawan; Philippines (Luzon, Negros, Catanduanes, Panay, Mindanao)
42 BOR PHI PLW SUL
Synonyms: hidden
= Fawcettia merrilliana (Diels) Yamam.; Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 34: 230 (1944)
= Parabaena amplifolia Diels; Engl., Pflanzenr., IV 94: 146 (1910)
= Tinospora hastata Elmer; Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 10: 3760 (1939), anglice
= Tinospora negrotica Diels; Engl., Pflanzenr., IV 94: 137 (1910)
= Tinospora negrotica var. monticola Yamam.; Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 34: 307 (1944)
species :
Tinospora mossambicensis
Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 26: 404 (1899)
Distribution: Tanzania; Mozambique
25 TAN 26 MOZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Desmonema mossambicense (Engl.) Diels; Engl., Pflanzenr., IV 94: 153 (1910)
= Hyalosepalum mossambicense (Engl.) Troupin; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 19: 430 (1949)
species :
Tinospora neocaledonica
Forman; Kew Bull. 36(2): 402 (1981)
Distribution: New Caledonia (local)
60 NWC
species :
Tinospora nudiflora
(Griff.) Kurz; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 41(4): 292 (1872)
Distribution: Myanmar
41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Cocculus nudiflorus Griff.; Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 307 (1854)
species :
Tinospora oblongifolia
(Engl.) Troupin; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 25: 137 (1955)
Distribution: Kenya; Tanzania
25 KEN TAN
Synonyms: hidden
= Desmonema oblongifolium Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 26: 408 (1899)
= Hyalosepalum oblongifolium (Engl.) Troupin; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 19: 431 (1949)
species :
Tinospora orophila
Troupin; Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 47(1-2): 251 (1977)
Distribution: Rwanda; Burundi
23 BUR RWA
species :
Tinospora palminervis
Miers; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 3, 13: 317 (1864)
Distribution: Myanmar
41 MYA
species :
Tinospora penninervifolia
(Troupin) Troupin; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 29: 223 (1959)
Distribution: Gabon; W-D.R.Congo [Zaire]
23 GAB ZAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Hyalosepalum penninervifolium Troupin; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 19: 432 (1949)
species :
Tinospora siamensis
Forman; Kew Bull. 43(3): 407 (1988)
Distribution: E-Thailand
41 THA
species :
Tinospora sinensis
(Lour.) Merr.; Sunyatsenia 1(4): 193 (1934)
Distribution: China (S-Guangdong, S-Guangxi, S-Yunnan); Nepal; India (Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajastan); Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Myanmar (Taninthayi); Thailand; Cambodia; Vietnam
36 CHI 40 BAN IND NEP SRL 41 CBD MYA THA VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Campylus sinensis Lour.; Fl. Cochinch.: 113 (1790)
= Cocculus chondodendrum DC.; Syst. Nat. 1: 522 (1817)
= Cocculus malabaricus (Lam.) DC.; Syst. Nat. 1: 518 (1817)
= Cocculus tomentosus Colebr.; Trans. Linn. Soc. London 13: 59 (1821)
= Epibaterium tomentosum (Colebr.) Pers.; Syn. Pl. 2: 561 (1807)
= Menispermum chondrodendron (DC.) Spreng.; Syst. Veg. ed. 16, 2: 155 (1825)
= Menispermum malabaricum Lam.; Encycl. 4: 96 (1797)
= Menispermum tomentosum (Colebr.) Roxb.; Fl. Ind. ed. 1832 3: 813 (1832)
= Tinospora malabarica (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson; Fl. Ind. 1: 183 (1855)
= Tinospora tomentosa (Colebr.) Hook.f. & Thomson; Fl. Ind. 1: 183 (1855)
species :
Tinospora singapura
I.M.Turner; Eur. J. Taxon. 900: 188 (2023)
Distribution: Singapore
42 SNG
species :
Tinospora smilacina
Benth.; J. Linn. Soc. 5: Suppl. 2: 52 (1861)
Distribution: Australia (N-Western Australia, Northern Territory, N- & E-Queensland, NE-New South Wales)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Cocculus smilacinus F.Muell. ex Benth.; J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 5(Suppl. 2): 52 (1861)
= Tinospora berneyi F.M.Bailey; Queensland Agric. J. 18(2): 76 (Feb. 1907), incorrect type cited, et 18(6): 340 (June 1907), with correct type cited
= Tinospora smilacina var. berneyi (F.M.Bailey) Domin; Biblioth. Bot. 22(89): 667 (1926)
= Tinospora walcottii F.Muell. ex Benth.; Fl. Austral. 1: 56 (1863)
species :
Tinospora subcordata
(Miq.) Diels; Engl., Pflanzenr., IV 94: 136 (1910)
Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isl. (Timor, Selaru Isl.); Moluccas (Tanimbar); New Guinea (Irian Jaya)
42 LSI MOL NWG
Synonyms: hidden
= Hypsipodes subcordatus Miq.; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4: 82 (1868)
= Tinospora polygonoides Diels; Engl., Pflanzenr., IV 94: 136 (1910)
species :
Tinospora sumatrana
Becc.; Malesia 1: 139 (1877)
Distribution: Sumatra; Borneo
42 BOR SUM
Synonyms: hidden
= Limacia sumatrana Scheff.; Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 32: 398 (1871)
species :
Tinospora teijsmannii
Boerl.; Cat. Pl. Phan.: 117 (1899), as ´teysmannii´
Distribution: Borneo
42 BOR
Conservation Status: known only from type
species :
Tinospora tenera
Miers; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 3, 13: 322 (1864)
Distribution: Tanzania; Zambia; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Botswana; South Africa (Mpulamanga); Eswatini [Swaziland]
25 TAN 26 MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 BOT SAF SWZ
Synonyms: hidden
= Desmonema tenerum (Miers) Diels; Engl., Pflanzenr., IV 94: 154 (1910)
= Hyalosepalum tenerum (Miers) Troupin; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 19: 431 (1949)
= Tinospora stuhlmannii Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 26: 404 (1899)
species :
Tinospora tinosporoides
(F.Muell.) Forman; Kew Bull. 36(2): 409 (1981)
Distribution: Australia (SE-Queensland, NE-New South Wales)
50 AUS
Synonyms: hidden
= Fawcettia tinosporoides F.Muell.; Fragm. 10: 93 (1876)
species :
Tinospora trilobata
Diels; Engl., Pflanzenr., IV 94: 144 (1910)
Distribution: Borneo
42 BOR
species :
Tinospora uviforme
(Baill.) Troupin; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 19: 431 (1949)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
Synonyms: hidden
= Chasmanthera uviformis Baill.; Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 459 (1885)
= Desmonema scytophyllum Diels; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 312 (1921)
= Desmonema uviforme Diels; Engl., Pflanzenr., IV 94: 154 (1910)
= Hyalosepalum scytophyllum (Diels) Troupin; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 19: 431 (1949)
= Hyalosepalum uviforme (Baill.) Troupin; Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 19: 431 (1949)
