Lord Howe Island Biodiversity Management Plan - Department of ...

aPPendIces<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> IsLand<br />

BIodIversIty ManageMent PLan

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© <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> Environment and Climate Change (NSW), 2007.<br />

This work is copyright. <strong>Howe</strong>ver, material presented in this plan may be copied for personal use or published for<br />

educational purposes, providing that any extracts are fully acknowledged. Apart from this and any other use as<br />

permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced without prior written permission from the<br />

<strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> Environment and Climate Change (NSW).<br />

<strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> Environment and Climate Change (NSW)<br />

59-61 Goulbourn Street<br />

(PO Box A290)<br />

Sydney South NSW 1232<br />

Phone: (02) 9995 5000 (switchboard)<br />

Phone: 131 555 (information & publications requests)<br />

TTY: (02) 9211 4723<br />

Fax: (02) 9995 5999<br />

Email: info@environment.nsw.gov.au<br />

Website: www.environment.nsw.gov.au<br />

Requests for information or comments regarding the <strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong> <strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong> Appendices<br />

are best directed to:<br />

The <strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong> Recovery Co-ordinator<br />

<strong>Biodiversity</strong> Conservation Section,<br />

Climate Change and Environment Protection Group, North East<br />

<strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> Environment and Climate Change (NSW)<br />

Locked Bag 914<br />

C<strong>of</strong>fs Harbour NSW 2450<br />

Phone: 02 6651 5946<br />

Cover photography:<br />

This plan should be cited as follows:<br />

<strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> Environment and Climate Change (NSW) 2007, <strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong> <strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />

Appendices, <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> Environment and Climate Change (NSW), Sydney.<br />

ISBN 978 1 74122 598 3<br />

October 2007<br />

DECC 2007/469<br />

Masked Booby (Sula dactylatra)<br />

Photo: Ian Hutton<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong><br />

<strong>Island</strong> Golden<br />

Whistler (Pachycephalapectoralis<br />

contempa)<br />

Photo: Ian<br />

Hutton<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong><br />

<strong>Island</strong> Southern<br />

Gecko (Christinus<br />

guentheri)<br />

Photo: Ian<br />

Hutton<br />

Knicker Nut<br />

(Caesalpinia<br />

bonduc)<br />

Photo: Ian<br />

Hutton

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Introduction<br />

The <strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong> <strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong> constitutes the formal National and NSW<br />

Recovery <strong>Plan</strong> for threatened species and communities <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong> Group and, as such,<br />

considers the conservation requirements <strong>of</strong> these species within the Group. It also addresses<br />

significant species and communities so as to manage the <strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong> Group’s biodiversity in a<br />

holistic and cost-effective manner. This plan identifies the actions to be taken to ensure the longterm<br />

viability <strong>of</strong> the threatened species and communities <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong> Group in nature<br />

and the parties who will undertake these actions.<br />

The <strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong> <strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong> is presented in two documents. The first<br />

document consists <strong>of</strong> the main body <strong>of</strong> the plan, this document contains the appendices that<br />

accompany the main plan.<br />

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Contents<br />

Appendix 1 Species list for <strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong> Group...........................................................1<br />

1.1 Vascular Flora ...................................................................................................................1<br />

1.2 Vegetation communities recognised in LHI <strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong>......................15<br />

1.3 Vertebrate fauna and threatened invertebrate fauna. ....................................................17<br />

Appendix 2 Invertebrates <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong> Group Considered Threatened*...22<br />

Appendix 3 Threat tables for flora, vegetation communities, and vertebrate and<br />

invertebrate fauna......................................................................................................................30<br />

Appendix 4 <strong>Biodiversity</strong> Forecasting Tool.............................................................................44<br />

4.1 Methods ...........................................................................................................................44<br />

4.2 <strong>Biodiversity</strong> Forecasting Outputs.....................................................................................49<br />

Appendix 5 Fauna, Flora and Community Pr<strong>of</strong>iles .............................................................63<br />

Fauna Pr<strong>of</strong>iles............................................................................................................................63<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> How e <strong>Island</strong> Gecko (Christinus guentheri)....................................................................64<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> How e <strong>Island</strong> Skink (Cyclodina lichenigera) ...................................................................65<br />

White-faced Heron (Ardea novaehollandiae).........................................................................66<br />

Australian Kestrel (Falco cenchroides) .................................................................................67<br />

Pacific Black Duck (Anas superciliosa)..................................................................................68<br />

Buff-banded Rail (Gallirallus philippensis) ...........................................................................69<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> How e Woodhen (Tricholimnas sylvestris)....................................................................70<br />

Purple Sw amphen (Porphyrio porphyrio) ...............................................................................72<br />

Masked Lapw ing (Vanellus miles).........................................................................................73<br />

Emerald Ground-dove (Chalcophaps indica).........................................................................74<br />

Masked Ow l (Tyto novaehollandiae)......................................................................................75<br />

Sacred Kingfisher (Todiramphus sanctus)............................................................................76<br />

Welcome Sw allow (Hirundo neoxena)...................................................................................77<br />

Blackbird (Turdus merula)......................................................................................................78<br />

Song Thrush (Turdus philomelos) .........................................................................................79<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> How e Golden Whistler (Pachycephala pectoralis contempta)......................................80<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> How e White-eye (Zosterops tephropleura)...................................................................81<br />

Common Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) .......................................................................................82<br />

Magpie Lark (Grallina cyanoleuca) ........................................................................................83<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> How e <strong>Island</strong> Curraw ong (Strepera graculina crissalis) ...............................................84<br />

Providence Petrel (Pterodroma solandri) ...............................................................................85<br />

Kermadec Petrel (w estern subspecies) (Pterodroma neglecta neglecta) ............................87<br />

Black-w inged Petrel (Pterodroma nigripennis) ......................................................................88<br />

Flesh-footed Shearw ater (Puffinus carneipes) .....................................................................89<br />

Wedge-tailed Shearw ater (Puffinus pacificus)......................................................................91<br />

Little Shearw ater (Puffinus assimilis)....................................................................................92<br />

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White-bellied Storm Petrel (Fregetta grallaria)........................................................................94<br />

Masked Booby (Sula dactylatra fullageri) ..............................................................................95<br />

Red-tailed Tropicbird (Phaethon rubricauda) .........................................................................97<br />

Sooty Tern (Sterna fuscata) ...................................................................................................99<br />

Brow n Noddy/Common Noddy (Anous stolidus)..................................................................101<br />

Black Noddy (Anous minutus) ..............................................................................................102<br />

White Tern (Gygis alba) .......................................................................................................103<br />

Grey Ternlet (Procelsterna cerulea) ....................................................................................105<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> How e <strong>Island</strong> Earthw orm (Pericryptodrilus nanus).......................................................106<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> How e Phasmid (Dryococelus australis) ......................................................................107<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> How e <strong>Island</strong> Wood-feeding Cockroach (Panesthia lata).............................................108<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> How e <strong>Island</strong> Placostylus (Placostylus bivaricosus)....................................................109<br />

Flora Pr<strong>of</strong>iles ............................................................................................................................110<br />

Alyxia lindii ...........................................................................................................................111<br />

Alyxia squamulosa ...............................................................................................................112<br />

Apium prostratum ssp. howense Sea Celery.......................................................................113<br />

Asplenium goudeyi ...............................................................................................................114<br />

Asplenium milnei ..................................................................................................................115<br />

Asplenium pteridoides..........................................................................................................116<br />

Asplenium surrogatum .........................................................................................................117<br />

Atractocarpus stipularis Green Plum...................................................................................118<br />

Blechnum contiguum............................................................................................................119<br />

Blechnum fullagarii...............................................................................................................120<br />

Blechnum geniculatum.........................................................................................................121<br />

Blechnum howeanum............................................................................................................122<br />

Boehmeria calophleba .........................................................................................................123<br />

Brachyscome segmentosa...................................................................................................124<br />

Caesalpinia bonduc Knicker Nut.........................................................................................125<br />

Calystegia affinis..................................................................................................................126<br />

Carmichaelia exsul ..............................................................................................................127<br />

Cassinia tenuifolia Bully Bush.............................................................................................128<br />

Celtis conferta ssp. amblyphylla Cotton Wood ....................................................................129<br />

Cephalomanes bauerianum.................................................................................................130<br />

Chamaesyce psammogeton.................................................................................................131<br />

Chionanthus quadristamineus Blue Plum............................................................................132<br />

Chionochloa howensis .........................................................................................................133<br />

Coprosma huttoniana ...........................................................................................................134<br />

Coprosma inopinata .............................................................................................................135<br />

Coprosma lanceolaris..........................................................................................................136<br />

Coprosma prisca Goatw ood...............................................................................................137<br />

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Coprosma putida Stinkw ood...............................................................................................138<br />

Coprosma sp. nov. ...............................................................................................................139<br />

Corokia carpodetoides.........................................................................................................140<br />

Cryptocarya gregsonii Blackbutt .........................................................................................141<br />

Cyathea brevipinna...............................................................................................................142<br />

Cyathea howeana..................................................................................................................143<br />

Cyathea macarthurii .............................................................................................................144<br />

Cyathea robusta ...................................................................................................................145<br />

Dendrobium macropus ssp. howeanum ..............................................................................146<br />

Dendrobium moorei..............................................................................................................147<br />

Dianella intermedia ..............................................................................................................148<br />

Dietes robinsoniana Wedding Lily.......................................................................................149<br />

Diplazium melanochlamys...................................................................................................150<br />

Dracophyllum fitzgeraldii Fitzgeraldii Tree..........................................................................151<br />

Drypetes deplanchei ssp. affinis Greybark..........................................................................152<br />

Dysoxylum pachyphyllum <strong>Island</strong> Apple...............................................................................153<br />

Elaeocarpus costatus...........................................................................................................154<br />

Elatostema grande................................................................................................................155<br />

Exocarpus homalocladus.....................................................................................................156<br />

Ficus macrophylla ssp. columnari Banyan .........................................................................157<br />

Gahnia howeana...................................................................................................................158<br />

Geniostoma huttonii .............................................................................................................159<br />

Geniostoma petiolosum .......................................................................................................160<br />

Gonocarpus sp.....................................................................................................................161<br />

Grammitis diminuta..............................................................................................................162<br />

Grammitis nudicarpa............................................................................................................163<br />

Grammitis wattsii..................................................................................................................164<br />

Guioa coriacea <strong>Island</strong> Cedar...............................................................................................165<br />

Hedyscepe canterburyana Big Mountain Palm....................................................................166<br />

<strong>Howe</strong>a belmoreana Curly Palm...........................................................................................167<br />

<strong>Howe</strong>a forsteriana Kentia Palm...........................................................................................168<br />

Hymenophyllum howense.....................................................................................................169<br />

Hymenophyllum moorei ........................................................................................................170<br />

Korthalsella emersa .............................................................................................................171<br />

Lastreopsis nephrodioides...................................................................................................172<br />

Lepidium howei-insulae........................................................................................................173<br />

Lepidium nesophilum ...........................................................................................................174<br />

Lepidorrhachis mooreana Little Mountain Palm...................................................................175<br />

Leptopteris moorei................................................................................................................176<br />

Leptospermum polygalifolium ssp. howense Tea Tree........................................................177<br />

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<strong>Lord</strong>howea insularis .............................................................................................................178<br />

Luzula longiflora...................................................................................................................179<br />

Machaerina insularis............................................................................................................180<br />

Macropiper excelsum ssp. psittacorumKava......................................................................181<br />

Macropiper hooglandii Kava ...............................................................................................182<br />

Marattia howeana..................................................................................................................183<br />

Marsdenia tubulosa..............................................................................................................184<br />

Melaleuca howeana Tea Tree.............................................................................................185<br />

Melicope contermina............................................................................................................186<br />

Melicope polybotrya .............................................................................................................187<br />

Melicytus novae-zelandieae ssp. centurionis .....................................................................188<br />

Metrosideros nervulosa Mountain Rose..............................................................................189<br />

Metrosideros sclerocarpa Mountain Rose...........................................................................190<br />

Negria rhabdothamnoides Pumpkin Tree ............................................................................191<br />

Olearia ballii Mountain Daisy .............................................................................................192<br />

Olearia elliptica ssp. praetermissa .....................................................................................193<br />

Olearia mooneyi ...................................................................................................................194<br />

Pandanus forsteri Forked Tree ...........................................................................................195<br />

Pandorea pandorana ssp. austrocaledonia.........................................................................196<br />

Parsonsia howeana ..............................................................................................................197<br />

Passiflora herbertiana ssp. insulae-howei ..........................................................................198<br />

Phymatosorus pustulatus ssp. howensis.............................................................................199<br />

Pimelea congesta.................................................................................................................200<br />

Pittosporum erioloma ...........................................................................................................201<br />

<strong>Plan</strong>tago hedleyi ...................................................................................................................202<br />

Plectorrhiza erecta...............................................................................................................203<br />

Polyscias cissodendron <strong>Island</strong> Pine ....................................................................................204<br />

Polystichium moorei .............................................................................................................205<br />

Polystichium whiteleggei ......................................................................................................206<br />

Pouteria myrsinoides ssp. reticulata Axe-handle Wood......................................................207<br />

Psychotria carronis Black Grape.........................................................................................208<br />

Pteris microptera..................................................................................................................209<br />

Rapanea mccommishii.........................................................................................................210<br />

Rapanea myrtillina................................................................................................................211<br />

Rapanea platystigma............................................................................................................212<br />

Rytidosperma unarede .........................................................................................................213<br />

Scaevola taccada .................................................................................................................214<br />

Senecio howeanus................................................................................................................215<br />

Senecio pauciradiatus..........................................................................................................216<br />

Solanum bauerianum ...........................................................................................................217<br />

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Sophora howinsula Lignum Vitae........................................................................................218<br />

Stephania japonica var. timoriensis ....................................................................................219<br />

Symplocus candelabrum......................................................................................................220<br />

Syzygium fullagarii Scalybark.............................................................................................221<br />

Trophis scandens ssp. megacarpa .....................................................................................222<br />

Uncinia debilor .....................................................................................................................223<br />

Wahlenbergia insulae-howei ...............................................................................................224<br />

Westringia viminalis.............................................................................................................225<br />

Xylosma maidenii .................................................................................................................226<br />

Xylosma parvifolium..............................................................................................................227<br />

Zygogynum howeanum Hotbark.........................................................................................228<br />

Communities ...........................................................................................................................229<br />

Alyxia squamulosa-Coprosma inopinata Dw arf Scrub.......................................................230<br />

Basalt Boulder Beach............................................................................................................231<br />

Blackbutt (Cryptocarya gregsonii) Closed Forest.................................................................232<br />

Big Mountain Palm (Hedyscepe canterburyana) Closed Sclerophyll Forest.........................233<br />

Blue Plum (Chionanthus quadristamineus) Closed Forest...................................................234<br />

Boehmeria calophleba-Macropiper hooglandii Closed Scrub.............................................235<br />

Bully Bush (Cassinia tenuifolia) Closed Scrub ....................................................................236<br />

Calcarenite and Coral Boulder Beach ...................................................................................237<br />

Cliff .......................................................................................................................................238<br />

Coral Sand Beach and Dune.................................................................................................239<br />

Curly Palm (<strong>Howe</strong>a belmoreana) Closed Sclerophyll Forest ................................................240<br />

Fitzgeraldii-Mountain Rose (Dracophyllum fitzgeraldii–Metrosideros nervulosa) Closed<br />

Scrub.....................................................................................................................................241<br />

Five-leaf Morning Glory-Pigface (Ipomoea cairica–Carpobrotus glaucescens) Herbfield..242<br />

Forked Tree (Pandanus forsteri) Closed Sclerophyll Forest ................................................243<br />

Greybark-Blackbutt (Drypetes deplanchei–Cryptocarya triplinervis) Closed Forest...........244<br />

Greybark-Blackbutt (Drypetes deplanchei–Cryptocarya triplinervis) Low Closed Forest on<br />

Exposed Calcarenite .............................................................................................................245<br />

Greybark-Blackbutt (Drypetes deplanchei–Cryptocarya triplinervis) Low Closed Forest on<br />

Exposed Basalt .....................................................................................................................246<br />

Hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa) Closed Scrub .......................................................................247<br />

Hotbark-Fitzgeraldii (Zygogynum howeanum–Dracophyllum fitzgeraldii) Gnarled Mossy<br />

Closed Forest........................................................................................................................248<br />

Kentia Palm (<strong>Howe</strong>a forsteriana) Closed Sclerophyll Forest.................................................249<br />

Leafy Flat Sedge (Cyperus lucidus) Sedgeland...................................................................250<br />

Low land Freshw ater Instream..............................................................................................251<br />

Low land Mixed Closed Forest...............................................................................................252<br />

Mangrove (Aegiceras corniculatum) Closed Sw amp Scrub................................................253<br />

Mangrove (Avicennia marina var australasica) Open Sw amp Scrub.................................254<br />

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Mixed Fern and Herb.............................................................................................................255<br />

Poa poiformis Grassland......................................................................................................256<br />

Saltbush (Atriplex cinerea) Dw arf Scrub.............................................................................257<br />

Sallyw ood (Lagunaria patersonia) Closed Sw amp Forest ..................................................258<br />

Scalybark (Syzygium fullagarii) Closed Forest ....................................................................259<br />

Tea Tree (Melaleuca howeana) Closed Scrub .....................................................................260<br />

Upland Freshw ater Instream.................................................................................................261<br />

Waterfall Cliff.........................................................................................................................262<br />

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Figures<br />

Figure A An example <strong>of</strong> a threat layer input for the <strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong> <strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />

<strong>Plan</strong> - the distribution <strong>of</strong> Cherry Guava on <strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong> (from Smith 2002) ............46<br />

Figure B. Process for deriving future habitat from current habitat, threats and a habitat/threat table<br />

47<br />

Figure C. Persistence area relationship assumed for the <strong>Biodiversity</strong> Forecasting Toolkit ..............47<br />

Figure D Areas <strong>of</strong> predicted biodiversity persistence for flora <strong>of</strong> the LHIG .....................................51<br />

Figure E Areas <strong>of</strong> predicted biodiversity persistence for sea birds <strong>of</strong> the LHIG...............................52<br />

Figure F Areas <strong>of</strong> predicted biodiversity persistence for threatened invertebrates <strong>of</strong> the LHIG ......53<br />

Figure G Areas <strong>of</strong> predicted biodiversity persistence for invertebrate groups.................................54<br />

Figure H Areas where future clearing is predicted to have the greatest impact on sea birds..........60<br />

Figure I Areas where weed invasion is predicted to have the greatest impact on flora biodiversity<br />

values.............................................................................................................................61<br />

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Appendix 1 Species list for <strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong><br />

<strong>Island</strong> Group<br />

1 . 1 Va s c u la r F lo r a<br />

LHI=LHI endemic; ^= LHI native (occurring on LHI pre-settlement) but not endemic;<br />

*=naturalised exotic (reproducing in the wild on LHI); < = possibly extinct, but not listed on either<br />

the TS C Act or EPBC Act as extinct; - not covered by <strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong> (non-terrestrial<br />

sea grasses). E = Endangered; CE = Critically Endangered. Taxonomy follows Flora <strong>of</strong> Australia<br />

(1994) unless more recent revision available.<br />

Origin Scientific Name Common Name TSC EPBC Priority<br />

^ Achyranthes aspera<br />

* Acokanthera oblongifolia Septic Tree<br />

* Actites megalocarpa<br />

^ Adiantum aethiopicum Maidenhair Fern<br />

^ Adiantum aldroviride A Maidenhair Fern<br />

^ Adiantum hispidulum Rough Maidenhair Fern<br />

^ Adiantum pubescens A Maidenhair Fern<br />

^ Aegicerus corniculatum River Mangrove<br />

* Agapanthus praecox ssp. Orientalis Agapanthus<br />

* Agave americana Century <strong>Plan</strong>t<br />

* Ageratina adenophora Croton Weed<br />

* Ageratum conyzoides Billy-goat Weed<br />

^ Agrostis aemula<br />

* Agrostis gigantea Red-top Bent<br />

* Aloe arborescens<br />

* Aloe ciliaris Aloe<br />

* Aloe maculata Aloe<br />

* Alstroemeria pulchella Christmas Lily<br />

* Alternanthera bettzichiana<br />

LHI Alyxia lindii<br />

^ Alyxia ruscifolia Prickly Alyxia<br />

LHI Alyxia squamulosa<br />

* Amaranthus blitum Amaranth<br />

* Anagallis arvensis Scarlet Pimpernel<br />

* Andredera cordifolia Madeira Vine<br />

* Apium graveolens Celery<br />

LHI Apium prostratum ssp. howense Sea Celery<br />

^ Arachniodes aristata<br />

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* Araucaria heterophylla Norfolk <strong>Island</strong> Pine<br />

* Araujia hortum Moth Vine<br />

* Arenaria serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved Sandwort<br />

^ Arthropteris tenella Climbing Fishbone Fern<br />

* Arundinaria simonii f. variegata Bamboo<br />

* Arundo donax Giant Reed<br />

* Asclepias curassavica Swan <strong>Plan</strong>t<br />

* Asparagus aethiopicus Ground Asparagus<br />

* Asparagus asparagoides Bridal Creeper<br />

* Asparagus plumosus Climbing Asparagus<br />

^ Asplenium australasicum f. australasicum Bird’s Nest Fern<br />

LHI Asplenium goudeyi<br />

LHI Asplenium milnei<br />

^ Asplenium polyodon Sickle Spleenwort<br />

LHI Asplenium pteridoides<br />

LHI Asplenium surrogatum<br />

Aster subulatus Wild Aster<br />

LHI Atractocarpus stipularis Green Plum<br />

* Atriplex australasica<br />

^ Atriplex cinerea Grey Saltbush<br />

* Atriplex prostrata<br />

* Avena barbata Bearded Oat<br />

* Avena byzantina<br />

^ Avicennia marina v. australasica Grey Mangrove<br />

* Axonopus compressus Grass<br />

^ Baloghia inophylla Brush Bloodwood<br />

^ Baumea juncea Bare Twig-rush<br />

* Bidens pilosa Farmer’s Friend<br />

* Billbergia pyramidalis<br />

LHI Blechnum contiguum<br />

LHI Blechnum fullagarii<br />

LHI Blechnum geniculatum<br />

LHI Blechnum howeanum<br />

^ Blechnum patersonii Strap Water Fern<br />

LHI Boehmeria calophleba<br />

^ Boerhavia tetrandra<br />

^ Botrychium australe Parsley Fern<br />

* Brachychiton acerifolius Flame Tree<br />

LHI Brachyscome segmentosa<br />

* Briza maxima Giant Shivery Grass<br />

* Briza minor Small Shivery Grass<br />

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* Bromus catharticus Prairie Grass<br />

* Bromus diandrus Great Brome<br />

* Bromus hordeaceus A S<strong>of</strong>t Brome<br />

* Bromus molliformis A S<strong>of</strong>t Brome<br />

* Bryophyllum pinnatum Mother <strong>of</strong> Millions<br />

* Buddleja madagascariensis Buddleja<br />

^ Bulbophyllum argyropus<br />

^ Bulbostylis densa<br />

^ Caesalpinia bonduc Knicker Nut E<br />

* Cakile edentula American Sea Rocket<br />

^ Calanthe triplicata Christmas Orchid<br />

* Callisia fragrans<br />

LHI Calystegia affinis E CE<br />

^ Calystegia soldanella<br />

^ Canavalia rosea Coastal Jack Bean<br />

* Canna x generalis Canna Lily<br />

* Capsella bursa-pastoris Shepherd’s Purse<br />

* Cardamine hirsuta<br />

^ Carex breviculmis<br />

^ Carex brunnea<br />

^ Carex inversa<br />

^ Carex pumila<br />

LHI Carmichaelia exsul E<br />

^ Carpobrotus glaucescens<br />

LHI Cassinia tenuifolia Bully Bush<br />

* Casuarina glauca Swamp Oak<br />

* Catapodium rigidum Rigid Fescue<br />

* Catharanthus roseus Madagascar Periwinkle<br />

LHI Celtis conferta ssp. amblyphylla Cotton Wood<br />

* Centaurea melitensis Maltese Cockspur<br />

* Centaurium tenuiflorum Centaury<br />

* Centella asiatica Pennywort<br />

* Centranthus ruber Red Valerian<br />

^ Cephalomanes atrovirens<br />

LHI Cephalomanes bauerianum<br />

* Cerastium fontanum ssp. vulgare Chickweed<br />

* Cerastium glomeratum Chickweed<br />

* Cestrum nocturnum Lady <strong>of</strong> the Night<br />

* Chamaesyce hyssopifolia<br />

* Chamaesyce prostrata Red Caustic Weed<br />

^ Chamaesyce psammogeton E<br />

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 3

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^ Cheilanthes distans Bristly Cloak Fern<br />

^ Cheilanthes sieberi<br />

* Chenopodium album Fat Hen<br />

* Chenopodium murale Nettle-leaf Goosfoot<br />

LHI Chionanthus quadristamineus Blue Plum<br />

LHI Chionochloa howensis<br />

* Chloris gayana Rhodes Grass<br />

* Chloris truncata Windmill Grass<br />

* Chlorophytum comosum Spider <strong>Plan</strong>t<br />

^ Christella dentata<br />

* Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. Rotundata Bitou Bush<br />

* Ciclospermum leptophyllum Carrot Weed<br />

* Cirsium vulgare Spear Thistle<br />

* Citrus jambhiri Bush Lemon<br />

^ Clematis glycinoides Headache Vine<br />

* C<strong>of</strong>fea arabica C<strong>of</strong>fee<br />

^ Commelina cyanea Blue Wandering Jew<br />

* Conyza bonariensis Fleabane<br />

* Conyza parva<br />

* Conyza sumatrensis<br />

LHI Coprosma huttoniana<br />

LHI Coprosma inopinata E<br />

LHI Coprosma lanceolaris<br />

LHI Coprosma prisca Goatwood<br />

LHI Coprosma putida Stinkwood<br />

LHI Coprosma sp. nov<br />

LHI Corokia carpodetoides<br />

* Coronopus didymus Swinecress<br />

* Cortaderia selloana Pink Pampass Grass<br />

^ Corybas barbarae Helmet Orchid<br />

* Cotoneaster glaucophyllus Cotoneaster<br />

^ Cotula australis Carrot Weed<br />

* Crassula aborescens ssp. Arborescens<br />

^ Crassula sieberiana<br />

^ Crinum asiaticum var. pedunculatum Crinum Lily<br />

* Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora Montbretia<br />

LHI Cryptocarya gregsonii Blackbutt<br />

^ Cryptocarya triplinervis Blackbutt<br />

LHI Cyathea brevipinna<br />

LHI Cyathea howeana<br />

LHI Cyathea macarthurii<br />

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 4

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LHI Cyathea robusta<br />

* Cynodon dactylon Couch Grass<br />

* Cyperus eragrostis Umbrella Sedge<br />

* Cyperus involucratus<br />

^ Cyperus lucidus Leafy Flat Sedge<br />

* Cyperus rotundus Nut Grass<br />

* Dactylis glomerata Cocksfoot<br />

* Datura stramonium Thornapple<br />

* Delairea odorata Cape Ivy<br />

LHI Dendrobium macropus ssp. howeanum<br />

LHI Dendrobium moorei<br />

^ Dianella intermedia<br />

^ Dichelachne crinita<br />

* Dietes grandiflora<br />

LHI Dietes robinsoniana Wedding Lily<br />

* Digitaria ciliaris Summer Grass<br />

* Digitaria sanguinalis Crab Grass<br />

* Digitaria violescens<br />

LHI Diplazium melanochlamys<br />

^ Dodonaea viscosa ssp. burmanniana Hop Bush<br />

^ Doodia aspera<br />

^ Doodia caudata Small Rasp Fern<br />

^ Doodia media<br />

LHI Dracophyllum fitzgeraldii Fitzgeraldii<br />

LHI Drypetes deplanchei ssp. affinis Greybark<br />

* Duchesnea indica Wild Strawberry<br />

LHI Dysoxylum pachyphyllum <strong>Island</strong> Apple<br />

* Echinochloa crusgalli Barnyard Grass<br />

* Echinopogon caespitosus var. caespitosus<br />

^ Echinopogon ovatus<br />

* Ehrharta erecta<br />

LHI Elaeocarpus costatus<br />

^ Elaeodendron curtipendulum Tamana<br />

LHI Elatostema grande<br />

* Eleusine indica Crab Grass<br />

^ Elymus multiflorus var. kingianus CE<br />

* Elymus scaber Wheat Grass<br />

^ Epilobium billardiereanum ssp. cinereum<br />

* Eragrostis cilianensis Stink Grass<br />

* Eragrostis tenuifolia Elastic Grass<br />

* Eranthemum pulchellum Lilac Flower<br />

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 5

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* Eriobotrya japonica Loquat<br />

* Eucalyptus siderophloia Grey Ironbark<br />

^ Euchiton involucratus<br />

* Eugenia uniflora Brazilian Cherry<br />

* Euphorbia cyathophora<br />

* Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge<br />

* Euphorbia peplus Petty Spurge<br />

* Euphorbia prostrata<br />

^ Euphorbia psammogeton<br />

LHI Exocarpus homalocladus<br />

LHI Ficus macrophylla ssp. columnaris Banyan<br />

^ Flagellaria indica Whip Vine<br />

* Fumaria bastardii Bastard’s Fumitory<br />

* Fumaria muralis Wall Fumitory<br />

* Furcraea foetida<br />

LHI Gahnia howeana<br />

^ Gahnia xanthocarpa<br />

* Gaillardia x grandiflora Daisy<br />

* Galinsoga parviflora Potato Weed<br />

* Gamochaeta purpurea<br />

^ Geitonoplesium cymosum Scrambling Lily<br />

LHI Geniostoma huttonii E<br />

LHI Geniostoma petiolosum<br />

* Geranium molle Cranesbill Geranium<br />

* Gladiolus x hortulanus Gladioli<br />

* Gloriosa superba Glory Lily<br />

LHI Gonocarpus sp<br />

LHI Gonocarpus teucrioides<br />

LHI Grammitis diminuta<br />

LHI Grammitis nudicarpa<br />

LHI Grammitis watsii<br />

* Grevillea robusta Silky Oak<br />

LHI Guoia coriacea <strong>Island</strong> Cedar<br />

* Gynura aurantiaca<br />

^- Halophila ovalis Sea Grass<br />

* Harpephyllum caffrum Kaffir Plum<br />

* Hedera helix English Ivy<br />

LHI Hedyscepe canterburyana Big Mountain Palm<br />

* Hedychium sp. Ornamental Ginger<br />

^ Hibiscus diversifolius<br />

* Hibiscus mutabilis Hibiscus<br />

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 6

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^ Hibiscus tiliaceous Cottonwood Hibiscus<br />

* Hippeastrum puniceum Hippeastrum<br />

^ Histiopteris incisa<br />

^ Homolanthus populifolius (syn. Omalanthus<br />

popularifolius)<br />

Bleeding Heart<br />

* Hordeum murinum ssp. glaucum Hedgehog Grass<br />

* Hordeum murinum ssp. leporinum Barley Grass<br />

LHI <strong>Howe</strong>a belmoreana Curly Palm<br />

LHI <strong>Howe</strong>a forsteriana Kentia Palm<br />

^ Huperzia varia<br />

* Hydrocotyle bonariensis Beach Pennywort<br />

^ Hydrocotyle hirta Pennywort<br />

LHI Hymenophyllum howense<br />

LHI Hymenophyllum moorei<br />

* Hypochaeris radicata Flatweed<br />

^ Hypolepis elegans<br />

^ Hypolepis tenuifolia<br />

* Imperata cylindrica var. major Blady Grass<br />

* Ipomoea alba Moonflower<br />

* Ipomoea cairica Five-leaf Morning Glory<br />

* Ipomoea indica Blue Morning Glory<br />

^ Ipomoea pes-caprae ssp. brasiliensis Beach Bean<br />

^ Isolepis nodosa<br />

^ Jasminium didymum ssp. didymum<br />

^ Jasminium simplicifolium ssp. australiense<br />

* Juncus aridicola<br />

* Juncus bufonius<br />

* Juncus pallidus<br />

* Justica carnea Pink Spider Shrub<br />

LHI Korthalsella emersa<br />

^ Korthalsella rubra ssp. rubra<br />

* Kyllinga brevifolia<br />

* Lactuca saligna Wild Lettuce<br />

^ Lagunaria patersonia ssp. patersonia Sallywood<br />

* Lagurus ovatus Hare’s Tail Grass<br />

* Lamium amplexicaule Dead Nettle<br />

* Lantana camara Lantana<br />

LHI Lastreopsis nephrodioides<br />

* Lathyrus latifolius Sweet Pea<br />

* Lepidium africanum<br />

* Lepidium bonariense Peppercress<br />

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 7

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LHI Lepidium howei-insulae<br />

LHI Lepidium nesophilum<br />

LHI Lepidorrhachis mooreana Little Mountain Palm<br />

LHI Leptopteris moorei<br />

LHI Leptospermum polygalifolium ssp. howense Tea Tree<br />

^ Lepturus repens<br />

* Leucanthemum x superbum Shasta Daisy<br />

^ Leucopogon parviflorus<br />

* Ligustrum sinense Small-leaved Privet<br />

* Lilium formosanum Tiger Lily<br />

^ Lobelia alata<br />

^ Lobelia anceps<br />

* Lobularia maritima Sweet Alyssum<br />

* Lolium perenne Rye Grass<br />

* Lolium rigidum var. rigidum Rigid Rye Grass<br />

* Lolium rigidum var. rottboelliodes<br />

LHI <strong>Lord</strong>howea insularis<br />

LHI Luzula longiflora<br />

* Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn<br />

* Lycopersicum esculentum Cherry Tomato<br />

* Lythrum hyssopifolia<br />

LHI Machaerina insularis<br />

^ Macropiper excelsum ssp. psittacorum (syn.<br />

Piper excelsum)<br />

Kava<br />

LHI Macropiper hooglandii Kava<br />

* Macroptilium atropurpureum Siratro<br />

* Malva parviflora Mallow<br />

* Malvastrum coromandelianum<br />

LHI Marattia howeana<br />

^ Marsdenia rostrata Common Milk Vine<br />

LHI Marsdenia tubulosa <<br />

* Medicago lupulina Black Medic<br />

* Medicago polymorpha Burr Medic<br />

LHI Melaleuca howeana Tea Tree<br />

* Melia azedarach var. australasica White Cedar<br />

LHI Melicope contermina<br />

LHI Melicope polybotrya<br />

LHI Melicytus novae-zelandieae ssp. centurionis<br />

* Melilotus indicus King <strong>Island</strong> Melilot<br />

* Melinis minutiflora Molasses Grass<br />

* Mentha spicata Spearmint<br />

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 8

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* Metrosideros kermadecensis Christmas Bush<br />

LHI Metrosideros nervulosa Mountain Rose<br />

LHI Metrosideros sclerocarpa Mountain Rose<br />

^ Microlaena stipoides<br />

^ Microtis unifolia<br />

* Mirabilis jalapa Marvel <strong>of</strong> Peru<br />

* Modiola caroliniana Red-flower Mallow<br />

* Morus alba Mulberry<br />

^ Mucuna gigantea Burny Bean<br />

^ Muehlenbeckia complexa<br />

^ Myoporum insulare Boobialla<br />

LHI Negria rhabdothamnoides Pumpkin Tree<br />

* Nephrolepis biserrata Giant Fishbone<br />

^ Nephrolepis cordifolia Fishbone Fern<br />

^ Nicotiana forsteri<br />

* Nothoscordum borbonicum Wild Onion<br />

* Ochna serrulata Mickey Mouse <strong>Plan</strong>t<br />

^ Ochrosia elliptica<br />

* Odontonema tubaeforme Red Tube Flower Shrub<br />

* Oenothera drummondii Evening Primrose<br />

* Oenothera stricta ssp. stricta<br />

^ Olea paniculata Native Olive<br />

LHI Olearia ballii Mountain Daisy<br />

LHI Olearia elliptica ssp. praetermissa<br />

LHI Olearia mooneyi Pumpkin Bush<br />

* Onopordum acanthium<br />

^ Ophioglossum coriaceum<br />

^ Ophioglossum pendulum Ribbon Fern<br />

^ Ophioglossum petiolatum<br />

^ Ophioglossum reticulatum<br />

^ Oplismenus hirtellus (syn. O. imbecillus) Creeping Beard Grass<br />

^ Oxalis corniculata<br />

* Oxalis debilis Large-leaved Wood Sorrel<br />

LHI Pandanus forsteri Forked Tree<br />

^ Pandorea pandorana ssp. austrocaledonia<br />

* Papaver rhoeas Poppy<br />

* Papaver somniferum Opium Poppy<br />

^ Parietaria debilis<br />

* Parietaria judaica<br />

LHI Parsonsia howeana<br />

* Paspalum dilatatum Paspalum<br />

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 9

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^ Paspalum distichum Water Couch<br />

* Paspalum mandiocanum<br />

* Paspalum urvillei<br />

^ Paspalum vaginatum<<br />

* Paspalum wettsteinii Broad-leaved Paspalum<br />

* Passiflora edulis Black Passionfruit<br />

LHI Passiflora herbertiana ssp. insulae-howei<br />

* Pelargonium australe Pelargonium<br />

^ Pellaea falcata Sickle Fern<br />

^ Pellaea paradoxa Sickle Fern<br />

* Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu<br />

* Pennisetum purpureum Elephant Grass<br />

^ Peperomia tetraphylla Four-leaved Pepper <strong>Plan</strong>t<br />

^ Peperomia urvilleana<br />

* Petunia x hybrida Petunia<br />

* Phalaris aquatica Phalaris<br />

* Phalaris canariensis Canary Grass<br />

* Phanerophlebia falcata Holly Fern<br />

^ Phragmites australis Common Reed<br />

* Phragmites karka<br />

* Phyllanthus tenellus Hen and Chickens<br />

* Phylostachys spp. Rhizomatous Bamboo<br />

LHI Phymatosorus pustulatus ssp. howensis<br />

^ Phymatosorus pustulatus ssp. pustulatus<br />

^ Phymatosorus scandens (syn. Microsorum<br />

scandens)<br />

* Physalis ixocarpa<br />

* Physalis peruviana Cape Gooseberry<br />

LHI Pimelea congesta<br />

^ Pisonia brunoniana Punkwood<br />

* Pistacia chinensis Pistacio<br />

LHI Pittosporum erioloma<br />

* Pittosporum undulatum Sweet Pittosporum<br />

LHI <strong>Plan</strong>tago hedleyi<br />

* <strong>Plan</strong>tago lanceolata <strong>Plan</strong>tain<br />

* <strong>Plan</strong>tago major Large <strong>Plan</strong>tain<br />

^ Platycerium bifurcatum Elkhorn<br />

LHI Plectorrhiza erecta<br />

^ Plectranthus graveolens<br />

* Poa annua Winter Grass<br />

^ Poa poiformis<br />

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 1 0

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* Polycarpon tetraphyllum Four-leaf Allseed<br />

* Polypogon monspeliensis Annual Beard Grass<br />

^ Polyscias cissodendron <strong>Island</strong> Pine<br />

LHI Polystichum moorei E<br />

LHI Polystichum whiteleggei<br />

* Portulaca oleracea Portulaca<br />

^ Pouteria myrsinoides ssp. reticulata Axe-handle Wood<br />

* Pratia purpurascens White Root<br />

* Prunella vulgaris Self-heal<br />

* Prunus persica Peach<br />

^ Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum<br />

* Psidium cattlianum var. cattleianum Cherry Guava<br />

* Psidium guajava Guava<br />

^ Psilotum nudum Skeleton Fork Fern<br />

LHI Psychotria carronis Black Grape<br />

LHI Pteris microptera<br />

^ Pteris tremula Tender Bracken<br />

^ Pterostylis curta<br />

^ Pterostylus obtusa<br />

^ Pterostylus pedunculata<br />

* Punica granatum Pomegranate<br />

* Pycreus polystachyos<br />

^ Pyrrosia confluens Horshoe Felt Fern<br />

^ Pyrrosia rupestris Rock Felt Fern<br />

* Ranunculus parviflorus Buttercup<br />

* Ranunculus sessiliflorus Buttercup<br />

LHI Rapanea mccomishii<br />

LHI Rapanea myrtillina<br />

LHI Rapanea platystigma<br />

* Richardia stellaris<br />

* Ricinus communis Castor Oil <strong>Plan</strong>t<br />

* Roldana petasitis<br />

* Romulea rosea var. australis Onion Grass<br />

* Rostraria cristata Annual Catstail<br />

* Rottboellia coelorachis<br />

* Rumex brownii Swamp Dock<br />

* Rumex crispus Curled Dock<br />

^ Rytidosperma racemosum<br />

^ Rytidosperma unarede<br />

* Sagina apetala Pearlwort<br />

* Salvia coccinea Texas Sage<br />

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 1 1

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* Sanseviera trifasciata Mother-in-law’s Tongue<br />

^ Sarcocornia quinqueflora ssp. quinqueflora<br />

^ Sarcomelicope simplicifolia ssp. simplicifolia Bauerella<br />

^ Scaevola calendulacea<br />

LHI Scaevola taccada<br />

* Schefflera actinophylla Umbrella Tree<br />

* Senecio elegans Purple Groundsel<br />

LHI Senecio hooglandii<br />

LHI Senecio howeanus<br />

LHI Senecio pauciradiatus<br />

* Senecio vulgaris Common Groundsel<br />

* Senna pendula var. glabrata Winter Senna<br />

* Senna septemtrionalis Brazilian Buttercup<br />

^ Sesuvium portulacastrum<br />

* Setaria gracilis<br />

* Setaria palmifolia Palm Grass<br />

* Setaria verticillata Whorled Pigeon Grass<br />

* Sherardia avensis<br />

^ Sicyos australis Native Cucumber<br />

* Sida rhombifolia Paddy’s Lucerne<br />

* Silene gallica Catchfly<br />

* Silybum marianum Variegated Thistle<br />

* Sisymbrium <strong>of</strong>ficinale<br />

* Sisyrinchium micranthum Scour Weed<br />

^ Smilax australis Native Sarsparilla<br />

* Solanum americanum ssp. nigrans<br />

* Solanum americanum ssp. nutans Blackcurrant<br />

^ Solanum aviculare<br />

^ Solanum bauerianum <<br />

* Solanum mauritianum Tobacco Bush<br />

* Solanum nigrum Nightshade<br />

* Solidago canadensis<br />

* Sonchus asper ssp. glaucescens Prickly Sowthistle<br />

* Sonchus megalocarpus Dune Thistle<br />

* Sonchus oleraceus Milk Thistle<br />

LHI Sophora howinsula Lignum Vitae<br />

* Sphagneticola trilobata Singapore Daisy<br />

^ Spinifex sericeus Spinifex<br />

* Sporobolus africanus Parramatta Grass<br />

^ Sporobolus virginicus Sonchus<br />

* Stachys arvensis Stagger Weed<br />

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 1 2

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* Stellaria media Chickweed<br />

* Stenotaphrum secundatum Buffalo Grass<br />

LHI Stephania japonica var timoriensis<br />

^ Sticherus lobatus Spreading Shield Fern<br />

* Stipa ramosissima Bamboo Grass<br />

LHI Symplocos candelabrum<br />

LHI Syzygium fullargarii (syn. Cleistocalyx<br />

fullargarii)<br />

Scalybark<br />

* Taraxacum <strong>of</strong>ficinale Dandelion<br />

LHI Tetragonia implexicoma <<br />

^ Tetragonia tetragonioides New Zealand Spinach<br />

* Tetrapanax papyrifer Rice Paper <strong>Plan</strong>t<br />

^ Tmesipteris truncata<br />

* Torilis nodosa<br />

* Tradescantia fluminensis Wandering Jew<br />

* Tradescantia spathacea<br />

* Tradescantia zebrina Striped Wandering Jew<br />

* Trifolium dubium Clover<br />

* Trifolium glomeratum Clustered Clover<br />

* Trifolium repens Dutch Clover<br />

* Trifolium subterraneum Subterranean Clover<br />

^ Triglochin striata<br />

* Tropaeolum majus Nasturtium<br />

LHI Trophis scandens ssp. megacarpa<br />

^ Tylophora biglandulosa<br />

^ Typha domingensis Cumbungi<br />

LHI Uncinia debilior<br />

* Urtica urens Stinging Nettle<br />

* Verbascum virgatum Mullein<br />

* Verbena bonariensis Purple Verbena<br />

* Verbena brasiliensis Purple Top<br />

* Veronica arvensis Wall Speedwell<br />

* Veronica persica<br />

* Vicia sativa ssp. angustifolia<br />

* Vicia sativa ssp. nigra Common Vetch<br />

^ Vigna marina<br />

* Vinca major Periwinkle<br />

* Vulpia bromoides<br />

* Vulpia myuros<br />

^ Wahlenbergia gracilis<br />

LHI Wahlenbergia insulae-howei<br />

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 1 3

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^ Westringia fruticosa<br />

LHI Westringia viminalis<br />

^ Wollastonia biflora (syn. Melanthera biflora)<br />

LHI Xylosma maidenii<br />

LHI Xylosma parvifolium E<br />

* Yucca aloifolia Yucca<br />

* Zantedeschia aethiopica Arum Lily<br />

^ Zanthoxylum pinnata Yellow Wood<br />

^- Zostera capricorni Sea Grass<br />

LHI Zygogynum howeanum (syn. Bubbia<br />

howeanum)<br />

Hotbark<br />

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 1 4

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1 . 2 Ve g e t a t io n c o mmu n it ie s r e c o g n ise d in L HI<br />

Bio d ive r s it y Ma n a g e me n t Pla n<br />

Terrestrial Communities Mapping (Pickard 1983 map unit,<br />

and any futher deriv ation)<br />

Closed Forest Communities<br />

Chionanthus quadristamineus Closed Forest Cq<br />

Cryptocarya gregsonii Closed Forest Cg<br />

Drypetes deplanchei-Cryptocarya triplinervis Closed Forest on<br />

calcarenite/coral sand<br />

DaCt on calcarenite/coral sand<br />

Drypetes deplanchei-Cryptocarya triplinervis Closed Forest on basalt DaCt on volcanics<br />

Drypetes deplanchei-Cryptocary triplinervis Low Closed Forest on<br />

exposed calcarenite<br />

Drypetes deplanchei-Cryptocarya triplinervis Low Closed Forest on<br />

exposed basalt<br />

Hedyscepe canterburyana Closed Sclerophyll Forest Hc<br />

<strong>Howe</strong>a belmoreana Closed Sclerophyll Forest Hb<br />

<strong>Howe</strong>a forsteriana Closed Sclerophyll Forest on calcarenite/coral<br />

sand<br />

DaCtC<br />

DaCtX<br />

Hf on calcarenite/coral sands<br />

<strong>Howe</strong>a forsteriana Closed Sclerophyll Forest on basalt Hf on volcanics<br />

Lagunaria patersonia Closed Swamp Forest Lp<br />

Lowland Mixed Closed Forest LMF<br />

Pandanus forsteri Closed Sclerophyll Forest Pf<br />

Syzygium fullagarii Closed Forest Cf<br />

Zygogynum howeanum-Dracophyllum fitzgeraldii Gnarled Mossy<br />

Closed Forest<br />

Closed Scrub Communities<br />

Aegiceras corniculatum Closed Swamp Scrub Ac<br />

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 1 5<br />

BhDf<br />

Boehmeria calophleba-Macropiper hooglandii Closed Scrub BcMep<br />

Cassinia tenuifolia Closed Scrub Ca<br />

Dodonaea viscosa Closed Scrub Dv<br />

Dracophyllum fitzgeraldii-Metrosideros nervulosa Closed Scrub unit DfMn<br />

Melaleuca howeana Closed Scrub Mh<br />

Dwarf Scrub Communities<br />

Alyxia squamulosa-Coprosma inopinata Dwarf Scrub I. Hutton<br />

Atriplex cinera Dwarf Scrub Ax<br />

Open Scrub Communities<br />

Avicennia marina v. australasica Open Swamp Scrub Ama<br />

Herb Communities<br />

Ipomoea cairica*-Carpobrotus glaucescens Herbfield IcCg<br />

Mixed Fern and Herb MFH<br />

Grass Communities<br />

Cyperus lucidus Sedgeland Cl

---

Poa poiformis Grassland Pp<br />

Specialised Landform Communities<br />

Basalt Boulder Beach<br />

Calcarenite and Coral Boulder Beach<br />

Cliff<br />

Coral Sand Beach and Dune<br />

Waterfall Cliff I. Hutton.<br />

Disturbed Areas<br />

Cleared land/non-native vegetation/buildings Updated by Hunter (2002)<br />

Aquatic Communities<br />

Lowland Freshwater Instream Community Drainage lines 2 nd order and below on<br />

calcarenite/coral sands. Excluding mapped<br />

Lagunaria patersonia community<br />

Upland Freshwater Instream Community Drainage lines 2 nd order and below found on<br />

volcanics<br />

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 1 6

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1 . 3 Ve r t e b r a t e f a u n a a n d t h r e a t e n e d in v e r t e b r a t e<br />

f a u n a .<br />

E = endangered; PEx = Presumed Extinct; V = Vulnerable; M = Migratory species. # = restricted to <strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong> and<br />

Norfolk <strong>Island</strong>, ~ = regular migratory visitor, ^ = feral population subsequently extirpated. 1 Subfossil deposits known but not<br />

known to breed on LHIG today.<br />

Common name Scientific Name TSC EPBC Priority<br />

Section 1: Endemic nativ e species<br />

Mammals<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong> Long-eared Bat Nyctophilus howensis Pex Pex<br />

Land Birds<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong> Grey Fantail Rhipidura fuliginosa cervina Pex Pex<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> Currawong Strepera graculina crissalis V V<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong> Thrush Turdus poliocephalus vinitinctus Pex Pex<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong> Gerygone Gerygone insularis Pex Pex<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong> Golden Whistler Pachycephala pectoralis contempta V<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong> Silvereye Zosterops lateralis tephropleura* V<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> Woodhen Gallirallus sylvestris E V<br />

Red-crowned Parakeet (<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong><br />

<strong>Island</strong> ssp.)<br />

Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae<br />

subflavescens<br />

Pex Pex<br />

Robust White-eye Zosterops strenuus Pex Pex<br />

Southern Boobook (<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong><br />

<strong>Island</strong> ssp.)<br />

Tasman Starling (<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong><br />

ssp.)<br />

Ninox novaeseelandiae albaria Pex Pex<br />

Aplonis fusca hullianus Pex Pex<br />

White Gallinule Porphyrio albus Pex Pex<br />

White-throated Pigeon (<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong><br />

<strong>Island</strong> ssp.)<br />

Invertebrates (TSC Act/EPBC Act-listed species only)<br />

Columa vitiensis godmanae Pex Pex<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong> Earthworm Pericryptodrilus nanus E<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong> Ground Weevil Hybomorphus melanosomus Pex<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong> Phasmid Drycocelus australis E CE<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong> Wood-eating<br />

Cockroach<br />

Panesthia lata E<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> Placostylus Placostylus bivaricosus EE E<br />

Section 2: Non-endemic nativ e species (residents or regular v isitors on the LHIG at<br />

time <strong>of</strong> European settlement).<br />

Mammals<br />

Large Forest Bat Vespedelus darlingtonii<br />

Land Birds<br />

Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica ~ M<br />

Double-banded Plover Charadrius bicinctus ~ M<br />

Eastern Curlew Numenius madagascariensis ~ M<br />

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 1 7

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Emerald Ground-dove Chalcophaps indica<br />

Grey-tailed Tattler Tringa brevipes ~ M<br />

Latham’s Snipe Gallinago hardwickii ~ M<br />

Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva ~<br />

Red Knot Calidris canutus ~ M<br />

Red-necked Stint Calidris ruficollis ~ M<br />

Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres ~ M<br />

Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Calidris acuminata ~ M<br />

Wandering Tattler Tringa incana ~ M<br />

Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus ~ M<br />

Sea Birds<br />

Common (Brown) Noddy Anous stolidus M<br />

Flesh-footed Shearwater Puffinus carneipes V M<br />

Grey Ternlet Procelsterna cerulea V<br />

Kermadec Petrel Pterodroma neglecta V V<br />

Little Shearwater Puffinus assimilis V<br />

Masked Booby Sula dactylatra V M<br />

Providence Petrel Pterodroma solandri V M<br />

Pycr<strong>of</strong>t's Petrel 1 Pterodroma pycr<strong>of</strong>ti<br />

Red-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon rubricauda V<br />

Sooty Tern Sterna fuscata V<br />

Wedge-tailed Shearwater Puffinus assimilis<br />

White-bellied Storm Petrel Fregata grallaria V V<br />

White-faced Storm Petrel 1 Pelagodroma marina<br />

Reptiles<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong> Gecko Christinus guentheri# V V<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong> Skink Pseudomioa lichenigerum# V V<br />

Freshwater Fishes<br />

Long-finned Eel Anguilla reinhardtii<br />

Short-finned Eel Anguilla australis<br />

Common Jollytail Galaxias maculatus<br />

Section 3: Non-nativ e species (residents or regular v isitors on the LHIG, present<br />

through either intentional/accidental introduction or by colonisation since European<br />

settlement).<br />

Mammals<br />

Black Rat Rattus rattus<br />

Feral Cat ^ Felis cattus<br />

Feral Goat Capra hircus<br />

Feral Pig ^ Sus scr<strong>of</strong>a<br />

House Mouse Mus musculus<br />

Land Birds<br />

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 1 8

---

Australasian Gannet Morus serrator<br />

Nankeen Kestrel Falco cenchroides<br />

Blackbird Turdus merula<br />

Buff-banded Rail Gallirallus philippensis<br />

Cattle Egret Ardea ibis ~ M<br />

Common Starling Sturnus vulgaris<br />

Feral Pigeon Columba livia<br />

Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo<br />

Magpie Lark Grallina cyanoleuca<br />

Masked Lapwing Vanellus miles M<br />

Masked Owl (Tasmanian<br />

subspecies)<br />

Pacific Black Duck Anas superciliosa<br />

Tyto novaehollandiae ssp. castanops<br />

Pacific Black Duck-Mallard hybrids Anas superciliosa x A. platyrhynchos<br />

Purple Swamphen Porphyrio phrphyrio<br />

Sacred Kingfisher Todiramphus sanctus<br />

Songthrush Turdus philomelos<br />

Welcome Swallow Hirundo neoxena<br />

White-faced Heron Ardea novaehollandiae<br />

Sea Birds<br />

Black Noddy Anous minutus<br />

Black-winged Petrel Pterodroma nigripennis V<br />

Cape Petrel Daption capense<br />

Great-winged Petrel Pterodroma macroptera<br />

White Tern Gygis alba V<br />

Reptiles<br />

Eastern Snake-necked Turtle Chelodina longicollis<br />

Grass Skink Lampropholis delicata<br />

Amphibians<br />

Bleating Tree Frog Litoria dentata<br />

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 1 9

---

Section 4: Vagrants or irregular v isitors<br />

Marine Mammals<br />

Bottlenose Dolphin Tursiops truncatus<br />

Common Dolphin Delphinus delphis<br />

Humpback Whale Megaptera novaeangliae V<br />

Sperm Whale Physeter macrocephalus V<br />

Pilot Whale Globicephala sp.<br />

Blainville’s Beaked-whale Mesoplodon densirostris<br />

Marine Reptiles<br />

Green Turtle Chelonia mydas V<br />

Loggerhead Turtle Caretta caretta E<br />

Yellow-bellied Sea Snake Pelamis platurus<br />

Land Birds<br />

Australasian Bittern Botaurus poiciloptilus V<br />

Australasian Grebe Tachybaptus novaehollandiae<br />

Australian Pratincole Stiltia isabella<br />

Australian Shelduck Tadorna tadornoides<br />

Australian White Ibis Threskiornis spinicollis<br />

Australian Wood Duck Chenonetta jubata<br />

Australian Raven Corvus coronoides<br />

Baillon’s Crake Porzana pusilla<br />

Banded Lapwing Vanellus tricolor<br />

Black Swan Cygnus atratus<br />

Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike Coracina novaehollandiae<br />

Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa V M<br />

Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus<br />

Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus<br />

Brown Falcon Falco berigora<br />

Brush Bronzewing Phaps elegans<br />

Brush Cuckoo Cacomantis variolosus<br />

Buff-breasted Sandpiper Tryngites subruficollis M<br />

Canada Goose Branta canadensis<br />

Common Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs<br />

Chestnut Teal Anas castanea<br />

Channel-billed Cuckoo Scythrops novaehollandiae<br />

Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia M<br />

Common Koel Eudynamys scolopaceus<br />

Common Sandpiper Tringa hypoleucos M<br />

Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea M<br />

Dollarbird Eurystomus orientalis<br />

Dusky Moorhen Gallinula tenebrosa<br />

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 2 0

---

Eastern Reef Egret Egretta sacra M<br />

Eastern Rosella Platycercus eximius<br />

Eurasian Coot Fulicia atra<br />

European Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis<br />

European Greenfinch Carduelis chloris<br />

Fairy Martin Hirundo ariel<br />

Fan-tailed Cuckoo Cacomantis pyrrhophanus<br />

Fork-tailed Swift Apus pacificus M<br />

Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus M<br />

Great Egret Egretta alba M<br />

Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris V M<br />

Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola M<br />

Grey Teal Anas gibberifrons<br />

Hoary-headed Grebe Poliocephalus poliocephalus<br />

Intermediate Egret Ardea intermedia<br />

Greater Sand Plover Charadrius leschenaultii V M<br />

Leaden Flycatcher Myiagra rubecula<br />

Lesser Sand Plover Charadrius mongolus V M<br />

Common Redpoll Carduelis flammea<br />

Little Bittern Ixobrychus minutus<br />

Little Egret Egretta garzetta<br />

Little Curlew Numenius minutus M<br />

Long-tailed Cuckoo Eudymanys taitensis<br />

Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis M<br />

Masked Woodswallow Artamus personatus<br />

Nankeen Night Heron Nycticorax caledonicus<br />

Noisy Friarbird Philemon corniculatus<br />

Olive-backed Oriole Oriolus sagittatus<br />

Oriental Cuckoo Cuculus pallidus<br />

Oriental Plover Charadrius veredus M<br />

Oriental Pratincole Glareola maldivarum M<br />

Painted Snipe Rostratula benghalensis V M<br />

Pallid Cuckoo Cuculus pallidus<br />

Paradise Shelduck Tadorna variegata<br />

Pectoral Sandpiper Calidris melanotos M<br />

Rainbow Bee-eater Merops ornatus M<br />

Richard’s Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae<br />

Royal Spoonbill Platalea regia<br />

Shining Bronze-cuckoo Chrysococcyx lucidus<br />

Skylark Alauda arvensis<br />

White-throated Needletail Hirundapus caudacutus M<br />

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 2 1

---

Sooty Oystercatcher Haematopus fuliginosus<br />

South <strong>Island</strong> Pied Oystercatcher Haematopus finschi<br />

Spotted Turtledove Streptopelia chinensis<br />

Straw-necked Ibis Threskiornis spinicolis<br />

Swamp Harrier Circus approximans<br />

Swift Parrot Lathamus discolor E<br />

Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinerus V M<br />

Tree Martin Hirundo nigricans<br />

Pied Imperial Pigeon Ducula bicolor<br />

White-browed Woodswallow Artamus superciliosus<br />

White-winged Triller Lalage sueurii<br />

Willie Wagtail Rhipidura leucophrys<br />

Yellow-billed Spoonbill Platalea flavipes<br />

Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella<br />

Seabirds<br />

Antarctic Prion Pachyptila desolata<br />

Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea<br />

Black-browed Albatross Diomedea melanophris V M<br />

Black-naped Tern Sterna sumatrana M<br />

Brown Booby Sula leucogaster M<br />

Buller’s Shearwater Puffinus bulleri<br />

Caspian Tern Sterna caspia M<br />

Common Tern Sterna hirundo M<br />

Crested Tern Sterna bergii<br />

Fairy Prion Pachyptila turtur<br />

Fluttering Shearwater Puffinus gavia<br />

Southern Giant Petrel Macronectes giganteus M/E<br />

Gould’s Petrel Pterodroma leucoptera M/E<br />

Gull-billed Tern Sterna nilotica<br />

Hutton’s Shearwater Puffinus huttoni<br />

Kelp Gull Larus dominicanus<br />

Lesser Frigatebird Fregata ariel M<br />

Little Black Cormorant Phalacrocorax sulcirostris<br />

Little Penguin Eudyptula minor<br />

Little Pied Cormorant Phalacrocorax melanoleucos<br />

Little Tern Sterna albifrons E M<br />

Long-tailed Jaeger Stercorarius longicauda M<br />

Mottled Petrel Pterodroma inexpectata<br />

Pied Cormorant Phalacrocorax varius<br />

Red-footed Booby Sula sula M<br />

Short-tailed Shearwater Puffinus tenuirostris M<br />

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 2 2

---

Silver Gull Larus novaehollandiae<br />

Sooty Shearwater Puffinus griseus M<br />

Wandering Albatross Diomeda exulans E M/V<br />

Westland Petrel Procellaria westlandica M<br />

Wilson’s Storm Petrel Oceanites oceanicus M<br />

Whiskered Tern Chlidonias leucoptera M<br />

White-fronted Tern Sterna striata<br />

White-headed Petrel Pterodroma lessonii<br />

White-necked Petrel Pterodroma cervicalis<br />

White-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon lepturus M<br />

White-winged Black Tern Chlidonias leucopterus M<br />

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 2 3

---

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 22<br />

Appendix 2 Invertebrates <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong> Group<br />

Considered Threatened*<br />

* This table lists species considered to be eligible for listing as threatened by Cassis et. al. 2003, but not currently on the TSC Act or EPBC Act schedules<br />

L i s t o f th r e a te n e d a n t ( H ym e n o p te r a : Fo r m i c i d a e ) s p e c i e s o f L o r d H o w e Is l a n d .<br />

‘N’ refers to the northern end <strong>of</strong> the island. ‘ST’ refers to the settlement. ‘IH’ refers to the Intermediate Hill are. ‘S’ refers to the southern end <strong>of</strong> the island.<br />

Status Order Family Genus Species Comments<br />

Presumed Extinct<br />

Hymenoptera -<br />

Formicidae<br />

Myrmicinae Orectognathus howensis<br />

Status Order Family Genus Species No.<br />

Specimens<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

At Risk<br />

Hymenoptera -<br />

Formicidae<br />

Hymenoptera -<br />

Formicidae<br />

Hymenoptera -<br />

Formicidae<br />

Hymenoptera -<br />

Formicidae<br />

Hymenoptera -<br />

Formicidae<br />

Hymenoptera -<br />

Formicidae<br />

1 specimen recorded in 1915, 3 specimens recorded in 1966, 1 specimen in 1979, Not recorded<br />

since.<br />

No. Sites<br />

Occurs<br />

Abundance<br />

Myrmicinae <strong>Lord</strong>omyrma leae 4 3 Rare S Only<br />

Ponerinae Amblyopone sp. nov. 9 4 Rare S Only<br />

Ponerinae Amblyopone sp. nov. 2 1 Rare S Only<br />

Ponerinae Discothyrea sp. nov. 5 3 Rare S Only<br />

Ponerinae Proceratium sp. nov. 1 1 Rare S Only<br />

Ponerinae Amblyopone leae >100 19 Locally Common S Only<br />

Distribution (N, ST,<br />

IH, S)

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L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 23<br />

b ) L i s t o f th r e a te n e d b e e tl e ( C o l e o p te r a ) s p e c i e s o f L o r d H o w e Is l a n d .<br />

‘N’ refers to the northern end <strong>of</strong> the island. ‘ST’ refers to the settlement. ‘IH’ refers to the Intermediate Hill area. ‘S’ refers to the southern end <strong>of</strong> the island. ‘U’ refers to unknown<br />

distribution. SAM refers to the South Australian Museum collection.<br />

Status Order Family Genus Species<br />

No.<br />

Specimen<br />

s<br />

No. Sites<br />

Occurs<br />

Presumed Extinct Coleoptera Buprestidae Melobasis empyria ? ? Rare<br />

Abundance Distribution (N, ST, IH, S, U)<br />

not collected since 1880's, distribution<br />

U<br />

Presumed Extinct Coleoptera Carabidae Lacordairea fugax ? ? Rare all records pre 1900, distribution U<br />

Presumed Extinct Coleoptera Cerambycidae Elasmotena insulana 1 1 Rare<br />

Presumed Extinct Coleoptera Cerambycidae Somatidia pulchella 1 1 Rare<br />

Presumed Extinct Coleoptera Cleridae Cormodes darwini 1 1 Rare<br />

Presumed Extinct Coleoptera Curculionidae <strong>Howe</strong>otranes insularis 2 1 Rare<br />

not collected since 1880's, distribution<br />

U<br />

not collected since 1910's, distribution<br />

U<br />

not collected since 1910's, distribution<br />

U<br />

not collected since 1920's, Summit Mt<br />

Gower<br />

Presumed Extinct Coleoptera Curculionidae Hybomorphus melanosomus 3 1 Rare not recorded since 1889, distribution U<br />

Presumed Extinct Coleoptera Curculionidae Leptopius etheridgei 1 1 Rare<br />

Presumed Extinct Coleoptera Mordellidae Tomoxia howensis 1 1 Rare<br />

Presumed Extinct Coleoptera Staphylinidae Cafius gigas 2 1 Rare<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Coleoptera Staphylinidae Scaphisoma glabripenne 9 1 Locally Common S<br />

Coleoptera Anobiidae Mysticephala elliptica 10 8 Uncommon S, IH, ST<br />

not collected since 1910's, distribution<br />

U<br />

not collected since 1880's, distribution<br />

U<br />

not collected since 1910's, distribution<br />

U

---

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 24<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Coleoptera Anobiidae Mysticephala punctipennis 5 5 Uncommon N, ST,<br />

Status Order Family Genus Species<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

No.<br />

Specimen<br />

s<br />

No. Sites<br />

Occurs<br />

Coleoptera Anthribidae Mecocerinopis balli 7 4 Uncommon ST<br />

Coleoptera Cerambycidae Somatidia olliffi 5 2 Uncommon S<br />

Coleoptera Cerambycidae Xyloteles segrex 8 4 Uncommon S<br />

Abundance Distribution (N, ST, IH, S, U)<br />

Coleoptera Cerylonidae Mychocerus peckorum 8 4 Uncommon S, IH, ST<br />

Coleoptera Curculionidae Aethreus cicatricosus 7 2 Uncommon ST<br />

Coleoptera Curculionidae Ephrycinus pilistriatus 4 4 Uncommon N, S, ST<br />

Coleoptera Curculionidae Orthorhinus lateralis 9 7 Uncommon S, ST (only 5 recent specimens)<br />

Coleoptera Elateridae Ochosternus howensis 8 7 Uncommon ST & S<br />

Coleoptera Oedomeridae Copidita interocularis 5 2 Uncommon S<br />

Coleoptera Staphylinidae Heterothops castaneus 9 4 Uncommon S<br />

Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Trachyscelis howensis 7 2 Uncommon ST<br />

Coleoptera Aderidae Aderus conspicillatus 5 3 Rare S, IH, ST<br />

Coleoptera Aderidae Aderus pilosicornis 1 1 Rare S<br />

Coleoptera Anthribidae <strong>Howe</strong>anthribus bufo 4 2 Rare S

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L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 25<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Coleoptera Buprestidae Maoraxia roseocuprea 1 1 Rare U<br />

Status Order Family Genus Species<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

No.<br />

Specimen<br />

s<br />

No. Sites<br />

Occurs<br />

Coleoptera Carabidae Mecyclothorax howei 5 5 Rare S<br />

Coleoptera Carabidae Micr<strong>of</strong>eronia howei 5 5 Rare S<br />

Coleoptera Carabidae Scopodes ovalis 5 4 Rare S<br />

Coleoptera Cerambycidae <strong>Howe</strong>a angulata 2 2 Rare U<br />

Abundance Distribution (N, ST, IH, S, U)<br />

Coleoptera Cerambycidae Xyloteles wollastoni 7 2 Rare ST, only 1 specimen since 1916<br />

Coleoptera Curculionidae Leptopius mirabilis 2 2 Rare ST<br />

Coleoptera Curculionidae Nechyrus cribratus 1 1 Rare N<br />

Coleoptera Curculionidae Poropterus pictus 1 1 Rare ST<br />

Coleoptera Histeridae Platylomalus cribratus 1 1 Rare U<br />

Coleoptera Laemophloeidae Cryptolestes distorticornis 2 1 Rare U<br />

Coleoptera Laemophloeidae Laemophloeus bimaculiflavus 1 1 Rare U<br />

Coleoptera Languriidae Hapalips investigatus 1 1 Rare S<br />

Coleoptera Melyridae Helcogaster litoralis 6 3 Rare N, Roach Is<br />

Coleoptera Rhipiphoridae Nephrites helenae 1 1 Rare ST

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L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 26<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Coleoptera Salpingidae Notosalpingus montanus 1 1 Rare N<br />

Status Order Family Genus Species<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

At Risk<br />

No.<br />

Specimen<br />

s<br />

No. Sites<br />

Occurs<br />

Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Platytomus pachypus 2 2 Rare ST<br />

Coleoptera Sphindidae Aspidiphorus howensis 4 3 Rare N, ST,<br />

Coleoptera Staphylinidae Pachycorynus megacephalus 1 1 Rare S<br />

Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Promethis sterrha 8 2 Rare<br />

Coleoptera Curculionidae Hoplocossonus lethargicus 32 5 Common ST<br />

Abundance Distribution (N, ST, IH, S, U)<br />

Now Blackburn Is. only, pre 1918<br />

found on main island

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L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 27<br />

c ) L i s t o f th r e a te n e d s p i d e r ( Ar a n e a e ) s p e c i e s o f L o r d H o w e Is l a n d .<br />

‘N’ refers to the northern end <strong>of</strong> the island. ‘ST’ refers to the settlement. ‘IH’ refers to the Intermediate Hill area. ‘S’ refers to the southern end <strong>of</strong> the island. ‘U’ refers to unknown<br />

distribution.<br />

Status Order Family Genus Species No. Specimens Abundance Distribution & Comments<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Araneae Clubionidae Clubiona sp. (AM sp. 4) 16 Locally Common S, Only altitudes over ca 300m<br />

Araneae Micropholcommatidae Micropholcomma sp. 13 Locally Common Mt Gower summit area only<br />

Araneae Corinnidae unidentified sp. 6 Uncommon N and ST<br />

Araneae Cyatholipidae <strong>Lord</strong>howea nesiota 4+ types (QM) Uncommon Mainly S<br />

Araneae Linyphiidae Bathyphantes rainbowi 7 + types (SAM) Uncommon<br />

Scattered; recent records only from Roach<br />

<strong>Island</strong> & Ball’s Pyramid<br />

Araneae Micropholcommatidae Parapua sp. 5 + unregistered Uncommon Mt Gower & Mt Lidgbird only<br />

Araneae Mimetidae Australomimetus annulipes 6 Uncommon Scattered – All records below 120m<br />

Araneae Pholcidae Spermophora sp. 5 Uncommon Scattered<br />

Araneae Salticidae Pseudomaevia cognata<br />

6 adult & 6 juv. +<br />

type (SAM)<br />

Uncommon Mainly S<br />

Araneae Theridiidae Achaearanea nigrodecorata 9 + types (SAM) Uncommon Mt Gower summit only<br />

Araneae Zodariidae Storena colossea 5 + cotype (SAM) Uncommon Scattered<br />

Araneae Zoridae Argoctenus vittatus 6 + cotype (SAM) Uncommon Scattered<br />

Araneae Amaurobioidea unidentified sp. (AM sp. 2) 2 Rare Mt Gower summit only

---

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 28<br />

Status Order Family Genus Species No. Specimens Abundance Distribution & Comments<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Threatened<br />

Vulnerable<br />

Araneae Araneidae Cyclosa sp.(AM sp.12) 5 Rare No recent records, all from S half <strong>of</strong> island<br />

Araneae Araneidae Archemorus cicatrosus 6 Rare only 6 juveniles recorded since 1915<br />

Araneae Araneidae Araneus rainbowi 2? Rare No definite record since types (1915)<br />

Araneae Desidae Forsterina sp.gp., (AM sp.4) 1 Rare Unknown – single recent specimen<br />

Araneae Desidae<br />

Araneae Mimetidae<br />

Forsterina sp.gp (ecribellate)<br />

(AM sp.7)<br />

Australomimetus spp. (AM<br />

sp.1 & ?sp.3)<br />

Araneae Oonopidae Oonops leai 3 + type (SAM) Rare<br />

Araneae Segestriidae Ariandna montana<br />

1 Rare Unknown – single specimen from the 1970’s<br />

5 Rare Rare, all sites below 20m<br />

1 adult, 10 juves +<br />

type (SAM)<br />

Rare (only two adult records, one on Ball’s<br />

Pyramid)<br />

Rare Either rare or too difficult to collect<br />

Araneae Sparassidae Cheiracanthium pallidum 3 + type (SAM) Rare N & ST, all below 50m<br />

Araneae Sparassidae Neosparassus haemorrhoidalis 4 Rare Probably lowlands only<br />

Araneae Theridiidae Crustulina sp. 2 Rare Scattered<br />

Araneae Theridiidae Euryopis sp. (AM sp. 9) 2 Rare Recorded from Mt Lidgbird only<br />

Araneae Thomisidae ?Stephanopis (AM sp. 7) 2 Rare Mt Gower summit only<br />

Araneae Uloboridae Unidentified sp. 1 + unregistered Rare Unknown

---

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 29<br />

Status Order Family Genus Species No. Specimens Abundance Distribution & Comments<br />

Threatened At<br />

Risk<br />

Threatened<br />

At Risk<br />

Threatened At<br />

Risk<br />

Araneae Mysmenidae<br />

Unidentified sp. (AM sp.<br />

2)<br />

20 Locally Common Mt Gower summit area only<br />

Araneae Salticidae Tara gratiosa 22 + types (SAM) Locally common S Only – Mt Gower summit<br />

Araneae Tetragnathidae Nanometa sp. 22 Locally Common Mt Gower summit only

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L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 30<br />

Appendix 3 Threat tables for flora, vegetation communities,<br />

and vertebrate and invertebrate fauna.<br />

Threats are indicated across the top row, with species or communities on the left hand column. The impact <strong>of</strong> each threat is estimated with a value between 0<br />

to 100, where 100 means the threat does not impact upon the species, and 0 means the threat completely removes the habitat <strong>of</strong> the species. Where habitat is<br />

divided into two qualities, a value for each particular quality is assigned and the threat value is proportionalised. A legend <strong>of</strong> the threat codes is provided at<br />

the end <strong>of</strong> this table.<br />

Species<br />

a ) Fl o r a th r e a t ta b l e<br />

Priority<br />

No threat<br />

Thr_01<br />

Thr_02<br />

Thr_03<br />

Thr_04<br />

Thr_05<br />

Thr_06<br />

Thr_07<br />

Thr_08<br />

Thr_09<br />

Thr_10<br />

Thr_11<br />

Thr_12<br />

Thr_13<br />

Alyxia lindii 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Alyxia squamulosa -<br />

Class 1<br />

Alyxia squamulosa -<br />

Class 2<br />

Apium prostratum ssp.<br />

howense<br />

Thr_14<br />

Thr_15<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 90 100 90 20 100<br />

2 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 18 20 20 20 20 20 18 20 100 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 16 20 20 18 20 18 4 20<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 30 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 70 100 100<br />

Asplenium goudeyi 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Asplenium milnei 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 95 100 100 100 50 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 0<br />

Asplenium pteridoides - 2<br />

Class 1<br />

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 20 100<br />

Asplenium pteridoides - 2<br />

Class 2<br />

50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 100 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 10 50<br />

Asplenium surrogatum 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Atractocarpus<br />

stipularis<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 80 100<br />

Thr_16<br />

Thr_17<br />

Thr_18<br />

Thr_19<br />

Thr_20<br />

Thr_21<br />

Thr_22<br />

Thr_23<br />

Thr_24<br />

Thr_25<br />

Thr_26<br />

Thr_27<br />

Thr_28<br />

Thr_29<br />

Thr_30<br />

Thr_31

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L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 31<br />

Blechnum contiguum 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 20 100<br />

Blechnum fullagarii 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 20 100<br />

Blechnum geniculatum 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 5 100<br />

Blechum howeanum 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 40 100 100 100 100 100 40 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100<br />

Boehmeria calophleba -<br />

Class 1<br />

Boehmeria calophleba -<br />

Class 2<br />

Brachyscome<br />

segmentosa<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 60 100 100 60 100 100 100 100 100 60 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

2 30 30 30 30 30 18 30 30 18 30 30 30 30 30 20 30 100 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 20 100 100 100 100 100 20 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 30 100 100 100 100<br />

Caesalpinia bonduc 3 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 15 15 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 5 0<br />

Calystegia affinis 4 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 80 100 100 70 30 30 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 0<br />

Carmichaelia exsul 4 100 100 100 100 100 30 100 100 20 100 100 100 100 100 20 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Cassinia tenuifolia 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 40 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 60 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 0<br />

Cassinia tenuifolia 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0<br />

Celtis conferta 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 60 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0<br />

Cephalomanes<br />

bauerianum<br />

Chamaesyce<br />

psammogeton<br />

Chionanthus<br />

quadristamineus -<br />

Class 1<br />

Chionanthus<br />

quadristamineus -<br />

Class 2<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100<br />

3 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 5 50<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 30 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 20 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

2 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 9 30 100 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 6 30 30 30 30 30 30 30<br />

Chionochloa howensis 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 60 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Coprosma huttoniana 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Coprosma inopinata 4 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 5 100<br />

Coprosma lanceolaris 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Coprosma prisca 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 40 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0

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L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 32<br />

Coprosma putida 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 40 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0<br />

Coprosma sp. nov 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 60 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Corokia carpodetoides 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 20 100<br />

Cryptocarya gregsonii -<br />

Class 1<br />

Cryptocarya gregsonii -<br />

Class 2<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 50 100<br />

2 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 36 40 100 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 36 40 40 40 40 40 20 40<br />

Cyathea brevipinna 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 100<br />

Cyathea howeana 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 100<br />

Cyathea macarthurii 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Cyathea robusta 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Dendrobium macropus<br />

ssp. howeanum<br />

Dendrobium moorei -<br />

Class 1<br />

Dendrobium moorei -<br />

Class 2<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 60 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 100 90 100<br />

2 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 100 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 28.5 30 27 30<br />

Dianella intermedia 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Dietes robinsoniana 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 60 100 100 70 100 100 100 100<br />

Diplazium<br />

melanochlamys<br />

Dracophyllum<br />

fitzgeraldii<br />

Drypetes deplanchei<br />

ssp. affinis - Class 1<br />

Drypetes deplanchei<br />

ssp. affinis - Class 2<br />

Dysoxylum<br />

pachyphyllum<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 100<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 30 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 95 100 0<br />

2 30 30 30 30 30 30 0 30 30 30 24 30 30 30 9 30 100 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 24 30 30 30 30 28.5 30 0<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 60 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Elaeocarpus costatus 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10 80 100 100 100 100 100 50 100<br />

Elatostema grande 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 100

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L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 33<br />

Exocarpus<br />

homalocladus<br />

Ficus macrophylla ssp.<br />

columnaris - Class 1<br />

Ficus macrophylla ssp.<br />

columnaris - Class 2<br />

Gahnia howeana syn.<br />

G. xanthocarpa<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 100 100 100 100 95 100 0<br />

2 30 30 30 30 30 30 0 30 30 30 0 30 30 30 27 30 100 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 28.5 30 30 30 30 28.5 30 0<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100<br />

Geniostoma huttonii 4 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 20 100<br />

Geniostoma petiolosum 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Gonocarpus sp 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 100 100<br />

Grammitis diminuta 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 100<br />

Grammitis nudicarpa 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 20 100<br />

Grammitis watsii 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 20 100<br />

Guoia coriacea 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Hedescepe<br />

canterburyana - Class<br />

1<br />

Hedescepe<br />

canterburyana - Class<br />

2<br />

<strong>Howe</strong>a belmoreana -<br />

Class 1<br />

<strong>Howe</strong>a belmoreana -<br />

Class 2<br />

<strong>Howe</strong>a forsteriana -<br />

Class 1<br />

<strong>Howe</strong>a forsteriana -<br />

Class 2<br />

Hymenophyllum<br />

howense<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 20 100 100 100 95 100 50 100<br />

2 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 100 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 8 40 40 40 38 40 20 40<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 60 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 40 100 100 100 85 20 100 0<br />

2 40 40 40 40 40 40 0 40 40 40 36 40 40 40 24 40 100 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 16 40 40 40 34 8 40 0<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 60 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 40 100 100 100 80 20 100 0<br />

2 40 40 40 40 40 40 0 40 40 40 36 40 40 40 24 40 100 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 16 40 40 40 32 8 40 0<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10 100<br />

Hymenophyllum moorei 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10 100

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L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 34<br />

Korthalsella emersa 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 0<br />

Lagunaria patersonia -<br />

Class 1<br />

Lagunaria patersonia -<br />

Class 2<br />

Lastreopsis<br />

nephrodioides<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 50 100 100 100 20 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 0 100 0<br />

2 50 50 50 50 50 50 0 50 50 50 25 50 50 50 10 50 100 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 35 50 50 50 50 0 50 0<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Lepidium howei-insulae 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 80 100<br />

Lepidium nesophilum 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Lepidorrhachis<br />

mooreana<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 5 100 100 100 95 100 50 100<br />

Leptopteris moorei 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 20 100<br />

Leptospermum<br />

polygalifolium ssp.<br />

howense - Class 1<br />

Leptospermum<br />

polygalifolium ssp.<br />

<strong>Howe</strong>nse - Class 2<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 100<br />

2 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 16 20 100 20 20 20 20 20 20 2 20 20 20 20 20 20 10 20<br />

<strong>Lord</strong>howea insularis 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100<br />

Luzula longiflora 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Machaerina insularis 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 100<br />

Macropiper hooglandii - 2<br />

Class 1<br />

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 60 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100<br />

Macropiper hooglandii - 2<br />

Class 2<br />

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 18 30 100 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 24 30<br />

Marattia howeana -<br />

Class 1<br />

Marattia howeana -<br />

Class 2<br />

Melaleuca howeana -<br />

Class 1<br />

Melaleuca howeana -<br />

Class 2<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 20 100<br />

2 50 50 50 50 50 50 0 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 100 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 10 0<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0<br />

2 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 47.5 50 100 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

---

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 35<br />

Melicope contermina 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Melicope polybotrya 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Melicytus novaezelandieae<br />

ssp.<br />

centurionis<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Metrosideros nervulosa 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 100 98 100 80 100<br />

Metrosideros<br />

sclerocarpa<br />

Negria<br />

rhabdothamnoides -<br />

Class 1<br />

Negria<br />

rhabdothamnoides -<br />

Class 2<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 100 98 100 100 100<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100<br />

2 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 10 100 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 10<br />

Olearia ballii 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100<br />

Olearia elliptica ssp.<br />

praetermissa<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Olearia mooneyi 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 100<br />

Pandanus forsteri -<br />

Class 1<br />

Pandanus forsteri -<br />

Class 2<br />

Passiflora herbertiana<br />

ssp.insula-howei<br />

Phymatosorus<br />

pustulatus ssp.<br />

howensis<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 40 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 98 100 90 0<br />

2 30 30 30 30 30 30 0 30 30 30 12 30 30 30 21 30 100 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 21 30 30 30 29.4 30 100 0<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 20 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 20 100 100 100 100 100 100 0<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 95 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 0<br />

Pimelea congesta 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Pittosporum erioloma 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 60 100 100 100 100 100 50 100<br />

<strong>Plan</strong>tago hedleyi 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 100<br />

Plectorrhiza erecta -<br />

Class 1<br />

2 100 100 100 5 100 100 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 5 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 0

---

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 36<br />

Plectorrhiza erecta -<br />

Class 2<br />

2 60 60 60 3 60 60 0 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 3 60 100 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 54 60 60 0<br />

Polystichum moorei 4 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10 0<br />

Polystichum whiteleggei 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Psychotria carronis 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Pteris microptera 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Rapanea mccomishii 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Rapanea myrtillina 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 50 100<br />

Rapanea platystigma 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 95 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 95 100 0<br />

Senecio howeanus 2 100 100 100 100 100 50 100 100 30 100 100 100 100 100 30 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100<br />

Senecio pauciradiatus 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 20 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 20 100<br />

Sophora howinsula 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 95 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 100 0<br />

Stephania japonica var<br />

timoriensis<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 95 100 100 50 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 95 100 0<br />

Symplocos candelabrum 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Syzygium fullargarii<br />

(syn. Cleistocalyx<br />

fullargarii) - Class 1<br />

Syzygium fullargarii<br />

(syn. Cleistocalyx<br />

fullargarii) - Class 2<br />

Trophis scandens ssp.<br />

megacarpa<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 60 100 100 100 30 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 0<br />

2 30 30 30 30 30 30 0 30 30 30 18 30 30 30 9 30 100 30 30 30 30 30 30 0 24 30 30 30 30 30 30 0<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 95 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 95 100 0<br />

Uncinia debilior 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 100<br />

Wahlenbergia insulaehowei<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Westringia viminalis 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Xylosma maidenii 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 95 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 95 100 0<br />

Xylosma parvifolium -<br />

Class 1<br />

4 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 20 100

---

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 37<br />

Xylosma parvifolium -<br />

Class 2<br />

Zygogynum howeanum<br />

(syn. Bubbia<br />

howeanum) - Class 1<br />

Zygogynum howeanum<br />

(syn. Bubbia<br />

howeanum) - Class 2<br />

4 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 32 40 100 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 32 8 40<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 20 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100<br />

2 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 100 30 30 30 30 30 30 6 30 30 30 30 30 30 24 30

---

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 38<br />

Species<br />

( b ) Ve g e ta ti o n c o m m u n i ty Th r e a t Ta b l e<br />

Priority<br />

No Threat<br />

Thr_01<br />

Thr_02<br />

Thr_03<br />

Thr_04<br />

Thr_05<br />

Thr_06<br />

Thr_07<br />

Thr_08<br />

Thr_09<br />

Thr_10<br />

Thr_11<br />

Thr_12<br />

Thr_13<br />

Aegiceras corniculatum 3 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 30 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 100 100 30 20 0<br />

Alyxia squamulosa -<br />

Coprosma inopinata<br />

Thr_14<br />

Thr_15<br />

3 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Atriplex cinerea 3 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Avicennia marina var.<br />

australasica<br />

3 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 30 20 0<br />

Basalt boulder beach 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 20 100<br />

Boehmaria calcophleba<br />

- Macropiper excelsum<br />

var. psittacorum<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 20 100<br />

Bubbia howeana -<br />

dracophyllum fitzgeraldii<br />

3 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 100 100 100 100 100 100 20 100<br />

Calcarenite/coral<br />

boulder beach<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 20 100<br />

Cassinia tenuifolia 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Cassinia<br />

tenuifolia/Melaleuca<br />

howeana<br />

Cassinia tenuifolia/Poa<br />

poiformis<br />

Chionanthus<br />

quadristamineus<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Chionanthus<br />

quadristamineus/<strong>Howe</strong>a<br />

belmoreana<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Cleistocalyx fullageri 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Thr_16<br />

Thr_17<br />

Thr_18<br />

Thr_19<br />

Thr_20<br />

Thr_21<br />

Thr_22<br />

Thr_23<br />

Thr_24<br />

Thr_25<br />

Thr_26<br />

Thr_27<br />

Thr_28<br />

Thr_29<br />

Thr_30<br />

Thr_31

---

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 39<br />

Cliffs 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 60 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Coral sand and beach 3 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 40 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 20 0<br />

Cryptocarya gregsonii 3 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 60 100 100 100 100 100 60 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 100<br />

Cyperus lucidus 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Dodonaea viscosa 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 100 0<br />

Dracophyllum<br />

fitzgeraldii -<br />

Metrosideros nervulosa<br />

Dracophyllum<br />

fitzgeraldii -<br />

Metrosideros<br />

nervulosa/Lowland<br />

Mixed Forest/Drypetes<br />

australasica - Cry<br />

Drypetes australasica -<br />

Cryptocarya triplinervis<br />

(calcarenite variant)<br />

Drypetes australasica -<br />

Cryptocarya triplinervis<br />

(exposed variant)<br />

Drypetes australasica -<br />

Cryptocarya triplinervis<br />

on Coral<br />

Drypetes australasica -<br />

Cryptocarya triplinervis<br />

on Volcanics<br />

Hedyscepe<br />

canterburyana<br />

3 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 60 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100<br />

3 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 60 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 60 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 50 100<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 60 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 60 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 70 100 90 100 100 60 80 0<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 60 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 95 100 0<br />

3 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 100<br />

Hedyscepe<br />

canterburyana/Boehmar<br />

ia calcophleba -<br />

Macropiper excelsum<br />

var. psittacorum<br />

3 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 20 100<br />

<strong>Howe</strong>a belmoreana 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 95 50 100 0<br />

<strong>Howe</strong>a forsterana on<br />

Coral<br />

3 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 100 100 100 90 50 100 0

---

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 40<br />

<strong>Howe</strong>a forsterana on<br />

Volcanics<br />

<strong>Howe</strong>a<br />

forsterana/Chionanthus<br />

quadristamineus<br />

<strong>Howe</strong>a<br />

forsterana/<strong>Howe</strong>a<br />

belmoreana<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 100 100 100 90 50 100 0<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 100 100 100 90 50 100 0<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 100 100 100 90 50 100 0<br />

Ipomoea cairica -<br />

Carpobrotus glaucescens<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Lagunaria patersonia 4 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 60 100 100 60 100 100 0 10 0<br />

Lowland Freshwater<br />

Community<br />

3 100 100 100 100 100 100 10 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 20 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 30 100 100 20 10 10<br />

Lowland Mixed Forest 3 100 70 100 100 100 100 0 50 70 100 80 100 100 100 50 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 80 100 0<br />

Melaleuca howeana 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Mixed Fern & Herb 2 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 60 100 100 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100<br />

Mixed Fern &<br />

Herb/Melaleuca<br />

howeana<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 60 100 100 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100<br />

Padanus forsteri 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 100<br />

Poa poiformis 3 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 60 60 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

UNTYPED 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Upland Freshwater<br />

Community<br />

3 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10 100<br />

Waterfall Community 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 60 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 10 100

---

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 41<br />

Species<br />

Sea birds:<br />

( c ) Ve r te b r a te Fa u n a Th r e a t Ta b l e<br />

Priority<br />

No Threat<br />

Thr_01<br />

Thr_02<br />

Thr_03<br />

Thr_04<br />

Thr_05<br />

Thr_06<br />

Thr_07<br />

Thr_08<br />

Thr_09<br />

Thr_10<br />

Thr_11<br />

Thr_12<br />

Thr_13<br />

Pacific Golden Plover 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100<br />

Brown Noddy 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 100 100 100 100 95 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Flesh-footed<br />

Shearwater<br />

Thr_14<br />

Thr_15<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 5 100 100 95 80 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 100 100 100 100 80 100 5<br />

Grey Ternlet 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 100 100 100 100 100 100 98 100 100 100 100 100 95 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Kermadec Petrel 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Little Shearwater 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 25 100 100 100 100 100 100 90<br />

Masked Booby 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 98 100 100 100 0 100 100 100<br />

Providence Petrel 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Providence Petrel 2 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 100 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 100 40<br />

Red-tailed Tropicbird 2 100 95 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

Sooty Tern 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 99 99 100 100 100 100 95 100 100 100 100 95 100 100<br />

Wedge-tailed<br />

Shearwater<br />

White-bellied Storm<br />

Petrel<br />

1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 30 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 100 100 100 100 95 100 100<br />

2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100<br />

White Tern 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95<br />

Black-winged Petrel 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 100 95 100 100 100 100 100 100 90<br />

Non-sea bird Vertebrates:<br />

Large Forest Bat 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 100 100 100 90 100 100 95 100 100 100 100 100 95 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 50<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> Gecko 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 20 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 40 95 100 100 100 80 100 20<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> Gecko 2 50 50 50 50 50 50 10 50 50 50 45 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 20 47.5 50 50 50 40 100 10<br />

Thr_16<br />

Thr_17<br />

Thr_18<br />

Thr_19<br />

Thr_20<br />

Thr_21<br />

Thr_22<br />

Thr_23<br />

Thr_24<br />

Thr_25<br />

Thr_26<br />

Thr_27<br />

Thr_28<br />

Thr_29<br />

Thr_30<br />

Thr_31

---

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 42<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> Skink 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 20 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 40 95 100 100 100 80 100 20<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> Skink 2 50 50 50 50 50 50 10 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 20 47.5 50 50 50 40 100 10<br />

Long-finned Eel 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 20 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 98 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 100 100 20 100 20<br />

Short-finned Eel 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 20 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 98 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 100 100 20 100 20<br />

Common Jollytail 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 5 100 100 5 100 0<br />

Bar-tailed Godwit 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100<br />

Double-banded Plover 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100<br />

Eastern Curlew 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100<br />

Emerald Ground-dove 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 98 90 100 100 50 30 100 95 100 100 98 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 100 100 80 100 0<br />

Emerald Ground-dove 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0<br />

Grey-tailed Tattler 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100<br />

Japanese Snipe 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 60 100 100<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> Currawong 3 100 100 100 100 100 100 10 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 100 100 100 95 100 95 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> Golden<br />

Whistler<br />

3 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 90 100 100 50 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 98 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 0<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> Silvereye 3 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 90 100 100 50 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 98 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 0<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> Woodhen 4 100 100 80 100 80 100 10 100 100 98 80 100 100 100 30 100 95 100 100 95 100 100 100 100 95 100 100 100 100 80 100 10<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> Woodhen 4 10 10 8 10 8 10 1 10 10 9.8 8 10 10 10 3 10 9.5 10 10 9.5 10 10 10 10 9.5 10 10 10 10 8 100 1<br />

Red Knot 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100<br />

Red-necked Stint 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100<br />

Ruddy Turnstone 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100<br />

Sharp-tailed Sandpiper 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100<br />

Wandering Tattler 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100<br />

Whimbrel 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100

---

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 43<br />

Species<br />

( d ) In ve r te b r a te g r o u p s th r e a t ta b l e<br />

Priority<br />

No Threat<br />

T_01<br />

T_02<br />

T_03<br />

T_04<br />

T_05<br />

T_06<br />

T_07<br />

T_08<br />

T_09<br />

T_10<br />

T_11<br />

T_12<br />

T_13<br />

Ants 1 100 81 81 100 100 100 6 81 100 100 81 100 100 24 81 81 100 100 100 100 81 3 100 100 100 81 100 100 100 96 24 6<br />

Beetles 1 100 81 81 100 100 100 13 81 100 100 81 100 100 24 81 81 100 100 100 100 81 13 100 100 6 81 81 100 6 96 24 13<br />

Spiders 1 100 81 81 100 100 100 13 81 100 100 81 100 100 24 81 81 100 100 100 100 81 13 100 100 100 81 100 100 100 96 24 13<br />

Snails 1 100 81 81 100 100 100 3 81 100 100 81 100 100 24 81 81 100 100 100 100 81 3 100 100 3 81 81 100 66 96 24 3<br />

Species<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong><br />

Earthworm<br />

( e ) Th r e a te n e d In ve r te b r a te s th r e a t ta b l e<br />

Priority<br />

No Threat<br />

Thr_01<br />

Thr_02<br />

Thr_03<br />

Thr_04<br />

Thr_05<br />

Thr_06<br />

Thr_07<br />

Thr_08<br />

Thr_09<br />

Thr_10<br />

Thr_11<br />

Thr_12<br />

Thr_13<br />

T_14<br />

Thr_14<br />

T_15<br />

Thr_15<br />

4 100 100 95 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 95 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 100 100<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> Phasmid 4 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 95 100 50 100 95 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 50 100 100 0 100 50 0<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> Phasmid 4 50 50 50 50 50 50 0 50 50 50 47.5 50 25 50 47.5 50 100 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 0 25 50 50 0 50 25 0<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong><br />

Cockroach<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong><br />

Cockroach<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong><br />

Placostylus<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong><br />

Placostylus<br />

4 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10 10 100 100 100 100 100 95 100 100 0 100 100 100 100 100 20 0<br />

4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0<br />

4 100 100 70 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 20 100 100 100 30 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10 100 100 100 70 50 50 0<br />

4 25 25 17.5 25 25 25 0 25 25 25 5 25 25 25 7.5 25 100 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 2.5 25 25 25 17.5 12.5 12.5 0<br />

T_16<br />

Thr_16<br />

T_17<br />

Thr_17<br />

T_18<br />

Thr_18<br />

T_19<br />

Thr_19<br />

T_20<br />

Thr_20<br />

T_21<br />

Thr_21<br />

T_22<br />

Thr_22<br />

T_23<br />

Thr_23<br />

T_24<br />

Thr_24<br />

T_25<br />

Thr_25<br />

T_26<br />

Thr_26<br />

T_27<br />

Thr_27<br />

T_28<br />

Thr_28<br />

T_29<br />

Thr_29<br />

T_30<br />

Thr_30<br />

Thr_31<br />

Thr_31

---

Threat codes:<br />

Index Description<br />

Thr_01 Weed invasion - Bitou Bush<br />

Thr_02 Competition and predation from Blackbird &Songthrush<br />

Thr_03 Weed invasion- Bridal Creeper<br />

Thr_04 Competition and predation from Buff-banded Rail<br />

Thr_05 Weed invasion- Cherry Guava<br />

Thr_06 Habitat clearing and modification<br />

Thr_07 Weed invasion - Asparagus Fern<br />

Thr_08 Weed invasion- Cr<strong>of</strong>ton Weed<br />

Thr_09 Predation by Dogs<br />

Thr_10 Edge Effects/Vegetation Dieback<br />

Thr_11 Competition from introduced Pigeon<br />

Thr_12 Competition and predation from introduced frog<br />

Thr_13 Introduced invertebrates<br />

Thr_14 Weed invasion - general (merged)<br />

Thr_15 Weed invasion- Introduced grasses<br />

Thr_16 Herbicide Use<br />

Thr_17 Human Interactions<br />

Thr_18 Predation from Introduced Kestrel<br />

Thr_19 Competition and Predation from Introduced Owl<br />

Thr_20 Weed Invasion - Norfolk <strong>Island</strong> Pine<br />

Thr_21 Competition and Predation from Other Introduced Species<br />

Thr_22 Competition and Predation from LHI Currawong<br />

Thr_23 Impacts from Phytopthora<br />

Thr_24 Predation by the Rodents<br />

Thr_25 Competition and Predation from Introduced Skink<br />

Thr_26 Groundwater Pollution<br />

Thr_27 Weed invasion - Tiger Lily<br />

Thr_28 Collecting (plants and eggs) and Traditional Activities<br />

Thr_29 Trampling Browsing and Grazing<br />

Thr_30 Climate Change<br />

Thr_31 Future Clearing<br />

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 4 3

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Appendix 4 <strong>Biodiversity</strong> Forecasting<br />

Tool<br />

4.1 Methods<br />

Introduction<br />

The LHI BMP aims to provide an overview <strong>of</strong> the<br />

LHIG’s biodiversity, threats and future<br />

management priorities. To achieve this aim, the<br />

LHI BMP considered a large number <strong>of</strong> priority<br />

species and their associated threats to identify<br />

areas <strong>of</strong> particular conservation significance<br />

(biodiversity “hot spot” areas and areas where<br />

threats are causing the most harm to<br />

biodiversity), as well as considering individual<br />

species requirements.<br />

This approach allowed for landscape scale<br />

management actions to be applied where threats<br />

affect large numbers <strong>of</strong> species, while still<br />

providing specific actions to manage individual<br />

species where warranted.<br />

<strong>Biodiversity</strong> Forecasting Toolkit<br />

The <strong>Biodiversity</strong> Forecasting Toolkit (BFT) is a<br />

Geographical Information System (GIS) decision<br />

support tool (DEC 2004). It has been developed<br />

during the past three to four years by the DEC’s<br />

GIS Research and Development Unit.<br />

<strong>Biodiversity</strong> forecasting focuses on estimating the<br />

likely persistence <strong>of</strong> overall biodiversity.<br />

Outcomes from the BFT are modelled using the<br />

best available data on the extent and condition<br />

<strong>of</strong> vegetation types and individual species,<br />

coupled with data and expert knowledge on<br />

various threats and ecological processes. This<br />

approach is well suited to landscape-scale<br />

planning involving multiple management<br />

scenarios.<br />

The LHI BMP is the first time that GIS<br />

biodiversity forecasting has been used for<br />

regional species recovery planning. The result is<br />

an integrated multi-species landscape-level plan<br />

that is considered to be a model for future<br />

regional multi-species recovery plans. In the case<br />

<strong>of</strong> the LHI BMP, the BFT assists with prioritising<br />

conservation management actions and assessing<br />

the potential effectiveness <strong>of</strong> management<br />

scenarios in terms <strong>of</strong> biodiversity outcomes.<br />

The LHI BMP considered a large number <strong>of</strong><br />

species and vegetation communities individually,<br />

including their unique response to habitat,<br />

threats, and management. The BFT approach<br />

used the quantity and quality <strong>of</strong> habitat and the<br />

degree <strong>of</strong> threat operating on the habitat for each<br />

species or vegetation community, to infer the<br />

likelihood <strong>of</strong> species persistence. More complex<br />

biological interactions, such as population<br />

dynamics and the spatial configuration <strong>of</strong> habitat<br />

were not included in the modelling approach.<br />

Methodology<br />

Due to the strong linkage between species<br />

viability and the occurrence <strong>of</strong> suitable habitat,<br />

the amount <strong>of</strong> habitat <strong>of</strong> each species is <strong>of</strong>ten<br />

used as a surrogate for species persistence where<br />

detailed population data is unknown. For flora,<br />

vertebrate fauna, threatened invertebrate fauna<br />

and invertebrate fauna groups, the data used for<br />

the LHI BMP consisted <strong>of</strong> mapped distributions<br />

<strong>of</strong> threatened and priority species and species<br />

groups based on habitat across the LHIG, which<br />

was divided into various quality classes where<br />

applicable.<br />

Although the LHIG is relatively well-studied in<br />

terms <strong>of</strong> its flora and fauna, little <strong>of</strong> this<br />

information was available in a spatial (mapped)<br />

form suitable for GIS processing.<br />

To produce suitable GIS models, habitat and<br />

threat data were derived using information<br />

provided by a wide range <strong>of</strong> people with expertise<br />

in the taxa <strong>of</strong> the LHIG. The original and<br />

current habitat area for each species was mapped<br />

(modelled) using the best available knowledge<br />

and information.<br />

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 4 4

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P a tte r n s o f th r e a te n i n g<br />

p r o c e s s e s<br />

Representing threats in a spatial manner allows<br />

for identification <strong>of</strong> areas that are subject to<br />

multiple threats, or conversely, identification <strong>of</strong><br />

areas that are subject to fewer threats.<br />

Threat information was generated using expert<br />

knowledge and available spatial data. For<br />

example, several prominent weed species had<br />

been mapped and their impact on various<br />

habitats estimated. An example <strong>of</strong> a threat map is<br />

given in Figure A. This shows the distribution <strong>of</strong><br />

the weed Cherry Guava, classified into two<br />

categories <strong>of</strong> high density and low density. Other<br />

threats, such as climate change, were derived by<br />

delineating areas that are most likely to be<br />

Table 1. Spatial threat models used in the LHI BMP<br />

Threats associated with weed<br />

inv asion<br />

susceptible to this threat. This approach is<br />

limited to threats where the spatial distribution<br />

could be mapped or estimated (Table 1). Threats<br />

that could not be spatially represented, such as<br />

long-line fishing, were assessed separately.<br />

T h r e a t r a n k i n g<br />

Different threatening processes have different<br />

levels <strong>of</strong> impact on the biodiversity values <strong>of</strong> the<br />

LHIG. Some threats constitute serious problems<br />

for the biodiversity <strong>of</strong> the LHIG, while others<br />

represent minor impacts.<br />

The predicted impact <strong>of</strong> individual threats were<br />

ranked by estimating the level <strong>of</strong> reduction <strong>of</strong><br />

habitat quantity and quality for each species,<br />

species group or vegetation community.<br />

Threats associated with pest animals<br />

Distribution <strong>of</strong> weed invasion (general) Predation by the Ship Rat<br />

Bitou Bush distribution Competition and predation from the feral Pigeon<br />

Bridal Creeper distribution Competition and predation from Blackbird and Songthrush<br />

Cherry Guava distribution Competition and predation from Buff-banded Rail<br />

Climbing Asparagus distribution Competition and predation from introduced Bleating Tree Frog<br />

Cr<strong>of</strong>ton Weed distribution Competition and predation by introduced House Mouse<br />

Ground Asparagus distribution Predation by domestic Dogs<br />

Lantana distribution Competition and predation by domestic Chicken<br />

Madeira Vine distribution Competition and predation by other introduced species<br />

Norfolk <strong>Island</strong> Pine distribution Competition and predation by introduced ants<br />

Ochna distribution Competition and predation by introduced beetles<br />

Pittosporum distribution Competition and predation by introduced snails<br />

Tiger Lily distribution Competition and predation by introduced spiders<br />

Areas susceptible to invasion by exotic grasses Competition and predation by introduced invertebrates - general<br />

Areas at risk from use <strong>of</strong> herbicide Competition and predation from the Masked Owl<br />

Miscellaneous threats Competition and predation from introduced Skink<br />

Current Phytophthora distribution Predation from Australian Kestrel<br />

Potential distribution <strong>of</strong> Phytophthora Threats from human impacts<br />

Vegetation dieback Habitat clearing and modification<br />

Areas at threat from landslip Trampling, browsing and grazing<br />

Potential distribution <strong>of</strong> introduced pests, weeds and<br />

disease<br />

Areas most at risk from impacts <strong>of</strong> humans<br />

Areas most at risk from climate change Areas most at risk from illegal collection<br />

Threat <strong>of</strong> groundwater pollution Collecting (plants and sea bird eggs) and other traditional activities<br />

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 4 5

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Figure A. An example <strong>of</strong> a threat layer input for the <strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong> <strong>Biodiversity</strong><br />

<strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong> - the distribution <strong>of</strong> Cherry Guava on <strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong> (from Smith 2002)<br />

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 4 6

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Derivation <strong>of</strong> future habitat<br />

An overview <strong>of</strong> the modelling methodology is<br />

outlined in Figure B. This is based on the<br />

original habitat extent <strong>of</strong> a species or vegetation<br />

community, and the threats that are acting upon<br />

each species or community. The future habitat<br />

extent is modelled based on the past habitat<br />

extent, threats and the estimated effectiveness <strong>of</strong><br />

management actions to address threats. The<br />

future habitat extent is the habitat that is<br />

predicted to remain after the impacts <strong>of</strong> threats<br />

have occurred. Priorities for management action<br />

are based on the relative improvements to<br />

biodiversity achieved by treating threats.<br />

Limitations <strong>of</strong> the methodology include its<br />

inability to allow for the partial influence <strong>of</strong><br />

threats that operate over time, nor does it take<br />

into account the potential interactions between<br />

threats. In this project the threat with the<br />

highest estimated impact at any 10m 2 grid cell is<br />

used as the active threat and its impact defines<br />

future habitat quality at that point.<br />

B i o d i v e r s i ty p e r s i s te n c e i n d e x<br />

The objective <strong>of</strong> a biodiversity persistence index<br />

is to identify those species at greatest<br />

conservation risk, and thus maximise the<br />

probability <strong>of</strong> overall species persistence. Each<br />

species and vegetation community was ranked.<br />

The highest ranking was given to species or<br />

communities listed as Endangered on either the<br />

TSC Act or the EPBC Act. The next priority was<br />

vulnerable species, followed by endemics and<br />

then natives (Appendix 1). Invertebrate data<br />

were dealt with in two ways. Individual species<br />

models and rankings were only available for four<br />

threatened invertebrate species. Four<br />

invertebrate groups (ants, spiders, snails and<br />

beetles) were dealt with separately and were<br />

assumed to have equal rank.<br />

An approximate estimate <strong>of</strong> the probability <strong>of</strong><br />

persistence for each species was calculated by<br />

dividing the species’ current habitat area by its<br />

original habitat area, and then raising this<br />

proportion to the power <strong>of</strong> 0.25 (a widely<br />

employed species-area function relating to the<br />

proportion <strong>of</strong> species retained in an area to the<br />

proportion <strong>of</strong> habitat remaining (Figure C). The<br />

curve gives added weight to species which have<br />

suffered the greatest loss <strong>of</strong> habitat. The overall<br />

biodiversity persistence index therefore, is the<br />

sum <strong>of</strong> individual species probabilities.<br />

Figure B. Process for deriving future<br />

habitat from current habitat, threats and a<br />

habitat/threat table<br />

Figure C. Persistence area relationship<br />

assumed for the <strong>Biodiversity</strong> Forecasting<br />

Toolkit<br />

Prioritising management actions<br />

Priority areas for appropriate management are the<br />

areas where species richness is high, where the<br />

habitat <strong>of</strong> those species is vulnerable to threats,<br />

and where management action is considered<br />

effective in ameliorating the threat.<br />

The BFT was used to analyse the potential<br />

benefit to biodiversity <strong>of</strong> any particular<br />

management action. This was modelled by<br />

identifying the maximum threat applying to each<br />

gridcell across the LHIG and then the change to<br />

the biodiversity persistence index if that threat is<br />

removed.<br />

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 4 7

---

The resulting threat consequence layers provide<br />

a prediction <strong>of</strong> where the greatest conservation<br />

gains can be achieved by addressing individual<br />

threats. The consequences <strong>of</strong> individual threats<br />

can also be summed to provide a prediction <strong>of</strong> the<br />

overall priority for conservation action.<br />

The BFT was also used to predict the<br />

effectiveness <strong>of</strong> any particular management<br />

action. Twenty four management actions were<br />

analysed using the BFT. The degree <strong>of</strong> effect <strong>of</strong><br />

each management action on each <strong>of</strong> the threats<br />

were ranked using expert opinion.<br />

Although this approach only considers the ‘major’<br />

spatial threat for each gridcell and is likely to<br />

produce some distortions, it is useful as a guide<br />

to the development <strong>of</strong> management actions. The<br />

potential cost-benefit <strong>of</strong> implementing a<br />

particular management action or a combination<br />

<strong>of</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> actions can be tested using the<br />

BFT and provides a guide to considering the<br />

most appropriate management priorities.<br />

The BFT can be updated as new spatial data<br />

becomes available and the outcomes <strong>of</strong><br />

management actions are monitored and mapped.<br />

This will allow the LHIB to use the BFT to assist<br />

in evaluating the effectiveness <strong>of</strong> the plan<br />

implementation and reporting requirements.<br />

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 4 8

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4.2 <strong>Biodiversity</strong> Forecasting Outputs<br />

Explanation <strong>of</strong> <strong>Biodiversity</strong><br />

Forecasting Outputs<br />

This chapter describes and presents some <strong>of</strong> the<br />

outputs from the BFT. Where relevant,<br />

management actions with the greatest predicted<br />

biodiversity benefits are incorporated into the<br />

management actions listed in Section 6 <strong>of</strong> the<br />

main report.<br />

Habitat richness and threat impacts<br />

Habitat richness and the overall predicted<br />

impacts <strong>of</strong> threats on species groups, vegetation<br />

communities and individual species is discussed<br />

below for each group, and for listed threatened<br />

species and communities.<br />

F l o r a<br />

Habitat richness and endemicity for flora is<br />

greatest in the southern mountains, especially on<br />

the high altitude areas <strong>of</strong> Mounts Gower and<br />

Lidgbird (see Figure 2 in DEC 2006).<br />

Habitat richness after threats are applied<br />

indicates a similar pattern <strong>of</strong> richness, but with<br />

reduced values, i.e. the habitat richness is still<br />

greatest in the southern mountains, but not as<br />

rich. Conversely, some parts <strong>of</strong> the settlement<br />

area drop to zero value (cleared areas).<br />

A high significance <strong>of</strong> the loss <strong>of</strong> biodiversity is<br />

indicated for Sallywood Swamp Forest patches<br />

and threatened plant locations <strong>of</strong> Calystegia affinis<br />

at Old Settlement, and Knicker Nut at Neds<br />

Beach (Figure D). The significance <strong>of</strong> past<br />

clearing in the settlement area is also indicated<br />

very highly.<br />

V e g e ta ti o n c o m m u n i ti e s<br />

Habitat richness for communities does not apply<br />

as there is no overlap in their distributions.<br />

An extremely high level <strong>of</strong> significance <strong>of</strong> the loss<br />

<strong>of</strong> biodiversity is indicated for Sallywood Swamp<br />

Forest Community patches, followed by<br />

Mangrove Communities. The significance <strong>of</strong> the<br />

loss <strong>of</strong> the Waterfall Cliff Community and<br />

Freshwater Instream Communities to overall<br />

biodiversity are also indicated at very high levels.<br />

High levels <strong>of</strong> persistence <strong>of</strong> vegetation<br />

communities are predicted for much <strong>of</strong> the<br />

remainder <strong>of</strong> the LHIG, specifically in the higher<br />

elevations <strong>of</strong> the southern mountains. A high<br />

level <strong>of</strong> persistence is also predicted for <strong>of</strong>fshore<br />

islands.<br />

S e a b i r d s<br />

Habitat richness for sea birds is highest on Roach<br />

<strong>Island</strong>, the southern tip <strong>of</strong> the southern<br />

mountains, followed by Muttonbird <strong>Island</strong>,<br />

Muttonbird Point, other <strong>of</strong>fshore <strong>Island</strong>s and the<br />

northern clifflines (see Figure 3 in DEC 2006).<br />

The settlement area between Neds Beach and<br />

Middle Beach also has a high value, as do the<br />

Lagoon Foreshores. Balls Pyramid was not<br />

included in the BFT analysis.<br />

Habitat richness after threats are applied<br />

identifies threatening processes working most<br />

strongly at Muttonbird Point, the Lagoon<br />

Foreshores, Mount Eliza and the settlement area<br />

from Neds Beach to Clear Place. A high level <strong>of</strong><br />

sea bird habitat richness is predicted to be<br />

maintained on <strong>of</strong>fshore <strong>Island</strong>s, at King Point<br />

and along the northern clifflines.<br />

The persistence <strong>of</strong> sea bird biodiversity is<br />

predicted to be lowest at Muttonbird Point,<br />

followed by areas in the settlement area between<br />

Neds Beach and Middle Beach. These areas are<br />

followed by the <strong>of</strong>fshore islands then remaining<br />

areas <strong>of</strong> identified shoreline and cliffline (Figure<br />

E).<br />

N o n - s e a b i r d v e r te b r a te s<br />

High habitat richness levels are indicated along<br />

the shorelines due to the habitat <strong>of</strong> migratory<br />

waders and shore birds, particularly on the<br />

Lagoon side.<br />

Also indicated highly are areas along<br />

watercourses across the main island due to the<br />

habitat <strong>of</strong> eels and freshwater fish.<br />

Habitat richness after threats are applied predict<br />

a fairly uniform loss <strong>of</strong> habitat across the main<br />

island and adjacent <strong>of</strong>fshore islands.<br />

The persistence <strong>of</strong> biodiversity for non-sea bird<br />

vertebrates is predicted to be lowest in<br />

L o r d H o w e I s l a n d B i o d i v e r s i t y M a n a g e m e n t P l a n 4 9

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watercourse habitats in the Old Settlement<br />

Beach area, Cobby's Corner and Soldiers Creek.<br />

A low overall loss is predicted for much <strong>of</strong> the<br />

rest <strong>of</strong> the main island, but does not include<br />

shoreline areas, indicating that shore bird<br />

habitat is less under threat.<br />

T h r e a te n e d i n v e r te b r a te s<br />

Habitat richness for threatened invertebrates<br />

uses past habitat distributions which include the<br />

<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong> Phasmid and the <strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong><br />

<strong>Island</strong> Wood-eating Cockroach, now extinct on<br />

the main island. Analysis does not include Balls<br />

Pyramid. Threatened invertebrate habitat<br />

richness appears greatest in the settlement area<br />

followed by the lower slopes in the northern and<br />

southern PPP.<br />

Habitat richness is predicted to suffer the<br />

greatest loss after threats have been applied at<br />

the lower altitudes <strong>of</strong> the northern and southern<br />

PPP, and Intermediate Hill.<br />

The persistence <strong>of</strong> biodiversity <strong>of</strong> threatened<br />

invertebrates is predicted to be lowest across<br />

much <strong>of</strong> the lower altitude parts <strong>of</strong> the main<br />

island, including the settlement area, and also<br />

the cleared parts <strong>of</strong> Blackburn <strong>Island</strong> (Figure F).<br />

The most secure areas are indicated in the<br />

higher parts <strong>of</strong> the southern mountains.<br />

I n v e r te b r a te a s s e m b l a g e s<br />

( s n a i l s , s p i d e r s , b e e tl e s ,<br />

a n ts )<br />

Habitat richness for the invertebrate assemblages<br />

used outputs from Cassis et al. (2003), where<br />

species richness was interpolated between survey<br />

sites (see Figures 5 and 6 <strong>of</strong> DEC 2006). Areas <strong>of</strong><br />

high species richness are indicated as patchily<br />

distributed across the main island, namely Far<br />

Flats, Mount Gower, Boatharbour, Intermediate<br />

Hill, Transit Hill, the northern settlement area<br />

(focussed on Stephens Reserve) and Malabar.<br />

After modelled threats are applied, habitat<br />

richness is predicted to suffer a major loss over<br />

the entire main island due to the estimated high<br />

impact <strong>of</strong> rat predation. Offshore islands,<br />

including the Admiralty Group, Muttonbird,<br />

Blackburn and Gower <strong>Island</strong>s, are predicted to<br />

retain a moderate to high level <strong>of</strong> habitat<br />

richness.<br />

The expected persistence <strong>of</strong> invertebrate<br />

biodiversity reflects to a large extent the patterns<br />

<strong>of</strong> richness, indicating areas <strong>of</strong> greatest species<br />

richness suffering the major losses to biodiversity<br />

(Figure G).<br />

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Figure D. Areas <strong>of</strong> predicted biodiversity persistence for flora <strong>of</strong> the LHIG<br />

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Figure E. Areas <strong>of</strong> predicted biodiversity persistence for sea birds <strong>of</strong> the LHIG<br />

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Figure F. Areas <strong>of</strong> predicted biodiversity persistence for threatened invertebrates <strong>of</strong> the LHIG<br />

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Figure G. Areas <strong>of</strong> predicted biodiversity persistence for invertebrate groups<br />

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Taxon Persistence<br />

Taxon persistence is a predicted measure <strong>of</strong> the<br />

likelihood <strong>of</strong> any individual taxa or group <strong>of</strong> taxa<br />

to persist once modelled threats have impacted<br />

upon taxa or groups <strong>of</strong> taxa.<br />

Individual flora species predicted as least likely<br />

to persist were Knicker Nut, Chamaesyce<br />

psammogeton, Coprosma inopinata, Hymenophyllum<br />

howense, Hymenophyllum moorei, Little Mountain<br />

Palm, Mountain Rose (Metrosideros nervulosa)<br />

and Plectorrhiza erecta.<br />

The vegetation communities predicted as least<br />

likely to persist (in order <strong>of</strong> communities at<br />

greatest risk) were: Sallywood Swamp Forest,<br />

Mangroves (Aegiceras corniculatum), Lowland<br />

Freshwater Instream, Upland Freshwater<br />

Instream, Greybark-Blackbutt, Coral Sand and<br />

Beach Dune and the Kentia Palm on coral sand<br />

Communities.<br />

Vertebrate fauna are generally predicted to have<br />

a relatively high probability <strong>of</strong> persistence. This<br />

is likely to be because the impacts <strong>of</strong> significant<br />

threats, such as rodent predation, have already<br />

occurred, including the extinction <strong>of</strong> those<br />

species most susceptible to rodent predation.<br />

The threatened invertebrates (<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong><br />

Earthworm, <strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong> Phasmid, <strong>Lord</strong><br />

<strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong> Wood-eating Cockroach and <strong>Lord</strong><br />

<strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong> Placostylus) are most at risk with a<br />

predicted likelihood <strong>of</strong> persistence at less than<br />

50% given the impact <strong>of</strong> modelled threats.<br />

Individual threatened invertebrate species least<br />

likely to persist are the <strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong><br />

Phasmid, followed by the <strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong><br />

Wood-eating Cockroach, and the <strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong><br />

<strong>Island</strong> Placostylus while the <strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong><br />

Earthworm is predicted to be secure.<br />

S u m m a r y o f H i g h<br />

C o n s e r v a ti o n P r i o r i ty S i te s<br />

The areas <strong>of</strong> greatest conservation priority were<br />

based on those sites indicated to have high<br />

conservation value and the lowest predicted<br />

persistence per species, group or vegetation<br />

community.<br />

Flora<br />

• Threatened plant habitat in, or adjacent to,<br />

the settlement area (Calystegia affinis habitat<br />

on the Max Nicholls track at Old Settlement<br />

and in the southern mountains, Knicker Nut<br />

habitat at Neds Beach and between Signal<br />

Point and Old Settlement Beach).<br />

• The top <strong>of</strong> Mounts Gower and Lidgbird, and<br />

Waterfall Cliff areas in the southern<br />

mountains.<br />

• Chamaesyce psammogeton habitat at Blinky<br />

Beach, Polystichum moorei habitat at Kings<br />

Beach.<br />

Vegetation communities<br />

• Sallywood Swamp Forest sites.<br />

• Mangrove communities, especially those<br />

within the settlement area.<br />

• Upland and Lowland Freshwater Instream<br />

communities and Grey Saltbush community<br />

in the northern hills.<br />

• The remainder <strong>of</strong> vegetated areas in the<br />

settlement area.<br />

Vertebrate fauna<br />

• Watercourses in the settlement area<br />

(Cobby's Corner, Soldiers Creek and Old<br />

Settlement).<br />

• For sea birds, the eastern settlement area<br />

between Neds Beach and Middle Beach,<br />

<strong>of</strong>fshore islands, Muttonbird Point, Signal<br />

Point to Old Settlement Beach.<br />

Threatened invertebrate fauna<br />

• The main island below 300 m elevation and<br />

Blackburn <strong>Island</strong>.<br />

• Sallywood Swamp Forest.<br />

• Soldiers Creek.<br />

• Far Flats, Intermediate Hill, Malabar.<br />

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Threat Consequences<br />

Threat consequences predict what impact each<br />

modelled threat will have on biodiversity<br />

persistence for any group <strong>of</strong> species or individual<br />

species. Areas that are most at risk from each<br />

threat are also identified.<br />

A summary <strong>of</strong> the predicted impacts <strong>of</strong> threats is<br />

provided in Table 2. Those threats that do not<br />

measure an impact, or where impacts are very<br />

minor, are not included. Example maps <strong>of</strong> threat<br />

consequences are provided to illustrate<br />

particular trends or significant areas.<br />

S u m m a r y o f th r e a t<br />

c o n s e q u e n c e s<br />

Threat consequences output by the BFT can be<br />

summarised in two ways; by identifying priority<br />

sites, and by identifying the most significant<br />

threats across all species and vegetation<br />

communities. Priority sites based on biodiversity<br />

values and the most significant threats as<br />

predicted by the BFT are provided below.<br />

There is some repetition in the list <strong>of</strong> sites<br />

depending on areas that were indicated by the<br />

BFT outputs, i.e. some areas indicated were<br />

broad, whereas others pinpointed more specific<br />

areas.<br />

S i te s m o s t u n d e r th r e a t<br />

First priority<br />

• Sallywood Swamp Forest<br />

• Mangrove communities in the settlement<br />

area<br />

• Freshwater instream habitats<br />

• Threatened plant habitat (Calystegia affinis,<br />

Knicker Nut, Polystichum moorei)<br />

• Waterfall Cliff community<br />

Second priority<br />

• Blackburn <strong>Island</strong><br />

• southern mountains, in particular Cloud<br />

Forest, Mountain Palm Forest and Cliffs.<br />

• Coprosma inopinata-Alyxia squamulosa<br />

community (southern mountains)<br />

• settlement area<br />

Third priority<br />

• Coral Sand and Beach community<br />

• eastern settlement area<br />

• Muttonbird Point<br />

• Intermediate Hill<br />

• Old Settlement to Signal Point<br />

• Far Flats<br />

• Shorelines <strong>of</strong> settlement area<br />

• Neds Beach to Clear Place<br />

• Greybark-Blackbutt community<br />

• Mixed Fern and Herbfield community<br />

• Cliffs <strong>of</strong> the northern hills<br />

• Malabar and northern hills<br />

Fourth priority<br />

• Restricted vegetation communities (Grey<br />

Saltbush, Poa poiformis, Bully Bush-Poa,<br />

Leafy Flat Sedge, Hop Bush, Boehmeria<br />

calophleba-Macropiper hooglandii<br />

• Kentia Palm communities<br />

• Lagoon foreshores<br />

• Muttonbird <strong>Island</strong>, and other <strong>of</strong>fshore<br />

islands (except Blackburn <strong>Island</strong>)<br />

• Lowland Mixed Forest community<br />

• Transit Hill<br />

Mo s t s i g n i fi c a n t th r e a ts to<br />

b i o d i v e r s i ty<br />

While the BFT is useful in providing guidance<br />

on the relative significance and predicted<br />

impacts <strong>of</strong> threats, it is important to acknowledge<br />

that only those threats that can be spatially<br />

represented are included in the BFT analyses.<br />

Significant threats such as the potential for new<br />

pest species and disease introductions are not<br />

included here.<br />

The most significant threats identified by the<br />

BFT outputs are:<br />

• Clearing;<br />

• Trampling, browsing and grazing;<br />

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• Weed invasion;<br />

• Ship Rat predation; and<br />

• Climate change.<br />

Table 2. Summary <strong>of</strong> the predicted impacts <strong>of</strong> threats on biodiversity persistence<br />

Threat Consequences<br />

Past Clearing Significant past consequences for vegetation communities throughout the settlement<br />

area. Sallywood Swamp Forest is ranked extremely highly. Other areas that rank very<br />

highly include Mangrove communities and freshwater instream habitats in the<br />

settlement area.<br />

Has significantly impacted on sea bird persistence, particularly in the eastern<br />

settlement area where habitat for sea birds is rich.<br />

A high impact on persistence for threatened invertebrates is predicted in the settlement<br />

area and on Blackburn <strong>Island</strong>. This is influenced by the lost habitat <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong><br />

<strong>Island</strong> Wood-eating Cockroach and the <strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> Placostylus.<br />

Future Clearing Limited to vegetated areas that are at some risk <strong>of</strong> being cleared in the future (Figure<br />

H).<br />

Predicted to be a significant threat for vegetation communities throughout the<br />

settlement area. Remnant areas <strong>of</strong> Mangrove community rank extremely highly.<br />

Greybark-Blackbutt, Kentia Palm on Coral and Coral Sand and Beach Dune<br />

communities rank moderately.<br />

Predicted to have an impact on sea bird persistence, particularly in the eastern<br />

settlement area where habitat for sea birds is rich.<br />

A high level <strong>of</strong> impact is predicted for non-sea bird vertebrates on vegetated creeklines<br />

around Soldiers Creek, Cobby’s Corner and Old Settlement Creek and its tributaries.<br />

A moderate level <strong>of</strong> impact is indicated for the rest <strong>of</strong> the remnant vegetation in the<br />

settlement area.<br />

Clearing is predicted to have a significant impact on persistence for threatened<br />

invertebrates in the settlement area (<strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> Placostylus).<br />

Trampling, browsing and grazing Impacts are patchily distributed across the various vegetation communities <strong>of</strong> the<br />

settlement area. The predicted impact is extremely high for the Sallywood Swamp<br />

Forest community, and for non-sea bird vertebrates in the watercourses in the vicinity<br />

<strong>of</strong> Soldiers Creek.<br />

Weed invasion – combined weed<br />

species<br />

Freshwater Instream and Greybark-Blackbutt communities in the northern settlement<br />

area are indicated at a lower level.<br />

Predicted to have a significant impact across the main island and <strong>of</strong>fshore islands for<br />

flora (Figure I). Very high levels <strong>of</strong> impact are predicted for the threatened plant<br />

Calystegia affinis habitat in the southern mountains and at Old Settlement. High and<br />

moderate levels are also indicated for areas in the southern mountains, especially<br />

clifflines.<br />

Predicted to have a wide extent <strong>of</strong> impact on the non-sea bird vertebrate group,<br />

especially in the southern mountains, northern part <strong>of</strong> Intermediate Hill, Erskine<br />

Creek, Transit Hill and Windy Point.<br />

Predicted to have a moderate level <strong>of</strong> impact on threatened invertebrates for<br />

Blackburn <strong>Island</strong>.<br />

Predicted to have the most significant impact on sea birds in parts <strong>of</strong> the clifflines <strong>of</strong><br />

the northern hills and around to Neds and Middle Beaches, adjacent to Muttonbird<br />

Point and near Boatharbour.<br />

Predicted to have an impact on vegetation communities on a large area on the main<br />

island and <strong>of</strong>fshore islands. Communities most at risk are <strong>of</strong> Greybark-Blackbutt in<br />

the northern hills, areas <strong>of</strong> Saltmarsh (Atriplex sp.), the Boehmeria-Macropiper, followed<br />

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y Poa poiformis and Bully Bush-Poa in the northern hills and <strong>of</strong>fshore islands, Mixed<br />

Fern and Herbfield, Dracophyllum-Metrosideros in the southern mountains, and the rare<br />

and restricted Alyxia-Coprosma also in the southern mountains.<br />

Bitou Bush invasion Predicted to have an impact on sea birds along the clifflines <strong>of</strong> the northern hills, and a<br />

small part <strong>of</strong> the southern mountains on the western part <strong>of</strong> Mount Lidgbird.<br />

Grass Invasion The impacts <strong>of</strong> grass invasion on sea birds is predicted to be most significant on the<br />

Admiralty <strong>Island</strong>s, Muttonbird Point, Muttonbird <strong>Island</strong>, parts <strong>of</strong> the Lagoon<br />

Foreshores, Lovers Bay and King Point.<br />

Ant spider, beetle and snail invertebrate assemblages are predicted to be affected by<br />

grass invasion, especially on Blackburn <strong>Island</strong>.<br />

Cr<strong>of</strong>ton Weed invasion Predicted to have a patchy but relatively high impact on vegetation communities in<br />

the southern mountains. These impacts are within the Mixed Fern and Herbfield and<br />

Waterfall Cliff communities.<br />

Cherry Guava invasion Predicted to have an impact on flora in the southern mountains, both within and<br />

outside <strong>of</strong> the PPP.<br />

Tiger Lily invasion A high level <strong>of</strong> impact is predicted in the Waterfall Cliff community <strong>of</strong> the southern<br />

mountains.<br />

Predation by the Ship Rat The highest impact for flora is predicted in the Cloud Forest on Mounts Lidgbird and<br />

Gower. Moderate impacts are indicated in widespread areas in other parts <strong>of</strong> the<br />

southern mountains as well as areas around North Bay and in the settlement area.<br />

Most significant impact for sea birds on Muttonbird Point. A low impact is indicated<br />

in the northern hills, lagoon foreshores and Neds Beach to Clear Place.<br />

Predicted to have a low level impact on non-sea bird vertebrates across much <strong>of</strong> the<br />

main island. The low impact level most likely reflects that impacts from the Ship Rat<br />

have already occurred, including past species extinctions.<br />

For threatened invertebrates, the highest impact is predicted in uncleared parts <strong>of</strong> the<br />

settlement area and at lower altitude parts <strong>of</strong> the northern and southern PPP. For<br />

invertebrate assemblages, Far Flats and the Get Up Place are the areas indicated as<br />

being most impacted, followed by Boat Harbour, Malabar and parts <strong>of</strong> the settlement<br />

area.<br />

The vegetation communities predicted to be most significantly impacted are Kentia<br />

Palm, Blue Plum and Curly Palm communities.<br />

Predation by Dogs Low level impact predicted on sea birds and shoreline wading birds indicated at Clear<br />

Place, Middle Beach, Blinky Beach, Lagoon Foreshores and the eastern coastline.<br />

Ground water pollution High level <strong>of</strong> impact for non-sea bird vertebrates where potential septic pollution <strong>of</strong><br />

watercourses may occur.<br />

Climate change Predicted to have a minor impact on sea bird persistence on the coastline where nesting<br />

habitat most commonly occurs.<br />

Relatively low level <strong>of</strong> impact predicted for shore birds.<br />

For flora, areas predicted as being most impacted include Knicker Nut habitat,<br />

Waterfall Cliff areas, habitat for the Endangered fern Polystichum moorei in the<br />

southern mountains, Cloud forest and Alyxia squamulosa-Coprosma inopinata<br />

community in the southern mountains.<br />

Vegetation communities predicted to be most impacted include Mangrove, freshwater<br />

and Waterfall Cliff Communities, cloud forest and much <strong>of</strong> the coastline areas.<br />

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<strong>Management</strong> scenarios and review<br />

<strong>of</strong> management<br />

The BFT allows for a number <strong>of</strong> conservation<br />

management actions to be analysed together as<br />

management scenarios to predict each scenario’s<br />

overall benefit to biodiversity. A management<br />

scenario, for example, may consist <strong>of</strong> rat<br />

eradication, fencing and weed control<br />

management actions.<br />

It is also possible to introduce the cost <strong>of</strong><br />

implementing each management action within<br />

each scenario and thereby estimating the<br />

cost/biodiversity benefit <strong>of</strong> each scenario, thus<br />

allowing an assessment <strong>of</strong> which scenario has the<br />

greatest biodiversity benefit given the financial<br />

cost <strong>of</strong> actions. This capability can be used to<br />

assist with prioritising management scenarios.<br />

The BFT can also be used to review the impact <strong>of</strong><br />

implementation <strong>of</strong> management actions and<br />

scenarios and to identify future priorities. It is<br />

possible to input management scenarios and costs<br />

for the LHI BMP but time constraints have not<br />

allowed this capability to be realistically<br />

presented for this report.<br />

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Figure H. Areas where future clearing is predicted to have the greatest impact on sea birds<br />

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Figure I. Areas where weed invasion is predicted to have the greatest impact on flora<br />

biodiversity values<br />

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References<br />

DEC 2004, Nandewar WRA Landscape Conservation, Report for the Resource and Conservation<br />

Assessment Council (RACAC). NSW Western Regional Assessment, coordinated by NSW<br />

<strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> Infrastructure, <strong>Plan</strong>ning and Natural Resources, Report no. NAND01, <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />

Environment and Conservation (NSW), C<strong>of</strong>fs Harbour.<br />

DEC 2006, <strong>Lord</strong> <strong>Howe</strong> <strong>Island</strong> <strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong>. Main Report. <strong>Biodiversity</strong> Conservation<br />

Section, <strong>Department</strong> <strong>of</strong> Environment and Conservation, C<strong>of</strong>fs Harbour.<br />

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