Government of the Republic of Sierra Leone - Bumbuna Hydro ...

June 2007 

Government of the 

Republic of Sierra Leone 

Ministry of Energy and Power 

Completion of the Bumbuna Hydroelectric 

Project 

Baseline Biodiversity Surveys 

Baseline Botanical Survey 

Final Report 

(BBS – 3)

Completion of the Bumbuna Hydroelectric 

Project 

Baseline Biodiversity Surveys 

Baseline Botanical Survey 

Final Report 

The Baseline Biodiversity Surveys were conducted by: 

Nippon Koei UK Co Ltd, 61/63 Crockhamwell Road, Woodley, Reading, Berkshire, RG5 3JP, 

UK: Tel +44 (0)118 927 7550, Email info@nkuk.co.uk 

in association with: 

Marine Resources Assessment Group, 18, Queen Street, London W1J 5PN, UK; 

The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK; and 

The Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London NW1 4RY, UK. 

This report was authored by Dr William Hawthorne, Department of Plant Sciences, University of 

Oxford. 

Cover Photographs: 

Chidlowia sanguinea 

Pterocarpus 

santalinoides / 

Uapaca heudelotii 

Crinum natans 

Diospyros heudelotii

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Contents 

SUMMARY......................................................................................................... V 

1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1 

1.1. THE FLORA AND BIOGEOGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK .................................. 2 

1.1.1. History and knowledge of floristic research .................................................. 2 

1.2. OBJECTIVES........................................................................................................... 7 

1.2.1. Terms of reference............................................................................................ 7 

2. METHODS.................................................................................................... 9 

2.1. INTRODUCTION TO RAPID BOTANIC SURVEY........................................... 9 

2.2. INCEPTION AND EVOLUTION OF THE PLANNED WORK ........................ 9 

3. RESULTS .................................................................................................... 11 

3.1. RBS SAMPLES ...................................................................................................... 11 

3.2. SPECIES IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIMENS................................................ 16 

3.2.1. Species –Sample curves.................................................................................. 17 

3.2.2. Ordination of Samples and the variation in vegetation.............................. 17 

3.2.3. Bioquality (GHI) of the Samples................................................................... 19 

4. INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS......................................................... 21 

4.1. THE GHI AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE ................................................................. 21 

4.2. THE TYPES OF GALLERY VEGETATION ..................................................... 22 

4.3. FOREST REMNANTS IN THE LANDCAPE SURROUNDING THE MAIN 

STUDY AREA..................................................................................................................... 24 

5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................... 27 

REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 31 

APPENDICES ................................................................................................... 35 

APPENDIX A – RAPID BOTANIC SURVEY, THE STAR SYSTEM, AND THE 

GENETIC HEAT INDEX (GHI) ...................................................................................... 35 

Stars 36 

Calculation of Genetic heat index (GHI) ...................................................................... 37 

APPENDIX B –CHECK LIST .......................................................................................... 40 

APPENDIX C– ORDINATION: SELECTED SPECIES ............................................... 52 

APPENDIX D - SOME ORCHIDS OF THE BUMBUNA VALLEY............................. 60 

APPENDIX E - PHOTOGRAPHS.................................................................................... 62 

Nippon Koei UK, MRAG, NHM and ZSL i Botanical survey – Final Report

Contents 

TABLE OF FIGURES 

Figure 1: Map of the Upper Guinea forest zone............................................................................ 3 

Figure 2: Map of the Upper Guinea forest zone showing distribution of various types of 

species ........................................................................................................................................... 4 

Figure 3: Map showing RBS sample locationsTable 1: Summary of RBS samples .................11 

Table 1: Summary of RBS samples............................................................................................ 12 

Figure 3: Species x sample curve .................................................................................................. 17 

Figure 4: Graph of first two axes of Decorana ordination of RBS samples, showing logical 

groupings of samples ................................................................................................................... 18 

Figure 5: GHI (circle size) plotted against vegetation types (axis 1 and 2 from Decorana) .... 19 

Figure 7: Variation in GHI across Ghana.................................................................................... 39 

TABLE OF TABLES 

Table 1: Summary of RBS samples............................................................................................ 12 

Table 2: Star categories showing numbers of species in each, as currently defined for Upper 

Guinea ......................................................................................................................................... 37 

Table 3: Sample of some Upper Guinea samples of plants, showing the numbers of species of 

each Star and the GHI calculated from that ............................................................................. 38 

Botanical survey – Final Report ii Nippon Koei UK, MRAG, NHM and ZSL

GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS 

Contents 

BHP Bumbuna Hydroelectric Project 

BWMA Bumbuna Watershed Management Authority 

CBD Convention on Biodiversity 

dbh diameter at breast height 

DFID Department for International Development (UK) 

DRP Dam Review Panel 

EA Environmental Assessment 

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment 

EMP Environmental Management Plan 

EU European Union 

FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation (of the United Nations) 

GEF Global Environment Fund 

GHI Genetic Heat Index (biodiversity hot-spot score for plant community- 

see Appendix 1) 

GIS Geographic Information System 

GOI Government of Italy 

GOSL Government of Sierra Leone 

GSBA Globally Significant Biodiversity Area 

ha Hectare 

HQ Headquarters 

IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural 

Resources; World Conservation Union 

km Kilometre 

MAFFS Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Security 

mm millimetre 

NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 

NKUK Nippon Koei UK Co. Ltd. 

PMF Probable Maximum Flood 

SIV Species Importance Value 

ToR Terms of Reference 

UN United Nations 

WWF World Wide fund for Nature 

We are grateful to Wageningen Herbarium for allowing us access to their database of 

specimens collected in Sierra Leone. 

Nippon Koei UK, MRAG, NHM and ZSL iii Botanical survey – Final Report

SUMMARY 

Summary 

A Rapid Botanic Survey of the vegetation to be affected by the Bumbuna 

Hydroelectic Project is described. The team conducted a month-long study of 31 

main samples in a variety of patches of gallery forest, generating 1,350 herbarium 

specimens of about 450 species identified at the time of writing, representing 

about 20% of all woody forest species in Upper Guinea (Africa, west of Togo). 

The data from this survey were examined in biogeographic context, especially by 

analysis of a weighted global-rarity score, which reveals that some of the forest 

along the Seli River is of very high biodiversity value for plants, with respect to 

standards defined elsewhere in West Africa. This high biodiversity value is 

indicated by a ‘Genetic Heat Index’ described in detail in the report, whereby 

higher scores indicate communities of plants with a higher proportion of species 

endemic to smaller parts of the world. The plant communities in the Bumbuna 

valley include many fragments with a biodiversity value within the top 5% of 

values for samples of forest in the whole Upper Guinea region. Equivalent 

communities in Ghana would be defined as ‘very hot’ spots and would thereby 

have earnt a high eligibility for inclusion in Globally Significant Biodiversity 

Areas that have been established there with support from GEF funds. 

Forest and thickets on higher ground are of some equivalent value to the thin strip 

of gallery forest within 10m of the current water level, but their conservation will 

not compensate entirely for the loss of the gallery fragments near the water, 

especially at the southern end of the reservoir. Two tree species appear rather 

different from their relatives elsewhere in Upper Guinea, and could represent new 

varieties. However, material from the Loma and Tingi Mountains may also show 

the same distinctive features, and as far as is known there are no very distinct 

plant species endemic to the Seli valley. 

The significance of the loss of the riparian plant community is increased further 

by two facts: that the Seli river valley represents a forest corridor linking 

fragmented forest relicts; and the unusual vegetation types of the area are of very 

limited global distribution at the extreme of the forest zone of West Africa. 

Although the forest that will be lost by flooding of the valley therefore has a high 

value as a corridor and in terms of the plant species content, it could also be 

argued that its current highly disturbed state and small extent diminishes its 

biodiversity significance, in the context of either management potential or 

potential as a refuge for associated animal diversity. This is particularly so, as the 

Nippon Koei UK, MRAG, NHM and ZSL v Botanical survey – Final Report

Summary 

benefits of the dam to Sierra Leone arguably stand to benefit the country in a way 

which will help conserve biodiversity on a broader canvas. It is therefore very 

important that the BHP does not continue to allow the biodiversity in the Seli 

catchment to be eroded more than is essential, and really does proactively seek to 

improve the conservation of similar vegetation on a broader scale. 

Realistically, these trees and plant communities in the reservoir basin will be lost 

in 2007, and attention is therefore focussed on how to compensate for this 

significant loss. The protection of Loma Mountains as an ‘offset’ has been 

proposed previously, but that area is deserving of conservation in any case. 

Conservation of the Loma forests may not entirely address the distinctive features 

of the gallery forests of the type seen near Bumbuna. It is therefore recommended 

that, in addition to supporting the protection and management of the Loma 

Mountains, the BHP should promote a thorough botanic survey of the 

composition of other gallery forests and other forest patches, large and small, 

across Sierra Leone, for comparison with those described here at and around 

Bumbuna. This should be a long-term botanic survey project which will also 

provide an ideal training ground for the much-needed restoration of herbaria and 

botanical training. One of the many useful outputs of this project should be the 

demarcation and protection of fragments of gallery forest up- and down-stream of 

the dam, where the unusual Bumbuna communities and varieties of plant still 

grow; another should be the encouragement of regeneration of local species in 

previously eroded areas, e.g. around the northern end of the reservoir, whereby 

regeneration of similar forests can be attempted by transplantation and natural 

regeneration with protection. In anticipation of this, seedlings and saplings of 

rarer plants could perhaps be collected from the gallery fragments to be flooded 

and held in nurseries, employing local villagers to care for such trees until they 

can be planted appropriately. 

Botanical survey – Final Report vi Nippon Koei UK, MRAG, NHM and ZSL

1. INTRODUCTION 

Chapter 1 - Introduction 

This is a report of a rapid floristic survey of the vegetation that will be affected by 

the Bumbuna Hydroelectric Project (BHP) activities along the Seli River, mostly 

in the valleys between Bumbuna and Kafogo. Other separate reports examine the 

potential effects of the project on various groups of animal species. 

The current study follows an earlier report on the flora and vegetation of the same 

area (NKUK, 2005). The earlier report included sections describing the vegetation 

from a forestry perspective, with tree basal areas and stem counts in measured 

plots in mixed farmbush, woodland savanna and gallery (riparian) forest, with 

limited attention to herbarium specimens of non-trees, and rarities. Some of the 

forest described that short time ago has already been destroyed, and it is felt that 

more information is needed on populations of critical, maybe endangered, plant 

species in this barely studied and highly deforested region. 

The focus is on the riverine vegetation of the Seli and Mwalogo rivers, south of 

Kabala and around and to the north of Bumbuna, and especially the gallery forests 

or thickets. There are many different shades of vegetation that can come under the 

title “gallery”, which might refer to vegetation 1m or even 1km from a river, 

depending on context. The primary interest is that vegetation which is to be 

flooded upstream of the Bumbuna dam. However, the study includes adjacent 

vegetation above the high water mark or just downstream of the dam, that may 

also be lost or which may need conservation measures as a consequence of 

immediate repercussions of the flooding. This range of forest and thicket in the 

study area is referred to as the “Bumbuna-Seli vegetation”. However, in order to 

build up a clearer ecological picture and perspective, some thicket, savanna and 

other vegetation, which will probably not be directly affected by the inundation of 

the valley has also been observed or sampled around the core Bumbuna-Seli study 

area. 

Nippon Koei UK, MRAG, NHM and ZSL 1 Botanical survey – Final Report


1.1. THE FLORA AND BIOGEOGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK 

Some of the relevant terms and concepts are described below to set the 

background for the study. 

1.1.1. HISTORY AND KNOWLEDGE OF FLORISTIC RESEARCH 

The earliest plant collections in Sierra Leone were made by Smeathmann, at 

Freetown in 1772; and from 1792 by Afzelius. The first collections clearly from 

around the present study area were amongst those made in the 20th century by 

Thomas (1913-14), Deighton (1926-56) and others. The very meagre herbarium 

collections from the area from past researchers include some of the species found 

in the present study, but some of their records were not re-found, and many found 

in the present study have not been reported before. 

The Bumbuna/Seli area is, in biogeographic terms, in the western part of Upper 

Guinea, the originally forested region from Togo to Senegal, and a biogeographic 

sub-unit of the Guineo-Congolian region (sensu White (1983)), the latter of which 

extends from Senegal to Uganda and the Congo basin. White’s ‘chorological’ 

regions - or regional centres of endemism - are defined explicitly in terms of 

plant species’ ranges, so are useful terms when considering the conservation of 

biodiversity per se, rather than that of forest cover in general. 

On continental or regional scale vegetation maps like White’s, the Bumbuna/Seli 

area lies close to the forest-savanna boundary, and (therefore) close to the 

boundary between Upper Guinea and the Guinea-Congolia/Sudanian regional 

transition zone. These maps highlight the very significant shift that occurs, 

apparently immediately to the north of the Bumbuna/Seli area, from forest zone to 

the savanna which runs in a rather homogeneous belt across Africa south of the 

Sahara to Sudan and contains fewer pockets of rare species of global conservation 

concern than the dwindling forest zone. 

Map 1 (from Hawthorne and Jongkind, 2006), includes the western part of Upper 

Guinea and the present study area. On continental scale distribution maps like 

this, many Upper Guinean forest species reach their apparent north-west limit 

within or near Bumbuna/Seli, although exploration of valleys further north and 

west is far from complete. 

Botanical survey – Final Report 2 Nippon Koei UK, MRAG, NHM and ZSL

Figure 1: Map of the Upper Guinea forest zone 




Figure 2: Map of the Upper Guinea forest zone showing distribution of various types of species 



The forest-savanna boundary on maps like this does not imply a continuous wall 

of forest at any scale, but separate regions where it is assumed forest would have 

dominated before agriculture, and others where forest is restricted to small patches 

and galleries along rivers, within a fire–dominated savanna. In the forest mosaic 

in maps of the Seli valley itself (for instance, NKUK et al. 2005), one can see the 

effects of farming patterns, local topography (and hence rainfall, wind and fire), 

soils and history on the forest-savanna balance. Savanna dominates at all parts of 

the compass around the line of forest in the study area. A 360° tour around the 

study area, from Bumbuna to Kabala via Kafogo, and back via the Kondembaia 

road (as made on March 24th-25th), passes almost entirely through Guinean 

savanna, except for a short forest section in the south east, and many very small 

fragments of forest along the eastern road though Kondembaia, past lake Sanfon. 

The forest type boundaries in Figure 1 and Figure 1: Map of the Upper Guinea 

forest zone 

also summarise some trends in species distribution underlying differences 

between the forests in the east and the west of the Upper Guinea region. In 

particular, there is a line on the map showing the limit of ‘West Guinean gallery’ 

species, several of which are discussed in the present report. These species are 

endemic to the western part of Upper Guinea but often have a range which 

extends beyond the generalised limits of the forest zone. 

In the ecoregion paradigm adopted by, for instance, WWF, the forests in the study 

area are Western Guinea Lowland Forests, covering the lowlands between the 

Sassandra River in Ivory Coast and Guinea. A major factor shaping the western 

Upper Guinea forest composition is believed to be the relatively high annual 

rainfall (more than 3m in some places) coupled with a very pronounced dry 

season. A modest shared set of ‘western’ endemic species stretches from the study 

area south-eastwards to Monrovia and then Cape Palmas in Liberia, close to the 

border with Ivory Coast. On the other hand, some of the western species, e.g. 

Anisophyllea laurina, stretch from the study area to the northern and western 

limits of the western gallery forest zone indicated, where the annual rainfall is 

much lower. 

However, many rare plants transgress or straddle the boundary between the 

Western Guinea Lowland Forest ecoregion and other parts of Upper Guinea, so 

the term is of limited value when categorising patterns for conservation purposes. 

Similarly, the high altitude vegetation of the Nimba and Loma mountains near to 



the study area belong to a separate ecoregion, but this disguises significant 

similarities. 

To consider the context of the Bumbuna-Seli species composition on a finer scale, 

forest classifications made by foresters for practical use can be consulted In this 

context, the forest remnants in Sierra Leone have been grouped into Moist 

Evergreen and Moist Semi-deciduous forest types (Cole 1968, Savill and Fox 

(1969), Vooren and Sayer 1992, Mayers et al. 1992; Lebbie (web page, undated)). 

In the study region the forest-savanna boundary runs close to the limits of some 

evergreen forest indicator species, like Strephonema pseudocola and 

Gilbertiodendron preussii, as revealed from herbaria and forest inventories. In 

other words the gradient of forest type from evergreen forests through semideciduous 

forests to savanna in this area is very steep, whereas, in eastern Upper 

Guinea, the gradient is much shallower and a much broader belt of semideciduous 

forest is easily recognised. The local variation is particularly extreme 

because of steep topographic and dry-season moisture gradients, with particularly 

high levels of rainfall (3m in Makeni, to the south compared with 2.3m in Kabala, 

in the north of the study area) associated with the hills around Bumbuna; and dry 

season mist and moisture associated with the permanent Seli River itself. 

Wet evergreeen or ‘hygrophilous’ forest (Hall and Swaine 1981; White, 1981) or 

even wetter ‘hyper-wet’ evergreen forests (e.g. Voorhoeve 1965, Hawthorne & 

Jongkind 2006, see Figure 1) exist in Liberia and parts of the Sierra Leonean Gola 

forests. The hyper-wet forests are distinguished by the presence of species like 

Tetaberlinia tubmanniana (see e.g. Poorter et al. 2005), and the more widespread 

wet evergreen forests (Hall and Swaine, 1981) are distinguished by a broader 

range of species which, on the whole, do not occur further west that the Gola 

forests in eastern Sierra Leone. However, the Bumbuna-Seli vegetation is poorly 

known and with a 3m rainfall and groundwater it would not be surprising to find 

traces of these wetter evergreen forest types also. 

Beyond these generalities and the earlier NKUK reports, there was much to learn 

about the Bumbuna-Seli flora at the start of the brief survey, and great potential 

for the discovery of unexpected combinations of species and extensions to the 

known ranges of species. Clearly, as a step towards understanding the significance 

of the Bumbuna-Seli vegetation in the broader context, sampling and analysis is 

needed. 


1.2. OBJECTIVES 

1.2.1. TERMS OF REFERENCE 


The TORs for the current Baseline Flora Survey were defined in general terms as: 

• To review existing information and conduct new surveys of ‘trees and 

plants’ using internationally accepted scientific methods suitable to the 

habitat of the Bumbuna area. 

• To survey the trees and other plants in the different areas. 

• To identify the importance of the riparian forests within Sierra Leone and 

West Africa. 

• To highlight the significance of these plants. 

In summary, the main aims of the current floristic study were to: 

• Build a geo-referenced, plant diversity database for the study area, 

particularly with respect to sampling the vegetation and recording as broad 

a range of species as possible in the time available for field work; 

• Compile globally available information on the plant species of the area 

with the (locally obtained) results of a rapid botanic survey, especially for 

the most vulnerable vegetation types there. (Restricted preparatory time 

for the study limited how much information could be compiled, so this 

mainly involved highlighting the globally rarer species. ) 

• Combine the two strands of local and global data, to highlight variations in 

vegetation type and any priority areas from a global conservation 

perspective. This database can form the basis of recommendations for 

protective action, and the potential mitigation value for other proposed 

conservation areas. 


2. METHODS 

2.1. INTRODUCTION TO RAPID BOTANIC SURVEY 

Chapter 2 - Methods 

The main method employed for the current study was Rapid Botanic Survey 

(RBS) of samples of vegetation throughout the valley. The RBS methodology (see 

Appendix A) was developed by the author and colleagues as the basis for rapid 

assessment of the plant biodiversity resources of tropical vegetation, highlighting 

distribution and hotspots of globally rare species and major variations in 

vegetation type. This simple technique was initially developed for Ghana, but is 

now used elsewhere in the tropics (see Hawthorne and Abu Juam, 1993; 

Hawthorne, 1995; Gordon et al. etc., see also Appendix A). 

One of the main uses of RBS data involves analysis of species composition in 

terms of “Stars”, which are categories of global rarity defined for species, and a 

hotspot index, or the Genetic Heat Index (GHI) for patches of vegetation. GHI is 

an index based on the relative number of species in each of the various Star 

categories present in the sample. In brief, if the vegetation has a high proportion 

of globally rare species it will have a high GHI. 

2.2. INCEPTION AND EVOLUTION OF THE PLANNED WORK 

The first five days of field work involved training the field team in RBS 

techniques and assessing their skills. There were sufficient staff for a single RBS 

team, and because of the local participants’ limited prior knowledge of the plants 

of the current study area, the survey personnel remained as a single team for all 28 

days of the survey. 

Most records were made as herbarium specimens, which involved the drying of 

more than 100 plant specimens per day. Hence a (heavy) 1.5 kilowatt drying oven 

was made, using light bulbs as the heat source. A few days of trial and error (not 

to mention melted sockets and cables) at the start of the field work were needed to 

obtain a safe and efficient temperature for this oven. After the trial, it was 

operated full-time throughout the field survey period. 

Due to the logistical difficulties of collecting data and especially of collecting and 

drying many specimens from the more remote parts of the valley, the team first 

familiarised itself with the flora by sampling the more accessible northern 

(Kafogo area) and southern (Bumbuna area) thirds of the valley. In the final 


Chapter 2 - Methods 

week, whilst a start was made by some of the team sorting and identifying the 

many specimens collected, the other four people made a four-day observational 

walk from the north to the south, with a single plant press and a light load of 

pressing paper, recording species in geo-referenced vegetation patches, but 

collecting only those species not noted in the valley previously. The guidelines for 

this journey are included in Appendix C. 

Very few species which had not been seen at either end were found during this 

walk, although the team did record interesting large areas of Gilbertiodendron sp. 

aff bilineatum forest and Raphia palma-pinus swamps. Some previously 

undetected species, e.g. Xylopia parviflora, were neither unexpected, nor rare. It is 

concluded from this and from conversations with the primate and archaeological 

teams, that there are likely to be few botanical surprises in the less accessible 

stretches of the river, and that data mainly from the two end sections of the valley 

provide a reasonable picture of the whole. 

Nippon Koei UK, MRAG, NHM and ZSL 10 Floristic survey – Final Report

3. RESULTS 

3.1. RBS SAMPLES 

Chapter 3 - Results 

The 31 RBS samples enumerated are summarised in Figure 3, with descriptive 

detail in Table 1. A complete check-list of results, showing the distribution of 

species by sample, is included as Appendix B. 

Figure 3: Map showing RBS sample locations 



Sample 

BUFT01 

BUHS01 

BUHT05 

BULS01 

BULS02 

BULS03 

BULS03 

B 

BULS04 

BULS05 

BURK01 

Date 

21/03/2006 

17/03/2006 

28/03/2006 

17/03/2006 

18/03/2006 

22/03/2006 

25/03/2006 

22/03/2006 

25/03/2006 

18/03/2006 

Table 1: Summary of RBS samples 

Note 

Forest-thicket (apparently about 6m since 

most was farmed), along Seli river, west bank 

< 15m above river edge, north of Bumbuna 

dam. Commonest large trees: Dialium 

guineense, Hymenocardia lyrata, 

Aphanocalyx pteridophyllus, Musanga, 

Nippon Koei UK, MRAG, NHM and ZSL 12 Floristic survey – Final Report 

Alt. 

(m) 

Lat. 

(DD) 

Long 

(DD) 

No. 

Trees 

No. 

Spp. 

Pterocarpus santalinoides 185 9.083017 -11.720933 55 49 233 

NW of Bumbuna dam; west slopes above Seli 

(/Rokel) river, about 200m above river. Nr 

explosives store towards where it starts it to 

descend steeply; in thicket /n thicket / old farm 

bush of 3-5 years fallow. Canopy c. 3-4m. 

Dichrostachys and other sun-loving plants. 330 9.092167 -11.724833 57 52 131 

Hensira hill, nr Kegbema. Ridge top sample. 

Xylopia aethiopica, Funtumia africana and 

many other common 

secondary/semideciduous forest species. 

West bank and steep slope of/above Seli 

(/Rokel) river, c. 1-50m above river bed, c. 3- 

400m south of Bumbuna dam, from 

construction road/gravel piles southwards; 

high rain forest of Brachystgegia, 

Pentaclethra , Aphanocalyx pteridophyllus, 

GHI 

429 9.006383 -11.702100 100 75 158 

Daniellia 192 9.059333 -11.722667 46 39 257 

West bank and steep slope of/above Seli 

(/Rokel) river, c. 1-50m above river bed, c. 

700 m south of Bumbuna dam; high rain 

forest of Brachystgegia Pentaclethra , 

Aphanocalyx pteridophyllus, Daniellia 

thurifera, Samananea dinklagei, Carapa 193 9.059000 -11.724000 61 54 271 

Well developed high gallery forest on steep 

East bank of Seli river c. 800m above 

Bumbuna dam. Milicia regia, Aphanocalyx, 

Garcinia kola, Calpocalyx brevibracteatus, 

Trichoscypha longifolia. 



Bumbuna dam (subsample from same areas 

as BULS03, in area with many Phyllocosmus 

africanus) 


East bank of Seli river c. 800-1000m above 

Bumbuna dam. Anisophyllea meniaudii, 

Dialium guineense and Brachystegia 

leonensis common canopy trees. 



Bumbuna dam. >5m above normal high water 

mark. Dacryodes klaineana very common 

canopy tree. 

Rocky river bed, c. 300-700 m south of 

Bumbuna dam. No canopy - just the few 

resilient specialists that can tolerate periodic 

flooding and drought. 

184 9.084300 -11.719883 86 71 249 

186 9.076000 -11.719500 55 46 221 

184 9.087883 -11.719717 105 79 255 

211 9.085167 -11.719833 61 46 277 

193 9.059000 -11.724000 23 9 129

Sample 

BURS01 

BURS02 

BURS06 

BURS07 

BURS08 

BURS08 

A 

BUSF01 

BUSM01 

KAHS01 

KAHS02 

Date 

15/03/2006 

25/03/2006 

24/03/2006 

27/03/2006 

27/03/2006 

27/03/2006 

07/04/2006 

28/03/2006 

30/03/2006 

30/03/2006 

Note 

East bank of Seli (/Rokel) river, just below 

Bumbuna waterfall mostly in floodable area 

(North of Bumbuna village and south of 

Bumbuna dam). 

Many rocks and boulders around. Soil 

generally sandy. Brachystegia and 

Pentaclethra common in the canopy with 


Botanical survey – Final Report 13 Nippon Koei UK, MRAG, NHM and ZSL 

Alt. 

(m) 

Lat. 

(DD) 

Long 

(DD) 

No. 

Trees 

No. 

Spp. 

many other pioneer and riverine trees. 120 9.052167 -11.736167 188 138 143 

River fringe, Pterocarpus santalinoides and 

Myrianthus serratus (and other riverside 

specialists) zone, over loose rocks and 

flooded annually, on steep East bank of and in 

Seli river c. 800-1000m above Bumbuna dam 

(vertically below sample BULS04, with canopy 

< c 10m ). 150 9.086000 -11.718500 27 23 157 

Riverside forest, below Kasasi, c. 1mile away 

on west bank of Seli r.. Gallery forest with 

Pentaclethra, Synsepalum brevipes, 

Pterocarpus sanatalinoides, Uapaca 

heudelotii, Parkia bicolor. 

Gallery forest on west bank of Seli river, c. 2 

km north of Bumbuna. Amanoa bracteosa, 

Gilbertiodendron bilineatum & sp., 

Neolemonniera clitandrifolia 

Gallery forest on west bank of Seli river, c. 1.8 

km north of Bumbuna, bordered by small 

stream. Hymenocardia, Chidlowia, 

Brachystegia, Hannoa etc. 

Gallery forest on west bank of Seli river, c. 1.8 

km north of Bumbuna. Including plants on and 

near rocks of small tributary stream and 

overhanging canopy with 

Brachystegia, Aphanocalyx, Piptadeniastrum 

GHI 

188 9.125833 -11.713333 54 44 160 

164 9.091400 -11.720033 92 75 369 

196 9.090627 -11.721100 23 22 365 

all common. 196 9.090627 -11.721100 46 36 282 

Secondary forest below Bumbuna engineers' 

camp. Albizia adianthifolia and Cassia 

sieberiana conspicuous in canopy c. 15m tall 

on steep slope. 

Hensira hill, nr Kegbema. Hill-side, 

semideicduous forest sample with many 

Piptadeniastrum, Xylopia aethiopica, Parkia 

bicolor, Baphia nitida. 

By Mawologo river (becomes Seli) on steep 

banks with loose rocks and soil; up to c. 30m 

above water, with many Elaeis and 

Paramacrolobium, Afzelia africana, 

A.parviflora and Uapaca heudelotii closer to 

255 9.063067 -11.731983 58 37 40 

350 9.006383 -11.702100 58 47 111 

the water. 275 9.387767 -11.731417 55 47 218 

By Mawologo river (becomes Seli) on low 

bank on east; up to c. 10 m above water. 

Many Cryptosepalum tetraphyllum, with 

Afzelia africana, Elaeis, Pseudospondias. 

250 9.388167 -11.731050 75 55 206


Sample 

KARS03 

KARS04 

KARS05 

KARS06 

KARS07 

KARS08 

KATH01 

KBRB01 

KTHT01 

KTPL01 

Date 

31/03/2006 

31/03/2006 

01/04/2006 

01/04/2006 

02/04/2006 

02/04/2006 

30/03/2006 

19/03/2006 

20/03/2006 

20/03/2006 

Note 

By Mawologo river (becomes Seli) on bank on 

east; up to c. 10 m above water,and on small 

islands. North of Fulatown village. Abundant 

Uapaca heudelotii, Hexalobus crispiflorus, 

Anthostema aubryanum Manilkara obovata. 

By Mawologo river (becomes Seli) on bank on 

west; up to c. 10 m above water, and on small 

islands. nr Kakekah village. Many Uapaca 

heudelotii, Anthostema, Spondias, 

Pseudosponda, Brachystegia, 

By Kabunka crossing, Seli river S. of Kafugo. 

Many large Elaeis, with Afzelia africana, 

Pseudospondias. 

Along Mawologho river, Seli river tributqry, S. 

of Kafugo, nr. Katanda. Uapaca heudelotii, 

Myrianthus serratus fringe with 

Pseudospondias and Pterocarpus 

santalinoides. 

Along Makah (Mawalogho tributary). In the 

general area of Kafogo. Very abundant 

Gilbertiodendron sp. Nr bilineatum (stipules 

seem different in these) with Synsepalum 

brevipes and Hexalobus crispiflorus. 

Upper Maka river, a tributary of the Seli nr. 

Kafogo. Abundant Elaeis and Uapaca 

heudelotii 

Near Kafogu, by a stream and path, in thicket 

(c 6 yr old farm bush). 

Near Kamabapeh village (which is c. 5 km 

NW of Bumbuna), c. 500m from main village. 

Gallery forest within savanna area which is 

outside of valley that is to be flooded by dam. 

Along tributary of Seli river. Rather disturbed 

with many pioneer canopy trees, plus 


Alt. 

(m) 

Lat. 

(DD) 

Long 

(DD) 

No. 

Trees 

No. 

Spp. 

GHI 

248 9.398867 -11.729300 87 64 213 

258 9.407683 -11.725783 57 43 327 

257 9.375500 -11.725167 70 51 86 

261 9.383833 -11.725500 79 61 102 

260 9.372833 -11.725833 62 51 76 

275 9.372000 -11.726000 55 45 79 

206 9.390000 -11.726000 26 25 213 

Gilbertiodendron 147 9.076000 -11.758000 70 56 198 

Forest (secret society/protected) around 

Kamato village, on hill top and upper slopes, 

nr. Bumbuna (hill with telephone mast). 

Turraeanthus, Piptadeniastrum, Cola nitida, 

Daniellia thurifera, Trichilia prieureana and 

Millettia lane-poolei common large trees. 238 9.060917 -11.736250 91 80 173 



nr. Bumbuna (hill with telephone mast). Forest 

half way along, with a higher proportion of 

planted trees, but otherwise with similar trees. 

252 9.060617 -11.735567 34 32 197

Sample 

KTPL02 

RSRS00 

RSRS01 

RSRS02 

RSRS03 

RSRS04 

RSRS05 

RSRS06 

RSRS07 

RSRS08 

Date 

21/03/2006 

04/04/2006 

04/04/2006 

04/04/2006 

05/04/2006 

05/04/2006 

06/04/2006 

06/04/2006 

06/04/2006 

06/04/2006 

Note 



nr. Bumbuna (hill with telephone mast). 

Southern end of forest, going lower down 

slope than rest of forest. Octoknema, Cola 



Alt. 

(m) 

Lat. 

(DD) 

Long 

(DD) 

No. 

Trees 

No. 

Spp. 

lateritia common. 244 9.055667 -11.735333 58 47 196 

W. bank Seli river, c. 3km S of confluence. 

Vegetation on a sand bar. (UTM 29P 

0202399, 1031072). 

Confluence of Mawologho and Seli river. 

Gallery forest dominated by Afzelia africana, 

Dialium guineense etc. (UTM 29P 0203468, 

1032778) 

W. bank Seli river, c. 3km S of confluence. Up 

a small tributary stream. (UTM 29P 0202955, 

1032058) 

Gallery forest, east side Seli river, several km 

S of confluence with Mwahologo.(UTM P203 

29P 0202986, 1032038). 

Gallery forest, Seli river between Kamakpama 

and Katoina villages. (UTM P208 

29P0201449, 1028197). Much 

Gilbertioendron. 

Gallery forest, Seli river nr. Kamasipina 

village, East bank (UTM 0125088, 29201835) 

Gallery forest, Seli river west side, nr Kakutan 

(UTM WDS 8429201809E, 1024987N). 

Abundant Chrysophyllum africanum. GPS Alt 

readings between 183 and 235m). 

Newly cleared area. Only river edge spp 

present. 

W. bank Seli river, gallery forest, S of 

Kakutan. (UTM 29.p 0202197, 1013810). 

303 9.317333 -11.705333 1 

231 9.334500 -11.692667 11 

306 9.322333 -11.702500 6 

306 9.321667 -11.703000 4 

289 9.288167 -11.717167 1 

237 9.257333 -11.708167 6 

183 9.158333 -11.707167 2 

194 9.158333 -11.721333 3 

193 9.156833 -11.707500 2 

GHI


3.2. SPECIES IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIMENS 

The specimens collected are derived from the RBS samples enumerated, 

summarised in 3.1 above, with a few miscellaneous specimens collected from 

outside RBS samples. They are all summarised in the form of a check-list in 

Appendix B. 

Many specimens were identified and some problematic plant groups were brought 

to the UK for checking and further identification. Not all of the ferns, orchids, 

grasses and sedges have yet been identified. They have been taken to the Royal 

Botanic Gardens, Kew. The full check-list will be placed on a web-site as they 

become available. However, most (85%, or 1153 of the 1348) specimens collected 

were identified at the time of writing, and form the basis of the following 

conclusions. 

The unidentified groups are not likely to show different patterns of biogeographic 

affinity or rarity – if anything they are likely to hold fewer rare species than 

average, and therefore their transparency in this report would be highly unlikely to 

alter its conclusions. De Marco (pers. comm.: see Appendix D) has sampled the 

orchids briefly and found nothing of particular concern or rarity; the team had less 

than 20 orchid species to be identified amongst the 22 specimens. Likewise, the 

main (non-savanna) grasses in the gallery forest were few and widespread species 

like Olyra latifolia, Leptaspis cochleata, Guaduella oblonga (common in western 

Upper Guinea and also in Cameroon). The Cyperaceae may include something of 

interest, but the unidentified ferns are also not likely to be of great note as these 

are usually widely dispersed in suitable habitats. 

Some unusual species were found in the sampled areas, especially in the areas to 

be inundated. These are summarised in the conclusion and the checklist below. 

Nippon Koei UK, MRAG, NHM and ZSL 16 Floristic survey – Final Report

3.2.1. SPECIES –SAMPLE CURVES 

400 

200 

0 


Species 

0 10 20 30 

Figure 3: Species x sample curve 

Figure 4 shows the relationship between sample number (i.e. a unit effort of about 

half a day’s team work) and accumulated species numbers identified. This shows 

the numbers of species starting to level off, but clearly another few weeks 

intensive sampling would be required to provide a complete check-list, 

particularly with respect to the savanna vegetation. 

Extrapolation from these data using a first order jacknife estimate indicates that 

there are about 647 species (779 from 2nd order). However, this excludes the 

groups mentioned in 4.2 (and most of the savanna species) which would be 

expected to add about another 100 species, so about 900 vascular plant species 

might be expected in the entire study area, excluding the savanna. 

This number, about one third of Upper Guinean non-savanna species, is not 

unusual for such a varied terrain with high moisture gradients. The main question, 

however, is what these species represent in terms of vegetation affinity and 

species rarity, as discussed below. 

3.2.2. ORDINATION OF SAMPLES AND THE VARIATION IN VEGETATION 

The species were ordinated using the Decorana software (and PCORD, see Hill & 

Gacuh, 1980; Peet et al. 1988). Analysis using TWINSPAN was also tried, but it 



500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

0 

KATH01 

revealed the same patterns, so will not be discussed. 

6 yr old farmbush/thicket 

with stream near Kafogu 

Various patches of gallery 

forest within a few miles Kamabapeh gallery 

of Kafogu 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

within savanna 

KARS05 

Forest-thicket below 

KARS04 

KARS06 

KARS08 

KARS07 KBRB01 

BURS01 Bumbuna waterfall 

KTHT01 

BURS02 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BULS01 

BUFT01 

BURS07 

BULS04 

River edge forest 

BURS06 

below Kasasi 

BURS08A 

BULS03B 

BULS05 

BULS03a 

High forest on slope 

800m N of dam 

River edge forest 

2 km N Bumbuna 

KTPL02 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

Hensira hill disturbed, hillside 

forest nr. Kegbema 

Secondary forest below engineers 

camp above dam 

BUHS01 

BUSF01 

Thicket nr. explosives store 

Figure 4: Graph of first two axes of Decorana ordination of RBS samples, showing logical 

groupings of samples 

The main function of ordination graphs like this is to display sample points 

graphically, so that samples with the most similar species combinations are closest 

to each other. Often, the axes can be related to obvious factors affecting species 

distributions. The first axis of the ordination of the present samples runs from 

wetter sites close to watercourses at low X values (on the left), to drier and more 

disturbed vegetation at high X values. The second ordination axis then is left to 

separate out the northern (Kafogo) samples from those further south. However, 

the most southerly sample is not that with the lowest Y value. 

Comparing forest and forest-thicket mosaics at a similar height above water level, 

there is a significant and clear difference in the forests at the extreme ends of the 


KTPL01 

Kamato village society forest 

(telephone mast hill top) 

0 100 200 300 400 500


valley. The Kafogo type is generally a drier gallery forest with Paramacrolobium 

coeruleum, Millettia sanagana and Afzelia africana, whereas Aphanocalyx 

pteridophyllus is one of many species commoner in the south. 

Some of the species which differentiate these extremes can be conveniently 

summarised by reference to this ordination, by showing the plots where selected 

species occur as large triangles, in the graphs of Appendix C. 

3.2.3. BIOQUALITY (GHI) OF THE SAMPLES 

The GHI (discussed in Appendix 1) highlights the degree of endemicity in the 

samples; in effect the ‘localness’ of the biodiversity. These values are summarised 

in Table 1: Summary of RBS samples. They are plotted on the axes discussed 

for the ordination in figure 6 where the largest circle corresponds to a GHI of 350, 

the smallest to about 50. 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

0 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS04 

KARS05 

KBRB01 BURS01 

KARS06 KARS08 

KARS07 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BURS08b 

BURS08A 

BULS02 

BURS07 

BULS01 BUFT01 

BULS04 

BULS03B 

BULS05 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

BUHT05 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 

0 100 200 300 400 500 

Figure 5: GHI (circle size) plotted against vegetation types (axis 1 and 2 from Decorana) 


BUHS01 

BUSF01

4. INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS 

4.1. THE GHI AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE 

Chapter 4 - Interpretation of Results 

The GHI of a set of species is a measure of global biodiversity significance (see 

Appendix A) and so can helps assign a conservation priority to the tract of 

vegetation from which the sample was taken. Of course, values of vegetation in 

the context of the local economy or culture, or other environmental concerns may 

cause vegetation with low GHI to be ranked very highly for conservation, but that 

is not the focus of the current study. 

GHI values of less than 100 are typical for many botanically plain forest patches 

across West Africa and beyond, and indicate forests of little global biodiversity. 

Samples from the same undisturbed forest normally have similar GHIs, but 

sometimes there are subtle changes highlighting parts of the forest of greater or 

lesser value. Very secondary forest or other vegetation dominated by pioneers 

usually has a GHI of 250 for forest patches in Ghana are treated as biodiversity ‘hotspots’, and 

if >300 are within the top 3% of forest patches there, frequently having earnt 

themselves places as National Parks or Globally Significant Biodiversity Areas 

(GSBAs), set-aside and protected precisely because of their extreme GHI hotspot 

score. In fact a $US 9m GEF high forest biodiversity project in Ghana is focused 

on GSBAs, which were prioritised on the basis of such high GHIs. 

Surveys on Mount Cameroon, one of Africa’s most famous ‘hotspots’, revealed 

scores in the 400s at their highest, but with low scores in many disturbed areas. A 

preliminary check-list from the Sapo West Forest in Liberia (enumerated by C. 

Jongkind pers. comm.) has a GHI of 306; that forest is widely considered to be a 

hotspot due to its high concentration of rarities. However, the sample was not 

taken by standard RBS techniques, so it is unclear how representative this is. Tai 

Forest in Ivory Coast scored about 200, on a relatively high scoring all-plant 

transect (Adou et al, pers. comm.), although higher values can be expected. 

Similar scores have been recorded in Malaysia, and in the secondary forest of 

Quintana Roo in Mexico. None of the many samples taken there (Hawthorne and 

Hughes, 1997) exceeded 100, revealing a hurricane-ravaged and secondary forest 

vegetation dominated by widespread species. 


Chapter 4 – Interpretation of Results 

GHIs of 365-370 therefore represent very ‘hot’ scores, and it can be seen from 

Table 1 and figure 6 that such values have been recorded in the Bumbuna 

Aphanocalyx pteridophyllus forest samples at BURS07 (c. 2km N of Bumbuna 

with abundant Amanoa etc.) and BURS08b nearby. In Ghana, this score would 

have earnt a high ranking for the sample, and the forest of which it was part would 

have very high priority for protection as a GSBA. 

KARS04 (in the north, by Mwalogo river, near Kakekah village) is next in the 

league table with a GHI of 327. However, samples from nearby represent the 

other extreme (KARS05 – GHI of 86 at Kabunka crossing south of Kafogo and 

probably secondary as dominated by Elaeis; KARS07 –GHI of 76 along Makah 

river near Kafogo). At the bottom of the league table, not surprisingly, is the 

sample enumerated in the very secondary forest just skirting and below the 

Bumbuna contractor’s camp, with savanna (Cassia sieberiana) and forest (Albizia 

adianthifolia) species mixed. 

The non-gallery (semideciduous) forest BUSMO1 sampled near Kegbema on 

Hensera hill, has many signs of disturbance, and earns only 111; its neighbouring 

ridge-top forest patch at BUHT05 is similarly slightly ‘warm’ with a GHI of 158. 

Most surprisingly, the botanically uninspiring 3-5 year old fallow vegetation 

BUHS01 by the Dynamite Store footpath earnt a ‘warm’ score of 131, due to the 

presence of Western Upper Guinea plants like Anisophyllea laurina and Morinda 

geminata. 

It has been proposed in previous reports that the BHP managers should encourage 

natural forest regeneration above the reservoir Full Supply Level. If that occurs, 

whilst it will probably never develop the full, high scoring spectrum of valleybottom 

species, it will not be devoid of rarities and local colour. 

4.2. THE TYPES OF GALLERY VEGETATION 

As stated in the Introduction, compared with other parts of the forest gradient in 

Upper Guinea, the forest-savanna transition around Bumbuna is striking. In a few 

tens of metres there is a transition from savanna/fallow (that is superficially 

similar to that around Tamale in northern Ghana) to evergreen forest (that is 

superficially similar to that in South West Ghana, 800 km south of Tamale). This 

‘compression’, and the high degree of disturbance in some areas, makes it hard to 

describe the forest types in the study area in standard forest type terms. 

Nippon Koei UK, MRAG, NHM and ZSL 22 Botanical survey –Final Report


There is no obvious semi-deciduous forest in the study area – no extensive block 

of forest dominated by Celtis mildbraedii or Triplochiton scleroxylon. A few 

sampled forest fragments have some such deciduous species, but with a high 

secondary forest component. If one were to force a standard terminology on the 

Bumbuna-Seli area, then it would be stated that small fragments of semideciduous 

forest remain nearby, but most gallery remnants resemble what is called 

Moist Evergreen forest in the rest of Upper Guinea, with a very distinctive 

Western Upper Guinea flavour. 

It is preferable to use non-standard terminology and refer to the Bumbuna-Seli 

gallery forest vegetation as Western Guinean gallery forest/thicket, with moister 

and drier types. Indeed, it was noted that even the farm fallow matrix, populated 

with widespread pioneer trees and weeds, has a Western Guinean ‘flavour’, with 

one of the commonest species, Anisophyllea laurina being endemic to the ecoregion. 

Many species are common throughout many vegetation types, including 

Anisophyllea laurina and Dialium guineense. Even the western Upper Guinea 

endemic tree Brachystegia leonensis occurs along the length of the valley, 

elevating the GHIs throughout. 

The riverine ‘Pterocarpus’ fringe, often flooded, is also usually lined with a small 

set of specialists such as Pterocarpus santalinoides, Uapaca heudelotii, 

Hymenocardia lyrata, Diospyros elliotii (the latter, and the small tree or shrub 

Morelia senegalensis which is also common here, is normally associated with 

gallery forest in savanna). These are widespread at least in West Africa, and their 

loss is therefore not of great biodiversity significance. 

Much of the herb and shrub layer under these trees is periodically washed away, 

but some must survive regular inundation including Croton scarciesii, Anubias 

gracilis, A.afzelii, one or two species of Podostemataceae (not yet identified), the 

highly aromatic herb/sub-shrub Hygrophila odora, and the peculiar sedge 

Microdracoides squamosus. These are mostly Western Upper Guinean species. 

None is likely to be particularly threatened. 

Gilbertiodendron species (see below), with Neolemonierra clitandrifolia, 

Hexalobus crispiflorus, Amanoa bracteosa and Synsepalum brevipes frequently 

occur in a belt of forest on the river edge slightly higher than those of the 

Pterocarpus fringe; and from this belt upwards the GHI is often high, with some 

local ‘western Upper Guinea’ specialities, including Rinorea afzelii and 



R.microdon. 

The Aphanocalyx pteridophyllus forests with scattered Trichoscypha longifolia 

represent an unusual type of gallery forest, revealed by a notably ‘hot’ score of 

around 350. These species were mostly found in the south, and although lush 

forests were found around the middle of the valley, they are mostly replaced by 

lower stature forests in the north. 

The thickets and forests around Kafogo are mainly secondary and periodically 

flooded, with abundant Elaeis and the viciously spiny rattan Calamus. 

Nevertheless, even here there are many unusual species not found throughout 

Upper Guinea, including the large leaved small tree Millettia sanagana, which in 

places has leaves more than 1m long and even single leaflets more than 50cm 

long. This species, described from Lower Guinea, was barely known in Upper 

Guinea in recent years (Hawthorne and Jongkind, 2006) but is one of the most 

characteristic species of Kafogo gallery thickets and forest. Another notable 

western species in the north is the Black Star species Pavetta platycalyx. 

4.3. FOREST REMNANTS IN THE LANDCAPE SURROUNDING 

THE MAIN STUDY AREA 

Many remnant forests exist on the periphery of the study area, often protected as 

secret society groves, and usually not along the river itself. Again, because of the 

shortage of time and the need for diplomacy to get permission from the elders to 

visit study these areas, there was only time to sample forests around Kamato and 

Kegbema. They are, not surprisingly, rather different from the forests of the 

riversides, half-way between the gallery forests and secondary thickets, with many 

light-demanding species common throughout Upper Guinea and mostly 

widespread throughout tropical Africa, including Xylopia aethiopica, 

Margaritaria discoidea, Morus mesozygia, Antiaris toxicaria, Milicia spp., 

Daniellia thurifera. Similarly, widespread understorey trees and herbs include 

Trichilia prieuriana, Costus afer, Marantochloa leucantha, Cola nitida. These 

species are also found in the lower forests if they are disturbed. One of the few 

rare species in the drier forests is the shrub Psychotria limba which also occurs in 

the Loma and Tingi mountains. 

Relatively little is known of the nearby vegetation from past collections. N.W. 

Thomas collected a number of plants in 1914 – probably


Trichoscypha collected in the present study but not identified due to the difficulty 

of naming sterile specimens in this genus) and Acanthus montanus, which was 

not collected but which is not of great significance. 

In 1963 J.K. Morton collected many of the same species found in the present 

study from near Bombani (near Makeni), but also found Dialium pobeguinii 

which was not detected amongst all the D.guineense (suggesting he was sampling 

drier vegetation). He also collected a few specimens in 1964 in forest between 

Kondembaia and Yifin. 

In 1966, Gledhill collected plants from Sonfon Lake, finding Eremospatha 

dransfieldii, a rattan (previously E. hookeri) associated with Wet Evergreen forest 

in Ghana, but otherwise collections of unremarkable savanna and thicket species 

have been seen from that area by the present author. 

In 1968, E.A. Cole collected a few plants from around Kabala and Kafogo, 

including some not detected in the present study (Diospyros cooperi, 

Smeathmannia laevigata, Zanthoxylum viride). There has been much farming in 

this area, so this may represent a semideciduous forest that has been mostly 

cleared. 

Many collections from the Loma moutains 100km to the East of Bumbuna, by 

Morton, Gledhill, Adams and others reveal the expected overlap with the present 

Bumbuna flora. However, at Loma there are many more species that were not 

found around Bumbuna, indicative of, high altitude forest (Pauridiantha schnellii) 

and savanna, wetter forests (Garcinia gnetoides) and other habitats. The Loma 

Mountains and Tingi Hills are at the northern margin of the Western Guinean 

Lowland Forest ecoregion, and forest apparently similar to that in the Bumbuna 

study area covers their foothills. However, they include mountain vegetation 

defined by WWF in a separate ‘Guinean montane forest’ ecoregion, and defined 

as part of a major Afromontane phytochorion by White. 

Jaeger (1944) has summarized the vegetation of Loma mountains. Four plant 

communities have been recognized on these massifs by Cole (1968): closed 

forests and Guinea savanna (from 460 - 915m asl); sub-montane shrub savanna 

(915-1700m); montane grassland (prairie d’altitude) (1700m); and sub-montane 

gallery forests (1700m). Jaeger (1983) identified 1,576 species, 757 genera, 135 

families and 9 endemic taxa, apparently mostly from montane grassland or 

savanna. The vascular epiphytes of the Loma Mountains and Mount Nimba have 

been the subject of extensive studies (Jaeger et al. 1968; Johansson 1974). A total 



of 101 species in the Orchidaceae have been recorded for Mount Nimba, 

including one endemic species Rhipidoglossum paucifolium (Johansson 1974). 

There is no obvious montane vegetation in the Bumbuna study area, although 

pioneer species from the forest zone, such as Harungana madagascariensis and 

Trema guineensis are present on the summit at Loma (Cole 1968). The ‘Upland 

Grassland’ shown on the previous vegetation map is probably a misleading term, 

although it was not intensively sampled, as it appears to be largely fire climax 

lowland grassland, typical of Guinea savanna, with ‘elephant grass’ and 

sometimes scattered trees. The submontane gallery forests of Loma have more in 

common with the Bumbuna species, but there are also apparently significant 

differences. Parinari excelsa is reported to be the dominant tree species in the 

sub-montane gallery forests of both the Loma Mountains and Tingi Hills (Cole 

1968) and is common in the Bumbuna study area. Other lowland forest trees of 

the gallery forests include Anthonotha macrophylla, Pseudospondias, Amphimas, 

Daniella thurifera, Terminali ivorensis, Allanblacki, Musanga; the shrubs 

Whitfieldia lateritia and Campylospermum squamosum are also held in common. 

However, tree ferns, Cyathea camerooniana, the bamboo Oxythenanthera 

abyssinica and the climber Clematis grandiflora are important in the mountain 

gallery forests, but are not present in the Bumbuna study area. 


Chapter 5 - Conclusions & Recommendations 

5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

Several poorly known species and species of limited distribution are common in 

the Seli valley. None of these is believed to be endemic here, but many are 

endemic to the western part of Upper Guinea, and occur in wet gallery forests or 

in evergreen forests, often both. 

Two species found in the study area, Cola aff. caricifolia and Gilbertiodendron 

aff.bilineatum, show some differences from populations elsewhere, and 

conceivably represent new varieties. Sorindeia collina here may have to be 

resurrected from it its recent loss in synonymy, and in this case it might well be 

one of the rarer species. 

All of these species were probably once abundant in the gallery forests of Sierra 

Leone and Guinea, but their current extent is unknown. (Some notes on individual 

species have been included in the appendices.) 

The unusual riverine forest of the study area has considerable ‘local colour’, i.e. a 

distinctive combination of species, and in this sense its loss will represent a 

significant loss to global biodiversity. This forest is apparently of quite a different 

composition from the Gola forests. There is still an incomplete picture of the 

present Loma Mountain flora and vegetation, in spite of many past studies there, 

and many herbarium collections. However, from what is known, the various facies 

of the Bumbuna/Seli vegetation are likely to be matched by some fragments of 

forests to the north and east of the area, and many if not all of the rarer species 

will almost certainly be locally common in the Loma Mountains, providing that 

its foothill forests have not been too widely destroyed. 

The fact that the gallery forests represent to some extent biological corridors 

between isolated fragments of forest increases their significance in terms of being 

deserving of conservation action and of global funds set aside to help maintain 

global biodiversity. 

Subsistence agriculture in the wake of commercial logging has reduced the area of 

primary forest in Sierra Leone from more than 70 % to just under 6 % (Davies 

1987). Most of the damage had already been done to the flora by the time of the 

present survey. NKUK (2005) estimated that 15% of the riparian forest in the 

reservoir basin was lost between 1987 and 2005. 

The fact that the unusual types of forest represented in the Seli valley have been 



severely eroded at one level to small fragments draws our attention to their 

conservation, in effect increasing their significance, but their small extent and 

limited scope for long term functioning of a whole ecosystem means that they 

may represent a lost cause, thereby reducing their significance. At least, however, 

the loss of the Seli forests due to BHP activities increases the need for 

conservation of equivalent forest fragments nearby that have some reasonable 

chance of long-term survival in the valley. 

There has been continuing clearing of forests, including fragments high on the 

Seli banks, which is very unfortunate, as these would have allowed some hope of 

maintaining a higher fringe at the new high water mark. However, with the altered 

dynamics of the valley, the loss of seasonal streams and of the long-lived fringe of 

massive Brachystegia and Aphanocalyx, it will be hard, if not impossible, to 

replace this fringe by planting trees required to prevent erosion on the steep 

slopes. Replanting needs to be done for protection of the BHP reservoir, but it will 

not seriously compensate for local losses of forest down-slope. 

It may be possible to emulate some of the corridor potential of the forests 

(especially for north-south movements of animals) by stimulation of regeneration 

of slightly different, but undisturbed natural vegetation above the new high water 

mark. It is important that this opportunity is not lost by unimaginative planting of 

exotic species (like Teak or Cassia siamea), and it is worth trying some of the 

indigenous trees like Brachystegia in such planting schemes. 

This encouragement of regeneration and the continued protection of the ‘society 

groves’ and other fragments are likely to contribute a little to conservation of the 

biodiversity of the area, but will not compensate entirely for the species to be lost 

in the inundated area itself. However, although some of the local floristic colour, 

including Psychotria limba, is found in these fragments, they are too different 

from the gallery forest that will be lost, being clearly drier and in large part often 

largely secondary, with many ageing or young pioneer plants. 

Due to sparse knowledge of the gallery and other forests in the country as a 

whole, and given the impracticality of transplanting the high value remnants 

wholesale, the most constructive approach for mitigation will be for the BHP to 

support a much wider rapid botanic survey of both flourishing forests e.g. Loma 

and Tingi Mountains, as suggested by many others, and also of tiny fragments of 

riverine vegetation to the south of Bumbuna and in the tributaries leading into it, 

back to their sources and in adjacent catchments. Following such a broader range 

survey, BHP should manage and help protect specific patches along rivers, even 



thin gallery strips, as the loss of these fragments could lead to soil erosion, and 

could eventually lead to the loss of many of the Western Upper Guinea 

specialities. 

This national botanic survey, should be a long term project, helping train Sierra 

Leonean botanists and restore the herbaria. It would aim to build a detailed picture 

of which plant lives where, highlighting the national extent of rarer species even 

in terms of small forest fragments, and especially in gallery forest. The outputs of 

such a project should include the establishment and improvement of small and 

large protected areas of forest across the country, with steps to guarantee their 

sustained conservation. A successful project of this type could then truly be said to 

be mitigation for the loss of these globally significant gallery forest remnants. 


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Royal Society, Edinburgh 104b: 75-176. 

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improved ordination technique. Vegetatio 42: 47-58. 

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Volume 1 revised by RWJ Keay, Crown Agents, London. Volume 2 revised by FN 

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Reserve, S.E. Province, Sierra Leone. MSc thesis, Queens University, Belfast. 

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APPENDICES 

Appendices 

APPENDIX A – RAPID BOTANIC SURVEY, THE STAR 

SYSTEM, AND THE GENETIC HEAT INDEX (GHI) 

In a Rapid Botanical Survey, tens or hundreds of sampling sites are dispersed 

throughout an area to be sampled (e.g. a forest or country), and botanists collect a 

comprehensive, if not complete, list of plant species in each sampled area. Whilst 

each sample will rarely be a complete list of species, especially because seedlings 

are hard to identify, it will usually include more than 80%, and importantly it can 

be assumed not to be biased to certain types of species. However, the botanical 

scope of the sample can be defined separately (usually, all vascular plants with 

epiphytes under-sampled). 

The sample areas might be measured (a 25 x 25m plot is a convenient standard for 

a day’s work) or, in most Rapid Botanic Survey (‘RBS’) methods, all species are 

recorded from a given landscape unit, until the rate of discovery of species new to 

the sample falls to a low level, ideally below one species per ten minutes. 

Measured plots are only important where absolute diversity figures are deemed 

important (e.g. species area curves). 

Most species are collected as specimens, and all are noted on a form, for later 

collation and more careful identification. Other information about the forest, at 

that point and in general, is also recorded. Trees above a certain size may be 

enumerated separately, to help tie in forest inventory data. 

A botanic survey team comprises one or two competent field botanists, one of 

whom may concentrate on the trees. Other members of the team collect hundreds 

of ecological voucher specimens. An experienced survey team can complete two 

samples per day, with around 100 species in each. In a full year, they can complete 

300 samples with time to collate and identify the thousands of specimens, mostly 

sterile, which have to be collated and ultimately identified. This task is made 

easier as time goes by, and the reference collection increases. Sterile specimens 

become easier to identify when collated with many of their sterile or fertile 

conspecifics. 

The survey team can be arranged to promote local botanical training that will 

ultimately contribute to solving conservation problems that are highlighted. 

Experienced botanists become more familiar with the ecology and distribution of 


Appendices 

species and are in an increasingly better position to contribute to wise 

management decisions. The data generated have other, long term benefits, not 

least being detailed distribution maps. The database derived from such a sampling 

can be used to show where various species live, and to diagnose various aspects of 

forest condition and quality (Hawthorne 1996), notably forest typology and 

hotspot indexes like the Genetic Heat Index (GHI) described below. 

STARS 

A Star system for rating species according to global rarity and other details has 

been defined, with a view to summarizing the conservation merit of each forest 

plant species in Ghana (Hawthorne, 1992; 1996; Hawthorne & Abu Juam, 1995). 

It has subsequently been implemented in other countries (Gordon et al 2003, 

2004; Chua et al. 1998, currently in Trinidad and Chile). This system has two 

main functions: 

A framework for assessing individual species, with which species-specific 

policies can be framed (e.g. ‘no Black Star tree species should be damaged during 

logging operations’). The IUCN Red List categories proved to be too unsubtle as 

the basis for framing forest management decisions in Ghana, and completely 

inappropriate as the basis for the following use of Star categories. 

A basis for defining the conservation value of a tract or sample of forest of any 

size. The Star of a species defines its weight for the calculation of a weighted 

average, referred to as a Genetic Heat Index. 

Stars are based primarily on global and local rarity, and global rarity estimated for 

a subset on a one degree precision is used to weight their relative importance. 

Other factors also influence the Star allocated to particular species. For instance, a 

species may be given a higher Star rating than others with the same global 

distribution if that species is taxonomically isolated e.g. at the genus or species 

level; a keystone or ecologically important species; rare within its range; or 

known to vary a lot from population to population. 

The relative importance of Stars, or their weight is set approximately proportional 

to the inverse of recorded range measured in degree squares, rather than presumed 

actual range, on a degree square precision. Because these data are not usually 

available for all species, they can be calculated for a subset of species in each Star 

category, allowing the definition of Stars to be made on the basis of general 

biogeographical trends (like Western Upper Guinea endemic). 


Appendices 

Numbers of species are liable to fluctuate as more information becomes available; 

the categories are therefore subject to refinement as we learn more about Sierra 

Leonean forests (e.g. probably more becoming Blue from Gold) 

Table 2: Star categories showing numbers of species in each, as currently defined for Upper Guinea 

Star No. No. Degree squares Weight Comment 

spp. occupied 

for GHI 

Black 215 1.6 ±0.5 27 Urgent attention to conservation of 

populations needed. Rare 

Gold 212 7.8 ±3.8 9 

internationally and not common in 

Upper Guinea; take particular care of 

these species 

Fairly rare internationally and/or in 

Upper Guinea 

Blue 429 24.5 ±12.6 3 Widespread internationally but scarce 

in Upper Guinea, or vice-versa. Such 

species may add ‘local colour’ in 

unusual forests, but turn out to be 

abundant in over large areas in other 

parts of Africa. 

Reddish 59 39.6±16 2 Scarlet: Common but under serious 

(Scarlet+ 

pressure from heavy exploitation and 

Red+ 

therefore priority for protection from 

Pink) 

genetic erosion. Red: Common, but 

under exploitation pressure. Need 

careful control of exploitation. Pink 

Common and lightly or only 

Green 1369 69.2 ± 49.8 0 

potentially exploited 

No conservation concern 

Other 506 (>100) Non forest species, or species not yet 

considered 

CALCULATION OF GENETIC HEAT INDEX (GHI) 

GHI is a measure of the concentration of globally rare species (as detected by 1 

degree grid cell occupation of global distribution) in a forest or region: an 

estimate of the chances that the next plant one meets in a specified forest is a rare 

one – a Black, Gold or Blue Star species - weighted (roughly) by degree of rarity. 

Because of the difficulties of scoring abundance across different habit types, the 

GHI is not weighted by the abundance of each species in the sample, which makes 

little difference in most cases anyway unless the abundance weights are massive 

(no. of individuals), providing more than about 40 species are sampled. Species 

poor and rich forest would have the same score if the same proportion of species 

were rare. 


Appendices 

Samples of various sizes (plots, RBS plots, long term check-lists for forests or 

whole countries) can be compared using GHIs, as it is roughly a proportion (per 

species) figure. However, large changes in sample size can influence the results, 

so samples are normally enumerated using a standard RBS protocol. 

The numbers of species of each Star category are totalled for samples of any size 

(preferably more than 40 species) and converted to the GHI as a weighted 

average, where the weight is approximately in inverse proportion to the numbers 

of degree squares occupied by members of each Star. Table 3 shows examples. 

Numbers of species of each Star for each sample (row) in the table are : BK= 

Black; GD=Gold; RD= Reddish (red, scarlet or pink); BU=Blue; GN=Green. 

Total spp = Total number of species, including those with no star allocated 

(including one species for each record of the type ‘Uvaria sp.’, which are 

generally without Stars). 

NO= no Star allocated yet, mostly because the species is a non-forest plant. These 

are ‘invisible’ to the Genetic Heat Index (GHI), which is calculated as: 

A = (27 * BK + 9 * GD + 3 * BU + 2 * RD ) * 100 

B = BK+GD+BU+RD+GN 

GHI = A/B 

Table 3: Sample of some Upper Guinea samples of plants, showing the numbers of species of each Star and 

the GHI calculated from that 

A small cross-section of the hundreds of RBS samples enumerated in Ghana, and checklists from 

elsewhere are shown below, to show the variation inside and between some forests. Some of the 

following types of samples are in the Table 

3-4. Hawthorne and Abu Juam (1995) “RBS” plotless and 25 x 25m respectively 

5. Checklists and compilations, that for Tai from Adou et al. (2005), with merged data for several transects near Mt. Nienekoue. The partial 

checklist for Ankasa (about 1/3 the species) still provides a reasonable overview, about average for the >50 independent small RBS samples 

there, which are obviously more variable around this average. RBS samples from around The Tai and Liberian broad samples, or partial 

check-lists, would highlight more and less hot forest patches in these areas, so we anticipate Liberian RBS scores with GHIs in the 400s. 

6. A small subset of RBS sample data from transects in Ankasa forest (Hawthorne et al, 1998), including those with highest and lowest GHI. 

7-8. Provisional check list (v. incomplete) for western part of Sapo FR, Liberia, being compiled by C.Jongkind for FFI (unpubl.) from recent 

herbarium collections, or (8) developing check list for the whole of Liberia, from herbarium data, and including many non-forest species. 

Shaded rows indicate partial check lists of large areas rather than simple plots. 

Nos. species of each Star 

Total A B GHI 

Forest Block Sample SAMPNAME BK GD RD BU GN NO spp 

(A/B) 

Liberia 8 LIBERIA 126 10 47 314 1088 324 1909 585600 1738 337 

ANKASA 6 1:1B.R1 5 13 5 24 55 3 105 33400 102 328 

SAPO WEST 7 SAPOW 18 23 9 50 181 43 324 86100 281 306 

ANKASA 6 2:6.H4 5 10 8 20 58 3 104 30300 102 297 

ANKASA 5 ANKCHK1 6 2 16 47 191 57 319 60700 291 251 

ANKASA 6 1:2A.H2 4 7 5 18 71 3 108 23500 105 224 

BOI TANO 3 BOTRS1 4 2 4 10 55 2 77 16400 75 219 

Tai (Adou et al.) 5 TAI 21 1 38 126 543 64 793 153800 787 195 

ANKASA 3 ANKRS1 1 7 4 14 47 1 74 14000 73 192 

ANKASA 6 3:6.F7 1 6 9 12 63 3 94 13500 91 148 

ATEWA 3 ATWHT3 2 3 14 12 69 1 101 14700 101 146 

NEUNG NORTH 3 NGNHU1 1 6 5 16 67 2 97 13900 95 146 

Obotumfo (SM) 2 A12 1 1 2 6 31 4 45 5800 41 142 

CAPE 3 PTS 3 C3PFL1 1 5 12 7 58 3 86 11900 84 142 

BOI TANO 4 BOTPSW1 0 7 8 12 55 1 83 11500 82 140 

NEUNG NORTH 3 NGNSL1 1 6 8 22 80 5 122 16300 117 139 

SUBRI 3 SUBSW1 3 4 10 24 110 5 156 20900 151 138 

ANKASA 6 3:5.H5 0 5 9 17 66 2 99 11600 98 118 

ATEWA 4 ATEPSW2 0 0 2 4 18 2 26 1600 24 67 

BIA SOUTH 5 BIACHK2 0 3 37 49 392 61 542 33000 494 67 

AFRAM Hwaters 3 AFHPL3 0 0 3 1 56 2 62 900 60 15 


Appendices 

A diagram of the variation in GHI across Ghana is shown in Figure 7. The higher 

and redder areas depict ‘hotspot’ areas with elevated GHI. 

Figure 7: Variation in GHI across Ghana 


Appendices 

APPENDIX B –CHECK LIST 

This is a listing of the plots in which each species identified was found, plus other 

species in the database from historical collections. Many of the latter records were 

compiled under the Ecosyn project in Wageningen (thanks to Carel Jongkind for help 

downloading them). 

The Star category is explained in Appendix A, and abbreviated below as B for Black 

star, b for Blue Star, G for gold star, g for green star, R for Red, S for Scarlet and P for 

pink star, the latter three ‘reddish stars’ representing different shades of threat from 

overexploitation for common but used species (not examined here). 

Habit is C for Climbers and lianes, T for Trees, S for Shrubs, H for herbs 

Nomenclature follows Hawthorne and Jongkind 2006 for woody plants 

Acacia kamerunensis Gandoger (Leguminosae-mim.) Star=g 

Habit= C 

BULS05 

Acacia pentagona (Schum. & Thonn.) Hook.f. (Leguminosaemim.) 

Star=g Habit= C 

BURS02 

Aframomum (Zingiberaceae) Star= Habit= 

BUHT05 BULS04 KARS05 KARS07 

Aframomum sp. (Zingiberaceae) Star= Habit= 

RSRS06 

Afrobrunnichia erecta (Asch.) Hutch. & Dalz. 

(Polygonaceae) Star=g Habit= C 

BULS05 

Afzelia africana Sm. (Leguminosae-caes.) Star=r Habit= T 

BURS01 KAHS01 KAHS01 KAHS02 KARS05 

KTPL02 

Afzelia parviflora (Vahl) Hepper (Leguminosae-caes.) Star=b 

Habit= T 

Bagru River Freetown Gola Forest Guma Valley KAHS01 

Kumrabai Lalehun Njala Port Loko Pujehun Sonfon lake York 

This western Upper Guinea tree is known from Sierra 

Leone and Liberia: we found it in association with the 

much commoner and widespread A.africana. 

Aganope leucobotrya (Dunn) Polhill (Leguminosae-pap.) 


BULS02 BURS01 BUSF01 Leicester 

Leicester Leicester Njala Regent 

Agelaea pentagyna (Lam.) Baill (Connaraceae) Star=g 

Habit= C 

BUHT05 BULS01 BULS02 BULS04 BULS04 

BURS07 Freetown KARS06 KARS07 KTHT01 

Loma Mountains Makeni 

Aidia (Rubiaceae) Star= Habit= 

BULS02 KARS04 

Aidia genipiflora (DC.) Dandy (Rubiaceae) Star=g Habit= T 

BURS01 BURS07 KARS04 KARS06 Loma 

Mountains 

Alafia (Apocynaceae) Star= Habit= 

BULS03 

Albertisia ferruginea (Diels) Forman (Menispermaceae) 

Star=B Habit= C 

KARS04 Kenema Njala 

Albizia adianthifolia (Schum.) W.F.Wight (Leguminosaemim.) 

Star=g Habit= T 

BUHS01 BUHT05 KAHS01 KARS04 KARS06 

KTHT01 

Albizia ferruginea (Guill. & Perr.) Benth. (Leguminosae-mim.) 

Star=s Habit= T 

BULS04 BULS04 BURS07 KARS05 KBRB01 

KTPL02 

Albizia zygia (DC.) J.F.Macbr. (Leguminosae-mim.) Star=g 

Habit= T 

BUHS01 BUHT05 BUSM01 KTHT01 Loma 

Mountains Tingi Mountains 

Alchornea cordifolia (Schum. & Thonn.) Muell.Arg. 

(Euphorbiaceae) Star=g Habit= S 

BUFT01 BUHS01 BULS03B BURS01 KARS06 

KARS07 

Alchornea hirtella Benth. (Euphorbiaceae) Star=g Habit= S 

BURS01 BURS01 Bumbuna KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS04 KATH01 KATH01 Kurubonla Magbile 

Makeni Tingi Mountains 

Alstonia boonei De Wild. (Apocynaceae) Star=g Habit= T 

BUHT05 BULS03 BULS03 BURS01 

Amanoa bracteosa Planch. (Euphorbiaceae) Star=G Habit= T 

BURS07 BURS08A RSRS05 

Ampelocissus (Vitaceae) Star= Habit= 

BURS01 

Amphimas pterocarpoides Harms (Leguminosae-pap.) 


BURS07 BUSF01 KTHT01 KTPL01 

Anapeltis lycopodiodes (L.) J.Sm. (Polypodiaceae) Star= 

Habit= 

BULS01 

Anchomanes difformis (Araceae) Star= Habit= 

BURS01 BURS01 

Ancistrocladus (Ancistrocladaceae) Star= Habit= 

BULS02 BULS04 BURS07 RSRS01 

Ancistrocladus sp. (Ancistrocladaceae) Star= Habit= 

BUFT01 

Aneilema (Commelinaceae) Star= Habit= 

BURS01 

Anisophyllea laurina R.Br. ex Sabine (Anisophylleaceae) 

Star=G Habit= T 

BUFT01 BUHS01 BUHT05 BULS03B BURS02 

BURS07 Freetown KTHT01 Makeni Sonfon lake 

Anisophyllea meniaudi Aubréville & Pellegrin 

(Anisophylleaceae) Star=g Habit= T 

BUHT05 BULS02 BULS04 BULS04 BURS07 

BUSF01 BUSM01 

Annickia polycarpa (A.DC.) Van Setten & Maas 

(Annonaceae) Star=g Habit= T 


BUSM01 Sugar Loaf Mountain 

Anthocleista (Gentianaceae) Star= Habit= 

BUFT01 BULS04 BURS01 KARS06 KARS08 

Anthocleista nobilis G.Don (Gentianaceae) Star=g Habit= T 

BUHT05 BULS02 BULS03 Bagru River Freetown 

Loma mountains 


Njala Sugar Loaf Mountain 

Anthocleista vogelii Planch. (Gentianaceae) Star=g Habit= T 

BURS01 

Anthonotha macrophylla P.Beauv. (Leguminosae-caes.) 


BUHT05 BURS01 Freetown KAHS02 KAHS02 

KARS05 KARS07 KARS08 KATH01 KTPL01 

KTPL02 Tingi Mountains 

Anthostema aubryanum Baill. (Euphorbiaceae) Star=g 

Habit= T 

KARS03 KARS04 KARS05 KARS06 

Anthostema senegalense A.Juss. (Euphorbiaceae) Star=b 

Habit= T 

KAHS02 Kambia 

Antiaris toxicaria (Rumph. ex Pers.) Leschen. (Moraceae) 

Star=p Habit= T 


KTHT01 

Antidesma laciniatum (Euphorbiaceae) Star= Habit= 

KTHT01 

Anubias afzelii (larger) (Araceae) Star= Habit= 

KARS03 

Anubias afzelii Schott (Araceae) Star=G Habit= H 

BURK01 BURS01 Bafodia Guma Valley KAHS01 

KARS03 

A remarkably varied aroid, stout fleshy herb, found in 

patches at river margins, varying from small elliptic leaves 

to large leaves with small lobes at the base. In gallery 

forest from Senegal to Mali. 

Anubias gracilis A.Chev. ex Hutch. (Araceae) Star=G Habit= 

BURS08A KBRB01 

A small slender, triangular leaved aroid from Western 

Upper Guinea only, in streamns. 

Aphanocalyx pteridophyllus (Harms) Wieringa 

(Leguminosae-caes.) Star=B Habit= T (nb=Monopetalanthus 

pterid.) 

BUFT01 BULS01 BULS02 BULS03 BULS03B 

BULS04 BURS07 BURS08 BURS08A Gola Forest 

KTPL01 KTPL02 Kambui Hills Njala 

One of the common species in the wetter and taller types 

of gallery forest, this species is endemic to Western Upper 

Guinea. 

Aspilia (Compositae) Star= Habit= 

BUHS01 

Asplenium ((Aspleniaceae) Star= Habit= 

KARS04 

Asystasia scandens (Lindau) Hooker (Acanthaceae) Star=G 

Habit= C 

Freetown Guma Valley Guma Valley Havelock 

KBRB01 Kenema Loma Mountains Njala 

Waterloo York 

Ataenidia conferta (Benth.) Milne-Redhead (Marantaceae) 

Star=g Habit= H 

BURS08A 

Atroxima afzeliana (Oliv.) Stapf (Polygalaceae) Star=g Habit= 

C 

BURS01 KAHS01 KARS05 

Aubrevillea platycarpa Pellegr. (Leguminosae-mim.) Star=b 

Habit= T 

BULS03 BULS04 BULS04 BULS05 BUSM01 

Freetown KTHT01 KTHT01 KTHT01 KTPL01 Kabala 

Kambui Hills 

Appendices 

Aulacocalyx (Rubiaceae) Star= Habit= 

BULS03B BURS07 KARS07 

Aulacocalyx divergens (Hutch. & Dalz.) Keay (Rubiaceae) 

Star=G Habit= t 

BUFT01 BULS01 BULS02 BURS06 BURS07 

BURS07 Hangha KARS04 Loma Mountains Musaia 

Yifin 

Aulacocalyx jasminiflora Hook.f. (Rubiaceae) Star=g Habit= 

t 

KARS03 KARS05 

Baissea multiflora A.DC. (Apocynaceae) Star=g Habit= C 

BURS01 BUSF01 Loma Mountains 


Njala 

Baphia capparidifolia Bak. var. polygalacea 

(Leguminosae-pap.) Star=g Habit= C 

BULS03B BURS01 BUSF01 KTPL02 

Baphia nitida Lodd. (Leguminosae-pap.) Star=g Habit= t 

BUHT05 BUHT05 BUHT05 BUSM01 

Barleria oenotheroides Dum. Cours. (Acanthaceae) Star=g 

Habit= S 

BULS03B BURS08A BURS08A KTHT01 Loma 

Mountains Loma mountains 

Makeni Sonfon lake 

Begonia (Begoniaceae) Star= Habit= 

KBRB01 

Bertiera (Rubiaceae) Star= Habit= 

BUHT05 

Bertiera spicata (Gaertn.f.) Wernham (Rubiaceae) Star=b 

Habit= S 

BUHT05 Kambui Hills Kasewe Forest 

Reserve Kenema Kumrabai Njala Yonibana 

Bixa orellana L. (Bixaceae) Star=g Habit= 

BUHS01 

Blighia sapida Konig (Sapindaceae) Star=g Habit= T 

BUSF01 BUSM01 

Blighia unijugata Bak. (Sapindaceae) Star=g Habit= T 

BUSF01 

Blighia welwitschii (Hiern) Radlk. (Sapindaceae) Star=g 

Habit= T 

BUHT05 

Boehmeria macrophylla Hornem. (Urticaceae) Star=g 

Habit= S 

BULS04 KBRB01 

Bolbitis (Lomariopsidaceae) Star= Habit= 

Bolbitis (Lomariopsidaceae) Star= Habit= 

BUHT05 BULS03 BULS03B BULS04 BULS05 

BURS01 BURS08A BUSM01 KARS03 KBRB01 

KBRB01 KTPL01 KTPL02 

Bombax buonopozense P.Beauv. (Malvaceae s.l.(bomb.)) 


BULS01 KTPL01 

Borreria verticillata (L.) G.F.W.Mey (Rubiaceae) Star= 

Habit= 

BUHS01 

Brachystegia leonensis Burtt Davy & Hutch. (Leguminosaecaes.) 


BUFT01 BULS01 BULS01 BULS02 BULS03 

BULS03B BULS04 BURS01 BURS01 BURS01 

BURS02 BURS08 BURS08A KARS03 KARS03 

KARS04 KARS06 KARS08 KBRB01 KTHT01 

KTPL02 Kambui Kambui Hills Kenema 

Brachystephanus ? (Acanthaceae) Star= Habit= 

BURS08A 

Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) Star= Habit= 

BULS01 BURS06 

Caesalpinia benthamiana (Baill.) Herendeen & Zarucchi 

(Leguminosae-caes.) Star=g Habit= C 

BULS03 

Calamus deeratus Mann & Wendl. (Palmae) Star=g Habit= C 

KAHS02 KARS05 KARS07 KATH01 

Calpocalyx brevibracteatus Harms (Leguminosae-mim.) 


BULS03 BURS08A Kambui Kenema 

Calycobolus (Convolvulaceae) Star= Habit= 

BULS04 BURS06 

Calycobolus africanus (G.Don) Heine (Convolvulaceae) 


BULS03 

Calycobolus heudelotii (Bak. ex Oliv.) Heine 

(Convolvulaceae) Star=g Habit= C 


Appendices 

BUFT01 BUHT05 BULS01 BULS03 BURS07 RSRS01 

Campylospermum flavum (Schum.&Thonn. ex Stapf)Farron 

(Ochnaceae) Star=g Habit= t 

Campylospermum glaberrimum (P.Beauv.) Farron 

(Ochnaceae) Star=b Habit= S 

BUFT01 BUHT05 BUHT05 BUHT05 BULS01 

BURS01 BURS06 BURS07 BURS08A KARS03 

KARS07 KARS08 

Campylospermum schoenleinianum (Klotsch) Farron 

(Ochnaceae) Star=g Habit= S 

BULS03 BUSM01 

Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. (Burseraceae) Star=p Habit= 

T 

BULS03 BULS04 BULS04 BURS02 BURS06 

BURS07 KAHS02 KARS05 KARS06 

Capparis (Capparaceae) Star= Habit= 

RSRS01 

Carapa procera DC. (Meliaceae) Star=g Habit= T 

BULS01 BULS02 BULS04 BULS04 BURS01 

BURS02 KAHS01 KAHS02 KARS03 KARS04 

KARS08 KBRB01 KTPL02 

Cardiospermum grandiflorum Swartz (Sapindaceae) 


BURS01 

Cardiospermum halicacabum L. (Sapindaceae) Star=g 

Habit= C 

BUSF01 

Carpolobia (Polygalaceae) Star= Habit= 

BURK01 

Carpolobia alba G.Don (Polygalaceae) Star=g Habit= S 


BURS01 BURS07 Sugar Loaf Mountain 

Casearia calodendron Gilg (Salicaceae (flac.)) Star=b 

Habit= t 

BUHS01 

Cassia (Leguminosae-caes.) Star= Habit= 

KTHT01 

Cassia sieberiana DC. (Leguminosae-caes.) Star=g Habit= T 

BUSF01 

Cassipourea afzelii (Oliv.) Alston (Rhizophoraceae) Star=b 

Habit= T 

BULS03 BULS04 Freetown Havelock 

Kabala Kambia Kenema Leicester 

Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. (Malvaceae s.l.(bomb.)) Star=g 

Habit= T 

BUFT01 BUHT05 BULS02 BULS03 BULS03B 

BURS01 BURS02 BURS02 BUSF01 BUSM01 

KAHS01 KAHS02 KARS03 KARS05 KARS06 

KARS07 KARS08 KTPL02 

Ceratopteris (Parkeriaceae) Star= Habit= 

KBRB01 

Cercestis afzelii Schott (Araceae) Star=g Habit= C 

BULS02 BULS04 BURS01 BURS07 BURS08A 

BUSM01 Bagru River KARS05 KARS06 KARS07 

KARS08 KBRB01 KBRB01 KTHT01 KTPL01 

KTPL02 

Cercestis ivorensis A.Chev. (Araceae) Star=b Habit= C 

KARS03 KARS06 KARS07 

Chassalia kolly (Schum.) Hepper (Rubiaceae) Star=g Habit= 

S 

BUHS01 BURS01 BUSF01 KTHT01 KTHT01 

Chazaliella sciadephora (Hiern) Petit & Verdc. (Rubiaceae) 

Star=g Habit= S 

BUSM01 Loma Mountains 

Chidlowia sanguinea Hoyle (Leguminosae-caes.) Star=b 

Habit= T 

BULS03 BULS04 BULS05 BULS05 BULS05 

BURS01 BURS08 BURS08A BURS08A Gola 

Forest Hamilton Kambui Hills Kenema York 

Christiana africana DC. (Malvaceae s.l.(tili.)) Star=g Habit= t 

BUFT01 BURS02 KARS04 KARS06 KARS07 

KARS08 

Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & Robinson (Compositae) 


BUSF01 

Chrysophyllum (Sapotaceae) Star= Habit= 

BUHT05 BURS02 

Chrysophyllum africanum A.DC. (Sapotaceae) Star=g 

Habit= T 


BULS05 BURS07 BURS08A BUSM01 KTHT01 

Chrysophyllum pruniforme Pierre ex Engl. (Sapotaceae) 


BULS03 

Chrysophyllum subnudum Bak. (Sapotaceae) Star=g 

Habit= T 

BUHT05 

Chrysophyllum ubangiense (Sapotaceae) Star= Habit= 

BULS04 

Chrysophyllum welwitschii Engl. (Sapotaceae) Star=g 

Habit= C 

KARS06 

Chytranthus carneus Radlk. (Sapindaceae) Star=g Habit= t 

BULS05 

Cissus (Vitaceae) Star= Habit= 

BURS01 

Cissus aralioides (Welw. ex Bak.) Planch. (Vitaceae) Star=g 

Habit= C 

BURS01 

Cissus sylvestris Tchoumé (Vitaceae) Star=! Habit= 

BULS01 BULS04 BURS08A KARS06 

Cleistanthus (Euphorbiaceae) Star= Habit= 

BULS04 

Cleistopholis patens (Benth.) Engl. & Diels (Annonaceae) 


Freetown KAHS01 KARS03 KARS07 KARS08 

KTPL01 KTPL02 KTPL02 

Clerodendrum (Verbenaceae) Star= Habit= 

BUSF01 

Clerodendrum schweinfurthii (Verbenaceae) Star= Habit= 

KARS08 

Clerodendrum silvanum Henriq. var. buchholzii (Gurke) 

Verdcourt (Verbenaceae) Star= Habit= 

BURS01 

Cnestis corniculata Lam. (Connaraceae) Star=g Habit= C 

BUSM01 Havelock 

Cnestis ferruginea Vahl ex DC. (Connaraceae) Star=g Habit= 

C 

BUHS01 BUHT05 BULS03B BURS01 BUSM01 

KARS07 

Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner (Rubiaceae) Star=g 

Habit= T 

KTPL02 

Cola caricifolia (G.Don) K.Schum. (Malvaceae s.l.(sterc.)) 

Star=g Habit= t 

BULS02 BULS03B BULS03B BULS04 

BULS05 BURS01 BURS01 BURS06 BURS07 

KAHS01 KARS05 KARS06 KARS07 KARS08 

KBRB01 KTHT01 Njala 

Cola chlamydantha K.Schum. (Malvaceae s.l.(sterc.)) Star=g 

Habit= t 

BULS01 BULS03 BULS05 BURS01 KBRB01 

KTHT01 RSRS02 

Cola gigantea (Malvaceae s.l.(sterc.)) Star= Habit= 

BUHT05 BUSM01 KAHS02 KARS06 

Cola gigantea/lat. (Malvaceae s.l.(sterc.)) Star= Habit= 

KTPL01 

Cola lateritia (Malvaceae s.l.(sterc.)) Star= Habit= 

BULS01 BULS03 BULS05 BURS01 BURS08A 

KBRB01 KTHT01 KTPL01 KTPL02 

Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott. & Endl. (Malvaceae s.l.(sterc.)) 


KTHT01 KTPL02 York 

Combretum (Combretaceae) Star= Habit= 

BUFT01 BUHT05 BULS05 BURS01 

Combretum =237 (Combretaceae) Star= Habit= 

BUHT05 

Combretum =901 (Combretaceae) Star= Habit= 

BULS01 

Combretum comosum G.Don (Combretaceae) Star=g 

Habit= C 

BURS01 Freetown Kenema Makeni Njala 

Combretum grandiflorum G.Don (Combretaceae) Star=b 

Habit= C 

BUSF01 Bumbuna York 

Combretum mildbraedii (Combretaceae) Star=g Habit= C 

BULS03 

Combretum oyemense Exell (Combretaceae) Star=g Habit= 

C 

BULS01 BULS02 BULS02 BURS07 

Combretum sp G.Don (Combretaceae) Star= Habit= 

KARS04 

Commelina (Commelinaceae) Star= Habit= 

KARS05 KBRB01 


Connarus africanus Lam. (Connaraceae) Star=g Habit= C 

BULS04 BURS07 Guma Valley KAHS02 KARS07 

Sonfon lake Sonfon lake 

Copaifera salikounda Heckel (Leguminosae-caes.) Star=r 

Habit= T 

KAHS01 KARS03 KARS06 KATH01 KTHT01 

RSRS01 

Cordia (Boraginaceae) Star= Habit= 

BUHT05 

Corynanthe pachyceras K.Schum. (Rubiaceae) Star=g 

Habit= T 

BUHT05 Kasewe Forest Reserve 

Costus Ker-Gawl. (Zingiberaceae) Star= Habit= 

BUSF01 KARS03 KARS03 KARS03 

Costus afer Ker-Gawl. (Zingiberaceae) Star= Habit= 

BURS01 BURS02 BURS08A KARS05 KARS06 

KARS08 KTHT01 

Craterispermum laurinum (Poir.) Benth. (Rubiaceae) 


BUHS01 BUHT05 BURS07 KAHS01 KARS03 

KARS07 KARS08 KBRB01 

Cremaspora (Rubiaceae) Star= Habit= 

KAHS02 

Cremaspora triflora (Thonn.) K.Schum. (Rubiaceae) Star=g 

Habit= C 

BURS07 BURS07 

Crinum natans Bak. (Amaryllidaceae) Star=g Habit= H 

KATH01 

Croton (Euphorbiaceae) Star= Habit= 

KARS03 

Croton scarciesii Sc.Elliot (Euphorbiaceae) Star=g Habit= S 

BURK01 BURS01 BURS06 Njala 

Crotonogyne caterviflora N.E.Br. (Euphorbiaceae) Star=g 

Habit= S 

BURS07 RSRS05 Yonibana 

Cryptosepalum tetraphyllum (Hook.f.) Benth. 

(Leguminosae-caes.) Star=G Habit= T 

Gola Forest KAHS01 KAHS02 KARS03 KARS04 

Kambui Hills Kambui Hills Kenema Lalehun Loma 

Mountains Loma Mountains RSRS05 Sugar Loaf 

Mountain Sugar Loaf Mountain 

Ctenitis (Dryopteridaceae) Star= Habit= 

BURS01 

Culcasia (Araceae) Star= Habit= 


Culcasia barombensis N.E. Brown (Araceae) Star=! Habit= 

KTHT01 KTPL02 

Culcasia saxatilis A.Chev. (Araceae) Star=g Habit= H 

BURK01 BURS01 KARS03 KARS04 KARS05 

KARS08 KTPL01 

Cuviera macroura K.Schum. (Rubiaceae) Star=b Habit= t 

BULS01 BUSF01 

Dacryodes klaineana (Pierre) H.J.Lam (Burseraceae) Star=g 

Habit= T 


BURS06 BUSM01 KAHS02 KAHS02 KARS08 

RSRS08 

Dactyladenia scabrifolia (Hua) Prance & F.White 

(Chrysobalanaceae) Star=b Habit= t 

KAHS01 Musaia Musaia Sonfon lake 

Dactyladenia whytei (Stapf.) Prance & F.White 

(Chrysobalanaceae) Star=B Habit= t 

BURS07 Bumbuna KARS03 KARS03 

Kafogo Kenema Lalehun Njala Pujehun 

Dalbergia (Leguminosae-pap.) Star= Habit= 

KARS03 KARS05 

Dalbergia afzeliana G.Don (Leguminosae-pap.) Star=g 

Habit= C 

BURS01 BURS01 KARS05 

Dalbergia hepperi spec.nov. (Leguminosae-pap.) Star=B 

Habit= C 

KARS03 

Dalbergia oblongifolia G.Don (Leguminosae-pap.) Star=b 

Habit= C 

BULS01 

Dalbergia saxatilis Hook.f. (Leguminosae-pap.) Star=g 

Habit= C 

BUHS01 BURS01 KARS03 KARS03 

Dalbergiella welwitschii (Bak.) Bak.f. (Leguminosae-pap.) 


KAHS02 KARS03 

Daniellia thurifera Bennett (Leguminosae-caes.) Star=p 

Appendices 

Habit= T 

BUFT01 BUHT05 BULS02 BULS03B BULS04 


BUSM01 Freetown KAHS02 KARS04 KARS05 

KBRB01 KTHT01 Kenema Waterloo 

Deinbollia grandifolia Hook.f. (Sapindaceae) Star=g Habit= 

S 

BUHT05 BUHT05 BURS01 BUSF01 BUSF01 

KAHS01 KARS06 KTHT01 KTPL01 

Desmodium salicifolium (Poir.) DC. (Leguminosae-pap.) 


BURS02 KAHS02 Senehun 

Desmodium velutinum (Willd.) DC. (Leguminosae-pap.) 


BUHS01 

Dialium aubrevillei Pellegr. (Leguminosae-caes.) Star=g 

Habit= T 

BUHT05 Gola Forest Kambui Hills 

Dialium dinklagei Harms (Leguminosae-caes.) Star=g Habit= 

T 

BUHT05 BURS01 BURS02 BURS07 BUSM01 

KTHT01 

Dialium guineense Willd. (Leguminosae-caes.) Star=g Habit= 

T 

BUFT01 BUFT01 BUHS01 BULS02 BULS03 

BULS03B BULS04 BULS05 BURS08 BUSM01 


KARS07 KARS08 

Dichapetalum heudelotii (Planch. ex Oliv.) Baill. var. 

ndongense (Engl.) Bret. (Dichapetalaceae) Star=! Habit= 

BUHT05 BUHT05 BUHT05 BUSM01 KBRB01 

Dichapetalum pallidum (Oliv.) Engl. (Dichapetalaceae) 


BUHT05 BULS02 BURS01 BURS07 

Dichapetalum toxicarium (G.Don) Baill. (Dichapetalaceae) 


Bagru River Freetown 

Freetown Gola Forest Havelock 

Kambia Leicester Leicester Njala 

Njala Regent 

Dichrostachys glomerata (Forsk.) Chiov. (Leguminosaemim.) 

Star=g Habit= 

BUHS01 

Dicranolepis (Thymelaeaceae) Star= Habit= 

BULS03 BURS07 

Dicranolepis disticha Planch. (Thymelaeaceae) Star=g 

Habit= S 

BUHT05 BULS01 BULS05 BURS01 KTHT01 

Kasewe Forest Reserve Sonfon lake 

Dicranolepis laciniata Gilg (Thymelaeaceae) Star=b Habit= 

S 

BUHT05 Loma Mountains 

Dictyandra arborescens Welw. ex Hook.f. (Rubiaceae) 

Star=b Habit= t 

BUHT05 

Didelotia engleri Dinkl. & Harms (Leguminosae-caes.) Star=B 

Habit= T 

KBRB01 

Didymosalpinx abbeokutae (Hiern) Keay (Rubiaceae) 


KARS04 

Dioclea hexandra (Leguminosae-pap.) Star=g Habit= C 

BULS01 

Dioscorea (Dioscoreaceae) Star= Habit= 

BUSF01 

Dioscorea praehensilis Benth. (Dioscoreaceae) Star=g 

Habit= C 

BUHS01 KTPL01 

Dioscorea preussii Pax (Dioscoreaceae) Star=g Habit= C 

KATH01 Loma Mountains Tingi Mountains 

Diospyros elliotii (Hiern) F.White (Ebenaceae) Star=g Habit= 

T 

BURK01 BURS01 BURS02 BURS06 

Diospyros heudelotii Hiern (Ebenaceae) Star=b Habit= T 

BUFT01 BUHS01 BULS03B BULS04 BURS01 

BURS01 BURS01 BURS02 BURS02 KAHS01 

KARS03 KARS06 KARS07 KARS08 KBRB01 

KTHT01 

Diospyros piscatoria Guerke (Ebenaceae) Star=g Habit= T 

BUFT01 BULS01 BULS04 BURS08 KAHS01 

KAHS02 KARS03 RSRS02 

Diospyros thomasii Hutch. & Dalz. (Ebenaceae) Star=G 


Appendices 

Habit= t 

BULS02 BULS03 BULS03 BUSM01 KARS07 

Discoglypremna caloneura (Pax) Prain (Euphorbiaceae) 


BUHT05 

Dissotis sp (Melastomataceae) Star= Habit= 

BUHS01 KARS03 

Distemonanthus benthamianus Baill. (Leguminosaecaes.) 

Star=p Habit= T 

BULS03 

Dorstenia turbinata Engler (Moraceae) Star=g Habit= t 

Bumbuna Gola Forest KBRB01 Lalehun Loma 

Mountains Sugar Loaf Mountain York 

Dracaena (Dracaenaceae) Star= Habit= 

KARS04 

Dracaena as prev (Dracaenaceae) Star= Habit= 

BUSM01 

Dracaena camerooniana Bak. (Dracaenaceae) Star=g 

Habit= S 

KARS07 

Dracaena cristula W. Bull (Dracaenaceae) Star=g Habit= S 

BULS03B BULS04 BULS04 BURS08 KBRB01 

KTHT01 Kambui Hills Kenema Loma Mountains 

Loma mountains York 

Dracaena mannii Bak. (Dracaenaceae) Star=g Habit= T 

KTPL02 

Dracaena surculosa (Dracaenaceae) Star= Habit= 

BULS02 BURS02 KAHS01 KAHS02 KARS03 

KARS05 

Drypetes afzelii (Pax) Hutch (Euphorbiaceae) Star=b Habit= t 

BULS05 BURS06 BURS07 Guma Valley KBRB01 

Drypetes gilgiana (Pax) Pax & K.Hoffm. (Euphorbiaceae) 


BURS06 

Drypetes inaequalis Hutch. (Euphorbiaceae) Star=b Habit= 

S 

BULS02 BULS04 BURS07 BUSM01 

Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (Palmae) Star=g Habit= T 

BULS02 BURS01 BURS08 KAHS01 KAHS02 


KARS07 KARS08 KATH01 KBRB01 KTHT01 

Entada mannii (Oliv.) Tisser (Leguminosae-mim.) Star=g 

Habit= C 

BURS01 

Entada rheedei Sprengel (Leguminosae-mim.) Star=g Habit= 

C 

BURS07 

Entandrophragma angolense (Welw.) DC. (Meliaceae) 

Star=r Habit= T 

BULS03 BULS04 BULS05 BULS05 KTHT01 

Eremospatha hookeri (Mann & Wendl.) Wendl. (Palmae) 

Star=! Habit= 

BULS05 

Eriocoelum racemosum Bak. (Sapindaceae) Star=b Habit= 

T 

BULS05 

Erythrina vogelii Hook.f. (Leguminosae-pap.) Star=g Habit= T 

BUHS01 BURS01 

Erythrococca anomala (Juss. ex Poir.) Prain 


BULS04 

Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) Brenan 

(Leguminosae-caes.) Star=g Habit= T 

KAHS01 Sonfon lake Tingi Mountains 

Erythroxylum mannii Oliv. (Erythroxylaceae) Star=g Habit= 

T 

BUHT05 

Euadenia (Capparaceae) Star= Habit= 

KTPL02 

Euadenia eminens Hook.f. (Capparaceae) Star=g Habit= S 

Bagru River KARS06 York York 

Euadenia trifoliolata (Schum. & Thonn.) Oliv. (Capparaceae) 


KTHT01 

Euclinia longiflora Salisb. (Rubiaceae) Star=g Habit= t 

KTPL01 

Eugenia calophylloides DC. (Myrtaceae) Star=G Habit= t 


Eugenia sp --- (Myrtaceae) Star= Habit= 

BULS02 BURS06 

Farquharia elliptica Stapf (Apocynaceae) Star=g Habit= C 

KARS07 

Ficus (Moraceae) Star= Habit= 

BULS03 BULS04 BURS01 BURS01 BURS01 

BURS02 BURS06 BURS06 

Ficus =432 (Moraceae) Star= Habit= 

KTPL02 

Ficus asperifolia Miq. (Moraceae) Star=g Habit= S 

BUFT01 BURK01 BURS01 KARS03 

Ficus calyptrata Thonn. ex Vahl (Moraceae) Star=g Habit= T 

BURS01 

Ficus elasticoides De Wild. (Moraceae) Star=g Habit= T 

KTPL01 

Ficus exasperata Vahl (Moraceae) Star=g Habit= T 

BUHS01 BUSF01 

Ficus kamerunensis Mildbr. & Burrett (Moraceae) Star=g 

Habit= T 

BURS07 

Ficus lutea Vahl (Moraceae) Star=g Habit= T 

BULS01 BULS02 BURS01 KARS03 

Ficus lyrata Warb. (Moraceae) Star=g Habit= T 

KARS03 

Ficus mucuso Ficalho (Moraceae) Star=g Habit= T 

BURS01 KTPL01 

Ficus natalensis Hochst. ssp. leprieurii (Moraceae) 


KARS03 

Ficus natalensis ssp. leprieuri (Moraceae) Star= Habit= 

KARS04 

Ficus ottoniifolia (Miq.) Miq. (Moraceae) Star=g Habit= 

KTHT01 Njala 

Ficus ottoniifolia (Miq.) Miq. ssp. multinervia C.C. Berg 

(Moraceae) Star= Habit= 

BURS07 

Ficus polita Vahl (Moraceae) Star=g Habit= 

BURS01 BURS01 

Ficus pseudomangifera Hutch. (Moraceae) Star=g Habit= T 

KARS04 

Ficus sagittifolia Warb. ex Mildbr. & Burret (Moraceae) 


BULS04 Loma Mountains Njala 

Ficus saussureana DC. (Moraceae) Star=b Habit= T 

BURS01 BURS01 

Ficus scott-elliotii Mildbr. & Burrett (Moraceae) Star=b Habit= 

T 

BURS01 BURS01 BURS08 Musaia Njala 

Ficus sp.a(aff.ovata) (Moraceae) Star= Habit= 

BURS01 

Ficus sp.aff.tesselata (Moraceae) Star= Habit= 

BULS01 BURS02 

Ficus sur Forsk. (Moraceae) Star=g Habit= T 

BUHS01 BUHT05 BURS01 KARS06 KARS08 

Ficus variifolia Warb. (Moraceae) Star=g Habit= T 

BURS02 KARS03 KTHT01 

Floscopa africana (P.Beauv.) C.B.Clarke (Commelinaceae) 

Star=g Habit= H 

Friesodielsia gracilis (Hook.f.) Steen (Annonaceae) Star=g 

Habit= C 


Friesodielsia velutina (Sprague & Hutch.) Van Steenis 

(Annonaceae) Star=b Habit= C 

BUSM01 Yonibana Yonibana 

Funtumia africana (Benth.) Stapf (Apocynaceae) Star=g 

Habit= T 

BUFT01 BUHT05 BULS04 BULS04 BURS07 

BURS08 BURS08A BUSM01 KTHT01 KTPL01 

KTPL02 

Funtumia elastica (Preuss) Stapf (Apocynaceae) Star=p 

Habit= T 

BURS08 

Garcinia afzelii Engl. (Guttiferae) Star=r Habit= t 

BULS05 KAHS01 KAHS02 KARS03 KARS05 

KARS08 KATH01 

Garcinia kola Heckel (Guttiferae) Star=S Habit= T 

BUHT05 BUHT05 BULS03 BULS05 BURS01 

BURS01 BURS02 BURS02 

Garcinia smeathmannii (Planch. & Triana) Oliv. (Guttiferae) 


BUHT05 BULS04 BURS07 KAHS01 KAHS02 



Geophila obvallata (Schum.) F.Didr. (Rubiaceae) Star=g 

Habit= H 


BULS03B KARS03 KARS05 

Gilbertiodendron bilineatum (Hutch. & Dalz.) J.Leonard 

(Leguminosae-caes.) Star=G Habit= T 

BURS01 BURS07 Bagbe Bagbe RSRS02 

Gilbertiodendron aff.bilineatum?ivorense (A.Chev.) 

J.Leonard (Leguminosae-caes.) Star=G Habit= T 

BURS01 BURS07 BURS07 KARS07 RSRS02 

The earlier NKUK report highlight stands of abundant 

Gilbertiodendron bilineatum in some gallery forests. 

Although we have indeed found this species and G .limba, 

several specimens of abundant riverside Gilbertiodendron 

appear to be of a similar species or, as it is intermediate in 

form with G.preussii, maybe a hybrid. G. sp.aff bilineatum 

differs by having glabrous smooth pods with one raised 

band (normally 3 banded and hairy in bilineatum); by 

having single-lobed persistent stipules (similar to G. 

bilineatum, quite distinct from G. preussii which in any case 

is not usually confined to watery places like the others). 

Unlike G. ivorense, a rare species from Ivory Coast, the 

bracts are quite small. W.h. is currently working on this 

plant, which will involve checking specimens from other 

European herbaria. Even if it does turn out to be a new 

taxon, it is quite likely to have been collected before and 

misfiled in herbaria. 

Gilbertiodendron limba (Scott Elliot) J.Leonard 


BURS02 BURS06 Guma Valley Kafogo Kafogo 

RSRS05 

Gilbertiodendron preussii (Harms) J.Leonard 


BULS02 Gola Forest Gola Forest Gola Forest 

KARS08 KBRB01 

Glyphaea brevis (Spreng.) Monachino (Malvaceae s.l.(tili.)) 


BULS04 BURS02 BURS07 KARS04 KARS05 

KARS06 KTHT01 

Guarea cedrata (A.Chev.) Pellegr. (Meliaceae) Star=p Habit= 

T 

BUHT05 BUHT05 BUSM01 KARS07 KTHT01 

Guibourtia leonensis J.Léonard (Leguminosae-caes.) 

Star=B Habit= T 


KTHT01 Kambui Hills Kambui Hills Kambui Hills 

Hannoa klaineana Pierre & Engl. (Simaroubaceae) Star=g 

Habit= T 

BULS03 BULS04 BULS05 BULS05 BURS07 

BURS07 BURS08 BUSM01 KAHS02 KARS03 


KTHT01 KTHT01 

Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir. (Guttiferae) 


BUHS01 BULS03B KARS08 

Heinsia crinita (Afzel.) G.Tayl. (Rubiaceae) Star=g Habit= S 

Freetown KARS05 

Heisteria parvifolia Sm. (Olacaceae) Star=g Habit= S 


BURS01 BURS02 BURS06 BURS06 BURS07 

KAHS01 KAHS01 KAHS01 KAHS02 KARS03 

KARS04 KARS05 KARS06 KARS07 KARS08 

KBRB01 

Heritiera utilis (Sprague) Sprague (Malvaceae s.l.(sterc.)) 

Star=r Habit= T 

BURS07 Gola Forest Kenema Loma 

Mountains 

Hexalobus crispiflorus A.Rich. (Annonaceae) Star=g Habit= 

T 

BUFT01 BULS01 BULS01 BULS01 BULS02 

BURS02 BURS06 BURS07 KAHS02 KARS03 


Loma Mountains 

Hibiscus sterculiifolius (Guill. & Perr.) Steud. (Malvaceae 

(s.s..)) Star=g Habit= 

BULS03B 

Appendices 

Holarrhena floribunda (G.Don) Dur. & Schinz. 

(Apocynaceae) Star=g Habit= T 

BUSF01 

Homalium africanum (Hook.f.) Benth. (Salicaceae (flac.)) 


BULS02 BULS03 BULS04 BURS01 BURS08A 

KAHS02 KARS07 

Homalium letestui Pellegr. (Salicaceae (flac.)) Star=g Habit= 

T 

BULS03B 

Hugonia (Linaceae) Star= Habit= 

KARS06 

Hugonia planchonii Hook.f. (Linaceae) Star=b Habit= C 

BUFT01 BUHT05 BULS03B BULS05 BURS01 

BURS07 BUSF01 KTHT01 Sonfon lake 

Hygrophila odora (Nees) T.Anderson (Acanthaceae) Star= 

Habit= 

BURK01 BURS01 

Hygrophila sp.b (Acanthaceae) Star= Habit= 

BURK01 

Hymenocardia lyrata Tul. (Euphorbiaceae) Star=G Habit= t 

BUFT01 BULS01 BULS02 BULS03B BULS04 

BURS01 BURS02 BURS07 BURS08 KARS03 

KARS04 KARS06 Kambia Loma Mountains Loma 

Mountains RSRS07 

Hypoestes spp. (Acanthaceae) Star= Habit= 

KAHS02 

Hypoestes verticillaris (L.f.) Soland. ex Roem. & Schu 

(Acanthaceae) Star=g Habit= H 

KATH01 KTHT01 

Hypselodelphys poggeana (K.Schum.) Milne-Redhead 

(Marantaceae) Star=g Habit= C 

BULS03 BURS01 BURS08A KBRB01 

Ipomoea involucrata P.Beauv. (Convolvulaceae) Star=g 

Habit= C 

BUHS01 

Ipomoea triloba L. (Convolvulaceae) Star=g Habit= 

BURK01 Freetown 

Irvingia (Irvingiaceae) Star= Habit= 

BULS04 KARS08 

Irvingia robur Mildbr. (Irvingiaceae) Star=b Habit= T 

BULS04 BURS02 Gola Forest 

Irvingia wombolu Vermoesen (Irvingiaceae) Star=g Habit= T 

BUHT05 BUHT05 KARS03 KARS07 

Isolona campanulata Engl. & Diels (Annonaceae) Star=g 

Habit= t 

BURS07 

Ixora (Rubiaceae) Star= Habit= 

BULS04 

Ixora guineensis Benth. (Rubiaceae) Star=g Habit= S 

BULS02 BURS07 

Jasminum pauciflorum Benth. (Oleaceae) Star=g Habit= C 

BUHS01 BUSF01 

Jussiaea (Onagraceae) Star= Habit= 

KBRB01 

Justicia tenella (Nees) T.Anders (Acanthaceae) Star=g Habit= 

H 

BURS02 York 

Keetia (Rubiaceae) Star= Habit= 

BUFT01 BUHS01 

Keetia tenuifllora (Hiern) Bridson (Rubiaceae) Star=g Habit= 

C 

BULS04 

Klainedoxa gabonensis (Irvingiaceae) Star= Habit= 

KAHS02 KARS05 KARS08 

Landolphia (Apocynaceae) Star= Habit= 


Landolphia dulcis (R.Br. ex Sabine) Pichon (Apocynaceae) 


BURS01 KARS03 

Landolphia hirsuta (Hua) Pichon (Apocynaceae) Star=g 

Habit= C 

BUHS01 BULS05 

Landolphia incerta (K.Schum.) Persoon (Apocynaceae) 


BULS02 

Landolphia membranacea (Stapf) Pichon (Apocynaceae) 

Star=G Habit= C 

KTHT01 Njala Yonibana Yonibana Yonibana 

Yonibana Yonibana Yonibana Yonibana 

Lankesteria hispida (Willd.) T.Anders. (Acanthaceae) Star=g 

Habit= S 


Appendices 

BULS03 BULS05 Freetown Kenema 

RSRS01 

Lasiodiscus fasciculiflorus Engl. (Rhamnaceae) Star=b 

Habit= t 

BURS07 

Lecaniodiscus cupanioides Planch. ex Benth. 

(Sapindaceae) Star=g Habit= t 

BULS01 BURS07 KAHS01 KARS03 KTHT01 

Leea guineensis G.Don (Leeaceae) Star=g Habit= S 

BURS01 

Lepidagathis alopecuroides (Vahl) R.Br. ex Griseb. 

(Acanthaceae) Star=! Habit= 

Freetown KARS03 Loma Mountains Loma 

Mountains 

Lepidagathis hyssopifolia (Benth.) T.Anders. 

(Acanthaceae) Star=g Habit= H 

BUFT01 KATH01 

Leptaulus daphnoides Benth. (Icacinaceae) Star=g Habit= T 

BURS06 BURS06 

Leptoderris (Leguminosae-pap.) Star= Habit= 

BUHS01 KARS05 KARS06 KARS07 KARS08 

Leptoderris brachyptera (Benth.) Dunn. (Leguminosaepap.) 


KAHS02 

Leptoderris fasciculata (Benth.) Dunn. (Leguminosae-pap.) 


BULS03 BULS04 BURS01 

Macaranga barteri Muell.Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) Star=g Habit= 

T 

BUHT05 BULS03B BURS01 KARS08 

Macaranga heterophylla (Muell.Arg.) Muell.Arg. 

(Euphorbiaceae) Star=g Habit= T 

BUHT05 BURS01 KARS05 KARS06 KARS08 

Macaranga hurifolia Beille (Euphorbiaceae) Star=g Habit= T 

BUSF01 Tingi Mountains 

Maesobotrya barteri (Euphorbiaceae) Star= Habit= 

BUSM01 BUSM01 KAHS01 KBRB01 

Maesopsis eminii Engl. (Rhamnaceae) Star=g Habit= T 

BUHT05 BULS04 

Magnistipula zenkeri Engl. (Chrysobalanaceae) Star=b 

Habit= t 

BURS08A BURS08A Tingi Mountains 

Mangenotia eburnea Pichon (Asclepiadaceae) Star=g Habit= 

C 

BUSF01 Port Loko Port Loko Yonibana 

Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae) Star=g Habit= 

KTHT01 

Manilkara obovata (Sabine & G.Don) J.H.Hemsley 

(Sapotaceae) Star=g Habit= T 

BUFT01 BULS03B BULS04 BURS02 BURS06 

BURS07 BURS08A KARS03 

Manniophyton fulvum Muell.Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) Star=g 

Habit= C 

BUHT05 BULS03B BURS01 

Mapania (Cyperaceae) Star= Habit= 

BURS06 BUSM01 KARS04 KARS06 KARS07 

Maranthes aubrevillei (Pellegr.) Prance (Chrysobalanaceae) 


BULS03 Kambui Kambui Kenema 

Marantochloa (Marantaceae) Star= Habit= 

KARS04 KARS05 

Marantochloa cuspidata (Rose.) Milne-Redhead 

(Marantaceae) Star=g Habit= H 

BURS01 Freetown KATH01 KBRB01 Kambia 

Kambui Hills Kasewe Forest Reserve Kenema 

Kenema Loma mountains Loma 

Mountains Loma Mountains Njala Port 

Loko Waterloo Yonibana York 

Marantochloa leucantha (Marantaceae) Star=g Habit= H 

BULS03 KARS06 KTPL01 KTPL01 

Mareya micrantha (Benth.) Muell.Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) 


BUHT05 BULS01 BULS04 KTHT01 

Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) Webster (Euphorbiaceae) 


BUHS01 BUSF01 

Megaphrynium Hepper (Marantaceae) Star= Habit= 

BULS03 BULS05 BUSM01 

Megaphrynium macrostachyum (Benth.) Milne-Redhead 


BULS03 

Memecylon lateriflorum (G.Don) Bremek. 

(Melastomataceae) Star=g Habit= T 

BULS02 BULS02 BULS03 BULS04 KAHS01 

Kasewe Forest Reserve 

Memecylon normandii Jac.-Fél. (Melastomataceae) Star=g 

Habit= T 

BUFT01 BULS03B BURS07 

Merremia pterygocaulos (Steud. ex Choisy) Hallier 

(Convolvulaceae) Star=g Habit= C 

BUHS01 

Merremia umbellata (Convolvulaceae) Star= Habit= 

BUFT01 KBRB01 

Microdesmis keayana Leonard (Pandaceae) Star=g Habit= t 

BUHT05 BULS03 BULS03 BULS03B BULS04 

BULS05 BURS01 BURS06 Freetown Havelock 

Havelock KTHT01 KTPL02 Makeni 

Microglossa pyrifolia (Lam.) O.Ktze. (Compositae) Star=g 

Habit= H 

BUHS01 BUSF01 

Mikania cordata (Compositae) Star= Habit= 

KAHS02 

Mildbraedia paniculata Pax (Euphorbiaceae) Star=! Habit= 

BURS01 

Milicia regia (A.Chev.) C.C.Berg (Moraceae) Star=s Habit= T 


BULS04 BULS05 BURS01 BURS01 BUSF01 

Freetown KAHS01 KARS06 KBRB01 Njala 

Njala 

Millettia (Leguminosae-pap.) Star= Habit= 

BURS02 BUSF01 

Millettia chrysophylla Dunn (Leguminosae-pap.) Star=g 

Habit= C 

KARS05 RSRS01 

Millettia lane-poolei Dunn (Leguminosae-pap.) Star=b Habit= 

t 

BUHS01 BULS03 BUSF01 KBRB01 KTHT01 

KTPL01 KTPL02 Kenema 

Lalehun 

Millettia pallens Stapf (Leguminosae-pap.) Star=G Habit= t 

BURS01 Freetown Kabala Loma 

Mountains Pujehun Senehun Sugar Loaf Mountain 

Sugar Loaf Mountain Waterloo 

Millettia rhodantha Baill. (Leguminosae-pap.) Star=g Habit= t 

BURS01 BURS06 Bumbuna Hangha 

Kenema Njala Pujehun 

Millettia sanagana Harms (Leguminosae-pap.) Star=b Habit= 

t 

KARS03 KARS04 KARS06 KARS08 KATH01 

RSRS02 

A large leaved gallery thicket species, often a tall 

unbranched shrub with stems a cm or so in diameter and 

very large leaves. known from Guinee, a few sites in 

Liberia and Sierra Leone. The rather unusually it is not 

recorded again except for Fernano Po and Cameroon. It 

has very large leafets and is a distinctive feature of the 

gallery forest and thicket in the north of our area but not 

the south. 

Millettia warneckei Harms var. porphyrocalyx (Dunn) 

Hepper (Leguminosae-pap.) Star=G Habit= C 

BURS01 KAHS02 KARS03 KARS06 KATH01 Yifin 

Monanthotaxis (Annonaceae) Star= Habit= 

BURS01 KTHT01 

Monanthotaxis sp. (Annonaceae) Star= Habit= 

KARS05 KARS07 

Monodora tenuifolia Benth. (Annonaceae) Star=g Habit= t 


KTHT01 Loma mountains Port 

Loko 

Morelia senegalensis A.Rich. ex DC. (Rubiaceae) Star=g 

Habit= 

BULS01 KAHS01 KARS03 KARS05 Kasewe 

Forest Reserve 

Morinda geminata DC. (Rubiaceae) Star=G Habit= t 

BUHS01 BURS01 KAHS01 KARS06 

Morinda morindoides (Bak.) Milne-Redh. (Rubiaceae) 


BUHS01 Yifin 


Morinda sp. (Rubiaceae) Star= Habit= 

BULS03 

Morus mesozygia Stapf (Moraceae) Star=g Habit= T 

BULS01 KTHT01 KTPL01 KTPL02 

Mostuea hirsuta (T.And. ex Benth.) Baill. ex B 

(Gelsemiaceae) Star= Habit= 

BURS06 

Musanga cecropioides F.Br. (Cecropiaceae) Star=g Habit= 

T 

BUFT01 BULS03 BURS07 BUSM01 KBRB01 

Mussaenda afzelii G.Don (Rubiaceae) Star=g Habit= C 

Gola Forest Havelock KBRB01 

Kasewe Forest Reserve Kenema Kumrabai Njala 

Port Loko Yonibana 

Myrianthus arboreus P.Beauv. (Cecropiaceae) Star=g Habit= 

t 

BULS05 BURS01 KTHT01 KTHT01 KTPL02 

Myrianthus libericus Rendle (Cecropiaceae) Star=g Habit= t 

BUHT05 BULS03 BUSM01 Bumbuna Freetown 

Kenema Loma Mountains Njala 

Myrianthus serratus (Trecul) Benth. (Cecropiaceae) Star= 

Habit= 

BUFT01 BULS01 BURS01 BURS02 BURS06 

BURS07 KAHS02 KARS03 KARS04 KARS05 

KARS06 KARS08 

Napoleonaea heudelotii A.Juss. (Lecythidaceae) Star=G 

Habit= t 

BUFT01 BUHT05 BULS03 BULS04 BURS01 

BURS07 BUSM01 Bumbuna Freetown Gola Forest 

KAHS02 KARS04 KBRB01 KTHT01 KTPL01 

KTPL02 Kambia Kambia Kumrabai Magbile Magbile 

Njala 

Napoleonaea vogelii Hook. & Planch. (Lecythidaceae) 


Freetown KAHS01 KAHS02 KARS05 KARS06 

KARS07 

Nauclea (Rubiaceae) Star= Habit= 

KARS06 

Nauclea latifolia Sm. (Rubiaceae) Star=g Habit= 

BUFT01 BUHS01 BULS01 BULS03B BURS01 

BURS02 BURS07 

Neocarya macrophylla (Sabine) Prance 

(Chrysobalanaceae) Star=g Habit= t 

BURS01 

Neolemonniera clitandrifolia (A.Chev.) Heine 

(Sapotaceae) Star=G Habit= T 


RSRS01 

Newbouldia laevis (P.Beauv.) Seemann ex Bureau 

(Bignoniaceae) Star=g Habit= T 

BUHS01 BURS01 KARS06 

Newtonia aubrevillei (Pellegr.) Keay (Leguminosae-mim.) 

Star=b Habit= T 

BULS02 BULS04 BUSM01 Hangha Loma 

Mountains Njala 

Octoknema borealis Hutch. & Dalz. (Olacaceae) Star=g 

Habit= T 

BURS01 BURS06 BUSM01 KTPL01 KTPL02 Loma 

Mountains Yifin 

Olax gambecola Baill. (Olacaceae) Star=g Habit= S 

KARS05 KTHT01 

Olax subscorpioidea Oliv. (Olacaceae) Star=g Habit= t 

KAHS02 

Olyra latifolia L. (Gramineae) Star=g Habit= H 

BUHT05 BULS04 BULS05 BURS01 KAHS02 


KBRB01 

Osmunda regalis Linné (Osmundaceae) Star= Habit= 

BURS01 BURS08 

Oxyanthus (Rubiaceae) Star= Habit= 

BULS03B BUSM01 KAHS01 KARS05 KTHT01 

KTHT01 

Oxyanthus speciosus DC. (Rubiaceae) Star=g Habit= t 

BURS01 KARS04 KARS08 KTHT01 KTHT01 

Oxyanthus unilocularis Hiern (Rubiaceae) Star=g Habit= t 

KTPL01 

Palisota (Commelinaceae) Star= Habit= 

BULS05 

Palisota barteri Hook.f. (Commelinaceae) Star=g Habit= S 

KBRB01 KTPL01 Tingi Mountains 

Palisota hirsuta (Thunb.) K.Schum. (Commelinaceae) Star=g 

Habit= S 

BURS08A BUSF01 Gola Forest KAHS02 KARS05 

Appendices 

KATH01 KBRB01 KTHT01 Yifin 

Pancovia (Sapindaceae) Star= Habit= 

KTPL02 

Pancovia pedicellaris Radlk. & Gilg (Sapindaceae) Star=g 

Habit= t 

BUSM01 KARS04 KARS06 KARS06 KBRB01 

KTPL02 

Pancovia sessiliflora Hutch. & Dalz. (Sapindaceae) Star=g 

Habit= S 

KARS04 

Pandanus candelabrum P.Beauv. (Pandanaceae) Star=b 

Habit= t 

KARS03 KATH01 RSRS03 

Paramacrolobium coeruleum (Taub.) J.Leonard 

(Leguminosae-caes.) Star=b Habit= T 

KAHS01 KAHS02 KARS06 Kenema Loma 

Mountains Makeni Njala Yifin 

Pararistolochia (Aristolochiaceae) Star= Habit= 

BULS05 BULS05 

Parinari congensis F.Didr. (Chrysobalanaceae) Star=b 

Habit= T 

KARS05 

Parinari excelsa Sabine (Chrysobalanaceae) Star=g Habit= T 

BUHS01 BUHT05 BULS02 BULS03B BULS04 

BULS04 BURS06 BURS07 KAHS01 KARS07 

Parkia bicolor A.Chev. (Leguminosae-mim.) Star=g Habit= T 


BURS06 BURS08 BURS08A BUSM01 KARS08 

KTHT01 KTPL01 KTPL02 

Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R.Br. (Leguminosae-mim.) Star=g 

Habit= 

BUHS01 BUHS01 

Parquetina nigrescens (Afzel.) Bullock (Asclepiadaceae) 

Star=! Habit= 

BUSF01 BUSF01 

Paullinia pinnata L. (Sapindaceae) Star=g Habit= C 

BUFT01 BULS03B BURS01 BUSF01 KARS04 

KARS06 KARS08 

Pauridiantha afzelii (Hiern) Bremek. (Rubiaceae) Star=g 

Habit= S 

KAHS02 KARS03 KARS06 Njala Senehun Yifin 

Pavetta corymbosa (Rubiaceae) Star= Habit= 

KTHT01 

Pavetta platycalyx Bremek. (Rubiaceae) Star=B Habit= t 

KARS04 KARS05 Kurubonla 

Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth. (Leguminosae-mim.) 



BURS01 BURS02 BURS06 BURS07 BURS07 

BURS08 BURS08 KAHS01 KAHS02 KARS03 

KARS04 KARS06 

Pentadesma butyracea Sabine (Guttiferae) Star=g Habit= T 

BUFT01 BULS03B RSRS06 

Phaulopsis (Acanthaceae) Star= Habit= 

KAHS02 

Phaulopsis ciliata ? (Acanthaceae) Star=g Habit= S 

BUHS01 BULS03B BURS01 BURS08A Freetown 

KBRB01 Kurubonla Leicester 

Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae) Star= Habit= 

BUSF01 

Phyllanthus muellerianus (O.Ktze.) Exell (Euphorbiaceae) 


BURS01 BUSF01 

Phyllanthus petraeus A.Chev. ex Beille (Euphorbiaceae) 

Star=b Habit= S 

RSRS04 

Phyllanthus reticulatus (Euphorbiaceae) Star= Habit= 

BUFT01 BURK01 

Phyllocosmus africanus (Hook.f.) Klotzsch (Ixonanthaceae) 


BUFT01 BUHT05 BULS03B BURS01 BURS08 

KARS05 KBRB01 

Piper guineense Schum. & Thonn. (Piperaceae) Star=g 

Habit= C 

KTHT01 

Piptadeniastrum africanum (Hook.f.) Brenan 

(Leguminosae-mim.) Star=p Habit= T 

BUSM01 KTHT01 KTPL01 

Pisonia aculeata L. (Nyctaginaceae) Star=g Habit= C 

KAHS01 

Placodiscus pseudostipularis Radlk. (Sapindaceae) 

Star=b Habit= t 


Appendices 

BUHT05 BULS03 BULS03B BULS05 BURS07 

BUSM01 KARS04 KARS07 

Pleiocarpa mutica Benth. (Apocynaceae) Star=g Habit= t 

BUFT01 BURS02 

Pneumatopteris afer ? (Thelypteridaceae) Star= Habit= 

BURS01 

Polycephalium capitatum (Baill.) Keay (Icacinaceae) 

Star=b Habit= C 

BURS01 Freetown 

Magbile Njala 

Pouteria aningeri (Sapotaceae) Star=S Habit= T 

KBRB01 

Premna hispida Benth. (Verbenaceae) Star=g Habit= t 

BUHS01 BUHT05 BULS03 BURS07 KAHS01 


Pseuderanthemum tunicatum (Afzel.) Milne-Redhead 

(Acanthaceae) Star=g Habit= S 

BULS03 BURS08A Freetown KARS06 KBRB01 

KTHT01 Loma mountains 

Pseudospondias microcarpa (Anacardiaceae) Star= 

Habit= 

BURS01 BURS06 KAHS01 KAHS02 KARS03 


KBRB01 KTHT01 KTPL02 

Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) Star=g Habit= t 

BUHS01 

Psilanthus ebracteolatus Hiern (Rubiaceae) Star=g Habit= 

S 

BULS04 KTHT01 Loma mountains 

Loma mountains Njala 

Psychotria L. (Rubiaceae) Star= Habit= 

BUHT05 KARS05 KARS06 KARS07 RSRS02 

Psychotria abouabouensis (Schnell) Verdcourt 

(Rubiaceae) Star=B Habit= S 

BURS06 KARS04 KATH01 

A small creeping herb, often gregarious, forming patches 

over extensive areas,

BULS04 BURS01 BUSF01 KAHS02 KBRB01 

Loma Mountains 

Sabicea cordata Hutch. & Dalz. (Rubiaceae) Star=B Habit= C 

BUHS01 KAHS02 

Sabicea venosa Benth. (Rubiaceae) Star=g Habit= C 

BURS08A Senehun 

Salacia (Celastraceae) Star= Habit= 

BURS07 KARS05 

Salacia debilis (G.Don) Walp. (Celastraceae) Star=g Habit= C 

BUFT01 

Salacia lehmbachii Loes. var. aurantiaca (Hallé) N.Hallé 

(Celastraceae) Star=g Habit= S 

BUHT05 BUHT05 BUHT05 BULS04 BULS05 

BURS01 KAHS02 KARS07 KTHT01 KTPL02 

KTPL02 

Salacia leptoclada Tul. (Celastraceae) Star=g Habit= C 

BUFT01 

Salacia senegalensis (Lam.) DC. (Celastraceae) Star=b 

Habit= C 

BUHS01 Freetown Njala 

Salacia staudtiana Loesener var. leonensis 

(Celastraceae) Star= Habit= 

BULS04 BUSM01 KTHT01 KTPL01 

Salacia tuberculata Blakelock var. tuberculata 

(Celastraceae) Star= Habit= 

KTPL02 

Salacighia (Celastraceae) Star= Habit= 

BUSF01 

Samanea dinklagei (Harms) Keay (Leguminosae-mim.) 


BUFT01 BUHS01 BUHT05 BUHT05 BULS02 

BULS03B BULS04 BULS05 BURS01 BURS06 

BURS07 BUSM01 Bagru River Freetown 

KAHS02 KARS05 KARS07 KBRB01 KTHT01 

Kenema Loma Mountains Loma 

Mountains Loma Mountains Njala 

Port Loko Sonfon lake Tingi Mountains 

Santiria trimera (Oliv.) Aubrév. (Burseraceae) Star=b Habit= T 

BULS02 BULS05 BURS07 BURS08A KAHS01 


KTHT01 

Sarcocephalus pobeguinii Hua ex Pobeguin; Pellegr. 

(Rubiaceae) Star=g Habit= T 

BUSF01 KARS03 KATH01 

Sarcophrynium brachystachys (Benth.) K.Schum. 


KTHT01 

Sarcophrynium prionogonium (Marantaceae) Star= 

Habit= 

KTPL02 

Scadoxus (Amaryllidaceae) Star= Habit= 

BURS01 

Scleria boivinii Steud. (Cyperaceae) Star=g Habit= C 

BUHT05 BULS03B BURS01 

Scottellia klaineana Pierre (Achariaceae (flac.)) Star=g 

Habit= T 

BULS03 

Scytopetalum (Scytopetalaceae) Star= Habit= 

BURS06 

Scytopetalum tieghemii (A.Chev.) Hutch. & Dalz. 

(Scytopetalaceae) Star=g Habit= T 

BURS06 Gola Forest Njala 

Selaginella (Selaginellaceae) Star= Habit= 

BULS03B BURS06 BURS08A KARS06 

Senna podocarpa (Leguminosae-caes.) Star=g Habit= S 

BUFT01 

Sherbournia (Rubiaceae) Star= Habit= 

BUHT05 BULS03B BURS07 BURS07 BURS08A 

KARS06 

Sherbournia bignoniiflora (Welw.) Hua (Rubiaceae) Star=g 

Habit= C 

KBRB01 

Smeathmannia pubescens Soland. ex R.Br. 

(Passifloraceae) Star=g Habit= t 

BUFT01 BULS03 BULS03 BULS03B BURS01 

BURS06 KAHS01 KAHS02 KARS03 KARS04 


Smilax anceps (Smilacaceae) Star=g Habit= C 

BUHS01 BUHS01 BURS01 BUSF01 

Solanum torvum Sw. (Solanaceae) Star=g Habit= S 

BUHS01 KTHT01 

Sorindeia collina Keay (Anacardiaceae) Star=B Habit= 



BURS08A BURS08A KAHS02 KTPL02 RSRS03 

RSRS05 

Appendices 

In the basin we found two species of Sorindeia. S. 

juglandifolia is a sprawling shrub or liane common in farm 

bush, and has small fruits in terminal panicles with which 

local people are very familiar. In March it was well into its 

fruiting season. It has distinctive venation and 1-9 leaflets. 

Another is a smaller treelet common in the moister gallery 

forests, and has larger fruits in cauliflorous panicles and 9 

or more thinly papery leaflets without distinctive veins. 

Local people did not recognise it as edible, and it was 

flowering (or with last years old fruits) in March. This – 

clearly a different species, and one missing from my own 

recent summary of the trees (Hawthorne and Jongkind, 

2006)- has proved difficult to identify, even after 

correspondence with Prof. Breteler who has just revised 

the genus (pers. comm.. via C. Jongkind). It seems it might 

be S. collina which Breteler, now apparently erroneously, 

sunk into S.juglandifolia, In the old Flora of West Tropical 

Africa S.collina is endemic to Sierra Leone and known only 

from Bintumane, Kambui Hills and the Tingi Mts. However, 

as the name has been sunk into S.juglandifolia and does 

not appear in Breteler’s revision (Breteler 2003), it will take 

quite some work to unravel the current view of the true 

distribution of this species. 

Sorindeia juglandifolia (A.Rich.) Planch. ex Oliv. 

(Anacardiaceae) Star=g Habit= S 

BULS04 KARS03 KARS05 KARS07 KARS08 

KBRB01 Kambui Hills Loma Mountains Tingi 

Mountains 

Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv. (Bignoniaceae) Star=g 

Habit= T 

KARS07 

Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae) Star=g Habit= T 

BULS01 BULS03 KARS04 KARS06 KARS08 

KATH01 KTHT01 KTPL01 

Sterculia oblonga Mast. (Malvaceae s.l.(sterc.)) Star=g 

Habit= T 

KTPL02 

Sterculia tragacantha Lindl. (Malvaceae s.l.(sterc.)) Star=g 

Habit= T 

BUHS01 BUHT05 BURS01 BURS08 KARS03 

KARS05 KARS06 KARS08 KTHT01 KTPL02 

Streblus (Moraceae) Star= Habit= 

BURS06 

Streblus usambarensis (Moraceae) Star=g Habit= t 

BUFT01 BULS02 BULS03 KAHS01 Loma 

Mountains 

Streptogyna (Gramineae) Star= Habit= 

BULS04 

Streptogyna crinita P.Beauv. (Gramineae) Star=g Habit= H 

KTHT01 

Strombosia glaucescens (Olacaceae) Star= Habit= 

BUHT05 BULS04 KTPL02 

Strombosia pustulata Oliv. (Olacaceae) Star=g Habit= T 

KTHT01 KTPL02 

Strophanthus (Apocynaceae) Star= Habit= 

BURS01 

Strophanthus preussii Engl. & Pax (Apocynaceae) Star=g 

Habit= C 

KTHT01 

Strophanthus sarmentosus DC. var. sarmentosus 

(Apocynaceae) Star= Habit= 

KTHT01 

Strychnos (Loganiaceae) Star= Habit= 


Strychnos afzelii Gilg (Loganiaceae) Star=g Habit= C 


Appendices 

BULS03 BULS04 BURS07 Freetown 

Freetown KAHS02 KARS03 Loma Mountains 

Strychnos densiflora Baill. (Loganiaceae) Star=g Habit= C 

KARS07 

Strychnos icaja Baill. (Loganiaceae) Star=g Habit= C 

BULS03 BULS03B BURS08A 

Strychnos longicaudata Gilg (Loganiaceae) Star=g Habit= 

C 

BUFT01 BULS02 BURS01 

Strychnos malacoclados C.H.Wright (Loganiaceae) Star=g 

Habit= C 

BULS02 BURS01 BURS06 BURS06 KARS06 

KBRB01 KBRB01 KTPL02 

Strychnos splendens Gilg (Loganiaceae) Star=g Habit= C 

BULS02 BULS05 

Synsepalum afzelii (Engl.) Pennington (Sapotaceae) Star=g 

Habit= T 

BULS03 BUSM01 KTHT01 

Synsepalum brevipes (Baker) Pennington (Sapotaceae) 


BULS01 BULS02 BULS03B BULS04 BURS01 

BURS06 KAHS01 KAHS02 KAHS02 KARS03 


Synsepalum sp. (Sapotaceae) Star= Habit= 

BURS06 

Syrrheonema hexastamineum Keay (Menispermaceae) 

Star=! Habit= 

BUHT05 BULS03 KBRB01 KBRB01 

Syzygium rowlandii Sprague (Myrtaceae) Star=g Habit= T 

BULS01 BURS06 

Tabernaemontana (Apocynaceae) Star= Habit= 

BULS03 BUSM01 KAHS02 KARS06 KBRB01 

Tabernaemontana africana A.DC. (Apocynaceae) Star=g 

Habit= T 

BULS05 BURS01 BURS08A 

Bumbuna Freetown Hill Station 

Kambia Kumrabai Leicester Loma Mountains Loma 

Mountains Magbile Makeni Port Loko Regent Sugar 

Loaf Mountain York 

Tacazzea apiculata Oliv. (Asclepiadaceae) Star=g Habit= C 

BUFT01 BURK01 

Tarenna (Rubiaceae) Star= Habit= 

BUSF01 KARS04 

Tarenna brachysiphon (Hiern) Keay (Rubiaceae) Star=G 

Habit= C 

BURS02 BURS06 Bagru River KBRB01 Sonfon 

lake 

Tarenna nitidula (Benth.) Hiern (Rubiaceae) Star=G Habit= C 

BULS02 BURS07 Bumbuna Freetown KAHS01 

KAHS02 KARS03 Kafogo Kambui Hills Kumrabai 

Leicester Loma Mountains Sugar Loaf Mountain 

Tingi Mountains 

Tarenna vignei (Rubiaceae) Star= Habit= 

KTHT01 KTPL02 KTPL02 

Terminalia ivorensis A.Chev. (Combretaceae) Star=s Habit= 

T 

BURS01 

Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels (Combretaceae) Star=p 

Habit= T 

BULS03 BULS05 KTPL01 KTPL02 

Tessmannia baikieaoides Hutch. & Dalz. (Leguminosaecaes.) 


BURS07 

A rare tree scattered across the Mountains from Sierra 

Leone to the Nimba outliers in Ivory Coast. Interestingly, 

this species occurs on steep slopes of gallery forest in the 

north of our study area. 

Tetracera Hutch. & Dalz. (Dilleniaceae) Star= Habit= 

BURS08A KARS08 

Tetracera potatoria Afzel. ex G.Don (Dilleniaceae) Star=g 

Habit= C 

BURS01 Freetown KARS05 KARS07 

Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schum. & Thonn.) Taub. 

(Leguminosae-mim.) Star=g Habit= T 

KTPL01 KTPL02 

Tetrorchidium didymostemon (Baill.) Pax & K.Hoffm. 

(Euphorbiaceae) Star=g Habit= T 


KARS08 KBRB01 KTHT01 KTPL02 

Thecacoris stenopetala (Muell.Arg.) Muell.Arg. 


BUFT01 KBRB01 

Tiliacora leonensis (Sc.Eliott) Diels (Menispermaceae) 


BUFT01 BULS02 BURS01 BURS07 Njala 

Treculia africana (Moraceae) Star= Habit= 

BURS02 BUSF01 KAHS02 KARS04 

Trema orientalis (L.) Blume (Ulmaceae) Star=g Habit= t 

BUHS01 BURS01 BUSF01 Freetown 

Tricalysia (Rubiaceae) Star= Habit= 

BULS04 BURS06 

Tricalysia bracteata Hiern (Rubiaceae) Star=b Habit= S 

BUHT05 Loma mountains 

Tricalysia reflexa Hutch. var. reflexa (Rubiaceae) Star=g 

Habit= S 

BURS06 

Trichilia (Meliaceae) Star= Habit= 

BULS05 KBRB01 

Trichilia monadelpha (Thonn.) J.J.de Wilde (Meliaceae) 


BULS01 KARS05 KARS06 KTHT01 KTPL02 

Trichilia prieureana A.Juss. (Meliaceae) Star=g Habit= 

BULS03 BURS06 KTHT01 KTPL01 KTPL02 

Trichilia tessmannii Harms (Meliaceae) Star=g Habit= T 

BULS03 

Trichoscypha arborea (A.Chev.) A.Chev. (Anacardiaceae) 


BUHT05 Gola Forest KTPL02 

Trichoscypha baldwinii Keay (Anacardiaceae) Star=b 

Habit= t 

BUSM01 

Trichoscypha longifolia (Hook.f.) Engl. (Anacardiaceae) 

Star=G Habit= t 

BULS03 BULS03 BULS04 BURS02 

Mainly a small tree of the moister extreme of gallery forests, but 

can grow to 25m. It is only known from a few localities in Liberia 

(Dukwai river, Zuie, nr Kakata); and Sierra Leone (Kangama, Dodo 

Hills and Makump). 

Trilepisium madagascariense DC. (Moraceae) Star=g 

Habit= T 

BULS04 BURS01 BUSM01 KAHS02 KARS06 

Tristemma albiflorum (Melastomataceae) Star=b Habit= S 

KBRB01 Loma Mountains 

Triumfetta cordifolia A.Rich. (Malvaceae s.l.(tili.)) Star=g 

Habit= 

BUHS01 

Triumfetta tomentosa Boj. (Malvaceae s.l.(tili.)) Star=g 

Habit= 

KTHT01 

Turraea leonensis Keay (Meliaceae) Star=B Habit= t 

Hangha KTHT01 

Turraeanthus africanus (Welw. ex C.DC.) Pellegr. 

(Meliaceae) Star=p Habit= T 

BUHT05 BURS06 BUSM01 BUSM01 KTHT01 

KTPL01 KTPL02 KTPL02 

Uapaca guineensis Muell.Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) Star=g 

Habit= T 

BUHT05 BULS03 BULS04 BULS04 BUSM01 

KARS05 KARS06 KARS07 KARS08 Kurubonla 

Uapaca heudelotii Baill. (Euphorbiaceae) Star=g Habit= T 

BUFT01 BULS01 BULS02 BURS01 BURS02 

BURS06 BURS07 BURS07 KAHS01 KAHS02 


KARS07 KARS08 RSRS07 

Uncaria talbotii Wernham (Rubiaceae) Star=g Habit= C 

BURS01 

Usteria guineensis Willd. (Loganiaceae) Star=g Habit= C 

BULS01 

Uvaria (Annonaceae) Star= Habit= 

BULS03 

Uvaria =743 (Annonaceae) Star= Habit= 

BURS07 

Uvaria =811 (Annonaceae) Star= Habit= 

BULS03B 

Uvaria anonoides Bak.f. (Annonaceae) Star=g Habit= C 

BURS01 Loma Mountains 

Uvaria chamae P.Beauv. (Annonaceae) Star=b Habit= C 


BUHS01 Freetown 

Uvaria sp. (Annonaceae) Star= Habit= 

KARS05 

Uvariastrum (Annonaceae) Star= Habit= 

KAHS02 KARS06 

Uvariastrum pierreanum Engl. (Annonaceae) Star=g Habit= 

t 

BURS06 

Uvariopsis guineensis Keay (Annonaceae) Star=G Habit= t 

BURS08 Gola Forest Gola Forest Gola Forest 

Gola Forest Loma mountains 


Vangueriella (Rubiaceae) Star= Habit= 

BULS03B KARS03 

Vangueriella discolor (Benth.) Verdcourt (Rubiaceae) Star=b 

Habit= S 

BUHS01 

Vangueriella sp. (Rubiaceae) Star= Habit= 

BURS06 

Vangueriella vanguerioides (Hiern) Verdc. (Rubiaceae) 


KAHS01 Kenema Loma Mountains Loma 

Mountains Sugar Loaf Mountain Sugar Loaf 

Mountain 

Vanilla (Orchidaceae) Star= Habit= 

KAHS02 KARS03 KARS04 KARS05 

Vepris felicis Breteler (Rutaceae) Star=B Habit= t 

BUFT01 BULS03 BULS03B BULS04 BURS07 

KAHS01 

Vepris suaveolens (Engl.) W.Mziray (Rutaceae) Star=b 

Habit= T 

BULS04 BURS06 Kambui Hills Loma Mountains 


Sugar Loaf Mountain Sugar Loaf Mountain Tingi 

Mountains 

Vismia guineensis (L.) Choisy (Guttiferae) Star=g Habit= t 

BUFT01 BUHT05 BULS03B BURS01 KARS07 

Vitex (Verbenaceae) Star= Habit= 

KARS07 

Vitex grandifolia Gurke (Verbenaceae) Star=g Habit= t 

BURS01 BURS07 KARS03 KARS04 KARS07 

KARS07 KBRB01 

Warneckea cinnamomoides (G.Don) Jacq.-Félix 

(Melastomataceae) Star=b Habit= t 

BUSM01 

Warneckea fasciculare (Planch ex Benth.) Jac.-Fél. 

(Melastomataceae) Star=! Habit= 

BURS07 

Whitfieldia lateritia Hooker (Acanthaceae) Star=b Habit= S 

BULS03 BULS04 BULS05 Kasewe Forest Reserve 

Makeni 

Ximenia americana L. (Olacaceae) Star=g Habit= t 

KAHS02 KATH01 

Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A.Rich. (Annonaceae) Star=g 

Habit= T 


BURS08A BUSM01 KARS05 

Xylopia parviflora (A.Rich.) Benth. (Annonaceae) Star=g 

Habit= T 

RSRS05 

Xylopia quintasii Engl. & Diels (Annonaceae) Star=g Habit= T 


BULS04 BULS05 BULS05 BURS08A 

Xylopia villosa Chipp (Annonaceae) Star=g Habit= T 

BULS03 BULS04 BURS06 Gola Forest 

Zanthoxylum gilletii (De Wild.) Waterman (Rutaceae) Star=g 

Habit= T 

BUHT05 BULS04 BUSM01 KTPL02 

Zanthoxylum rubescens Planch. ex Hook.f. (Rutaceae) 


BULS03B 

sp (Rubiaceae) Star= Habit= 

BUHT05_ 

Appendices 


Appendices 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

BURS01 

KARS08 


KTHT01 

KTPL02 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

APPENDIX C– ORDINATION: SELECTED SPECIES 

The Sample points with no GHI listed are observational positions for which GPS 

readings could be made in the middle of the valley by the rapid reconnaissance 

sub-team rather than full RBS samples. 

Bumbuna project Main RBS samples -Decorana 

BULS03a 

BUHT05 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Afzelia aricana Widespread dry 

forest tree often found in savanna. A. 

parviflora a similar rare tree occurs in 

similar areas. 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BUHT05 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BULS03a 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Anthostema aubryanum Swamp 

forest small tree. A. senegalense 

occurs in the area also. 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BUHS01 


KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 KTHT01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Aubrevillea platycarpa Tall forest 

tree frequently confused with 

Pentaclethra 

BUHS01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS08 

KARS06 

BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

BURS06 

BURS02 


BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Amanoa bracteosa 

Upper Guinean riverine tree. 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 

KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

BURS01 

KARS07 KARS06 

KARS08 

KBRB01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

Nippon Koei UK, MRAG, NHM and ZSL 52 Botanical survey –Final Report 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Anubias afzelii Locally common 

along some shallower river 

edges 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

BUHT05 

BUHS01 


KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Aulacocalyx divergens Small 

shrub of western Guinean forests 

BUHS01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS08 

KARS06 

BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

BURS06 

BURS02 


BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 BURS07 

BUHT05 

BULS04 BULS05 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Anisophyllea laurina 

Globally rare, western Upper Guinea, 

but locally abundant on old farms. 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS04 BUHT05 

BULS05 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BULS03a 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Aphanocalyx pteridophyllus. 

Western Guinea forest, 

especially gallery 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Blighia sapida Widespread tree 

of many forest types 

BUHS01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

BURS06 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS08 

KARS06 

BURS01 

KBRB01 

KARS07 

KTHT01 

BURS02 


BURS08b 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS08A 

BULS03B 

BURS07 

BULS04 BULS05 

BULS03a 

KTPL02 

BUHT05 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Brachystegia leonensis Locally 

common immense canopy tree, 

restricted to Western Guinea 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS08 

KARS04 

BURS01 

KARS07 

KARS06 KBRB01 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

BURS08A 

KTPL01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Campylospermum glaberrimum 

Shrub common in many types of 

gallery forest and thicket 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KARS04 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BUHT05 

BUHS01 


KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS08 

KARS06 

BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BULS03B 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Cassia sieberiana common in 

fallow and savanna in the area 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

KTPL01 

BUHS01 


KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS08 

KARS07 KARS06 

BURS01 

KBRB01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Chrysophyllum africanum 

Riverine forest tree widespread 

in Africa 

BUHS01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KARS04 

BURS06 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

BURS02 


KARS05 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS04 

BULS03B 

BULS05 

BULS03a 

BUHT05 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Calycobolus heudelotii Liane in 

wet forests 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

Appendices 


BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Campylospermum 

schoenleinianum Small shrub 

typical of evergreen forests 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KARS04 

BURS06 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

BURS01 

KARS08 

KARS07 KARS06 KBRB01 KTHT01 

BURS02 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BULS03B 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTPL02 

BUHT05 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Chassalia kolly a rather sunloving 

forest shrub or climber 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BUHS01 


KARS03 

KAHS01 

KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS08 

KARS04 KARS07 

KARS06 

BURS01 

KBRB01 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BUHT05 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Cleistopholis patens widespread 

pioneer tree common also in 

swamps 

BUHS01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS02 

KAHS01 

KARS05 

KARS04 KARS07 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KBRB01 

KTHT01 

BURS06 

BURS02 


BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BULS03B 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTPL02 

BUHT05 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Calamus deeratus Spiny rattan, 

fond of swamps 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS08 BURS01 

KBRB01 

KARS07 KARS06 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BULS03B 

BULS01 

BUFT01 

BURS07 

BULS04 BUHT05 

BULS05 

BULS03a 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Carapa procera a widespread, 

forest medium-sized tree 

particular fond of wetter sites 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KARS04 

BURS06 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

BURS01 

KARS08 


BURS02 

BURS08b 

BURS08A 

BULS02 

BULS03B 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

BUHT05 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Chidlowia sanguinea: Common 

in some Upper Guinean hill forest 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BULS03B 

BUFT01 

BULS01 BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


KARS03 

KAHS01 

KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS08 

KARS04 

KARS06 

BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

Axis 1 

Cola chlamydantha Small 

unbranched tree of wetter 

(usually evergreen) west African 

forests 

BUHS01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01

Appendices 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KARS04 

BURS06 

KAHS01 

KAHS02 

BURS02 


KARS05 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 KTHT01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BULS03B 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTPL02 

BUHT05 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Copaifera salikounda Tree of 

semideciduous or evergreen 

forest 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS02 

KAHS01 

KARS05 

KARS04 

BURS01 

KBRB01 

KARS07 KARS06 

KARS08 

BURS06 

BURS02 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 BURS07 

BUHT05 

BULS04 BULS05 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Culcasia saxatilis herb common 

in gallery forest and damp rocky 

places 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 

KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS08 

KARS07 KARS06 

BURS01 

KBRB01 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BUHT05 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BULS03a 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Dialium guineense Common tree 

in many forest types 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BUHS01 


KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 KARS07 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KBRB01 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Diospyros thomasii Small tree or 

shrub from western Upper 

Guinea 

BUHS01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KARS04 

BURS06 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

BURS02 


KARS05 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BULS03B 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

BUHT05 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Crinum natans aquatic herb 

gregarious in shallow rivers 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS02 

KAHS01 

KARS05 

KARS04 

BURS01 

KBRB01 

KARS07 KARS06 

KARS08 

BURS06 

BURS02 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 BURS07 

BUHT05 

BULS04 BULS05 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

BUSM01 


BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Daniellia thurifera common upper 

Guinean forest tree 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS08 BURS01 


KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS04 BUHT05 

BULS05 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BULS03a 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Diospyros piscatoria Medium 

forest tree (probably “D. 

gabunensis” in NKUK 2005) 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BUHS01 


KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

BURS01 

KARS07 KARS06 

KARS08 

KBRB01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Diosopyros elliotii Gallery forest 

tree usually in savanna zone 

BUHS01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

BURS06 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

BURS02 


BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BULS03B 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

BUHT05 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Cryptosepalum tetraphyllum 

medium tree of wetter forests 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 

KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS06 

BURS01 

KARS08 

KARS07 

KBRB01 KTHT01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Deinbollia grandifolia (& maybe 

D.cuneata if that is different). 

Shrub 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 

KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS08 

KARS04 

KARS06 

BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

KTHT01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BULS03B 

BUFT01 

BULS01 BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Cola cf caricifolia The local 

population larger than normal 

and not cauliflorous 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BULS03B 

BUFT01 

BULS01 BURS07 

BULS04 BUHT05 

BULS05 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Drypetes inaequalis Forest 

shrub: western Upper Guinea. 

BUHS01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KARS04 

BURS06 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

BURS02 


KARS05 

KARS08 

KARS06 

BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BULS03B 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

BUHT05 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Elaeis guineensis Pioneer palm 

and cultivated 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS08 

KARS04 

KARS06 

BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Garcinia afzelii Small tree esp. 

drier galleries 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

BURS01 

KARS08 


BURS06 

BURS02 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Gilbertiodendron bilneatum 

Medium tree of Upper Guinean 

riversides 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BUHS01 


KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 KTHT01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Guibourtia leonensis western 

Upper Guinea forest tree 

BUHS01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KARS04 

BURS06 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

BURS01 

KARS07 KARS06 

KARS08 

KBRB01 

BURS02 


BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BULS03B 

BULS01 

BUFT01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

BUHT05 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Ficus lutea Widespread 

strangling fig 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

BURS01 

KARS08 


BURS06 

BURS02 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

Appendices 


BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Garcinia kola Medium sized tree 

of various forest types 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS08 

KARS06 

BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

G.limba small tree of Upper 

Guinea wet places 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BUHS01 


KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS08 BURS01 


KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BULS01 

BURS07 BUFT01 

BULS04 BUHT05 

BULS05 

BULS03a 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Heisteria parvifolia widespread, 

forest shrub or small treelet 

BUHS01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KARS04 

BURS06 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

BURS02 


KARS05 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BULS03B 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

BUHT05 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Ficus exasperate widespread 

pioneer tree 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS08 

KARS07 KARS06 

BURS01 

KBRB01 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 BURS07 

BUHT05 

BULS04 BULS05 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BULS03a 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Garcinia smeathmanii small to 

medium tree of moist forests 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

BURS01 

KARS07 KARS08 

KARS06 KBRB01 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 BURS07 

BUHT05 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BULS03a 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

G.sp. aff bilneatum (1 line on 

pods). Gregarious along some 

stretches 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS02 

KAHS01 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS08 

KARS07 KARS06 

BURS01 

KBRB01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Hexalobus crispiflorus common 

byh water here – widespread tree 

BUHS01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01

Appendices 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

BURS06 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS06 

BURS01 

KARS08 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

KTHT01 

BURS02 


BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BULS03B 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS04 BUHT05 

BULS05 

BULS03a 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Hymenocardia lyrata mostly 

river-edge treelet 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 

KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS08 

KARS06 

BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 KTHT01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BULS01 

BURS07 BUFT01 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Lecaniodscus cupanoides 

medium pioneer tree 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS08 

KARS06 

BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Margaritaria discoideus 

secondary forest medium pioneer 

tree 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BUHS01 


KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Microglossa pyrifolia weedy 

climber 

BUHS01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KARS04 

BURS06 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

BURS02 


KARS05 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BULS03B 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

BUHT05 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Jasminum pauciflorum forest 

edge climber 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS08 BURS01 


KTHT01 

KTPL02 

BURS08A 

KTPL01 

BULS03B 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 BURS07 

BULS04 BUHT05 

BULS05 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BULS03a 

BUSM01 


BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Manilkara obovata widespread, 

variable tree 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 

KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS08 

KARS06 

BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BULS03B 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS04 BUHT05 

BULS05 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Memecylon lateriflorum moist 

forest understorey tree 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BUHS01 


KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS08 

KARS06 

BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Millettia sanagana: small tree 

with v.scattered widespread 

distrib 

BUHS01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KARS04 

BURS06 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

BURS02 


KARS05 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BULS03B 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

BUHT05 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Lankesteria hispida small forest 

shrub v. scattered to Cameroon 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS08 

KARS06 

BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Maranthes aubrevillei tree 

indicating wet evergreen forest 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

BURS01 

KARS08 


KTPL02 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BURS08A 

BULS03B 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

BUHT05 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Microdesmis keayana forest 

shrub or treelet 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KBRB01 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BUHT05 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BULS03a 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Millettia lane-poolei Western 

Upper Guinea, medium tree, 

common in drier forests 

BUHS01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KARS04 

BURS06 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

BURS02 


KARS05 

KBRB01 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 BURS07 

BULS04 

BULS03B 

BULS05 

BULS03a 

BUHT05 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Morelia senegalensis gallery 

forest treelet 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

BURS01 

KARS08 


KTPL02 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

BUHT05 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Myrianthus arboreus Common 

small pioneer tree 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Neolemonierra clitandrifolia 

evergreen forests, esp by rivers 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BUHS01 


KARS03 

KAHS02 

KAHS01 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KBRB01 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

BUHT05 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Palisota hirsuta large herbaceous 

pioneer esp in wet places 

BUHS01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KARS04 

BURS06 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

BURS02 


KARS05 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BULS03B 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

BUHT05 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Myrianthus libericus small 

understorey tree 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS02 

KAHS01 

KARS05 

KARS04 

BURS01 

KBRB01 KARS08 

KARS07 KARS06 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 BURS07 

BUHT05 

BULS04 BULS05 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BULS03a 

BUSM01 

Appendices 


BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Napoleonaea heudelotii western 

upper Guinea small forest tree 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BULS03B 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS04 BUHT05 

BULS05 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Newtonia aubrevillei large 

evergreen forest tree 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS08 

KARS04 

BURS01 


KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BURS08A 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BUHS01 


BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

BUHS01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KARS04 

BURS06 

KAHS02 

KAHS01 

KARS05 

BURS02 


KARS06 

KARS07 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

KARS08 BURS01 

KBRB01 

BURS08A 

BULS04 

BULS03B 

BULS05 

BULS03a 

BUHT05 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Myrianthus serratus more at 

home by water’s edge 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 


KARS08 BURS01 

KBRB01 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BUHT05 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BULS03a 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Napoleonaea vogelii often by 

rivers and more widespread than 

prev. 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

BURS01 

KARS06 

KARS08 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BUHT05 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BULS03a 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Octoknema borealis medium 

forest tree 

KATH01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BULS03a 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BUHT05 

BULS05 

BULS04 

Parkia bicolor large forest tree Pavetta platycalyx western Upper 

Guinea shrub or treelet 

Axis 2 

Axis 1 

BUHS01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01

Appendices 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KARS04 

BURS06 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

BURS02 


KARS05 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS03B 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

BUHT05 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Pentadesma butyracea 

evergreen forest tree 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Psychotria abouabouensis (1 st 

rec. for Sierra Leone), Creeping 

herb in wet places. Guinea to 

Ghana but v. uncommon, 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BUHS01 


KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BULS03B 

BUFT01 

BULS01 BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Rinorea afzelii Forest shrub: W. 

Upper Guinea 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KARS04 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BUHS01 


KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BULS03B 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

BUHT05 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

KTPL01 

BUHS01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

BURS06 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS06 

BURS01 

KARS08 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

KTHT01 

BURS02 


BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BULS03B 

BUFT01 

BULS01 BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTPL02 

BUHT05 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Pentaclethra macrocarpa 

widespread forest tree 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KBRB01 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

BUHT05 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 


BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Psychotria limba shrub from 

W.Upper Guinea 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS02 

KAHS01 

KARS05 

KARS04 

BURS01 

KBRB01 

KARS07 KARS06 

KARS08 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BULS01 

BUFT01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Rinorea microdon W.Upper 

Guinea shrub 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS02 

KAHS01 

KARS05 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BUHS01 


KARS04 

BURS01 

KARS07 KBRB01 

KARS06 

KARS08 

KTHT01 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BULS03B 

BUFT01 

BULS01 BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

Salacia senegalensis climber Samanea dinklagei medium tree 

widespread in many forest types 

Axis 2 

BURS08A 

BULS03a 

KTPL02 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

KTPL01 

BUHS01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KARS04 

BURS06 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

BURS02 


KARS05 

KARS06 KBRB01 KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BULS03B 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

BUHT05 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Pseuderanthemum tunicatum 

forest herb or shrublet, 

widespread 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS08 BURS01 


KTHT01 

KTPL02 

BURS08A 

KTPL01 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 BURS07 

BULS05 

BUHT05 

BULS04 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BULS03a 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Pterocarpus santalinoides 

widespread and common riverine 

medium tree 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

BUHS01 

Rungia guineensis forest shrub 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KARS04 

BURS06 

BURS02 


KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS08 

KARS07 KARS06 

BURS01 

KBRB01 KTHT01 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 BURS07 

BURS08A 

BULS04 

BULS03B 

BULS05 

BULS03a 

KTPL02 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Santiria trimera Forest tree in W. 

upper Guinea and Lower Guinea 

KTPL01 

BUHS01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KARS04 

BURS06 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS08 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

KARS06 

BURS01 

BURS02 


BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BULS03B 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS04 BUHT05 

BULS05 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Sorindeia juglandifolia 

widespread weak shrub of gallery 

forest etc. 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BULS03B 

BUFT01 

BULS01 BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

BUHS01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS02 

KAHS01 

KARS04 

BURS06 

KARS05 

BURS01 

KARS07 KARS06 

KARS08 

KBRB01 

BURS02 


BURS08b 

BULS02 

BULS01 

BURS07 BUFT01 

BURS08A 

BULS04 

BULS03B 

BULS05 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

BUHT05 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Sorindeia cf. collina ?W.Upper 

Guinea. Cauliflorous treelet. 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KBRB01 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

Appendices 


BUHS01 


Axis 1 

BUHS01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KARS04 

BURS06 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

BURS02 


KARS05 

KARS08 

KARS06 

BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BULS03B 

BULS01 

BUFT01 

BURS07 

BULS04 BUHT05 

BULS05 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Synsepalum brevipes medium 

tree common in gallery forest 

across Africa` 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Tarenna nitidula Climber Tarenna brachysiphon Climber Tessmannia baikiaeoides 

uncommon ?upland forest tree 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS04 BUHT05 

BULS05 

BURS06 

BURS02 


BULS03a 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Trichoscypha longifolia W.Upper 

Guinea understorey tree of 

?evergreen forests 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 

KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS08 BURS01 


KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BURS08A 

BULS03B 

BURS08b 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 BURS07 

BULS04 BUHT05 

BULS05 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BULS03a 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Vepris felicis Uncommon shrub, 

W. Upper Guinea 

BUHS01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS06 

KARS08 BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 KTHT01 

BURS06 

BURS02 


BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

Axis 1 

Turraea leonensis Shrub of dry 

?forests, W.Upper Guinea 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BULS03a 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

BURS01 

KARS07 KBRB01 KARS08 

KARS06 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 BURS07 

BUHT05 

BULS05 

BULS04 

Axis 1 

Vitex grandifolia small to medium 

tree 

BUHS01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS08 

KARS06 

BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

Axis 1 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Uapaca heudelotii stilt-rooted 

tree widespread along riverbanks 

Axis 2 

KATH01 

KARS03 

KAHS01 KAHS02 

KARS05 

KARS04 

KARS08 

KARS06 

BURS01 

KARS07 

KBRB01 

BURS06 

BURS02 

BURS08A 

BURS08b 

BULS03B 

BULS02 

BUFT01 

BULS01 

BURS07 

BULS05 

BULS04 

BULS03a 

KTHT01 

KTPL02 

KTPL01 

BUHT05 

BUSM01 

BUHS01 


Axis 1 

Whitfieldia lateritia forest 

understorey shrub W Upper 

Guinea 

BUHS01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01 

BUSF01

Appendices 

APPENDIX D - SOME ORCHIDS OF THE BUMBUNA VALLEY 

By John DeMarco, September 2006 

Introduction 

On 13 and 14 May 2006, I visited Bumbuna at the invitation of Dr Torben Larsen, who was carrying 

out a study of the butterflies there. On the morning of 14 May, I spent about two hours in the valley 

upstream of the dam, in the company of Dr Larsen and a guide. Most of our time was spent in a forest 

patch on the east side of the river about 1km upstream of the dam, which was not yet flooded. This 

forest patch, while seriously degraded by human activities, was the best available near the dam. About 

12 species of epiphytic orchids were collected, mostly from trees that had fallen or were cut down in 

preparation for farming activities. All were collected within about 200m of the river. Interestingly, 

there were no trees old or large enough to support epiphytes right on the banks of the river in this area, 

possibly because periodic storm surges would destroy trees growing too close to the river. No 

terrestrial orchids were seen. 

Annotated list of species collected 

Aerangis biloba (JD5440, flowered August-September 2006) Widespread in West Africa. Mainly 

associated with forest, but may be found in more exposed locations. 

Ancistrorhynchus clandestinus (JD5442, flowered June 2006) Numerous large and vigorous 

specimens found. Widespread in West Africa, including humid forest and secondary vegetation in the 

forest zone. 

Angraecum distichum (JD5439, flowered September 2006) One of the more common epiphytic 

orchids in Sierra Leone. I have found it both in forest and in more exposed locations, but in the latter 

case I suspect it to be a relict of more humid micro-climatic conditions in the recent past. 

Bulbophyllum lucifugum (JD5430): Not flowering, but unmistakable. Possibly the most interesting 

collection of the day, on account of its limited distribution. In the Flora of West Tropical Africa 

(1968), this species was recorded globally from only two locations in Sierra Leone. However, Perez- 

Vera (2003) subsequently reported this species from several locations in Cote d’Ivoire, and Vermeulen 

(1987) also reported three collections from Liberia. I have found it in the past year at several locations 

in and around the Gola and Kambui Forest Reserves in southeastern Sierra Leone, including on 

roadside trees in Kenema, the largest town in that area. The presence of this species in the Bumbuna 

valley may be an indication that conditions in the valley are favourable to some plant species more 

commonly found in more humid areas to the south. It is worth noting that the apparent rarity of this 

and many other species in FWTA may in many cases simply be a reflection of the lack of collecting 

effort in many parts of West Africa up to that time. 

Bulbphyllum sp. (JD5431, JD5432, JD5433, JD5434) All of these are plants of medium size with 2 

leaves per pseudobulb, with features that are common to a number of species. They exhibit some 

differences in the vegetative parts, but may or may not represent more than one species. It would be 

risky to assign a species name in the absence of flowers. 

Calyptrochilum christyanum (JD5437) Not flowering, but distinguishable from C. emarginatum on 

the basis of old inflorescences. The latter is one of the most common orchids in the southeast, but may 

be replaced by C. christyanum further north. 

Diaphananthe bidens (JD5441) Not flowering, but leaves are distinctive. One of the more common 

epiphytes in the southern part of the country, more easily found on village trees than in forest. 


Appendices 

Diaphananthe curvata (JD5448, flowered September 2006) Known from Sierra Leone to Cameroon, 

associated with forest. FWTA listed only one record from Sierra Leone, but I have found it at several 

other locations in the southeast. This record represents a range extension toward the northwest, and is 

another indication that the forest in the Bumbuna valley has some elements normally associated with 

humid forest. 

Graphorkis lurida (JD5438) Not flowering. Easily recognized, this may be the most commonly seen 

epiphytic orchid in Sierra Leone. At least in the southern part of the country, it may be found almost 

anywhere there are trees of sufficient age, often in very exposed locations. 

Polystachya affinis (JD5435) Another species that is unmistakable in the absence of flowers. 

Widespread in West Africa, it is known from both high forest and gallery forest. 

Polystachya puberula (JD5436, flowered June 2006) This is also a widespread species, which I have 

found both in and out of high forest in the southern part of the country. 

Polystachya tessellata (JD5443) This is another of the most common epiphytic orchids in southern 

Sierra Leone, being found in forest as well as disturbed areas. 

Total:12 species, including at least one undetermined Bulbophyllum species. 

Presently, all of the above specimens are being maintained in cultivation at the District Forestry 

Office, Kenema. 

Analysis 

None of the species found during this brief visit is especially rare, or completely unexpected. The 

presence of a few less common species, which are usually associated with high forest, suggests that 

the Bumbuna valley may have supported a range of epiphytic orchid species approaching that of more 

humid forests to the south. Two of the collections (Bulbophyllum lucifugum and Diaphananthe 

curvata) represent the westernmost and possibly northernmost records for the species, based on the 

information I have available. 

While there is no indication from this small sample that Bumbuna is home to rare or threatened orchid 

species, the site is of interest as it is near the northern and western limits of the Upper Guinea Forest. 

Thus, one might expect to find a good number of plant species here that are close to the limit of their 

ranges. 


Appendices 

APPENDIX E - PHOTOGRAPHS 

1-2; View north and south of dam, showing young bush regrowth with fragments of older 

gallery forests 

3-4: Remnant forest above high water mark, being deliberately cleared on eastern slopes 

(view from western ridge nr. Kamera). 

5-8: Gallery forest due to be lost, north of dam; with farm bush on higher ground. 

9: Small stream tributary, below Kasasi (BURS06). 

10: Fringing forest closest to water, which is periodically flooded, is often dominated by 

species with stilt roots, notably Pterocarpus santalinoides, various Ficus species, 

Uapaca heudelotii. 

11: A slightly secondary type of Moist evergreen forest, the protected, sacred forest around 

Kamato village (KTPL02). 

12-13: Slightly degraded gallery forests still contain many globally rare species. 


Appendices 

14: Pandanus (centre) common along Mawologho river north of Kafogo, is very much 

less common in the southern third of the study area. Pandans in our area are in a state 

of considerable taxonomic uncertainty, there being one variable (P. candelabrum) or 

very many tightly defined species depending on taxonomic taste. In the latter context, 

several species are known only from one or two collections in Sierra Leone. (see 33). 

15: Kamato village on a hill near Bumbuna protects its surrounding forest which however 

differs from the forest due to be lost by flooding. 

16: Crocodile killed by villagers in river nr. Kafogo (Apparently a slender-snouted 

crocodile - Crocodylus cataphractus). 

17-20: Field team in action, collecting and pressing plant specimens. 

21: The drying oven and sorting of specimens at Bumbuna 

22-23: Rattan bridge nr. Kafogo, made mostly from Calamus deeratus, a very spiny species 

that is unpleasantly abundant in parts of the gallery forest in this area. The bridges are 

apparently maintained periodically at night by male secret societies. 

24: Gallery forest, or at least a fringe of trees viewed from beyond the eastern arm of the 

study area, near Kondembaia. 


Appendices 

25: Crinum natans (Amaryllidaceae), abundant where the watercourse is wide, shallow 

and not very fast flowing in the dry season at least. 

26: Anubias afzelii (Araceae) commonly found, gregarious at edge of water and gallery 

forest. 

27-28: Anubias gracilis (Araceae) Not as common as the previous but, like it, found only in 

the western part of Upper Guinea. 

29: Angraecum distichum (Orchidaceae). Common epiphyte especially on trees close to 

the water. 

30: Nervillia sp. (Orchidaceae) terrestrial, leafless orchid in high gallery forest. 

31-2: Bulbophyllum sp. (Orchidaceae) 

33: Pandanus (see 14) 

34: Curtain of Rhipsalis baccifera (Cactaceae) in gallery forest close to water. 

35: RBS team, next to a large tree of Brachystegia leonensis, characteristic of many types 

of gallery forest in this area. Left to right William Hawthorne, Prof. Abdul Karim, 

Abdulai Faeika, Mamo Sissé, Asan Djabie, Jon Kente, Julius Sissé (Team also 

includes Mr. Kabbie Kanu, photographer, in foreground of no. 20) 

36-48: Some of the characteristic legume trees and shrubs of the area. 


Appendices 

36-39: Gilbertiodendron sp. aff bilineatum (but pod 1 veined) & G.preussii (Leguminosae – 

Caesalp.) (persistent stipules and often >5 pairs leaflets). Along the riverbanks and in 

some areas gregarious there. 

40-41: Aphanocalyx pteridophyllus (Leguminosae –caesalp.) One of the distinctive trees of 

moist gallery forest. 

42-43: Chidlowia sanguinea (Leguminosae –caesalp.) a medium sized tree, seems to prefer 

rocky or steep slopes. 

44: Millettia sanagana (large leaflets in foreground) (Leguminosae–Papil.); usually 

unbranched shrub with large compound leaves, which dominates gallery thickets 

around and to the north of Kafogo. 

45: Millettia pallens (Leguminosae–Papil.) especially common at edge of drier forests 

higher up slopes, thickets in wet areas and even farm bush. 

46: Millettia warneckei var. porphyrocalyx (Leguminosae–Papil.). A sprawling shrub or 

small tree common in open vegetation. This variety is endemic to a small part of Sierra 

Leone, but the species as a whole is more widespread in Upper Guinea, especially 

coastal thickets. 

47: Baphia capparidifolia var. polygalacea. Very similar notes to the last species/variety 

(M.warneckei), except the variety is more widespread in western Upper guinea than 

the Millettia. 

48: Dichrostachys glomerata. Common in very secondary vegetation, farm bush etc. and 

widespread. 


Appendices 

49-55: Anacardiaceae 

49-50: Sorindeia juglandifolia common shrub of more disturbed gallery thickets and in farm 

bush with edible fruits. 

51-52: Sorindeia collina. Based on observations from this study this small cauliflorous tree 

should be removed from synonymy with S. grandifolia and may well then still prove 

to be endemic to Sierra Leone, especially mountain forests. 

53-55: Trichoscypha longifolia. Uncommon and endemic to the wetter forests of western 

Upper Guinea. Found in a few of the moister patches of Bumbuna gallery forest. 

56: Carapa procera (Meliaceae). Similar to the previous species, but much more 

widespread in Africa and beyond. 

57-59: Cola sp. aff carcifolia (Sterculiaceae) (this would be a larger tree than normal for that 

species and with hairier fruits) and C. millenii (not recorded in Sierra Leone – a drier 

forest tree with blunter less lobed leaves). 

60-61: Neolemonierra clitandrifolia (Sapotaceae) a large tree in the moister types of gallery 

forest. 


Appendices 

62: Manilkara obovata (Sapotaceae). A variable species scattered in a number of forest 

types. 

63: Napoleonea heudelotii (brazil nut family, Lecythidaceae) one of the commonest small 

trees in the Bumbuna forests, but globally restricted to these and other forests of 

western Upper Guinea. 

64-65: Hexalobus crispiflorus (Annonaceae). A common medium sized tree of the riverine 

fringing forest, and a widespread species in Africa. 

66: Diospyros heudelotii (Ebenaceae). A locally common ebony, in riverine forest (when it 

can develop stilt roots) and drier forests. 

67-69: nisophyllea laurina (Anisophylleaceae) a common and well known species (edible 

fruit and useful poles) in Sierra Leone, very abundant in farm bush and in secondary 

thickets high on the ridges in our area. Not known to the east of Liberia. Also scattered 

as a larger tree in the moister forests lower on slopes, but here is also found A. 

meniaudi – a widepread tree with hairier leaves. 

68: Rhaphiostylis beninensis (Menispermaceae) a common climber in wets Africa, seen 

here in secondary (post farming) thicket high up on slopes. 

70: Uapaca heudelotii (Euphorbiaceae) very common fringing species with stilt roots; 

widespread across Africa, hence of little conservation concern. 

71: Rinorea microdon (Violaceae) another globally restricted species that is very at home 

in these gallery forests. 

72-73: Many Ficus (Moraceae) species populate the gallery forests. 72 is cf F. artocarpoides 

or F. ottonifolia. 73. is F. scott-elliotii. 


Appendices 

74: Dorstenia turbinata (Moraceae). Small widespread tree of gallery forest. 

75: Amanoa strobliacea (Euphorbiaceae). Not very common, but scattered in riverine 

forest across Upper Guinea. 

76-80: Acanthaceae common in the study area 

76: Hygrophila odora rank weak-stemmed plants common on the rocks in mid river. 

77-78: Asystasia scandens. Not uncommon throughout Sierra Leone, but rare globally. Found 

near Kamabapeh village. 

79: Lankesteria hispida. A distinctive western upper Guinea shrublet which reappears in 

parts of Cameroon; common in the most gallery forest understorey with white then 

yellow flowers. 

80: Rungia guineensis. Only found in this survey the drier forest around Kegbema. Not 

uncommon globally. 

81: Psycotria limba (Rubiaceae) a rare species described originally from the limba area. 

82-83: Psychotria rufipilis (Rubiaceae) very common shrub throughout the valley’s forests – 

small leaved forms are common higher up in mountains. 

84: Pavetta lasioclada (Rubiaceae). Another, fairly rare and local speciality of Western 

Upper Guinea. Only found during this survey in the drier type of gallery forest to 

north of Kafogo.

Government of the Republic of Sierra Leone - Bumbuna Hydro ...

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