Biodiversity of Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania | Report ...

Biodiversity of Mahale 

Mountains National 

Park, Tanzania. 

David C Moyer 

Wildlife Conservation Society 

Tanzania Program 

P. O. Box 936 

Iringa, Tanzania 

wcs@wcs.or.tz

Table of Contents 

Biodiversity of Mahale Mountains National Park 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ ii 

1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1 

2. BACKGROUND................................................................................................................. 2 

2.1 Mahale Mountains National Park................................................................................. 2 

2.2 History of biological surveys and research in Mahale.................................................. 2 

2.3 Anthropological History of the Mahale Peninsula and Hinterland ................................ 3 

2.4 The study sites ............................................................................................................ 4 

3. MAMMALS ........................................................................................................................ 5 

3.1 Methods and sources of information ........................................................................... 5 

3.2 Results ........................................................................................................................ 5 

3.2.1 Transects........................................................................................................... 6 

3.2.2 Camera trapping................................................................................................ 7 

3.2.3 Bucket pitfalls and live-traps .............................................................................. 7 

3.2.4 Direct and indirect incidental observations......................................................... 8 

3.3 Discussion................................................................................................................... 9 

4. BIRDS ............................................................................................................................... 11 


4.2 Results ........................................................................................................................ 11 

4.2.1 Point Counts...................................................................................................... 12 

4.2.2 Mist-netting........................................................................................................ 13 

4.2.3 General observation and audio recording.......................................................... 13 

4.2.4 Comments on selected species ......................................................................... 15 

4.3 Discussion................................................................................................................... 17 

5. REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS.......................................................................................... 19 


5.2 Results ........................................................................................................................ 19 

5.3 Discussion................................................................................................................... 21 

6. PLANTS ............................................................................................................................ 22 


6.2 Results ........................................................................................................................ 22 

6.3 Discussion................................................................................................................... 22 

7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................. 23 

7.1 Density estimations ..................................................................................................... 23 

7.2 Survey priorities .......................................................................................................... 23 

7.3 Monitoring and research priorities ............................................................................... 24 

7.4 Conservation priorities................................................................................................. 24 

8. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 26 

10. APPENDICES ................................................................................................................... 29 

I. List of Mammals species recorded in Mahale Mountains National Park ...................... 29 

II. GPS locality and Number of Mammals recorded at each camera trap site.................. 32 

III. Bird species recorded at three sites in Mahale Mountains National Park .................... 34 

IV. Bird species recorded in Mahale Mountains National Park up to April 2006................ 37 

V. Encounter rates for 135 bird species at three sites in Mahale Mtns. Nat. Pk............... 47 

VI. Preliminary list of the Reptiles of Mahale Mountains National Park............................. 50 

VII. List of plant species know from Mahale Mountains National Park ............................... 51 

VIII. Tentative plant species list from three sites in Mahale Mountains National Park........ 64 

Wildlife Conservation Society i


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

Support for this fieldwork was provided by TANAPA, the Mahale Ecosystem Management 

Project (EU), Frankfurt Zoological Society, the Wildlife Conservation Society, the US Fish and 

Wildlife Service, Mr. Gary Fink, the Hosford Foundation, the MacArthur Foundation. Thanks 

go to Inyasi Lejora and Hassan Mohamed for facilitating permissions and logistics and to 

Adam and Emma Wilcox, Markus Borner, Grant Hopcraft, Karen Laurenson, and Simon 

Thurgood for their help in setting up this survey and providing information. A special word of 

thanks to Zoe Balmforth and Magnus Mosha for organizing logistics and generally making 

sure that all the details were taken care of. Thanks to the field team for all their hard work 

and dedication in the face of what sometimes appeared to be insurmountable mountains – 

Zoe Balmforth, Magnus Mosha, Elia Mulungu, Sammy Sikombe, Hamlet Mugabe, Boniface 

Muhoro, Chediel Mrisha and Zawadi Mbwambo all worked very hard to collect the data. 

Roland Purcel and Nomad Safaris provided logistical support, transport for the field team, and 

accommodation. I am very grateful for their help. Thanks to Teena and Steve John for their 

support and interest in the fieldwork and for their contribution of data. Toshisada Nishida 

provided data and copies of research papers and reports, and answered many questions 

about the flora and fauna of Mahale. Staffan Ulfstrand and Martin Walsh were very helpful in 

tracking down old literature. Crispin Mwinuka lent his only copy of the JICA feasibility study 

for Mahale and James Wakibara answered questions about the problem of exotic species 

and provided literature about that issue. Doug and Magdalena Braum provided photos of 

Jameson’s Mamba confirming the identification of this species. Thanks also to the staff at 

Kang’wena, the Bilenge Social Welfare Centre, Kasiha Ranger Post and Park Headquarters 

for their help in many ways. 

Wildlife Conservation Society ii

1. INTRODUCTION 


This work was undertaken as part of the Mahale Mountains Ecosystem Management Project. 

The main goal was to provide a baseline inventory of 5 taxa from Mahale Mountains National 

Park – birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and plants - and to collect data on species 

distribution and relative abundance (where possible). Data for this inventory were collected in 

the field and collated from all available records, both published and unpublished 

Fieldwork was carried out from 21 October to 27 November 2005 and 6-12 February 2006. 

Field survey camps were established at three localities. The first was at Kabanda (Flycatcher 

campsite) in Kasoge forest, the second along the Kabezi River, and the third on the Mahale 

Ridge just south of Mfitwa Mt. 

Eighteen transects totalling 57,140 m were marked out and surveyed. Transects were used 

to survey plants, birds and larger mammals and a variety of other methods were used to 

survey small mammals, reptiles and amphibians. The goal of the systematic surveys was to 

generate semi-quantitative data on encounter rates for the commoner mammal species, 

relative abundance data for the birds, as well as species composition for plants. 

Mammals were surveyed systematically along transects and birds and plants were sampled 

at points every 250m. Opportunistic observations were collected for birds and mammals to 

supplement transect and point counts, and a series of camera traps were deployed to detect 

the more cryptic and nocturnal mammal species. These data were combined to generate site 

lists for each locality. Bird data were supplemented by systematic mist-netting at the Mfitwa 

locality. 

Plant species were samples through general collections of fertile material and through sample 

plots laid out along transects. Small mammals, reptiles and amphibians were sampled 

opportunistically and using bucket pitfall lines, Sherman live-traps, Tomahawk live-traps, 

cryptic searching and calling male surveys. 

Providing a complete inventory of all 5 taxa is an enormous undertaking and fieldwork will 

continue for many years before this task is complete. Nevertheless, good progress has been 

made. At present about 85% of the bird species and 70% of the mammal species likely to 

occur in the park have been found. Further work on these two groups remains to be done in 

the large areas of Miombo Woodland in the east and south and in the mid-elevation forests 

between 1200–1800 m. Good progress has also been made on the inventory of plants in 

Mahale but there is still a lot of general collecting to be done. 

In this report, lists of species know to occur in Mahale Mountains National Park will be 

presented, together with the semi-quantitative data collected during the field work. Gaps in 

the data will be highlighted and recommendations made for future surveys, monitoring and 

research activities. 

Wildlife Conservation Society 1

2. BACKGROUND 


2.1 MAHALE MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK 

Mahale Mountains National Park was declared in 1985 and covers an area of 1613 km 2 

(Anonymous 1980, Nishida 1990). Of this area, just over 1500 km 2 is terrestrial and 96km 2 is 

aquatic, covering the portion along the shore of Lake Tanganyika and extending 1.6 km (1 

mile) into the lake. 

The most obvious physical feature of the park is Nkungwe Mountain, the highest peak along 

the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika. Nkungwe has always attracted attention, and nearly 

all early travellers passing the area wrote about it (Cameron & Markham 1875, Kirschstein 

1937, O’Hagen 1940, Moreau 1943, Grant 1948, Procter 1958, Nishida 1990 and references 

therein). However, long before any of these European explorers ever visited this area, 

Nkungwe Mt. was venerated as the seat of a powerful but benevolent paramount spirit 

Nkungwe (sometimes also referred to as Mulangwa) (Hatchell 1928, 1941, Kirschstein 1937). 

This long tradition of spirit worship continues to the present day. 

The exact height of Nkungwe peak is difficult to establish from the literature. Claude Grant, 

who surveyed the area in the 1930s gives it as 2597 m. Nishida (1990) gives a height of 

2460 m, whereas Kano (1990) gives it as 2520 m. From the contours on the Buhingu 

topographical sheet the elevation appears to be just over 2520 m (Government of Tanzania 

1980a). However, the topo sheets covering Mahale are not totally accurate in areas with very 

steep terrain. The exact height remains to be fixed using a GPS receiver. 

After Nkungwe, the most striking feature of the park is Lake Tanganyika. At more than 673 

km long this Africa’s longest and deepest (1470 m) lake and the second deepest lake in the 

world (Wikipedia 2006). Lake levels have fluctuated considerably since early explorers first 

mapped the shoreline of Lake Tanganyika (Cameron & Markham 1875, Grant 1935, 1949). 

This was because of the periodic natural blocking of the outlet at the Lukugu River on the 

Congo side of the lake. The last decline in level was probably spread out over a number of 

years as evidenced from the several obvious beach layers between the old high water mark 

and the present level along the shoreline of the national park. When Cameron passed 

through this area, Kibwesa point at the southwest corner of the park was an island, and he 

sailed through a channel 300 m wide between it and the mainland (Cameron and Markham 

1875). 

Detailed descriptions of the vegetation and physiognomy of Mahale Mountains National Park 

have been published and will not be repeated here (see especially Nishida 1990 and 

references therein). The main habitat covering the park is Miombo (Zambesian) woodland, 

but there are also extensive stands of lowland and highland bamboo, grassland, bushland, 

montane forest, lowland forest and aquatic habitats distributed across the park. 

2.2 HISTORY OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEYS AND RESEARCH IN MAHALE 

Biological surveys in Mahale began in the 1940’s when R. E. Moreau sent his field assistant, 

Salimu Asumani, to collect birds in this area (Moreau 1941, 1943). A total of 600 specimens 

were collected from around the Mahale ecosystem of which 15 were new forms (subspecies). 

Sometime later, Moreau (1950) produced a summary of ornithological research in Tanzania, 

and a fairly comprehensive bibliography up to 1950. From this, it is obvious that very little 

ornithological research took place in the Mahale area over the next sixteen years. In 1958 

and 1959, two biological and anthropological research expeditions from Oxford University 

visited Mahale. General reports on these surveys were published by Davis (1959), Juniper 

(1959), and Simkin & Juniper (1961) (cited in Nishida 1990). Several other papers were 

published on these surveys covering specific groups (see Nishida 1990 and references 

therein). 

This research greatly increased knowledge about biodiversity and zoogeography of Mahale, 

but both expeditions were short term and exploratory in scope. In the late 1950’s, and 



throughout the 1960s, the Kyoto University Africa Primatological Expedition (KUAPE) worked 

to establish a permanent research presence in Mahale with a focus on chimpanzees. Their 

success led to one of the longest running field research projects in existence. This work 

continues today led by Prof. Toshisada Nishida, through collaboration between the Mahale 

Mountains Wildlife Research Centre and the Tokyo Ape Expedition to Africa (Nishida 1990). 

A detailed summary of work done by Japanese researchers on chimpanzees and other biota, 

and a comprehensive bibliography of published research on terrestrial and aquatic 

biodiversity in Mahale, is provided by Prof. Nishida (1990). This book is a good starting place 

for anyone planning a field research project in Mahale Mountains National Park. 

2.3 ANTHROPOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE MAHALE PENINSULA AND HINTERLAND 

The anthropological history of the Mahale peninsula and hinterland is one of successive 

waves of immigration from across the lake in Congo, south from the Malagarasi River basin 

and north from Ufipa and northern Zambia (Hatchel 1941). In most cases, the immigrants 

either conquered or absorbed the inhabitants that they found in the area. 

Up to 1974 the Baholoholo or Wasowa people inhabited many parts of the Mahale Peninsula. 

These people came from what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo 16 generations ago, 

having been driven out by the Wemba tribe who were being driven north by the Angoni. The 

Baholoholo drove the original inhabitants, the Wamahare (Wanyakungwe) from the lake 

shore up into the Mahale Mountains and later on, absorbed them entirely (Hatchel 1941). 

The area to the south and east of Mahale from the Lubugwe to Karema and inland to Katavi, 

was formerly know as Ubende or Ukabende. The people of this area originated from Congo 

or came south from the Malagarasi Valley (Hatchel 1928). The area north of Ubende and 

east of Mahale was known as Tongwe. The Waganza and Wagalawa who also came across 

the lake from Congo around the same time as the Baholoholo inhabited this. 

In 1925 when the British Administration established governmental control over Tongwe and 

Ubende, there were dozens of small chieftainships in the area and no cohesive tribal identity. 

This has changed considerably, and today the Baholoholo, Waganza and Wagalawa speak a 

common language know as Tongwe and are collectively know as the Watongwe. However, 

dialectal differences are still evident in slightly different names and/or pronunciations used for 

animals and plants in disparate parts of Mpanda and Kigoma districts inhabited by Tongwe 

speaking people. 

Many parts of the Mahale Mountains National Park were once inhabited and under cultivation 

and, nowhere does one have to look far to find the evidence of this. The Kasoge Forest was 

formerly covered in cultivation and evidence of this can be seen in the old cultivation mounds 

on the flatter ground. Many exotic and cultivated plants remain in Kasoge to this day. The 

most obvious are oil palm, mango, guava, lemon, sisal and the invasive Senna. The Senna 

has become the focus of an eradication campaign by Tanzania National Parks (Wakibara and 

Mnaya 2002). 

In the 1960’s there were at least 5 hamlets in the eastern areas of the park. Ilumbi was 

located at the source of the Kabezi, Ntondo was further down along the ridge from Ilumbi to 

the present day village of Mgambo, Ujamba was on the western side of the Mahale Ridge at 

2000m, and Kasangazi was on the path from Ujamba to Kapala on the shore of Lake 

Tanganyika (Itani 1990). 

Indirect and direct evidence of cultivation is obvious in the mosaic of habitats along the 

Mahale Ridge between Wamasuku and Burungu peaks and in the southern and eastern 

sectors. Itani (1990) postulates that areas of the park covered by lowland bamboo 

(Oxytenanthera abyssinica) and montane bamboo (Sinarundinaria alpinum) are secondary 

following past clearing of woodland and forest for cultivation. Whereas, this is likely in 

highland areas covered by montane bamboo, it is more likely to be related to edaphic factors 

at medium and lower altitudes covered in Oxytenanthera bamboo. Generally, traditional 

Chitemele slash-and-burn cultivation of finger millet in Miombo woodland is non-intensive and 

shifting. Poor soils under this vegetation type do not allow intensive agriculture leading to a 



long-term change in vegetation cover. Therefore, cultivated areas in Miombo tend to 

regenerate to the original vegetation type because living rootstock and stumps facilitate rapid 

re-growth of trees from coppice. 

In areas covered by evergreen forest, clearing and cultivation cause much longer--term 

changes. These will pass through several stages of succession before regenerating to forest. 

Itani (1990) states that fields abandoned for over 50 years were still covered in bracken fern 

and Hyparrhenia grasses and showed little sign of forest regeneration. It may be that in 

current climatic conditions, and with periodic wildfires, areas cleared of montane forest in the 

past will never regenerate to their original condition without active management intervention. 

Much evidence of past intensive hunting activities can be seen in the many pitfall traps 

throughout the highland forests. It may be that the present low numbers of animals in the 

park is a reflection of this, and that sufficient time has not yet elapsed to allow recovery of the 

large mammal populations. However, Grant (1949) and Itani (1990) mention the very low 

densities of large mammals in this area as early as the 1930’s. So other factors, such as 

blocking of dispersal and migration corridors may be slowing down the recovery of ungulate 

populations. 

2.4 THE STUDY SITES 

Fieldwork for this survey was carried out at three sites, Kasoge, Kabezi and Mfitwa. These 

sites were very in different habitats to maximize the number of species recorded. 

Kasoge 

Camp was established at Kabanda (Flycatcher camp) on the shore of Lake Tanganyika 

(S6°9’53”–E29°44’21”, 780m). Large parts of Kasoge forest are secondary. These are 

covered in regenerating lowland forest on relatively flat (for Mahale) ground. Forest on 

steeper slopes, and north of Kabanda, was in much better condition but still contained large 

areas of thicket indicative of clearing for cultivation in the past. To the south of Kasoge, and 

on some ridges near the lake, the forest gave way to Miombo woodland. Stands of ‘matete’, 

Phragmites mauritanius and ‘elephant grass’, Pennisetum purpureum are found along the 

lakeshore and some of the larger streams running through Kasoge. Access was by boat from 

park HQ at Bilenge. 

Kabezi 

The Kabezi site was in riverine forest along the Kabezi River and about 14 km SE of the 

airstrip at Kalolwa (S6°6’47”–E29°49’54”, 1180m). Access was a 6-hour walk from Kalolwa 

along the Kabezi Ridge. Habitat at Kabezi was diverse but most of the area was covered in 

mature Miombo woodland. There was riverine forest along the Kabezi and on many of the 

smaller streams that flow into the Kabezi from the Mahale Ridge and the Kabezi Ridge. To 

the southeast of the camp, and in parts of the Kabezi Ridge, there were extensive stands of 

Solid-stemmed bamboo, Oxytenanthera abyssinica. (This species appears throughout the 

miombo zone as constituent of the understory, but in the Mahale ecosystem, it forms pure 

stands that cover hundreds of square kilometres in some places.) Higher up on the Mahale 

Ridge the miombo gives way to tall montane grassland dominated by Hyparrhenia sp., and 

Themeda triandra with scattered Protea gauguedi, Erythrina abyssinica, Cusonia arborea and 

isolated Parinari curatelifolia. 

Mfitwa 

The Mfitwa site was in montane forest on the SE side of Mfitwa Peak (S6°7’54"–E29°47’38”, 

2440m). Access to this area from Kabezi is on overgrown game trails running up the ridge 

between Sibindi and Mfitwa, or along the ridge running up from Kabezi to Sisaga. The 

distance is not far but this is a very difficult and steep climb with no water along the way once 

the smaller tributaries of the Kabezi have been crossed. There are extensive areas of 

montane grassland along the Mahale ridge. The dominant species there is a tussock grass 

that is very difficult to walk through except along game trails. The montane forest is mature 

and reaches a height of 30 m in sheltered valleys. Most of the forest understory is dominated 

by nearly impenetrable stands of montane bamboo, Sinarundinaria alpinum, but some areas 

have a diverse understory with species of Dracaena, Piper, and Psychotria dominating. 


3. MAMMALS 


3.1 METHODS AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION 

At each site, mammal lists were compiled from direct observations, from vocalizations heard, 

from field signs (Aardvark holes, elephant dung, etc.), from photos taken by camera traps, 

and from individuals caught in traps. These data supplemented transects data to produce the 

total site list. 

During transects observations were recorded of every visual contact with a mammal. Indirect 

evidence of an animal’s presence was also recorded for chimpanzees (nests), elephants, 

bushpigs, warthogs, and buffalo (dung piles). For every observation (contact) along a 

transect, the following data were recorded: 

- Time 

- Species 

- Age (dung, nests, etc.) 

- Perpendicular distance from the transect line when first seen 

- Group Size 

- GPS position (three dimensions) 

- Estimated GPS Position Error 

- Habitat type 

Pitfall trap lines were set using 11 plastic buckets set flush with the ground at intervals of 5 m 

(Davies & Hoffman 2002). A drift fence of plastic sheeting material was placed along a line 

running through the middle of each bucket and extending 5 m beyond the first and last 

buckets in the line. 

Sherman trap lines were set in both montane forest and in montane grassland. In both 

habitats the number of traps and trapping effort was identical – 40 traps were set along 

transects with one trap placed every 10 m and marked with flagging tape. These were baited 

with peanut butter and small pieces of fresh fried coconut and each trap line was run 

continuously for three days. Traps in which small mammals were caught were emptied and 

reset daily. Transects were not run in straight lines but followed an elevational contour in the 

forest. In the montane grassland, the traps were set to one side of a game trail running along 

a ridge. These were placed 2 – 3 m off the trail under bushes and other sheltered spots to 

keep them out of direct sunlight and rain. A few Tomahawk live traps were also set at 

Kasoge and Kabezi. These were baited with boiled egg and dried fish (Lake Tanganyika 

Sardine, Limnothrissa miodon or Ndagaa). Trap success was very low with only one Bushytailed 

Mongoose caught, and the use of these was discontinued. 

Camera traps were set along game trails, at middens, and in any other places likely to 

capture photos of passing animals. These were left in place for as long as possible, but 

certain trapping stations likely to experience heavy animal traffic, were checked during the 

interval to determine if film rolls needed to be changed. 

3.2 RESULTS 

A total of 51 species of mammals were recorded during this survey. Nine species were first 

records for Mahale Mountains National Park and the total park list now stands at 82 

(Appendix I). 

The mammal list for Mahale was compiled from several sources. The earliest was based on 

the long-term field studies by Japanese researchers and published in the feasibility report for 

the proposed Mahale Mountains National Park (Anon. 1980). Nishida (1990) updated this list 

and new records of small mammals were given by Stanley (2004). 

The situation of Mahale encompassing both widespread Zambesian (Miombo) woodland, 

Albertine Rift forests and montane grasslands give it a unique assemblage of species. 

Several records from this survey served to confirm the strong zoogeographical linkages to 



forests of the Albertine Rift and Congo Basin. The most surprising was the confirmation of 

Giant Pangolin from Kasoge. Camera traps took a number of photos of this species and 

scale counts confirmed the identity. Nishida (1990) also lists Ground Pangolin as being 

recorded from Mahale, making this the only national park in Tanzania where two species of 

pangolin have been found. 

A small genet with noticeably small ears was seen in montane forest at Mfitwa during the 

survey. It was not possible to identify this species and it may well be that it will turn out to be 

an undescribed form. 

A dwarf bushbaby, Galagoides sp., was also found in the montane forest at Mfitwa at 2440m 

and on Pasagulu at 1490 m. This species was first seen and heard 60 km ENE of Mahale in 

the Sitebe-Sifuta Mountains in August 2005 (Moyer in press). Recordings were made of its 

calls and it has been preliminarily identified as a Grant’s galago, G. granti. However, strong 

Albertine Rift affinities of Mahale, and the uncertainty surrounding the taxonomy of the dwarf 

bushbabies, make it equally likely that this is an undescribed form, or an Albertine Rift 

species hitherto unrecorded in Tanzania. 

Finally, a very small (4–5 g) shrew was found in the montane forest and grassland on Mfitwa. 

Identification of montane shrews is very difficult and must be done by specialists. However, 

this shrew appears to represent another new species for Mahale. Confirmation of this has to 

await the outcome of further museum-based research. 

3.2.1 Transects 

Twelve mammal species were recorded during the transect counts from all localities 

combined (Table 1). The presence of two of these, elephant and buffalo, was indirect 

evidence from dung piles. In addition, chimpanzee nests and calls were recorded separately. 

Chimp nests and elephant dung piles were very common along transects at Kabezi, whereas, 

Red colobus and Red-tailed monkey were the most commonly recorded mammal along 

transects at Kasoge. The lowest diversity was found at Mfitwa where only three species of 

mammals were recorded during transects. However, the encounter rate for Blue monkey at 

Mfitwa was the highest of any of the sites (Table1). 

Table 1 

Mammal encounter rates and relative abundance along transects at three sites in 

Mahale Mountains National Park. 

Animal 

Number of contacts/km Number of animals/km 

KABEZI KASOGE MFITWA KABEZI KASOGE MFITWA 

Banded Mongoose 0.04 0.12 

Bat (not identified) 0.04 0.04 

Blue Duiker 0.20 0.16 0.24 0.16 

Blue Monkey 0.08 0.32 0.08 0.65 

Buffalo dung 0.12 0.12 

Bushbuck 0.12 0.12 

Chimp calls 0.04 0.08 

Chimp nests 1.08 0.80 4.92 2.80 

Chimpanzees 0.12 0.32 

Elephant dung 4.50 4.50 

Red Colobus 0.04 0.32 0.16 0.04 7.33 0.65 

Red-legged Sun Squirrel 0.08 0.08 

Red-tailed Monkey 0.04 0.36 0.12 3.41 

Warthog 0.04 0.16 

Yellow Baboon 0.04 0.08 0.08 0.72 



3.2.2 Camera Trapping 

Camera trapping proved to be much more successful than transects at detecting cryptic and 

nocturnal species. Twenty-four species were recorded by camera traps set at 65 stations in 

three sites over 646 Trap Days (Table 2, 3, Appendix II). 

The combined total of species recorded by transects and camera traps was 30, or 36% of the 

mammal species know to occur in Mahale Mountains National Park. These two methods are 

designed for very different applications, however there was quite a bit of overlap, and the 

camera traps recorded 50% of the species found on the transects. Species found on the 

transects, but not in the camera trap sampling were arboreal monkeys, a squirrel and buffalo, 

an animal that is only seasonally present in the areas surveyed. 

Table 2 

Camera Trap-Days at Mahale Mountains National Park 

Date (2005) Location No. Cameras Trap Days 

21Oct – 4 Nov Kasoge 36 341 

5–11 November Kabezi 20 262 

15–22 November Mfitwa 8 43 

TOTAL 64 646 

The number of photos of each particular animal provides a rough measure of relative 

abundance. However, these data should be interpreted with caution. It is possible that some 

species were photographed multiple times by the same camera. For instance, if a camera 

were set in an area encompassing the daily activity patterns of a Blue duiker, the same 

individual would be photographed multiple times. Whereas, another animal living in the same 

area, with a similar overall density but different activity patterns, may have been 

photographed only once. This method is very useful where individual recognition is possible 

and, over the long term, may be the only viable method estimating the minimum numbers of 

cryptic species such as leopards. 

3.2.3 Bucket pitfalls and live-traps 

Bucket pitfall traps were not very successful in capturing small mammals because of very dry 

weather during most of the survey. None were captured at Kasoge and very few at Kabezi 

and Mfitwa. For the amount of effort involved in setting these, the return was extremely small 

in terms of numbers. Nevertheless, the bucket pitfall lines did add three species of shrew to 

the survey species list. At least two of these, a Crocidura sp. from Kabezi and a tiny shrew 

from Mfitwa were additions to the park list. So, even with very poor trap success, this method 

made a significant contribution to the survey. 

The pitfall line set in montane forest from 18–20 November 2005 had 33 total trap nights with 

a success rate of 3%. The pitfall line set in montane grassland from 21–23 November was 

the most successful with four Dendromus nyikae and four of a tiny shrew species captured. 

The overall trap success rate was 24.2% with 33 trap nights. The trapline start and end 

points at Mfitwa were as follow: 

Forest pitfall start - S6.13715, E29.80088 

Forest pitfall end - S6.13747, E29.80134 

Grassland pitfall start - S6.14005, E29.80250 

Grassland pitfall end - S6.14003, E29.80294 



Table 3 

Mammal species and number of photos recorded by camera traps set at three localities 

Mahale Mountains National Park. 

Species Kasoge Kabezi Mfitwa Combined 

Aardvark 4 6 10 

African civet 2 4 6 

African clawless Otter 2 2 

African elephant 22 22 

Blue duiker 149 23 4 176 

Blue monkey 1 1 

Bush duiker 15 15 

Bushbuck 12 65 2 79 

Bushpig 103 18 2 123 

Bushy-tailed mongoose 31 10 41 

Chimpanzee 43 7 50 

Crested porcupine 11 11 

Giant pangolin 3 4 7 

Giant pouched rat 7 9 16 

Hippopotamus 6 6 

Large spotted genet 3 13 1 17 

Leopard 16 2 18 

Serval 1 1 

Slender mongoose 1 1 

Spotted hyena 5 5 

Tree porcupine 1 1 

White-tailed mongoose 1 1 

Warthog 4 4 

Yellow baboon 44 2 46 

Total No. Species 19 16 5 24 

Results from the Sherman live-trap survey were quite good. A total of 37 animals were 

captured in 240 trap nights (Table 4). The overall success rate was 15.4% – 17.5% for the 

montane forest and 14.2% for the montane grassland. At least eight species were added to 

the survey list, two of these were new for the park. It may be that the collection of Praomys 

from the forest will prove to be of two species but final identification has not yet been made. 

3.2.4 Direct and indirect incidental observations 

The number of mammal species recorded during this survey was 51. Indirect observations of 

species not found during systematic surveys contributed 1 record, or 25.5% to this total. 

These were mostly arboreal, nocturnal, or low-density species that were see or heard 

opportunistically while in camp, at night or during walks between survey sites. Six of the 

species recorded in this manner were first records for Mahale. Two of these, a dwarf galago 

and a very small forest genet, have not been identified yet and may be un-described forms or 

major range extensions of know species. 



Species recorded by indirect and opportunistic observations during this survey were the 

following: 

1 Angola Pied Colobus, Colobus angolensis 

2 dwarf galago, Galagoides sp. 

3 Greater galago, Otolemur crassicaudatus 

4 Singing fruit bat, Epomops franqueti 

5 Epauletted fruit bat, Epomophorus labiatus 

6 Evening Bat, Scotoecus albofuscus 

7 Chequered elephant shrew, Rhynchocyon cirnei 

8 African giant squirrel, Protoxerus stangeri 

9 Common blesmol, Cryptomys hottentotus 

10 Dwarf mongoose, Helogale parvula 

11 small forest genet, Genetta sp. 

12 Bush hyrax, Heterohyrax brucei 

13 Southern Tree hyrax, Dendrohyrax arboreus 

3.3 DISCUSSION 

The record of Weyn’s Duiker, Cephalophus callipygius weynsi was made by Viv Wilson in the 

1960s during fieldwork in Mahale (Wilson 2001). This was published only recently, and it is 

not clear from the description of this species range in Kingdon (1997) whether he thought that 

it occurred in Tanzania. Wilson (2001) cites a record by Rodgers and Swai (1988) of this 

species from Gombe Stream National Park, but either this record is unconfirmed, or was 

overlooked by Kingdon (1997). 

Table 4 

Mammal species captured in Sherman live-traps in montane forest and 

grassland at Mfitwa, Mahale Mountains National Park in November 2005. 

Montane Forest / bamboo 

Species 18 th 19 th 20 th Total 

Hylomyscus sp. 3 2 7 12 

Praomys sp. 3 2 4 9 

Total 6 4 11 21 

Montane Grassland 

Species 21 st 22 nd 23 rd Total 

Dendromus nyikae 1 1 

Leminiscomys rosalia 1 4 3 8 

Leminiscomys striatus 1 1 

Lophuromys flavopunctatus 1 1 2 

Otomys sp. 1 1 1 3 

Praomys sp. 1 1 2 

Total 6 6 5 17 

The mammal list for Mahale is now at about 70–80% of a projected total. There are very few 

large mammals remaining to be found there, possibly including Greater kudu, Southern or 

Mountain reedbuck, and Harvey’s duiker. Smaller mammals not yet recorded but that almost 

certainly occur in Mahale, include Marsh Mongoose, Atilax paludinosus and Smith’s red rock 

hare, Pronolagus rupestris among others. By far the greatest number of unrecorded 

mammals will be bats, rodents and insectivores. Accumulation of new mammal records for 

the park will probably level out at around 115 – 120 species. 

There are 402 species of mammals that have been recorded so far in the Albertine Rift 

protected areas (Kityo 2003). This represents about 39% of all mammal species in Africa and 



34 of these are endemic to the Altbertine Rift (Kityo 2003). It is too early in the survey 

process to make an assessment of the relative position of Mahale in richness and importance 

when compared to the other Albertine Rift protected areas. There are likely to be new 

species of shrews described that will be strict endemics, and other species of rodents and 

bats found that are more widespread in the rift. 

At least one species of large mammal, the Black rhinoceros, has been extirpated from the 

park. Although no records of this species were found for Mahale, the local Tongwe people 

have a name for it, Pela, and it almost certainly occurred in the past. 

Little is know about the Murid rodents from Mahale. It is very likely that there are two species 

of Praomys in the montane forest. However, it will be very difficult to assign names to these 

forest-dwelling forms until further museum work is complete. Morphological and DNA 

comparisons must be made to specimens from the other Albertine Rift forests and from the 

southern highlands and Eastern Arc forests of Tanzania, before conclusive statements can be 

made about identifications. This situation is the same for shrews and it will be at least a year 

before any further information on species level identification is forthcoming. This work will be 

completed in collaboration with Bill Stanley from the Field Museum of Natural History, 

Chicago. 

Another group that would repay closer attention is the squirrels. The identity of the African 

Giant Squirrel is not in doubt, but the species referred to as Red-legged Sun Squirrel, 

Heliosciurus rufobrachium, should be looked at carefully. There are other red-legged forms 

that could be confused with this species, such as the Fire-footed Rope Squirrel, Funisciururs 

pyrropus. It may well be that both forms are found in Mahale. Also, there are probably at 

least two forms of bush squirrel in Mahale. Loveridge (1933) records Smith’s Bush Squirrel, 

Paraxerus cepapi, from the lakeshore at Kasanga (south of Mahale), and it is likely to be fond 

in Miombo woodland in the park. Another species to look for in the riverine forests and 

thickets will be Boehm’s Squirrel, Paraxerus boehmi. Researchers should thoroughly review 

field guide accounts of these species before going into the field so they are aware of 

distinguishing characters to look for when squirrels are encountered. 

There were very few sightings of squirrels in montane forest at Mfitwa. Elia Mulungu saw 

only one, a medium-sized non-descript species in gallery forest extending from Mfitwa down 

into a deeply incised valley on the eastern slope of the Mahale ridge. It was not seen well 

enough to identify it. It may be that squirrels are more active and vocal at other times of the 

year and a dry season survey may well turn up more species. 


4. BIRDS 



Several quantitative and qualitative methods were used for the bird surveys to build up as 

complete a species list as possible for each site and for Mahale Mountains National Park. 

This allowed comparisons of overall species composition between sites as well as giving a 

measure of relative abundance. Species records from all methods were combined on daily 

lists at each site to allow calculation of a species accumulation curve. 

Point Counts 

Birds were surveyed systematically along the same transects as used for mammal and plant 

sampling. Sampling points were marked with flagging tape at 250 m intervals along 

transects. During surveys, a five-minute count was made at each sampling point. Surveys 

were begun around 0700 hrs and continued to late morning or the transect end point. All bird 

species seen and heard during the 5-minute count were recorded on a data sheet and 

distance from the observer as well as number of individuals recorded was noted. Distance 

categories used (in meters) were: 0–10; 10–20; 20–50; 50–100; 100–200; >200. GPS 

position was recorded for each sampling point as well as the general habitat type. 

Mist-netting 

Mist-net lines were set to sample cryptic understory birds that were not likely to be detected 

on transects. Net lines were set so as to optimally sample species in the target habitat. For 

instance, net lines set to sample forest edge birds extended from within the forest to the 

surrounding grassland. Nets used were 12m long, 5 shelf units with a 33mm mesh size. Net 

lines were set for two mornings at each sample site. The nets were opened at 0600hrs and 

closed at 1000hrs. All birds captured were fitted with a numbered metal leg band to allow 

identification of re-trapped individuals and to facilitate future studies on site fidelity, local 

dispersal, seasonal altitudinal movements and longevity. 

General observations and audio recording 

In addition to systematic sampling, lists were kept of all bird species seen and heard while 

walking between sampling points along transects. All other observations were also recorded 

on daily and site lists. Audio recordings were made of as many species as possible to 

facilitate the production of reference and training materials for future ecological monitoring 

activities in the park. 

4.2 RESULTS 

Point counts and mist-netting were supplemented with general surveys and audio recordings 

to maximize the number of species recorded at the three sample sites of Kasoge, Kabezi and 

Mfitwa (Figure 1). Two hundred and forty two species were recorded during this survey – 135 

of these during the point counts and mist-netting (Appendix III). The bird species list for 

Mahale now stands at 355. Thirty two first records were added to this total during this survey. 

The base list was compiled from all published and grey literature sources available (Moreau 

1943, Ulfstrand & Lamprey 1960, Anon. 1980, Britton 1980, Nishida 1990, Anderson and 

Baker 2004). Further unpublished records by many observers were added from the Tanzania 

Bird Atlas database (Baker and Baker 2001-2005). Records of 52 species collected by 

Thorkild Andersen in Mahale in the 1948 –1949 were also included (Williams 1950, J. Fjeldså 

in litt. April 2006). A majority of these are housed in the Zoological Museum, University of 

Copenhagen. 

Atlas records were vetted carefully in consultation with Neil and Liz Baker and a number that 

were obviously in error were removed from the database. Thus, the list presented in this 

report has been reviewed carefully and represents an accurate summary of all bird 

distributional data available for Mahale Mountains National Park to the present (Appendix IV). 



Figure 1 

Bird species accumulation curve for three sites in Mahale Mountains National Park. 

Total species recorded during sampling at Kasoge = 72; Kabezi = 103; and Mfitwa = 77. 

120 

100 

80 

60 

40 

20 

0 

Kasoge 

Kabezi 

Mfitwa 

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 

Days Recording 

The bird species assemblages at Kasoge and Kabezi were more similar to each other than 

either was to Mfitwa (Figure 2). However, the picture of the relationship between these three 

sites is somewhat incomplete because the species accumulation rate for Kasoge had not 

levelled off by the end of the sampling period (Figure 1). An apparent increase in 

accumulation rate at Kabezi near the end of the survey period was due to several transects 

extending into montane habitat. New species were from that community but very few new 

Miombo and riverine forest species typical of the Kabezi site were added. 

4.2.1 Point Counts 

Two hundred and eighteen point counts of birds were made at three field sites in Mahale. 

Total counting time was 18.2 hours, during which 2643 individuals of 135 species were 

recorded (Appendix V, Table 5). Species accumulation curves suggest that sampling was 

incomplete for both Kasoge and Kabezi but had begun to level off at Mfitwa (Figure 1). 

Kabezi had the highest abundance of birds at 164.5 per hour of sampling. Mfitwa and 

Kasoge had similar abundances with 120.7 and 118.5 birds per hour of sampling. The 

number of contacts (record of a species during sampling) was also higher at Kabezi with 90 

per hour, followed by Mfitwa with 78.9 per hour and Kasoge with 54.8 per hour. 

The only species to make the top ten list for all three sites and both categories was Yellowwhiskered 

Greenbul, Andropadus latirostris (Table 5). Common Bulbul was the most 

frequently encountered species and was recorded at 61.3% of sample points at Kabezi. It 

was also the most abundant species at both Kabezi and Mfitwa. The overall most abundant 

species was the migratory Eurasian Bee-eater, Merops apiaster, at Kasoge with more than 40 

birds counted per hour. 



Figure 2 

Percent similarity of bird communities at three sites in Mahale Mountains National Park. 

QuickTime and a 

TIFF (LZW) decompressor 

are needed to see this picture. 

4.2.2 Mist-netting 

Results from the mist-netting were disappointing in terms of effort vs. number of species 

added to the total site lists. A major amount of effort amounting to 15 person days was 

invested in a systematic mist-netting sample in four microhabitats at the Mfitwa site. This 

amounted to 16 person/days of field time during which 262 individuals of 30 species were 

captured (Table 6). Out of the total, no species were added to the site list. 

However, mist-netting is a generally a valuable tool for sampling cryptic understory birds. 

Usually the contribution of this method to the overall survey effort is well worth the investment 

of time and energy. In this case, valuable data on the weights and morphometrics of 

montane forest birds and endemic subspecies of Mahale were obtained. Furthermore, all 

birds that were captured were ringed to facilitate future studies on local dispersal, site fidelity 

and longevity. 

4.2.3 General observation and audio recording 

Opportunistic observations were a major component of the bird inventory effort. Forty four 

percent (107 species) of the birds recorded during this survey were found in this way. The 

most important component of this effort was in aural surveys and general observation during 

the times between systematic surveys. 

Initially there were a number of species for which the vocalizations were unknown. An effort 

was made to obtain sound recordings of as many of these as possible. These recordings will 

be used in the production of reference and training materials for park ecologists and 

researchers involved in survey and monitoring activities. 

Sound recordings proved to be very useful in clarifying the taxonomic relationships of several 

bird species and in documenting unknown vocalizations for future identification. For instance, 

there has been uncertainty about the specific identity of a montane greenbul in the genus 

Andropadus in Mahale. Audio recordings made during this survey have clarified this question 

beyond any further doubt. Also, an unknown song heard in the forest canopy at Mfitwa was 

recorded. This allowed post hoc identification of the species. 

A large number of migratory birds were observed in and passing over Mahale during October 

and November 2005. There is no doubt that Mahale is a critically important site for Palearctic 

and Intra-African birds migrating through western Tanzania. Staffan Ulfstrand (1960) 

documented large numbers of Yellow-billed Kite, Milvus migrans parasitus and Wahlberg’s 



Eagle, Aquila wahlbergi, moving through Mahale. During mid-October there were thousands 

of Common Buzzards, Buteo buteo moving through on their way south. In late October and 

early November, these were replaced with European Hobby, Falco subbuteo. All of these 

raptors were using the wave lift generated by the Mahale ridge to gain altitude and save 

energy on passage. 

Table 5 

Top ten most frequently samples and most abundant species from three sites in the Mahale 

Mountains National Park, western Tanzania. 

Most frequently encountered species Most abundant species 

Site Species 

% of 

points 

Site Species 

No. per 

hour 

Kabezi Common Bulbul 61.3 Kabezi Common Bulbul 12.8 

Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird 50.9 Eurasian Bee Eater 11.3 

Yellow-whiskered Greenbul 40.6 Tropical Boubou 8.3 

Tropical Boubou 36.8 Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird 7.7 

Trilling Cisticola 36.8 Yellow-whiskered Greenbul 7.4 

Grey-backed Camaroptera 21.7 Trilling Cisticola 5.3 

African Thrush 21.7 African Rock Martin 4.8 

Emerald Cuckoo 21.7 Grey-backed Camaroptera 4.4 

Black-headed Oriole 20.8 White-crested Helmet Shrike 4.3 

Paradise Flycatcher 19.8 Paradise Flycatcher 4.1 

Kasoge Little Greenbul 57.1 Kasoge Eurasian Bee Eater 41.01 

Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird 47.3 Little Greenbul 11.87 

Yellow-whiskered Greenbul 37.4 Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird 8.31 

Olive Sunbird 31.9 Yellow-whiskered Greenbul 7.52 

Western Nicator 29.7 Leaflove 6.59 

Eurasian Bee Eater 27.5 Olive Sunbird 5.41 

Red-capped Robin Chat 24.2 Western Nicator 4.75 

Common Bulbul 17.6 Red-capped Robin Chat 3.56 

Slender-billed Greenbul 16.5 Slender-billed Greenbul 3.43 

Paradise Flycatcher 16.5 Common Bulbul 2.64 

Mfitwa Orange Ground Thrush 51.7 Mfitwa Common Bulbul 9.9 

Yellow-whiskered Greenbul 37.9 Yellow-streaked Greenbul 8.7 

African Hill Babbler 37.9 Orange Ground Thrush 8.3 

Common Bulbul 34.5 Yellow-whiskered Greenbul 7.4 

Montane Oriole 31.0 Yellow White-eye 6.6 

Regal Sunbird 27.6 Luhder's Bush Shrike 5.8 

Starred Robin 27.6 African Hill Babbler 5.4 

Yellow White-eye 20.7 Regal Sunbird 5.0 

Luhder's Bush Shrike 20.7 Kungwe Apalis 5.0 

Kungwe Apalis 20.7 Montane Oriole 4.6 

There were also large numbers of passerine migrants as well. On 22 October during an 

ascent of Muhesabantu, literally of European Orioles, Oriolus oriolus, Blackcap, Sylvia 

atricapilla, Garden Warbler, Sylvia borin, Willow Warbler, Phylloscopus trochillus, Barn 

Swallow, Hirindo rustica, and House Martin, Delichion urbica, were observed. The warblers 

and orioles were feeding on fruit to gain energy to continue with their southward movements. 

Some of the migrants – Garden and Willow warblers and Blackcap – stayed on and wintered 

in Mahale. 

By far the most bizarre record of the survey was that of an African Snipe, Galinago 

nigripennis that flew into the Mfitwa campsite one night. This bird was apparently migrating 

over the mountain in low cloud and must have been attracted to the light from a kerosene 



lantern. It fell through the forest canopy and bamboo and landed on unhurt on the tarp 

covering the cooking area. This bird was captured, measured, ringed and released the next 

day. 

Table 6 

Mist-net sample in 4 montane micro-habitats at Mfitwa Mt., 

Mahale Mountains National Park 

Edge River Ridge Main Combined 

Net/meter/hrs 1152 480 1056 576 3264 

No. species 22 9 20 14 30 

No. individuals 94 22 104 42 262 

capture rate (birds 

per net/m/hr) 

0.082 0.046 0.098 0.073 0.080 

4.2.4 Comments on selected species 

Observations and sound recordings made during this survey were useful in clarifying the 

taxonomic status and ecological relationships for several species. Notes on these are 

presented below. 

Kungwe Apalis, Apalis argentea kungwensis 

Kungwe Apalis is one of the Albertine Rift endemics found in Mahale. The species also 

occurs widely in the Mahale ecosystem and was first collected and described from riverine 

forest not far from Mpanda to the east of Mahale. The status, calls and behaviour of this 

endemic subspecies were virtually unknown. However, it was seen and heard many times 

during this survey and was common in forest and forest edges in Mahale from 750 m all the 

way up 2500. 

There has been a lot of debate in the literature about the taxonomic status of Kungwe Apalis. 

Early on it was thought to be a good species (Hall & Moreau 1970) but later authors lump it 

with Buff-throated Apalis, Apalis rufogularis. Recordings made during this survey will enable 

comparisons between the calls of the six subspecies of Buff-throated Apalis currently 

recognized in the Birds of Africa (Urban et. al. 1997). In that reference it is treated as a 

subspecies of Buff-throated Apalis, A. rufogularis argentea. 

Alexander’s (Bocage’s) Akalat, Sheppardia insulana kungwensis 

Moreau (1941) gave a description of a new robin collected in Mahale at 2400 m on 8 August 

1940. In deference to the opinion of Claude Grant, he described this as a subspecies of the 

Grey-winged Robin-chat, Cossypha polioptera kungwensis. Leading ornithologists of the day, 

Reg Moreau, V. van Someren and James Chapin, later agreed that this specific assignment 

was not correct because of the shorter tail and longer tarsus of C. p. kungwensis. Chapin 

thought it was a new subspecies of Alexander’s Robin-chat, Cossypha insulana but Moreau 

did not agree and named it the Kungwe Robin-chat, Cossypha kungwensis, pending 

clarification of its affinities (Moreau 1943). Macworth-Praed and Grant (1955) listed it as a 

subspecies of Alexander’s Robin-chat, C. i. kungwensis following the opinion of James 

Chapin, but later on, Moreau and Benson (1956) sunk insulana into bocagei along with 

kungwensis. Since then, the Kungwe Robin-chat has been considered a subspecies of 

Bocage’s Robin-chat (Hall and Moreau 1970, Britton 1980). The only change along the way 

was the realization that the Kungwe Robin-chat was in fact an akalat and not a robin-chat at 

all and, therefore, belonged in the genus Sheppardia (Wolters 1983 cited in Prigogine 1987). 

Alexander Prigogine (1987) re-evaluated the data in the mid-1980s and came to a different 

conclusion. He maintained that Sheppardia insulana and S. bocagei were actually separate 

species like Claude Grant and James Chapin originally thought. However, his opinion was 



not followed by the authors of the Birds of Africa (Keith 1992). They follow Hall and Moreau 

(1970), and preferred to wait until more information on the biology of this species became 

available before making a final decision on whether to treat insulana and bocagei as separate 

species. 

Immediately preceding this survey in August 2005, I had the opportunity to carry out a 

biological survey 60 km to the east of Mahale in the Sitebe-Sifuta Mountains. I found 

Bocage’s Robin, S. bocagei ilyai to be common in gallery forest along the Mbala Stream at 

1700 m and made recordings of the song. During fieldwork in Mahale, recordings of the song 

of endemic subspecies of Bocage’s Akalat, S. bocagei kungwensis were made at 2400 m in 

the forest around Mfitwa Mountain. 

Figure 3 

Spectrogram of the songs of Alexander’s and Bocage’s akalats. 

Although the birds looked identical, their songs and habitat are completely different. The 

song of kungwensis is virtually identical to the song of insulana from Mt. Cameron, whereas 

the song of ilyai is identical to that of S. bocagei chapini from northern Zambia and southern 

Tanzania (Chappuis 2000). The fundamental frequency of the song phrase of Alexander’s 

Akalat is 1257 Hz and the highest frequency is1943 Hz. The fundamental frequency of 

Bocage’s Akalat is 2715 Hz with the highest frequency at 4537 Hz (Table 3). Claude 

Chappuis (in litt.) states that this evidence along is enough to treat them as separate species. 

These two forms are within 60 km of each other, yet are more similar to distant forms in 

vocalizations and habitat choice than to each other. It is clear from this that they are separate 

species. So the name of the bird in Mahale should be Alexander’s Akalat, Sheppardia 

insulana kungwensis. Bocage’s Akalat has not yet been found in Mahale but it almost 

certainly occurs in the riverine forests in the east of the park. The subspecies of Bocage’s 

Akalat in Ufipa is chapini the same at that in northern Zambia (Stjernstedt and Moyer 1982). 

The Karema Gap is the likely biogeographical barrier that separates these two forms. In spite 

of a separation long enough for subspecific differences to have arisen, the songs of ilyai and 

chapini are virtually identical. Therefore, it is very unlikely that such dramatic vocal 

differences could have arisen in ilyai and insulana with no significant ecological or 

biogeographical barriers separating them. 



Shelley’s Greenbul, Andropadus masukuensis kungwensis 

This Kungwe endemic was originally described as a subspecies of the Mountain Greenbul, 

Andropadus tephrolaemus kungwensis (Moreau 1941). Later, after comparison with 

specimens from the Albertine Rift forests, it was found to be a subspecies of Shelley’s 

Greenbul, A. masukuensis kungwensis, (Hall and Moreau 1964). 

The voice and ecology of the endemic Mahale subspecies were unknown and it was know 

from only a few specimens. Observations on the ecology and voice of Shelley’s Greenbul at 

Mfitwa, confirm that this is indeed a Shelley’s Greenbul. The call and song were very similar 

to Shelley’s Greenbul, A. m roehli, from the Udzungwa Mountains in eastern Tanzania. It 

also foraged by gleaning bark, although not nearly as much as the birds in the Eastern Arc 

and Mt. Rungwe in the southern highlands. 


Kabezi had the highest abundance of birds as well as the highest number of contacts per 

hour. This probably reflects the better visibility in open miombo habitats as much as an actual 

higher abundance of birds. Many records sightings were made of aerial foraging species, 

birds of prey and migratory species flying above the transects. Whereas, in forest at Kasonge 

and Mfitwa, sight records were a relatively small part of the total and vocal records made up 

the bulk of contacts. Therefore, many of the aerial species were missed, and unless a bird 

was within 20m or vocalizing, it was not detected in forest. 

Table 7 

Endemic and near-endemic birds recorded from Mahale Mountains National Park and 

western Tanzania. All endemic taxa at Mahale fall within the ICBP/IUCN Red Data Book 

classification of Vulnerable and can be grouped under category 9 (Collar et al. 1994). 

Endemic / Near Endemic birds 

Aplopelia larvata * (taxon undescribed) Platysteira peltata mentalis 

Gymnobucco bonapartei cinereceps Erannornis albicauda kivuensis 

Mesopicos griseocephalus ruwenzori Trochocercus cyanomelas vivax 

Psalidoprocne pristoptera ruwenzori Dryoscopus angolensis kungwensis * 

Oriolus percivali Laniarius luhderi luhderi 

Trichastoma pyrrhopterum pyrrhopterum Onychognathus walleri 

Andropadus gracilirostris congensis Cinnyricinclus sharpii 

Andropadus latirostris eugenius Nectarinia olivacea ragazzii 

Andropadus masukuensis kungwensis * Nectarinia regia anderseni * 

Phyllastrephus flavostriatus kungwensis * Nectarinia verticalis viridisplendens 

Alethe poliocephala kungwensis * Ploceus baglefecht stuhlmannii 

Sheppardia insulana kungwensis * Ploceus bicolor kigomaensis 

Apalis argentea argentea * Ploceus insignis 

Bradypterus alfredi kungwensis * Ploceus nigerrimus nigerrimus 

Phlylloscopus ruficapilla ochrogularis * Spermophaga ruficapilla ruficapilla 

Platysteira concreta kungwensis * Nigrita canicapilla candida * 

* Endemic subspecies. 

Experience on this survey has indicated that mist-netting was not a useful method in adding 

to the total site lists. The time used for this activity would have been better used for general 

surveys or conducting additional point counts. That is not to say that mist-netting is not a 

useful research and monitoring tool but systematic use of this method will depend in large 

part on the type of information needed and the questions being answered. 



For baseline bird surveys over larger areas of the park, use of point counts is recommended. 

This will provide a quantitative baseline for bird distribution and abundance in the park on 

which to base planning for future surveys, monitoring and research. 

Overall, the bird list for Mahale is the most complete of any of the groups surveyed. The 

current list of 355 species represents about 80% of the species that are likely to be found in 

the park. Overall, 1061 bird species are know from the Albertine Rift area (Kahindo-Ngabo 

2003). The richest protected in the Albertine Rift system is, Virunga National Park, with a 

total of 766 bird species. Virunga has an exceptionally high diversity because of extremes of 

topographical relief and corresponding diversity of habitat types. When the surveys are 

complete, Mahale will probably rank midway in bird diversity in the 33 Albertine Rift protected 

areas for which there are reasonable data. However, it is extremely important for 

conservation of the endemic forms that are found only in Mahale Mountains National Park 

and forests to the north and east of Mahale (Table 7, Collar et al. 1994). 



5. REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS 


Information about the reptiles and amphibians of Mahale was virtually non-existent (Anon 

1980). There was scanty information on the reptiles of the lakeshore further south near 

Kasanga, the Rukwa Valley, northern Zambia, and Lake Tanganyika but no specific lists or 

records for Mahale were found in the literature (Loveridge 1933, Vesey-Fitzgerald 1958, 

Broadley 1971, Spawls et al., 2001, Schiøtz 1999). 

For reptiles, Itani (1990) gives a record of a Boomslang, Diphsolidus typus seen on 3 

September 1976 along the Kasiha River, and numerous people have seen and mentioned 

Banded Water Cobra, Boulengerina annulata, Lake Tanganyika Water Snake, 

Lycodonomorphus bicolor, and Nile Crocodile, Crocodilus niloticus, in the waters of the lake. 

Further information was added from interviews with local people, TANAPA staff, researchers 

and safari camp operators. Only records of unmistakable species, such as rock python have 

been admitted on the strength of this type of information. 

During the main period of fieldwork, the weather was extremely dry and very few reptiles and 

even fewer amphibians were found. A few frogs were seen in the montane forest at Mfitwa 

but nothing was calling and specimens were very difficult to find. Bucket pitfall traps set at 

Kasoge, Kabezi and Mfitwa caught only two species, an Arthroleptid and a Bufonid. 

Because of the poor success with finding amphibians, Elia Mulungu and David Moyer 

returned to Mahale during the peak of the rains in February. Elia surveyed at a new site on 

Pasagulu Mountain (S6°3.797’ – E29°45.229, 1450m) from 6–8 February and at Kasoge from 

10–11 February. Like the previous trip, there were few very few amphibians and the pitfall 

traps caught only one species. However, more Hyperoliids and Ranids were calling in the 

wetlands along the lake and a number of species were added to the park list (Table 6). 

5.2 RESULTS 

Reptiles 

26 species of reptiles have been recorded, or their presence inferred from interviews, from 

within Mahale (Appendix VI). Very few voucher specimens have been collected so the list is 

mostly based on sight records. Whereas, this is fine for large or easily identified species, 

such as Nile Monitor or Blue-headed Tree Agama, it is not appropriate for smaller reptiles that 

can only be identified by comparisons with museum specimens or detailed scale counts 

under a binocular scope. Examples of these are Peter’s Writhing Skink and the geckos. 

In most cases, it will be necessary to collect a small number of specimens together with 

tissue samples preserved in buffer or absolute alcohol to facilitate future analysis of DNA. 

The Mahale area, and western Tanzania in general has been very poorly collected in the past 

and much remains to be learned about the reptile fauna of this area. Building up a 

reasonably complete list for Mahale is a task that will take many years of focused fieldwork. 

Species that were admitted to the Mahale list based on indirect evidence are listed below. 

These records are admitted on the basis of interviews or because they are widespread 

species common in similar habitats north and south of Mahale or are found all along the 

eastern shores and in the waters of Lake Tanganyika. No records were found of Slendersnouted 

Crocodile (Behangana 2003) but it should occur in Mahale. 

• Serrated Hinged Terrapin, Pelusios sinuatus 

• Southern African Rock Python, Python natalensis 

• Forest Cobra, Naja melanoleuca 

• Black-necked Spitting Cobra, Naja nigricollis 

• Black Mamba, Dendroaspis polylepis 

• Puff Adder, Bitis aeritans 



Amphibians 

Virtually nothing was known about the amphibians of Mahale when this survey began. 

Schiøtz (1999) inferred the presence of several species based on widespread ranges. 

However, perusal of the distribution maps (based on specimen records) in Channing and 

Howell (2006) show a total lack of records in western Tanzania for all of the 203 amphibian 

species know to occur in East Africa. There are a small number of specimen records from 

Kigoma and from a few localities in Ufipa collected by Loveridge (1933, 1944) and Moyer in 

the 1970–80s (unpublished records). Twenty species of amphibians were recorded on this 

survey (Table 8). This represents a minimum number for the park and the total is likely to 

double or triple before the species list is complete. 

Table 8 

List of the Amphibians of Mahale Mountains National Park. 

FAMILY 

Common name Scientific Name 

ARTHROLEPTIDAE 

Common Squeaker Arthroleptis stenodactylus 

Dwarf Squeaker Schoutedenella xenodactyloides 

Plain Squeaker Schoutedenella xenochirus 

BUFONIDAE 

Oban Toad Bufo camerunensis 

Guttural Toad Bufo gutturalis 

HYPEROLIIDAE 

Hyperoliinae 

Kivu Reed Frog Hyperolius kivuensis 

Ahl’s Reed Frog Hyperolius argentovittis 

reed frog Hyperolius sp. 

Kassinae 

leaf-folding frog Afrixalus sp. 1 

leaf-folding frog Afrixalus sp. 2 

Fornasini's Leaf-folding Frog Afrixalus fornasinii 

Bubbling Kassina Kassina senegalensis 

Leptopelinae 

tree frog Leptopelis sp. 1 

tree frog Leptopelis sp. 2 

PIPIDAE 

Lake Victoria Clawed Frog Xenopus victorianus 

RANIDAE 

Petropedetinae 

Common Puddle Frog Phrynobatrachus mababiensis 

Snoring Puddle Frog Phrynobatrachus natalensis 

Webbed Puddle Frog Phyrnobatrachus perpalmatus 

Raninae 

Savanna Ridged Frog Ptychadena anchietae 

Dusky-throated river frog Afrana angolensis 

The only frogs in evidence during the main survey in October – November 2005 were the 

Common Squeaker, Arthroleptis stenodactylus, the Oban Toad, Bufo camerunensis, and the 

Guttural Toad, B. gutturalis. At Mfitwa along a small stream at 2300 m, a tree frog, Leptopelis 

sp. was heard several times. It was calling infrequently and it was not possible to make a 

recording or find the animal making the call. This call sounded very similar to a call of 

Vermiculated Tree Frog, Leptopelis vermiculatus from the Eastern Arc and Southern 

Highlands. In February 2006, Elia Mulungu returned to Mahale to continue the amphibian 

survey. He found this species calling at a site on Pasagulu Mt., and made recordings and 



captured a few individuals. These had white spots on their heels like vermiculatus, but when 

advertisement calls were compared they turned out not to be that species. An analysis of the 

frequencies and timing of the main clack or ‘buzz’ call of these frogs clearly show this (Table 

9). This species either has Albertine Rift / Guineo Congolean affinities or is new to science. 

It is more likely to be new, as all the other possible species of western Leptopelis do not have 

white heels. 

Table 9 

Comparison of the main advertising call of two species of Leptopelis tree frog from Mahale 

Mountains National Park and the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania 

Species 

Low 

Frequency (Hz) 

High Emphasized 

Time (sec) 

duration pulse rate 

L. vermiculatus - Udzungwa 575 2590 1600 0.16 125/sec 

L. sp. nov. - Mahale 400 3700 1900 0.039 333/sec 


One of the most puzzling findings of this survey was that there appear to be no chameleons 

at all in Mahale Mountains National Park. This cannot be the case as the widespread Flapnecked 

Chameleon, Chameleo dilepis, certainly occurs in the woodlands in the south and 

east of the park. However, despite many nights of intensive searching, not a single 

chameleon of any species was found. In general, the density of other reptiles and, especially, 

amphibians was found to be very low compared to equivalent sites in the Eastern Arc 

Mountains. Reasons for this are not yet clear but, proximally, may have been related to late 

rains and irregular weather patterns experienced all over Tanzania in 2005–06. 

In spite of the low numbers and species of reptiles and amphibians found during this survey, 

there were some very interesting and valuable records. One species of snake, Jameson’s 

Mamba, was confirmed as new for Tanzania and Mahale. The record of Rungwe Bush Viper 

was a major range extension, although it was predicted that this species would be found in 

this area (Spawls et al., 2001). 

Interesting amphibian records included that of the Oban Toad, Bufo camerunensis. This 

species was previously know only from one specimen from Mumba on the Ufipa Plateau 

(Channing and Howell 2006). It was the most common amphibian at higher altitudes on the 

Mahale Ridge and was found in thicket, bracken, grassland and forest. 

It is very likely that a tree frog, Leptopelis sp., found on Pasagulu Mountain and heard at 

Mfitwa is new to science. Further research into the affinities of this species, and comparisons 

with museum material from the Albertine Rift is needed before this can be confirmed. 

The main constraint to amphibian surveys in Mahale will continue to be the lack of information 

on the frogs of the area. For a majority of species, identification can only be done by 

specialists. For positive identification of each species, it is necessary to have sound 

recordings, photographs of a living animals, and a preserved specimen. These must all be 

cross-referenced carefully to the same individual. Great care must be taken to visually 

confirm that the individual being collected was actually the same as made the call that was 

recorded. There are many examples of herpetologists making this fundamental mistake! 

Because of the problems of identifying specimens, all material collected in Mahale will need 

to be identified by experts. This task is underway in collaboration with the University of Dar 

es Salaam, Museum of Natural Science (Trent, Italy), the British Museum (Natural History), 

and the University of the Western Cape. However, it will be some time before any 

confirmation of identifications is forthcoming. 


6. PLANTS 



The plant list for Mahale was compiled from specimens collected during this survey and from 

plant lists in published and grey literature (Nishida & Uehara 1981, Plumptre et al. 2003, 

Nishida in litt.). 

During the survey, vegetation was sampled at plots every 250 m along transects. Herbs were 

sampled in a 2 m diameter plot Lianas in a 10 m plot and trees from 2.5cm DBH were 

sampled in a 20 m plot. Details of habitat type, canopy cover, and geographical coordinates 

were also noted for each sample. Unfortunately, due to an oversight, the collector's numbers 

were not assigned to plants sampled on each plot, and this made it impossible to derive 

quantitative data from the collections. Nevertheless, a useful collection was made for each 

site and this will make a big contribution to the plant species list for Mahale. 

6.2 RESULTS 

The total number of plant species recorded in Mahale Mountains National Park is 1174 

(Appendix VII). This list is largely the work of many years of collecting done in the park by the 

Japanese research team. However, their focus was mostly on chimpanzee food plants and 

there remains much general botanical fieldwork to be done in Mahale before the park can be 

considered well collected. 

Identifications for the collections made during this survey are not yet complete. Tentative site 

lists compiled from general collecting and comprising 130 species are provided (Appendix 

VIII). Specific level designations on this list must be used with caution until final 

identifications are made after comparison with herbarium material. An additional report 

containing identifications of plants collected on transects will be submitted to MEMP when the 

work of identification is complete. Herbarium work will be done through collaboration with 

Roy Gereau and Missouri Botanical Gardens. 


The Albertine rift has a very high number of plant species (5793) and 567 of those are 

endemic (Plumptre 2003). With the present state of knowledge of its flora, it is not possible to 

rank the conservation importance of Mahale against the other Albertine Rift protected areas in 

any meaningful way. Further analysis must await identification of the plants collected on this 

survey and more general botanical collecting in habitats that have been poorly sampled to 

date. The current total of 1174 species for Mahale may represent half or less of the species 

likely to be found there. 



7. CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS 

This survey was comparatively limited in time and geographical scope. However, much 

information was added to what was know about the biodiversity of Mahale Mountains National 

Park in the five taxa surveyed. Potentially, there will be as many as four species new to 

science described from the collections. There were several major range extensions for 

reptiles and one confirmation of a snake new to Tanzania. 

Another important finding is the importance of Mahale to migratory birds. Both European and 

Intra-African migratory birds depend heavily on the park. The lakeshore is a conduit for water 

birds of many species and wave lift off the Mahale ridge is used by soaring birds to gain 

altitude as they migrate along the mountains. Furthermore, the park itself is an important 

resting and feeding place for many migrants. 

7.1 Density estimations 

From analysis of survey data, it is obvious that generating density estimates for many species 

of mammals and birds in the park will be difficult or impossible. In this study, encounter rates 

were used as the best surrogate for density. For this there is no minimum sample size. To 

calculate a robust density estimate using Distance, it is necessary to have a minimum sample 

of at least 100 contacts with the species of interest (Thomas et. al., 2004, Plumptre 2000, 

Moyer 1995). This number of contacts was not achieved for most of the species sampled, 

even when data are pooled across sites. 

If density data are needed for a specific taxa, it is advisable to carry out a pilot study to 

determine the amount of effort and time that need to be invested in the survey to achieve a 

desired level of precision in population estimates (Plumptre 2000). However, in Mahale, the 

encounter rates with species counted during this survey can be used for this purpose. For a 

monitoring program to be able to detect change in a mammal or bird population, it will be 

necessary to use a variety of methods and a repetition over time (Plumptre 2000). The 

choice of which species to monitor in Mahale must be made carefully so that the taxa 

selected will be a good surrogate for population trends of biodiversity in general. 

7.2 Survey priorities 

Data compiled in this report from past records and recent fieldwork cover only a very small 

part, and limited habitat types, of Mahale Mountains National Park. Furthermore, since the 

surveys took place at only one time of year, there is still much to be learned about the flora 

and fauna, even in the sites that have already been covered. Large areas of the park in the 

south and east should be covered in follow-up surveys. These areas are more homogeneous 

and cover less of a gradient in habitat and altitude. Results from a few carefully chosen sites 

will be sufficient to describe a large part of the biodiversity of these areas. This is particularly 

true in areas covered in Miombo woodland. However, even there assumptions must not be 

made about the similarity of this habitat. Past researchers reported that the miombo 

woodlands covering the Kabezi Ridge and eastern parts of the park are much richer than 

those in the south of the park (Ulfstrand & Lamprey 1960). 

Large portions of the eastern part of the park are covered in solid-stemmed bamboo, 

Oxytenanthera abyssinica. This habitat is comparatively devoid of biodiversity (Itani 1990, 

pers. obsv.). Nevertheless, it will be worthwhile to do surveys in this habitat for comparative 

purposes. 

Future surveys should invest more effort in the inventory of small mammals. Bats, in 

particular, are very poorly known in the park. However, there is still much to be learned about 

the rodents and insectivores as well. Surveys focused on these groups would make an 

extremely valuable contribution to the biodiversity inventory of the park. The inventory of 

reptiles and amphibians is at a very preliminary stage. Focused surveys should be carried 

out during the peak of the rainy season to get a better idea of diversity of these groups in the 

different habitats. 



Very little is know about the invertebrates of Mahale but there are a few publications that 

contain information on specimens collected there (Kielland 1990, Carcason 1966, Cooke 

1964, Pinhey 1959). No systematic surveys have been done since Mahale was gazetted as a 

national park. At the very least, a checklist of Lepidoptera and Odonata should be compiled 

from the literature. 

In common with many of the taxa in Mahale, the aquatic biodiversity of Mahale has not 

received much attention in the past. There are general publications covering biodiversity 

surveys in Lake Tanganyika, but not much specific to Mahale (see Patterson & Makin 1998 

and references therein). 

7.3 Monitoring and research priorities 

Ecological Monitoring 

There are many aspects of the ecology of Mahale Mountains National Park that would be 

good to monitor. Obviously, funding, time and availability of field staff are major constraints. 

However, it is important to define a minimum number of parameters that will hopefully serve 

as a surrogate for biodiversity in general and get a monitoring program started. Some of the 

priorities that come to mind are as follow: 

1. The trend in evergreen forest cover in the park. 

2. Map the extent and timing of all bush fires in the park. 

3. Monitor vegetation changes in large areas of montane habitat where Montane 

Bamboo has recently flowered and died back. 

4. Set up permanent transects in various parts of the park to monitor large mammal 

populations. 

5. Select several areas in the park and design a systematic camera trapping project be 

repeated on a 3 – 5 year interval. 

6. Set up permanent photo points from which panoramic photos of portions of the park 

can be taken annually to monitor long-term vegetation changes. 

Research 

Research should not be a top priority of MEMP or TANAPA unless the results directly support 

and influence park management, monitoring, and conservation planning. Recent 

implementation of a project to study chimpanzee nest decay rate in Kasoge is an excellent 

example of focused research with an extremely useful output. Results of this study will be 

used in surveys and monitoring of chimpanzee populations throughout the park and 

ecosystem. 

The nest-decay study should be extended to areas along the Kabezi River where 

chimpanzees often build nests in the miombo woodlands. These areas are dryer, the nests 

persist longer and the decay rate will be very different. If the decay rate can be determined 

accurately for both forest and woodland, then confidence in density estimates of chimpanzee 

density in the region will increase. 

7.4 Conservation priorities 

The most pressing conservation priority in the Mahale ecosystem is the potential loss of 

connectivity. This is a large-scale issue that can only be tackled with District and National 

level support and a major effort at developing a land-use plan for the whole area. This must 

include both Mpanda and Kigoma Districts and have high-level political support. The stakes 

in this are high and the time is short. Connectivity to the east to the Wansisi Hills and Katavi 

is important for elephant movements as is the connection via Kakungu / Lubalisi to Ntakata 

and the Sitebe-Sifuta mountains and from there up to the Kasakati and Filabanga, Uvinza 

Forest Reserve and Ugalla Game Reserve. 



The second direct threat to Mahale is uncontrolled fire. Annual wildfires set by hunters cause 

a major amount of damage to evergreen forest habitats. In general, the mature miombo is 

not badly affected by these, but most types of evergreen forest are not fire resistant. The 

area of forest is being eaten away slowly and the edges of most forest patches have become 

very sharp. Forest is not able to regenerate in areas of old cultivation along the Mahale 

Ridge and, without some measure of control; fire will continue to degrade the most important 

and threatened habitat type in the park. 

Finally, there is the problem of introduced species that have become invasive in the Kasoge 

area. There has been a long-term effort in place to eradicate Senna, Senna spectabilis in 

Mahale (Wakibara and Mnaya 2002). However, this effort should become much more 

organized and systematic if success is to be realized. Also, the focus on Senna has caused 

other invasive exotic species to be ignored. The biggest threat is from Guava, Psidium 

guajava. This South American species can become a huge problem in forest habitats like 

Kasoge. The fruits are very attractive to a many species and the hard seeds pass easily 

through their guts and are dispersed widely. An effort to eradicate this species should be 

made as soon as possible before the problem gets out of hand. 


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9. APPENDICES 


Appendix I. List of Mammal species recorded in Mahale Mountains National Park. Taxonomy 

follows Kingdon (1997). This list was compiled from Nishida (1990), Stanley (2004) and fieldwork 

during this project. 

PRIMATES - PRIMATA 

Man and Apes - Hominidae 

Chimpanzee 

Colobid Monkeys - Colobidae 

Pan trogoldytes schwenfurthii 

Central Africa red colobus Piliocolobus oustaleti tephrosceles 

Angola Pied Colobus Colobus angolensis 

Cheek-pouch Monkeys - Cercopithecidae 

Yellow baboon Papio cynocephalus 

Vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops pygerythrus 

Red-tailed Monkey Cercopithecus ascanius 

Blue Monkey 

Galagos or bushbabies - Galagonidae 

Cercopithecus mitis 

Greater galago Otolemur crassicaudatus 

South African galago 

1 

Dwarf galago 

Galago moholi 

Galagoides sp. 

BATS - CHIROPTERA 

Fruit Bats - Megachiroptera 

1 

Singing fruit bat Epomops franqueti 

2 

Epauleted fruit bat 

Insect bats - Microchiroptera 

Epomophorus labiatus 

2 

Tomb bat Taphozous perforatus 

2 

Serotine bat Eptesicus sp. 

2 

Pipestrelle Bat Pipestrellus sp. 

1 

Evening Bat Scotoecus albofuscus 

INSECTIVORES - INSECTIVORA 

Shrews - Soricidae 

1 

Musk Shrew Crodidura sp. 1 

2 

Musk Shrew Crocidura sp. 2 

2 

Climbing Shrew Sylvisorex megalura 

ELEPHANT SHREWS OR SENGIS - MACROSCELIDEA 

Chequered elephant shrew Rhynchocyon cirnei 

HARES - LAGOMORPHA 

Cape Hare Lepus capensis 

RODENTS - RODENTIA 

Squirrels - Sciuridae 

Red-legged sun squirrel Heliosciurus rufobrachium 

African giant squirrel Protoxerus stangeri 

Dormice - Myoxidae 

2 

African dormouse Graphiurus murinus 

Blesmols - Bathyergidae 

2 

Common blesmol Cryptomys hottentotus 



Porcupines - Hystricidae 

Brush-tailed porcupine Atherurus africanus 

Crested porcupine 

Rat-like Rodents - Muroidea 

Hystrix africanus 

2 

Climbing mouse Dendromus nyikae 

Giant Pouched rat Cricetomys gambianus 

1 

Groove-toothed rat 

Murid rats and mice - Muridae 

Otomys sp. 

2 

Brush-furred rat Lophuromys flavopunctatus 

Soft-furred rat Praomys sp. 

2 

Montane Wood mouse Hylomyscus sp. 

Pygmy mouse Mus sp. 

2 

Thicket Rat Grammomys sp. 

2 

Rusty-nosed rat Oenomys hypoxanthus 

2 

Single-striped grass rat Leminiscomys rosalia 

2 

Common Striped grass rat Leminiscomys striatus 

CARNIVORES - CARNIVORA 

Dogs & allies Canidae 

Side-striped jackal Canis adustus 

Wild dog 

Mustelids - Musetlidae 

Lycaon pictus 

Zorilla Ictonyx striatus 

Ratel (Honey badger) 

Otters - Lutrinae 

Mellivora capensis 

African clawless otter Aonyx capensis 

Spot-necked otter 

Mongooses - Herpestidae 

Lutra maculicollis 

1 

Slender mongoose Herpestes sanguinea 

1 

Dwarf mongoose Helogale parvula 

Banded mongoose Mungos mungo 

White-tailed mongoose Ichneumia albicauda 

Bushy-tailed mongoose 

Hyaenids - Hyaenidae 

Bdeogale crasicauda 

Spotted hyaena 

Genets and civets - Viverridae 

Crocuta crocuta 

Common genet Genetta genetta 

Blotched genet Genetta tigrina 

1 

(small forest genet) Genetta sp. 

African civet 

Cats - Felidae 

Civettictis civetta 

African wildcat Felis sylvestris 

Leopard Panthera pardus 

Lion Panthera leo 

Serval 

Scaly Ant-eaters - Pholidota 

Felis serval 

Ground pangolin Smutsia temminickii 

1 

Giant pangolin Smutsia gigantea 

UNGULATES - UNGULATA 

Aardvark - Orycteropodidae 

Aardvark Orycteropus afer 



Hyraxes - Procavidae 

Bush hyrax Heterohyrax brucei 

Southern Tree hyrax 

Elephants - Elephantidae 

Dendrohyrax arboreus 

African elephant 

Horses - Equidae 

Loxodonta africana 

Common zebra 

Hippopotamuses - Hippopotamidae 

Equus quagga 

Hippopotamus 

Pigs - Suidae 

Hippopotamus amphibius 

Bushpig Potamochoerus larvatus 

Common warthog 

Giraffes - Giraffidae 

Phacochoerus africanus 

Giraffe 

Bovids - Bovidae 

Giraffa camelopardalis 

African buffalo Syncerus caffer 

Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus 

Eland Taurotragus oryx 

Bush duiker Sylvicapra grimmia 

Blue duiker Cephalophus monticola 

Weyn's Duiker Cephalophus callipygus weynsi 

Sharpe's grysbok Raphicerus sharpei 

Klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus 

Waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus 

Topi Damaliscus lunatus 

Kongoni Alcelaphus buselaphus 

Roan antelope Hippotragus equinus 

Sable antelope Hippotragus niger 

1 Species added by this survey 

2 Species by W. T. Stanley (2004) 



Appendix II. GPS locality and number of mammals recorded at each camera trap site. Sites 

where the camera malfunctioned, or the film was exposed without images being recorded, are 

noted with an **. Position data were recorded in WGS 84, UTM Zone 35. 

Site Station No. Mammals Easting Northing 

Kasoge MH1 3 802533 9322739 

Kasoge MH10 6 803533 9321591 

Kasoge MH11 2 803494 9321676 

Kasoge MH12 5 803495 9321883 

Kasoge MH13 5 803409 9322873 

Kasoge MH14 4 802602 9321651 

Kasoge MH15 3 802743 9321469 

Kasoge MH16 2 803432 9321215 

Kasoge MH17 2 803551 9320884 

Kasoge MH18 5 803602 9320588 

Kasoge MH19 3 803723 9320302 

Kasoge MH2 5 802729 9322544 

Kasoge MH20 2 804070 9319889 

Kasoge MH21 2 804110 9319471 

Kasoge MH22 3 803710 9319358 

Kasoge MH23 3 803558 9319358 

Kasoge MH24 4 803527 9319671 

Kasoge MH25 4 803225 9320163 

Kasoge MH26 2 802275 9323445 

Kasoge MH27 2 802384 9324190 

Kasoge MH28 3 802370 9324362 

Kasoge MH29 ** 802361 9324506 

Kasoge MH3 2 802864 9322425 

Kasoge MH30 7 802262 9324661 

Kasoge MH31 2 802217 9324831 

Kasoge MH32 4 802301 9324948 

Kasoge MH33 5 802714 9325081 

Kasoge MH34 ** 803118 9324870 

Kasoge MH35 7 802785 9324177 

Kasoge MH36 2 802423 9323228 

Kasoge MH4 4 803355 9322270 

Kasoge MH5 1 803102 9321787 

Kasoge MH6 3 803102 9321787 

Kasoge MH7 2 803377 9321648 

Kasoge MH8 4 803411 9321319 

Kasoge MH9 1 803462 9321278 

Kabezi MHN01 3 813357 9323621 

Kabezi MHN03 3 813764 9323277 

Kabezi MHN04 7 813832 9323151 

Kabezi MHN05 4 813959 9323120 

Kabezi MHN06 3 814628 9322255 

Kabezi MHN11 2 812866 9324100 

Kabezi MHN12 6 812519 9324527 

Continued on next page. 



Site Station No. Mammals Easting Northing 

Kabezi MHN13 3 812364 9324498 

Kabezi MHN14 2 812569 9324360 

Kabezi MHN16 6 814383 9322327 

Kabezi MHN17 4 814957 9321390 

Kabezi MHN18 3 815135 9321082 

Kabezi MHN19 5 815455 9321195 

Kabezi MHN20 5 815555 9321057 

Kabezi MHN21 3 815593 9321017 

Kabezi MHN22 5 814878 9321476 

Kabezi MHN23 5 814727 9321418 

Kabezi MHN24 3 814343 9322551 

Kabezi MHN25 ** 813527 9322655 

Kabezi MHN26 3 813527 9323119 

Kabezi MHN27 3 813471 9323179 

Mfitwa MHS01 1 809919 9320826 

Mfitwa MHS03 ** 809946 9320802 

Mfitwa MHS04 1 809835 9320898 

Mfitwa MHS05 1 809548 9320852 

Mfitwa MHS06 1 810177 9320762 

Mfitwa MHS07 1 810272 9320705 

Mfitwa MHS08 1 810308 9320671 

Mfitwa MHS09 1 810430 9320710 



Appendix III: Bird species recorded at three sites in Mahale Mountains National Park in October 

– November 2005 (Total 241). Site 1 = Kasoge; site 2 = Kabezi; site 3 = Mfitwa. 

Species 1 2 3 

African Broadbill √ 

African Dusky Flycatcher √ 

African Firefinch √ √ 

African Fish Eagle √ 

African Golden Oriole √ √ 

African Goshawk √ 

African Hawk Eagle √ 

African Hill Babbler √ 

African Hobby √ 

African Hoopoe √ 

African Moustached Warbler √ 

African Pied Wagtail √ 

African Rock Martin √ 

African Scops Owl √ 

African Snipe √ 

African Thrush √ 

African Wood Owl √ 

Alexander's Akalat √ 

Amethyst Sunbird √ 

Arrow-marked Babbler √ 

Augur Buzzard √ √ 

Baglafecht weaver √ √ 

Bamboo Warbler √ √ 

Barn Swallow √ 

Barred Owlet √ 

Bat Hawk √ 

Bateleur √ √ 

Black & White Mannikin √ √ 

Black Collared Barbet √ 

Black Cuckoo √ √ 

Black Cuckoo Shrike √ 

Black Duck √ 

Black Kite √ 

Black Roughwing √ 

Black Roughwing √ 

Black Tit √ 

Black-backed puff back √ 

Black-backed Puffback √ 

Blackcap √ 

Black-collared Barbet √ 

Black-crowned Tchagra √ 

Black-headed Oriole √ √ 

Black-shouldered Kite √ 

Black-throated Wattle-eye √ √ 

Blue-breasted Kingfisher √ √ 

Blue-cheeked Bee-Eater √ √ 

Blue-spotted Wood Dove √ 

Booted Eagle √ 

Broad-billed Roller √ √ 

Broad-tailed Warbler √ 

Bronze Mannikin √ 

Brown Illadopsis √ √ 

Brown Parrot √ 

Brown Snake Eagle √ 

Brown-backed Scrub Robin √ 

Brown-chested Alethe √ 

Brown-crowned Tchagra √ 

Buff-spotted Flufftail √ 

Cabanis' Bunting √ 

Cabanis' Greenbul √ 

Cattle Egret √ 

Chestnut-bellied Kingfisher √ 

Chin-spot Batis √ 

Cinnamon Rock Bunting √ 

Cinnamon-chested Bee Eater √ 

Cliff Chat √ 

Collared Sunbird √ √ √ 

Common Bulbul √ √ √ 

Common Buttonquail √ 

Common Buzzard √ 

Common Fiscal √ 

Common Kestrel √ 

Common Sandpiper √ 

Common Scimitarbill √ 

Common Waxbill √ 

Copper Sunbird √ 

Crested Flycatcher √ 

Crested Guineafowl √ √ 

Crowned Eagle √ √ √ 

Crowned Hornbill √ √ √ 

Dark-backed weaver √ √ 

Didric Cuckoo √ 

Drongo √ 

Dusky Flycatcher √ 

Dusky Turtle Dove 

Emerald Cuckoo √ √ 

Emerald-spotted Wood Dove √ 

Eurasian Bee-eater √ √ √ 

Eurasian Cuckoo √ 

Eurasian Hobby √ 

Eurasian Swift √ √ √ 


European Swallow √ √ √ 

Fish Eagle √ 

Forked-tailed Drongo √ 

Garden Warbler √ √ √ 

Giant Kingfisher √ √ 

Golden Oriole √ √ 

Golden-tailed Woodpecker √ 

Greater Honeyguide √ 

Green Pigeon √ √ 

Green Wood Hoopoe √ 

Green-backed Camaroptera √ 

Green-backed Heron √ 

Green-backed twinspot √ 

Green-capped Eremomela √ 

Green-headed Sunbird √ √ √ 

Grey Cuckoo Shrike √ 

Grey Heron √ 

Grey-backed Camaroptera √ √ √ 

Grey-headed Bush Shrike √ 

Grey-headed Negrofinch √ √ 

Grey-headed Sparrow √ 

Grey-throated Barbet √ √ 

Grosbeak Weaver √ 

Half-collared Kingfisher √ 

Hamerkop √ 

Harlequin Quail √ 

Helmeted Guineafowl √ 

Hildebrandt's Francolin √ √ 

Holub's Golden Weaver √ 

House Martin √ √ 

Klaas' Cuckoo √ √ 

Kungwe Apalis √ √ √ 

Kurrichane Thrush √ 

Lead-coloured Flycatcher √ 

Leaflove √ √ 

Lemon Dove √ 

Lesser Striped Swallow √ √ 

Levaillant's Cuckoo √ 

Little Greenbul √ √ 

Little Sparrowhawk √ 

Lühder's Bush Shrike √ √ √ 

Malachite Sunbird √ 

Martial Eagle √ 

Miombo Rock Thrush √ 

Miombo Scrub Robin √ 

Montane Oriole √ 

Mountain Illadopsis √ 

Mountain Wagtail √ 


Mountain Yellow Warbler √ 

Narina's Trogon √ 

Olive Pigeon √ 

Olive Sunbird √ √ √ 

Olive Woodpecker √ 

Olive-bellied Sunbird √ 

Orange Ground Thrush √ 

Ovambo Sparrowhawk √ 

Palm Swift √ √ 

Palm-nut Vulture √ √ 

Paradise Flycatcher √ √ 

Pel's Fishing Owl √ 

Pennant-winged Nightjar √ 

Peters' Twinspot √ 

Pied Kingfisher √ 

Pygmy Kingfisher √ 

Red-backed Shrike √ 

Red-billed Firefinch √ 

Red-capped Robin-Chat √ √ 

Red-chested Cuckoo √ √ 

Red-faced Cisticola √ √ 

Red-faced Crimsonwing √ 

Red-faced Crombec √ 

Red-headed Bluebill √ √ 

Red-rumped Swallow √ √ √ 

Red-tailed Shrike √ 

Red-throated Pipit √ 

Red-winged Starling √ √ √ 

Reed Cormorant √ 

Regal Sunbird √ √ 

Retz's Helmet Shrike √ 

Ring-necked Dove √ √ 

Rock Martin √ 

Ross's Turaco √ √ √ 

Sand Martin √ 

Scaly Francolin √ 

Scaly-throated Honeyguide √ √ 

Scarce Swift √ 

Scarlet-chested Sunbird √ 

Schalow's Turaco √ √ 

Sharpe's Starling √ 

Shelley's Greenbul √ 

Singing Cisticola √ 

Slender-billed Greenbul √ √ 

Speckled Mousebird √ √ 

Spotted Flycatcher √ √ √ 

Starred Robin √ 

Steppe Buzzard √ √ 


Stonechat √ 

Striped Kingfisher √ 

Striped Pipit √ 

Stuhlmann's Starling √ 

Sulphur-breasted Bush Shrike √ 

Tambourine Dove √ √ 

Tawny-flanked Prinia √ 

Thick-billed Cuckoo √ 

Thick-billed Seedeater √ 

Tree Pipit √ 

Trilling Cisticola √ √ 

Tropical Boubou √ √ √ 

Trumpeter Hornbill √ √ √ 

Vanga Flycatcher √ 

Variable Sunbird √ √ 

Vieillot's Black Weaver √ 

Violet-backed Starling √ 

Walhberg's Eagle √ 

Waller's Starling √ √ 

Water Thicknee √ 

Western (Green) Yellowbill √ √ √ 

Western Citril √ 

Western Nicator √ √ 

Western Violet-backed Sunbird √ 

White Helmet Shrike √ 

White-breasted Cuckoo Shrike √ 

White-browed Coucal √ √ √ 

White-browed Crombec √ 


White-browed Petronia √ 

White-browed Robin Chat √ √ 

White-browed Scrub Robin √ √ 

White-chinned Prinia √ 

White-crested Helmet Shrike √ 

White-naped Raven √ √ √ 

White-rumped Swift √ √ 

White-tailed Blue Flycatcher √ √ 

White-throated Bee-eater √ 

Willow Warbler √ √ √ 

Wood Sandpiper √ 

Woodland Kingfisher √ 

Yellow Bishop √ 

Yellow Warbler √ 

Yellow White-eye √ √ √ 

Yellow-bellied Hyliota √ 

Yellow-bellied Wattle-eye √ 

Yellow-bellied Waxbill √ 

Yellow-billed Kite √ 

Yellow-mantled Widowbird √ 

Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird √ √ √ 

Yellow-streaked Greenbul √ 

Yellow-throated Leaflove √ 

Yellow-throated Warbler √ 

Yellow-vented Bulbul √ √ √ 

Yellow-whiskered Greenbul √ √ √ 



Appendix IV. Bird species recorded in Mahale Mountains National park up to April 2005. Total = 

355 species. 

Species / Family Scientific name 

PHALACROCORACIDAE - CORMORANTS 

Reed Cormorant Phalacrocorax africanus 

ANHINGIDAE - DARTERS 

African Darter Anhinga rufa 

ARDEIDAE - BITTERNS, EGRETS and HERONS 

Dwarf Bittern Ixobrychus sturmii 

Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax 

White-backed Night Heron Gorsachius leuconotus 

Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides 

Rufous-bellied Heron Ardeola rufiventris 

Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 

Green-backed Heron Butorides striatus 

Black Heron Egretta ardesiaca 

Little Egret Egretta garzetta 

Yellow-billed Egret Egretta intermedia 

Purple Heron Ardea purpurea 

Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 

Goliath Heron Ardea goliath 

Black-headed Heron Ardea melanocephala 

SCOPIDAE - HAMERKOP 

Hamerkop Scopus umbretta 

CICONIIDAE - STORKS 

Yellow-billed Stork Mycteria ibis 

Open-billed Stork Anastomus lamelligerus 

White Stork Ciconia ciconia 

Black Stork Ciconia nigra 

Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus 

THRESKIORNITHIDAE - IBIS and SPOONBILLS 

Sacred Ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus 

Hadada Ibis Bostrychia hagedash 

African Spoonbill Platalea alba 

ANATIDAE - DUCKS and GEESE 

Egyptian Goose Alopochen aegyptiacus 

Knob-billed Duck Sarkidiornis melanotos 

Spur-winged Goose Plectropterus gambensis 

Black Duck Anas sparsa 

ACCIPITRIDAE - VULTURES, EAGLES, KITES, HAWKS etc. 

Bat Hawk Macheiramphus alcinus 

Black-shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus 

Yellow-billed Kite Milvus parasiticus 

Fish Eagle Haliaeetus vocifer 

Palm-nut Vulture Gypohierax angolensis 

Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus 



White-backed Vulture Gyps africanus 

Brown Snake Eagle Circaetus cinereus 

Lappet-faced Vulture Torgos tracheliotus 

White-headed Vulture Trigonoceps occipitalis 

Bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus 

Gymnogene Polyboroides typus 

Gabar Goshawk Micronisus gabar 

Great Sparrowhawk Accipiter melanoleucus 

Ovambo Sparrowhawk Accipiter ovampensis 

Little Sparrowhawk Accipiter minullus 

African Goshawk Accipiter tachiro 

Lizard Buzzard Kaupifalco monogrammicus 

Steppe Buzzard Buteo [buteo] vulpinus 

Mountain Buzzard Buteo oreophilus 

Augur Buzzard Buteo augur 

Wahlberg's Eagle Aquila wahlbergi 

Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax 

Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis 

African Hawk Eagle Hieraaetus spilogaster 

Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus 

Ayres' Hawk Eagle Hieraaetus ayresii 

Long-crested Eagle Lophaetus occipitalis 

Crowned Eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus 

Martial Eagle Polemaetus bellicosus 

Osprey Pandion haliaetus 

FALCONIDAE - FALCONS 

Eurasian Hobby Falco subbuteo 

African Hobby Falco cuvierii 

Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus 

Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus 

PHASIANIDAE - FRANCOLINS and QUAILS 

Hildebrandt's Francolin Francolinus hildebrandti 

Scaly Francolin Francolinus squamatus 

Common Quail Coturnix coturnix 

Harlequin Quail Coturnix delegorguei 

NUMIDIDAE - GUINEAFOWLS 

Crested Guineafowl Guttera pucherani 

TURNICIDAE - BUTTONQUAILS 

Common Buttonquail Turnix sylvatica 

RALLIDAE - RAILS and CRAKES 

Buff-spotted Flufftail Sarothrura elegans 

White-spotted Flufftail Sarothrura pulchra 

African Crake Crex egregia 

Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 

Purple Gallinule Porphyrio porphyrio 

Allen's Gallinule Porphyrula alleni 

JACANIDAE - JACANAS 



Jacana Actophilornis africanus 

RECURVIROSTRIDAE - STILTS and AVOCETS 

Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 

BURHINIDAE - STONE CURLEWS 

Water Thicknee Burhinus vermiculatus 

GLAREOLIDAE - COURSERS and PRATINCOLES 

Rock Pratincole Glareola nuchalis 

CHARADRIIDAE - PLOVERS 

Three-banded Plover Charadrius tricollaris 

Brown-chested Plover Vanellus superciliosus 

SCOLOPACIDAE - SNIPES, GODWITS, SANDPIPERS etc 

African Snipe Gallinago nigripennis 

Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus 

Curlew Numenius arquata 

Greenshank Tringa nebularia 

Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola 

Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis 

Little Stint Calidris minuta 

Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 

LARIDAE - GULLS 

Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus 

Grey-headed Gull Larus cirrocephalus 

STERNIDAE - TERNS 

Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica 

White-winged Tern Chlidonias leucopterus 

COLUMBIDAE - PIGEONS and DOVES 

Speckled Pigeon Columba guinea 

Olive Pigeon Columba arquatrix 

Lemon Dove Aplopelia larvata 

Dusky Turtle Dove Streptopelia lugens 

Laughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis 

Ring-necked Dove Streptopelia capicola 

Red-eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata 

Emerald-spotted Wood Dove Turtur chalcospilos 

Blue-spotted Wood Dove Turtur afer 

Tambourine Dove Turtur tympanistria 

Namaqua Dove Oena capensis 

Green Pigeon Treron calva 

PSITTACIDAE - PARROTS 

Brown Parrot Poicephalus meyeri 

Red-headed Lovebird Agapornis pullarius 

MUSOPHAGIDAE - TURACOS and GO-AWAY BIRDS 

Schalow's Turaco Tauraco schalowi 



Purple-crested Turaco Tauraco porphyreolophus 

Ross's Turaco Musophaga rossae 

CUCULIDAE - CUCKOOS 

Great Spotted Cuckoo Clamator glandarius 

Levaillant's Cuckoo Oxylophus levaillantii 

Thick-billed Cuckoo Pachycoccyx audeberti 

Red-chested Cuckoo Cuculus solitarius 

Black Cuckoo Cuculus clamosus 

Eurasian Cuckoo Cuculus canorus 

Emerald Cuckoo Chrysococcyx cupreus 

Klaas' Cuckoo Chrysococcyx klaas 

Didric Cuckoo Chrysococcyx caprius 

CENTROPODIDAE - COUCALS 

Western Yellowbill Ceuthmochares aereus 

White-browed Coucal Centropus superciliosus 

TYTONIDAE - BARN OWLS 

Barn Owl Tyto alba 

STRIGIDAE - OWLS 

African Scops Owl Otus senegalensis 

Spotted Eagle Owl Bubo africanus 

Verreaux's Eagle Owl Bubo lacteus 

Pel's Fishing Owl Scotopelia peli 

Pearl-spotted Owlet Glaucidium perlatum 

Barred Owlet Glaucidium capense 

African Wood Owl Strix woodfordii 

CAPRIMULGIDAE - NIGHTJARS 

Fiery-necked Nightjar Caprimulgus pectoralis 

Gabon Nightjar Caprimulgus fossi 

Pennant-winged Nightjar Macrodipteryx vexillarius 

APODIDAE - SWIFTS 

Scarce Swift Schoutedenapus myoptilus 

Palm Swift Cypsiurus parvus 

Eurasian Swift Apus apus 

Black Swift Apus barbatus 

Little Swift Apus affinis 

White-rumped Swift Apus caffer 

COLIIDAE - MOUSEBIRDS 

Speckled Mousebird Colius striatus 

TROGONIDAE - TROGONS 

Narina Trogon Apaloderma narina 

ALCEDINIDAE - KINGFISHERS 

Malachite Kingfisher Corythornis cristata 

Half-collared Kingfisher Alcedo semitorquata 

Shining Blue Kingfisher Alcedo quadribrachys 



Pygmy Kingfisher Ceyx picta 

Brown-hooded Kingfisher Halcyon albiventris 

Chestnut-bellied Kingfisher Halcyon leucocephala 

Blue-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon malimbica 

Woodland Kingfisher Halcyon senegalensis 

Striped Kingfisher Halcyon chelicuti 

Giant Kingfisher Megaceryle maxima 

Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis 

MEROPIDAE - BEE-EATERS 

Little Bee-eater Merops pusillus 

Blue-breasted Bee-eater Merops variegatus 

Cinnamon Bee-eater Merops oreobates 

White-fronted Bee-eater Merops bullockoides 

White-throated Bee-eater Merops albicollis 

Böhm's Bee-eater Merops boehmi 

Madagascar Bee-eater Merops superciliosus 

Blue-cheeked Bee-eater Merops persicus 

Eurasian Bee-eater Merops apiaster 

Southern Carmine Bee-eater Merops nubicoides 

CORACIIDAE - ROLLERS 

Lilac-breasted Roller Coracias caudata 

Broad-billed Roller Eurystomus glacurus 

PHOENICULIDAE - WOOD HOOPES 

Green Wood Hoopoe Phoeniculus purpureus 

Common Scimitarbill Rhinopomastus cyanomelas 

UPUPIDAE - HOOPOES 

African Hoopoe Upupa africana 

BUCEROTIDAE - HORNBILLS 

Crowned Hornbill Tockus alboterminatus 

Trumpeter Hornbill Bycanistes bucinator 

Ground Hornbill Bucorvus caffer 

LYBIIDAE - BARBETS and TINKERBIRDS 

Grey-throated Barbet Gymnobucco bonapartei 

Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird Pogoniulus chrysoconus 

Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird Pogoniulus bilineatus 

Black-collared Barbet Lybius torquatus 

Black-backed Barbet Lybius minor 

INDICATORIDAE - HONEYGUIDES 

Scaly-throated Honeyguide Indicator variegatus 

Greater Honeyguide Indicator indicator 

Lesser Honeyguide Indicator minor 

PICIDAE - WOODPECKERS 

Golden-tailed Woodpecker Campethera abingoni 

Fine-banded Woodpecker Campethera tullbergi 

Olive Woodpecker Dendropicos griseocephalus 



EURYLAIMIDAE - BROADBILLS 

African Broadbill Smithornis capensis 

ALAUDIDAE - LARKS 

Fischer's Sparrowlark Eremopterix leucopareia 

HIRUNDINIDAE - SWALLOWS and MARTINS 

Black Roughwing Psalidoprocne holomelas 

White-headed Roughwing Psalidoprocne albiceps 

Sand Martin Riparia riparia 

Mosque Swallow Hirundo senegalensis 

Lesser Striped Swallow Hirundo abyssinica 

Red-rumped Swallow Hirundo daurica 

Rock Martin Hirundo fuligula 

Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii 

European Swallow Hirundo rustica 

Angola Swallow Hirundo angolensis 

House Martin Delichon urbica 

MOTACILLIDAE - WAGTAILS, PIPITS, LONGCLAWS 

Mountain Wagtail Motacilla clara 

African Pied Wagtail Motacilla aguimp 

African Pipit Anthus cinnamomeus 

Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis 

Red-throated Pipit Anthus cervinus 

Striped Pipit Anthus lineiventris 

CAMPEPHAGIDAE - CUCKOO SHRIKES 

Black Cuckoo Shrike Campephaga flava 

Grey Cuckoo Shrike Coracina caesia 

White-breasted Cuckoo Shrike Coracina pectoralis 

PYCNONOTIDAE - GREENBULS 

Shelley's Greenbul Andropadus masukuensis 

Little Greenbul Andropadus virens 

Slender-billed Greenbul Andropadus gracilirostris 

Yellow-whiskered Greenbul Andropadus latirostris 

Yellow-throated Leaflove Chlorocichla flavicollis 

Yellow-bellied Greenbul Chlorocichla flaviventris 

Leaflove Phyllastrephus scandens 

Cabanis' Greenbul Phyllastrephus cabanisi 

Yellow-streaked Greenbul Phyllastrephus flavostriatus 

Yellow-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus barbatus 

Western Nicator Nicator chloris 

TURDIDAE - THRUSHES, ROBINS, WHEATEARS, CHATS 

Miombo Rock Thrush Monticola angolensis 

African Thrush Turdus pelios 

Kurrichane Thrush Turdus libonyanus 

Orange Ground Thrush Zoothera gurneyi 

Brown-chested Alethe Alethe poliocephala 

Starred Robin Pogonocichla stellata 

Alexander's Akalat Sheppardia insulana kungwensis 

White-browed Robinchat Cossypha heuglini 



Red-capped Robinchat Cossypha natalensis 

Collared Palm Thrush Cichladusa arquata 

Miombo Scrub Robin Cercotrichas barbata 

White-browed Scrub Robin Cercotrichas leucophrys 

Stonechat Saxicola torquata 

Whinchat Saxicola rubetra 

Familiar Chat Cercomela familiaris 

Cliff Chat Thamnolaea cinnamomeiventris 

SYLVIIDAE - WARBLERS 

Broad-tailed Warbler Schoenicola brevirostris 

Bamboo Warbler Bradypterus alfredi 

African Moustached Warbler Melocichla mentalis 

Olivaceous Warbler Hippolais pallida 

Yellow Warbler Chloropeta natalensis 

Mountain Yellow Warbler Chloropeta similis 

Green-capped Eremomela Eremomela scotops 

White-browed Crombec Sylvietta leucophrys 

Red-faced Crombec Sylvietta whytii 

Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus 

Wood Warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix 

Yellow-throated Warbler Phylloscopus ruficapilla 

Yellow-bellied Hyliota Hyliota flavigaster 

Garden Warbler Sylvia borin 

Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla 

Rattling Cisticola Cisticola chiniana 

Trilling Cisticola Cisticola woosnami 

Red-faced Cisticola Cisticola erythrops 

Singing Cisticola Cisticola cantans 

Tawny-flanked Prinia Prinia subflava 

White-chinned Prinia Prinia leucopogon 

Yellow-breasted Apalis Apalis flavida 

Kungwe Apalis Apalis argentea 

Grey-backed Camaroptera Camaroptera brachyura 

Green-backed Camaroptera Camaroptera brevicauda 

MUSCICAPIDAE - FLYCATCHERS 

Pale Flycatcher Bradornis pallidus 

Southern Black Flycatcher Melaenornis pammelaina 

Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata 

Dusky Flycatcher Muscicapa adusta 

Swamp Flycatcher Muscicapa aquatica 

Lead-coloured Flycatcher Myioparus plumbeus 

PLATYSTEIRDAE - WATTLE-EYES and BATIS 

Vanga Flycatcher Bias musicus 

Chin-spot Batis Batis molitor 

Yellow-bellied Wattle-eye Platysteira concreta 

Black-throated Wattle-eye Platysteira peltata 

MONARCHIDAE - MONARCH FLYCATCHERS 

White-tailed Blue Flycatcher Elminia albicauda 

Crested Flycatcher Trochocercus cyanomelas 



Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone viridis 

TIMALIIDAE - BABBLERS, IIADOPSIS, CHATTERERS 

Brown Illadopsis Illadopsis fulvescens 

Mountain Illadopsis Illadopsis pyrrhopter 

African Hill Babbler Alcippe abyssinica 

Arrow-marked Babbler Turdoides jardineii 

PARIDAE - TITS 

Black Tit Parus leucomelas 

REMIZIDAE - PENDULINE TITS 

African Penduline Tit Anthoscopus caroli 

NECTARINIIDAE -- SUNBIRDS 

Western Violet-backed Sunbird Anthreptes longuemarei 

Collared Sunbird Anthreptes collaris 

Western Olive Sunbird Nectarinia obscura 

Green-headed Sunbird Nectarinia verticalis 

Amethyst Sunbird Nectarinia amethystina 

Scarlet-chested Sunbird Nectarinia senegalensis 

Variable Sunbird Nectarinia venusta 

Olive-bellied Sunbird Nectarinia chloropygia 

Regal Sunbird Nectarinia regia 

Mariqua Sunbird Nectarinia mariquensis 

Red-chested Sunbird Nectarinia erythroceri 

Copper Sunbird Nectarinia cuprea 

Malachite Sunbird Nectarinia famosa 

ZOSTEROPIDAE - WHITE-EYES 

Yellow White-eye Zosterops senegalensis 

ORIOLIDAE - ORIOLES 

Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus 

African Golden Oriole Oriolus auratus 

Black-headed Oriole Oriolus larvatus 

Montane Oriole Oriolus percivali 

LANIIDAE - SHRIKES 

Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio 

Red-tailed Shrike Lanius isabellinus 

Common Fiscal Lanius collaris 

MALACONOTIDAE - PUFFBACKS, TCHAGRAS, BOUBOUS, BU 

Brubru Nilaus afer 

Black-backed Puffback Dryoscopus cubla 

Pink-footed Puffback Dryoscopus angolensis 

Marsh Tchagra Tchagra minuta 

Brown-crowned Tchagra Tchagra australis 

Black-crowned Tchagra Tchagra senegala 

Lühder's Bush Shrike Laniarius luehderi 

Tropical Boubou Laniarius aethiopicus 

Sulphur-breasted Bush Shrike Malaconotus sulfureopectus 



Grey-headed Bush Shrike Malaconotus blanchoti 

PRIONOPIDAE -- HELMET SHRIKES 

White Helmet Shrike Prionops plumatus 

Retz's Helmet Shrike Prionops retzii 

DICRURIDAE - DRONGOS 

Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis 

CORVIDAE - CROWS 

Pied Crow Corvus albus 

White-necked Raven Corvus albicollis 

STURNIDAE - STARLINGS 

Stuhlmann's Starling Poeoptera stuhlmanni 

Waller's Starling Onychognathus walleri 

Red-winged Starling Onychognathus morio 

Sharpe's Starling Cinnyricinclus sharpii 

Violet-backed Starling Cinnyricinclus leucogaster 

PASSERIDAE -- SPARROWS and PETRONIAS 

Grey-headed Sparrow Passer griseus 

White-browed Petronia Petronia superciliaris 

PLOCEIDAE - WEAVERS, QUELEAS, BISHOPS 

Baglafecht Weaver Ploceus baglafecht 

Spectacled Weaver Ploceus ocularis 

Holub's Golden Weaver Ploceus xanthops 

Vieillot's Black Weaver Ploceus nigerrimus 

Village Weaver Ploceus cucullatus 

Golden-backed Weaver Ploceus jacksoni 

Dark-backed Weaver Ploceus bicolor 

Brown-capped Weaver Ploceus insignis 

Red-headed Weaver Anaplectes rubriceps 

Red-headed Quelea Quelea erythrops 

Southern Red Bishop Euplectes orix 

Yellow Bishop Euplectes capensis 

Yellow-mantled Widowbird Euplectes macrourus 

Black-winged Red Bishop Euplectes hordeaceus 

Red-collared Widowbird Euplectes ardens 

Grosbeak Weaver Amblyospiza albifrons 

ESTRILDIDAE - WAXBILLS, CORDON-BLEUS, MANNIKINS etc 

Grey-headed Negrofinch Nigrita canicapilla 

Green-winged Pytilia Pytilia melba 

Orange-winged Pytilia Pytilia afra 

Red-faced Crimsonwing Cryptospiza reichenovii 

Red-headed Bluebill Spermophaga ruficapilla 

Peters' Twinspot Hypargos niveoguttatus 

Green-backed Twinspot Mandingoa nitidula 

Red-billed Firefinch Lagonosticta senegala 

African Firefinch Lagonosticta rubricata 

Grey Waxbill Estrilda perreini 

Common Waxbill Estrilda astrild 



Yellow-bellied Waxbill Estrilda quartinia 

Red-cheeked Cordonbleu Uraeginthus bengalus 

Bronze Mannikin Lonchura cucullata 

Black and White Mannikin Lonchura bicolor 

VIDUIDAE - INDIGOBIRDS AND WHYDAHS 

Village Indigobird Vidua chalybeata 

Pin-tailed Whydah Vidua macroura 

FRINGILLIDAE - CANARYS and SEED-EATERS 

Western Citril Serinus frontalis 

Thick-billed Seedeater Serinus burtoni 

Oriole Finch Linurgus olivaceus 

EMBERIZIDAE - BUNTINGS 

Cinnamon Rock Bunting Emberiza tahapisi 

Cabanis' Bunting Emberiza cabanisi 



Appendix V. Percent of points at which a species was sampled, the number of individuals per 

hour of sampling, and mean group size for 135 species of birds at three sites in Mahale 

Mountains National Park. (Sample size: Kasoge, N = 91, No. birds = 898, No. contacts = 415; 

Kabezi, N = 106, No. birds = 1453, No. contacts = 795; and Mfitwa, N = 29, No. birds = 292; No. 

contacts = 191.) 

Bird species 

KASOGE KABEZI MFITWA 

% pt. No./hr Group % pt. No./hr Group % pt. No./hr Group 

African Dusky Flycatcher 1.1 0.13 1.0 

African Fire-Finch 0.9 0.3 3.0 

African Fish Eagle 3.3 0.53 1.3 

African Goshawk 1.1 0.13 1.0 

African Hill Babbler 37.9 5.4 1.0 

African Hoopoe 1.1 0.13 1.0 

African Rock Martin 3.8 4.8 10.5 

African Thrush 21.7 2.6 1.0 

Alexander's Akalat 10.3 1.2 1.0 

Amethyst Sunbird 1.9 0.5 2.0 

Arrow-marked Babbler 5.7 1.9 2.8 

Augur Buzzard 1.9 0.2 1.0 

Baglafecht weaver 1.9 0.6 2.5 6.9 1.7 2.0 

Bamboo Warbler 0.9 0.1 1.0 3.4 0.8 2.0 

Barn Swallow 0.9 0.7 6.0 

Bateleur 1.1 0.13 1.0 0.9 0.1 1.0 

Black and White Mannikin 0.9 1.5 13.0 

Black Collared Barbet 2.8 0.3 1.0 

Black Kite 0.9 0.1 1.0 

Black Saw-wing 3.8 3.4 7.5 

Black Tit 0.9 0.1 1.0 

Black-backed puff back 18.9 3.5 1.5 6.9 1.7 2.0 

Black-collared Barbet 2.8 0.3 1.0 

Black-crowned Tchagra 18.9 2.5 1.0 

Black-headed Oriole 1.1 0.13 1.0 20.8 2.6 1.0 

Black-throated Wattle-eye 0.9 0.2 2.0 

Blue-breasted Kingfisher 15.4 1.98 1.1 5.7 0.9 1.3 

Booted Eagle 0.9 0.1 1.0 

Broad-billed Roller 1.1 0.26 2.0 5.7 1.4 2.0 

Brown Illadopsis 3.3 0.79 2.0 0.9 0.2 2.0 

Brown Snake Eagle 0.9 0.1 1.0 

Brown-backed Scrub Robin 0.9 0.1 1.0 

Brown-chested Alethe 10.3 1.2 1.0 

Brown-crowned Tchagra 15.1 1.8 1.0 

Cabanis's Greenbul 10.3 4.1 3.3 

Chin-spot Batis 11.3 1.9 1.4 

Cinnamon-chested Bee Eater 0.9 0.5 4.0 

Collared Sunbird 12.1 2.11 1.5 8.5 2.0 2.0 

Common Bulbul 17.6 2.64 1.3 61.3 12.8 1.6 34.5 9.9 2.0 

Common Buzzard 1.1 0.13 1.0 

Common Kestrel 0.9 0.1 1.0 

Copper Sunbird 1.9 0.5 2.0 

Crested Flycatcher 6.9 2.1 1.7 

Crested Guineafowl 6.6 2.3 2.9 

Crowned Eagle 2.2 0.26 1.0 3.8 0.5 1.0 

Crowned Hornbill 4.4 0.66 1.3 1.9 0.2 1.0 



Bird species 



Dark-backed weaver 11.3 3.7 2.8 

Emerald Cuckoo 5.5 0.66 1.0 21.7 2.6 1.0 

Emerald-spotted Wood Dove 1.9 0.3 1.5 

Eurasian Bee Eater 27.5 41.01 12.4 15.1 11.3 6.3 

Forked-tailed Drongo 6.6 1.6 2.0 

Garden Warbler 2.2 0.26 1.0 6.9 1.7 1.3 

Golden Oriole 1.1 0.40 3.0 0.9 0.1 1.0 

Golden-tailed Wood-pecker 1.9 0.3 1.5 

Greater Honey Guide 2.8 0.3 1.0 

Green Pigeon 2.8 2.2 6.3 

Green-backed twinspot 1.1 0.13 1.0 

Green-capped Eremomela 1.1 0.26 2.0 

Green-headed Sunbird 0.9 0.1 1.0 

Grey-backed Camaroptera 2.2 0.26 1.0 21.7 4.4 1.6 10.3 2.5 2.0 

Grey-headed Bush Shrike 0.9 0.1 1.0 

Grey-headed Negro-finch 1.9 0.2 1.0 

Grey-throated Barbet 3.4 0.4 1.0 

Hildebrant's Francolin 3.3 0.79 2.0 1.9 0.6 2.5 

Holub's Golden Weaver 0.9 0.1 1.0 

Klaas' Cuckoo 3.3 0.40 1.0 4.7 0.6 1.0 

Kungwe Apalis 4.4 1.45 2.8 5.7 3.2 4.0 20.7 5.0 2.0 

Kurrichane Thrush 3.8 0.5 1.0 

Lead-coloured Flycatcher 7.5 0.9 1.0 

Leaflove 13.2 6.59 4.2 6.6 2.7 3.4 

Lesser-striped Swallow 4.7 1.5 2.6 

Little Greenbul 57.1 11.87 1.7 18.9 4.0 1.8 

Little Sparrow Hawk 0.9 0.1 1.0 

Luhder's Bush Shrike 1.9 0.5 2.0 20.7 5.8 1.8 

Malachite Sunbird 10.3 4.6 1.8 

Martial Eagle 0.9 0.1 1.0 

Montane Oriole 31.0 4.6 1.0 

Mountain Illadopsis 3.4 1.2 3.0 

Mountain Wagtail 0.9 0.3 3.0 

Narina's Trogon 1.1 0.13 1.0 

Olive Sunbird 31.9 5.41 1.4 4.7 0.8 1.4 6.9 0.8 1.0 

Olive Woodpecker 3.4 0.8 2.0 

Olive-bellied Sunbird 2.2 0.66 2.5 

Orange Ground Thrush 51.7 8.3 1.0 

Palm-nut Vulture 2.2 0.26 1.0 

Paradise Flycatcher 16.5 2.51 1.3 19.8 4.1 1.7 

Red-capped Robin Chat 24.2 3.56 1.2 7.5 1.0 1.1 

Red-chested Cuckoo 1.1 0.13 1.0 12.3 1.6 1.0 

Red-faced Cisticola 7.5 1.6 1.8 

Red-faced Crimsonwing 17.2 3.3 1.6 

Red-faced Crombec 2.8 0.3 1.0 

Red-headed Bluebill 1.1 0.26 2.0 

Red-rumped Swallow 1.9 1.2 5.5 3.4 0.8 2.0 

Red-winged Starling 1.1 0.13 1.0 1.9 1.2 5.5 

Regal Sunbird 0.9 0.2 2.0 27.6 5.0 1.2 

Retz's Helmet Shrike 5.7 4.0 5.8 

Ross's Turaco 7.7 2.24 2.4 4.7 1.8 3.2 



Bird species 



Scaly-throated Honey Guide 0.9 0.1 1.0 

Scarce Swift 0.9 0.3 3.0 

Schalow's Turaco 15.1 2.5 1.4 13.8 4.1 1.7 

Shelley's Greenbul 17.2 2.5 1.2 

Slender-billed Greenbul 16.5 3.43 1.6 2.8 0.7 2.0 3.4 0.4 1.0 

Speckled Mousebird 0.9 0.7 6.0 

Spotted Flycatcher 1.1 0.13 1.0 0.9 0.2 2.0 

Starred Robin 27.6 3.3 1.0 

Striped-Kingfisher 1.9 0.2 1.0 

Stuhlman's Starling 6.9 2.1 2.5 

Sulphur-breasted Bush Shrike 6.6 0.9 1.1 

Tambourine Dove 2.2 0.26 1.0 

Tawny-flanked Prinia 9.4 2.4 2.1 

Tree Pipit 0.9 0.2 2.0 

Trilling Cisticola 2.2 0.40 1.0 36.8 5.3 1.2 

Tropical Boubou 1.1 0.13 1.0 36.8 8.3 1.8 6.9 1.7 2.0 

Trumpeter Hornbill 4.4 0.66 1.3 9.4 2.0 1.8 

Variable Sunbird 10.3 3.7 1.5 

Violet-backed Starling 3.8 1.5 3.3 

Walhberg's Eagle 1.9 0.3 1.5 

Waller's Starling 3.4 0.8 2.0 

Western Nicator 29.7 4.75 1.2 6.6 1.1 1.3 

White-browed Coucal 1.1 0.13 1.0 6.6 0.9 1.1 

White-browed Robin Chat 2.2 0.40 1.5 1.9 0.3 1.5 

White-browed Scrub Robin 3.3 0.40 1.0 14.2 1.7 1.0 

White-crested Helmet Shrike 8.5 4.3 4.2 

White-naped Raven 2.2 0.26 1.0 2.8 0.3 1.0 

White-tailed Blue Flycatcher 0.9 0.1 1.0 

Willow Warbler 3.3 0.53 1.3 1.9 0.5 2.0 10.3 1.7 1.0 

Yellow Bishop 0.9 0.2 2.0 

Yellow White-eye 3.3 0.53 1.3 3.8 1.5 3.3 20.7 6.6 2.7 

Yellow-bellied Hyliota 2.8 0.7 2.0 

Yellow-bellied Wattle-eye 3.4 0.8 2.0 

Yellowbill 7.7 1.19 1.3 0.9 0.1 1.0 

Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird 47.3 8.31 1.3 50.9 7.7 1.2 10.3 1.2 1.0 

Yellow-streaked Greenbul 13.8 8.7 4.2 

Yellow-throated Woodland Warbler 17.2 2.9 1.4 

Yellow-whiskered Greenbul 37.4 7.52 1.6 40.6 7.4 1.4 37.9 7.4 1.1 



Appendix VI. Preliminary list of the Reptiles of Mahale Mountains National Park. 

Land Tortoses Testudinidae 

Bell's Hinged Tortoise Kinixys belliana 

Terrapins Pelomedusidae 

Serrated Hinged Terrapin Pelusios sinuatus 

Geckoes Gekkonidae 

Hemidactylus sp. 

Lygodactylus sp. 

Skinks Scincidae 

Speckled-lipped Skink Mabuya maculilabris 

Striped Skink Mabuya striata 

Variable Skink Mabuya varia 

Peter's Writhing Skink Lygosoma afrum 

Agamas Agamidae 

Blue-headed Tree Agama Acanthocerus atricollis 

Red-headed Rock Agama Agama agama 

Monitor Lizards Varanidae 

Nile monitor Varanus niloticus 

Crocodiles Crocodylidae 

Nile Crocodile Crocodylus niloticus 

Pythons Boidae 

Southern African Rock Python Python natalensis 

Typical Snakes Colubridae 

Lake Tanganyika Water Snake Lycodonomorphus bicolor 

Brown House Snake Lamprophis fuliginosus 

Angolan Green-snake Philothanmus angolensis 

White-lipped Snake Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia 

Boomslang Dispholidus typus 

Cobras, Mambas and relatives Elapidae 

Banded Water Cobra Boulengerina annulata stormsi 

Forest Cobra Naja melanoleuca 

Black-necked Spitting Cobra Naja nigricollis 

Jameson's Mamba Dendroaspis jamesoni 

Black Mamba Dendroaspis polylepis 

Vipers Viperidae 

Puff Adder Bitis aeritans 

Mt. Rungwe Bush Viper Atheris rungwensis 



APPENDIX VII. List of plant species know from Mahale Mountains National Park. 

*Introduced and †Albertine Rift Endemic 

Genus /Family Species 

Acanthaceae 

†Whitfieldia elongata 

Acanthus sp1 

Acanthus ueleensis 

Asystasia albiflora 

Asystasia gangetica 

Barleria sp2 

Barleria splendens 

Blepharis buchneri 

Blepharis glumacea 

Blepharis inopinata 

Blepharis katangensis 

Blepharis menocotyle 

Blepharis pungens 

Blepharis uzondoensis 

Brillantaisia owariensis 

Crabbea velutina 

Crossandra nilotica 

Dicliptera hyalina 

Duosperma densiflorum 

Duosperma fimbriatum 

Duosperma sp1 

Dyschoriste trichocalyx 

Hygrophila cataractea 

Hypoestes sp1 

Isoglossa ufipensis 

Justicia anagalloides 

Justicia betonica 

Justicia boaleri 

Justicia heterocarpa 

Justicia lithospermoides 

Justicia mollugo 

Justicia sp1 

Justicia sp4 

Justicia striolata 

Lepidagathis andersoniana 

Lepidagathis sparsiceps 

Mellera lobulata 

Mimulopsis sp2 

Nelsonia canescens 

Oreacanthus sp1 

Phaulopsis imbricata 

Phaulopsis johnstonii 

Ruspolia seticalyx 

Sclerochiton vogelii 

Thunbergia alata 

Thunbergia huillensis 

Thunbergia microchlamys 

Thunbergia natalensis 

Thunbergia sp1 

Thunbergia vogeliana 

Whitfieldia arnoldiana 

Whitfieldia sp1 

Adiantum patens 

Adiantum philippense 

Adiantum poiretii 

Cheilanthes farinosa 

Cheilanthes multifida 

Cheilanthes similis 

Doryopteris concolor 

Pellaea 

Adiantaceae 

doniana 

Pteris catoptera 

Pteris friesii 

Aloaceae 

Aloe christianii 

Aloe duckeri 

Aloe sp1 

Amarantaceae 

Psilotrichum majus 

*Amaranthus dubius 

*Amaranthus hybridus 

†Celosia stuhlmanniana 

Achyranthes aspera 

Achyropsis filifolia 

Achyropsis laniceps 

Alternanthera sessilis 

Celosia isertii 

Celosia trigyna 

Centemopsis conferta 

Cyathula prostrata 

Boophone disticha 

Anacardiaceae 

Heeria mucronata 

Lannea schimperi 

*Mangifera indica 

Ozoroa reticulata 

Ozoroa stenophylla 

Pseudospondias microcarpa 

Sclerocarya caffra 

Anisophylleaceae 

Anisophyllea boehmii 

Annonaceae 

Annona senegalensis 

Artabotrys monteiroae 

Hexalobus sp1 


Monanthotaxis buchananii 

Monanthotaxis ferruginea 

Monanthotaxis littoralis 

Monanthotaxis parviflora 

Monanthotaxis poggei 

Uvaria angolensis 

Uvaria sp1 

Uvaria sp2 

Uvaria welwitschii 

Uvariopsis sp1 

Xylopia parviflora 

Xylopia sp1 

Anthericaceae 

Anthericum sp1 

Chlorophytum comosum 

Chlorophytum lancifolium 

Chlorophytum minor 

Chlorophytum sp1 

Chlorophytum stolzii 

Apiaceae 

†Pimpinella richardsiae 

Diplolophium zambesianum 

Heteromorpha trifoliata 

Pimpinella hirtella 

Pimpinella ledermannii 

Steganotaenia araliacea 

Apocynaceae 

Ancylobotrys amoena 

Baissea myrtifolia 

Dictyophleba lucida 

Diplorhynchus condylocarpon 

Landolphia kirkii 

Landolphia owariensis 

Landolphia sp1 

Oncinotis tenuiloba 

Rauvolfia caffra 

Saba comorensis 

Tabernaemontana pachysiphon 

Voacanga africana 

Voacanga sp1 

Araceae 

*Colocasia esculenta 

Anchomanes sp 

Anchomanes sp2 

Culcasia scandens 

Pistia stratiotes 

Araliaceae 

Cussonia zimmermannii 

Polyscias fulva 

Schefflera abyssinica 

Aristolochiaceae 


Aristolochia albida 

Aristolochia petersiana 

Asclepiadaceae 

Ceropegia nilotica 

Ceropegia papillata 

Ceropegia sp2 

Cynanchum sp1 

Cynanchum sp1 

Dregea schimperi 

Ectadiopsis oblongifolia 

Gongronema sp1 

Mondia whytei 

Pentarrhinum abyssinica 

Pergularia daemia 

Periploca linearifolia 

Riocreuxia profusa 

Secamone punctulata 

Stathmostelma sp1 

Tacazzea apiculata 

Tylophora sp1 

Asparagaceae 

Asparagus africanus 

Asparagus buchananii 

Asparagus flagellaris 

Asparagus setaceus 

Asparagus sp2 

Aspidiaceae 

Dryopteris inaequalis 

Tectaria gemmifera 

Aspleniaceae 

Asplenium buettneri 

Asplenium dregeanum 

Asplenium formosum 

Asplenium lunulatum 

Asplenium pumilum 

Asteraceae 

*Conyza sumatrensis 

†Gutenbergia spermacoceoides 

†Helichrysum gaharoense 

†Melanthera richardsiae 

†Pleiotaxis gombensis 

†Vernonia congolensis 

Acmella uliginosa 

Adenostemma perrottetii 

Anisopappus abercornensis 

Anisopappus chinensis 

Aspilia mossambicensis 

Aspilia rudis 

Bidens acuticaulis 

Bidens cinerea 

Bidens grantii 


Bidens kilimandscharica 

Bidens pilosa 

Bidens steppia 

Blumea crispata 

Blumea sp1 

Blumea 

Carduus sp1 

Conyza sp3 

Crassocephalum crepidioides 

Crassocephalum picridifolium 

Crassocephalum rubens 

Crassocephalum vitellinum 

Dicoma plantaginifolia 

Dicoma poggei 

Echinops amplexicaulis 

Elephantopus scaber 

Emilia helianthella 

Emilia integrifolia 

Felicia boehmii 

Gutenbergia sp1 

Gynura scandens 

Helichrysum kirkii 

Helichrysum patulifolium 

Hypericophyllum elatum 

Inula glomerata 

Melanthera scandens 

Microglossa pyrifolia 

Mikania chenopodifolia 

Mikania sp1 

Nicolasia coronata 

Nicolasia nitens 

Nidorella spartioides 

Pasaccardoa grantii 

Pleiotaxis dewevrei 

Solanecio angulatus 

Solanecio mannii 

Sonchus luxurians 

Sonchus schweinfurthii 

Sphaeranthus suaveolens 

Vernonia adoensis 

Vernonia amygdalina 

Vernonia anthelmintica 

Vernonia colorata 

Vernonia holstii 

Vernonia incompta 

Vernonia ituriensis 

Vernonia jelfiae 

Vernonia karaguensis 

Vernonia miombicola 

Vernonia muelleri 

Vernonia musofensis 

Vernonia nestor 


Vernonia rhodantoidea 

Vernonia sp2 

Vernonia stenocephala 

Vernonia tolypophora 

Vernonia ugandensis 

Vernonia violacea 

Athyrium annae 

Balanophoraceae 

Thonningia sanguinea 

Balsaminaceae 

†Impatiens percordata 

Impatiens niamniamensis 

Impatiens sp2 

Begoniaceae 

Begonia princeae 

Begonia sutherlandii 

Bignoniaceae 

Kigelia africana 

Markhamia lutea 

Markhamia obtusifolia 

Spathodea campanulata 

Stereospermum kunthianum 

Bixaceae 

*Bixa orellana 

Bombacaceae 

*Ceiba sp. 

Boraginaceae 

Cordia africana 

Cordia millenii 

Trichodesma ambacense 

Brassicaceae 

Brassica carinata 

Burmanniaceae 

Burmannia madagascariensis 

Gymnosiphon usambaricus 

Tacca leontapelatoides 

Burseraceae 

Canarium schweinfurthii 

Commiphora eminii 

Commiphora sp1 

Caesalpiniaceae 

Brachystegia longifolia 

*Cassia siamea 

†Monopetalanthus richardsiae 

†Tessmannia burttii 

Afzelia africana 

Afzelia quanzensis 

Anthonotha macrophylla 

Anthonotha noldeae 


Baikaea insignis 

Baphiopsis parviflora 

Bauhinia petersiana 

Brachystegia boehmii 

Brachystegia bussei 

Brachystegia floribunda 

Brachystegia manga 

Brachystegia sp1 

Brachystegia spiciformis 

Brachystegia stipulata 

Caesalpinia welwitschiana 

Cassia parva 

Cassia sp2 

Cynometra sp1 

Erythrophleum guineense 

Isoberlinia angolensis 

Julbernardia globiflora 

Julbernardia magnistipulata 

Julbernardia paniculata 

Julbernardia seretii 

Julbernardia sp1 

Julbernardia unijugata 

Piliostigma thonningii 

Tamarindus indica 

Campanulaceae 

†Wahlenbergia pulchella 

Wahlenbergia capitata 

Wahlenbergia denticulata 

Wahlenbergia flexuosa 

Wahlenbergia hirsuta 

Wahlenbergia sp1 

Cannaceae 

*Canna indica 

Cannaraceae 

Rourea thomsonii 

Capparidaceae 

Gynandropsis gynandra 

Maerua sp1 

Celastraceae 

Maytenus heterophylla 

Maytenus undata 

Mystroxylon aethiopicum 

Chenopodiaceae 

Chenopodium sp1 

Chrysobalanaceae 

Parinari capensis 

Parinari curatellifolia 

Parinari excelsa 

Colchicaceae 

Littonia lindeni 


Combretaceae 

Combretum adenogonium 

Combretum apiculatum 

Combretum collinum 

Combretum molleri 

Combretum paniculatum 

Combretum sp2 

Combretum umbricola 

Terminalia kaiserana 

Terminalia mollis 

Terminalia sericea 

Terminalia stenostachya 

Commelinaceae 

Aneilema beniniense 

Aneilema hirtum 

Aneilema pedunculosum 

Aneilema sp1 

Commelina aspera 

Commelina imberbis 

Commelina nyasensis 

Commelina polhillii 

Commelina sp2 

Commelina subulata 

Cyanotis barbata 

Floscopa tuberculata 

Murdannia simplex 

Connaraceae 

Agelaea pentagyna 

Rourea sp 

Convolvulaceae 

Batatas edulis 

Hewittia scandens 

Ipomoea barteri 

Ipomoea cairica 

Ipomoea crassipes 

Ipomoea crepidiformis 

Ipomoea involucrata 

Ipomoea mauritiana 

Ipomoea ochracea 

Ipomoea rubens 

Ipomoea sp1 

Ipomoea tenuirostris 

Ipomoea turbinata 

Lepistemon owariense 

Merremia pterygocaulos 

Crassulaceae 

Kalanchoe lateritia 

Cucurbitaceae 

Coccinia adoensis 

Coccinia barteri 

Coccinia grandis 


Cucumella bryoniifolia 

Cucumis dipsaceus 

Cucumis globosus 

Cucurbita maxima 

Eureiandra dawei 

Eureiandra formosa 

Lagenaria siceraria 

Lagenaria sp1 

Luffa cylindrica 

Mukia maderaspatana 

Zehneria sp1 

Zehneria thwaitesii 

Cyatheaceae 

Cyathea dregei 

Cyperaceae 

Abildgaardia abortiva 

Abildgaardia filamentosa 

Ascolepis protea 

Cyperus articulatus 

Cyperus koyaliensis 

Cyperus laxus 

Cyperus mapanioides 

Cyperus sp5 

Cyperus tenax 

Cyperus tenuispica 

Diplacrum africanum 

Eleocharis complanata 

Fimbristylis dichotoma 

Kyllinga alba 

Kyllinga sp1 

Lipocarpha monostachya 

Mariscus macrocarpus 

Mariscus sp1 

Mariscus sumatrensis 

Scleria pusilla 

Scleria racemosa 

Dennstaedtiaceae 

Pteridium aquilinum 

Dichapetalaceae 

Dichapetalum angolense 

Dichapetalum heudelotii 

Dilleniaceae 

Tetracera potatoria 

Dioscoreaceae 

Dioscorea cochleariapiculata 

Dioscorea dumentorum 

Dioscorea hirtiflora 

Dioscorea longicuspis 

Dioscorea odoratissima 

Dioscorea sp1 


Dipsacaceae 

Cephalaria katangensis 

Dipterocarpaceae 

Monotes elegans 

Dracaenaceae 

Dracaena laxissima 

Dracaena mannii 

Dracaena reflexa 

Sansevieria sp1 

Droseraceae 

Drosera indica 

Ebenaceae 

Diospyros abyssinica 

Diospyros gabunensis 

Diospyros kirkii 

Diospyros mespiliformis 

Ericaceae 

Erica benguelensis 

Eriocaulaceae 

†Eriocaulon laniceps 

Eriocaulon afzelianum 

Eriocaulon bongense 

Eriocaulon buchananii 

Eriocaulon mutatum 

Eriocaulon setaceum 

Eriocaulon teusczii 

Paepalanthus lamarckii 

Euphorbiaceae 

*Jatropha curcas 

†Euphorbia bwambensis 

†Macaranga capensis 

Acalypha chirindica 

Acalypha ciliata 

Acalypha ornata 

Acalypha psilostachya 

Acalypha villicaulis 

Alchornea laxiflora 

Antidesma membranaceum 

Antidesma venosum 

Argomuellera macrophylla 

Bridelia atroviridis 

Bridelia brideliifolia 

Bridelia duvigneaudii 

Bridelia micrantha 

Caperonia serrata 

Caperonia stuhlmannii 

Cleistanthus polystachyus 

Croton macrostachyus 

Croton sylvaticus 

Drypetes gerrardii 


Drypetes natalensis 

Erythrococca atrovirens 

Euphorbia polycnemoides 

Euphorbia sp2 

Euphorbia taboraensis 

Euphorbia tirucalli 

Manihot dichotoma 

Margaritaria discoidea 

Mildbraedia carpinifolia 

Monadenium depauperatum 

Monadenium goetzei 

Monadenium herbaceum 

Monadenium laeve 

Neoboutonia sp1 

Phyllanthus boehmii 

Phyllanthus muellerianus 

Phyllanthus ovalifolius 

Phyllanthus paxii 

Phyllanthus reticulatus 

Phyllanthus sp1 

Phyllanthus suffrutescens 

Phyllanthus taylorianus 

Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia 

Ricinodendron heudelotii 

Ricinus communis 

Sapium ellipticum 

Tragia benthamii 

Tragia brevipes 

Tragia sp1 

Uapaca kirkiana 

Uapaca nitida 

Uapaca sansibarica 

Fabaceae 

*Cajanus* cajan 

*Desmodium intortum 

†Baphia punctulata 

†Crotalaria annua 

†Crotalaria bequaertii 

†Crotalaria glauca 

†Crotalaria subcapitata 

†Humularia multifoliolata 

†Indigofera peltata 

†Kotschya bullockii 

†Millettia angustidentata 

†Vigna membranacea 

Abrus precatorius 

Adenodolichos punctatus 

Aeschynomene abyssinica 

Aeschynomene baumii 

Aeschynomene bracteosa 

Aeschynomene cristata 

Aeschynomene leptophylla 


Aeschynomene sp1 

Alysicarpus zeyheri 

Amphicarpaea africana 

Baphia capparidifolia 

Craibia affinis 

Craibia grandiflora 

Crotalaria alexandri 

Crotalaria caudata 

Crotalaria cephalotes 

Crotalaria duboisii 

Crotalaria ephemera 

Crotalaria goodiiformis 

Crotalaria involutifolia 

Crotalaria kipandensis 

Crotalaria lachnophora 

Crotalaria leptoclada 

Crotalaria miranda 

Crotalaria nigricans 

Crotalaria pallida 

Crotalaria reclinata 

Crotalaria ringoetii 

Crotalaria shirensis 

Crotalaria sp2 

Crotalaria sphaerocarpa 

Crotalaria valida 

Dalbergia boehmii 

Dalbergia lactea 

Dalbergia malangensis 

Dalbergia nitidula 

Desmodium barbatum 

Desmodium salicifolium 

Desmodium sp1 

Desmodium stolzii 

Dolichos kilimandscharicus 

Dolichos pseudocajanus 

Dolichos sp1 

Dolichos sp1 

Eriosema parviflorum 

Eriosema rhodesicum 

Erythrina abyssinica 

Erythrina excelsa 

Glycine sp1 

Glycine wightii 

Indigofera atriceps 

Indigofera brevifilamenta 

Indigofera conjugata 

Indigofera deightonii 

Indigofera dendroides 

Indigofera emarginella 

Indigofera griseoides 

Indigofera hochstetteri 

Indigofera menanthoides 


Indigofera micropetala 

Indigofera monantha 

Indigofera monanthoides 

Indigofera podocarpa 

Indigofera subargentea 

Indigofera trachyphylla 

Indigofera vohemarensis 

Kotschya aeschynomenoides 

Kotschya africana 

Kotschya capitulifera 

Kotschya prittwitzii 

Kotschya strigosa 

Macrotyloma prostratum 

Microcharis asparagoides 

Microcharis ephemera 

Millettia sp1 

Millettia sp2 

Mucuna coriacea 

Mucuna gigantea 

Mucuna poggei 

Mucuna pruriens 

Neonotonia wightii 

Pericopsis angolensis 

Phaseolus lanatus 

Physostigma mesoponticum 

Pseudarthria hookeri 

Psophocarpus scandens 

Pterocarpus angolensis 

Pterocarpus tinctorius 

Rhynchosia goetzei 

Rhynchosia hirta 

Rhynchosia luteola 

Rhynchosia monophylla 

Rhynchosia sp2 

Rhynchosia vigna 

Sesbania sesban 

Sesbania sp1 

Sesbania sp2 

Sphenostylis erecta 

Sphenostylis stenocarpa 

Tephrosia dasyphylla 

Tephrosia elata 

Tephrosia interrupta 

Tephrosia purpurea 

Tephrosia richardsiae 

Tephrosia tanganicensis 

Vigna ambacensis 

Vigna comosa 

Vigna kirkii 

Vigna macrorrhyncha 

Vigna monophylla 

Vigna platyloba 


Vigna reticulata 

Vigna sp1 

Vigna sp2 

Vigna wittei 

Flacourtiaceae 

Flacourtia indica 

Lindackeria bukobensis 

Lindackeria schweinfurthii 

Oncoba spinosa 

Phylloclinium paradoxum 

Rawsonia lucida 

Scolopia sp1 

Gentianaceae 

Canscora diffusa 

Chironia palustris 

Faroa axillaris 

Faroa graveolens 

Faroa pusilla 

Sebaea brevicaulis 

Sebaea fernandesiana 

Sebaea lineariformis 

Sebaea macroptera 

Sebaea oligantha 

Sebaea platyptera 

Sebaea pumila 

Sebaea teuszii 

Swertia eminii 

Hernandiaceae 

Illigera pentaphylla 

Hippocrateceae 

Apodostigma 

Salacia congolensis 

Salacia erecta 

Salacia lehmbachii 

Salacia madagascariensis 

Salacia sp1 

Hyacinthaceae 

Albuca kirkii 

Walleria mackenzii 

Hymenocardiaceae 

Hymenocardia acida 

Hypericaceae 

Harungana madagascariensis 

Psorospermum febrifugum 

Icacinaceae 

Apodytes dimidiata 

Pyrenacantha vogeliana 

Iridaceae 

Crocosmia aurea 

Gladiolus dalenii 


Gladiolus erectiflorus 

Gladiolus gregarius 

Gladiolus sp1 

Moraea bella 

Moraea schimperi 

Lamiaceae 

†Leucas aff. 

†Leucas aff. 

Aeollanthus alternatus 

Aeollanthus myrianthus 

Aeollanthus subacaulis 

Coleus longipetiolatus 

Geniosporum affine 

Haumaniastrum callianthum 

Haumaniastrum coeruleum 

Haumaniastrum sp1 

Haumaniastrum villosum 

Holostylon sp1 

Leonotis nepetifolia 

Leucas menthifolia 

Leucas songeana 

Ocimum citriodorum 

Ocimum gratissimum 

Platostoma africanum 

Plectranthus equisetiformis 

Plectranthus laxiflorus 

Plectranthus masukensis 

Plectranthus sereti 

Plectranthus stachytarphetoides 

Pycnostachys dewildemaniana 

Pycnostachys graminifolia 

Pycnostachys kassneri 

Pycnostachys orthodonta 

Pycnostachys prittwitzii 

Pycnostachys speciosa 

Pycnostachys stuhlmannii 

Scutellaria schweinfurthii 

Solenostemon latifolius 

Stachys pseudonigricans 

Tetradenia riparia 

Tinnea apiculata 

Cassytha filiformis 

Leea guineensis 

Lentibulariaceae 

Genlisea margaretea 

Utricularia arenaria 

Utricularia inflexa 

Utricularia microcalyx 

Utricularia prehensilis 

Utricularia reflexa 

Utricularia subulata 


Utricularia welwitschii 

Lobeliaceae 

†Lobelia uliginosa 

Lobelia adnexa 

Lobelia inconspicua 

Lobelia stricklandae 

Anthocleista schweinfurthii 

Anthocleista sp1 

Mostuea brunonis 

Nuxia congesta 

Strychnos cocculoides 

Strychnos innocua 

Strychnos lucida 

Strychnos matopensis 

Strychnos potatorum 

Strychnos sp1 

Lomariopsidaceae 

Bolbitis acrostichoides 

Loranthaceae 

Agelanthus irangensis 

Agelanthus molleri 

Agelanthus zizyphifolius 

Loranthus sp2 

Phragmanthera eminii 

Phragmanthera rufescens 

Viscum loranthicola 

Viscum triflorum 

Lythraceae 

Ammannia auriculata 

Ammannia baccifera 

Nesaea aspera 

Nesaea cordata 

Malvaceae 

*Hibiscus cannabinus 

Hibiscus aponeurus 

Hibiscus debeerstii 

Hibiscus ovalifolius 

Hibiscus rhodanthus 

Hibiscus rostellatus 

Hibiscus sp3 

Hibiscus surattensis 

Pavonia sp1 

Pavonia urens 

Sida rhombifolia 

Thespesia garckeana 

Wissadula rostrata 

Marantaceae 

Marantochloa leucantha 

Melastomataceae 

†Dichaetanthera verdcourtii 


Cincinnobotrys acaulis 

Dissotis arborescens 

Dissotis caloneura 

Dissotis densiflora 

Dissotis fruticosa 

Dissotis pachytricha 

Dissotis phaeotricha 

Dissotis speciosa 

Dissotis trothae 

Heterotis canescens 

Melastomastrum capitatum 

Meliaceae 

Carapa procera 

Entandrophragma utile 

Khaya grandifoliola 

Khaya sp1 

Trichilia dregeana 

Trichilia emetica 

Trichilia prieuriana 

Trichilia sp1 

Turraea vogelioides 

Melianthaceae 

Bersama abyssinica 

Menispermaceae 

Dioscoreophyllum volkensii 

Stephania abyssinica 

Tinospora caffra 

Mimosaceae 

Acacia drepanolobium 

Acacia hockii 

Acacia polyacantha 

Acacia sieberiana 

Albizia adianthifolia 

Albizia antunesiana 

Albizia glaberrima 

Albizia gummifera 

Albizia versicolor 

Entada abyssinica 

Entada sp1 

Faidherbia albida 

Newtonia buchananii 

Parkia filicoidea 

Moraceae 

Antiaris toxicaria 

Dorstenia hildebrandtii 

Dorstenia preussii 

Dorstenia sp2 

Ficus amadiensis 

Ficus asperifolia 

Ficus conraui 

Ficus cyathistipula 


Ficus exasperata 

Ficus glumosa 

Ficus glumosa 

Ficus ingens 

Ficus ottoniifolia 

Ficus scassellatii 

Ficus sp2 

Ficus sur 

Ficus sycomorus 

Ficus thonningii 

Ficus trichopoda 

Ficus vallis-choudae 

Milicia excelsa 

Myrianthus arboreus 

Myrianthus holstii 

Musaceae 

Ensete ventricosum 

*Musa sp1 

Myristicaceae 

Pycnanthus angolensis 

Myrsinaceae 

Maesa lanceolata 

Maesa welwitschii 

Rapanea melanophloeos 

Myrtaceae 

*Psidium guajava 

Syzygium cordatum 

Syzygium cumini 

Syzygium guineense 

Nephrolipidaceae 

Nephrolepis undulata 

Nyctaginaceae 

Boerhavia diffusa 

Ochnaceae 

Ochna atropurpurea 

Ochna cyanophylla 

Ochna holstii 

Ochna sp2 

Olacaceae 

Ximenia americana 

Oleaceae 

Chionanthus niloticus 

Jasminum dichotomum 

Jasminum sp3 

Schrebera alata 

Schrebera trichoclada 

Onagraceae 

Ludwigia stenorraphe 

Opiliaceae 


†Thecacoris lucida 

Orchidaceae 

Aerangis luteoalba 

Eulophia sp2 

Eulophia 

Nervilia adolphi 

Nervilia crociformis 

Nervilia petraea 

Polystachya dendrobiiflora 

Oxalidaceae 

Biophytum crassipes 

Biophytum helenae 

Biophytum nyikense 

Palmae 

Borassus aethiopum 

Elaeis guineensis 

Phoenix reclinata 

Pandanaceae 

Pandanus sp1 

Parkeriaceae 

Ceratopteris thalictroides 

Passifloraceae 

Adenia reticulata 

Adenia rumicifolia 

Adenia sp1 

Pedaliaceae 

Sesamum angolense 

Sesamum indicum 

Phytolaccaceae 

Phytolacca dodecandra 

Piperaceae 

Pothomorphe umbellata 

Pittosporaceae 

Pittosporum spathicalyx 

Poaceae 

Andropogon schirensis 

Aristida sp1 

Brachiaria brizantha 

Cymbopogon densiflorus 

Cynodon aethiopicus 

Digitaria diagonalis 

Digitaria siderograpta 

Digitaria ternata 

Eleusine indica 

Eragrostis aspera 

Eragrostis olivacea 

Eremospatha haullevilleana 

Hyparrhenia cymbaria 

Hyparrhenia newtonii 


Hyparrhenia nyassae 

Hyparrhenia pilgeriana 

Hyparrhenia rufa 

Hyparrhenia variabilis 

Imperata cylindrica 

Leersia hexandra 

Leersia tisserantii 

Loudetia arundinacea 

Loudetia flavida 

Loudetia simplex 

Melinis sp1 

Neyraudia arundinaceae 

Olyra latifolia 

Panicum issongense 

Panicum maximum 

Panicum phragmitoides 

Panicum repens 

Panicum sp1 

Panicum tenellum 

Panicum trichocladum 

Pennisetum purpureum 

Pennisetum unisetum 

Phragmites mauritianus 

Rottboellia cochinchinensis 

Saccharum officinarum 

Sacciolepis spiciformis 

Setaria homonyma 

Setaria petiolata 

Setaria poiretiana 

Setaria sp1 

Sinarundinaria alpina 

Sorghum bicolor 

Sorghum brevicarinatum 

Sporobolus fimbriatus 

Sporobolus sanguineus 

Themeda triandra 

Trichopteryx sp1 

Tristachya nodiglumis 

Urelytrum digitatum 

Vossia cuspidata 

*Zea mays 

Podostemaceae 

Tristicha trifaria 

Polygalaceae 

Carpolobia alba 

Carpolobia goetzei 

Polygala albida 

Polygala exelliana 

Polygala macrostigma 

Polygala melilotoides 

Polygala persicariaefolia 


Polygala ukirensis 

Polygala usafuensis 

Polygala virgata 

Polygala xanthina 

Securidaca longipedunculata 

Polygonaceae 

Oxytenanthera abyssinica 

Polygonum salicifolium 

Rumex abyssinicus 

Rumex usambarensis 

Polypodiaceae 

Drynaria volkensii 

Primulaceae 

Anagallis acuminata 

Anagallis djalonis 

Anagallis pumila 

Proteaceae 

Faurea rochetiana 

Protea angolensis 

Protea gaguedi 

Protea petiolaris 

Protea rupestris 

Rafflesiaceae 

Berlinianche aethiopica 

Ranunculaceae 

Clematopsis villosa 

Delphinium dasycaulon 

Rhamnaceae 

Gouania longispicata 

Maesopsis eminii 

Ventilago diffusa 

Ziziphus abyssinica 

Ziziphus mucronata 

Rhizophoraceae 

Cassipourea malosana 

Rosaceae 

Prunus africana 

Rubus pinnatus 

Rubiaceae 

†Keetia ferruginea 

†Oxyanthus speciosus 

†Pavetta bagshawei 

†Pentas decora 

†Psychotria butayei 

†Psychotria cinerea 

†Psydrax parviflora 

Agathisanthemum quadricostatum 

Aidia micrantha 

Bertiera adamsii 

Canthium sp2 


Catunaregam 

Chassalia cristata 

Chazaliella abrupta 

Coffea eugenioides 

Cremaspora triflora 

Crossopteryx febrifuga 

Diodia sarmentosa 

Fadogia arenicola 

Gardenia imperialis 

Gardenia ternifolia 

Geophila obvallata 

Hallea rubrostipulata 

Heinsenia diervilleoides 

Hymenodictyon floribundum 

Keetia gueinzii 

Keetia hispidum 

Keetia venosa 

Leptactina platyphylla 

Mitracarpus villosus 

Mitrasacmopsis quadrivalvis 

Multidentia crassa 

Mussaenda arcuata 

Mussaenda erythrophylla 

Mussaenda monticola 

Oldenlandia hockii 

Oldenlandia microcarpa 

Oldenlandia scopulorum 

Oldenlandia taborensis 

Otiophora scabra 

Oxyanthus haerdii 

Oxyanthus sp1 

Pavetta crassipes 

Pavetta gardeniifolia 

Pavetta hymenophylla 

Pavetta sp1 

Pavetta sp3 

Pavetta sp4 

Pentas bussei 

Pentas herbacea 

Pentas purpurea 

Polysphaeria lanceolata 

Psychotria capensis 

Psychotria eminiana 

Psychotria fractinervata 

Psychotria heterosticta 

Psychotria mahonii 

Psychotria sp1 

Psychotria spithamea 

Psychotria tabouensis 

Psychotria tanganyicensis 

Pyrostria bibracteatum 

Rothmannia engleriana 


Rothmannia longiflora 

Rothmannia manganjae 

Rothmannia urcelliformis 

Rutidea insculpta 

Rytigynia sp1 

Rytigynia uhligii 

Sabicea orientalis 

Spermacoce congensis 

Spermacoce dibrachiata 

Spermacoce mauritiana 

Spermacoce pusilla 

Spermacoce sp1 

Spermacoce subvulgata 

Tapiphyllum cinerascens 

Tarenna neurophylla 

Tarenna pavettoides 

Temnocalyx sp1 

Tricalysia bagshawei 

Tricalysia sp1 

Uncaria africana 

Rutaceae 

*Citrus aurantium 

*Citrus limon 

†Zanthoxylum rubescens 

Teclea nobilis 

Toddalia asiatica 

Vepris trichorpa 

Sapindaceae 

Allophylus africanus 

Allophylus calophyllus 

Allophylus congolanus 

Allophylus richardsiae 

Allophylus sp2 

Allophylus welwitschii 

Blighia unijugata 

Chytranthus sp1 

Deinbollia fulvotomentella 

Dodonaea viscosa 

Haplocoelum foliolosum 

Lecaniodiscus fraxinifolius 

Pancovia pedicellaris 

Pancovia sp1 

Paullinia pinnata 

Sapindus saponaria 

Zanha golungensis 

Sapotaceae 

Chrysophyllum gorungosanum 

Englerophytum magalismontanum 

Englerophytum natalense 

Englerophytum sp1 

Manilkara dawei 


Mimusops penduliflora 

Mimusops sp2 

Pouteria adolfi-friedericii 

Synsepalum cerasiferum 

Scrophulariaceae 

Alectra dolichocalyx 

Alectra sessiliflora 

Buchnera capitata 

Buchnera cryptocephala 

Buchnera hispida 

Buchnera nuttii 

Buchnera quadrifaria 

Buchnera speciosa 

Crepidorhopalon 



Cycnium adonense 

Cycnium recurvum 

Diclis ovata 

Dopatrium stachytarphetoides 

Lindernia exilis 

Lindernia hepperi 

Lindernia nummulariifolia 

Lindernia oliveriana 

Lindernia schweinfurthii 

Lindernia wilmsii 

Lindolphia sp1 

Orthoclada africana 

Rhamphicarpa fistulosa 

Scoparia dulcis 

Sopubia eminii 

Striga gracilima 

Selaginellaceae 

Selaginella phillipsiana 

Simaroubaceae 

Harrisonia occidentalis 

Smilacaceae 

Smilax anceps 

Solanaceae 

Physalis angulata 

Solanum anguivi 

Solanum nigrum 

Solanum sp1 

Sterculiaceae 

Cola greenwayi 

Dombeya burgessiae 

Dombeya kirkii 

Dombeya rotundifolia 

Dombeya sp1 

Pterygota macrocarpa 

Pterygota mildbraedii 


Sterculia quinqueloba 

Sterculia tragacantha 

Tecophilaeaceae 

Cyanastrum johnstonii 

Theaceae 

Ficalhoa laurifolia 

Garcinia buchananii 

Garcinia sp1 

Thelypteridaceae 

Christella dentata 

Cyclosorus sp1 

Pseudocyclosorus pulcher 

Thymelaeaceae 

Gnidia microcephala 

Peddiea fischeri 

Tiliaceae 

Corchorus olitorius 

Glyphaea brevis 

Grewia bicolor 

Grewia flavescens 

Grewia forbesii 

Grewia mollis 

Grewia platyclada 

Triumfetta cordifolia 

Triumfetta sp1 

Triumfetta welwitschii 

Ulmaceae 

Celtis africana 

Celtis gomphophylla 

Chaetacme aristata 

Trema orientalis 

Urticaceae 

Boehmeria macrophylla 

Girardinia diversifolia 

Laportea aestuans 

Laportea peduncularis 

Pilea angolensis 

Pilea tetraphylla 

Pouzolzia guineensis 

Verbenaceae 

†Clerodendrum myricoides 

Clerodendrum bukobense 

Clerodendrum poggei 

Clerodendrum schweinfurthii 

Clerodendrum silvanum 

Clerodendrum sinuatum 

Clerodendrum sp2 

Clerodendrum volubile 

Lippia plicata 

Premna mooiensis 


Premna sp1 

Vitex buchananii 

Vitex doniana 

Vitex ferruginea 

Vitex madiensis 

Vitex sp1 

Violaceae 

Rinorea brachypetala 

Rinorea ilicifolia 

Vitaceae 

Ampelocissus abyssinica 

Ampelocissus africana 

Cayratia debilis 

Cayratia gracilis 

Cissus integrifolia 

Cissus migeodii 

Cissus petiolata 

Cissus producta 

Cissus pseudoguerkeana 

Cissus rubiginosa 

Cyphostemma sp2 

Cyphostemma vollesenii 

Rhoicissus sp1 

Rhoicissus sp2 

Rhoicissus tridentata 

Xyridaceae 

Xyris anceps 

Xyris capensis 

Xyris capillaris 

Xyris sp1 

Xyris sp2 

Xyris straminea 

Zingiberaceae 

*Curcuma domestica 

Aframomum alboviolaceum 

Aframomum mala 

Aframomum sp1 

Costus afer 

Costus dubius 

Costus spectabilis 

Renealmia engleri 

Siphonochilus aethiopicus 

Siphonochilus sp1 

unknown 

Anildesma membranaceum 

Neprautanenia mitis 

Ramalina sp1 

Rynchosia luteola 

Rynchosia sp1 

Seamum sp1 



Appendix VIII. Tentative plant species list recorded from three sites in Mahale Mountains 

National Park. Kasoge = 1; Kabezi = 2; Mfitwa = 3. 

Family Genus Species 1 2 3 

Agavaceae Dracaena laxisiima √ 

Annacardiaceae Lannea schimperi √ 

Annacardiaceae Ozoroa mucronota √ √ 

Annonaceae Annona senegalensis √ 

Annonaceae Uvaria welwithschii √ 

Anthericaceae Chlorophytun heinei √ 

Apocynaceae Tabernamontana holstii √ √ 

Apocynaceae Voacanga thoarsii √ 

Araliaceae Polyscias fulva √ √ 

Asclepiadaceae Mondia whytei √ √ 

Asparagaceae Asparagus buchananii √ √ 

Asteraceae Vernonia colorata √ 

Bignoniaceae Spathodea campanulata √ 

Bignoniaceae Steganotaenia araliaceae √ 

Bignoniaceae Stereospermum kunthianum √ √ 

Caesalpiniaceae Brachystegia floribundum √ 

Caesalpiniaceae Brachystegia longifolia √ 

Caesalpiniaceae Brachystegia spiciformis √ 

Caesalpiniaceae Burkea africana √ 

Caesalpiniaceae Julbernardia magistipulata √ 

Caesalpiniaceae Julbernardia paniculata √ 

Caesalpiniaceae Newtonia buchananii √ 

Chrysobalinaceae Parinari curateliifolia √ 

Chrysobalinaceae Parinari excelsa √ √ 

Combretaceae Combretum colinum √ 

Combretaceae Combretum molle √ √ 

Combretaceae Combretum paniculata √ 

Combretaceae Terminalia mollis √ √ 

Compositaceae Mikania scandens √ 

Compositaceae Spiranthes mauritiana √ 

Cyperaceae Cyperus papayrus √ 

Dipterocarpaceae Monotes aristrida √ 

Dracaenaceae Dracaena sp. √ 

Ericaceae Agauria salicifolia √ 

Euphorbiaceae Acalypha chimarica √ 

Euphorbiaceae Acalypha ornate √ 

Euphorbiaceae Acalypha volkensii √ 

Euphorbiaceae Alchomea hirtella √ 

Euphorbiaceae Bridelia micrantha √ √ 

Euphorbiaceae Croton megalobostris √ 

Euphorbiaceae Croton sylvaticus √ 

Euphorbiaceae Fluaggea virosa √ 

Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus guineensis √ 

Euphorbiaceae Uapaca kirkiana √ 

Euphorbiaceae Uapaca nitida √ 

Flacourtiaceae Flacourtia indica √ 

Flacourtiaceae Oncoba spinosa √ 

Guttiferaceae Sporospermum februfuga √ 




Hyperiaceae Harungana madagascariensis √ 

Hyperiaceae Hypericum schimperi √ 

Labiataceae Leonotus nepetifolia √ 

Lobeliaceae Anthocleista sp. √ 

Loganiaceae Nuxia congesta √ 

Loganiaceae Strychnos spinosa √ 

Meliaceae Bersama abyssinica √ 

Meliaceae Trichilia emetica √ √ 

Meliaceae Trichilia sp. √ 

Mimosaceae Acacia campyacantha √ 

Moraceae Ficus capensis √ √ 

Moraceae Ficus thonningii √ √ √ 

Moraceae Myrianthus arboreaus √ 

Moraceae Myrianthus holstii √ √ 

Myricaceae Myrica salicifolia √ 

Myrsicaceae Maesa lanceolata √ 

Myrtaceae Psidium guajava √ 

Myrtaceae Syzygium caminnii √ 

Ochnaceae Ochna holstii √ √ 

Ochnaceae Ochna leptoclada √ 

Olacaceae Ximenia americana √ 

Oleaceae Schrebera alata √ √ 

Palmaceae Phoenix reclinata √ 

Papilionacea Dalbergia bochmii √ 

Papilionacea Desmodium barbatum √ 

Papilionacea Dolichos oliveri √ 

Papilionacea Erythrina abyssinica √ 

Papilionacea Erythrina esetsa √ 

Papilionacea Rhynchosia luteola √ 

Poaceae Imperata cylindricap √ 

Poaceae Olyra latifolia √ 

Poaceae Oxytenanthera abyssinica √ 

Poaceae Sinarundinaria alpinum √ 

Poaceae Themeda triandra √ 

Proteaceae Faurea saligna √ 

Proteaceae Faurea speciosa √ 

Proteaceae Protea gauguedi √ 

Rosaceae Prunus africanus √ 

Rosaceae Rubus pinnata √ 

Rubiaceae Canthium rubrocostatum √ 

Rubiaceae Keetia hispidum √ 

Rubiaceae Keetia zanguebarica √ 

Rubiaceae Oxanthus speciosus √ 

Rubiaceae Psychotria enianeinsis √ 

Rubiaceae Vangueria infausta √ 

Rutaceae Toddalia asiatica √ 

Sapindaceae Allophylus congolanus √ 

Sapindaceae Deinbolia kilimandscharica √ 

Sapindaceae Dodonea viscosa √ 

Sapindaceae Zanha golungensis √ 

Sentalaceae Osyris oblanceolata √ 




Sterculiaceae Sterculia quinqueloba √ √ 

Sterculiaceae Sterculia tragacantha √ √ 

Tiliaceae Triumphetta cordifolia √ 

Verbenaceae Clerodendrum stenanthum √ 

Verbenaceae Premna holstii √ 

Verbenaceae Vitex madiensis √ 

Viataceae Cissus interifolia √ 

Viataceae Rhoisissus tridentata √ 

Zingeberaceae Afromomum arboviolacens √ 

Zingeberaceae Coctus spectabilis √

Biodiversity of Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania | Report ...

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