Biodiversity of Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania | Report ...
Biodiversity of Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania | Report ...
Biodiversity of Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania | Report ...
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<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong><br />
<strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong><br />
<strong>Park</strong>, <strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
David C Moyer<br />
Wildlife Conservation Society<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong> Program<br />
P. O. Box 936<br />
Iringa, <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
wcs@wcs.or.tz
Table <strong>of</strong> Contents<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ ii<br />
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1<br />
2. BACKGROUND................................................................................................................. 2<br />
2.1 <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>................................................................................. 2<br />
2.2 History <strong>of</strong> biological surveys and research in <strong>Mahale</strong>.................................................. 2<br />
2.3 Anthropological History <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Mahale</strong> Peninsula and Hinterland ................................ 3<br />
2.4 The study sites ............................................................................................................ 4<br />
3. MAMMALS ........................................................................................................................ 5<br />
3.1 Methods and sources <strong>of</strong> information ........................................................................... 5<br />
3.2 Results ........................................................................................................................ 5<br />
3.2.1 Transects........................................................................................................... 6<br />
3.2.2 Camera trapping................................................................................................ 7<br />
3.2.3 Bucket pitfalls and live-traps .............................................................................. 7<br />
3.2.4 Direct and indirect incidental observations......................................................... 8<br />
3.3 Discussion................................................................................................................... 9<br />
4. BIRDS ............................................................................................................................... 11<br />
4.1 Methods and sources <strong>of</strong> information ........................................................................... 11<br />
4.2 Results ........................................................................................................................ 11<br />
4.2.1 Point Counts...................................................................................................... 12<br />
4.2.2 Mist-netting........................................................................................................ 13<br />
4.2.3 General observation and audio recording.......................................................... 13<br />
4.2.4 Comments on selected species ......................................................................... 15<br />
4.3 Discussion................................................................................................................... 17<br />
5. REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS.......................................................................................... 19<br />
5.1 Methods and sources <strong>of</strong> information ........................................................................... 19<br />
5.2 Results ........................................................................................................................ 19<br />
5.3 Discussion................................................................................................................... 21<br />
6. PLANTS ............................................................................................................................ 22<br />
6.1 Methods and sources <strong>of</strong> information ........................................................................... 22<br />
6.2 Results ........................................................................................................................ 22<br />
6.3 Discussion................................................................................................................... 22<br />
7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................. 23<br />
7.1 Density estimations ..................................................................................................... 23<br />
7.2 Survey priorities .......................................................................................................... 23<br />
7.3 Monitoring and research priorities ............................................................................... 24<br />
7.4 Conservation priorities................................................................................................. 24<br />
8. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 26<br />
10. APPENDICES ................................................................................................................... 29<br />
I. List <strong>of</strong> Mammals species recorded in <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong> ...................... 29<br />
II. GPS locality and Number <strong>of</strong> Mammals recorded at each camera trap site.................. 32<br />
III. Bird species recorded at three sites in <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong> .................... 34<br />
IV. Bird species recorded in <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong> up to April 2006................ 37<br />
V. Encounter rates for 135 bird species at three sites in <strong>Mahale</strong> Mtns. Nat. Pk............... 47<br />
VI. Preliminary list <strong>of</strong> the Reptiles <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>............................. 50<br />
VII. List <strong>of</strong> plant species know from <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong> ............................... 51<br />
VIII. Tentative plant species list from three sites in <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>........ 64<br />
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<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
Support for this fieldwork was provided by TANAPA, the <strong>Mahale</strong> Ecosystem Management<br />
Project (EU), Frankfurt Zoological Society, the Wildlife Conservation Society, the US Fish and<br />
Wildlife Service, Mr. Gary Fink, the Hosford Foundation, the MacArthur Foundation. Thanks<br />
go to Inyasi Lejora and Hassan Mohamed for facilitating permissions and logistics and to<br />
Adam and Emma Wilcox, Markus Borner, Grant Hopcraft, Karen Laurenson, and Simon<br />
Thurgood for their help in setting up this survey and providing information. A special word <strong>of</strong><br />
thanks to Zoe Balmforth and Magnus Mosha for organizing logistics and generally making<br />
sure that all the details were taken care <strong>of</strong>. Thanks to the field team for all their hard work<br />
and dedication in the face <strong>of</strong> what sometimes appeared to be insurmountable mountains –<br />
Zoe Balmforth, Magnus Mosha, Elia Mulungu, Sammy Sikombe, Hamlet Mugabe, Boniface<br />
Muhoro, Chediel Mrisha and Zawadi Mbwambo all worked very hard to collect the data.<br />
Roland Purcel and Nomad Safaris provided logistical support, transport for the field team, and<br />
accommodation. I am very grateful for their help. Thanks to Teena and Steve John for their<br />
support and interest in the fieldwork and for their contribution <strong>of</strong> data. Toshisada Nishida<br />
provided data and copies <strong>of</strong> research papers and reports, and answered many questions<br />
about the flora and fauna <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong>. Staffan Ulfstrand and Martin Walsh were very helpful in<br />
tracking down old literature. Crispin Mwinuka lent his only copy <strong>of</strong> the JICA feasibility study<br />
for <strong>Mahale</strong> and James Wakibara answered questions about the problem <strong>of</strong> exotic species<br />
and provided literature about that issue. Doug and Magdalena Braum provided photos <strong>of</strong><br />
Jameson’s Mamba confirming the identification <strong>of</strong> this species. Thanks also to the staff at<br />
Kang’wena, the Bilenge Social Welfare Centre, Kasiha Ranger Post and <strong>Park</strong> Headquarters<br />
for their help in many ways.<br />
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1. INTRODUCTION<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
This work was undertaken as part <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> Ecosystem Management Project.<br />
The main goal was to provide a baseline inventory <strong>of</strong> 5 taxa from <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong><br />
<strong>Park</strong> – birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and plants - and to collect data on species<br />
distribution and relative abundance (where possible). Data for this inventory were collected in<br />
the field and collated from all available records, both published and unpublished<br />
Fieldwork was carried out from 21 October to 27 November 2005 and 6-12 February 2006.<br />
Field survey camps were established at three localities. The first was at Kabanda (Flycatcher<br />
campsite) in Kasoge forest, the second along the Kabezi River, and the third on the <strong>Mahale</strong><br />
Ridge just south <strong>of</strong> Mfitwa Mt.<br />
Eighteen transects totalling 57,140 m were marked out and surveyed. Transects were used<br />
to survey plants, birds and larger mammals and a variety <strong>of</strong> other methods were used to<br />
survey small mammals, reptiles and amphibians. The goal <strong>of</strong> the systematic surveys was to<br />
generate semi-quantitative data on encounter rates for the commoner mammal species,<br />
relative abundance data for the birds, as well as species composition for plants.<br />
Mammals were surveyed systematically along transects and birds and plants were sampled<br />
at points every 250m. Opportunistic observations were collected for birds and mammals to<br />
supplement transect and point counts, and a series <strong>of</strong> camera traps were deployed to detect<br />
the more cryptic and nocturnal mammal species. These data were combined to generate site<br />
lists for each locality. Bird data were supplemented by systematic mist-netting at the Mfitwa<br />
locality.<br />
Plant species were samples through general collections <strong>of</strong> fertile material and through sample<br />
plots laid out along transects. Small mammals, reptiles and amphibians were sampled<br />
opportunistically and using bucket pitfall lines, Sherman live-traps, Tomahawk live-traps,<br />
cryptic searching and calling male surveys.<br />
Providing a complete inventory <strong>of</strong> all 5 taxa is an enormous undertaking and fieldwork will<br />
continue for many years before this task is complete. Nevertheless, good progress has been<br />
made. At present about 85% <strong>of</strong> the bird species and 70% <strong>of</strong> the mammal species likely to<br />
occur in the park have been found. Further work on these two groups remains to be done in<br />
the large areas <strong>of</strong> Miombo Woodland in the east and south and in the mid-elevation forests<br />
between 1200–1800 m. Good progress has also been made on the inventory <strong>of</strong> plants in<br />
<strong>Mahale</strong> but there is still a lot <strong>of</strong> general collecting to be done.<br />
In this report, lists <strong>of</strong> species know to occur in <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong> will be<br />
presented, together with the semi-quantitative data collected during the field work. Gaps in<br />
the data will be highlighted and recommendations made for future surveys, monitoring and<br />
research activities.<br />
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2. BACKGROUND<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
2.1 MAHALE MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK<br />
<strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong> was declared in 1985 and covers an area <strong>of</strong> 1613 km 2<br />
(Anonymous 1980, Nishida 1990). Of this area, just over 1500 km 2 is terrestrial and 96km 2 is<br />
aquatic, covering the portion along the shore <strong>of</strong> Lake Tanganyika and extending 1.6 km (1<br />
mile) into the lake.<br />
The most obvious physical feature <strong>of</strong> the park is Nkungwe Mountain, the highest peak along<br />
the eastern shore <strong>of</strong> Lake Tanganyika. Nkungwe has always attracted attention, and nearly<br />
all early travellers passing the area wrote about it (Cameron & Markham 1875, Kirschstein<br />
1937, O’Hagen 1940, Moreau 1943, Grant 1948, Procter 1958, Nishida 1990 and references<br />
therein). However, long before any <strong>of</strong> these European explorers ever visited this area,<br />
Nkungwe Mt. was venerated as the seat <strong>of</strong> a powerful but benevolent paramount spirit<br />
Nkungwe (sometimes also referred to as Mulangwa) (Hatchell 1928, 1941, Kirschstein 1937).<br />
This long tradition <strong>of</strong> spirit worship continues to the present day.<br />
The exact height <strong>of</strong> Nkungwe peak is difficult to establish from the literature. Claude Grant,<br />
who surveyed the area in the 1930s gives it as 2597 m. Nishida (1990) gives a height <strong>of</strong><br />
2460 m, whereas Kano (1990) gives it as 2520 m. From the contours on the Buhingu<br />
topographical sheet the elevation appears to be just over 2520 m (Government <strong>of</strong> <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
1980a). However, the topo sheets covering <strong>Mahale</strong> are not totally accurate in areas with very<br />
steep terrain. The exact height remains to be fixed using a GPS receiver.<br />
After Nkungwe, the most striking feature <strong>of</strong> the park is Lake Tanganyika. At more than 673<br />
km long this Africa’s longest and deepest (1470 m) lake and the second deepest lake in the<br />
world (Wikipedia 2006). Lake levels have fluctuated considerably since early explorers first<br />
mapped the shoreline <strong>of</strong> Lake Tanganyika (Cameron & Markham 1875, Grant 1935, 1949).<br />
This was because <strong>of</strong> the periodic natural blocking <strong>of</strong> the outlet at the Lukugu River on the<br />
Congo side <strong>of</strong> the lake. The last decline in level was probably spread out over a number <strong>of</strong><br />
years as evidenced from the several obvious beach layers between the old high water mark<br />
and the present level along the shoreline <strong>of</strong> the national park. When Cameron passed<br />
through this area, Kibwesa point at the southwest corner <strong>of</strong> the park was an island, and he<br />
sailed through a channel 300 m wide between it and the mainland (Cameron and Markham<br />
1875).<br />
Detailed descriptions <strong>of</strong> the vegetation and physiognomy <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
have been published and will not be repeated here (see especially Nishida 1990 and<br />
references therein). The main habitat covering the park is Miombo (Zambesian) woodland,<br />
but there are also extensive stands <strong>of</strong> lowland and highland bamboo, grassland, bushland,<br />
montane forest, lowland forest and aquatic habitats distributed across the park.<br />
2.2 HISTORY OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEYS AND RESEARCH IN MAHALE<br />
Biological surveys in <strong>Mahale</strong> began in the 1940’s when R. E. Moreau sent his field assistant,<br />
Salimu Asumani, to collect birds in this area (Moreau 1941, 1943). A total <strong>of</strong> 600 specimens<br />
were collected from around the <strong>Mahale</strong> ecosystem <strong>of</strong> which 15 were new forms (subspecies).<br />
Sometime later, Moreau (1950) produced a summary <strong>of</strong> ornithological research in <strong>Tanzania</strong>,<br />
and a fairly comprehensive bibliography up to 1950. From this, it is obvious that very little<br />
ornithological research took place in the <strong>Mahale</strong> area over the next sixteen years. In 1958<br />
and 1959, two biological and anthropological research expeditions from Oxford University<br />
visited <strong>Mahale</strong>. General reports on these surveys were published by Davis (1959), Juniper<br />
(1959), and Simkin & Juniper (1961) (cited in Nishida 1990). Several other papers were<br />
published on these surveys covering specific groups (see Nishida 1990 and references<br />
therein).<br />
This research greatly increased knowledge about biodiversity and zoogeography <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong>,<br />
but both expeditions were short term and exploratory in scope. In the late 1950’s, and<br />
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<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
throughout the 1960s, the Kyoto University Africa Primatological Expedition (KUAPE) worked<br />
to establish a permanent research presence in <strong>Mahale</strong> with a focus on chimpanzees. Their<br />
success led to one <strong>of</strong> the longest running field research projects in existence. This work<br />
continues today led by Pr<strong>of</strong>. Toshisada Nishida, through collaboration between the <strong>Mahale</strong><br />
<strong>Mountains</strong> Wildlife Research Centre and the Tokyo Ape Expedition to Africa (Nishida 1990).<br />
A detailed summary <strong>of</strong> work done by Japanese researchers on chimpanzees and other biota,<br />
and a comprehensive bibliography <strong>of</strong> published research on terrestrial and aquatic<br />
biodiversity in <strong>Mahale</strong>, is provided by Pr<strong>of</strong>. Nishida (1990). This book is a good starting place<br />
for anyone planning a field research project in <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>.<br />
2.3 ANTHROPOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE MAHALE PENINSULA AND HINTERLAND<br />
The anthropological history <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Mahale</strong> peninsula and hinterland is one <strong>of</strong> successive<br />
waves <strong>of</strong> immigration from across the lake in Congo, south from the Malagarasi River basin<br />
and north from Ufipa and northern Zambia (Hatchel 1941). In most cases, the immigrants<br />
either conquered or absorbed the inhabitants that they found in the area.<br />
Up to 1974 the Baholoholo or Wasowa people inhabited many parts <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Mahale</strong> Peninsula.<br />
These people came from what is now the Democratic Republic <strong>of</strong> Congo 16 generations ago,<br />
having been driven out by the Wemba tribe who were being driven north by the Angoni. The<br />
Baholoholo drove the original inhabitants, the Wamahare (Wanyakungwe) from the lake<br />
shore up into the <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> and later on, absorbed them entirely (Hatchel 1941).<br />
The area to the south and east <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> from the Lubugwe to Karema and inland to Katavi,<br />
was formerly know as Ubende or Ukabende. The people <strong>of</strong> this area originated from Congo<br />
or came south from the Malagarasi Valley (Hatchel 1928). The area north <strong>of</strong> Ubende and<br />
east <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> was known as Tongwe. The Waganza and Wagalawa who also came across<br />
the lake from Congo around the same time as the Baholoholo inhabited this.<br />
In 1925 when the British Administration established governmental control over Tongwe and<br />
Ubende, there were dozens <strong>of</strong> small chieftainships in the area and no cohesive tribal identity.<br />
This has changed considerably, and today the Baholoholo, Waganza and Wagalawa speak a<br />
common language know as Tongwe and are collectively know as the Watongwe. However,<br />
dialectal differences are still evident in slightly different names and/or pronunciations used for<br />
animals and plants in disparate parts <strong>of</strong> Mpanda and Kigoma districts inhabited by Tongwe<br />
speaking people.<br />
Many parts <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong> were once inhabited and under cultivation<br />
and, nowhere does one have to look far to find the evidence <strong>of</strong> this. The Kasoge Forest was<br />
formerly covered in cultivation and evidence <strong>of</strong> this can be seen in the old cultivation mounds<br />
on the flatter ground. Many exotic and cultivated plants remain in Kasoge to this day. The<br />
most obvious are oil palm, mango, guava, lemon, sisal and the invasive Senna. The Senna<br />
has become the focus <strong>of</strong> an eradication campaign by <strong>Tanzania</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>s (Wakibara and<br />
Mnaya 2002).<br />
In the 1960’s there were at least 5 hamlets in the eastern areas <strong>of</strong> the park. Ilumbi was<br />
located at the source <strong>of</strong> the Kabezi, Ntondo was further down along the ridge from Ilumbi to<br />
the present day village <strong>of</strong> Mgambo, Ujamba was on the western side <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Mahale</strong> Ridge at<br />
2000m, and Kasangazi was on the path from Ujamba to Kapala on the shore <strong>of</strong> Lake<br />
Tanganyika (Itani 1990).<br />
Indirect and direct evidence <strong>of</strong> cultivation is obvious in the mosaic <strong>of</strong> habitats along the<br />
<strong>Mahale</strong> Ridge between Wamasuku and Burungu peaks and in the southern and eastern<br />
sectors. Itani (1990) postulates that areas <strong>of</strong> the park covered by lowland bamboo<br />
(Oxytenanthera abyssinica) and montane bamboo (Sinarundinaria alpinum) are secondary<br />
following past clearing <strong>of</strong> woodland and forest for cultivation. Whereas, this is likely in<br />
highland areas covered by montane bamboo, it is more likely to be related to edaphic factors<br />
at medium and lower altitudes covered in Oxytenanthera bamboo. Generally, traditional<br />
Chitemele slash-and-burn cultivation <strong>of</strong> finger millet in Miombo woodland is non-intensive and<br />
shifting. Poor soils under this vegetation type do not allow intensive agriculture leading to a<br />
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<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
long-term change in vegetation cover. Therefore, cultivated areas in Miombo tend to<br />
regenerate to the original vegetation type because living rootstock and stumps facilitate rapid<br />
re-growth <strong>of</strong> trees from coppice.<br />
In areas covered by evergreen forest, clearing and cultivation cause much longer--term<br />
changes. These will pass through several stages <strong>of</strong> succession before regenerating to forest.<br />
Itani (1990) states that fields abandoned for over 50 years were still covered in bracken fern<br />
and Hyparrhenia grasses and showed little sign <strong>of</strong> forest regeneration. It may be that in<br />
current climatic conditions, and with periodic wildfires, areas cleared <strong>of</strong> montane forest in the<br />
past will never regenerate to their original condition without active management intervention.<br />
Much evidence <strong>of</strong> past intensive hunting activities can be seen in the many pitfall traps<br />
throughout the highland forests. It may be that the present low numbers <strong>of</strong> animals in the<br />
park is a reflection <strong>of</strong> this, and that sufficient time has not yet elapsed to allow recovery <strong>of</strong> the<br />
large mammal populations. However, Grant (1949) and Itani (1990) mention the very low<br />
densities <strong>of</strong> large mammals in this area as early as the 1930’s. So other factors, such as<br />
blocking <strong>of</strong> dispersal and migration corridors may be slowing down the recovery <strong>of</strong> ungulate<br />
populations.<br />
2.4 THE STUDY SITES<br />
Fieldwork for this survey was carried out at three sites, Kasoge, Kabezi and Mfitwa. These<br />
sites were very in different habitats to maximize the number <strong>of</strong> species recorded.<br />
Kasoge<br />
Camp was established at Kabanda (Flycatcher camp) on the shore <strong>of</strong> Lake Tanganyika<br />
(S6°9’53”–E29°44’21”, 780m). Large parts <strong>of</strong> Kasoge forest are secondary. These are<br />
covered in regenerating lowland forest on relatively flat (for <strong>Mahale</strong>) ground. Forest on<br />
steeper slopes, and north <strong>of</strong> Kabanda, was in much better condition but still contained large<br />
areas <strong>of</strong> thicket indicative <strong>of</strong> clearing for cultivation in the past. To the south <strong>of</strong> Kasoge, and<br />
on some ridges near the lake, the forest gave way to Miombo woodland. Stands <strong>of</strong> ‘matete’,<br />
Phragmites mauritanius and ‘elephant grass’, Pennisetum purpureum are found along the<br />
lakeshore and some <strong>of</strong> the larger streams running through Kasoge. Access was by boat from<br />
park HQ at Bilenge.<br />
Kabezi<br />
The Kabezi site was in riverine forest along the Kabezi River and about 14 km SE <strong>of</strong> the<br />
airstrip at Kalolwa (S6°6’47”–E29°49’54”, 1180m). Access was a 6-hour walk from Kalolwa<br />
along the Kabezi Ridge. Habitat at Kabezi was diverse but most <strong>of</strong> the area was covered in<br />
mature Miombo woodland. There was riverine forest along the Kabezi and on many <strong>of</strong> the<br />
smaller streams that flow into the Kabezi from the <strong>Mahale</strong> Ridge and the Kabezi Ridge. To<br />
the southeast <strong>of</strong> the camp, and in parts <strong>of</strong> the Kabezi Ridge, there were extensive stands <strong>of</strong><br />
Solid-stemmed bamboo, Oxytenanthera abyssinica. (This species appears throughout the<br />
miombo zone as constituent <strong>of</strong> the understory, but in the <strong>Mahale</strong> ecosystem, it forms pure<br />
stands that cover hundreds <strong>of</strong> square kilometres in some places.) Higher up on the <strong>Mahale</strong><br />
Ridge the miombo gives way to tall montane grassland dominated by Hyparrhenia sp., and<br />
Themeda triandra with scattered Protea gauguedi, Erythrina abyssinica, Cusonia arborea and<br />
isolated Parinari curatelifolia.<br />
Mfitwa<br />
The Mfitwa site was in montane forest on the SE side <strong>of</strong> Mfitwa Peak (S6°7’54"–E29°47’38”,<br />
2440m). Access to this area from Kabezi is on overgrown game trails running up the ridge<br />
between Sibindi and Mfitwa, or along the ridge running up from Kabezi to Sisaga. The<br />
distance is not far but this is a very difficult and steep climb with no water along the way once<br />
the smaller tributaries <strong>of</strong> the Kabezi have been crossed. There are extensive areas <strong>of</strong><br />
montane grassland along the <strong>Mahale</strong> ridge. The dominant species there is a tussock grass<br />
that is very difficult to walk through except along game trails. The montane forest is mature<br />
and reaches a height <strong>of</strong> 30 m in sheltered valleys. Most <strong>of</strong> the forest understory is dominated<br />
by nearly impenetrable stands <strong>of</strong> montane bamboo, Sinarundinaria alpinum, but some areas<br />
have a diverse understory with species <strong>of</strong> Dracaena, Piper, and Psychotria dominating.<br />
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3. MAMMALS<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
3.1 METHODS AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION<br />
At each site, mammal lists were compiled from direct observations, from vocalizations heard,<br />
from field signs (Aardvark holes, elephant dung, etc.), from photos taken by camera traps,<br />
and from individuals caught in traps. These data supplemented transects data to produce the<br />
total site list.<br />
During transects observations were recorded <strong>of</strong> every visual contact with a mammal. Indirect<br />
evidence <strong>of</strong> an animal’s presence was also recorded for chimpanzees (nests), elephants,<br />
bushpigs, warthogs, and buffalo (dung piles). For every observation (contact) along a<br />
transect, the following data were recorded:<br />
- Time<br />
- Species<br />
- Age (dung, nests, etc.)<br />
- Perpendicular distance from the transect line when first seen<br />
- Group Size<br />
- GPS position (three dimensions)<br />
- Estimated GPS Position Error<br />
- Habitat type<br />
Pitfall trap lines were set using 11 plastic buckets set flush with the ground at intervals <strong>of</strong> 5 m<br />
(Davies & H<strong>of</strong>fman 2002). A drift fence <strong>of</strong> plastic sheeting material was placed along a line<br />
running through the middle <strong>of</strong> each bucket and extending 5 m beyond the first and last<br />
buckets in the line.<br />
Sherman trap lines were set in both montane forest and in montane grassland. In both<br />
habitats the number <strong>of</strong> traps and trapping effort was identical – 40 traps were set along<br />
transects with one trap placed every 10 m and marked with flagging tape. These were baited<br />
with peanut butter and small pieces <strong>of</strong> fresh fried coconut and each trap line was run<br />
continuously for three days. Traps in which small mammals were caught were emptied and<br />
reset daily. Transects were not run in straight lines but followed an elevational contour in the<br />
forest. In the montane grassland, the traps were set to one side <strong>of</strong> a game trail running along<br />
a ridge. These were placed 2 – 3 m <strong>of</strong>f the trail under bushes and other sheltered spots to<br />
keep them out <strong>of</strong> direct sunlight and rain. A few Tomahawk live traps were also set at<br />
Kasoge and Kabezi. These were baited with boiled egg and dried fish (Lake Tanganyika<br />
Sardine, Limnothrissa miodon or Ndagaa). Trap success was very low with only one Bushytailed<br />
Mongoose caught, and the use <strong>of</strong> these was discontinued.<br />
Camera traps were set along game trails, at middens, and in any other places likely to<br />
capture photos <strong>of</strong> passing animals. These were left in place for as long as possible, but<br />
certain trapping stations likely to experience heavy animal traffic, were checked during the<br />
interval to determine if film rolls needed to be changed.<br />
3.2 RESULTS<br />
A total <strong>of</strong> 51 species <strong>of</strong> mammals were recorded during this survey. Nine species were first<br />
records for <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong> and the total park list now stands at 82<br />
(Appendix I).<br />
The mammal list for <strong>Mahale</strong> was compiled from several sources. The earliest was based on<br />
the long-term field studies by Japanese researchers and published in the feasibility report for<br />
the proposed <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong> (Anon. 1980). Nishida (1990) updated this list<br />
and new records <strong>of</strong> small mammals were given by Stanley (2004).<br />
The situation <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> encompassing both widespread Zambesian (Miombo) woodland,<br />
Albertine Rift forests and montane grasslands give it a unique assemblage <strong>of</strong> species.<br />
Several records from this survey served to confirm the strong zoogeographical linkages to<br />
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forests <strong>of</strong> the Albertine Rift and Congo Basin. The most surprising was the confirmation <strong>of</strong><br />
Giant Pangolin from Kasoge. Camera traps took a number <strong>of</strong> photos <strong>of</strong> this species and<br />
scale counts confirmed the identity. Nishida (1990) also lists Ground Pangolin as being<br />
recorded from <strong>Mahale</strong>, making this the only national park in <strong>Tanzania</strong> where two species <strong>of</strong><br />
pangolin have been found.<br />
A small genet with noticeably small ears was seen in montane forest at Mfitwa during the<br />
survey. It was not possible to identify this species and it may well be that it will turn out to be<br />
an undescribed form.<br />
A dwarf bushbaby, Galagoides sp., was also found in the montane forest at Mfitwa at 2440m<br />
and on Pasagulu at 1490 m. This species was first seen and heard 60 km ENE <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> in<br />
the Sitebe-Sifuta <strong>Mountains</strong> in August 2005 (Moyer in press). Recordings were made <strong>of</strong> its<br />
calls and it has been preliminarily identified as a Grant’s galago, G. granti. However, strong<br />
Albertine Rift affinities <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong>, and the uncertainty surrounding the taxonomy <strong>of</strong> the dwarf<br />
bushbabies, make it equally likely that this is an undescribed form, or an Albertine Rift<br />
species hitherto unrecorded in <strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
Finally, a very small (4–5 g) shrew was found in the montane forest and grassland on Mfitwa.<br />
Identification <strong>of</strong> montane shrews is very difficult and must be done by specialists. However,<br />
this shrew appears to represent another new species for <strong>Mahale</strong>. Confirmation <strong>of</strong> this has to<br />
await the outcome <strong>of</strong> further museum-based research.<br />
3.2.1 Transects<br />
Twelve mammal species were recorded during the transect counts from all localities<br />
combined (Table 1). The presence <strong>of</strong> two <strong>of</strong> these, elephant and buffalo, was indirect<br />
evidence from dung piles. In addition, chimpanzee nests and calls were recorded separately.<br />
Chimp nests and elephant dung piles were very common along transects at Kabezi, whereas,<br />
Red colobus and Red-tailed monkey were the most commonly recorded mammal along<br />
transects at Kasoge. The lowest diversity was found at Mfitwa where only three species <strong>of</strong><br />
mammals were recorded during transects. However, the encounter rate for Blue monkey at<br />
Mfitwa was the highest <strong>of</strong> any <strong>of</strong> the sites (Table1).<br />
Table 1<br />
Mammal encounter rates and relative abundance along transects at three sites in<br />
<strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>.<br />
Animal<br />
Number <strong>of</strong> contacts/km Number <strong>of</strong> animals/km<br />
KABEZI KASOGE MFITWA KABEZI KASOGE MFITWA<br />
Banded Mongoose 0.04 0.12<br />
Bat (not identified) 0.04 0.04<br />
Blue Duiker 0.20 0.16 0.24 0.16<br />
Blue Monkey 0.08 0.32 0.08 0.65<br />
Buffalo dung 0.12 0.12<br />
Bushbuck 0.12 0.12<br />
Chimp calls 0.04 0.08<br />
Chimp nests 1.08 0.80 4.92 2.80<br />
Chimpanzees 0.12 0.32<br />
Elephant dung 4.50 4.50<br />
Red Colobus 0.04 0.32 0.16 0.04 7.33 0.65<br />
Red-legged Sun Squirrel 0.08 0.08<br />
Red-tailed Monkey 0.04 0.36 0.12 3.41<br />
Warthog 0.04 0.16<br />
Yellow Baboon 0.04 0.08 0.08 0.72<br />
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3.2.2 Camera Trapping<br />
Camera trapping proved to be much more successful than transects at detecting cryptic and<br />
nocturnal species. Twenty-four species were recorded by camera traps set at 65 stations in<br />
three sites over 646 Trap Days (Table 2, 3, Appendix II).<br />
The combined total <strong>of</strong> species recorded by transects and camera traps was 30, or 36% <strong>of</strong> the<br />
mammal species know to occur in <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>. These two methods are<br />
designed for very different applications, however there was quite a bit <strong>of</strong> overlap, and the<br />
camera traps recorded 50% <strong>of</strong> the species found on the transects. Species found on the<br />
transects, but not in the camera trap sampling were arboreal monkeys, a squirrel and buffalo,<br />
an animal that is only seasonally present in the areas surveyed.<br />
Table 2<br />
Camera Trap-Days at <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
Date (2005) Location No. Cameras Trap Days<br />
21Oct – 4 Nov Kasoge 36 341<br />
5–11 November Kabezi 20 262<br />
15–22 November Mfitwa 8 43<br />
TOTAL 64 646<br />
The number <strong>of</strong> photos <strong>of</strong> each particular animal provides a rough measure <strong>of</strong> relative<br />
abundance. However, these data should be interpreted with caution. It is possible that some<br />
species were photographed multiple times by the same camera. For instance, if a camera<br />
were set in an area encompassing the daily activity patterns <strong>of</strong> a Blue duiker, the same<br />
individual would be photographed multiple times. Whereas, another animal living in the same<br />
area, with a similar overall density but different activity patterns, may have been<br />
photographed only once. This method is very useful where individual recognition is possible<br />
and, over the long term, may be the only viable method estimating the minimum numbers <strong>of</strong><br />
cryptic species such as leopards.<br />
3.2.3 Bucket pitfalls and live-traps<br />
Bucket pitfall traps were not very successful in capturing small mammals because <strong>of</strong> very dry<br />
weather during most <strong>of</strong> the survey. None were captured at Kasoge and very few at Kabezi<br />
and Mfitwa. For the amount <strong>of</strong> effort involved in setting these, the return was extremely small<br />
in terms <strong>of</strong> numbers. Nevertheless, the bucket pitfall lines did add three species <strong>of</strong> shrew to<br />
the survey species list. At least two <strong>of</strong> these, a Crocidura sp. from Kabezi and a tiny shrew<br />
from Mfitwa were additions to the park list. So, even with very poor trap success, this method<br />
made a significant contribution to the survey.<br />
The pitfall line set in montane forest from 18–20 November 2005 had 33 total trap nights with<br />
a success rate <strong>of</strong> 3%. The pitfall line set in montane grassland from 21–23 November was<br />
the most successful with four Dendromus nyikae and four <strong>of</strong> a tiny shrew species captured.<br />
The overall trap success rate was 24.2% with 33 trap nights. The trapline start and end<br />
points at Mfitwa were as follow:<br />
Forest pitfall start - S6.13715, E29.80088<br />
Forest pitfall end - S6.13747, E29.80134<br />
Grassland pitfall start - S6.14005, E29.80250<br />
Grassland pitfall end - S6.14003, E29.80294<br />
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Table 3<br />
Mammal species and number <strong>of</strong> photos recorded by camera traps set at three localities<br />
<strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>.<br />
Species Kasoge Kabezi Mfitwa Combined<br />
Aardvark 4 6 10<br />
African civet 2 4 6<br />
African clawless Otter 2 2<br />
African elephant 22 22<br />
Blue duiker 149 23 4 176<br />
Blue monkey 1 1<br />
Bush duiker 15 15<br />
Bushbuck 12 65 2 79<br />
Bushpig 103 18 2 123<br />
Bushy-tailed mongoose 31 10 41<br />
Chimpanzee 43 7 50<br />
Crested porcupine 11 11<br />
Giant pangolin 3 4 7<br />
Giant pouched rat 7 9 16<br />
Hippopotamus 6 6<br />
Large spotted genet 3 13 1 17<br />
Leopard 16 2 18<br />
Serval 1 1<br />
Slender mongoose 1 1<br />
Spotted hyena 5 5<br />
Tree porcupine 1 1<br />
White-tailed mongoose 1 1<br />
Warthog 4 4<br />
Yellow baboon 44 2 46<br />
Total No. Species 19 16 5 24<br />
Results from the Sherman live-trap survey were quite good. A total <strong>of</strong> 37 animals were<br />
captured in 240 trap nights (Table 4). The overall success rate was 15.4% – 17.5% for the<br />
montane forest and 14.2% for the montane grassland. At least eight species were added to<br />
the survey list, two <strong>of</strong> these were new for the park. It may be that the collection <strong>of</strong> Praomys<br />
from the forest will prove to be <strong>of</strong> two species but final identification has not yet been made.<br />
3.2.4 Direct and indirect incidental observations<br />
The number <strong>of</strong> mammal species recorded during this survey was 51. Indirect observations <strong>of</strong><br />
species not found during systematic surveys contributed 1 record, or 25.5% to this total.<br />
These were mostly arboreal, nocturnal, or low-density species that were see or heard<br />
opportunistically while in camp, at night or during walks between survey sites. Six <strong>of</strong> the<br />
species recorded in this manner were first records for <strong>Mahale</strong>. Two <strong>of</strong> these, a dwarf galago<br />
and a very small forest genet, have not been identified yet and may be un-described forms or<br />
major range extensions <strong>of</strong> know species.<br />
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Species recorded by indirect and opportunistic observations during this survey were the<br />
following:<br />
1 Angola Pied Colobus, Colobus angolensis<br />
2 dwarf galago, Galagoides sp.<br />
3 Greater galago, Otolemur crassicaudatus<br />
4 Singing fruit bat, Epomops franqueti<br />
5 Epauletted fruit bat, Epomophorus labiatus<br />
6 Evening Bat, Scotoecus alb<strong>of</strong>uscus<br />
7 Chequered elephant shrew, Rhynchocyon cirnei<br />
8 African giant squirrel, Protoxerus stangeri<br />
9 Common blesmol, Cryptomys hottentotus<br />
10 Dwarf mongoose, Helogale parvula<br />
11 small forest genet, Genetta sp.<br />
12 Bush hyrax, Heterohyrax brucei<br />
13 Southern Tree hyrax, Dendrohyrax arboreus<br />
3.3 DISCUSSION<br />
The record <strong>of</strong> Weyn’s Duiker, Cephalophus callipygius weynsi was made by Viv Wilson in the<br />
1960s during fieldwork in <strong>Mahale</strong> (Wilson 2001). This was published only recently, and it is<br />
not clear from the description <strong>of</strong> this species range in Kingdon (1997) whether he thought that<br />
it occurred in <strong>Tanzania</strong>. Wilson (2001) cites a record by Rodgers and Swai (1988) <strong>of</strong> this<br />
species from Gombe Stream <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>, but either this record is unconfirmed, or was<br />
overlooked by Kingdon (1997).<br />
Table 4<br />
Mammal species captured in Sherman live-traps in montane forest and<br />
grassland at Mfitwa, <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong> in November 2005.<br />
Montane Forest / bamboo<br />
Species 18 th 19 th 20 th Total<br />
Hylomyscus sp. 3 2 7 12<br />
Praomys sp. 3 2 4 9<br />
Total 6 4 11 21<br />
Montane Grassland<br />
Species 21 st 22 nd 23 rd Total<br />
Dendromus nyikae 1 1<br />
Leminiscomys rosalia 1 4 3 8<br />
Leminiscomys striatus 1 1<br />
Lophuromys flavopunctatus 1 1 2<br />
Otomys sp. 1 1 1 3<br />
Praomys sp. 1 1 2<br />
Total 6 6 5 17<br />
The mammal list for <strong>Mahale</strong> is now at about 70–80% <strong>of</strong> a projected total. There are very few<br />
large mammals remaining to be found there, possibly including Greater kudu, Southern or<br />
Mountain reedbuck, and Harvey’s duiker. Smaller mammals not yet recorded but that almost<br />
certainly occur in <strong>Mahale</strong>, include Marsh Mongoose, Atilax paludinosus and Smith’s red rock<br />
hare, Pronolagus rupestris among others. By far the greatest number <strong>of</strong> unrecorded<br />
mammals will be bats, rodents and insectivores. Accumulation <strong>of</strong> new mammal records for<br />
the park will probably level out at around 115 – 120 species.<br />
There are 402 species <strong>of</strong> mammals that have been recorded so far in the Albertine Rift<br />
protected areas (Kityo 2003). This represents about 39% <strong>of</strong> all mammal species in Africa and<br />
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34 <strong>of</strong> these are endemic to the Altbertine Rift (Kityo 2003). It is too early in the survey<br />
process to make an assessment <strong>of</strong> the relative position <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> in richness and importance<br />
when compared to the other Albertine Rift protected areas. There are likely to be new<br />
species <strong>of</strong> shrews described that will be strict endemics, and other species <strong>of</strong> rodents and<br />
bats found that are more widespread in the rift.<br />
At least one species <strong>of</strong> large mammal, the Black rhinoceros, has been extirpated from the<br />
park. Although no records <strong>of</strong> this species were found for <strong>Mahale</strong>, the local Tongwe people<br />
have a name for it, Pela, and it almost certainly occurred in the past.<br />
Little is know about the Murid rodents from <strong>Mahale</strong>. It is very likely that there are two species<br />
<strong>of</strong> Praomys in the montane forest. However, it will be very difficult to assign names to these<br />
forest-dwelling forms until further museum work is complete. Morphological and DNA<br />
comparisons must be made to specimens from the other Albertine Rift forests and from the<br />
southern highlands and Eastern Arc forests <strong>of</strong> <strong>Tanzania</strong>, before conclusive statements can be<br />
made about identifications. This situation is the same for shrews and it will be at least a year<br />
before any further information on species level identification is forthcoming. This work will be<br />
completed in collaboration with Bill Stanley from the Field Museum <strong>of</strong> Natural History,<br />
Chicago.<br />
Another group that would repay closer attention is the squirrels. The identity <strong>of</strong> the African<br />
Giant Squirrel is not in doubt, but the species referred to as Red-legged Sun Squirrel,<br />
Heliosciurus rufobrachium, should be looked at carefully. There are other red-legged forms<br />
that could be confused with this species, such as the Fire-footed Rope Squirrel, Funisciururs<br />
pyrropus. It may well be that both forms are found in <strong>Mahale</strong>. Also, there are probably at<br />
least two forms <strong>of</strong> bush squirrel in <strong>Mahale</strong>. Loveridge (1933) records Smith’s Bush Squirrel,<br />
Paraxerus cepapi, from the lakeshore at Kasanga (south <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong>), and it is likely to be fond<br />
in Miombo woodland in the park. Another species to look for in the riverine forests and<br />
thickets will be Boehm’s Squirrel, Paraxerus boehmi. Researchers should thoroughly review<br />
field guide accounts <strong>of</strong> these species before going into the field so they are aware <strong>of</strong><br />
distinguishing characters to look for when squirrels are encountered.<br />
There were very few sightings <strong>of</strong> squirrels in montane forest at Mfitwa. Elia Mulungu saw<br />
only one, a medium-sized non-descript species in gallery forest extending from Mfitwa down<br />
into a deeply incised valley on the eastern slope <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Mahale</strong> ridge. It was not seen well<br />
enough to identify it. It may be that squirrels are more active and vocal at other times <strong>of</strong> the<br />
year and a dry season survey may well turn up more species.<br />
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4. BIRDS<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
4.1 METHODS AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION<br />
Several quantitative and qualitative methods were used for the bird surveys to build up as<br />
complete a species list as possible for each site and for <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>.<br />
This allowed comparisons <strong>of</strong> overall species composition between sites as well as giving a<br />
measure <strong>of</strong> relative abundance. Species records from all methods were combined on daily<br />
lists at each site to allow calculation <strong>of</strong> a species accumulation curve.<br />
Point Counts<br />
Birds were surveyed systematically along the same transects as used for mammal and plant<br />
sampling. Sampling points were marked with flagging tape at 250 m intervals along<br />
transects. During surveys, a five-minute count was made at each sampling point. Surveys<br />
were begun around 0700 hrs and continued to late morning or the transect end point. All bird<br />
species seen and heard during the 5-minute count were recorded on a data sheet and<br />
distance from the observer as well as number <strong>of</strong> individuals recorded was noted. Distance<br />
categories used (in meters) were: 0–10; 10–20; 20–50; 50–100; 100–200; >200. GPS<br />
position was recorded for each sampling point as well as the general habitat type.<br />
Mist-netting<br />
Mist-net lines were set to sample cryptic understory birds that were not likely to be detected<br />
on transects. Net lines were set so as to optimally sample species in the target habitat. For<br />
instance, net lines set to sample forest edge birds extended from within the forest to the<br />
surrounding grassland. Nets used were 12m long, 5 shelf units with a 33mm mesh size. Net<br />
lines were set for two mornings at each sample site. The nets were opened at 0600hrs and<br />
closed at 1000hrs. All birds captured were fitted with a numbered metal leg band to allow<br />
identification <strong>of</strong> re-trapped individuals and to facilitate future studies on site fidelity, local<br />
dispersal, seasonal altitudinal movements and longevity.<br />
General observations and audio recording<br />
In addition to systematic sampling, lists were kept <strong>of</strong> all bird species seen and heard while<br />
walking between sampling points along transects. All other observations were also recorded<br />
on daily and site lists. Audio recordings were made <strong>of</strong> as many species as possible to<br />
facilitate the production <strong>of</strong> reference and training materials for future ecological monitoring<br />
activities in the park.<br />
4.2 RESULTS<br />
Point counts and mist-netting were supplemented with general surveys and audio recordings<br />
to maximize the number <strong>of</strong> species recorded at the three sample sites <strong>of</strong> Kasoge, Kabezi and<br />
Mfitwa (Figure 1). Two hundred and forty two species were recorded during this survey – 135<br />
<strong>of</strong> these during the point counts and mist-netting (Appendix III). The bird species list for<br />
<strong>Mahale</strong> now stands at 355. Thirty two first records were added to this total during this survey.<br />
The base list was compiled from all published and grey literature sources available (Moreau<br />
1943, Ulfstrand & Lamprey 1960, Anon. 1980, Britton 1980, Nishida 1990, Anderson and<br />
Baker 2004). Further unpublished records by many observers were added from the <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
Bird Atlas database (Baker and Baker 2001-2005). Records <strong>of</strong> 52 species collected by<br />
Thorkild Andersen in <strong>Mahale</strong> in the 1948 –1949 were also included (Williams 1950, J. Fjeldså<br />
in litt. April 2006). A majority <strong>of</strong> these are housed in the Zoological Museum, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Copenhagen.<br />
Atlas records were vetted carefully in consultation with Neil and Liz Baker and a number that<br />
were obviously in error were removed from the database. Thus, the list presented in this<br />
report has been reviewed carefully and represents an accurate summary <strong>of</strong> all bird<br />
distributional data available for <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong> to the present (Appendix IV).<br />
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<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
Figure 1<br />
Bird species accumulation curve for three sites in <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>.<br />
Total species recorded during sampling at Kasoge = 72; Kabezi = 103; and Mfitwa = 77.<br />
120<br />
100<br />
80<br />
60<br />
40<br />
20<br />
0<br />
Kasoge<br />
Kabezi<br />
Mfitwa<br />
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11<br />
Days Recording<br />
The bird species assemblages at Kasoge and Kabezi were more similar to each other than<br />
either was to Mfitwa (Figure 2). However, the picture <strong>of</strong> the relationship between these three<br />
sites is somewhat incomplete because the species accumulation rate for Kasoge had not<br />
levelled <strong>of</strong>f by the end <strong>of</strong> the sampling period (Figure 1). An apparent increase in<br />
accumulation rate at Kabezi near the end <strong>of</strong> the survey period was due to several transects<br />
extending into montane habitat. New species were from that community but very few new<br />
Miombo and riverine forest species typical <strong>of</strong> the Kabezi site were added.<br />
4.2.1 Point Counts<br />
Two hundred and eighteen point counts <strong>of</strong> birds were made at three field sites in <strong>Mahale</strong>.<br />
Total counting time was 18.2 hours, during which 2643 individuals <strong>of</strong> 135 species were<br />
recorded (Appendix V, Table 5). Species accumulation curves suggest that sampling was<br />
incomplete for both Kasoge and Kabezi but had begun to level <strong>of</strong>f at Mfitwa (Figure 1).<br />
Kabezi had the highest abundance <strong>of</strong> birds at 164.5 per hour <strong>of</strong> sampling. Mfitwa and<br />
Kasoge had similar abundances with 120.7 and 118.5 birds per hour <strong>of</strong> sampling. The<br />
number <strong>of</strong> contacts (record <strong>of</strong> a species during sampling) was also higher at Kabezi with 90<br />
per hour, followed by Mfitwa with 78.9 per hour and Kasoge with 54.8 per hour.<br />
The only species to make the top ten list for all three sites and both categories was Yellowwhiskered<br />
Greenbul, Andropadus latirostris (Table 5). Common Bulbul was the most<br />
frequently encountered species and was recorded at 61.3% <strong>of</strong> sample points at Kabezi. It<br />
was also the most abundant species at both Kabezi and Mfitwa. The overall most abundant<br />
species was the migratory Eurasian Bee-eater, Merops apiaster, at Kasoge with more than 40<br />
birds counted per hour.<br />
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Figure 2<br />
Percent similarity <strong>of</strong> bird communities at three sites in <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>.<br />
QuickTime and a<br />
TIFF (LZW) decompressor<br />
are needed to see this picture.<br />
4.2.2 Mist-netting<br />
Results from the mist-netting were disappointing in terms <strong>of</strong> effort vs. number <strong>of</strong> species<br />
added to the total site lists. A major amount <strong>of</strong> effort amounting to 15 person days was<br />
invested in a systematic mist-netting sample in four microhabitats at the Mfitwa site. This<br />
amounted to 16 person/days <strong>of</strong> field time during which 262 individuals <strong>of</strong> 30 species were<br />
captured (Table 6). Out <strong>of</strong> the total, no species were added to the site list.<br />
However, mist-netting is a generally a valuable tool for sampling cryptic understory birds.<br />
Usually the contribution <strong>of</strong> this method to the overall survey effort is well worth the investment<br />
<strong>of</strong> time and energy. In this case, valuable data on the weights and morphometrics <strong>of</strong><br />
montane forest birds and endemic subspecies <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> were obtained. Furthermore, all<br />
birds that were captured were ringed to facilitate future studies on local dispersal, site fidelity<br />
and longevity.<br />
4.2.3 General observation and audio recording<br />
Opportunistic observations were a major component <strong>of</strong> the bird inventory effort. Forty four<br />
percent (107 species) <strong>of</strong> the birds recorded during this survey were found in this way. The<br />
most important component <strong>of</strong> this effort was in aural surveys and general observation during<br />
the times between systematic surveys.<br />
Initially there were a number <strong>of</strong> species for which the vocalizations were unknown. An effort<br />
was made to obtain sound recordings <strong>of</strong> as many <strong>of</strong> these as possible. These recordings will<br />
be used in the production <strong>of</strong> reference and training materials for park ecologists and<br />
researchers involved in survey and monitoring activities.<br />
Sound recordings proved to be very useful in clarifying the taxonomic relationships <strong>of</strong> several<br />
bird species and in documenting unknown vocalizations for future identification. For instance,<br />
there has been uncertainty about the specific identity <strong>of</strong> a montane greenbul in the genus<br />
Andropadus in <strong>Mahale</strong>. Audio recordings made during this survey have clarified this question<br />
beyond any further doubt. Also, an unknown song heard in the forest canopy at Mfitwa was<br />
recorded. This allowed post hoc identification <strong>of</strong> the species.<br />
A large number <strong>of</strong> migratory birds were observed in and passing over <strong>Mahale</strong> during October<br />
and November 2005. There is no doubt that <strong>Mahale</strong> is a critically important site for Palearctic<br />
and Intra-African birds migrating through western <strong>Tanzania</strong>. Staffan Ulfstrand (1960)<br />
documented large numbers <strong>of</strong> Yellow-billed Kite, Milvus migrans parasitus and Wahlberg’s<br />
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Eagle, Aquila wahlbergi, moving through <strong>Mahale</strong>. During mid-October there were thousands<br />
<strong>of</strong> Common Buzzards, Buteo buteo moving through on their way south. In late October and<br />
early November, these were replaced with European Hobby, Falco subbuteo. All <strong>of</strong> these<br />
raptors were using the wave lift generated by the <strong>Mahale</strong> ridge to gain altitude and save<br />
energy on passage.<br />
Table 5<br />
Top ten most frequently samples and most abundant species from three sites in the <strong>Mahale</strong><br />
<strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>, western <strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
Most frequently encountered species Most abundant species<br />
Site Species<br />
% <strong>of</strong><br />
points<br />
Site Species<br />
No. per<br />
hour<br />
Kabezi Common Bulbul 61.3 Kabezi Common Bulbul 12.8<br />
Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird 50.9 Eurasian Bee Eater 11.3<br />
Yellow-whiskered Greenbul 40.6 Tropical Boubou 8.3<br />
Tropical Boubou 36.8 Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird 7.7<br />
Trilling Cisticola 36.8 Yellow-whiskered Greenbul 7.4<br />
Grey-backed Camaroptera 21.7 Trilling Cisticola 5.3<br />
African Thrush 21.7 African Rock Martin 4.8<br />
Emerald Cuckoo 21.7 Grey-backed Camaroptera 4.4<br />
Black-headed Oriole 20.8 White-crested Helmet Shrike 4.3<br />
Paradise Flycatcher 19.8 Paradise Flycatcher 4.1<br />
Kasoge Little Greenbul 57.1 Kasoge Eurasian Bee Eater 41.01<br />
Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird 47.3 Little Greenbul 11.87<br />
Yellow-whiskered Greenbul 37.4 Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird 8.31<br />
Olive Sunbird 31.9 Yellow-whiskered Greenbul 7.52<br />
Western Nicator 29.7 Leaflove 6.59<br />
Eurasian Bee Eater 27.5 Olive Sunbird 5.41<br />
Red-capped Robin Chat 24.2 Western Nicator 4.75<br />
Common Bulbul 17.6 Red-capped Robin Chat 3.56<br />
Slender-billed Greenbul 16.5 Slender-billed Greenbul 3.43<br />
Paradise Flycatcher 16.5 Common Bulbul 2.64<br />
Mfitwa Orange Ground Thrush 51.7 Mfitwa Common Bulbul 9.9<br />
Yellow-whiskered Greenbul 37.9 Yellow-streaked Greenbul 8.7<br />
African Hill Babbler 37.9 Orange Ground Thrush 8.3<br />
Common Bulbul 34.5 Yellow-whiskered Greenbul 7.4<br />
Montane Oriole 31.0 Yellow White-eye 6.6<br />
Regal Sunbird 27.6 Luhder's Bush Shrike 5.8<br />
Starred Robin 27.6 African Hill Babbler 5.4<br />
Yellow White-eye 20.7 Regal Sunbird 5.0<br />
Luhder's Bush Shrike 20.7 Kungwe Apalis 5.0<br />
Kungwe Apalis 20.7 Montane Oriole 4.6<br />
There were also large numbers <strong>of</strong> passerine migrants as well. On 22 October during an<br />
ascent <strong>of</strong> Muhesabantu, literally <strong>of</strong> European Orioles, Oriolus oriolus, Blackcap, Sylvia<br />
atricapilla, Garden Warbler, Sylvia borin, Willow Warbler, Phylloscopus trochillus, Barn<br />
Swallow, Hirindo rustica, and House Martin, Delichion urbica, were observed. The warblers<br />
and orioles were feeding on fruit to gain energy to continue with their southward movements.<br />
Some <strong>of</strong> the migrants – Garden and Willow warblers and Blackcap – stayed on and wintered<br />
in <strong>Mahale</strong>.<br />
By far the most bizarre record <strong>of</strong> the survey was that <strong>of</strong> an African Snipe, Galinago<br />
nigripennis that flew into the Mfitwa campsite one night. This bird was apparently migrating<br />
over the mountain in low cloud and must have been attracted to the light from a kerosene<br />
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lantern. It fell through the forest canopy and bamboo and landed on unhurt on the tarp<br />
covering the cooking area. This bird was captured, measured, ringed and released the next<br />
day.<br />
Table 6<br />
Mist-net sample in 4 montane micro-habitats at Mfitwa Mt.,<br />
<strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
Edge River Ridge Main Combined<br />
Net/meter/hrs 1152 480 1056 576 3264<br />
No. species 22 9 20 14 30<br />
No. individuals 94 22 104 42 262<br />
capture rate (birds<br />
per net/m/hr)<br />
0.082 0.046 0.098 0.073 0.080<br />
4.2.4 Comments on selected species<br />
Observations and sound recordings made during this survey were useful in clarifying the<br />
taxonomic status and ecological relationships for several species. Notes on these are<br />
presented below.<br />
Kungwe Apalis, Apalis argentea kungwensis<br />
Kungwe Apalis is one <strong>of</strong> the Albertine Rift endemics found in <strong>Mahale</strong>. The species also<br />
occurs widely in the <strong>Mahale</strong> ecosystem and was first collected and described from riverine<br />
forest not far from Mpanda to the east <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong>. The status, calls and behaviour <strong>of</strong> this<br />
endemic subspecies were virtually unknown. However, it was seen and heard many times<br />
during this survey and was common in forest and forest edges in <strong>Mahale</strong> from 750 m all the<br />
way up 2500.<br />
There has been a lot <strong>of</strong> debate in the literature about the taxonomic status <strong>of</strong> Kungwe Apalis.<br />
Early on it was thought to be a good species (Hall & Moreau 1970) but later authors lump it<br />
with Buff-throated Apalis, Apalis rufogularis. Recordings made during this survey will enable<br />
comparisons between the calls <strong>of</strong> the six subspecies <strong>of</strong> Buff-throated Apalis currently<br />
recognized in the Birds <strong>of</strong> Africa (Urban et. al. 1997). In that reference it is treated as a<br />
subspecies <strong>of</strong> Buff-throated Apalis, A. rufogularis argentea.<br />
Alexander’s (Bocage’s) Akalat, Sheppardia insulana kungwensis<br />
Moreau (1941) gave a description <strong>of</strong> a new robin collected in <strong>Mahale</strong> at 2400 m on 8 August<br />
1940. In deference to the opinion <strong>of</strong> Claude Grant, he described this as a subspecies <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Grey-winged Robin-chat, Cossypha polioptera kungwensis. Leading ornithologists <strong>of</strong> the day,<br />
Reg Moreau, V. van Someren and James Chapin, later agreed that this specific assignment<br />
was not correct because <strong>of</strong> the shorter tail and longer tarsus <strong>of</strong> C. p. kungwensis. Chapin<br />
thought it was a new subspecies <strong>of</strong> Alexander’s Robin-chat, Cossypha insulana but Moreau<br />
did not agree and named it the Kungwe Robin-chat, Cossypha kungwensis, pending<br />
clarification <strong>of</strong> its affinities (Moreau 1943). Macworth-Praed and Grant (1955) listed it as a<br />
subspecies <strong>of</strong> Alexander’s Robin-chat, C. i. kungwensis following the opinion <strong>of</strong> James<br />
Chapin, but later on, Moreau and Benson (1956) sunk insulana into bocagei along with<br />
kungwensis. Since then, the Kungwe Robin-chat has been considered a subspecies <strong>of</strong><br />
Bocage’s Robin-chat (Hall and Moreau 1970, Britton 1980). The only change along the way<br />
was the realization that the Kungwe Robin-chat was in fact an akalat and not a robin-chat at<br />
all and, therefore, belonged in the genus Sheppardia (Wolters 1983 cited in Prigogine 1987).<br />
Alexander Prigogine (1987) re-evaluated the data in the mid-1980s and came to a different<br />
conclusion. He maintained that Sheppardia insulana and S. bocagei were actually separate<br />
species like Claude Grant and James Chapin originally thought. However, his opinion was<br />
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not followed by the authors <strong>of</strong> the Birds <strong>of</strong> Africa (Keith 1992). They follow Hall and Moreau<br />
(1970), and preferred to wait until more information on the biology <strong>of</strong> this species became<br />
available before making a final decision on whether to treat insulana and bocagei as separate<br />
species.<br />
Immediately preceding this survey in August 2005, I had the opportunity to carry out a<br />
biological survey 60 km to the east <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> in the Sitebe-Sifuta <strong>Mountains</strong>. I found<br />
Bocage’s Robin, S. bocagei ilyai to be common in gallery forest along the Mbala Stream at<br />
1700 m and made recordings <strong>of</strong> the song. During fieldwork in <strong>Mahale</strong>, recordings <strong>of</strong> the song<br />
<strong>of</strong> endemic subspecies <strong>of</strong> Bocage’s Akalat, S. bocagei kungwensis were made at 2400 m in<br />
the forest around Mfitwa Mountain.<br />
Figure 3<br />
Spectrogram <strong>of</strong> the songs <strong>of</strong> Alexander’s and Bocage’s akalats.<br />
Although the birds looked identical, their songs and habitat are completely different. The<br />
song <strong>of</strong> kungwensis is virtually identical to the song <strong>of</strong> insulana from Mt. Cameron, whereas<br />
the song <strong>of</strong> ilyai is identical to that <strong>of</strong> S. bocagei chapini from northern Zambia and southern<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong> (Chappuis 2000). The fundamental frequency <strong>of</strong> the song phrase <strong>of</strong> Alexander’s<br />
Akalat is 1257 Hz and the highest frequency is1943 Hz. The fundamental frequency <strong>of</strong><br />
Bocage’s Akalat is 2715 Hz with the highest frequency at 4537 Hz (Table 3). Claude<br />
Chappuis (in litt.) states that this evidence along is enough to treat them as separate species.<br />
These two forms are within 60 km <strong>of</strong> each other, yet are more similar to distant forms in<br />
vocalizations and habitat choice than to each other. It is clear from this that they are separate<br />
species. So the name <strong>of</strong> the bird in <strong>Mahale</strong> should be Alexander’s Akalat, Sheppardia<br />
insulana kungwensis. Bocage’s Akalat has not yet been found in <strong>Mahale</strong> but it almost<br />
certainly occurs in the riverine forests in the east <strong>of</strong> the park. The subspecies <strong>of</strong> Bocage’s<br />
Akalat in Ufipa is chapini the same at that in northern Zambia (Stjernstedt and Moyer 1982).<br />
The Karema Gap is the likely biogeographical barrier that separates these two forms. In spite<br />
<strong>of</strong> a separation long enough for subspecific differences to have arisen, the songs <strong>of</strong> ilyai and<br />
chapini are virtually identical. Therefore, it is very unlikely that such dramatic vocal<br />
differences could have arisen in ilyai and insulana with no significant ecological or<br />
biogeographical barriers separating them.<br />
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Shelley’s Greenbul, Andropadus masukuensis kungwensis<br />
This Kungwe endemic was originally described as a subspecies <strong>of</strong> the Mountain Greenbul,<br />
Andropadus tephrolaemus kungwensis (Moreau 1941). Later, after comparison with<br />
specimens from the Albertine Rift forests, it was found to be a subspecies <strong>of</strong> Shelley’s<br />
Greenbul, A. masukuensis kungwensis, (Hall and Moreau 1964).<br />
The voice and ecology <strong>of</strong> the endemic <strong>Mahale</strong> subspecies were unknown and it was know<br />
from only a few specimens. Observations on the ecology and voice <strong>of</strong> Shelley’s Greenbul at<br />
Mfitwa, confirm that this is indeed a Shelley’s Greenbul. The call and song were very similar<br />
to Shelley’s Greenbul, A. m roehli, from the Udzungwa <strong>Mountains</strong> in eastern <strong>Tanzania</strong>. It<br />
also foraged by gleaning bark, although not nearly as much as the birds in the Eastern Arc<br />
and Mt. Rungwe in the southern highlands.<br />
4.3 DISCUSSION<br />
Kabezi had the highest abundance <strong>of</strong> birds as well as the highest number <strong>of</strong> contacts per<br />
hour. This probably reflects the better visibility in open miombo habitats as much as an actual<br />
higher abundance <strong>of</strong> birds. Many records sightings were made <strong>of</strong> aerial foraging species,<br />
birds <strong>of</strong> prey and migratory species flying above the transects. Whereas, in forest at Kasonge<br />
and Mfitwa, sight records were a relatively small part <strong>of</strong> the total and vocal records made up<br />
the bulk <strong>of</strong> contacts. Therefore, many <strong>of</strong> the aerial species were missed, and unless a bird<br />
was within 20m or vocalizing, it was not detected in forest.<br />
Table 7<br />
Endemic and near-endemic birds recorded from <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong> and<br />
western <strong>Tanzania</strong>. All endemic taxa at <strong>Mahale</strong> fall within the ICBP/IUCN Red Data Book<br />
classification <strong>of</strong> Vulnerable and can be grouped under category 9 (Collar et al. 1994).<br />
Endemic / Near Endemic birds<br />
Aplopelia larvata * (taxon undescribed) Platysteira peltata mentalis<br />
Gymnobucco bonapartei cinereceps Erannornis albicauda kivuensis<br />
Mesopicos griseocephalus ruwenzori Trochocercus cyanomelas vivax<br />
Psalidoprocne pristoptera ruwenzori Dryoscopus angolensis kungwensis *<br />
Oriolus percivali Laniarius luhderi luhderi<br />
Trichastoma pyrrhopterum pyrrhopterum Onychognathus walleri<br />
Andropadus gracilirostris congensis Cinnyricinclus sharpii<br />
Andropadus latirostris eugenius Nectarinia olivacea ragazzii<br />
Andropadus masukuensis kungwensis * Nectarinia regia anderseni *<br />
Phyllastrephus flavostriatus kungwensis * Nectarinia verticalis viridisplendens<br />
Alethe poliocephala kungwensis * Ploceus baglefecht stuhlmannii<br />
Sheppardia insulana kungwensis * Ploceus bicolor kigomaensis<br />
Apalis argentea argentea * Ploceus insignis<br />
Bradypterus alfredi kungwensis * Ploceus nigerrimus nigerrimus<br />
Phlylloscopus ruficapilla ochrogularis * Spermophaga ruficapilla ruficapilla<br />
Platysteira concreta kungwensis * Nigrita canicapilla candida *<br />
* Endemic subspecies.<br />
Experience on this survey has indicated that mist-netting was not a useful method in adding<br />
to the total site lists. The time used for this activity would have been better used for general<br />
surveys or conducting additional point counts. That is not to say that mist-netting is not a<br />
useful research and monitoring tool but systematic use <strong>of</strong> this method will depend in large<br />
part on the type <strong>of</strong> information needed and the questions being answered.<br />
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For baseline bird surveys over larger areas <strong>of</strong> the park, use <strong>of</strong> point counts is recommended.<br />
This will provide a quantitative baseline for bird distribution and abundance in the park on<br />
which to base planning for future surveys, monitoring and research.<br />
Overall, the bird list for <strong>Mahale</strong> is the most complete <strong>of</strong> any <strong>of</strong> the groups surveyed. The<br />
current list <strong>of</strong> 355 species represents about 80% <strong>of</strong> the species that are likely to be found in<br />
the park. Overall, 1061 bird species are know from the Albertine Rift area (Kahindo-Ngabo<br />
2003). The richest protected in the Albertine Rift system is, Virunga <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>, with a<br />
total <strong>of</strong> 766 bird species. Virunga has an exceptionally high diversity because <strong>of</strong> extremes <strong>of</strong><br />
topographical relief and corresponding diversity <strong>of</strong> habitat types. When the surveys are<br />
complete, <strong>Mahale</strong> will probably rank midway in bird diversity in the 33 Albertine Rift protected<br />
areas for which there are reasonable data. However, it is extremely important for<br />
conservation <strong>of</strong> the endemic forms that are found only in <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
and forests to the north and east <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> (Table 7, Collar et al. 1994).<br />
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5. REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS<br />
5.1 METHODS AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION<br />
Information about the reptiles and amphibians <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> was virtually non-existent (Anon<br />
1980). There was scanty information on the reptiles <strong>of</strong> the lakeshore further south near<br />
Kasanga, the Rukwa Valley, northern Zambia, and Lake Tanganyika but no specific lists or<br />
records for <strong>Mahale</strong> were found in the literature (Loveridge 1933, Vesey-Fitzgerald 1958,<br />
Broadley 1971, Spawls et al., 2001, Schiøtz 1999).<br />
For reptiles, Itani (1990) gives a record <strong>of</strong> a Boomslang, Diphsolidus typus seen on 3<br />
September 1976 along the Kasiha River, and numerous people have seen and mentioned<br />
Banded Water Cobra, Boulengerina annulata, Lake Tanganyika Water Snake,<br />
Lycodonomorphus bicolor, and Nile Crocodile, Crocodilus niloticus, in the waters <strong>of</strong> the lake.<br />
Further information was added from interviews with local people, TANAPA staff, researchers<br />
and safari camp operators. Only records <strong>of</strong> unmistakable species, such as rock python have<br />
been admitted on the strength <strong>of</strong> this type <strong>of</strong> information.<br />
During the main period <strong>of</strong> fieldwork, the weather was extremely dry and very few reptiles and<br />
even fewer amphibians were found. A few frogs were seen in the montane forest at Mfitwa<br />
but nothing was calling and specimens were very difficult to find. Bucket pitfall traps set at<br />
Kasoge, Kabezi and Mfitwa caught only two species, an Arthroleptid and a Bufonid.<br />
Because <strong>of</strong> the poor success with finding amphibians, Elia Mulungu and David Moyer<br />
returned to <strong>Mahale</strong> during the peak <strong>of</strong> the rains in February. Elia surveyed at a new site on<br />
Pasagulu Mountain (S6°3.797’ – E29°45.229, 1450m) from 6–8 February and at Kasoge from<br />
10–11 February. Like the previous trip, there were few very few amphibians and the pitfall<br />
traps caught only one species. However, more Hyperoliids and Ranids were calling in the<br />
wetlands along the lake and a number <strong>of</strong> species were added to the park list (Table 6).<br />
5.2 RESULTS<br />
Reptiles<br />
26 species <strong>of</strong> reptiles have been recorded, or their presence inferred from interviews, from<br />
within <strong>Mahale</strong> (Appendix VI). Very few voucher specimens have been collected so the list is<br />
mostly based on sight records. Whereas, this is fine for large or easily identified species,<br />
such as Nile Monitor or Blue-headed Tree Agama, it is not appropriate for smaller reptiles that<br />
can only be identified by comparisons with museum specimens or detailed scale counts<br />
under a binocular scope. Examples <strong>of</strong> these are Peter’s Writhing Skink and the geckos.<br />
In most cases, it will be necessary to collect a small number <strong>of</strong> specimens together with<br />
tissue samples preserved in buffer or absolute alcohol to facilitate future analysis <strong>of</strong> DNA.<br />
The <strong>Mahale</strong> area, and western <strong>Tanzania</strong> in general has been very poorly collected in the past<br />
and much remains to be learned about the reptile fauna <strong>of</strong> this area. Building up a<br />
reasonably complete list for <strong>Mahale</strong> is a task that will take many years <strong>of</strong> focused fieldwork.<br />
Species that were admitted to the <strong>Mahale</strong> list based on indirect evidence are listed below.<br />
These records are admitted on the basis <strong>of</strong> interviews or because they are widespread<br />
species common in similar habitats north and south <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> or are found all along the<br />
eastern shores and in the waters <strong>of</strong> Lake Tanganyika. No records were found <strong>of</strong> Slendersnouted<br />
Crocodile (Behangana 2003) but it should occur in <strong>Mahale</strong>.<br />
• Serrated Hinged Terrapin, Pelusios sinuatus<br />
• Southern African Rock Python, Python natalensis<br />
• Forest Cobra, Naja melanoleuca<br />
• Black-necked Spitting Cobra, Naja nigricollis<br />
• Black Mamba, Dendroaspis polylepis<br />
• Puff Adder, Bitis aeritans<br />
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Amphibians<br />
Virtually nothing was known about the amphibians <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> when this survey began.<br />
Schiøtz (1999) inferred the presence <strong>of</strong> several species based on widespread ranges.<br />
However, perusal <strong>of</strong> the distribution maps (based on specimen records) in Channing and<br />
Howell (2006) show a total lack <strong>of</strong> records in western <strong>Tanzania</strong> for all <strong>of</strong> the 203 amphibian<br />
species know to occur in East Africa. There are a small number <strong>of</strong> specimen records from<br />
Kigoma and from a few localities in Ufipa collected by Loveridge (1933, 1944) and Moyer in<br />
the 1970–80s (unpublished records). Twenty species <strong>of</strong> amphibians were recorded on this<br />
survey (Table 8). This represents a minimum number for the park and the total is likely to<br />
double or triple before the species list is complete.<br />
Table 8<br />
List <strong>of</strong> the Amphibians <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>.<br />
FAMILY<br />
Common name Scientific Name<br />
ARTHROLEPTIDAE<br />
Common Squeaker Arthroleptis stenodactylus<br />
Dwarf Squeaker Schoutedenella xenodactyloides<br />
Plain Squeaker Schoutedenella xenochirus<br />
BUFONIDAE<br />
Oban Toad Bufo camerunensis<br />
Guttural Toad Bufo gutturalis<br />
HYPEROLIIDAE<br />
Hyperoliinae<br />
Kivu Reed Frog Hyperolius kivuensis<br />
Ahl’s Reed Frog Hyperolius argentovittis<br />
reed frog Hyperolius sp.<br />
Kassinae<br />
leaf-folding frog Afrixalus sp. 1<br />
leaf-folding frog Afrixalus sp. 2<br />
Fornasini's Leaf-folding Frog Afrixalus fornasinii<br />
Bubbling Kassina Kassina senegalensis<br />
Leptopelinae<br />
tree frog Leptopelis sp. 1<br />
tree frog Leptopelis sp. 2<br />
PIPIDAE<br />
Lake Victoria Clawed Frog Xenopus victorianus<br />
RANIDAE<br />
Petropedetinae<br />
Common Puddle Frog Phrynobatrachus mababiensis<br />
Snoring Puddle Frog Phrynobatrachus natalensis<br />
Webbed Puddle Frog Phyrnobatrachus perpalmatus<br />
Raninae<br />
Savanna Ridged Frog Ptychadena anchietae<br />
Dusky-throated river frog Afrana angolensis<br />
The only frogs in evidence during the main survey in October – November 2005 were the<br />
Common Squeaker, Arthroleptis stenodactylus, the Oban Toad, Bufo camerunensis, and the<br />
Guttural Toad, B. gutturalis. At Mfitwa along a small stream at 2300 m, a tree frog, Leptopelis<br />
sp. was heard several times. It was calling infrequently and it was not possible to make a<br />
recording or find the animal making the call. This call sounded very similar to a call <strong>of</strong><br />
Vermiculated Tree Frog, Leptopelis vermiculatus from the Eastern Arc and Southern<br />
Highlands. In February 2006, Elia Mulungu returned to <strong>Mahale</strong> to continue the amphibian<br />
survey. He found this species calling at a site on Pasagulu Mt., and made recordings and<br />
Wildlife Conservation Society 20
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captured a few individuals. These had white spots on their heels like vermiculatus, but when<br />
advertisement calls were compared they turned out not to be that species. An analysis <strong>of</strong> the<br />
frequencies and timing <strong>of</strong> the main clack or ‘buzz’ call <strong>of</strong> these frogs clearly show this (Table<br />
9). This species either has Albertine Rift / Guineo Congolean affinities or is new to science.<br />
It is more likely to be new, as all the other possible species <strong>of</strong> western Leptopelis do not have<br />
white heels.<br />
Table 9<br />
Comparison <strong>of</strong> the main advertising call <strong>of</strong> two species <strong>of</strong> Leptopelis tree frog from <strong>Mahale</strong><br />
<strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong> and the Udzungwa <strong>Mountains</strong>, <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
Species<br />
Low<br />
Frequency (Hz)<br />
High Emphasized<br />
Time (sec)<br />
duration pulse rate<br />
L. vermiculatus - Udzungwa 575 2590 1600 0.16 125/sec<br />
L. sp. nov. - <strong>Mahale</strong> 400 3700 1900 0.039 333/sec<br />
5.3 DISCUSSION<br />
One <strong>of</strong> the most puzzling findings <strong>of</strong> this survey was that there appear to be no chameleons<br />
at all in <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>. This cannot be the case as the widespread Flapnecked<br />
Chameleon, Chameleo dilepis, certainly occurs in the woodlands in the south and<br />
east <strong>of</strong> the park. However, despite many nights <strong>of</strong> intensive searching, not a single<br />
chameleon <strong>of</strong> any species was found. In general, the density <strong>of</strong> other reptiles and, especially,<br />
amphibians was found to be very low compared to equivalent sites in the Eastern Arc<br />
<strong>Mountains</strong>. Reasons for this are not yet clear but, proximally, may have been related to late<br />
rains and irregular weather patterns experienced all over <strong>Tanzania</strong> in 2005–06.<br />
In spite <strong>of</strong> the low numbers and species <strong>of</strong> reptiles and amphibians found during this survey,<br />
there were some very interesting and valuable records. One species <strong>of</strong> snake, Jameson’s<br />
Mamba, was confirmed as new for <strong>Tanzania</strong> and <strong>Mahale</strong>. The record <strong>of</strong> Rungwe Bush Viper<br />
was a major range extension, although it was predicted that this species would be found in<br />
this area (Spawls et al., 2001).<br />
Interesting amphibian records included that <strong>of</strong> the Oban Toad, Bufo camerunensis. This<br />
species was previously know only from one specimen from Mumba on the Ufipa Plateau<br />
(Channing and Howell 2006). It was the most common amphibian at higher altitudes on the<br />
<strong>Mahale</strong> Ridge and was found in thicket, bracken, grassland and forest.<br />
It is very likely that a tree frog, Leptopelis sp., found on Pasagulu Mountain and heard at<br />
Mfitwa is new to science. Further research into the affinities <strong>of</strong> this species, and comparisons<br />
with museum material from the Albertine Rift is needed before this can be confirmed.<br />
The main constraint to amphibian surveys in <strong>Mahale</strong> will continue to be the lack <strong>of</strong> information<br />
on the frogs <strong>of</strong> the area. For a majority <strong>of</strong> species, identification can only be done by<br />
specialists. For positive identification <strong>of</strong> each species, it is necessary to have sound<br />
recordings, photographs <strong>of</strong> a living animals, and a preserved specimen. These must all be<br />
cross-referenced carefully to the same individual. Great care must be taken to visually<br />
confirm that the individual being collected was actually the same as made the call that was<br />
recorded. There are many examples <strong>of</strong> herpetologists making this fundamental mistake!<br />
Because <strong>of</strong> the problems <strong>of</strong> identifying specimens, all material collected in <strong>Mahale</strong> will need<br />
to be identified by experts. This task is underway in collaboration with the University <strong>of</strong> Dar<br />
es Salaam, Museum <strong>of</strong> Natural Science (Trent, Italy), the British Museum (Natural History),<br />
and the University <strong>of</strong> the Western Cape. However, it will be some time before any<br />
confirmation <strong>of</strong> identifications is forthcoming.<br />
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6. PLANTS<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
6.1 METHODS AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION<br />
The plant list for <strong>Mahale</strong> was compiled from specimens collected during this survey and from<br />
plant lists in published and grey literature (Nishida & Uehara 1981, Plumptre et al. 2003,<br />
Nishida in litt.).<br />
During the survey, vegetation was sampled at plots every 250 m along transects. Herbs were<br />
sampled in a 2 m diameter plot Lianas in a 10 m plot and trees from 2.5cm DBH were<br />
sampled in a 20 m plot. Details <strong>of</strong> habitat type, canopy cover, and geographical coordinates<br />
were also noted for each sample. Unfortunately, due to an oversight, the collector's numbers<br />
were not assigned to plants sampled on each plot, and this made it impossible to derive<br />
quantitative data from the collections. Nevertheless, a useful collection was made for each<br />
site and this will make a big contribution to the plant species list for <strong>Mahale</strong>.<br />
6.2 RESULTS<br />
The total number <strong>of</strong> plant species recorded in <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong> is 1174<br />
(Appendix VII). This list is largely the work <strong>of</strong> many years <strong>of</strong> collecting done in the park by the<br />
Japanese research team. However, their focus was mostly on chimpanzee food plants and<br />
there remains much general botanical fieldwork to be done in <strong>Mahale</strong> before the park can be<br />
considered well collected.<br />
Identifications for the collections made during this survey are not yet complete. Tentative site<br />
lists compiled from general collecting and comprising 130 species are provided (Appendix<br />
VIII). Specific level designations on this list must be used with caution until final<br />
identifications are made after comparison with herbarium material. An additional report<br />
containing identifications <strong>of</strong> plants collected on transects will be submitted to MEMP when the<br />
work <strong>of</strong> identification is complete. Herbarium work will be done through collaboration with<br />
Roy Gereau and Missouri Botanical Gardens.<br />
6.3 DISCUSSION<br />
The Albertine rift has a very high number <strong>of</strong> plant species (5793) and 567 <strong>of</strong> those are<br />
endemic (Plumptre 2003). With the present state <strong>of</strong> knowledge <strong>of</strong> its flora, it is not possible to<br />
rank the conservation importance <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> against the other Albertine Rift protected areas in<br />
any meaningful way. Further analysis must await identification <strong>of</strong> the plants collected on this<br />
survey and more general botanical collecting in habitats that have been poorly sampled to<br />
date. The current total <strong>of</strong> 1174 species for <strong>Mahale</strong> may represent half or less <strong>of</strong> the species<br />
likely to be found there.<br />
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<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
7. CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS<br />
This survey was comparatively limited in time and geographical scope. However, much<br />
information was added to what was know about the biodiversity <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong><br />
<strong>Park</strong> in the five taxa surveyed. Potentially, there will be as many as four species new to<br />
science described from the collections. There were several major range extensions for<br />
reptiles and one confirmation <strong>of</strong> a snake new to <strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
Another important finding is the importance <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> to migratory birds. Both European and<br />
Intra-African migratory birds depend heavily on the park. The lakeshore is a conduit for water<br />
birds <strong>of</strong> many species and wave lift <strong>of</strong>f the <strong>Mahale</strong> ridge is used by soaring birds to gain<br />
altitude as they migrate along the mountains. Furthermore, the park itself is an important<br />
resting and feeding place for many migrants.<br />
7.1 Density estimations<br />
From analysis <strong>of</strong> survey data, it is obvious that generating density estimates for many species<br />
<strong>of</strong> mammals and birds in the park will be difficult or impossible. In this study, encounter rates<br />
were used as the best surrogate for density. For this there is no minimum sample size. To<br />
calculate a robust density estimate using Distance, it is necessary to have a minimum sample<br />
<strong>of</strong> at least 100 contacts with the species <strong>of</strong> interest (Thomas et. al., 2004, Plumptre 2000,<br />
Moyer 1995). This number <strong>of</strong> contacts was not achieved for most <strong>of</strong> the species sampled,<br />
even when data are pooled across sites.<br />
If density data are needed for a specific taxa, it is advisable to carry out a pilot study to<br />
determine the amount <strong>of</strong> effort and time that need to be invested in the survey to achieve a<br />
desired level <strong>of</strong> precision in population estimates (Plumptre 2000). However, in <strong>Mahale</strong>, the<br />
encounter rates with species counted during this survey can be used for this purpose. For a<br />
monitoring program to be able to detect change in a mammal or bird population, it will be<br />
necessary to use a variety <strong>of</strong> methods and a repetition over time (Plumptre 2000). The<br />
choice <strong>of</strong> which species to monitor in <strong>Mahale</strong> must be made carefully so that the taxa<br />
selected will be a good surrogate for population trends <strong>of</strong> biodiversity in general.<br />
7.2 Survey priorities<br />
Data compiled in this report from past records and recent fieldwork cover only a very small<br />
part, and limited habitat types, <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>. Furthermore, since the<br />
surveys took place at only one time <strong>of</strong> year, there is still much to be learned about the flora<br />
and fauna, even in the sites that have already been covered. Large areas <strong>of</strong> the park in the<br />
south and east should be covered in follow-up surveys. These areas are more homogeneous<br />
and cover less <strong>of</strong> a gradient in habitat and altitude. Results from a few carefully chosen sites<br />
will be sufficient to describe a large part <strong>of</strong> the biodiversity <strong>of</strong> these areas. This is particularly<br />
true in areas covered in Miombo woodland. However, even there assumptions must not be<br />
made about the similarity <strong>of</strong> this habitat. Past researchers reported that the miombo<br />
woodlands covering the Kabezi Ridge and eastern parts <strong>of</strong> the park are much richer than<br />
those in the south <strong>of</strong> the park (Ulfstrand & Lamprey 1960).<br />
Large portions <strong>of</strong> the eastern part <strong>of</strong> the park are covered in solid-stemmed bamboo,<br />
Oxytenanthera abyssinica. This habitat is comparatively devoid <strong>of</strong> biodiversity (Itani 1990,<br />
pers. obsv.). Nevertheless, it will be worthwhile to do surveys in this habitat for comparative<br />
purposes.<br />
Future surveys should invest more effort in the inventory <strong>of</strong> small mammals. Bats, in<br />
particular, are very poorly known in the park. However, there is still much to be learned about<br />
the rodents and insectivores as well. Surveys focused on these groups would make an<br />
extremely valuable contribution to the biodiversity inventory <strong>of</strong> the park. The inventory <strong>of</strong><br />
reptiles and amphibians is at a very preliminary stage. Focused surveys should be carried<br />
out during the peak <strong>of</strong> the rainy season to get a better idea <strong>of</strong> diversity <strong>of</strong> these groups in the<br />
different habitats.<br />
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Very little is know about the invertebrates <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> but there are a few publications that<br />
contain information on specimens collected there (Kielland 1990, Carcason 1966, Cooke<br />
1964, Pinhey 1959). No systematic surveys have been done since <strong>Mahale</strong> was gazetted as a<br />
national park. At the very least, a checklist <strong>of</strong> Lepidoptera and Odonata should be compiled<br />
from the literature.<br />
In common with many <strong>of</strong> the taxa in <strong>Mahale</strong>, the aquatic biodiversity <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> has not<br />
received much attention in the past. There are general publications covering biodiversity<br />
surveys in Lake Tanganyika, but not much specific to <strong>Mahale</strong> (see Patterson & Makin 1998<br />
and references therein).<br />
7.3 Monitoring and research priorities<br />
Ecological Monitoring<br />
There are many aspects <strong>of</strong> the ecology <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong> that would be<br />
good to monitor. Obviously, funding, time and availability <strong>of</strong> field staff are major constraints.<br />
However, it is important to define a minimum number <strong>of</strong> parameters that will hopefully serve<br />
as a surrogate for biodiversity in general and get a monitoring program started. Some <strong>of</strong> the<br />
priorities that come to mind are as follow:<br />
1. The trend in evergreen forest cover in the park.<br />
2. Map the extent and timing <strong>of</strong> all bush fires in the park.<br />
3. Monitor vegetation changes in large areas <strong>of</strong> montane habitat where Montane<br />
Bamboo has recently flowered and died back.<br />
4. Set up permanent transects in various parts <strong>of</strong> the park to monitor large mammal<br />
populations.<br />
5. Select several areas in the park and design a systematic camera trapping project be<br />
repeated on a 3 – 5 year interval.<br />
6. Set up permanent photo points from which panoramic photos <strong>of</strong> portions <strong>of</strong> the park<br />
can be taken annually to monitor long-term vegetation changes.<br />
Research<br />
Research should not be a top priority <strong>of</strong> MEMP or TANAPA unless the results directly support<br />
and influence park management, monitoring, and conservation planning. Recent<br />
implementation <strong>of</strong> a project to study chimpanzee nest decay rate in Kasoge is an excellent<br />
example <strong>of</strong> focused research with an extremely useful output. Results <strong>of</strong> this study will be<br />
used in surveys and monitoring <strong>of</strong> chimpanzee populations throughout the park and<br />
ecosystem.<br />
The nest-decay study should be extended to areas along the Kabezi River where<br />
chimpanzees <strong>of</strong>ten build nests in the miombo woodlands. These areas are dryer, the nests<br />
persist longer and the decay rate will be very different. If the decay rate can be determined<br />
accurately for both forest and woodland, then confidence in density estimates <strong>of</strong> chimpanzee<br />
density in the region will increase.<br />
7.4 Conservation priorities<br />
The most pressing conservation priority in the <strong>Mahale</strong> ecosystem is the potential loss <strong>of</strong><br />
connectivity. This is a large-scale issue that can only be tackled with District and <strong>National</strong><br />
level support and a major effort at developing a land-use plan for the whole area. This must<br />
include both Mpanda and Kigoma Districts and have high-level political support. The stakes<br />
in this are high and the time is short. Connectivity to the east to the Wansisi Hills and Katavi<br />
is important for elephant movements as is the connection via Kakungu / Lubalisi to Ntakata<br />
and the Sitebe-Sifuta mountains and from there up to the Kasakati and Filabanga, Uvinza<br />
Forest Reserve and Ugalla Game Reserve.<br />
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<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
The second direct threat to <strong>Mahale</strong> is uncontrolled fire. Annual wildfires set by hunters cause<br />
a major amount <strong>of</strong> damage to evergreen forest habitats. In general, the mature miombo is<br />
not badly affected by these, but most types <strong>of</strong> evergreen forest are not fire resistant. The<br />
area <strong>of</strong> forest is being eaten away slowly and the edges <strong>of</strong> most forest patches have become<br />
very sharp. Forest is not able to regenerate in areas <strong>of</strong> old cultivation along the <strong>Mahale</strong><br />
Ridge and, without some measure <strong>of</strong> control; fire will continue to degrade the most important<br />
and threatened habitat type in the park.<br />
Finally, there is the problem <strong>of</strong> introduced species that have become invasive in the Kasoge<br />
area. There has been a long-term effort in place to eradicate Senna, Senna spectabilis in<br />
<strong>Mahale</strong> (Wakibara and Mnaya 2002). However, this effort should become much more<br />
organized and systematic if success is to be realized. Also, the focus on Senna has caused<br />
other invasive exotic species to be ignored. The biggest threat is from Guava, Psidium<br />
guajava. This South American species can become a huge problem in forest habitats like<br />
Kasoge. The fruits are very attractive to a many species and the hard seeds pass easily<br />
through their guts and are dispersed widely. An effort to eradicate this species should be<br />
made as soon as possible before the problem gets out <strong>of</strong> hand.<br />
Wildlife Conservation Society 25
8. REFERENCES<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
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Anonymous. 1980. Study for the Proposed <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>, Japan International<br />
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Baker, N. E. and E. Baker. 2001-2006. The <strong>Tanzania</strong> Bird Atlas project. Online.<br />
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Behangana, M., D. Meirte, A. J. Plumptre, K. Howell and H. Hinkel. 2003. The <strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> the<br />
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Britton, P. L. ed.). 1980. Birds <strong>of</strong> East Africa. Nairobi: EANHS<br />
Broadley, D. G. 1971. The Reptiles and Amphibians <strong>of</strong> Zambia. The Puku. 6.<br />
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Itani, J. 1990. Safari Surveys <strong>of</strong> the Vegetation and the Chimpanzee groups in the Northern half<br />
<strong>of</strong> the <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong>. In: The Chimpanzees <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong>: Sexual and Life<br />
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Juniper, B. E. 1959. University <strong>of</strong> Oxford Tanganyika Expedition. Nature. 183: 726-727.<br />
Kahindo-Ngabo, C., A. Plumptre, N. E. Baker, I. Owiunji, M. Wilson, C. T. Williams, A.<br />
Byaruhanga, M. Languy, M. Herremans, T. Butynski, & D. Moyer. 2003. The <strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Albertine Rift. Section 3: Birds. Albertine Rift Technical <strong>Report</strong>s No. 3. Wildlife Conservation<br />
Society. pp. 30–38<br />
Keith, S., E. K. Urban, et al., Eds. 1992. The Birds <strong>of</strong> Africa. Vol IV. London, Academic Press.<br />
Kielland, J. 1990. Butterflies <strong>of</strong> <strong>Tanzania</strong>. London, Hill House.<br />
Kingdon, J. 1997. The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals. London, Academic Press.<br />
Kirschstein, E. F. 1937. Some Tales <strong>of</strong> Tanganyika Natives. Tanganyika Notes and Records. 4:<br />
82-83.<br />
Kityo, R., A. J. Plumptre, J. Kerbis Peterhans, J. Pilgrim and D. Moyer 2003. The <strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
the Albertine Rift. Section 2: Mammals. Albertine Rift Technical <strong>Report</strong>s No. 3, Wildlife<br />
Conservation Society. pp. 20–29.<br />
Loveridge, A. 1933. <strong>Report</strong>s on the scientific results <strong>of</strong> an expedition to the southwestern<br />
highlands <strong>of</strong> Tanganyika Territory: I - Introduction and Zoogeography. Bulletin <strong>of</strong> the Museum<br />
<strong>of</strong> Comparative Zoology. 75: 1-43.<br />
Loveridge, A. 1944. Scientific results <strong>of</strong> a fourth expedition to the forested areas in East and<br />
Central Africa: VI, Itinerary and Comments. Bulletin <strong>of</strong> the Museum <strong>of</strong> Comparative Zoology.<br />
94: 1-214.<br />
Mackworth-Praed, C. W. and C. H. B. Grant. 1955. African Handbook <strong>of</strong> Birds: Birds <strong>of</strong> Eastern<br />
and North Eastern Africa. Series I - Vol. II. London, Longmans.<br />
Moreau, R. E. 1941. A new race <strong>of</strong> the Pygmy White-browed Robin-Chat and a new race <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Mountain Greenbul from Tanganyika Territory. Bulletin <strong>of</strong> the British Ornithologists Club. 61:<br />
60-61.<br />
Moreau, R. E. 1943. A contribution to the ornithology <strong>of</strong> the east side <strong>of</strong> Lake Tanganyika. Ibis.<br />
85: 377-412.<br />
Moreau, R. E. 1950. Ornithology in Tanganyika. Tanganyika Notes and Records. 28: 64-79.<br />
Moreau, R. E. and C. W. Benson. 1956. Cosypha insulana Grote conspecific with Cossypha<br />
bocagei Finsh and Hartlaub. Bulletin <strong>of</strong> the British Ornithologists Club. 76: 62-63.<br />
Moyer, D. C. 1995. The Status <strong>of</strong> Fischer's Lovebird, Agapornis fischeri in the United Republic <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong>., IUCN Species Survival Commission, Cambridge, UK.<br />
Nishida, T., Ed. 1990. The Chimpanzees <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong>: Sexual and Life History<br />
Strategies. Tokyo, University <strong>of</strong> Tokyo Press.<br />
Nishida, T., Uehara, S. 1981. Kitongwe Name <strong>of</strong> Plants: A preliminary listing. African Study<br />
Monographs. 3:. 109-131.<br />
O'Hagen, C. C. 1940. Mukungwe Mountain. Tanganyika Notes and Records. 9.<br />
Paterson, G. and J. Makin 1998. The State <strong>of</strong> <strong>Biodiversity</strong> in Lake Tanganyika–A Literature<br />
Review. Chatham, UK. Natural Resources Institute.<br />
Pinhey, E. 1959. Odonata collected by Oxford University Tanganyika Expedition: And a west<br />
Africa species. Occasional Papers <strong>of</strong> the <strong>National</strong> Museum <strong>of</strong> Southern Rhodesia 24B: 509-<br />
515.<br />
Plumptre, A. J. (2000). Monitoring mammal populations with line transect techniques in African<br />
forests. Journal <strong>of</strong> Applied Ecology. 37: 356-368.<br />
Plumptre, A. J. M. Behangana, T. Davenport, C. Kahindo, R. Kityo, E. Ndomba, P. Ssegawa, G.<br />
Eilu, D. Nkuutu, I. Owiunji. 2003. The <strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> the Albertine Rift. Albertine Rift<br />
Technical <strong>Report</strong>s No. 3, Wildlife Conservation Society.<br />
Wildlife Conservation Society 27
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Plumptre, A. J., G. Eilu, C. Ewango, P. Ssegawa, D. Nkuutu, R. Gereau, H. Beentje, A. D.<br />
Poulsen, E. Fischer, D. Goyder, T. R. Pearce, and D. Hafashimana. 2003. The <strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
the Albertine Rift. Section 7: Plants. Albertine Rift Technical <strong>Report</strong>s No. 3. Wildlife<br />
Conservation Society. pp. 63–72<br />
Prigogine, A. 1987. Non-conspecificity <strong>of</strong> Cossypha insulana Grote and Cossypha bocagei<br />
Finsch & Hartlaub, with the description <strong>of</strong> a new subspecies <strong>of</strong> Cossypha bocagei from<br />
western <strong>Tanzania</strong>. Bulletin <strong>of</strong> the British Ornithologists Club. 107: 49–55.<br />
Procter, J. 1958. The second ascent <strong>of</strong> Kungwe Mountain. Tanganyika Notes and Records. 51:<br />
239-245.<br />
Rodgers, W. A. and I. Swai,. 1988. <strong>Tanzania</strong>. In: Antelopes: Global Survey and Regional Action<br />
Plans, Part 1: East & North east Africa. Pp. 53-65. Ed. R. East. IUCN, Gland.<br />
Schiøtz, A. 1999. Treefrogs <strong>of</strong> Africa. Frankfurt; Edition Chimaira<br />
Simkin, P. and B. Juniper. 1961. <strong>Report</strong> <strong>of</strong> the University <strong>of</strong> Oxford Expedition to Tanganyika.<br />
1958. Oxford University Exploration Club Bulletin. 10: 7-12.<br />
Spawls, S., K. Howell, R. Drewes, and J. Ashe. 2002. A Field Guide to the Reptiles <strong>of</strong> East Africa.<br />
London, Academic Press.<br />
Stanley, W. T. 2004. The Small Mammals <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>, The Field<br />
Museum: Chicago<br />
Stjernstedt, R. and D. C. Moyer. 1982. Some new birds and extensions <strong>of</strong> range for southwest<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong>. Scopus. 6: 36-3.<br />
Thomas, L., Laake, J.L., Strindberg, S., Marques, F.F.C., Buckland, S.T., Borchers, D.L.,<br />
Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P., Hedley, S.L., Pollard, J.H. and Bishop, J.R.B. 2004. Distance<br />
4.1. Release 2. Research Unit for Wildlife Population Assessment, University <strong>of</strong> St. Andrews,<br />
UK. http://www.ruwpa.st-and.ac.uk/distance/<br />
Ulfstrand, S. 1960. Migration <strong>of</strong> African Kites, Milvus migrans (Bodd.) = M. aegyptius Sharpe &<br />
Bouvier, and Wahlberg's Eagles, Aquila wahlbergi Sund., at Lake Tanganyika. Kungl.<br />
Fysiogrfiska Sällskapets I Lund Förhandlingar. 30: 31–39.<br />
Ulfstrand, S. and H. Lamprey. 1960. On the birds <strong>of</strong> the Kungwe-Mahari area in western<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong>. Journal <strong>of</strong> the East African Natural History Society. 23: 223-232.<br />
Urban, E. K., C. H. Fry, and S. Keith. 1997. The Birds <strong>of</strong> Africa. Vol. V. London, Academic Press.<br />
Vesey-Fitzgerald, D. F. 1958. The Snakes <strong>of</strong> Northern Rhodesia and the Tanganyika<br />
Borderlands. Proceedings and Transactions <strong>of</strong> the Rhodesia Scientific Association. 46: 17-<br />
102.<br />
Wakibara, J. V., and B. J. Mnaya 2002. Possible control <strong>of</strong> Senna spectabilis (Cesalpiniaceae),<br />
an invasive tree in <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>. <strong>Tanzania</strong>. Oryx. 36: 357-363.<br />
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http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Tanganyika&oldid=48747184 (April 2006.<br />
Williams, J. G. 1950. A new race <strong>of</strong> Cynnyirs regius from Tanganyika. Ibis. 92: 644 - 645.<br />
Wilson, V. J. 2001. Duikers <strong>of</strong> Africa. Bulawayo, Chipangali Wildlife Trust.<br />
Wolters, H. E. 1983. Sur Systematik einiger Passers aus kamerun. Bonner Zoologische Beiträge.<br />
34: 279-291.<br />
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9. APPENDICES<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
Appendix I. List <strong>of</strong> Mammal species recorded in <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>. Taxonomy<br />
follows Kingdon (1997). This list was compiled from Nishida (1990), Stanley (2004) and fieldwork<br />
during this project.<br />
PRIMATES - PRIMATA<br />
Man and Apes - Hominidae<br />
Chimpanzee<br />
Colobid Monkeys - Colobidae<br />
Pan trogoldytes schwenfurthii<br />
Central Africa red colobus Piliocolobus oustaleti tephrosceles<br />
Angola Pied Colobus Colobus angolensis<br />
Cheek-pouch Monkeys - Cercopithecidae<br />
Yellow baboon Papio cynocephalus<br />
Vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops pygerythrus<br />
Red-tailed Monkey Cercopithecus ascanius<br />
Blue Monkey<br />
Galagos or bushbabies - Galagonidae<br />
Cercopithecus mitis<br />
Greater galago Otolemur crassicaudatus<br />
South African galago<br />
1<br />
Dwarf galago<br />
Galago moholi<br />
Galagoides sp.<br />
BATS - CHIROPTERA<br />
Fruit Bats - Megachiroptera<br />
1<br />
Singing fruit bat Epomops franqueti<br />
2<br />
Epauleted fruit bat<br />
Insect bats - Microchiroptera<br />
Epomophorus labiatus<br />
2<br />
Tomb bat Taphozous perforatus<br />
2<br />
Serotine bat Eptesicus sp.<br />
2<br />
Pipestrelle Bat Pipestrellus sp.<br />
1<br />
Evening Bat Scotoecus alb<strong>of</strong>uscus<br />
INSECTIVORES - INSECTIVORA<br />
Shrews - Soricidae<br />
1<br />
Musk Shrew Crodidura sp. 1<br />
2<br />
Musk Shrew Crocidura sp. 2<br />
2<br />
Climbing Shrew Sylvisorex megalura<br />
ELEPHANT SHREWS OR SENGIS - MACROSCELIDEA<br />
Chequered elephant shrew Rhynchocyon cirnei<br />
HARES - LAGOMORPHA<br />
Cape Hare Lepus capensis<br />
RODENTS - RODENTIA<br />
Squirrels - Sciuridae<br />
Red-legged sun squirrel Heliosciurus rufobrachium<br />
African giant squirrel Protoxerus stangeri<br />
Dormice - Myoxidae<br />
2<br />
African dormouse Graphiurus murinus<br />
Blesmols - Bathyergidae<br />
2<br />
Common blesmol Cryptomys hottentotus<br />
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Porcupines - Hystricidae<br />
Brush-tailed porcupine Atherurus africanus<br />
Crested porcupine<br />
Rat-like Rodents - Muroidea<br />
Hystrix africanus<br />
2<br />
Climbing mouse Dendromus nyikae<br />
Giant Pouched rat Cricetomys gambianus<br />
1<br />
Groove-toothed rat<br />
Murid rats and mice - Muridae<br />
Otomys sp.<br />
2<br />
Brush-furred rat Lophuromys flavopunctatus<br />
S<strong>of</strong>t-furred rat Praomys sp.<br />
2<br />
Montane Wood mouse Hylomyscus sp.<br />
Pygmy mouse Mus sp.<br />
2<br />
Thicket Rat Grammomys sp.<br />
2<br />
Rusty-nosed rat Oenomys hypoxanthus<br />
2<br />
Single-striped grass rat Leminiscomys rosalia<br />
2<br />
Common Striped grass rat Leminiscomys striatus<br />
CARNIVORES - CARNIVORA<br />
Dogs & allies Canidae<br />
Side-striped jackal Canis adustus<br />
Wild dog<br />
Mustelids - Musetlidae<br />
Lycaon pictus<br />
Zorilla Ictonyx striatus<br />
Ratel (Honey badger)<br />
Otters - Lutrinae<br />
Mellivora capensis<br />
African clawless otter Aonyx capensis<br />
Spot-necked otter<br />
Mongooses - Herpestidae<br />
Lutra maculicollis<br />
1<br />
Slender mongoose Herpestes sanguinea<br />
1<br />
Dwarf mongoose Helogale parvula<br />
Banded mongoose Mungos mungo<br />
White-tailed mongoose Ichneumia albicauda<br />
Bushy-tailed mongoose<br />
Hyaenids - Hyaenidae<br />
Bdeogale crasicauda<br />
Spotted hyaena<br />
Genets and civets - Viverridae<br />
Crocuta crocuta<br />
Common genet Genetta genetta<br />
Blotched genet Genetta tigrina<br />
1<br />
(small forest genet) Genetta sp.<br />
African civet<br />
Cats - Felidae<br />
Civettictis civetta<br />
African wildcat Felis sylvestris<br />
Leopard Panthera pardus<br />
Lion Panthera leo<br />
Serval<br />
Scaly Ant-eaters - Pholidota<br />
Felis serval<br />
Ground pangolin Smutsia temminickii<br />
1<br />
Giant pangolin Smutsia gigantea<br />
UNGULATES - UNGULATA<br />
Aardvark - Orycteropodidae<br />
Aardvark Orycteropus afer<br />
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Hyraxes - Procavidae<br />
Bush hyrax Heterohyrax brucei<br />
Southern Tree hyrax<br />
Elephants - Elephantidae<br />
Dendrohyrax arboreus<br />
African elephant<br />
Horses - Equidae<br />
Loxodonta africana<br />
Common zebra<br />
Hippopotamuses - Hippopotamidae<br />
Equus quagga<br />
Hippopotamus<br />
Pigs - Suidae<br />
Hippopotamus amphibius<br />
Bushpig Potamochoerus larvatus<br />
Common warthog<br />
Giraffes - Giraffidae<br />
Phacochoerus africanus<br />
Giraffe<br />
Bovids - Bovidae<br />
Giraffa camelopardalis<br />
African buffalo Syncerus caffer<br />
Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus<br />
Eland Taurotragus oryx<br />
Bush duiker Sylvicapra grimmia<br />
Blue duiker Cephalophus monticola<br />
Weyn's Duiker Cephalophus callipygus weynsi<br />
Sharpe's grysbok Raphicerus sharpei<br />
Klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus<br />
Waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus<br />
Topi Damaliscus lunatus<br />
Kongoni Alcelaphus buselaphus<br />
Roan antelope Hippotragus equinus<br />
Sable antelope Hippotragus niger<br />
1 Species added by this survey<br />
2 Species by W. T. Stanley (2004)<br />
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<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
Appendix II. GPS locality and number <strong>of</strong> mammals recorded at each camera trap site. Sites<br />
where the camera malfunctioned, or the film was exposed without images being recorded, are<br />
noted with an **. Position data were recorded in WGS 84, UTM Zone 35.<br />
Site Station No. Mammals Easting Northing<br />
Kasoge MH1 3 802533 9322739<br />
Kasoge MH10 6 803533 9321591<br />
Kasoge MH11 2 803494 9321676<br />
Kasoge MH12 5 803495 9321883<br />
Kasoge MH13 5 803409 9322873<br />
Kasoge MH14 4 802602 9321651<br />
Kasoge MH15 3 802743 9321469<br />
Kasoge MH16 2 803432 9321215<br />
Kasoge MH17 2 803551 9320884<br />
Kasoge MH18 5 803602 9320588<br />
Kasoge MH19 3 803723 9320302<br />
Kasoge MH2 5 802729 9322544<br />
Kasoge MH20 2 804070 9319889<br />
Kasoge MH21 2 804110 9319471<br />
Kasoge MH22 3 803710 9319358<br />
Kasoge MH23 3 803558 9319358<br />
Kasoge MH24 4 803527 9319671<br />
Kasoge MH25 4 803225 9320163<br />
Kasoge MH26 2 802275 9323445<br />
Kasoge MH27 2 802384 9324190<br />
Kasoge MH28 3 802370 9324362<br />
Kasoge MH29 ** 802361 9324506<br />
Kasoge MH3 2 802864 9322425<br />
Kasoge MH30 7 802262 9324661<br />
Kasoge MH31 2 802217 9324831<br />
Kasoge MH32 4 802301 9324948<br />
Kasoge MH33 5 802714 9325081<br />
Kasoge MH34 ** 803118 9324870<br />
Kasoge MH35 7 802785 9324177<br />
Kasoge MH36 2 802423 9323228<br />
Kasoge MH4 4 803355 9322270<br />
Kasoge MH5 1 803102 9321787<br />
Kasoge MH6 3 803102 9321787<br />
Kasoge MH7 2 803377 9321648<br />
Kasoge MH8 4 803411 9321319<br />
Kasoge MH9 1 803462 9321278<br />
Kabezi MHN01 3 813357 9323621<br />
Kabezi MHN03 3 813764 9323277<br />
Kabezi MHN04 7 813832 9323151<br />
Kabezi MHN05 4 813959 9323120<br />
Kabezi MHN06 3 814628 9322255<br />
Kabezi MHN11 2 812866 9324100<br />
Kabezi MHN12 6 812519 9324527<br />
Continued on next page.<br />
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<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
Site Station No. Mammals Easting Northing<br />
Kabezi MHN13 3 812364 9324498<br />
Kabezi MHN14 2 812569 9324360<br />
Kabezi MHN16 6 814383 9322327<br />
Kabezi MHN17 4 814957 9321390<br />
Kabezi MHN18 3 815135 9321082<br />
Kabezi MHN19 5 815455 9321195<br />
Kabezi MHN20 5 815555 9321057<br />
Kabezi MHN21 3 815593 9321017<br />
Kabezi MHN22 5 814878 9321476<br />
Kabezi MHN23 5 814727 9321418<br />
Kabezi MHN24 3 814343 9322551<br />
Kabezi MHN25 ** 813527 9322655<br />
Kabezi MHN26 3 813527 9323119<br />
Kabezi MHN27 3 813471 9323179<br />
Mfitwa MHS01 1 809919 9320826<br />
Mfitwa MHS03 ** 809946 9320802<br />
Mfitwa MHS04 1 809835 9320898<br />
Mfitwa MHS05 1 809548 9320852<br />
Mfitwa MHS06 1 810177 9320762<br />
Mfitwa MHS07 1 810272 9320705<br />
Mfitwa MHS08 1 810308 9320671<br />
Mfitwa MHS09 1 810430 9320710<br />
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<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
Appendix III: Bird species recorded at three sites in <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong> in October<br />
– November 2005 (Total 241). Site 1 = Kasoge; site 2 = Kabezi; site 3 = Mfitwa.<br />
Species 1 2 3<br />
African Broadbill √<br />
African Dusky Flycatcher √<br />
African Firefinch √ √<br />
African Fish Eagle √<br />
African Golden Oriole √ √<br />
African Goshawk √<br />
African Hawk Eagle √<br />
African Hill Babbler √<br />
African Hobby √<br />
African Hoopoe √<br />
African Moustached Warbler √<br />
African Pied Wagtail √<br />
African Rock Martin √<br />
African Scops Owl √<br />
African Snipe √<br />
African Thrush √<br />
African Wood Owl √<br />
Alexander's Akalat √<br />
Amethyst Sunbird √<br />
Arrow-marked Babbler √<br />
Augur Buzzard √ √<br />
Baglafecht weaver √ √<br />
Bamboo Warbler √ √<br />
Barn Swallow √<br />
Barred Owlet √<br />
Bat Hawk √<br />
Bateleur √ √<br />
Black & White Mannikin √ √<br />
Black Collared Barbet √<br />
Black Cuckoo √ √<br />
Black Cuckoo Shrike √<br />
Black Duck √<br />
Black Kite √<br />
Black Roughwing √<br />
Black Roughwing √<br />
Black Tit √<br />
Black-backed puff back √<br />
Black-backed Puffback √<br />
Blackcap √<br />
Black-collared Barbet √<br />
Black-crowned Tchagra √<br />
Black-headed Oriole √ √<br />
Black-shouldered Kite √<br />
Black-throated Wattle-eye √ √<br />
Blue-breasted Kingfisher √ √<br />
Blue-cheeked Bee-Eater √ √<br />
Blue-spotted Wood Dove √<br />
Booted Eagle √<br />
Broad-billed Roller √ √<br />
Broad-tailed Warbler √<br />
Bronze Mannikin √<br />
Brown Illadopsis √ √<br />
Brown Parrot √<br />
Brown Snake Eagle √<br />
Brown-backed Scrub Robin √<br />
Brown-chested Alethe √<br />
Brown-crowned Tchagra √<br />
Buff-spotted Flufftail √<br />
Cabanis' Bunting √<br />
Cabanis' Greenbul √<br />
Cattle Egret √<br />
Chestnut-bellied Kingfisher √<br />
Chin-spot Batis √<br />
Cinnamon Rock Bunting √<br />
Cinnamon-chested Bee Eater √<br />
Cliff Chat √<br />
Collared Sunbird √ √ √<br />
Common Bulbul √ √ √<br />
Common Buttonquail √<br />
Common Buzzard √<br />
Common Fiscal √<br />
Common Kestrel √<br />
Common Sandpiper √<br />
Common Scimitarbill √<br />
Common Waxbill √<br />
Copper Sunbird √<br />
Crested Flycatcher √<br />
Crested Guineafowl √ √<br />
Crowned Eagle √ √ √<br />
Crowned Hornbill √ √ √<br />
Dark-backed weaver √ √<br />
Didric Cuckoo √<br />
Drongo √<br />
Dusky Flycatcher √<br />
Dusky Turtle Dove<br />
Emerald Cuckoo √ √<br />
Emerald-spotted Wood Dove √<br />
Eurasian Bee-eater √ √ √<br />
Eurasian Cuckoo √<br />
Eurasian Hobby √<br />
Eurasian Swift √ √ √<br />
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European Swallow √ √ √<br />
Fish Eagle √<br />
Forked-tailed Drongo √<br />
Garden Warbler √ √ √<br />
Giant Kingfisher √ √<br />
Golden Oriole √ √<br />
Golden-tailed Woodpecker √<br />
Greater Honeyguide √<br />
Green Pigeon √ √<br />
Green Wood Hoopoe √<br />
Green-backed Camaroptera √<br />
Green-backed Heron √<br />
Green-backed twinspot √<br />
Green-capped Eremomela √<br />
Green-headed Sunbird √ √ √<br />
Grey Cuckoo Shrike √<br />
Grey Heron √<br />
Grey-backed Camaroptera √ √ √<br />
Grey-headed Bush Shrike √<br />
Grey-headed Negr<strong>of</strong>inch √ √<br />
Grey-headed Sparrow √<br />
Grey-throated Barbet √ √<br />
Grosbeak Weaver √<br />
Half-collared Kingfisher √<br />
Hamerkop √<br />
Harlequin Quail √<br />
Helmeted Guineafowl √<br />
Hildebrandt's Francolin √ √<br />
Holub's Golden Weaver √<br />
House Martin √ √<br />
Klaas' Cuckoo √ √<br />
Kungwe Apalis √ √ √<br />
Kurrichane Thrush √<br />
Lead-coloured Flycatcher √<br />
Leaflove √ √<br />
Lemon Dove √<br />
Lesser Striped Swallow √ √<br />
Levaillant's Cuckoo √<br />
Little Greenbul √ √<br />
Little Sparrowhawk √<br />
Lühder's Bush Shrike √ √ √<br />
Malachite Sunbird √<br />
Martial Eagle √<br />
Miombo Rock Thrush √<br />
Miombo Scrub Robin √<br />
Montane Oriole √<br />
Mountain Illadopsis √<br />
Mountain Wagtail √<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
Mountain Yellow Warbler √<br />
Narina's Trogon √<br />
Olive Pigeon √<br />
Olive Sunbird √ √ √<br />
Olive Woodpecker √<br />
Olive-bellied Sunbird √<br />
Orange Ground Thrush √<br />
Ovambo Sparrowhawk √<br />
Palm Swift √ √<br />
Palm-nut Vulture √ √<br />
Paradise Flycatcher √ √<br />
Pel's Fishing Owl √<br />
Pennant-winged Nightjar √<br />
Peters' Twinspot √<br />
Pied Kingfisher √<br />
Pygmy Kingfisher √<br />
Red-backed Shrike √<br />
Red-billed Firefinch √<br />
Red-capped Robin-Chat √ √<br />
Red-chested Cuckoo √ √<br />
Red-faced Cisticola √ √<br />
Red-faced Crimsonwing √<br />
Red-faced Crombec √<br />
Red-headed Bluebill √ √<br />
Red-rumped Swallow √ √ √<br />
Red-tailed Shrike √<br />
Red-throated Pipit √<br />
Red-winged Starling √ √ √<br />
Reed Cormorant √<br />
Regal Sunbird √ √<br />
Retz's Helmet Shrike √<br />
Ring-necked Dove √ √<br />
Rock Martin √<br />
Ross's Turaco √ √ √<br />
Sand Martin √<br />
Scaly Francolin √<br />
Scaly-throated Honeyguide √ √<br />
Scarce Swift √<br />
Scarlet-chested Sunbird √<br />
Schalow's Turaco √ √<br />
Sharpe's Starling √<br />
Shelley's Greenbul √<br />
Singing Cisticola √<br />
Slender-billed Greenbul √ √<br />
Speckled Mousebird √ √<br />
Spotted Flycatcher √ √ √<br />
Starred Robin √<br />
Steppe Buzzard √ √<br />
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Stonechat √<br />
Striped Kingfisher √<br />
Striped Pipit √<br />
Stuhlmann's Starling √<br />
Sulphur-breasted Bush Shrike √<br />
Tambourine Dove √ √<br />
Tawny-flanked Prinia √<br />
Thick-billed Cuckoo √<br />
Thick-billed Seedeater √<br />
Tree Pipit √<br />
Trilling Cisticola √ √<br />
Tropical Boubou √ √ √<br />
Trumpeter Hornbill √ √ √<br />
Vanga Flycatcher √<br />
Variable Sunbird √ √<br />
Vieillot's Black Weaver √<br />
Violet-backed Starling √<br />
Walhberg's Eagle √<br />
Waller's Starling √ √<br />
Water Thicknee √<br />
Western (Green) Yellowbill √ √ √<br />
Western Citril √<br />
Western Nicator √ √<br />
Western Violet-backed Sunbird √<br />
White Helmet Shrike √<br />
White-breasted Cuckoo Shrike √<br />
White-browed Coucal √ √ √<br />
White-browed Crombec √<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
White-browed Petronia √<br />
White-browed Robin Chat √ √<br />
White-browed Scrub Robin √ √<br />
White-chinned Prinia √<br />
White-crested Helmet Shrike √<br />
White-naped Raven √ √ √<br />
White-rumped Swift √ √<br />
White-tailed Blue Flycatcher √ √<br />
White-throated Bee-eater √<br />
Willow Warbler √ √ √<br />
Wood Sandpiper √<br />
Woodland Kingfisher √<br />
Yellow Bishop √<br />
Yellow Warbler √<br />
Yellow White-eye √ √ √<br />
Yellow-bellied Hyliota √<br />
Yellow-bellied Wattle-eye √<br />
Yellow-bellied Waxbill √<br />
Yellow-billed Kite √<br />
Yellow-mantled Widowbird √<br />
Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird √ √ √<br />
Yellow-streaked Greenbul √<br />
Yellow-throated Leaflove √<br />
Yellow-throated Warbler √<br />
Yellow-vented Bulbul √ √ √<br />
Yellow-whiskered Greenbul √ √ √<br />
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<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
Appendix IV. Bird species recorded in <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> park up to April 2005. Total =<br />
355 species.<br />
Species / Family Scientific name<br />
PHALACROCORACIDAE - CORMORANTS<br />
Reed Cormorant Phalacrocorax africanus<br />
ANHINGIDAE - DARTERS<br />
African Darter Anhinga rufa<br />
ARDEIDAE - BITTERNS, EGRETS and HERONS<br />
Dwarf Bittern Ixobrychus sturmii<br />
Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax<br />
White-backed Night Heron Gorsachius leuconotus<br />
Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides<br />
Rufous-bellied Heron Ardeola rufiventris<br />
Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis<br />
Green-backed Heron Butorides striatus<br />
Black Heron Egretta ardesiaca<br />
Little Egret Egretta garzetta<br />
Yellow-billed Egret Egretta intermedia<br />
Purple Heron Ardea purpurea<br />
Grey Heron Ardea cinerea<br />
Goliath Heron Ardea goliath<br />
Black-headed Heron Ardea melanocephala<br />
SCOPIDAE - HAMERKOP<br />
Hamerkop Scopus umbretta<br />
CICONIIDAE - STORKS<br />
Yellow-billed Stork Mycteria ibis<br />
Open-billed Stork Anastomus lamelligerus<br />
White Stork Ciconia ciconia<br />
Black Stork Ciconia nigra<br />
Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus<br />
THRESKIORNITHIDAE - IBIS and SPOONBILLS<br />
Sacred Ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus<br />
Hadada Ibis Bostrychia hagedash<br />
African Spoonbill Platalea alba<br />
ANATIDAE - DUCKS and GEESE<br />
Egyptian Goose Alopochen aegyptiacus<br />
Knob-billed Duck Sarkidiornis melanotos<br />
Spur-winged Goose Plectropterus gambensis<br />
Black Duck Anas sparsa<br />
ACCIPITRIDAE - VULTURES, EAGLES, KITES, HAWKS etc.<br />
Bat Hawk Macheiramphus alcinus<br />
Black-shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus<br />
Yellow-billed Kite Milvus parasiticus<br />
Fish Eagle Haliaeetus vocifer<br />
Palm-nut Vulture Gypohierax angolensis<br />
Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus<br />
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<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
White-backed Vulture Gyps africanus<br />
Brown Snake Eagle Circaetus cinereus<br />
Lappet-faced Vulture Torgos tracheliotus<br />
White-headed Vulture Trigonoceps occipitalis<br />
Bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus<br />
Gymnogene Polyboroides typus<br />
Gabar Goshawk Micronisus gabar<br />
Great Sparrowhawk Accipiter melanoleucus<br />
Ovambo Sparrowhawk Accipiter ovampensis<br />
Little Sparrowhawk Accipiter minullus<br />
African Goshawk Accipiter tachiro<br />
Lizard Buzzard Kaupifalco monogrammicus<br />
Steppe Buzzard Buteo [buteo] vulpinus<br />
Mountain Buzzard Buteo oreophilus<br />
Augur Buzzard Buteo augur<br />
Wahlberg's Eagle Aquila wahlbergi<br />
Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax<br />
Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis<br />
African Hawk Eagle Hieraaetus spilogaster<br />
Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus<br />
Ayres' Hawk Eagle Hieraaetus ayresii<br />
Long-crested Eagle Lophaetus occipitalis<br />
Crowned Eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus<br />
Martial Eagle Polemaetus bellicosus<br />
Osprey Pandion haliaetus<br />
FALCONIDAE - FALCONS<br />
Eurasian Hobby Falco subbuteo<br />
African Hobby Falco cuvierii<br />
Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus<br />
Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus<br />
PHASIANIDAE - FRANCOLINS and QUAILS<br />
Hildebrandt's Francolin Francolinus hildebrandti<br />
Scaly Francolin Francolinus squamatus<br />
Common Quail Coturnix coturnix<br />
Harlequin Quail Coturnix delegorguei<br />
NUMIDIDAE - GUINEAFOWLS<br />
Crested Guineafowl Guttera pucherani<br />
TURNICIDAE - BUTTONQUAILS<br />
Common Buttonquail Turnix sylvatica<br />
RALLIDAE - RAILS and CRAKES<br />
Buff-spotted Flufftail Sarothrura elegans<br />
White-spotted Flufftail Sarothrura pulchra<br />
African Crake Crex egregia<br />
Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus<br />
Purple Gallinule Porphyrio porphyrio<br />
Allen's Gallinule Porphyrula alleni<br />
JACANIDAE - JACANAS<br />
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<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
Jacana Actophilornis africanus<br />
RECURVIROSTRIDAE - STILTS and AVOCETS<br />
Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus<br />
BURHINIDAE - STONE CURLEWS<br />
Water Thicknee Burhinus vermiculatus<br />
GLAREOLIDAE - COURSERS and PRATINCOLES<br />
Rock Pratincole Glareola nuchalis<br />
CHARADRIIDAE - PLOVERS<br />
Three-banded Plover Charadrius tricollaris<br />
Brown-chested Plover Vanellus superciliosus<br />
SCOLOPACIDAE - SNIPES, GODWITS, SANDPIPERS etc<br />
African Snipe Gallinago nigripennis<br />
Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus<br />
Curlew Numenius arquata<br />
Greenshank Tringa nebularia<br />
Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola<br />
Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis<br />
Little Stint Calidris minuta<br />
Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos<br />
LARIDAE - GULLS<br />
Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus<br />
Grey-headed Gull Larus cirrocephalus<br />
STERNIDAE - TERNS<br />
Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica<br />
White-winged Tern Chlidonias leucopterus<br />
COLUMBIDAE - PIGEONS and DOVES<br />
Speckled Pigeon Columba guinea<br />
Olive Pigeon Columba arquatrix<br />
Lemon Dove Aplopelia larvata<br />
Dusky Turtle Dove Streptopelia lugens<br />
Laughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis<br />
Ring-necked Dove Streptopelia capicola<br />
Red-eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata<br />
Emerald-spotted Wood Dove Turtur chalcospilos<br />
Blue-spotted Wood Dove Turtur afer<br />
Tambourine Dove Turtur tympanistria<br />
Namaqua Dove Oena capensis<br />
Green Pigeon Treron calva<br />
PSITTACIDAE - PARROTS<br />
Brown Parrot Poicephalus meyeri<br />
Red-headed Lovebird Agapornis pullarius<br />
MUSOPHAGIDAE - TURACOS and GO-AWAY BIRDS<br />
Schalow's Turaco Tauraco schalowi<br />
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<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
Purple-crested Turaco Tauraco porphyreolophus<br />
Ross's Turaco Musophaga rossae<br />
CUCULIDAE - CUCKOOS<br />
Great Spotted Cuckoo Clamator glandarius<br />
Levaillant's Cuckoo Oxylophus levaillantii<br />
Thick-billed Cuckoo Pachycoccyx audeberti<br />
Red-chested Cuckoo Cuculus solitarius<br />
Black Cuckoo Cuculus clamosus<br />
Eurasian Cuckoo Cuculus canorus<br />
Emerald Cuckoo Chrysococcyx cupreus<br />
Klaas' Cuckoo Chrysococcyx klaas<br />
Didric Cuckoo Chrysococcyx caprius<br />
CENTROPODIDAE - COUCALS<br />
Western Yellowbill Ceuthmochares aereus<br />
White-browed Coucal Centropus superciliosus<br />
TYTONIDAE - BARN OWLS<br />
Barn Owl Tyto alba<br />
STRIGIDAE - OWLS<br />
African Scops Owl Otus senegalensis<br />
Spotted Eagle Owl Bubo africanus<br />
Verreaux's Eagle Owl Bubo lacteus<br />
Pel's Fishing Owl Scotopelia peli<br />
Pearl-spotted Owlet Glaucidium perlatum<br />
Barred Owlet Glaucidium capense<br />
African Wood Owl Strix woodfordii<br />
CAPRIMULGIDAE - NIGHTJARS<br />
Fiery-necked Nightjar Caprimulgus pectoralis<br />
Gabon Nightjar Caprimulgus fossi<br />
Pennant-winged Nightjar Macrodipteryx vexillarius<br />
APODIDAE - SWIFTS<br />
Scarce Swift Schoutedenapus myoptilus<br />
Palm Swift Cypsiurus parvus<br />
Eurasian Swift Apus apus<br />
Black Swift Apus barbatus<br />
Little Swift Apus affinis<br />
White-rumped Swift Apus caffer<br />
COLIIDAE - MOUSEBIRDS<br />
Speckled Mousebird Colius striatus<br />
TROGONIDAE - TROGONS<br />
Narina Trogon Apaloderma narina<br />
ALCEDINIDAE - KINGFISHERS<br />
Malachite Kingfisher Corythornis cristata<br />
Half-collared Kingfisher Alcedo semitorquata<br />
Shining Blue Kingfisher Alcedo quadribrachys<br />
Wildlife Conservation Society 40
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
Pygmy Kingfisher Ceyx picta<br />
Brown-hooded Kingfisher Halcyon albiventris<br />
Chestnut-bellied Kingfisher Halcyon leucocephala<br />
Blue-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon malimbica<br />
Woodland Kingfisher Halcyon senegalensis<br />
Striped Kingfisher Halcyon chelicuti<br />
Giant Kingfisher Megaceryle maxima<br />
Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis<br />
MEROPIDAE - BEE-EATERS<br />
Little Bee-eater Merops pusillus<br />
Blue-breasted Bee-eater Merops variegatus<br />
Cinnamon Bee-eater Merops oreobates<br />
White-fronted Bee-eater Merops bullockoides<br />
White-throated Bee-eater Merops albicollis<br />
Böhm's Bee-eater Merops boehmi<br />
Madagascar Bee-eater Merops superciliosus<br />
Blue-cheeked Bee-eater Merops persicus<br />
Eurasian Bee-eater Merops apiaster<br />
Southern Carmine Bee-eater Merops nubicoides<br />
CORACIIDAE - ROLLERS<br />
Lilac-breasted Roller Coracias caudata<br />
Broad-billed Roller Eurystomus glacurus<br />
PHOENICULIDAE - WOOD HOOPES<br />
Green Wood Hoopoe Phoeniculus purpureus<br />
Common Scimitarbill Rhinopomastus cyanomelas<br />
UPUPIDAE - HOOPOES<br />
African Hoopoe Upupa africana<br />
BUCEROTIDAE - HORNBILLS<br />
Crowned Hornbill Tockus alboterminatus<br />
Trumpeter Hornbill Bycanistes bucinator<br />
Ground Hornbill Bucorvus caffer<br />
LYBIIDAE - BARBETS and TINKERBIRDS<br />
Grey-throated Barbet Gymnobucco bonapartei<br />
Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird Pogoniulus chrysoconus<br />
Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird Pogoniulus bilineatus<br />
Black-collared Barbet Lybius torquatus<br />
Black-backed Barbet Lybius minor<br />
INDICATORIDAE - HONEYGUIDES<br />
Scaly-throated Honeyguide Indicator variegatus<br />
Greater Honeyguide Indicator indicator<br />
Lesser Honeyguide Indicator minor<br />
PICIDAE - WOODPECKERS<br />
Golden-tailed Woodpecker Campethera abingoni<br />
Fine-banded Woodpecker Campethera tullbergi<br />
Olive Woodpecker Dendropicos griseocephalus<br />
Wildlife Conservation Society 41
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
EURYLAIMIDAE - BROADBILLS<br />
African Broadbill Smithornis capensis<br />
ALAUDIDAE - LARKS<br />
Fischer's Sparrowlark Eremopterix leucopareia<br />
HIRUNDINIDAE - SWALLOWS and MARTINS<br />
Black Roughwing Psalidoprocne holomelas<br />
White-headed Roughwing Psalidoprocne albiceps<br />
Sand Martin Riparia riparia<br />
Mosque Swallow Hirundo senegalensis<br />
Lesser Striped Swallow Hirundo abyssinica<br />
Red-rumped Swallow Hirundo daurica<br />
Rock Martin Hirundo fuligula<br />
Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii<br />
European Swallow Hirundo rustica<br />
Angola Swallow Hirundo angolensis<br />
House Martin Delichon urbica<br />
MOTACILLIDAE - WAGTAILS, PIPITS, LONGCLAWS<br />
Mountain Wagtail Motacilla clara<br />
African Pied Wagtail Motacilla aguimp<br />
African Pipit Anthus cinnamomeus<br />
Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis<br />
Red-throated Pipit Anthus cervinus<br />
Striped Pipit Anthus lineiventris<br />
CAMPEPHAGIDAE - CUCKOO SHRIKES<br />
Black Cuckoo Shrike Campephaga flava<br />
Grey Cuckoo Shrike Coracina caesia<br />
White-breasted Cuckoo Shrike Coracina pectoralis<br />
PYCNONOTIDAE - GREENBULS<br />
Shelley's Greenbul Andropadus masukuensis<br />
Little Greenbul Andropadus virens<br />
Slender-billed Greenbul Andropadus gracilirostris<br />
Yellow-whiskered Greenbul Andropadus latirostris<br />
Yellow-throated Leaflove Chlorocichla flavicollis<br />
Yellow-bellied Greenbul Chlorocichla flaviventris<br />
Leaflove Phyllastrephus scandens<br />
Cabanis' Greenbul Phyllastrephus cabanisi<br />
Yellow-streaked Greenbul Phyllastrephus flavostriatus<br />
Yellow-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus barbatus<br />
Western Nicator Nicator chloris<br />
TURDIDAE - THRUSHES, ROBINS, WHEATEARS, CHATS<br />
Miombo Rock Thrush Monticola angolensis<br />
African Thrush Turdus pelios<br />
Kurrichane Thrush Turdus libonyanus<br />
Orange Ground Thrush Zoothera gurneyi<br />
Brown-chested Alethe Alethe poliocephala<br />
Starred Robin Pogonocichla stellata<br />
Alexander's Akalat Sheppardia insulana kungwensis<br />
White-browed Robinchat Cossypha heuglini<br />
Wildlife Conservation Society 42
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
Red-capped Robinchat Cossypha natalensis<br />
Collared Palm Thrush Cichladusa arquata<br />
Miombo Scrub Robin Cercotrichas barbata<br />
White-browed Scrub Robin Cercotrichas leucophrys<br />
Stonechat Saxicola torquata<br />
Whinchat Saxicola rubetra<br />
Familiar Chat Cercomela familiaris<br />
Cliff Chat Thamnolaea cinnamomeiventris<br />
SYLVIIDAE - WARBLERS<br />
Broad-tailed Warbler Schoenicola brevirostris<br />
Bamboo Warbler Bradypterus alfredi<br />
African Moustached Warbler Melocichla mentalis<br />
Olivaceous Warbler Hippolais pallida<br />
Yellow Warbler Chloropeta natalensis<br />
Mountain Yellow Warbler Chloropeta similis<br />
Green-capped Eremomela Eremomela scotops<br />
White-browed Crombec Sylvietta leucophrys<br />
Red-faced Crombec Sylvietta whytii<br />
Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus<br />
Wood Warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix<br />
Yellow-throated Warbler Phylloscopus ruficapilla<br />
Yellow-bellied Hyliota Hyliota flavigaster<br />
Garden Warbler Sylvia borin<br />
Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla<br />
Rattling Cisticola Cisticola chiniana<br />
Trilling Cisticola Cisticola woosnami<br />
Red-faced Cisticola Cisticola erythrops<br />
Singing Cisticola Cisticola cantans<br />
Tawny-flanked Prinia Prinia subflava<br />
White-chinned Prinia Prinia leucopogon<br />
Yellow-breasted Apalis Apalis flavida<br />
Kungwe Apalis Apalis argentea<br />
Grey-backed Camaroptera Camaroptera brachyura<br />
Green-backed Camaroptera Camaroptera brevicauda<br />
MUSCICAPIDAE - FLYCATCHERS<br />
Pale Flycatcher Bradornis pallidus<br />
Southern Black Flycatcher Melaenornis pammelaina<br />
Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata<br />
Dusky Flycatcher Muscicapa adusta<br />
Swamp Flycatcher Muscicapa aquatica<br />
Lead-coloured Flycatcher Myioparus plumbeus<br />
PLATYSTEIRDAE - WATTLE-EYES and BATIS<br />
Vanga Flycatcher Bias musicus<br />
Chin-spot Batis Batis molitor<br />
Yellow-bellied Wattle-eye Platysteira concreta<br />
Black-throated Wattle-eye Platysteira peltata<br />
MONARCHIDAE - MONARCH FLYCATCHERS<br />
White-tailed Blue Flycatcher Elminia albicauda<br />
Crested Flycatcher Trochocercus cyanomelas<br />
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<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone viridis<br />
TIMALIIDAE - BABBLERS, IIADOPSIS, CHATTERERS<br />
Brown Illadopsis Illadopsis fulvescens<br />
Mountain Illadopsis Illadopsis pyrrhopter<br />
African Hill Babbler Alcippe abyssinica<br />
Arrow-marked Babbler Turdoides jardineii<br />
PARIDAE - TITS<br />
Black Tit Parus leucomelas<br />
REMIZIDAE - PENDULINE TITS<br />
African Penduline Tit Anthoscopus caroli<br />
NECTARINIIDAE -- SUNBIRDS<br />
Western Violet-backed Sunbird Anthreptes longuemarei<br />
Collared Sunbird Anthreptes collaris<br />
Western Olive Sunbird Nectarinia obscura<br />
Green-headed Sunbird Nectarinia verticalis<br />
Amethyst Sunbird Nectarinia amethystina<br />
Scarlet-chested Sunbird Nectarinia senegalensis<br />
Variable Sunbird Nectarinia venusta<br />
Olive-bellied Sunbird Nectarinia chloropygia<br />
Regal Sunbird Nectarinia regia<br />
Mariqua Sunbird Nectarinia mariquensis<br />
Red-chested Sunbird Nectarinia erythroceri<br />
Copper Sunbird Nectarinia cuprea<br />
Malachite Sunbird Nectarinia famosa<br />
ZOSTEROPIDAE - WHITE-EYES<br />
Yellow White-eye Zosterops senegalensis<br />
ORIOLIDAE - ORIOLES<br />
Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus<br />
African Golden Oriole Oriolus auratus<br />
Black-headed Oriole Oriolus larvatus<br />
Montane Oriole Oriolus percivali<br />
LANIIDAE - SHRIKES<br />
Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio<br />
Red-tailed Shrike Lanius isabellinus<br />
Common Fiscal Lanius collaris<br />
MALACONOTIDAE - PUFFBACKS, TCHAGRAS, BOUBOUS, BU<br />
Brubru Nilaus afer<br />
Black-backed Puffback Dryoscopus cubla<br />
Pink-footed Puffback Dryoscopus angolensis<br />
Marsh Tchagra Tchagra minuta<br />
Brown-crowned Tchagra Tchagra australis<br />
Black-crowned Tchagra Tchagra senegala<br />
Lühder's Bush Shrike Laniarius luehderi<br />
Tropical Boubou Laniarius aethiopicus<br />
Sulphur-breasted Bush Shrike Malaconotus sulfureopectus<br />
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Grey-headed Bush Shrike Malaconotus blanchoti<br />
PRIONOPIDAE -- HELMET SHRIKES<br />
White Helmet Shrike Prionops plumatus<br />
Retz's Helmet Shrike Prionops retzii<br />
DICRURIDAE - DRONGOS<br />
Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis<br />
CORVIDAE - CROWS<br />
Pied Crow Corvus albus<br />
White-necked Raven Corvus albicollis<br />
STURNIDAE - STARLINGS<br />
Stuhlmann's Starling Poeoptera stuhlmanni<br />
Waller's Starling Onychognathus walleri<br />
Red-winged Starling Onychognathus morio<br />
Sharpe's Starling Cinnyricinclus sharpii<br />
Violet-backed Starling Cinnyricinclus leucogaster<br />
PASSERIDAE -- SPARROWS and PETRONIAS<br />
Grey-headed Sparrow Passer griseus<br />
White-browed Petronia Petronia superciliaris<br />
PLOCEIDAE - WEAVERS, QUELEAS, BISHOPS<br />
Baglafecht Weaver Ploceus baglafecht<br />
Spectacled Weaver Ploceus ocularis<br />
Holub's Golden Weaver Ploceus xanthops<br />
Vieillot's Black Weaver Ploceus nigerrimus<br />
Village Weaver Ploceus cucullatus<br />
Golden-backed Weaver Ploceus jacksoni<br />
Dark-backed Weaver Ploceus bicolor<br />
Brown-capped Weaver Ploceus insignis<br />
Red-headed Weaver Anaplectes rubriceps<br />
Red-headed Quelea Quelea erythrops<br />
Southern Red Bishop Euplectes orix<br />
Yellow Bishop Euplectes capensis<br />
Yellow-mantled Widowbird Euplectes macrourus<br />
Black-winged Red Bishop Euplectes hordeaceus<br />
Red-collared Widowbird Euplectes ardens<br />
Grosbeak Weaver Amblyospiza albifrons<br />
ESTRILDIDAE - WAXBILLS, CORDON-BLEUS, MANNIKINS etc<br />
Grey-headed Negr<strong>of</strong>inch Nigrita canicapilla<br />
Green-winged Pytilia Pytilia melba<br />
Orange-winged Pytilia Pytilia afra<br />
Red-faced Crimsonwing Cryptospiza reichenovii<br />
Red-headed Bluebill Spermophaga ruficapilla<br />
Peters' Twinspot Hypargos niveoguttatus<br />
Green-backed Twinspot Mandingoa nitidula<br />
Red-billed Firefinch Lagonosticta senegala<br />
African Firefinch Lagonosticta rubricata<br />
Grey Waxbill Estrilda perreini<br />
Common Waxbill Estrilda astrild<br />
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<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
Yellow-bellied Waxbill Estrilda quartinia<br />
Red-cheeked Cordonbleu Uraeginthus bengalus<br />
Bronze Mannikin Lonchura cucullata<br />
Black and White Mannikin Lonchura bicolor<br />
VIDUIDAE - INDIGOBIRDS AND WHYDAHS<br />
Village Indigobird Vidua chalybeata<br />
Pin-tailed Whydah Vidua macroura<br />
FRINGILLIDAE - CANARYS and SEED-EATERS<br />
Western Citril Serinus frontalis<br />
Thick-billed Seedeater Serinus burtoni<br />
Oriole Finch Linurgus olivaceus<br />
EMBERIZIDAE - BUNTINGS<br />
Cinnamon Rock Bunting Emberiza tahapisi<br />
Cabanis' Bunting Emberiza cabanisi<br />
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Appendix V. Percent <strong>of</strong> points at which a species was sampled, the number <strong>of</strong> individuals per<br />
hour <strong>of</strong> sampling, and mean group size for 135 species <strong>of</strong> birds at three sites in <strong>Mahale</strong><br />
<strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>. (Sample size: Kasoge, N = 91, No. birds = 898, No. contacts = 415;<br />
Kabezi, N = 106, No. birds = 1453, No. contacts = 795; and Mfitwa, N = 29, No. birds = 292; No.<br />
contacts = 191.)<br />
Bird species<br />
KASOGE KABEZI MFITWA<br />
% pt. No./hr Group % pt. No./hr Group % pt. No./hr Group<br />
African Dusky Flycatcher 1.1 0.13 1.0<br />
African Fire-Finch 0.9 0.3 3.0<br />
African Fish Eagle 3.3 0.53 1.3<br />
African Goshawk 1.1 0.13 1.0<br />
African Hill Babbler 37.9 5.4 1.0<br />
African Hoopoe 1.1 0.13 1.0<br />
African Rock Martin 3.8 4.8 10.5<br />
African Thrush 21.7 2.6 1.0<br />
Alexander's Akalat 10.3 1.2 1.0<br />
Amethyst Sunbird 1.9 0.5 2.0<br />
Arrow-marked Babbler 5.7 1.9 2.8<br />
Augur Buzzard 1.9 0.2 1.0<br />
Baglafecht weaver 1.9 0.6 2.5 6.9 1.7 2.0<br />
Bamboo Warbler 0.9 0.1 1.0 3.4 0.8 2.0<br />
Barn Swallow 0.9 0.7 6.0<br />
Bateleur 1.1 0.13 1.0 0.9 0.1 1.0<br />
Black and White Mannikin 0.9 1.5 13.0<br />
Black Collared Barbet 2.8 0.3 1.0<br />
Black Kite 0.9 0.1 1.0<br />
Black Saw-wing 3.8 3.4 7.5<br />
Black Tit 0.9 0.1 1.0<br />
Black-backed puff back 18.9 3.5 1.5 6.9 1.7 2.0<br />
Black-collared Barbet 2.8 0.3 1.0<br />
Black-crowned Tchagra 18.9 2.5 1.0<br />
Black-headed Oriole 1.1 0.13 1.0 20.8 2.6 1.0<br />
Black-throated Wattle-eye 0.9 0.2 2.0<br />
Blue-breasted Kingfisher 15.4 1.98 1.1 5.7 0.9 1.3<br />
Booted Eagle 0.9 0.1 1.0<br />
Broad-billed Roller 1.1 0.26 2.0 5.7 1.4 2.0<br />
Brown Illadopsis 3.3 0.79 2.0 0.9 0.2 2.0<br />
Brown Snake Eagle 0.9 0.1 1.0<br />
Brown-backed Scrub Robin 0.9 0.1 1.0<br />
Brown-chested Alethe 10.3 1.2 1.0<br />
Brown-crowned Tchagra 15.1 1.8 1.0<br />
Cabanis's Greenbul 10.3 4.1 3.3<br />
Chin-spot Batis 11.3 1.9 1.4<br />
Cinnamon-chested Bee Eater 0.9 0.5 4.0<br />
Collared Sunbird 12.1 2.11 1.5 8.5 2.0 2.0<br />
Common Bulbul 17.6 2.64 1.3 61.3 12.8 1.6 34.5 9.9 2.0<br />
Common Buzzard 1.1 0.13 1.0<br />
Common Kestrel 0.9 0.1 1.0<br />
Copper Sunbird 1.9 0.5 2.0<br />
Crested Flycatcher 6.9 2.1 1.7<br />
Crested Guineafowl 6.6 2.3 2.9<br />
Crowned Eagle 2.2 0.26 1.0 3.8 0.5 1.0<br />
Crowned Hornbill 4.4 0.66 1.3 1.9 0.2 1.0<br />
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Bird species<br />
KASOGE KABEZI MFITWA<br />
% pt. No./hr Group % pt. No./hr Group % pt. No./hr Group<br />
Dark-backed weaver 11.3 3.7 2.8<br />
Emerald Cuckoo 5.5 0.66 1.0 21.7 2.6 1.0<br />
Emerald-spotted Wood Dove 1.9 0.3 1.5<br />
Eurasian Bee Eater 27.5 41.01 12.4 15.1 11.3 6.3<br />
Forked-tailed Drongo 6.6 1.6 2.0<br />
Garden Warbler 2.2 0.26 1.0 6.9 1.7 1.3<br />
Golden Oriole 1.1 0.40 3.0 0.9 0.1 1.0<br />
Golden-tailed Wood-pecker 1.9 0.3 1.5<br />
Greater Honey Guide 2.8 0.3 1.0<br />
Green Pigeon 2.8 2.2 6.3<br />
Green-backed twinspot 1.1 0.13 1.0<br />
Green-capped Eremomela 1.1 0.26 2.0<br />
Green-headed Sunbird 0.9 0.1 1.0<br />
Grey-backed Camaroptera 2.2 0.26 1.0 21.7 4.4 1.6 10.3 2.5 2.0<br />
Grey-headed Bush Shrike 0.9 0.1 1.0<br />
Grey-headed Negro-finch 1.9 0.2 1.0<br />
Grey-throated Barbet 3.4 0.4 1.0<br />
Hildebrant's Francolin 3.3 0.79 2.0 1.9 0.6 2.5<br />
Holub's Golden Weaver 0.9 0.1 1.0<br />
Klaas' Cuckoo 3.3 0.40 1.0 4.7 0.6 1.0<br />
Kungwe Apalis 4.4 1.45 2.8 5.7 3.2 4.0 20.7 5.0 2.0<br />
Kurrichane Thrush 3.8 0.5 1.0<br />
Lead-coloured Flycatcher 7.5 0.9 1.0<br />
Leaflove 13.2 6.59 4.2 6.6 2.7 3.4<br />
Lesser-striped Swallow 4.7 1.5 2.6<br />
Little Greenbul 57.1 11.87 1.7 18.9 4.0 1.8<br />
Little Sparrow Hawk 0.9 0.1 1.0<br />
Luhder's Bush Shrike 1.9 0.5 2.0 20.7 5.8 1.8<br />
Malachite Sunbird 10.3 4.6 1.8<br />
Martial Eagle 0.9 0.1 1.0<br />
Montane Oriole 31.0 4.6 1.0<br />
Mountain Illadopsis 3.4 1.2 3.0<br />
Mountain Wagtail 0.9 0.3 3.0<br />
Narina's Trogon 1.1 0.13 1.0<br />
Olive Sunbird 31.9 5.41 1.4 4.7 0.8 1.4 6.9 0.8 1.0<br />
Olive Woodpecker 3.4 0.8 2.0<br />
Olive-bellied Sunbird 2.2 0.66 2.5<br />
Orange Ground Thrush 51.7 8.3 1.0<br />
Palm-nut Vulture 2.2 0.26 1.0<br />
Paradise Flycatcher 16.5 2.51 1.3 19.8 4.1 1.7<br />
Red-capped Robin Chat 24.2 3.56 1.2 7.5 1.0 1.1<br />
Red-chested Cuckoo 1.1 0.13 1.0 12.3 1.6 1.0<br />
Red-faced Cisticola 7.5 1.6 1.8<br />
Red-faced Crimsonwing 17.2 3.3 1.6<br />
Red-faced Crombec 2.8 0.3 1.0<br />
Red-headed Bluebill 1.1 0.26 2.0<br />
Red-rumped Swallow 1.9 1.2 5.5 3.4 0.8 2.0<br />
Red-winged Starling 1.1 0.13 1.0 1.9 1.2 5.5<br />
Regal Sunbird 0.9 0.2 2.0 27.6 5.0 1.2<br />
Retz's Helmet Shrike 5.7 4.0 5.8<br />
Ross's Turaco 7.7 2.24 2.4 4.7 1.8 3.2<br />
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<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
Bird species<br />
KASOGE KABEZI MFITWA<br />
% pt. No./hr Group % pt. No./hr Group % pt. No./hr Group<br />
Scaly-throated Honey Guide 0.9 0.1 1.0<br />
Scarce Swift 0.9 0.3 3.0<br />
Schalow's Turaco 15.1 2.5 1.4 13.8 4.1 1.7<br />
Shelley's Greenbul 17.2 2.5 1.2<br />
Slender-billed Greenbul 16.5 3.43 1.6 2.8 0.7 2.0 3.4 0.4 1.0<br />
Speckled Mousebird 0.9 0.7 6.0<br />
Spotted Flycatcher 1.1 0.13 1.0 0.9 0.2 2.0<br />
Starred Robin 27.6 3.3 1.0<br />
Striped-Kingfisher 1.9 0.2 1.0<br />
Stuhlman's Starling 6.9 2.1 2.5<br />
Sulphur-breasted Bush Shrike 6.6 0.9 1.1<br />
Tambourine Dove 2.2 0.26 1.0<br />
Tawny-flanked Prinia 9.4 2.4 2.1<br />
Tree Pipit 0.9 0.2 2.0<br />
Trilling Cisticola 2.2 0.40 1.0 36.8 5.3 1.2<br />
Tropical Boubou 1.1 0.13 1.0 36.8 8.3 1.8 6.9 1.7 2.0<br />
Trumpeter Hornbill 4.4 0.66 1.3 9.4 2.0 1.8<br />
Variable Sunbird 10.3 3.7 1.5<br />
Violet-backed Starling 3.8 1.5 3.3<br />
Walhberg's Eagle 1.9 0.3 1.5<br />
Waller's Starling 3.4 0.8 2.0<br />
Western Nicator 29.7 4.75 1.2 6.6 1.1 1.3<br />
White-browed Coucal 1.1 0.13 1.0 6.6 0.9 1.1<br />
White-browed Robin Chat 2.2 0.40 1.5 1.9 0.3 1.5<br />
White-browed Scrub Robin 3.3 0.40 1.0 14.2 1.7 1.0<br />
White-crested Helmet Shrike 8.5 4.3 4.2<br />
White-naped Raven 2.2 0.26 1.0 2.8 0.3 1.0<br />
White-tailed Blue Flycatcher 0.9 0.1 1.0<br />
Willow Warbler 3.3 0.53 1.3 1.9 0.5 2.0 10.3 1.7 1.0<br />
Yellow Bishop 0.9 0.2 2.0<br />
Yellow White-eye 3.3 0.53 1.3 3.8 1.5 3.3 20.7 6.6 2.7<br />
Yellow-bellied Hyliota 2.8 0.7 2.0<br />
Yellow-bellied Wattle-eye 3.4 0.8 2.0<br />
Yellowbill 7.7 1.19 1.3 0.9 0.1 1.0<br />
Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird 47.3 8.31 1.3 50.9 7.7 1.2 10.3 1.2 1.0<br />
Yellow-streaked Greenbul 13.8 8.7 4.2<br />
Yellow-throated Woodland Warbler 17.2 2.9 1.4<br />
Yellow-whiskered Greenbul 37.4 7.52 1.6 40.6 7.4 1.4 37.9 7.4 1.1<br />
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Appendix VI. Preliminary list <strong>of</strong> the Reptiles <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>.<br />
Land Tortoses Testudinidae<br />
Bell's Hinged Tortoise Kinixys belliana<br />
Terrapins Pelomedusidae<br />
Serrated Hinged Terrapin Pelusios sinuatus<br />
Geckoes Gekkonidae<br />
Hemidactylus sp.<br />
Lygodactylus sp.<br />
Skinks Scincidae<br />
Speckled-lipped Skink Mabuya maculilabris<br />
Striped Skink Mabuya striata<br />
Variable Skink Mabuya varia<br />
Peter's Writhing Skink Lygosoma afrum<br />
Agamas Agamidae<br />
Blue-headed Tree Agama Acanthocerus atricollis<br />
Red-headed Rock Agama Agama agama<br />
Monitor Lizards Varanidae<br />
Nile monitor Varanus niloticus<br />
Crocodiles Crocodylidae<br />
Nile Crocodile Crocodylus niloticus<br />
Pythons Boidae<br />
Southern African Rock Python Python natalensis<br />
Typical Snakes Colubridae<br />
Lake Tanganyika Water Snake Lycodonomorphus bicolor<br />
Brown House Snake Lamprophis fuliginosus<br />
Angolan Green-snake Philothanmus angolensis<br />
White-lipped Snake Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia<br />
Boomslang Dispholidus typus<br />
Cobras, Mambas and relatives Elapidae<br />
Banded Water Cobra Boulengerina annulata stormsi<br />
Forest Cobra Naja melanoleuca<br />
Black-necked Spitting Cobra Naja nigricollis<br />
Jameson's Mamba Dendroaspis jamesoni<br />
Black Mamba Dendroaspis polylepis<br />
Vipers Viperidae<br />
Puff Adder Bitis aeritans<br />
Mt. Rungwe Bush Viper Atheris rungwensis<br />
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APPENDIX VII. List <strong>of</strong> plant species know from <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>.<br />
*Introduced and †Albertine Rift Endemic<br />
Genus /Family Species<br />
Acanthaceae<br />
†Whitfieldia elongata<br />
Acanthus sp1<br />
Acanthus ueleensis<br />
Asystasia albiflora<br />
Asystasia gangetica<br />
Barleria sp2<br />
Barleria splendens<br />
Blepharis buchneri<br />
Blepharis glumacea<br />
Blepharis inopinata<br />
Blepharis katangensis<br />
Blepharis menocotyle<br />
Blepharis pungens<br />
Blepharis uzondoensis<br />
Brillantaisia owariensis<br />
Crabbea velutina<br />
Crossandra nilotica<br />
Dicliptera hyalina<br />
Duosperma densiflorum<br />
Duosperma fimbriatum<br />
Duosperma sp1<br />
Dyschoriste trichocalyx<br />
Hygrophila cataractea<br />
Hypoestes sp1<br />
Isoglossa ufipensis<br />
Justicia anagalloides<br />
Justicia betonica<br />
Justicia boaleri<br />
Justicia heterocarpa<br />
Justicia lithospermoides<br />
Justicia mollugo<br />
Justicia sp1<br />
Justicia sp4<br />
Justicia striolata<br />
Lepidagathis andersoniana<br />
Lepidagathis sparsiceps<br />
Mellera lobulata<br />
Mimulopsis sp2<br />
Nelsonia canescens<br />
Oreacanthus sp1<br />
Phaulopsis imbricata<br />
Phaulopsis johnstonii<br />
Ruspolia seticalyx<br />
Sclerochiton vogelii<br />
Thunbergia alata<br />
Thunbergia huillensis<br />
Thunbergia microchlamys<br />
Thunbergia natalensis<br />
Thunbergia sp1<br />
Thunbergia vogeliana<br />
Whitfieldia arnoldiana<br />
Whitfieldia sp1<br />
Adiantum patens<br />
Adiantum philippense<br />
Adiantum poiretii<br />
Cheilanthes farinosa<br />
Cheilanthes multifida<br />
Cheilanthes similis<br />
Doryopteris concolor<br />
Pellaea<br />
Adiantaceae<br />
doniana<br />
Pteris catoptera<br />
Pteris friesii<br />
Aloaceae<br />
Aloe christianii<br />
Aloe duckeri<br />
Aloe sp1<br />
Amarantaceae<br />
Psilotrichum majus<br />
*Amaranthus dubius<br />
*Amaranthus hybridus<br />
†Celosia stuhlmanniana<br />
Achyranthes aspera<br />
Achyropsis filifolia<br />
Achyropsis laniceps<br />
Alternanthera sessilis<br />
Celosia isertii<br />
Celosia trigyna<br />
Centemopsis conferta<br />
Cyathula prostrata<br />
Boophone disticha<br />
Anacardiaceae<br />
Heeria mucronata<br />
Lannea schimperi<br />
*Mangifera indica<br />
Ozoroa reticulata<br />
Ozoroa stenophylla<br />
Pseudospondias microcarpa<br />
Sclerocarya caffra<br />
Anisophylleaceae<br />
Anisophyllea boehmii<br />
Annonaceae<br />
Annona senegalensis<br />
Artabotrys monteiroae<br />
Hexalobus sp1<br />
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Monanthotaxis buchananii<br />
Monanthotaxis ferruginea<br />
Monanthotaxis littoralis<br />
Monanthotaxis parviflora<br />
Monanthotaxis poggei<br />
Uvaria angolensis<br />
Uvaria sp1<br />
Uvaria sp2<br />
Uvaria welwitschii<br />
Uvariopsis sp1<br />
Xylopia parviflora<br />
Xylopia sp1<br />
Anthericaceae<br />
Anthericum sp1<br />
Chlorophytum comosum<br />
Chlorophytum lancifolium<br />
Chlorophytum minor<br />
Chlorophytum sp1<br />
Chlorophytum stolzii<br />
Apiaceae<br />
†Pimpinella richardsiae<br />
Diplolophium zambesianum<br />
Heteromorpha trifoliata<br />
Pimpinella hirtella<br />
Pimpinella ledermannii<br />
Steganotaenia araliacea<br />
Apocynaceae<br />
Ancylobotrys amoena<br />
Baissea myrtifolia<br />
Dictyophleba lucida<br />
Diplorhynchus condylocarpon<br />
Landolphia kirkii<br />
Landolphia owariensis<br />
Landolphia sp1<br />
Oncinotis tenuiloba<br />
Rauvolfia caffra<br />
Saba comorensis<br />
Tabernaemontana pachysiphon<br />
Voacanga africana<br />
Voacanga sp1<br />
Araceae<br />
*Colocasia esculenta<br />
Anchomanes sp<br />
Anchomanes sp2<br />
Culcasia scandens<br />
Pistia stratiotes<br />
Araliaceae<br />
Cussonia zimmermannii<br />
Polyscias fulva<br />
Schefflera abyssinica<br />
Aristolochiaceae<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
Aristolochia albida<br />
Aristolochia petersiana<br />
Asclepiadaceae<br />
Ceropegia nilotica<br />
Ceropegia papillata<br />
Ceropegia sp2<br />
Cynanchum sp1<br />
Cynanchum sp1<br />
Dregea schimperi<br />
Ectadiopsis oblongifolia<br />
Gongronema sp1<br />
Mondia whytei<br />
Pentarrhinum abyssinica<br />
Pergularia daemia<br />
Periploca linearifolia<br />
Riocreuxia pr<strong>of</strong>usa<br />
Secamone punctulata<br />
Stathmostelma sp1<br />
Tacazzea apiculata<br />
Tylophora sp1<br />
Asparagaceae<br />
Asparagus africanus<br />
Asparagus buchananii<br />
Asparagus flagellaris<br />
Asparagus setaceus<br />
Asparagus sp2<br />
Aspidiaceae<br />
Dryopteris inaequalis<br />
Tectaria gemmifera<br />
Aspleniaceae<br />
Asplenium buettneri<br />
Asplenium dregeanum<br />
Asplenium formosum<br />
Asplenium lunulatum<br />
Asplenium pumilum<br />
Asteraceae<br />
*Conyza sumatrensis<br />
†Gutenbergia spermacoceoides<br />
†Helichrysum gaharoense<br />
†Melanthera richardsiae<br />
†Pleiotaxis gombensis<br />
†Vernonia congolensis<br />
Acmella uliginosa<br />
Adenostemma perrottetii<br />
Anisopappus abercornensis<br />
Anisopappus chinensis<br />
Aspilia mossambicensis<br />
Aspilia rudis<br />
Bidens acuticaulis<br />
Bidens cinerea<br />
Bidens grantii<br />
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Bidens kilimandscharica<br />
Bidens pilosa<br />
Bidens steppia<br />
Blumea crispata<br />
Blumea sp1<br />
Blumea<br />
Carduus sp1<br />
Conyza sp3<br />
Crassocephalum crepidioides<br />
Crassocephalum picridifolium<br />
Crassocephalum rubens<br />
Crassocephalum vitellinum<br />
Dicoma plantaginifolia<br />
Dicoma poggei<br />
Echinops amplexicaulis<br />
Elephantopus scaber<br />
Emilia helianthella<br />
Emilia integrifolia<br />
Felicia boehmii<br />
Gutenbergia sp1<br />
Gynura scandens<br />
Helichrysum kirkii<br />
Helichrysum patulifolium<br />
Hypericophyllum elatum<br />
Inula glomerata<br />
Melanthera scandens<br />
Microglossa pyrifolia<br />
Mikania chenopodifolia<br />
Mikania sp1<br />
Nicolasia coronata<br />
Nicolasia nitens<br />
Nidorella spartioides<br />
Pasaccardoa grantii<br />
Pleiotaxis dewevrei<br />
Solanecio angulatus<br />
Solanecio mannii<br />
Sonchus luxurians<br />
Sonchus schweinfurthii<br />
Sphaeranthus suaveolens<br />
Vernonia adoensis<br />
Vernonia amygdalina<br />
Vernonia anthelmintica<br />
Vernonia colorata<br />
Vernonia holstii<br />
Vernonia incompta<br />
Vernonia ituriensis<br />
Vernonia jelfiae<br />
Vernonia karaguensis<br />
Vernonia miombicola<br />
Vernonia muelleri<br />
Vernonia mus<strong>of</strong>ensis<br />
Vernonia nestor<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
Vernonia rhodantoidea<br />
Vernonia sp2<br />
Vernonia stenocephala<br />
Vernonia tolypophora<br />
Vernonia ugandensis<br />
Vernonia violacea<br />
Athyrium annae<br />
Balanophoraceae<br />
Thonningia sanguinea<br />
Balsaminaceae<br />
†Impatiens percordata<br />
Impatiens niamniamensis<br />
Impatiens sp2<br />
Begoniaceae<br />
Begonia princeae<br />
Begonia sutherlandii<br />
Bignoniaceae<br />
Kigelia africana<br />
Markhamia lutea<br />
Markhamia obtusifolia<br />
Spathodea campanulata<br />
Stereospermum kunthianum<br />
Bixaceae<br />
*Bixa orellana<br />
Bombacaceae<br />
*Ceiba sp.<br />
Boraginaceae<br />
Cordia africana<br />
Cordia millenii<br />
Trichodesma ambacense<br />
Brassicaceae<br />
Brassica carinata<br />
Burmanniaceae<br />
Burmannia madagascariensis<br />
Gymnosiphon usambaricus<br />
Tacca leontapelatoides<br />
Burseraceae<br />
Canarium schweinfurthii<br />
Commiphora eminii<br />
Commiphora sp1<br />
Caesalpiniaceae<br />
Brachystegia longifolia<br />
*Cassia siamea<br />
†Monopetalanthus richardsiae<br />
†Tessmannia burttii<br />
Afzelia africana<br />
Afzelia quanzensis<br />
Anthonotha macrophylla<br />
Anthonotha noldeae<br />
Wildlife Conservation Society 53
Baikaea insignis<br />
Baphiopsis parviflora<br />
Bauhinia petersiana<br />
Brachystegia boehmii<br />
Brachystegia bussei<br />
Brachystegia floribunda<br />
Brachystegia manga<br />
Brachystegia sp1<br />
Brachystegia spiciformis<br />
Brachystegia stipulata<br />
Caesalpinia welwitschiana<br />
Cassia parva<br />
Cassia sp2<br />
Cynometra sp1<br />
Erythrophleum guineense<br />
Isoberlinia angolensis<br />
Julbernardia globiflora<br />
Julbernardia magnistipulata<br />
Julbernardia paniculata<br />
Julbernardia seretii<br />
Julbernardia sp1<br />
Julbernardia unijugata<br />
Piliostigma thonningii<br />
Tamarindus indica<br />
Campanulaceae<br />
†Wahlenbergia pulchella<br />
Wahlenbergia capitata<br />
Wahlenbergia denticulata<br />
Wahlenbergia flexuosa<br />
Wahlenbergia hirsuta<br />
Wahlenbergia sp1<br />
Cannaceae<br />
*Canna indica<br />
Cannaraceae<br />
Rourea thomsonii<br />
Capparidaceae<br />
Gynandropsis gynandra<br />
Maerua sp1<br />
Celastraceae<br />
Maytenus heterophylla<br />
Maytenus undata<br />
Mystroxylon aethiopicum<br />
Chenopodiaceae<br />
Chenopodium sp1<br />
Chrysobalanaceae<br />
Parinari capensis<br />
Parinari curatellifolia<br />
Parinari excelsa<br />
Colchicaceae<br />
Littonia lindeni<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
Combretaceae<br />
Combretum adenogonium<br />
Combretum apiculatum<br />
Combretum collinum<br />
Combretum molleri<br />
Combretum paniculatum<br />
Combretum sp2<br />
Combretum umbricola<br />
Terminalia kaiserana<br />
Terminalia mollis<br />
Terminalia sericea<br />
Terminalia stenostachya<br />
Commelinaceae<br />
Aneilema beniniense<br />
Aneilema hirtum<br />
Aneilema pedunculosum<br />
Aneilema sp1<br />
Commelina aspera<br />
Commelina imberbis<br />
Commelina nyasensis<br />
Commelina polhillii<br />
Commelina sp2<br />
Commelina subulata<br />
Cyanotis barbata<br />
Floscopa tuberculata<br />
Murdannia simplex<br />
Connaraceae<br />
Agelaea pentagyna<br />
Rourea sp<br />
Convolvulaceae<br />
Batatas edulis<br />
Hewittia scandens<br />
Ipomoea barteri<br />
Ipomoea cairica<br />
Ipomoea crassipes<br />
Ipomoea crepidiformis<br />
Ipomoea involucrata<br />
Ipomoea mauritiana<br />
Ipomoea ochracea<br />
Ipomoea rubens<br />
Ipomoea sp1<br />
Ipomoea tenuirostris<br />
Ipomoea turbinata<br />
Lepistemon owariense<br />
Merremia pterygocaulos<br />
Crassulaceae<br />
Kalanchoe lateritia<br />
Cucurbitaceae<br />
Coccinia adoensis<br />
Coccinia barteri<br />
Coccinia grandis<br />
Wildlife Conservation Society 54
Cucumella bryoniifolia<br />
Cucumis dipsaceus<br />
Cucumis globosus<br />
Cucurbita maxima<br />
Eureiandra dawei<br />
Eureiandra formosa<br />
Lagenaria siceraria<br />
Lagenaria sp1<br />
Luffa cylindrica<br />
Mukia maderaspatana<br />
Zehneria sp1<br />
Zehneria thwaitesii<br />
Cyatheaceae<br />
Cyathea dregei<br />
Cyperaceae<br />
Abildgaardia abortiva<br />
Abildgaardia filamentosa<br />
Ascolepis protea<br />
Cyperus articulatus<br />
Cyperus koyaliensis<br />
Cyperus laxus<br />
Cyperus mapanioides<br />
Cyperus sp5<br />
Cyperus tenax<br />
Cyperus tenuispica<br />
Diplacrum africanum<br />
Eleocharis complanata<br />
Fimbristylis dichotoma<br />
Kyllinga alba<br />
Kyllinga sp1<br />
Lipocarpha monostachya<br />
Mariscus macrocarpus<br />
Mariscus sp1<br />
Mariscus sumatrensis<br />
Scleria pusilla<br />
Scleria racemosa<br />
Dennstaedtiaceae<br />
Pteridium aquilinum<br />
Dichapetalaceae<br />
Dichapetalum angolense<br />
Dichapetalum heudelotii<br />
Dilleniaceae<br />
Tetracera potatoria<br />
Dioscoreaceae<br />
Dioscorea cochleariapiculata<br />
Dioscorea dumentorum<br />
Dioscorea hirtiflora<br />
Dioscorea longicuspis<br />
Dioscorea odoratissima<br />
Dioscorea sp1<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
Dipsacaceae<br />
Cephalaria katangensis<br />
Dipterocarpaceae<br />
Monotes elegans<br />
Dracaenaceae<br />
Dracaena laxissima<br />
Dracaena mannii<br />
Dracaena reflexa<br />
Sansevieria sp1<br />
Droseraceae<br />
Drosera indica<br />
Ebenaceae<br />
Diospyros abyssinica<br />
Diospyros gabunensis<br />
Diospyros kirkii<br />
Diospyros mespiliformis<br />
Ericaceae<br />
Erica benguelensis<br />
Eriocaulaceae<br />
†Eriocaulon laniceps<br />
Eriocaulon afzelianum<br />
Eriocaulon bongense<br />
Eriocaulon buchananii<br />
Eriocaulon mutatum<br />
Eriocaulon setaceum<br />
Eriocaulon teusczii<br />
Paepalanthus lamarckii<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
*Jatropha curcas<br />
†Euphorbia bwambensis<br />
†Macaranga capensis<br />
Acalypha chirindica<br />
Acalypha ciliata<br />
Acalypha ornata<br />
Acalypha psilostachya<br />
Acalypha villicaulis<br />
Alchornea laxiflora<br />
Antidesma membranaceum<br />
Antidesma venosum<br />
Argomuellera macrophylla<br />
Bridelia atroviridis<br />
Bridelia brideliifolia<br />
Bridelia duvigneaudii<br />
Bridelia micrantha<br />
Caperonia serrata<br />
Caperonia stuhlmannii<br />
Cleistanthus polystachyus<br />
Croton macrostachyus<br />
Croton sylvaticus<br />
Drypetes gerrardii<br />
Wildlife Conservation Society 55
Drypetes natalensis<br />
Erythrococca atrovirens<br />
Euphorbia polycnemoides<br />
Euphorbia sp2<br />
Euphorbia taboraensis<br />
Euphorbia tirucalli<br />
Manihot dichotoma<br />
Margaritaria discoidea<br />
Mildbraedia carpinifolia<br />
Monadenium depauperatum<br />
Monadenium goetzei<br />
Monadenium herbaceum<br />
Monadenium laeve<br />
Neoboutonia sp1<br />
Phyllanthus boehmii<br />
Phyllanthus muellerianus<br />
Phyllanthus ovalifolius<br />
Phyllanthus paxii<br />
Phyllanthus reticulatus<br />
Phyllanthus sp1<br />
Phyllanthus suffrutescens<br />
Phyllanthus taylorianus<br />
Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia<br />
Ricinodendron heudelotii<br />
Ricinus communis<br />
Sapium ellipticum<br />
Tragia benthamii<br />
Tragia brevipes<br />
Tragia sp1<br />
Uapaca kirkiana<br />
Uapaca nitida<br />
Uapaca sansibarica<br />
Fabaceae<br />
*Cajanus* cajan<br />
*Desmodium intortum<br />
†Baphia punctulata<br />
†Crotalaria annua<br />
†Crotalaria bequaertii<br />
†Crotalaria glauca<br />
†Crotalaria subcapitata<br />
†Humularia multifoliolata<br />
†Indig<strong>of</strong>era peltata<br />
†Kotschya bullockii<br />
†Millettia angustidentata<br />
†Vigna membranacea<br />
Abrus precatorius<br />
Adenodolichos punctatus<br />
Aeschynomene abyssinica<br />
Aeschynomene baumii<br />
Aeschynomene bracteosa<br />
Aeschynomene cristata<br />
Aeschynomene leptophylla<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
Aeschynomene sp1<br />
Alysicarpus zeyheri<br />
Amphicarpaea africana<br />
Baphia capparidifolia<br />
Craibia affinis<br />
Craibia grandiflora<br />
Crotalaria alexandri<br />
Crotalaria caudata<br />
Crotalaria cephalotes<br />
Crotalaria duboisii<br />
Crotalaria ephemera<br />
Crotalaria goodiiformis<br />
Crotalaria involutifolia<br />
Crotalaria kipandensis<br />
Crotalaria lachnophora<br />
Crotalaria leptoclada<br />
Crotalaria miranda<br />
Crotalaria nigricans<br />
Crotalaria pallida<br />
Crotalaria reclinata<br />
Crotalaria ringoetii<br />
Crotalaria shirensis<br />
Crotalaria sp2<br />
Crotalaria sphaerocarpa<br />
Crotalaria valida<br />
Dalbergia boehmii<br />
Dalbergia lactea<br />
Dalbergia malangensis<br />
Dalbergia nitidula<br />
Desmodium barbatum<br />
Desmodium salicifolium<br />
Desmodium sp1<br />
Desmodium stolzii<br />
Dolichos kilimandscharicus<br />
Dolichos pseudocajanus<br />
Dolichos sp1<br />
Dolichos sp1<br />
Eriosema parviflorum<br />
Eriosema rhodesicum<br />
Erythrina abyssinica<br />
Erythrina excelsa<br />
Glycine sp1<br />
Glycine wightii<br />
Indig<strong>of</strong>era atriceps<br />
Indig<strong>of</strong>era brevifilamenta<br />
Indig<strong>of</strong>era conjugata<br />
Indig<strong>of</strong>era deightonii<br />
Indig<strong>of</strong>era dendroides<br />
Indig<strong>of</strong>era emarginella<br />
Indig<strong>of</strong>era griseoides<br />
Indig<strong>of</strong>era hochstetteri<br />
Indig<strong>of</strong>era menanthoides<br />
Wildlife Conservation Society 56
Indig<strong>of</strong>era micropetala<br />
Indig<strong>of</strong>era monantha<br />
Indig<strong>of</strong>era monanthoides<br />
Indig<strong>of</strong>era podocarpa<br />
Indig<strong>of</strong>era subargentea<br />
Indig<strong>of</strong>era trachyphylla<br />
Indig<strong>of</strong>era vohemarensis<br />
Kotschya aeschynomenoides<br />
Kotschya africana<br />
Kotschya capitulifera<br />
Kotschya prittwitzii<br />
Kotschya strigosa<br />
Macrotyloma prostratum<br />
Microcharis asparagoides<br />
Microcharis ephemera<br />
Millettia sp1<br />
Millettia sp2<br />
Mucuna coriacea<br />
Mucuna gigantea<br />
Mucuna poggei<br />
Mucuna pruriens<br />
Neonotonia wightii<br />
Pericopsis angolensis<br />
Phaseolus lanatus<br />
Physostigma mesoponticum<br />
Pseudarthria hookeri<br />
Psophocarpus scandens<br />
Pterocarpus angolensis<br />
Pterocarpus tinctorius<br />
Rhynchosia goetzei<br />
Rhynchosia hirta<br />
Rhynchosia luteola<br />
Rhynchosia monophylla<br />
Rhynchosia sp2<br />
Rhynchosia vigna<br />
Sesbania sesban<br />
Sesbania sp1<br />
Sesbania sp2<br />
Sphenostylis erecta<br />
Sphenostylis stenocarpa<br />
Tephrosia dasyphylla<br />
Tephrosia elata<br />
Tephrosia interrupta<br />
Tephrosia purpurea<br />
Tephrosia richardsiae<br />
Tephrosia tanganicensis<br />
Vigna ambacensis<br />
Vigna comosa<br />
Vigna kirkii<br />
Vigna macrorrhyncha<br />
Vigna monophylla<br />
Vigna platyloba<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
Vigna reticulata<br />
Vigna sp1<br />
Vigna sp2<br />
Vigna wittei<br />
Flacourtiaceae<br />
Flacourtia indica<br />
Lindackeria bukobensis<br />
Lindackeria schweinfurthii<br />
Oncoba spinosa<br />
Phylloclinium paradoxum<br />
Rawsonia lucida<br />
Scolopia sp1<br />
Gentianaceae<br />
Canscora diffusa<br />
Chironia palustris<br />
Faroa axillaris<br />
Faroa graveolens<br />
Faroa pusilla<br />
Sebaea brevicaulis<br />
Sebaea fernandesiana<br />
Sebaea lineariformis<br />
Sebaea macroptera<br />
Sebaea oligantha<br />
Sebaea platyptera<br />
Sebaea pumila<br />
Sebaea teuszii<br />
Swertia eminii<br />
Hernandiaceae<br />
Illigera pentaphylla<br />
Hippocrateceae<br />
Apodostigma<br />
Salacia congolensis<br />
Salacia erecta<br />
Salacia lehmbachii<br />
Salacia madagascariensis<br />
Salacia sp1<br />
Hyacinthaceae<br />
Albuca kirkii<br />
Walleria mackenzii<br />
Hymenocardiaceae<br />
Hymenocardia acida<br />
Hypericaceae<br />
Harungana madagascariensis<br />
Psorospermum febrifugum<br />
Icacinaceae<br />
Apodytes dimidiata<br />
Pyrenacantha vogeliana<br />
Iridaceae<br />
Crocosmia aurea<br />
Gladiolus dalenii<br />
Wildlife Conservation Society 57
Gladiolus erectiflorus<br />
Gladiolus gregarius<br />
Gladiolus sp1<br />
Moraea bella<br />
Moraea schimperi<br />
Lamiaceae<br />
†Leucas aff.<br />
†Leucas aff.<br />
Aeollanthus alternatus<br />
Aeollanthus myrianthus<br />
Aeollanthus subacaulis<br />
Coleus longipetiolatus<br />
Geniosporum affine<br />
Haumaniastrum callianthum<br />
Haumaniastrum coeruleum<br />
Haumaniastrum sp1<br />
Haumaniastrum villosum<br />
Holostylon sp1<br />
Leonotis nepetifolia<br />
Leucas menthifolia<br />
Leucas songeana<br />
Ocimum citriodorum<br />
Ocimum gratissimum<br />
Platostoma africanum<br />
Plectranthus equisetiformis<br />
Plectranthus laxiflorus<br />
Plectranthus masukensis<br />
Plectranthus sereti<br />
Plectranthus stachytarphetoides<br />
Pycnostachys dewildemaniana<br />
Pycnostachys graminifolia<br />
Pycnostachys kassneri<br />
Pycnostachys orthodonta<br />
Pycnostachys prittwitzii<br />
Pycnostachys speciosa<br />
Pycnostachys stuhlmannii<br />
Scutellaria schweinfurthii<br />
Solenostemon latifolius<br />
Stachys pseudonigricans<br />
Tetradenia riparia<br />
Tinnea apiculata<br />
Cassytha filiformis<br />
Leea guineensis<br />
Lentibulariaceae<br />
Genlisea margaretea<br />
Utricularia arenaria<br />
Utricularia inflexa<br />
Utricularia microcalyx<br />
Utricularia prehensilis<br />
Utricularia reflexa<br />
Utricularia subulata<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
Utricularia welwitschii<br />
Lobeliaceae<br />
†Lobelia uliginosa<br />
Lobelia adnexa<br />
Lobelia inconspicua<br />
Lobelia stricklandae<br />
Anthocleista schweinfurthii<br />
Anthocleista sp1<br />
Mostuea brunonis<br />
Nuxia congesta<br />
Strychnos cocculoides<br />
Strychnos innocua<br />
Strychnos lucida<br />
Strychnos matopensis<br />
Strychnos potatorum<br />
Strychnos sp1<br />
Lomariopsidaceae<br />
Bolbitis acrostichoides<br />
Loranthaceae<br />
Agelanthus irangensis<br />
Agelanthus molleri<br />
Agelanthus zizyphifolius<br />
Loranthus sp2<br />
Phragmanthera eminii<br />
Phragmanthera rufescens<br />
Viscum loranthicola<br />
Viscum triflorum<br />
Lythraceae<br />
Ammannia auriculata<br />
Ammannia baccifera<br />
Nesaea aspera<br />
Nesaea cordata<br />
Malvaceae<br />
*Hibiscus cannabinus<br />
Hibiscus aponeurus<br />
Hibiscus debeerstii<br />
Hibiscus ovalifolius<br />
Hibiscus rhodanthus<br />
Hibiscus rostellatus<br />
Hibiscus sp3<br />
Hibiscus surattensis<br />
Pavonia sp1<br />
Pavonia urens<br />
Sida rhombifolia<br />
Thespesia garckeana<br />
Wissadula rostrata<br />
Marantaceae<br />
Marantochloa leucantha<br />
Melastomataceae<br />
†Dichaetanthera verdcourtii<br />
Wildlife Conservation Society 58
Cincinnobotrys acaulis<br />
Dissotis arborescens<br />
Dissotis caloneura<br />
Dissotis densiflora<br />
Dissotis fruticosa<br />
Dissotis pachytricha<br />
Dissotis phaeotricha<br />
Dissotis speciosa<br />
Dissotis trothae<br />
Heterotis canescens<br />
Melastomastrum capitatum<br />
Meliaceae<br />
Carapa procera<br />
Entandrophragma utile<br />
Khaya grandifoliola<br />
Khaya sp1<br />
Trichilia dregeana<br />
Trichilia emetica<br />
Trichilia prieuriana<br />
Trichilia sp1<br />
Turraea vogelioides<br />
Melianthaceae<br />
Bersama abyssinica<br />
Menispermaceae<br />
Dioscoreophyllum volkensii<br />
Stephania abyssinica<br />
Tinospora caffra<br />
Mimosaceae<br />
Acacia drepanolobium<br />
Acacia hockii<br />
Acacia polyacantha<br />
Acacia sieberiana<br />
Albizia adianthifolia<br />
Albizia antunesiana<br />
Albizia glaberrima<br />
Albizia gummifera<br />
Albizia versicolor<br />
Entada abyssinica<br />
Entada sp1<br />
Faidherbia albida<br />
Newtonia buchananii<br />
<strong>Park</strong>ia filicoidea<br />
Moraceae<br />
Antiaris toxicaria<br />
Dorstenia hildebrandtii<br />
Dorstenia preussii<br />
Dorstenia sp2<br />
Ficus amadiensis<br />
Ficus asperifolia<br />
Ficus conraui<br />
Ficus cyathistipula<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
Ficus exasperata<br />
Ficus glumosa<br />
Ficus glumosa<br />
Ficus ingens<br />
Ficus ottoniifolia<br />
Ficus scassellatii<br />
Ficus sp2<br />
Ficus sur<br />
Ficus sycomorus<br />
Ficus thonningii<br />
Ficus trichopoda<br />
Ficus vallis-choudae<br />
Milicia excelsa<br />
Myrianthus arboreus<br />
Myrianthus holstii<br />
Musaceae<br />
Ensete ventricosum<br />
*Musa sp1<br />
Myristicaceae<br />
Pycnanthus angolensis<br />
Myrsinaceae<br />
Maesa lanceolata<br />
Maesa welwitschii<br />
Rapanea melanophloeos<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
*Psidium guajava<br />
Syzygium cordatum<br />
Syzygium cumini<br />
Syzygium guineense<br />
Nephrolipidaceae<br />
Nephrolepis undulata<br />
Nyctaginaceae<br />
Boerhavia diffusa<br />
Ochnaceae<br />
Ochna atropurpurea<br />
Ochna cyanophylla<br />
Ochna holstii<br />
Ochna sp2<br />
Olacaceae<br />
Ximenia americana<br />
Oleaceae<br />
Chionanthus niloticus<br />
Jasminum dichotomum<br />
Jasminum sp3<br />
Schrebera alata<br />
Schrebera trichoclada<br />
Onagraceae<br />
Ludwigia stenorraphe<br />
Opiliaceae<br />
Wildlife Conservation Society 59
†Thecacoris lucida<br />
Orchidaceae<br />
Aerangis luteoalba<br />
Eulophia sp2<br />
Eulophia<br />
Nervilia adolphi<br />
Nervilia crociformis<br />
Nervilia petraea<br />
Polystachya dendrobiiflora<br />
Oxalidaceae<br />
Biophytum crassipes<br />
Biophytum helenae<br />
Biophytum nyikense<br />
Palmae<br />
Borassus aethiopum<br />
Elaeis guineensis<br />
Phoenix reclinata<br />
Pandanaceae<br />
Pandanus sp1<br />
<strong>Park</strong>eriaceae<br />
Ceratopteris thalictroides<br />
Passifloraceae<br />
Adenia reticulata<br />
Adenia rumicifolia<br />
Adenia sp1<br />
Pedaliaceae<br />
Sesamum angolense<br />
Sesamum indicum<br />
Phytolaccaceae<br />
Phytolacca dodecandra<br />
Piperaceae<br />
Pothomorphe umbellata<br />
Pittosporaceae<br />
Pittosporum spathicalyx<br />
Poaceae<br />
Andropogon schirensis<br />
Aristida sp1<br />
Brachiaria brizantha<br />
Cymbopogon densiflorus<br />
Cynodon aethiopicus<br />
Digitaria diagonalis<br />
Digitaria siderograpta<br />
Digitaria ternata<br />
Eleusine indica<br />
Eragrostis aspera<br />
Eragrostis olivacea<br />
Eremospatha haullevilleana<br />
Hyparrhenia cymbaria<br />
Hyparrhenia newtonii<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
Hyparrhenia nyassae<br />
Hyparrhenia pilgeriana<br />
Hyparrhenia rufa<br />
Hyparrhenia variabilis<br />
Imperata cylindrica<br />
Leersia hexandra<br />
Leersia tisserantii<br />
Loudetia arundinacea<br />
Loudetia flavida<br />
Loudetia simplex<br />
Melinis sp1<br />
Neyraudia arundinaceae<br />
Olyra latifolia<br />
Panicum issongense<br />
Panicum maximum<br />
Panicum phragmitoides<br />
Panicum repens<br />
Panicum sp1<br />
Panicum tenellum<br />
Panicum trichocladum<br />
Pennisetum purpureum<br />
Pennisetum unisetum<br />
Phragmites mauritianus<br />
Rottboellia cochinchinensis<br />
Saccharum <strong>of</strong>ficinarum<br />
Sacciolepis spiciformis<br />
Setaria homonyma<br />
Setaria petiolata<br />
Setaria poiretiana<br />
Setaria sp1<br />
Sinarundinaria alpina<br />
Sorghum bicolor<br />
Sorghum brevicarinatum<br />
Sporobolus fimbriatus<br />
Sporobolus sanguineus<br />
Themeda triandra<br />
Trichopteryx sp1<br />
Tristachya nodiglumis<br />
Urelytrum digitatum<br />
Vossia cuspidata<br />
*Zea mays<br />
Podostemaceae<br />
Tristicha trifaria<br />
Polygalaceae<br />
Carpolobia alba<br />
Carpolobia goetzei<br />
Polygala albida<br />
Polygala exelliana<br />
Polygala macrostigma<br />
Polygala melilotoides<br />
Polygala persicariaefolia<br />
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Polygala ukirensis<br />
Polygala usafuensis<br />
Polygala virgata<br />
Polygala xanthina<br />
Securidaca longipedunculata<br />
Polygonaceae<br />
Oxytenanthera abyssinica<br />
Polygonum salicifolium<br />
Rumex abyssinicus<br />
Rumex usambarensis<br />
Polypodiaceae<br />
Drynaria volkensii<br />
Primulaceae<br />
Anagallis acuminata<br />
Anagallis djalonis<br />
Anagallis pumila<br />
Proteaceae<br />
Faurea rochetiana<br />
Protea angolensis<br />
Protea gaguedi<br />
Protea petiolaris<br />
Protea rupestris<br />
Rafflesiaceae<br />
Berlinianche aethiopica<br />
Ranunculaceae<br />
Clematopsis villosa<br />
Delphinium dasycaulon<br />
Rhamnaceae<br />
Gouania longispicata<br />
Maesopsis eminii<br />
Ventilago diffusa<br />
Ziziphus abyssinica<br />
Ziziphus mucronata<br />
Rhizophoraceae<br />
Cassipourea malosana<br />
Rosaceae<br />
Prunus africana<br />
Rubus pinnatus<br />
Rubiaceae<br />
†Keetia ferruginea<br />
†Oxyanthus speciosus<br />
†Pavetta bagshawei<br />
†Pentas decora<br />
†Psychotria butayei<br />
†Psychotria cinerea<br />
†Psydrax parviflora<br />
Agathisanthemum quadricostatum<br />
Aidia micrantha<br />
Bertiera adamsii<br />
Canthium sp2<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
Catunaregam<br />
Chassalia cristata<br />
Chazaliella abrupta<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea eugenioides<br />
Cremaspora triflora<br />
Crossopteryx febrifuga<br />
Diodia sarmentosa<br />
Fadogia arenicola<br />
Gardenia imperialis<br />
Gardenia ternifolia<br />
Geophila obvallata<br />
Hallea rubrostipulata<br />
Heinsenia diervilleoides<br />
Hymenodictyon floribundum<br />
Keetia gueinzii<br />
Keetia hispidum<br />
Keetia venosa<br />
Leptactina platyphylla<br />
Mitracarpus villosus<br />
Mitrasacmopsis quadrivalvis<br />
Multidentia crassa<br />
Mussaenda arcuata<br />
Mussaenda erythrophylla<br />
Mussaenda monticola<br />
Oldenlandia hockii<br />
Oldenlandia microcarpa<br />
Oldenlandia scopulorum<br />
Oldenlandia taborensis<br />
Otiophora scabra<br />
Oxyanthus haerdii<br />
Oxyanthus sp1<br />
Pavetta crassipes<br />
Pavetta gardeniifolia<br />
Pavetta hymenophylla<br />
Pavetta sp1<br />
Pavetta sp3<br />
Pavetta sp4<br />
Pentas bussei<br />
Pentas herbacea<br />
Pentas purpurea<br />
Polysphaeria lanceolata<br />
Psychotria capensis<br />
Psychotria eminiana<br />
Psychotria fractinervata<br />
Psychotria heterosticta<br />
Psychotria mahonii<br />
Psychotria sp1<br />
Psychotria spithamea<br />
Psychotria tabouensis<br />
Psychotria tanganyicensis<br />
Pyrostria bibracteatum<br />
Rothmannia engleriana<br />
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Rothmannia longiflora<br />
Rothmannia manganjae<br />
Rothmannia urcelliformis<br />
Rutidea insculpta<br />
Rytigynia sp1<br />
Rytigynia uhligii<br />
Sabicea orientalis<br />
Spermacoce congensis<br />
Spermacoce dibrachiata<br />
Spermacoce mauritiana<br />
Spermacoce pusilla<br />
Spermacoce sp1<br />
Spermacoce subvulgata<br />
Tapiphyllum cinerascens<br />
Tarenna neurophylla<br />
Tarenna pavettoides<br />
Temnocalyx sp1<br />
Tricalysia bagshawei<br />
Tricalysia sp1<br />
Uncaria africana<br />
Rutaceae<br />
*Citrus aurantium<br />
*Citrus limon<br />
†Zanthoxylum rubescens<br />
Teclea nobilis<br />
Toddalia asiatica<br />
Vepris trichorpa<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Allophylus africanus<br />
Allophylus calophyllus<br />
Allophylus congolanus<br />
Allophylus richardsiae<br />
Allophylus sp2<br />
Allophylus welwitschii<br />
Blighia unijugata<br />
Chytranthus sp1<br />
Deinbollia fulvotomentella<br />
Dodonaea viscosa<br />
Haplocoelum foliolosum<br />
Lecaniodiscus fraxinifolius<br />
Pancovia pedicellaris<br />
Pancovia sp1<br />
Paullinia pinnata<br />
Sapindus saponaria<br />
Zanha golungensis<br />
Sapotaceae<br />
Chrysophyllum gorungosanum<br />
Englerophytum magalismontanum<br />
Englerophytum natalense<br />
Englerophytum sp1<br />
Manilkara dawei<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
Mimusops penduliflora<br />
Mimusops sp2<br />
Pouteria adolfi-friedericii<br />
Synsepalum cerasiferum<br />
Scrophulariaceae<br />
Alectra dolichocalyx<br />
Alectra sessiliflora<br />
Buchnera capitata<br />
Buchnera cryptocephala<br />
Buchnera hispida<br />
Buchnera nuttii<br />
Buchnera quadrifaria<br />
Buchnera speciosa<br />
Crepidorhopalon<br />
Crepidorhopalon<br />
Crepidorhopalon<br />
Cycnium adonense<br />
Cycnium recurvum<br />
Diclis ovata<br />
Dopatrium stachytarphetoides<br />
Lindernia exilis<br />
Lindernia hepperi<br />
Lindernia nummulariifolia<br />
Lindernia oliveriana<br />
Lindernia schweinfurthii<br />
Lindernia wilmsii<br />
Lindolphia sp1<br />
Orthoclada africana<br />
Rhamphicarpa fistulosa<br />
Scoparia dulcis<br />
Sopubia eminii<br />
Striga gracilima<br />
Selaginellaceae<br />
Selaginella phillipsiana<br />
Simaroubaceae<br />
Harrisonia occidentalis<br />
Smilacaceae<br />
Smilax anceps<br />
Solanaceae<br />
Physalis angulata<br />
Solanum anguivi<br />
Solanum nigrum<br />
Solanum sp1<br />
Sterculiaceae<br />
Cola greenwayi<br />
Dombeya burgessiae<br />
Dombeya kirkii<br />
Dombeya rotundifolia<br />
Dombeya sp1<br />
Pterygota macrocarpa<br />
Pterygota mildbraedii<br />
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Sterculia quinqueloba<br />
Sterculia tragacantha<br />
Tecophilaeaceae<br />
Cyanastrum johnstonii<br />
Theaceae<br />
Ficalhoa laurifolia<br />
Garcinia buchananii<br />
Garcinia sp1<br />
Thelypteridaceae<br />
Christella dentata<br />
Cyclosorus sp1<br />
Pseudocyclosorus pulcher<br />
Thymelaeaceae<br />
Gnidia microcephala<br />
Peddiea fischeri<br />
Tiliaceae<br />
Corchorus olitorius<br />
Glyphaea brevis<br />
Grewia bicolor<br />
Grewia flavescens<br />
Grewia forbesii<br />
Grewia mollis<br />
Grewia platyclada<br />
Triumfetta cordifolia<br />
Triumfetta sp1<br />
Triumfetta welwitschii<br />
Ulmaceae<br />
Celtis africana<br />
Celtis gomphophylla<br />
Chaetacme aristata<br />
Trema orientalis<br />
Urticaceae<br />
Boehmeria macrophylla<br />
Girardinia diversifolia<br />
Laportea aestuans<br />
Laportea peduncularis<br />
Pilea angolensis<br />
Pilea tetraphylla<br />
Pouzolzia guineensis<br />
Verbenaceae<br />
†Clerodendrum myricoides<br />
Clerodendrum bukobense<br />
Clerodendrum poggei<br />
Clerodendrum schweinfurthii<br />
Clerodendrum silvanum<br />
Clerodendrum sinuatum<br />
Clerodendrum sp2<br />
Clerodendrum volubile<br />
Lippia plicata<br />
Premna mooiensis<br />
<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
Premna sp1<br />
Vitex buchananii<br />
Vitex doniana<br />
Vitex ferruginea<br />
Vitex madiensis<br />
Vitex sp1<br />
Violaceae<br />
Rinorea brachypetala<br />
Rinorea ilicifolia<br />
Vitaceae<br />
Ampelocissus abyssinica<br />
Ampelocissus africana<br />
Cayratia debilis<br />
Cayratia gracilis<br />
Cissus integrifolia<br />
Cissus migeodii<br />
Cissus petiolata<br />
Cissus producta<br />
Cissus pseudoguerkeana<br />
Cissus rubiginosa<br />
Cyphostemma sp2<br />
Cyphostemma vollesenii<br />
Rhoicissus sp1<br />
Rhoicissus sp2<br />
Rhoicissus tridentata<br />
Xyridaceae<br />
Xyris anceps<br />
Xyris capensis<br />
Xyris capillaris<br />
Xyris sp1<br />
Xyris sp2<br />
Xyris straminea<br />
Zingiberaceae<br />
*Curcuma domestica<br />
Aframomum alboviolaceum<br />
Aframomum mala<br />
Aframomum sp1<br />
Costus afer<br />
Costus dubius<br />
Costus spectabilis<br />
Renealmia engleri<br />
Siphonochilus aethiopicus<br />
Siphonochilus sp1<br />
unknown<br />
Anildesma membranaceum<br />
Neprautanenia mitis<br />
Ramalina sp1<br />
Rynchosia luteola<br />
Rynchosia sp1<br />
Seamum sp1<br />
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<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
Appendix VIII. Tentative plant species list recorded from three sites in <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong><br />
<strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong>. Kasoge = 1; Kabezi = 2; Mfitwa = 3.<br />
Family Genus Species 1 2 3<br />
Agavaceae Dracaena laxisiima √<br />
Annacardiaceae Lannea schimperi √<br />
Annacardiaceae Ozoroa mucronota √ √<br />
Annonaceae Annona senegalensis √<br />
Annonaceae Uvaria welwithschii √<br />
Anthericaceae Chlorophytun heinei √<br />
Apocynaceae Tabernamontana holstii √ √<br />
Apocynaceae Voacanga thoarsii √<br />
Araliaceae Polyscias fulva √ √<br />
Asclepiadaceae Mondia whytei √ √<br />
Asparagaceae Asparagus buchananii √ √<br />
Asteraceae Vernonia colorata √<br />
Bignoniaceae Spathodea campanulata √<br />
Bignoniaceae Steganotaenia araliaceae √<br />
Bignoniaceae Stereospermum kunthianum √ √<br />
Caesalpiniaceae Brachystegia floribundum √<br />
Caesalpiniaceae Brachystegia longifolia √<br />
Caesalpiniaceae Brachystegia spiciformis √<br />
Caesalpiniaceae Burkea africana √<br />
Caesalpiniaceae Julbernardia magistipulata √<br />
Caesalpiniaceae Julbernardia paniculata √<br />
Caesalpiniaceae Newtonia buchananii √<br />
Chrysobalinaceae Parinari curateliifolia √<br />
Chrysobalinaceae Parinari excelsa √ √<br />
Combretaceae Combretum colinum √<br />
Combretaceae Combretum molle √ √<br />
Combretaceae Combretum paniculata √<br />
Combretaceae Terminalia mollis √ √<br />
Compositaceae Mikania scandens √<br />
Compositaceae Spiranthes mauritiana √<br />
Cyperaceae Cyperus papayrus √<br />
Dipterocarpaceae Monotes aristrida √<br />
Dracaenaceae Dracaena sp. √<br />
Ericaceae Agauria salicifolia √<br />
Euphorbiaceae Acalypha chimarica √<br />
Euphorbiaceae Acalypha ornate √<br />
Euphorbiaceae Acalypha volkensii √<br />
Euphorbiaceae Alchomea hirtella √<br />
Euphorbiaceae Bridelia micrantha √ √<br />
Euphorbiaceae Croton megalobostris √<br />
Euphorbiaceae Croton sylvaticus √<br />
Euphorbiaceae Fluaggea virosa √<br />
Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus guineensis √<br />
Euphorbiaceae Uapaca kirkiana √<br />
Euphorbiaceae Uapaca nitida √<br />
Flacourtiaceae Flacourtia indica √<br />
Flacourtiaceae Oncoba spinosa √<br />
Guttiferaceae Sporospermum februfuga √<br />
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<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
Family Genus Species 1 2 3<br />
Hyperiaceae Harungana madagascariensis √<br />
Hyperiaceae Hypericum schimperi √<br />
Labiataceae Leonotus nepetifolia √<br />
Lobeliaceae Anthocleista sp. √<br />
Loganiaceae Nuxia congesta √<br />
Loganiaceae Strychnos spinosa √<br />
Meliaceae Bersama abyssinica √<br />
Meliaceae Trichilia emetica √ √<br />
Meliaceae Trichilia sp. √<br />
Mimosaceae Acacia campyacantha √<br />
Moraceae Ficus capensis √ √<br />
Moraceae Ficus thonningii √ √ √<br />
Moraceae Myrianthus arboreaus √<br />
Moraceae Myrianthus holstii √ √<br />
Myricaceae Myrica salicifolia √<br />
Myrsicaceae Maesa lanceolata √<br />
Myrtaceae Psidium guajava √<br />
Myrtaceae Syzygium caminnii √<br />
Ochnaceae Ochna holstii √ √<br />
Ochnaceae Ochna leptoclada √<br />
Olacaceae Ximenia americana √<br />
Oleaceae Schrebera alata √ √<br />
Palmaceae Phoenix reclinata √<br />
Papilionacea Dalbergia bochmii √<br />
Papilionacea Desmodium barbatum √<br />
Papilionacea Dolichos oliveri √<br />
Papilionacea Erythrina abyssinica √<br />
Papilionacea Erythrina esetsa √<br />
Papilionacea Rhynchosia luteola √<br />
Poaceae Imperata cylindricap √<br />
Poaceae Olyra latifolia √<br />
Poaceae Oxytenanthera abyssinica √<br />
Poaceae Sinarundinaria alpinum √<br />
Poaceae Themeda triandra √<br />
Proteaceae Faurea saligna √<br />
Proteaceae Faurea speciosa √<br />
Proteaceae Protea gauguedi √<br />
Rosaceae Prunus africanus √<br />
Rosaceae Rubus pinnata √<br />
Rubiaceae Canthium rubrocostatum √<br />
Rubiaceae Keetia hispidum √<br />
Rubiaceae Keetia zanguebarica √<br />
Rubiaceae Oxanthus speciosus √<br />
Rubiaceae Psychotria enianeinsis √<br />
Rubiaceae Vangueria infausta √<br />
Rutaceae Toddalia asiatica √<br />
Sapindaceae Allophylus congolanus √<br />
Sapindaceae Deinbolia kilimandscharica √<br />
Sapindaceae Dodonea viscosa √<br />
Sapindaceae Zanha golungensis √<br />
Sentalaceae Osyris oblanceolata √<br />
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<strong>Biodiversity</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Mahale</strong> <strong>Mountains</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Park</strong><br />
Family Genus Species 1 2 3<br />
Sterculiaceae Sterculia quinqueloba √ √<br />
Sterculiaceae Sterculia tragacantha √ √<br />
Tiliaceae Triumphetta cordifolia √<br />
Verbenaceae Clerodendrum stenanthum √<br />
Verbenaceae Premna holstii √<br />
Verbenaceae Vitex madiensis √<br />
Viataceae Cissus interifolia √<br />
Viataceae Rhoisissus tridentata √<br />
Zingeberaceae Afromomum arboviolacens √<br />
Zingeberaceae Coctus spectabilis √<br />
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