Biodiversity Surveys of Poorly Known Coastal Forests of ...

Title Page 

Biodiversity Surveys of Poorly Known Coastal Forests of Southeastern Tanzania and 

Zanzibar 

Erythrina schliebenii Harms 

Fieldwork conducted 

10 Sept – 07 October 2011, Tanzania Mainland 

Unguja Island, 20-23 Nov 2011 

A consultancy report of the Dept. of Zoology & Wildlife Conservation 

To 

WWF Tanzania 

Original version 29 Nov 2011 

Updated version 24 January 2012 

Final version 16 th February 2012 

K.M. Howell, C.A. Msuya, C. Mligo, C. Werema, P. Kihaule, M.K. Honorati and H.O. Suleiman 

24 January 2012

Executive Summary: 

A survey of selected coastal forests of southeastern Tanzania mainland was conducted funded 

through WWF and the Global Environmental Facility from 12 September through 7 October 

2011. Forests visited included Pindiro, Namatibili gorge forest, Matapwa (also known as 

Namatapwa) forest and Mitundumbea forest. Logistical and time constraints did not permit the 

study of Matumbi-Kichi Hills forests, Rondo Plateau, and Ngarama forests. 

A visit to Unguja Island provided information on the forests of Unguja and Pemba islands that 

lack sufficient information to allow proper evaluation of their status with regard to biodiversity 

value. The need for more detailed surveys was noted for Uzi and Vundwe Islands and in the 

community forest reserves at the edge of Jozani-Chwaka Bay National Park, as well as for 

surveys of cultivated land in these areas. For Pemba island, there is a need to survey small forest 

patches as well as to ascertain what species of interest may persist in local cultivation. 

In our study, plants were surveyed using standard botanical techniques, 377 plant species were 

identified. Our surveys revealed not only information on species composition, but details of 

species believed to have been extinct, Karomia gigas and Erythrina schliebbeni. Thirty of the 

species identified are Swahelian regional centre of endemism-coastal forest endemics. This is 

probably an underestimate due in part to taxonomic changes making direct comparisons of 

various lists difficult, and also due in part to the short survey period and dry weather during which 

the study was conducted. Fourteen of these species were found only in Namatimbili, and 13 in 

Namatimbili and one other forest. Only four were found in all three forests surveyed, and only 

two were present in both Matapwa and Mitundumbea forests only. 

Two species believed to have been extinct, Karomia gigas (Verbenaceae) and Erythrina 

schliebbeni (Fabaceae) were present, thus adding conservation value to the patches of coastal 

forest of southeastern Tanzania. The former was found only in Mitundeumbea forest, the latter in 

both Matapwa and Namatimbili forests. 

IUCN Redlist species were distributed as follows: VU, 15: CR, 2; EN, 4; NT, 6; and LC, 4. 

Smaller vertebrates (mammals, amphibians, reptiles and birds) were sampled using standard 

trapping and mist-netting methods. Indirect methods of detection (sign, transects, and informal 

discussions with local residents) were also used to assess presence of vertebrates. 

Seventeen amphibian species were recorded during the survey. Few amphibians are restricted to 

coastal forests and none strictly so. None of the coastal forest species of amphibian surveyed is 

listed on the CITES Appendices, nor are any included in the IUCN Redlist. 

Thirty-eight reptile species were detected in our surveys, none was endemic to coastal forests, and 

none was listed on the IUCN Redlist. However, Tanzania has an active trade in live reptiles and 

the following CITES species/groups were noted: Nile Crocodile, Appendix II; Tortoises, family 

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Testudinidae, Appendix II; Chameleons, Appendix II; Python natalensis, Appendix II; and 

Cordylus tropidosternum, Appendix II. 

Ninety one species of birds were detected in the forests surveyed. The numbers of bird species 

detected in each forest were: Namatimbili (58), Mitundumbea (66) and Matapwa 59. According 

to the IUCN Redlist, one species, the Plain-backed Sunbird, is catogeorised as Near Threatened 

and two species, the Southern Banded Snake Eagle and Reichenow’s Batis are considered 

Vulnerable. Seven species were detected that are considered endemic and near-endemic to the 

coastal forests of Eastern Africa. 

Larger mammals present in the areas surveyed included elephant, lion and leopard. Evidence of 

poaching of elephants included carcasses observed. Other mammals such as bovid ungulates were 

hunted for food by local residents. Because water was a scarce resoruce in the area, large 

mammals were vulnerable to poaching when they entered riverine vegetation en route to and from 

river water. Hippopotami were present in the Pindiro area but were not seen elsewhere. 

CITES listings for mammals include: African Elephant, Appendix I; Lion, Wild Cat, Leopard, 

Otter, Vervet Monkey, Blue Monkey, Baboon, Ground Pangolin and Hippopotamus, Appendix II. 

All Galagos (bushbabies) in family Galagonidae are also on Appendix II. 

IUCN Redlist species include Red and black elephant shrew and Fout-toed Elephant Shrews listed 

as VU, Vulnerable, Wild Dog, EN, Endangered, and the Rondo Galago, listed as Critically 

Endangered, CR. 

General conservation issues noted were lack of control over the harvest of timber and poles; 

poaching of larger mammals such that offtake would appear to be unsustainable, encroachment 

into forests for agriculture, and fire. 

Suggested conservation measures include improving governance and accountability as regards 

responsibility for management of the forest and wildlife resources. To avoid long-term effects of 

isolation and fragmentation of forest patches on plants and wildlife, it is suggested that for the 

plateau forests, connectivity be developed and maintained. 

Regarding the forests of Zanzibar, we noted that there is need for detailed survey and study of 

particular forest patches on the islands of Unguja and Pemba that have not yet received the 

attention of biologists, as well as monitoring of existing forest patches. There is also scope for 

extending connectivity between existing protected forest patches. In addition, because of the 

generally small-scale nature of cultivation on the islands, surveys on cultivated land, especially 

cultivation located between forest patches, might indicate the feasibility of connectivity between 

forest patches, and/or programmes involving local residents in conservation efforts on private 

land. . 

iii

This survey was of limited duration and scope and was conducted during a relatively dry season. 

It is suggested that surveys of longer duration in each forest during a rainy period would yield 

more species and provide more information on the forests and their values. 

A desk top study of forests not studied in the field included: Weme, Kichi Hills, Kiwengoma, 

Matumbi Hills, Mchungu, Mbarawala, Ruawa, Rondo, Unguja island, Jozani-Chwaka Bay 

National Park forests, Pemba island and Ngezi-Vumawinbi Nature Reserve. Distributional records 

of plants and vertebrates reported in published or unpublished studies as well as specimens in the 

Biodiversity Database of the Dept. of Zoology & Wildlife Conservation were included. Many of 

these records are based on collections made by Frontier-Tanzania. This study indicated the 

importance of Jozani-Chwaka Bay National Park forests, Unguja and Ngezi-Vumawinbi Nature 

Reserve Forests, Pemba to conservation of coastal forest endemic species. Surveys in the past 

have suggested the importance of forests on the mainland, especially but not only Kiwengoma- 

Matumbi Hills and Rondo, to the survival of coastal forest endemic species. 

iv

Table of contents 

Title Page .......................................................................................................................................... i 

Executive Summary:....................................................................................................................... ii 

Table of contents ............................................................................................................................. v 

List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ viii 

List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. viii 

List of Plates ................................................................................................................................. viii 

List of Institutional abbreviations ................................................................................................ ix 

Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... x 

1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 

1.1. Background ................................................................................................................................ 1 

1.2. Terms of Reference (TOR) ........................................................................................................ 1 

2. METHODS .................................................................................................................................. 3 

2.1. Botanical Methods ................................................................................................................... 3 

2.1.1. Vegetation sampling ............................................................................................................ 3 

2.1.2. Zanzibar Forest Study ......................................................................................................... 6 

2.2. Zoological Methods.................................................................................................................. 6 

2.2.1. Small vertebrates ................................................................................................................. 6 

2.2.1.1. General survey methods ................................................................................................... 6 

2.2.1.2. Bucket pitfall traps with drift fence array ........................................................................ 6 

2.2.1.3. Sherman traps ................................................................................................................... 7 

2.2.1.4. Snap or Break-back Traps ................................................................................................ 7 

2.2.1.5. Mist netting for birds and bats.......................................................................................... 7 

2.2.1.6. Handling and identification of animals ............................................................................ 8 

2.2.2. Non-capture survey methods ............................................................................................... 9 

2.2.2.1. Sign: tracks, scats, etc. ..................................................................................................... 9 

2.2.2.2. Timed Species Counts (TSCs) for birds ........................................................................... 9 

2.2.2.3. Informal interviews ........................................................................................................ 11 

2.2.2.4. Photographs .................................................................................................................... 11 

2.3. Forest information gathered on Zanzibar forests ..................................................................... 11 

2.4. Desk top study of forests not surveyed in the field work session............................................ 11 

3. RESULTS .................................................................................................................................. 13 

3.1. Botanical .................................................................................................................................. 13 

3.1.1. General overview of vegetation from the forests .............................................................. 13 

3. 2. Vegetation types in each forest surveyed ............................................................................... 25 

3.2.1. Namatimbili Forest (Mbarawala plateau) ............................................................................. 25 

3.2.1.1. Evergreen Forest ............................................................................................................ 25 

3.2.1.2. Mixed Forest .................................................................................................................. 25 

3.2.1.3. Riverine forest ................................................................................................................ 26 

3.2.1.4. Bushland ......................................................................................................................... 26 

3.2.1.5. Woodland ....................................................................................................................... 26 

3.2.1.6. Scrubland ........................................................................................................................ 27 

v

3.2.2. Mitundumbea Forest Reserve ............................................................................................... 27 

3. 2. 2. 1. Mixed Forest ............................................................................................................... 27 

3. 2. 2. 2. Brachystegia forest ...................................................................................................... 27 

3. 2. 2. 3. Scrub Forest ................................................................................................................. 28 

3. 2. 2. 4. Woodlands ................................................................................................................... 28 

3.2.2.5. Evergreen forest ............................................................................................................. 28 

3. 2. 3. Matapwa Forest reserve ...................................................................................................... 29 

3. 2. 3. 1. Mixed Forest ............................................................................................................... 29 

3. 2. 3. 2. Riverine forest ............................................................................................................. 29 

3. 2. 3. 3. Scrub Forest ................................................................................................................. 29 

3. 2. 3. 4. Woodland .................................................................................................................... 29 

3.3. Zoological: Summarised Results ............................................................................................ 30 

3.3.1. Amphibians ....................................................................................................................... 30 

3.3.2. Reptiles .............................................................................................................................. 31 

3.3.3. Birds .................................................................................................................................. 32 

3.3.4. Mammals ........................................................................................................................... 36 

3.4 Desk top Study.......................................................................................................................... 40 

4. DISCUSSION .......................................................................................................................... 128 

4.1. Botanical ................................................................................................................................ 128 

4.1.1. Plant diversity and richness of the Kilwa Forests ........................................................... 128 

4.1.2. Species dependent on forest habitat, “coastal forest species” ......................................... 129 

4.1.3 Threatened Plant species found in the survey .................................................................. 131 

4.1.4. The impacts of human activities on vegetation .................................................................. 132 

4.1.4.1. Clearance for cultivation .............................................................................................. 132 

4.1.4.2. Logging, pole extraction and exploitation for timber .................................................. 132 

4.1.4.3. Fire ............................................................................................................................... 132 

4.1.4. 4. Gypsum (Calcium sulphate) Mining ........................................................................... 133 

4.1.4.5. Critical areas for conservation ......................................................................................... 133 

4.1.4.6. Threatened species ........................................................................................................... 133 

4.1.5. Conservation Issues ............................................................................................................ 134 

4.1.5.1. General Conservation Issues ........................................................................................ 134 

4.2. Zoological Biodiversity Issues .............................................................................................. 134 

4.2.1. Conservation of particular species and groups ................................................................... 134 

4.2.1.1. Amphibians .................................................................................................................. 134 

4.2.1.2. Reptiles ......................................................................................................................... 135 

4.2.1.3. Birds ............................................................................................................................. 135 

4.2.1.4. Mammals ...................................................................................................................... 136 

4.2.2. General Conservation Issues and Recommendations ......................................................... 137 

4.2.2.1 Management recommendations ..................................................................................... 137 

4.2.2.1 Other recomendations ................................................................................................... 138 

4.2.3.2. Recommendations for monitoring, survey and study ................................................... 138 

4.3. Limitations of the study ......................................................................................................... 141 

5.0. References ............................................................................................................................. 142 

vi

6. Appendices .............................................................................................................................. 147 

Appendix 6.1: Itinerary WWF SE Tz fieldwork Sept Oct Nov 20xx ....................................... 147 

Appendix 6.2: Small vertebrates (amphibians, reptiles, mammals) detected using trapping 

techniques .................................................................................................................................. 151 

Appendix 6.2.1: Namatimbili Forest, trapping data for small vertebrates............................. 151 

Appendix 6.2.2: Mitundumbea Forest Reserve trap data trapping data for small vertebrates153 

Appendix 6.2.3: Matapwa Forest Reserve trapping data trapping data for small vertebrates 155 

Appendix 6.3: Birds and Bats detected, mist netting ................................................................ 157 

Appendix 6.4: Birds detected, Timed Species count data ......................................................... 158 

Appendix 6.4.1: Timed Species Count, Namatimbili ............................................................ 158 

Appendic 6.4.2: Timed Species Count, Mitundumbea .......................................................... 159 

Appendix 6.4.3: Timed Species Count, Matapwa ................................................................. 160 

Appendix 6.5: Photographs ....................................................................................................... 161 

Appendix 6.5.1: Botanical photos .......................................................................................... 161 

Appendix 6.5.2: Zoological photos ........................................................................................ 161 

vii

List of Tables 

Table 2.1 GPS readings for bird and bat mist net sites ..................................................................... 8 

Table 2.2 GPS readings for bird Timed Species counts ................................................................. 10 

Table 3.1 Checklist of plant species detected in forests surveyed .................................................. 13 

Table 3.2 Botanical specimens deposited/collected and associated C. Mligo (MC) field numbers23 

Table 3.3: Plant species identified in the study area found on the IUCN Redlist .......................... 24 

Table 3.4: Amphibians detected and forest sampled. ..................................................................... 30 

Table 3.5: Reptiles detected by forests sampled. ............................................................................ 31 

Table 3.6: Birds by forests sampled. .............................................................................................. 33 

Table 3.7: Mammals documented by forest area ............................................................................ 37 

Table 3.8: Desk top study Plant species distribution in coastal forests of Tanzania ...................... 41 

Table 3.9: Desk top study amphibian distribution in coastal forests of Tanzania ........................ 100 

Table 3.10: Desk top Study Reptile distribution in coastal forests of Tanzania .......................... 104 

Table 3.11: Desk top study: Bird distribution in coastal forests of Tanzania .............................. 108 

Table 3.12: Desk top study: Mammal distribution in coastal forests of Tanzania ....................... 121 

Table 4.1: Coastal forest endemic species recorded in each of the forests visited ....................... 130 

Table 4.2: The conservation status of plant species detected ....................................................... 131 

Table 4.3: Sites sampled with recommendations for survey and /or monitoring ......................... 140 

List of Figures 

Figure 2.1.1 Map of the Kilwa forests (provided by WWF) ............................................................ 5 

List of Plates 

viii

List of Institutional abbreviations 

CEPF = Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund 

CITES = Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 

TFCG = Tanzania Forest Conservation Group 

IUCN = International Union for the Conservation of Nature 

WCS = Wildlife Conservation Society 

WWF = World Wide Fund for Nature 

ix

Acknowledgements 

We gratefully acknowledge the cooperation and assistance of the following during our field 

surveys: Kilwa, WWF, Almasi Kashinja and Isaac Malugu; Natural Resources office Kilwa, 

Abushiri Mbwana and Victor Shahu; Game Ranger Mr. Godifisi who protected us in the field and 

Mr. Nyundo from Miguruwe, Selous Game Reserve for arranging for this protection. The 

following field assistants made our work possible: Salum Tangwa, Habib Ismail, Mohamed 

Kibemboe, Maulid Mnyenga, Hamad Nkokona, Saidi Kandawi, Ibrfahim Kipoto, Omari 

Mkumbwa, Smail Hassan and Abdala Nasarari. Mr. Abibu Ngelange, our assistant from Chakama 

village, also offered useful help. 

Acknowledgements 

We also would like to acknowledge the contributions by Mr. Peter Sumbi, Mr. Adam Kijazi and 

Mr. Richard Komba (WWF Tanzania office, Dar es Salaam). Dr. Neil Burgess offered advice and 

encouragement. 

x

1. INTRODUCTION 

1.1. Background 

The high biodiversity values of the coastal forests of Tanzania have only relatively recently been 

recognised: (see Burgess& Clarke, 2000 for discussion of studies). 

These earlier studies resulted in the global ranking of the coastal forests and the forests of the 

Eastern Arc Mountains of Kenya and Tanzania as Biodiversity Hotspots (Mittermeier et al., 2004) 

and although the Eastern Arc Mountains have since been included in a broader Afromontane 

Hotspot, the Coastal Forests still stand on their own as a globally recognised Biodiversity 

Hotspot. 

Despite surveys of many forests, however, few could be considered ‘well known’ as regards all 

aspects of their biodiversity, and some have hardly been studied in any detail by biologists. 

Furthermore, many forests have not received survey coverage during a rainy season, when 

conditions are critically important for many organisms. 

To help remedy this situation, WWF through the Global Environmental Facility, GEF, initiated a 

survey to document biodiversity information on the plateau forests of Kilwa District as well as to 

document some of the lesser known forests of Unguja and Pemba islands. 

1.2. Terms of Reference (TOR) 

1. To undertake targeted biodiversity surveys in poorly known coastal forests in southern 

Tanzania and Zanzibar, aiming to fill critical data gaps and identifies the most important 

unprotected forests that require adequate protection. 

 

 

 

The key forest areas to be surveyed in the mainland are: the plateau forests of Kilwa 

District (Ngarama, Mbarawara plateau, Pindiro forest, Namatimbili gorge, and 

Namatapwa forest); 

The main methods to be used are detailed field survey and species inventory using a 

combination of mist netting and observation (for birds), botanical collection (pressing 

plants in the field), trapping (small mammals, reptiles and amphibians) and 

opportunistic sighting and capture by hand (mammals, birds, reptiles and 

amphibians). 

On Zanzibar there will be linkage to the work of WCS and in southern Tanzania 

there will be linkage to the work of TFCG. 

1

The focus of the field work should be on endemic and near endemic species, and 

those assessed as threatened or potentially threatened on the IUCN Red List (for 

animals) and the lists of plants provided by Roy Gereau. 

2. To suggest 1-2 species per landscape that can be monitored using project staff, students or 

short term consultants to assess if biodiversity values change over the period of the project’s 

lifespan. 

3. To conduct a desk review, followed by a day or two reconnaissance surveys and focused 

group discussions. in the other three forest landscapes - Matumbi- Kichi hills, Rondo plateau 

and surrounding escarpments and Zanzibar forests. 

 

 

From this work the team should come up with an updated list of species including 

rare and endemics from these well studied landscapes. 

To suggest suitable indicator species and monitoring methodologies that our project 

should be following and tracking over the project life time as a basis for measuring 

conservation impact. 

Outputs 

1. A report that summarises the results of field surveys in these forests, containing sections on 

a. Background and introduction 

b. Methodologies used 

c. Results of field surveys (with particular emphasis on rare, endemic and threatened 

species) 

d. Discussion of the significance of the results compared with other coastal forest areas in 

Tanzania 

e. Species lists for each of the reserves surveyed 

f. Species that could be monitored by the project to assess impact 

2. Data files of the results presented in the reports 

a. Excel files of species lists 

b. Photographs 

c. Details of any specimens collected for further scientific study 

2

Linkages 

Within WWF this work will link to the M&E work of the Coastal East Africa Programme. It is 

important that the conservation planning work links to past efforts, in particular the CEPF-funded 

work that was undertaken between 2004 to date. 

2. METHODS 

For an itinerary of the survey, see Appendix 6.1. 

2.1. Botanical Methods 

2.1.1. Vegetation sampling 

The following areas were sampled in detail: Namatimbili forest, Miundumbea forest, and 

Matapwa forest (Figure 2.1.1). 

A transect technique was employed in this study. Each transect was laid out starting from the 

forest boundary with its long axis running through vegetation cover. The direction of the transect 

was guided by compass or GPS and vegetation permitting, the length of each transect was four 

km. 

GPS readings were taken using a Garmin 76 GPS using the WGS 84 datum. Readings were 

recorded at the beginning and end of each transect, 

These readings are as follows: 

Namatimbili forest 

Transect 1: GPS reading at beginning of transect 1: 37L 525351, UTM 8992461; end, 37L 

525491; UTM 8994634. 

Transect 2: 37L 525332; UTM 8992422; end, 37L 523954 UTM 8991092 

Transect 3: 37L 525402; UTM 8992468; end, 37L 526500, UTM 8993605 

Transect 4: 37L 525352, UTM 8993305; end, 37L 527233, UTM 8992822 

Mitundumbea forest: 

Transect 1: GPS reading at beginning of transect 1: 37L 530974; UTM 8983453; end, 37L 

5030158; UTM 8980271 

3

Transect 2: GPS reading at beginning of transect, 37L 530082, end of transect, UTM 8982696; 

end 37L 530034 , UTM 8984109 

Transect 3: beginning 37L 531462, UTM 8985642; end, 37L 532325; UTM 8984247 

Matapwa forest: 

Transect 1: beginning 37L 542525, UTM 8930851; end 37L 541666; UTM 8932331 

Transect 2: beginning 37L 538177, UTM 8927280; end 37L 540407; UTM 8929155 

Transect 3: beginning 37L 541826, UTM 89 30 582; end 37L 538643, UTM 8931320 

Along each transect, a series of nested plots as recommended by Stohlgren et al., (1995) was 

systematically established. The sampling plots were positioned on alternating sides of the transect 

following the method of Kasenene (1987). Three levels of sampling were employed in the field: 

(a) 20m x 50m plots for trees with >10cm diameter at breast height (DBH) (b) 5m x 2m plots 

nested in the larger plot for shrubs and saplings (c) 2m x 0.5m plots nested in the 5m x 2m plots 

for herbs and grasses. The information recorded was the species name of plant, for trees, diameter 

at breast height (DBH), and for grasses and herbs the percentage cover. Most plants were 

identified to species level in the field. Others that were difficult to identify were collected, pressed 

and taken to the herbarium in the Department of Botany, University of Dar es Salaam for 

identification either by matching with herbarium specimens or by using floras such as Flora of 

Tropical East Africa and Flora Zambesiaca. 

4

Figure 2.1.1 Map of the Kilwa forests (provided by WWF) 

5

2.1.2. Zanzibar Forest Study 

Discussions were held on Unguja island with Dr. T. Davenport of Wildlife Conservation Society, 

(WCS) an organisation that is conducting surveys and monitoring on Zanzibar and Pemba islands. 

Two of us, KMH and CAM, have experience conducting surveys on both Pemba and Unguja. A 

visit was made to Jozani – Chwaka National Park and nearby forest and shamba areas so that we 

were able to familiarise ourselves with the current ecological as well as the socio-economic 

situation of the protected and non-protected areas on the island. Using maps provided by Dr. T. 

Davenport, it was possible to identify forest areas in need of survey and monitoring. 

2.2. Zoological Methods 

2.2.1. Small vertebrates 

2.2.1.1. General survey methods 

Standard techniques were used to assess the presence of and obtain an index of abundance of 

mammals, amphibians, reptiles and birds. Small mammals, amphibians and reptiles were assessed 

using standard capture techniques shown to have been effective elsewhere in East Africa (Davies 

& Howell, 2002; Howell, 2002) including a drift fence array with bucket pitfall traps and 

Sherman traps and snap (breakback) traps. Bats were sampled using mist nets. Birds were 

sampled by observation, mist-netting and the use of Timed Species Counts (TSCs). 

2.2.1.2. Bucket pitfall traps with drift fence array 

Bucket Pitfall Lines (BPFLs) are time consuming to set yet very effective once in place and one is 

almost guaranteed to capture of small mammals and amphibians and reptiles that would not 

otherwise be detected. Furthermore they also allow for a quantitative analysis of the results. 

Each pitfall drift fence array consisted of eleven 20 litre bucket pitfall traps (internal diameter 30 

cm, depth 33 cm) set at an interval of five metres. These buckets were buried such that their rims 

were level with the ground. A drift fence made of transparent plastic sheeting approximately 0.5 

m high and supported by wooden stakes to which the plastic was stapled served to guide animals 

encountering the fence into the buckets. Buckets were checked for captures in the morning and in 

the evening. Studies by Stanley et al., (1996); Davies & Howell (2002) and Howell (2002) 

indicate that a minimum of seven trap nights, and preferably ten, is needed to adequately sample 

the smaller terrestrial vertebrates. Ideally such trapping should be carried out at least twice a year, 

once in the dry season and during a wet season; this obviously was not possible in this brief 

survey. 

6

2.2.1.3. Sherman traps 

Sherman live traps (collapsible, aluminium live traps) were used to capture small mammals that 

either were large enough to jump out of the buckets or that for one reason or another were not 

captured by the bucket pitfall traps. At each sampling site Sherman traps were set on either side 

of the bucket pitfall trap line ten m away from it. These Sherman traps were set parallel to and 

about 10 m from either side of each bucket pitfall trap line, at 5 m intervals. Two sets of Sherman 

traps were used at each site: 10 larger ones with the dimensions of 30 cm x 10 cm x 8 cm, and 10 

smaller ones with the dimensions of 23 cm x 9 cm x 8 cm. The two types of traps were set in an 

alternating manner along the trapline; between each was a snap trap. Traps were baited in late 

afternoon using equal sized pieces of fresh coconut that had been lightly fried and rolled in peanut 

butter. 

2.2.1.4. Snap or Break-back Traps 

Standard Rat or Snap Traps were used to capture larger rodents that were not sampled in the 

BPFLs or the Sherman traps. These Snap traps were set in the same manner as Sherman traps, 

parallel to the BPFL. All traps were checked in the morning, and re-baited after 15:30 hrs. Old 

bait was removed and discarded away from the trapline.. 

2.2.1.5. Mist netting for birds and bats 

Mist nets were used to capture birds so as to allow identification and to allow data to be collected 

on reproductive status, especially the presence or absence of a brood patch. 

The nets were erected at each site along clear-cut runs about 1 m wide at each site. After being 

set, the nets were checked each hour but more frequently during the morning and evening hours 

for 12 daylight hours. Birds captured were placed in cloth “bird-bags” for holding for 

identification and photographing. Each bird was marked with a blue or black permanent felt 

tipped marker pen at the base of its toes on one of the tarsi for identification if recaptured, and 

thereafter released. Birds were identified with the aid of Stevenson & Fanshawe (2002). 

The same nets used to sample birds were employed to sample bats, during the non daylight hours. 

GPS readings were taken near each mist net site; using a Garmin 60 CSx GPS unit, set to the 

WGS 84 Datum (Table 2.1). 

7

Table 2.1 GPS readings for bird and bat mist net sites 

Site Coordinates Remarks on nets set 

Namatimbili 37 L 0525362, 

8993612 

Mitundumbea 37L 0531101, 

8983520 

Mitundumbea 37 L 0531310, 

8983480 

Matapwa 37L 0542537, 

8930842 

63 m of nets used for 26 daylight hours 

A total of 90 m of mist netting for 24 

daylight hours for both Mitundembea 

netting sites 

93 m of nets used for 41 daylight hours. 

2.2.1.6. Handling and identification of animals 

Animals caught in bucket pitfalls and Sherman traps were removed, identified and marked with a 

felt tipped marker pen on the tail (mammals) so as to avoid double counting in the event they 

were captured again before releasing them at the site of capture. Snakes were removed from traps 

with the aid of snake sticks and snake tongs. Amphibians were not marked but were released 

away from the trapline. They were identified using the standard regional guide (Channing and 

Howell, 2006). Reptiles were identified using Spawls et al., 2004. Mammals were identified using 

Kingdon (1997). 

NB, Caveat as regards the identification of small vertebrates 

The small vertebrate fauna of Tanzania is relatively poorly known. Particular groups such as the 

shrews and small mammals generally require a detailed examination of the features of the skull 

and teeth before a positive identification to the species level can be made. A photograph of a 

single animal may be insufficient information on which to make identification to species level. In 

some cases, there are only a very few taxonomists globally who are able and willing to attempt 

such identifications. In many instances, the identification of even a common species may involve 

years of detailed study and taxonomic revision. The identification to species level of reptiles and 

amphibians often requires preserving a series of individuals for detailed examination and 

increasingly, molecular studies. While birds are the best known of the vertebrates, species new to 

science are still being discovered in Tanzania. In this study, some identifications to species level 

were of necessity preliminary in nature. 

This caveat does not limit or affect the value of the results of the study, but rather, indicates the 

need for further field surveys and taxonomic research in Tanzania and the need for improved field 

guides that will allow identifications. 

8

2.2.2. Non-capture survey methods 

A number of methods for detecting animals do not involve capture, these are briefly indicated 

below: 

. 

2.2.2.1. Sign: tracks, scats, etc. 

These were recorded as observed and where possible, photographed. 

2.2.2.2. Timed Species Counts (TSCs) for birds 

Timed Species Counts were used to determine the relative abundance of birds. In this method, no 

definite path or transect is used. GPS readings were taken at each site the TSCs were conducted; 

using a Garmin 60 CSx GPS unit, set to the WGS 84 Datum (Table 2.2). Each series of Timed 

Species Counts was conducted for one hour. In order to have scores for the relative abundance of 

birds, each one hour of counting was divided into six ten-minute intervals. In the first ten-minute 

interval, all birds seen or heard at a distance of 50 metres from the observer were recorded and 

given a score of 6. The birds not seen or heard in the first ten-minute interval and recorded in the 

second ten-minute interval were given a score of 5. This was continued in the subsequent tenminute 

intervals and the scores decreased such that in the last ten-minute interval, birds seen were 

given a score of 1. To determine the relative abundance of birds, the average scores for each 

species was calculated (Pomeroy, 1992). 

9

Table 2.2 GPS readings for bird Timed Species counts 

Namatimbili 

Time spent 

From 

To 

37 L 0525343, 8993620 37 L 0525122, 8993025 2 hours 

37 L 0525122, 8993025 37 L 0523442, 8992321 2 hours 

37 L 0523442, 8992321 37 L 0521353, 8992530 2 hours 

Mitundumbea 

Timed Species Counts 

From 

To 

37L 531105, 8983516 37L 530015, 8982871 2 hours 

37L 530015, 8982871 37L 529666, 8984828 1 hour 

37L 529666, 8984828 37L 529917, 8986298 1 hour 

37L 532275, 8984270 37L 531487, 8985601 1 hour 

37L 531105, 8983516 37L 532275, 8984270 1 hour 

Matapwa 

Timed Species Counts 

From 

To 

37L 0542537, 8930842 37L 542734, 8931773 2 hours 

37L 542656, 8931446 37L 544799, 8932334 2 hours 

37L 0543091, 8931766 37L 0541501, 8930461 2 hours 

10

2.2.2.3. Informal interviews 

The local residents of an area (some of whom we employed to help establish the trap lines) often 

have an intimate and unique knowledge of local animals and plants. Through informal interviews, 

we were able to obtain information on such aspects of biodiversity as trapping methods, bush 

meat utilisation, and how plants may be utilised. 

2.2.2.4. Photographs 

Digital photographs were taken to record habitat as well as presence of plants and animals and 

their sign (Appendix 6.5. 

2.3. Forest information gathered on Zanzibar forests 

A brief visit to Unguja Island permitted us to gain information on the current situation in the field 

at Jozani-Chwaka National Park and environs, and interviews and discussions with Dr. Tim 

Davenport, Director, Wildlife Conservation Society (Tanzania office) provided us with 

information on the status of various forests on Unguja and Pemba islands. 

2.4. Desk top study of forests not surveyed in the field work session 

A desk top study covering: Weme, Kichi Hills, Kiwengoma, Matumbi Hills, Mchungu, 

Mbarawala, Rondo, Unguja Island, Jozani-Chwaka forests, Pemba island and Ngezi forest was 

conducted. Distributional records of plants and vertebrates reported in published or unpublished 

studies as well as specimens in the Biodiversity Database of the Department of Zoology & 

Wildlife Conservation were included. Many of the coastal forest specimens are the result of 

collecting done under the Frontier Tanzania Coastal Forests Project. 

Basic references used for the desk top study include: Vegetation, Beentje, no date; Burgess & 

Clarke, 2000; Clarke, 1995 a,b; Clarke et al., 2000; Clarke & Dickinson, 1995; Hall et al., 2004; 

Mwasumbi et al., 2000; Nahonyo et. al, 2002; Nahonyo et al., 2005; Rodgers et al., 1986; 

Rodgers et al., 1988; Spawls et al., 2004. Amphibians: Channing & Howell. 2006; Frost et al., 

2006; Msuya et al., 2004; Msuya et al., 2006; Nahonyo et. al, 2002; Nahonyo et al., 2005; 

Pakenham, 1983; Pickersgill, 2007; Poynton, 2000; Waters & Burgess, 1994. Reptiles: 

Broadley, 2003; Broadley & Howell, 1991 ; Broadley & Howell, 2000; Broadley & Wallach, 

2007a; Broadley & Wallach, 2007b; Broadley, D.G. & Wallach, 2009; Moreau & Pakenham, 

1941; Nahonyo et. al., 2002; Nahonyo et al., 2005; Pakenham, 1983; Waters & Burgess, 1994; 

Birds: Haldane, 1946; Jensen et al., 2005; Mlingwa et al., 2000; Stanley, 2008; Stevenson, & 

Fanshawe, 2002; 

11

Mammals: Goldman & Winther-Hanen, 2003; Kock & Stanley, 2009; Kingdon, 1997; Nahonyo 

et. al, 2002; Nahonyo et. al., 2005; Pakenham,1984; Perkin, 2004; Waters & Burgess, 1994; 

Wilson & Reeder, 2005. 

The following websites were accessed as part of the study: www.iucn.org; www.tfcg.org; 

www.redlist.org. 

12

Matapwa 

Mitundumbea 

Namatimbili 

3. RESULTS 

3.1. Botanical 

3.1.1. General overview of vegetation from the forests 

A total of 377 plant species were identified and recorded from the forests that were surveyed 

Namatimbili Forest (including Namatimbili gorge), Mitundumbea and Namatapwa Forests (see 

Table 3.1). Specimens collected with Mligo field numbers are indicated in Table 3.2. 

Of the total of 377 plant species, 313 were recorded in Namatimbili forest including Namatimbili 

gorge, 202 in Matapwa Forest and 151 in Mitundumbea. Thirty of these are on the IUCN redlist 

(Table 3.3). 

Table 3.1 Checklist of plant species detected in forests surveyed 

Names follow Tropical Flora of East Africa (TFEA). Familes and genera are arranged 

alphabetically; x = present in a forest. - = not detected during this field survey. CF = Endemic to 

Coastal Forest (See Burgess & Clarke, 2000) 

S/n Family Plant species names Author 

1 Acanthaceae Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson - - x 

2 Acanthaceae Barleria spinulosa Klotzsch - - x 

3 Acanthaceae Blepharis affinis Lindau x - x 

4 Acanthaceae Blepharis ciliaris (L.) B. L. Burtt - - x 

5 Acanthaceae Blepharis maderaspatensis Heine ex Roth. x - - 

6 Acanthaceae Dicliptera aculeata C. B. Clarke - - x 

7 Acanthaceae Justicia stachytarphetoides (Lindau) C. B. Clarke - - x 

8 Adiantaceae Acrostichum aureum L. - - x 

9 Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera L x - - 

10 Anacardiaceae Lannea stuhlmannii (Engl.) Engl. x x x 

11 Anacardiaceae Lannea schimperi (A. Rich.) Engl. - x x 

12 Anacardiaceae Rhus glaucescens A. Rich. - - x 

13 Anacardiaceae Rhus natalensis Krauss - - x 

14 Anacardiaceae Ozoroa insignis Delile - x - 

15 Anacardiaceae Sclerocarya birrea A. Rich. x x x 

16 Anacardiaceae Sorindeia madagascariensis DC. x - x 

17 Annonaceae Annona senegalensis Pers. - x x 

18 Annonaceae Artabotrys modestus Diels x - - 

19 Annonaceae Asteranthe asterias (S. Moore) Engel. & Diels - - x 

20 Annonaceae Asteranthe lutea Vollesen - - x 

21 Annonaceae Cleistochlamys kirkii (Benth.) Oliv x x x 

22 Annonaceae Lettowianthus stellatus Diels - - x 

23 Annonaceae Monanthotaxis buchananii (Engl.) Verdc. x x x 

13

Matapwa 

Mitundumbea 

Namatimbili 


24 Annonaceae Monanthotaxis trichocarpa (Diels & Engl.) Verdc - x x 

25 Annonaceae Monanthotaxis trichantha (Diels) Verdc. - - x 

26 Annonaceae Mkilua fragrans Verdc. - - x 

27 Annonaceae Monodora grandidieri Baill. - - x 

28 Annonaceae Ophrypetalum odoratum Diels - x x 

29 Annonaceae Uvaria acuminata Oliv. - - x 

30 Annonaceae Uvaria kirkii Hook. f. - - x 

31 Annonaceae Uvaria lucida Benth. x - x 

32 Annonaceae Uvariodendron gorgonis Verdc. - - x 

33 Annonaceae Xylopia latipetala Verdc. - - x 

34 Amaryllidaceae Boophone disticha (L. f.) Herb. - - x 

35 Apocynaceae Ancylobothrya petersiana (Kl.) Piarre x x x 

36 Apocynaceae Dictyophleba lucida (K. Schum.) Pierre - x - 

37 Apocynaceae Diplorhynchys condylocarpon (Mull. Arg) Pichon - x x 

38 Apocynaceae Holarrhena pubescens G. Don x - x 

39 Apocynaceae Landolphia buchananii (Hallier f.) Stapf x - x 

40 Apocynaceae Landolphia kirkii Dyer x - x 

41 Apocynaceae Pleiocarpa pycnantha (K. Schum.) Stapf - - x 

42 Apocynaceae Saba comorensis (A. DC.) Pichon x - x 

43 Apocynaceae Schizozygia coffaeoides Baill. - - - 

44 Apocynaceae Strophanthus kombe Oliv. x - x 

45 Apocynaceae Strophanthus petersianus Klotzsch x x - 

46 Araliaceae Cussonia arborea A. Rich. x - x 

47 Araceae Zamioculcas zamiifolia (Lodd.) Engl. - - x 

48 Asclepidiaceae Secamone parvifolia (Oliv.) Bullock x x x 

49 Asclepidiaceae Parquetina nigrescens (Afz.) Bullock - - x 

50 Liliaceae Asparagus africanus Lam. x x x 

51 Liliaceae Asparagus falcatus Lam. x x x 

52 Liliaceae Asparagus aethiopicus Lam. x x x 

53 Balanitaceae Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile x - x 

54 Balanitaceae Balanites maughamii Sprague - - x 

55 Baringtoniceae Baringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng - - x 

56 Bignoniaceae Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. - - x 

57 Bignoniaceae Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K. Schum. - x x 

58 Bignoniaceae Markhamia obtusifolia (Baker) Sprague x - x 

59 Bignoniaceae Markhamia zanzibarica (DC.) K. Schum. - x x 

60 Bignoniaceae Stereospermum kunthianum Cham. x - x 

61 Bombacaceae Adansonia digitata Lim. x - x 

62 Bombacaceae Bombax rhodognaphalon K. Schum. x x x 

63 Boraginaceae Ehretia amoena Klotzsch. - x - 

64 Burseraceae Commiphora africana (A. Rich.) Engl. x - x 

65 Burseraceae Commiphora madagascariensis Jacq. x x x 

66 Burseraceae Commiphora zanzabarica (Baill.) Engl. - - x 

67 Capparaceae Boscia salicifolia A. Rich. x - x 

14

Matapwa 

Mitundumbea 

Namatimbili 


68 Capparaceae Boscia angustifolia A. Rich. x x x 

69 Capparaceae Pseudocladosternon kirkii Oliv. Pax & Gilg x - x 

70 Capparaceae Maerua angolensis DC. - - x 

71 Capparaceae Maerua grantii Oliv. - x x 

72 Capparaceae Maerua kirkii (Oliv.) F. White x x - 

73 Capparaceae Maerua triphylla A. Rich. - - x 

74 Capparaceae Thylachium densiflorum Gilg-Ben. & Benedict - - x 

75 Capparaceae Thylachium paradoxum Gilg x x - 

76 Capparaceae Thylachum africanum Lour. - x - 

77 Capparaceae Capparis tomentosa Lam. x - x 

78 Capparaceae Capparis fascicularis DC. - - x 

79 Capparidaceae Cleome tenella L.f. x - - 

80 Celastraceae Elaeodendron buchananii (Loes.) Loes. - - x 

81 Celastraceae Maytenus undata (Thunb.) Blakelock - - x 

82 Celastraceae Maytenus mossambicensis (Klotzsch) Blakelock - x x 

83 Celastraceae Mystroxylon aethiopicum (Thunb.) Loes. - - x 

84 Celastraceae Salacia elegans Oliv. - x x 

85 Celastraceae Salacia leptoclada Tul. x x x 

86 Celastraceae Salacia madagascariensis (Lam.) DC. x - x 

87 Chrysobalanaceae Parinari curatellifolia Planch. ex. Benth. x x x 

88 Combretaceae Combretum aculeatum Vent. - - x 

89 Combretaceae Combretum fragrans F. Hoffm x - x 

90 Combretaceae Combretum collinum Fresen. - x x 

91 Combretaceae Combretum constrictum (Benth.) M. A. Lawson x - x 

92 Combretaceae Combretum apiculatum Sond. x - x 

93 Combretaceae Combretum hereroense Schinz - x x 

94 Combretaceae Combretum molle G. Don - - x 

95 Combretaceae Combretum pentagonum M. A. Lawson - x - 

96 Combretaceae Combretum zeyheri Sond. x x x 

97 Combretaceae Pteleopsis myrtifolia (M.A. Lawson) Engl. & Diels x x - 

98 Combretaceae Terminalia kaiserana F. Hoffm. - x x 

99 Combretaceae Terminalia sambesiaca Engl. & Diels x - x 

100 Combretaceae Terminalia sericea DC. - - x 

101 Combretaceae Terminalia boivinii Tul. - - x 

102 Commelinaceae Commelina benghalensis Wall. x x x 

103 Commelinaceae Commelina africana L. x x x 

104 Commelinaceae Cyanotis foecunda Hassk. x - x 

105 Compositae Ageratum conyzoides L. x - - 

106 Compositae Aspilia mossambicensis (Oliv.) Wild - x x 

107 Compositae Brachylaena huillensis O. Hoffm x x 

108 Compositae Bidens pilosa L. x - x 

109 Compositae Dichrocephala integrifolia (L. f.)Kuntze - x x 

15

Matapwa 

Mitundumbea 

Namatimbili 


110 Compositae Dicoma sessiliffloa Harv. x - - 

111 Compositae Dicoma tomentosa Cass. - x x 

112 Compositae Emilia coccinea (Sims) Sweet x - - 

113 Compositae Ethulia conyzoides L. f. x - x 

114 Compositae Pluchea dioscorides (L.) DC. - - x 

115 Compositae Sphaeranthus africanus L. x - - 

116 Compositae Sphaeranthus suaveolens (Forsk) DC. x x x 

117 Compositae Tridax procumbens L. x x x 

118 Compositae Vernonia perrottetii Sch. Bip. ex Walp. x - x 

119 Compositae Vernonia glabra (Steetz) Vatke x - x 

120 Compositae Vernonia amygdalina Delile x - x 

121 Compositae Vernonia poskeana Vatke & Hildebr. x - - 

122 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea obscura (L.) KerGawl. x - x 

123 Crassulaceae Kalanchoe lanceolata (Forssk.) Pers. x - x 

124 Cycadaceae Encephalators hildebrandtii A. Br & Bouche var - - x 

125 Cyperaceae Cyperus alopecuroides Rottb. x - x 

126 Cyperaceae Cyperus alternifolia L. x - x 

127 Cyperaceae Cyperus exaltatus Retz. - - x 

128 Dichapetalaceae Dichapetalum mossambicense (Klotzsch) Engl. - - x 

129 Dichapetalaceae Dichapetalum macrocarpum M. Krause - - x 

130 Dichapetalaceae Dichapetalum stuhlmannii Engl. - - x 

131 Dichapetalaceae Dichapetalum braunii Engl. & K. Krause - - x 

132 Dilleniaceae Tetracera boiviniana Baill. x - x 

133 Dilleniaceae Tetracera litoralis Gilg x - x 

134 Ebenaceae Diospyros consolatae Chiov. - - x 

135 Ebenaceae Diospyros mespiliforms A. DC. x x x 

136 Ebenaceae Diospyros squarrosa Klotzsch x x x 

137 Ebenaceae Diospyros verrucosa Hiern x x - 

138 Ebenaceae Diospyros kirkii Hiern - x x 

139 Ebenaceae Diospyros mafiensis F.White - x x 

140 Ebenaceae Diospyros zombensis (B. L. Burtt) F.White - x - 

141 Ebenaceae Euclea natalensis A. DC. - - x 

142 Ebenaceae Euclea racemosa (A. DC.) F. White - - x 

143 Euphorbiaceae Alchornea hirtella Benth. - - x 

144 Euphorbiaceae Alchornea laxiflora (Benth.) Pax & K. Hoffm. - x x 

145 Euphorbiaceae Antidesma venosum Tul. - - x 

146 Euphorbiaceae Bridelia cathartica G. Bertol. - - x 

147 Euphorbiaceae Cleistanthus schlechteri (Pax) Hutch. - x - 

148 Euphorbiaceae Croton megalocarpus Hutch. - - x 

149 Euphorbiaceae Croton pseudopulchellus Pax x x - 

150 Euphorbiaceae Drypetes arguta (Müll. Arg.) Hutch. - - x 

151 Euphorbiaceae Drypetes natalensis (Harv.) Hutch. x - x 

152 Euphorbiaceae Drypetes usambarica (Pax) Hutch. - - x 

153 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia candelabrum Kotschy x x x 

16

Matapwa 

Mitundumbea 

Namatimbili 


154 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia tirucali L. x - - 

155 Euphorbiaceae Euphoribia grantii Oliv. - - x 

156 Euphorbiaceae Flueggea virosa (Willd.) Voigt x - x 

157 Euphorbiaceae Maprounea africana Müll. Arg. x x - 

158 Euphorbiaceae Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia (Pax) Brenan - x - 

159 Euphorbiaceae Spirostachys africana Sond. x - x 

160 Euphorbiaceae Suregada zanzibariensis Baill. - - x 

161 Euphorbiaceae Synadenium pereskiifolium (Baill.) Guill. x - - 

162 Euphorbiaceae Uapaca nitida Mull. Arg. - x x 

163 Fabaceae Abrus precatorius L. - x x 

164 Fabaceae Acacia brevispica Harms x x - 

165 Fabaceae Acacia nigrescens Oliv. x - - 

166 Fabaceae Acacia polyacantha (A. Rich.) Brenan x x x 

167 Fabaceae Acacia robusta Burch. x - - 

168 Fabaceae Acacia sieberiana DC. x x x 

169 Fabaceae Afzelia quanzensis Welw. x - x 

170 Fabaceae Albizia glaberriena Schum. & Thomm - - x 

171 Fabaceae Albizia gummifera (J.F. Gmel) L.A.SM. - x - 

172 Fabaceae Albizia petersiana (Bolle) Oliv. x x - 

173 Fabaceae Albizia versicolor Welwex Oliv. - - x 

174 Fabaceae Baphia kirkii Baker - x - 

175 Fabaceae Baphia wollastonii Bak. f. - x x 

176 Fabaceae Baphia punctulata Harms x x x 

177 Fabaceae Tylosema fassoglensis (Schweinf.) Torre & Hillc. x - x 

178 Fabaceae Bauhinia tomentosa L. x - x 

179 Fabaceae Brachystegia boehmii Taub. - x x 

180 Fabaceae Brachystegia microphylla Harms - - x 

181 Fabaceae Brachystegia spiciformis Benth. x - x 

182 Fabaceae Burkea africana Hook. - x x 

183 Fabaceae Cassia abbreviata Oliv. x - x 

184 Fabaceae Cassia astrofistula (Holmes) Brenan x - x 

185 Fabaceae Cordyla africana Lour. - - x 

186 Fabaceae Craibia brevicaudata (Vatke) Dunn - - x 

187 Fabaceae Crotalaria goodiiformis Vatke x x x 

188 Fabaceae Cynometra webberi Baker f. - - x 

189 Fabaceae Cynometra greenwayi Brenan - x - 

190 Fabaceae Cynometra gillmanii J. Leonard - - x 

191 Fabaceae Dalbergia arbusifolia Baker x x x 

192 Fabaceae Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill & Perr x x - 

193 Fabaceae Dalbergia nitidula Baker - - x 

194 Fabaceae Dialium holtzii Harms - x x 

195 Fabaceae Dolichos oliveri Schweinf. - x x 

196 Fabaceae Entada abyssinica Steud. - x x 

197 Fabaceae Erythrina sacleuxii Hua x - x 

17

Matapwa 

Mitundumbea 

Namatimbili 


198 Fabaceae Erythrina schliebenii Harms x x x 

199 Fabaceae Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) Brenan - x x 

200 Fabaceae Hymenaea verrucosa Geartn. x - - 

201 Fabaceae Indigofera arrecta Hochst. ex A.Rich. x - - 

202 Fabaceae Jubernardia globiflora (Benth).Troupin x x - 

203 Fabaceae Macrotyloma axillare (E. Mey.) Verdc. x - x 

204 Fabaceae Lonchocarpus bussei Harms x - x 

205 Fabaceae Lonchocarpus capassa Rolfe x - x 

206 Fabaceae Millettia impressa Harms x x x 

207 Fabaceae Mucuna gigantea (Willd.) DC. x x - 

208 Fabaceae Mundulea sericea (Willd.) A. Chev. x - x 

209 Fabaceae Newtonia paucijuga (Harms) Brenan - - x 

210 Fabaceae Ormocarpum kirkii S. Moore x x - 

211 Fabaceae Parkia filicoides Oliv. x - x 

212 Fabaceae Pilliostigma thonningii Schumach. x - x 

213 Fabaceae Pterocarpus angolensis DC. - - x 

214 Fabaceae Pterocarpus rotundifolius (Sond.) Druce x x x 

215 Fabaceae Pericopsis angolensis (Baker) Meeuwen x - x 

216 Fabaceae Rhynchosia hirta (Andr) Meikle & Verdc. x x x 

217 Fabaceae Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. x x x 

218 Fabaceae Scorodophloeus fischeri (Taub.) J. Leonard - x x 

219 Fabaceae Senna singueana (Del.) Lock x - x 

220 Fabaceae Sesbania sesban L. x - x 

221 Fabaceae Tamarindus indica L. x x x 

222 Fabaceae Tessmania densiflora Harms - - x 

223 Fabaceae Xerroderis stuhlmannii (Thau.) Mendonca & Sousa - - x 

224 Fabaceae Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arm x x x 

225 Fabaceae Millettia stuhlmannii (Welw) C. C. Berg x x - 

226 Fabaceae Millettia usaramensis Lam. x - x 

227 Flacourtiaceae Apodytes dimidiata E. Mey ex. Arn. x x x 

228 Flacourtiaceae Casearia engleri Gilg x - x 

229 Flacourtiaceae Caloncoba welwitschii (Oliv.) Gilg - - x 

230 Flacourtiaceae Dovyalis hispidula Wild. - x x 

231 Flacourtiaceae Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. - - x 

232 Flacourtiaceae Homalium abdessammadii Asch. & Schweinf - x x 

233 Flacourtiaceae Xylotheca tettensis (Klotzsch) Gilg x - x 

234 Flagellariaceae Flagellaria guineensis Schumach. - - x 

235 Gramineae Aristida adoensis L. - x - 

236 Gramineae Bambusa vulgaris Wenell - - x 

237 Gramineae Chloris virgata Sw. x - x 

238 Gramineae Echinochloa colona (L.) Link x x x 

239 Gramineae Echinochloa haploclada (Stapf) Stapf x x x 

240 Gramineae Eleusine indica (Kenn.-O'Byrne) S.M.Phillips x x x 

241 Gramineae Eragrostis aspera (Jacq.) Nees x x x 

18

Matapwa 

Mitundumbea 

Namatimbili 


242 Gramineae Hyparrhenia variabilis Stapf - x x 

243 Gramineae Heteropogon contortus (L.) Roen & Schult x x x 

244 Gramineae Hyparrhenia filipendula (Hochst.) stapt x x - 

245 Gramineae Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf x x - 

246 Gramineae Hyparrhenia variabilis Stapf x - x 

247 Gramineae Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. x - x 

248 Gramineae Loudetia simplex (Nees) C. E. Habb. x - x 

249 Gramineae Panicum maximum Jacq. x - x 

250 Gramineae Panicum trichocladum K. Schum. x - x 

251 Gramineae Panicum coloratum L. x - 

252 Gramineae Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. x - x 

253 Gramineae Phragmites mauritianus Kunth. x x - 

254 Gramineae Rottboellia exaltata L. f. - x - 

255 Gramineae Setaria sphacelata (Schum.) M. B. Moss ex. Stapf & C. E. Hubb. x - x 

256 Gramineae Themeda triandra Forssk. - - x 

257 Guttiferae Garcinia livingstonei T. Anderson x - x 

258 Guttiferae Garcinia volkensii Engl. x - x 

259 Guttiferae Vismia pauciflora Milne-Redh. - - x 

260 Guttiferae Psorospermum febrifugum Spach - - x 

261 Lamiaceae Basilicum polystachyon (L.) Moench x - x 

262 Lamiaceae Hoslundia opposita Vahl. x - x 

263 Lamiaceae Plectranthus seretii (De Wild.) Vollesen x x x 

264 Liliaceae Sansevieria gracilis N. B. E. Br. - - x 

265 Liliaceae Drimiopsis perfoliata Baker x - x 

266 Liliaceae Dracaena mannii Baker x - x 

267 Liliaceae Sansevieria fischeri DC. x x x 

268 Linaceae Hugonia castaneifolia Engl. x x - 

269 Linaceae Hugonia grandiflora N. Robson x - x 

270 Loganiaceae Strychnos cocculoides Baker - - x 

271 Loganiaceae Strychnos henningsii Gilg x x x 

272 Loganiaceae Strychnos innocua Del. x - x 

273 Loganiaceae Strychnos madagascariensis Poir. - - x 

274 Loganiaceae Strychnos panganensis Gilg x x - 

275 Loganiaceae Strychnos pototorum L.f. x - x 

276 Malpighiaceae Acridocarpus chloropterus Oliv. x - - 

277 Malvaceae Azanza garckeana (F.Hoffm.) Exell & Hillc. x x x 

278 Malvaceae Sida acuta Burm.f. 

279 Melastomataceae Memecylon sansibaricum Taub. - - x 

280 Meliaceae Khaya anthotheca (Welw.) C.DC. x - x 

281 Moraceae Ficus lutea Vahl. - - x 

282 Moraceae Ficus exasperata Vahl. x - x 

283 Moraceae Ficus ingens (Miq.) Miq. x - x 

19

Matapwa 

Mitundumbea 

Namatimbili 


284 Moraceae Ficus natalensis Hochst. - - x 

285 Moraceae Ficus sur Forssk. x - - 

286 Moraceae Maclura africana (Bureau) Corner x x - 

287 Moraceae Milicia excelsa (Welw.) Benth & Hook f. x - x 

288 Myrtaceae Syzygium guineense (Welw.) C.C. Berg x x x 

289 Ochnaceae Ochna holstii Engl. x x x 

290 Ochnaceae Ochna mossambicensis Klotzsch x - x 

291 Olacaceae Olax dissitiflora Oliv. x - x 

292 Olacaceae Olax petandra Sleumer - x x 

293 Olacaceae Ximenia americana L. - - x 

294 Oleaceae Schrebera trichoclada Welw. x - - 

295 Onagraceae Ludwigia stolonifera (Gill. & Perr.) P. H. Raven x - x 

296 Orchidaceae Microcoelia exilis Lindl. - - x 

297 Palmae Borasuss aethiopum Mart. x x x 

298 Palmae Phoenix reclinata Jacq. x x x 

299 Palmae Hyphaene compressa H.Wandl. x x x 

300 Passifloraceae Schlechterina mitostemmatoides Harms - - x 

301 Rhamnaceae Ziziphus mucronata Willd. - - x 

302 Rubiaceae Breonadia macrocephala (Del.) Ridsdale x - - 

303 Rubiaceae Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirvengadum x - x 

304 Rubiaceae Coffea sessiliflora Bridson - - x 

305 Rubiaceae Coffea pseudozanguebariae Bridson x - - 

306 Rubiaceae Chassalia umbraticola Vatke - x - 

307 Rubiaceae Crossopteryx febrifuga (G. Don) Benth. x x x 

308 Rubiaceae Gardenia transvenulosa Verdc. x - x 

309 Rubiaceae Hymenodictyon parvifolium Oliv. - x x 

310 Rubiaceae Keetia venosa (Oliv.) Bridson x x x 

311 Rubiaceae Keetia zanzibarica (Klotzsch) Brindson x - x 

312 Rubiaceae Lamprothamnus zanguebaricus Hiern - - x 

313 Rubiaceae Leptactina platyphylla (Hern)Wernham x x x 

314 Rubiaceae Leptactina delagoensis K. Schum. - - x 

315 Rubiaceae Leptactina papyrophloea Verdc. - - x 

316 Rubiaceae Mitragyna rubrostipulata (K. Schum.) Havil - - x 

317 Rubiaceae Oxyanthus pyriformis (Hochst.) Skeels - - x 

318 Rubiaceae Oxyanthus speciosus DC. - x x 

319 Rubiaceae Polysphaeria multiflora Hiern x - x 

320 Rubiaceae Rothmania whitfieldii (Lindl.) Dandy - - x 

321 Rubiaceae Rystignia decussata (K. Schum.) Robyns - x x 

322 Rubiaceae Uncaria africana G. Don - - x 

323 Rubiaceae Vangueria infausta Burch. x - x 

324 Rutaceae Vepris lanceolata (Lam.) G. Don x x x 

325 Rutaceae Vepris nobilis (Delile) Mziray x x x 

326 Rutaceae Vepris glomerata (F. Hoffm.) Engl. - x x 

327 Rutaceae Clausina anisata (Willd.) Benth - x x 

20

Matapwa 

Mitundumbea 

Namatimbili 


328 Rutaceae Teclea nobilis Delile x - x 

329 Rutaceae Teclea simplicifolia (Engl.) Verd. - x x 

330 Rutaceae Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. x - x 

331 Rutaceae Zanthoxylum holtzianum (Engl.) P.G.Waterman - - x 

332 Salvadoraceae Dobera loranthifolia (Warb.) Harms - - x 

333 Salvadoraceae Salvadora persica L. x - - 

334 Sapindaceae Allophyllus africanus P. Beauv. x x x 

335 Sapindaceae Blighia unijugata Baker - x - 

336 Sapindaceae Deinbollia borbonica Scheff. x x x 

337 Sapindaceae Haplocoelum africana F.G.Davies ined. - x - 

338 Sapindaceae Haplocoelum inopleum Radlk. - - x 

339 Sapindaceae Haplocoelum foliosum (Hiern) Bullock x - x 

340 Sapindaceae Lepisanthes senegalensis (Poir.) Leenh. - - x 

341 Sapindaceae Macphersonia gracilis O. Hoffm - - x 

342 Sapindaceae Majidea zanguebarica J.Kirk - - x 

343 Sapindaceae Pancovia golungensis (Hiern) Exell & Mendonça - - x 

344 Sapindaceae Paullinia pinnata L. - x x 

345 Sapindaceae Zanha africana (Radlk.) Exell x - x 

346 Sapotaceae Englerophytum natalense (Sond.) T. D. Penn. - x x 

347 Sapotaceae Malacantha alnifolia (Baker) Pierre - - x 

348 Sapotaceae Manilkara discolor (Sond.) J. H. Hemsl x - x 

349 Sapotaceae Manilkara sansibarensis engl. - - x 

350 Sapotaceae Mimusops fruticosa Lam. x - x 

351 Sapotaceae Mimusops kummer A. DC. x - x 

352 Sapotaceae Mimusops schliebenii Mildbr. & G. M. Schulze x x x 

353 Sapotaceae Synsepalum brevipes (Baker) Pennington - - x 

354 Schizaeaceae Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R. Br. - - x 

355 Simaroubaceae Harrisonia abyssinica Oliv. x - x 

356 Sterculiaceae Cola discoglyoremnophylla Brenan & A. P. D. Jones x - x 

357 Sterculiaceae Cola microcarpa Brenan x x - 

358 Sterculiaceae Cola greenwayi Brenan x - x 

359 Sterculiaceae Dombeya rotundifolia (Hochst.) Planch - - x 

360 Sterculiaceae Dombeya shupangae K. Schum. x x x 

361 Sterculiaceae Pterygota perrieri Hochr. x - x 

362 Sterculiaceae Sterculia appendiculata K. Schum. ex. Engl. x x x 

363 Sterculiaceae Sterculia quinqueloba (Garcke) K. Schum. - x x 

364 Tiliaceae Carpodiptera africana Mast. x x - 

365 Tiliaceae Grewia bicolor A. Juss. - x x 

366 Tiliaceae Grewia conocarpa K. Schum. - x x 

367 Tiliaceae Grewia forbesii Mast. - x - 

368 Tiliaceae Grewia microcarpa K. Schum. - x x 

369 Tiliaceae Grewia platyclada Mast. x - x 

21

370 Tiliaceae Grewia similis K. Schum. x x x 

371 Tiliaceae Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. x - x 

372 Ulmaceae Celtis africana Burm. f. - x - 

373 Ulmaceae Trema orientalis (L.) Blume - x x 

374 Verbenaceae Karomia gigas (Faden) Verdc. - - x 

375 Verbenaceae Vitex doniana Sweet - x - 

376 Verbenaceae Vitex mombassae Vatke - - x 

377 Verbenaceae Vitex zanzibariensis Vatke x x x 

202 151 313 

22

Table 3.2 Botanical specimens deposited/collected and associated C. Mligo (MC) field 

numbers 

Reference number Family Plant species names Author 

MC 77 Verbenaceae Karomia gigas (Faden) Verdc. 

MC 78 Euphorbiaceae Alchornea hirtella Benth. 

MC 79 Oleaceae Schrebera trichoclada Welw. 

MC 80 Annonaceae Cleistochlamys kirkii (Benth.) Oliv 

MC 81 Annonaceae Lettowianthus stellatus Diels 

MC 82 Annonaceae Ophrypetalum odoratum Diels 

MC 83 Rutaceae Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. 

MC 84 Sapindaceae Lepisanthes senegalensis (Poir.) Leenh. 

MC 85 Annonaceae Monanthotaxis trichocarpa (Diels & Engl.) Verdc 

MC 86 Rubiaceae Oxyanthus pyriformis (Hochst.) Skeels 

MC 87 Euphorbiaceae Drypetes usambarica (Pax) Hutch. 

MC 88 Rubiaceae Mitragyna rubrostipulata (K. Schum.) Havil 

MC 89 Rubiaceae Leptactina delagoensis K. Schum. 

MC 90 Sapindaceae Macphersonia gracilis O. Hoffm 

MC 91 Malpighiaceae Acridocarpus chloropterus Oliv. 

MC 92 Annonaceae Artabotrys modestus Verdc. 

MC 93 Euphorbiaceae Cleistanthus schlechteri (Pax) Hutch. 

MC 94 Sterculiaceae Cola microcarpa Brenan 

MC 95 Guttiferae Garcinia livingistonei T. Anderson 

MC 96 Ebenaceae Diospyros verrucosa Hiern 

MC 97 Fabaceae Hymenaea verrucosa Geartn. 

MC 98 Rubiaceae Breonadia macrocephala (Del.) Ridsdale 

MC 99 Apocynaceae Strophanthus petersianus Kloyzsch 

MC 100 Rubiaceae Uvaria kirkii G. Don 

MC 101 Sapotaceae Manilkara sansibarensis Engl. 

MC 102 Sapotaceae Mimusops kummel A. DC. 

MC 103 Dichapetalaceae Dichapetalum macrocarpum M. Krause 

MC 104 Combretaceae Terminalia boivinii Tul. 

MC 105 Adiantaceae Acrostichum aureum L. 

MC 106 Tiliaceae Carpodiptera africana Mast. 

MC 107 Fabaceae Erythrina sacleuxii Hua 

MC 108 Sterculiaceae Pteriogota perrieri Hochr. 

MC 109 Annonaceae Uvariodendron gorgonis Verdc. 

MC 110 Fabaceae Erythrina schliebenii Harms 

23

Red List status 

Red List 

criteria 

Red List 

criteria version 

Year assessed 

Table 3.3: Plant species identified in the study area found on the IUCN Redlist 

S/N Genus Species author 

1 Baphia Kirkii Baker VU B1+2b 2.3 1998 

2 Cynometra webberi Bak.f. VU B1+2b 2.3 1998 

3 Cynometra gillmanii Leon CR B1+2abcde, C2b 2.3 1998 

4 Encephalartos hildebrandtii A.Braun & C.D.Bouché NT 3.1 2009 

5 Erythrina Sacleuxii Hua VU B1+2b 2.3 1998 

6 Erythrina schliebenii Harms EN B1+2c, C2a 2.3 1998 

7 Gardenia transvenulosa Verdc. VU B1+2b 2.3 1998 

8 Khaya anthotheca (Welw.) C. DC. VU A1cd 2.3 1998 

9 Lettowianthus Stellatus Diels NT 3.1 2006 

10 Milicia Excels (Welw.) C.C. Berg LR/nt 2.3 1998 

11 Newtonia paucijuga (Harms) Brenan VU B1+2b 2.3 1998 

12 Pterocarpus angolensis DC. LR/nt 2.3 1998 

13 Uvariodendron Gorgonis Verdc. EN B2ab(iii) 3.1 2006 

14 Vitex zanzibarensis Vatke VU B1+2c 2.3 1998 

15 Zanthoxylum holtzianum (Engl.) Waterm. VU B1+2d 2.3 1998 

16 Asteranthe Asterias (S.Moore) Engl. & Diels NT 3.1 2006 

17 Artabotrys modestus Diels LC 3.1 2006 

18 Mkilua fragrans Verdc. VU B1ab(iii) 3.1 2006 

19 Monanthotaxis trichocarpa (Engl. & Diels) Verdc. LC 3.1 2006 

20 Ophrypetalum odoratum Diels VU B1ab(ii,iii,v) 3.1 2006 

21 Uvaria acuminata Oliv. LC 3.1 2006 

22 Sphaeranthus africanus L. LC 3.1 2010 

23 Vismia Pauciflora Milne-Redh. EN B1+2c 2.3 1998 

24 Karomia gigas (Faden) Verdc CR B1+2abcde,D ver. 2011 

2.3 

25 Cynometra suaheliensis (Taub.) Bak. f. VU B1+2b 2.3 1998 

26 Dialium holtzii Harms VU B1+2b 2.3 1998 

27 Tessmannia densiflora Harms EN B1+2c, C2a 2.3 1998 

28 Coffea pseudozanguebariae Bridson VU B1+2b 2.3 1998 

29 Gardenia transvenulosa Verdc. VU B1+2b 2.3 1998 

30 Vitex zanzibarensis Vatke VU B1+2c 2.3 1998 

Total VU species 15 

Total CR species 2 

Total EN species 4 

Total NT species 5 

Total LC species 4 

24

3. 2. Vegetation types in each forest surveyed 

3.2.1. Namatimbili Forest (Mbarawala plateau) 

Msuya et al. (2004) noted that the Namatimbili Forest lies between 38 0 57 to 39 0 16’ E and 08 0 59 

to 09 0 10’S which is within the eastern part of the Mitarure Forest and has been called Mbarawala 

plateau. It is dissected by the River Mavuji. This river meanders in the valley bottoms and 

eventually narrows in the Namatimbili Gorge close to the point where it leaves the forest at 

Mchakama village. The river supports the most critical riparian habitat. It is also important to the 

livelihoods of those who live in and near Mchakama village, including those who reside along its 

upstream portions. The forest currently is not gazetted as a Central Government Forest Reserve. 

The forest differs significantly in structure from the surrounding vegetation types. It is a complex 

forest type with regard to vegetation community types. It is supported by the undulating landscape 

covered with six vegetation types identified in this forest 1. Evergreen forest 2. Mixed forest 3. 

Riverine forest 4. Bushland 5. Scrub forest 6. Woodland (closed and open). These are described 

below. 

3.2.1.1. Evergreen Forest 

This was a relatively large patch of vegetation in the southwest within Namatimbili Forest at an 

altitudinal range of between 136 and 164 above sea level. It was centred at 37L 523954/8991092 

and UTM 524321/8991978. The vegetation type begins as mixed forest on the southern side of 

the Mbarawala plateau covering about 10km 2 . This evergreen forest is dense with emergent trees, 

characterized by dominant species such as Dialium holtzii, Haplocoelum inopleum, Hymenaea 

verrucosa, Strychnos henningsii, Pteleopsis myrtifolia, Markamia zanzibarica, Vitex 

zanzibariensis, Suregada zinsibariensis, Afzelia quanzensis, Holarrhena pubescens, Pericopsis 

angolensis and Memecylon sansibaricum, at the upper canopy layer. Dichapetalum 

mossambicense, Euphorbia nyikae, Alchornea laxiflora, Drypetes arguta, Tetracera litoralis, 

Dichapetalum stuhlmannii, Salacia magascariensis, Salacia leptoclada and Uvaria cuminata 

were dominant at the shrub layer and the understorey. This evergreen forest type was also 

identified on the Namatimbili hillsides and the escarpments where Cynometra greenwayi and 

Cynometra gillmanii, (both endemic to Lind region) were found on rocky outcrops coexisting 

with Scorodophloeus fischeri, Cynometra webberi and Tessmannia densiflora at 37L 526203 

UTM 8993078 at 87m.a.s.l. 

3.2.1.2. Mixed Forest 

This was identified on the ridge tops from the northern woodland of the forest where bushland, 

evergreen thicket and woodland co-existed. This type of forest covers the largest portion of the 

25

Namatimbili on ridge tops, deep slopes and slopes of moderate moist rocky hills. Trees in these 

areas were up to 30m high. Common species in the mixed forest include Grewia cornocapa, 

Lettowianthus stellatus, Elaeodendron buchananii, Bombax rhodognaphalon, Sterculia 

appendiculata, Sterculia quinqueloba, Milicia excelsa, Pterocarpus angolensis, Pteleopsis 

myrtifolia, Celtis Africana and Zanthoxylum chalybeum. The shrub layer is dominated by 

Scorodophloeus fischeri, Drypetes usambarica, Salacia madagascariensis, Hugonia castaneifolia, 

Rhoicissus tridentata and Strychnos henningsii. 

3.2.1.3. Riverine forest 

This vegetation type consists of trees with a height of between 20-30 m and higher. These were 

recorded along Mavuji River and the moist tributaries draining to the Mavuji River system. The 

dominant species in these forests were Khaya anthotheca, Sorindeia madagascariensis, 

Baringtonia racemosa, Milicia excelsa, Encephalators hildebrandtii, Ficus sur, Pachystella 

brevipens, Ziziphus mucronata, Drypestes arguta, Garcinia livingstonei, Erythrina schliebenii, 

Diospyros squarrosa and Mimusops kummel. Aquatic plants and wetland plants such as 

Phragmites mauritianus, Cyperus exaltatus, Polysphaeria multiflora and Syzygium guineense 

were also found. 

3.2.1.4. Bushland 

This was commonly distributed on the hillsides along the Mavuji River and hilltops of the 

plateaux. The trees are of small size classes because it appeared that the larger trees had all been 

exploited. However, a closed canopy bush matrix remains in most parts. The common species in 

these areas were Sclerocarya birrea, Afzelia quanzensis, Bombax rhodognaphalon, Grewia 

cornocarpa, Strychnos henningsii, Xylopia latipetala, Lannea stuhlmannii, Haplocoelum 

inopleum, Zanthoxylum chalybeum and Vitex zanzibariensis. 

3.2.1.5. Woodland 

Woodlands are found on the periphery of the Namatimbili forest in the northern and southern 

portions and consist of Acacia robusta, Combretum apiculatum and Millettia stuhlmannii. 

Brachystegia microphylla, Pterocarpus angolensis, Afzelia quanzensis, Pteleopsis myrtifolia, 

Sterculia appendiculata and Bombax rhodognaphalon dominated these areas. The woodland types 

begin as a scattered open woodland in the valley bottoms or the peripheral parts of the forest and 

then form closed or dense woodland/bushland and then evergreen vegetation types. The 

vegetation therefore in the woodland consists of heterogeneous communities that are characterised 

by diverse plant species associations. 

26

3.2.1.6. Scrubland 

This type of vegetation was scattered throughout the portion of the forests that were not riverine, 

evergreen types and pure miombo woodland types. All other vegetation types contained species 

associated as thickets or scrub forms and their surrounding areas are characterized by annual 

burns which maintain the scrub habitats. The common species in scrub forests were Uvaria 

acuminata, Strychnos henningsii, Ochna holstii, Strychnos panganiensis, Pericopsis angolensis 

and Hugonia castaneifolia. 

3.2.2. Mitundumbea Forest Reserve 

Mitundumbea Forest is located at 39 0 13’ to 39 0 19’E and 09 0 06’ to 09 0 14’S (based on the map in 

Msuya et al., (2004). On the topographic sheets we examined in the field, it appeared to be 

designated as a Centraol Government Forest Reserve. The forest is bordered by Ngarama to the 

south and Namatimbili to the northwest. Mchakama and Kiwawa villages form the eastern 

boundary. The forest is dominated by heterogeneous miombo woodlands that are both open and 

closed. The evergreen forests are found on the ridges and escarpments. Mixed forests are scattered 

widely on the ridge tops. The Brachystegia forest is dominated by two species, Brachystegia 

microphylla and Brachystegia boehmii. The latter exists as a pure stand on the Mitundumbea 

ridge. Scrub forest exists with patches of specialized habitats which consisted of evergreen 

vegetation types in some parts of the forest. Based on field observations there were five 

vegetation types identified: 1. Mixed forest , 2. Brachystegia forest, 3. Scrub Forest, 4. Woodlands 

(closed and open), 5. Evergreen forest. These are described below. 

3. 2. 2. 1. Mixed Forest 

This was common in the southern part of Mitundumbea Forest Reserve portions of which were 

closed woodland, open woodland and forest patches. This appears in a very small vegetation 

stratum which occurs at 231 m.a.s.l. (GPS reading 37L 531462; UTM 8985642). The species 

common within this forest include Strychnos innocua, Spirostachys africana, Euphorbia tirucalli 

and Commiphora africana is found in patches but Combretum apiculatum, Brachystegia boehmii, 

and Euclea racemosa occur in the open wooded grasslands 

3. 2. 2. 2. Brachystegia forest 

This was identified at GPS reading of 37L530077, UTM 89831791 and 37L 052984, UTM 

8983552. It is an intermediate between evergreen forest and closed miombo woodland. It was 

27

located on the escarpment to the southwest of Mtundumbeya Forest. The dominant tree species in 

the area was Brachystegia microphylla covering about 95% of the sample area. This was followed 

by Pteleopsis myrtifolia, Strychnos henningsii, Grewia cornocapa, Haplocoelum africana, Afzelia 

quanzensis, Lannea stuhlmannii and Hugonia castaneifolia. 

3. 2. 2. 3. Scrub Forest 

This is found near the periphery of the forest and up to 5 km within. The large patches join with 

grassland cover and wooded grassland, both vegetation types that have been expanded by frequent 

burning. 

3. 2. 2. 4. Woodlands 

There were two vegetation types in this area based on canopy structure. The closed woodland was 

identified east of the escarpment in Brachystegia forest (GPS reading of 37L 0530766, UTM 

8983076) on the Mitundumbea plateau. This was represented by Albizia versicolor, Pteleopsis 

myrtifolia, Xerroderis stuhlmannii, Hlarrhena pubescens, Terminalia sambesiaca, Combretum 

molle, Milicia excelsa, Millettia stuhlmannii, Boscia salicifolia, and Markhamia obtusifolia. The 

open woodland was dominated by Pseudlacnotylis rotundifolia, Millettia stuhlmannii, Acacia 

nigrescens, Pteleopsis myrtifolia and Dombeya rotundifolia, Annona senegalensis, Crossopteryx 

febrifuga and Zanthoxylum chalybeum 

3.2.2.5. Evergreen forest 

Evergreen forest was identified on the Mitundumbea ridge particularly on the scarp slopes 

adjacent to the Brachystegia forest southwest of Mitundumbea at 332 m.a.s.l. (GPS Reading 37L 

0530075, UTM 8982691) The upper stratum was dominated by Cynometra webberi, 

Scorodophloeus fischeri, Croton megalocarpoides whereas the understory was characterized by 

shrubs and lianas including Uvaria acuminata and Uvaria lucida, Drypetes arguta, Strychnos 

henningsii, Gardenia transvenulosa and Dichapetalum stuhlmannii. 

Unique evergreen patches were identified along the plateau west of Mitundumbea ridge. These 

had specialized habitat suitable for the survival of a species formerly regarded as extinct, Karomia 

gigas and the associated species Scorodophloeus fischeri, Hymenaea verrucosa, Vitex 

zanzibarensi, Millettia usaramensis and Dichapetalum stuhlmannii. 

28

3. 2. 3. Matapwa Forest reserve 

Based on the map in Msuya et al.. (2004), this forest is located between longitude 39 0 20’ to 

39 0 30’E and Latitude 09 0 45’ to 09 0 54’S. It is less diverse when compared with the other forests 

we surveyed; four vegetation types were identified: 1. Mixed forest, 2. Riverine forest 3. Scrub 

forest and 4. Woodland (closed and open). 

3. 2. 3. 1. Mixed Forest 

This covered the largest part of the forest from the miombo woodland of the northern portion to 

the south where the riverine forest begins. 

3. 2. 3. 2. Riverine forest 

This vegetation type occurs along the Mchinjidi River in the southern part of the forest. This river 

marks the boundary of the southern portion of the forest near Matapwa Village. The identified 

species include Khaya anthotheca, Garcinia livingstonei, Sorindeia madagascariensis, Euphorbia 

tirucalli, Ficus sur, Kigelia africana, Azantha garckeana, Polysphaeria multiflora, Pennisetum 

purpureum, Parkia filicoides, Albizia glaberriena, Afzelia quanzensis, Tamarindus indica, Saba 

comorensis, and Erythrina schliebenii were widely distributed. 

3. 2. 3. 3. Scrub Forest 

This vegetation type was recorded in patches within the mixed woodland, particularly areas that 

are prone to frequent burning. It was also identified along valley bottoms in tributaries of the main 

Mchinjidi River in the Matapwa area. 

3. 2. 3. 4. Woodland 

Woodland includes vegetation in the northern part of the forest that is commonly a heterogenous 

miombo community. Millettia usaramensis, Monanthotaxis buchananii, Pterocarpus angolensis, 

Albizia pertesiana, Bombax rhodognaphalon, Strophanthus petersianus, Combretum apiculatum 

and Bambusa vulgaris were commonly found in the area. 

29

3.3. Zoological: Summarised Results 

3.3.1. Amphibians 

The summarised results for amphibians are presented in Table 3.4. Results from Trapping are 

presented in Appendix 6.2. 

Table 3.4: Amphibians detected and forest sampled. 

No Amphibian detected is listed on CITES. Poynton (2000) notes the difficulties of identifying 

any Coastal Forest endemics. Names generally follow Channing & Howell (2006) but families 

follow Frost et al., (2006). *=specimen collected; other methods of detection as indicated. 

Group and Threat Status Namatimbili Mitundumbea Matapwa 

Arthroleptidae 

Arthroleptis stenodactylus * Common Squeaker x x x 

Arthroleptis xenodactyloides* Dwarf Squeaker x 

Leptopelis flavomaculatus Yellow-spotted Tree Frog x (seen) 

Brevicipitidae 

Breviceps mossambicus Mozambique Rain Frog x 

Bufonidae 

Mertensophryne loveridgei* Loveridge’s Forest Toad x x 

Schismaderma carens Red Toad x 

Amietophrynus maculatus* Flat-backed Toad x 

Amietophrynus gutturalis* Guttural Toad x x 

Phrynobatrachidae 

Phrynobatrachus acridoides* East African Puddle Frog x x 

Pyxicephalidae 

Pyxcicephalus adspersus ? 

(identification not confirmed) African Bullfrog Local informants x 

Ptychadenidae 

30

Namatimbili 

Mitundumbea 

Matapwa 

Group and Threat Status Namatimbili Mitundumbea Matapwa 

Ptychadena anchietae Anchieta’s Ridged Frog x x x 

Ptychadena mossambicus Mozambique Ridged Frog x x x 

Ptychadena mascareniensis Mascarene Ridged Frog x x x 

Hyperoliidae 

Afrixalus fornasinii Fornasini’s Spiny Reed Frog x 

Hyperolius mitchelli* Mitchell’s Reed Frog x x 

Hyperolius tuberilinguis Tinker Reed Frog x 

Rhacophoridae 

Chiromantis xerampelina Southern Foam-nest Frog x x 

3.3.2. Reptiles 

The summarised results for reptiles are presented in Table 3.5 Results from Trapping are 

presented in Appendix 6.2. 

Table 3.5: Reptiles detected by forests sampled. 

Names follow Spawls et al. (2004) *=specimen collected; other methods of detection as indicated. 

Note: Reptiles have not been recently evaluated using the www.redlist.org criteria. 

Reptiles 

Common name 

Group and threat and CITES Appendix status 

Crocodiles 

Crocodylus niloticus 

(Tanzania has a quota; the species is on CITES II) Nile Crocodile x (li) 

Tortoises (all on CITES II) 

Geochelone pardalis Leopard Tortoise x x x 

Kinixys belliana Bell's Hinged Tortoise x x x 

Lizards 

Triceros melleri CITES II Meller's Giant Chameleon x 

31

Namatimbili 

Mitundumbea 

Matapwa 

Reptiles 

Common name 

Chamaeleo dilepis CITES II Flap-necked Chameleon x x 

Agama mossambica* Mozambique Agama x x x 

Hemidactylus platycephalus* Tree Gecko x x x 

Lygodactylus luteopicturatis Yellow-headed Dwarf Gecko x x x 

Lygodactylus capensis* Cape Dwarf Gecko x x x 

Cnemaspis sp Forest Gecko x 

Trachylepis megalurus* Grass top skink x 

Trachylepis striata Striped Skink x x 

Trachylepis maculilabris* Speckle-lipped Skink x x x 

Trachylepis varia* Variable Skink x 

Trachylepis boulengeri Boulenger's Skink x 

Panaspis wahlbergi* Wahlberg's Snake-eyed Skink x x x 

Sepsina tetradactylus Four-toed Fossorial Skink x 

Lygosoma sundevalli* Sundevall's Writhing Skink x 

Holaspis laevis (CF and EAM endemic) Blue-tailed Gliding lizard x 

Heliobolus neumanni* Neumann's Sand Lizard x 

Nucras boulengeri Boulenger's Scrub Lizard x 

Cordylus tropidosternum*CITES II Tropical Girdled Lizard x x 

Gerrhosaurus nigrolineatus Black-lined Plated Lizard x x 

Gerrhosaurus major Greater Plated Lizard x x x 

Snakes 

Typhlops sp (visual) Blind Snake x 

Leptotyphlops sp* Thread Snake x x x 

Aparallactus capensis 

Cape Centipede Eater 

Dasypeltis scabra Common Egg-eater x 

Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia* White-lipped Snake x x x 

Hemirhagerris nototaenia Southeastern Bark Snake x x 

Mehelya capensis Cape File Snake x 

Philothamnus hoplogaster Southeastern Green Snake x x x 

Dispholidus typus Boomslang x x x 

Thelotornis mossambicanus Eastern Vine Snake x 

Python natalensis CITES II Southern African Rock Python x x x 

Dendroaspis anguisticeps Green Mamba x x 

Naja melanoleuca Forest Cobra x x x 

Bitis arietans Puff Adder x x x 

Causus defilippi * Snouted Night adder x 

3.3.3. Birds 

Ninety- one species of birds were detected from all the three forests. The numbers of species in 

each forest reserve are: Namatimbili 58, Mitundumbea 66 and Matapwa 59. The summarised 

results for birds and the forests in which each species was detected are presented in Table 3.6 

32

Namatimbili 

Mitundumbea 

Matapwa 

Global Threat 

Status 

Data for mist netting and Timed Species Counts are presented in Appendix 6.3 and 6.4, 

respectively. 

Table 3.6: Birds by forests sampled. 

Names follow Stevenson & Fanshawe (2002). *= endemic or Near-endemic to Coastal Forest 

(Mlingwa et al., 2000); IUCN Redlist categories indicated as VU (Vulnerable) and NT (Near 

Threatened) 

Group, Threat status and CITES 

Appendix. 

English Name 

Ciconiiformes 

CICONIIDAE 

Bostrychia hagedash Hadada Ibis x - - 

Falconiformes 

ACCIPITRIDAE 

Macheiramphus alcinus Bat Hawk - - x 

*Circaetus fasciolatus Southern Banded Snake Eagle x x x VU 

Terathopius ecaudatus Bateleur - x x 

Polyboroides radiatus Gymnogene - - x 

Accipiter tachiro African Goshawk x x x 

Kaupifalco monogrammicus Lizard Buzzard - x - 

Stephanoaetus coronatus Crowned Eagle x x x 

Galliformes 

PHASIANIDAE 

Francolinus sephaena Crested Francolin x x x 

Guttera pucherani Crested Guineafowl x x x 

Columbiformes 

COLUMBIDAE 

Streptopelia semitorquata Red-eyed Dove - x x 

Turtur chalcopilos Emerald-spotted Wood Dove - x x 

Turtur tympanistria Tambourine Dove x x x 

Treron calv a Green Pigeon x x - 

Psittaciformes 

PSITTACIDAE 

Poicephalus cryptoxanthus Brown-headed Parrot x x x 

Poicephalus robustus Brown-necked Parrot x x x 

Cuculiformes 

MUSOPHAGIDAE 

Tauraco livingstonii Livingstone's Turaco x x - 

CUCULIDAE 

33

Namatimbili 

Mitundumbea 

Matapwa 

Global Threat 

Status 


Appendix. 

English Name 

Chrysococcyx klaas Klaa's Cuckoo x x x 

Centropus superciliosus White-browed Coucal - - x 

Strigiformes 

STRIGIDAE 

Strix woodfordii African Wood Owl x x x 

Bubo africanus Spotted Eagle Owl - - x 

Glaucidium capense African Barred Owlet - x - 

Caprimulgiformes 

CAPRIMULGIDAE 

Caprimulgus pectoralis Fiery-necked Nightjar - x x 

Apodiformes 

APODIDAE 

Neafrapus boehmi Boehm's Spinetail - x - 

Trogoniformes 

TROGONIDAE 

Apaloderma narina Narina's Trogon x - - 

Coraciiformes 

ALCEDINIDAE 

Ispidina picta Pygmy Kingfisher - x x 

Halcyon albiventris Brown-hooded Kingfisher - - x 

MEROPIDAE 

Merops pusillus Little Bee-eater - x - 

Merops boehmi Boehm's Bee-eater x x x 

UPUPIDAE 

Phoeniculus purpureus Green Wood Hoopoe x x x 

Rhinopomastus cyanomelas 

Common Scimitarbill 

BUCEROTIDAE 

Tockus alboterminatus Crowned Hornbill x x x 

Ceratogymna bucinator Trumpeter Hornbill x x x 

Bucorvus cafer Southern Ground Hornbill x x x 

Piciformes 

CAPITONIDAE 

Pogoniulus bilineatus Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird x x x 

Buccanodon olivaceum Green Barbet x - - 

INDICATORIDAE 

Indicator minor Lesser Honeyguide - x - 

PICIDAE 

Campenthera abingoni Golden-tailed Woodpecker x - - 

Dendropicos fuscescens Cardinal Woodpecker x x x 

Passeriformes 

EURYLAIMIDAE 

Smithornis capensis African Broadbill x x x 

CAMPEPHAGIDAE 

Campephaga flava Black Cuckoo-shrike x - - 

34

Namatimbili 

Mitundumbea 

Matapwa 

Global Threat 

Status 


Appendix. 

English Name 

Coracina pectoralis White-breasted Cuckoo-Shrike x - - 

PYCNONOTIDAE 

Andropadus importunus Zanzibar Sombre Greenbul x - x 

Chlorocichla flaviventris Yellow-bellied Greenbul x x x 

*Phyllastrephus fischeri Fischer's Greenbul - x x 

Phyllastrephus flavostriatus Yellow-streaked Greenbul x x - 

*Phyllastrephus debilis Tiny Greenbul x - - 

Pycnonotus tricolor Common Bulbul x x x 

Nicator gularis Eastern Nicator x x x 

TURDIDAE 

Neocossyphus rufus Red-tailed Ant Thrush x - - 

Cossypha natalensis Red-capped Robin Chat x x x 

Cercotrichas quadrivirgata Eastern Bearded Scrub Robin x x x 

SYLVIIDAE 

*Macrosphenus krestchmeri Krestchmer's Longbill x - - 

Cisticola fulvicapillus Piping Cisticola (Tabora) - x - 

Prinia subflava Tawny-flanked Prinia - x - 

Apalis flavida Yellow-breasted Apalis x - x 

Camaroptera brachyura Grey-backed Camaroptera x x x 

MUSCICAPIDAE 

Batis mixta Forest Batis - - x 

Batis capensis Cape Batis - x x 

*Batis reichenowi Reichenow's Batis - x x VU 

Platysteira peltata Black-throated Wattle-eye - x x 

Erythrocercus livingstonei Livingstone's Flycatcher x x x 

Trochocercus cyanomelas Crested Flycatcher x x x 

Muscicapa caerulescens Ashy Flycatcher x x x 

Terpsiphone viridis African Paradise Flycatcher x - - 

Bias muscus Black and White Shrike Flycatcher - - x 

Zosterops senegalensis Yellow White-eye x - - 

NECTARINIIDAE 

Cyanomitra veroxii Mouse-coloured Sunbird - x - 

Anthreptes collaris Collared Sunbird x x x 

*Anthreptes reichenowi Plain-backed Sunbird x x x NT 

Chalcomitra senegalensis Scarlet-chested Sunbird - x - 

Chalcomitra amethystina Amethyst Sunbird x x x 

Nectarinia olivacea Olive Sunbird x x x 

ORIOLIDAE 

Oriolus larvatus Black-headed Oriole x - x 

PRIONOPIDAE 

*Prionops scopifrons Chestnut-fronted Helmet Shrike - x - 

Prionops retzii Retz's Helmet Shrike x x x 

MALACONOTIDAE 

35

Namatimbili 

Mitundumbea 

Matapwa 

Global Threat 

Status 


Appendix. 

English Name 

Dryoscopus cubla Black-backed Puffback x x x 

Laniarius aethiopicus Tropical Boubou x x x 

Lanius afer Brubru x - - 

Tchagra australis Brown-crowned Tchagra x x - 

Malaconotus sulfureopectus Sulphur-breasted Bush Shrike x - x 

DICRURIDAE 

Dicrurus ludwigii Square-tailed Drongo x x x 

CORVIDAE 

Corvus albus Pied Crow - x x 

Corvus albicollis White naped Raven x x 

STURNIDAE 

Lamprotornis corruscus Black-breasted Starling x - - 

PLOCEIDAE 

Ploceus bicolor Dark-backed Weaver x x x 

ESTRILDIDAE 

Hypargos niveoguttatus Peters' Twinspot x x x 

Uraeginthus cyanocephalus Blue-capped Cordonbleu - x - 

Lonchura bicolor Black and White Mannikin - x - 

Lonchura cucullata Bronze Mannikin - x - 

FRINGILLIDAE 

Serinus mozambicus Yellow-fronted Canary - x - 

Total number of species per each forest 

reserve 

Total number of species in all forest reserves 

= 91 

58 66 59 

3.3.4. Mammals 

The summarised results for mammals detected in each forest are presented in Table 3.7. Results 

from Trapping are presented in Appendix 6.2. 

36

Namatimbili 

Mitundumbea 

Matapwa 

Table 3.7: Mammals documented by forest area 

Names follow Kingdon (1997); Orders and families follow Wilson & Reeder (2005). IUCN 

redlist threat status is indicated when greater than Least Concern. x= present in forest indicated. * 

= captured; other detection methods as indicated as follows: h=heard, li=local 

informant,photo=photographed; s=seen; sign=track, burrow, scat, etc. . 

Group and conservation status 

Order Primates 

CERCOPITHECIDAE 

Yellow Baboon CITES Appendix II Papio cynocephalus (s) x x x 

Blue Monkey CITES Appendix II Cercopithecus mitis(s) x x 

Vervet Monkey CITES Appendix II C. pygerythrus (s) x x x 

GALAGONIDAE All on CITES 

Appendix II 

Greater Galago Otolemur crassicaudatus (s,h) x x x 

Rondo Galago CR Galagoides rondoensis (s,h) x x x 

Zanzibar Galago Galagoides zanzibaricus(s,h) x x x 

Order Chiroptera 

RHINOLOPHIDAE 

Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus landeri x x 

PTEROPODIDAE 

Epauletted Fruit Bat Epomophorus sp* x x 

Order Lagomorpha 

LEPORIDAE 

Hare Lepus sp(s) x x x 

Order Soricomorpha 

SORICIDAE Crocidura sp.* x x x 

Order Rodentia 

Gliridae 

African Dormice Graphiurus sp (s) x x x 

HYSTRICIDAE 

Purcupine Hystrix sp. (sign) x x x 

MURIDAE 

East African Spiny Mouse Acomys sp. * x x x 

Narrow-footedWoodland Mouse Grammomys dolichurus* x x x 

Zebra mice Lemniscomys sp* x 

Giant Rat Cricetomys gambianus(li) x x 

Gerbil Tatera leucogaster* x x x 

Lesser Pouched Rat Beamys hindei * x 

SCIURIDAE 

Red-bellied Squirrel Paraxerus palliatus * x x x 

Ochre Bush Squirrel Paraxerus ochraceus (s) x x x 

THRYONOMYIDAE 

37

Namatimbili 

Mitundumbea 

Matapwa 


Marsh cane-rat 

Order Macroscelidea 

MACROSCELIDIDAE 

Thryonomys swinderianus 

(photo) 

38 

x x x 

Four-toed Elephant Shrew Petrodromus tetradactylus* x x x 

Black and Rufous Elephant Shrew, VU Rhynchocyon petersi (s) x x 

Order Carnivora 

CANIDAE 

Black-backed Jackal Canis mesomelas(li) x 

Wild Dog 

EN C2a(i) Lycaon pictus (li) x 

MUSTELIDAE 

African clawless otter CITES Appendix Aonyx capensis (sign) 

x, scats 

II 

HERPESTIDAE 

Slender Mongoose Herpes sanguinea (s) x x x 

Banded Mongoose Mungos mungo (s) x x x 

Bushy-tailed Mongoose Bdeogale crassicauda (s) x x x 

VIVERRIDAE 

African Civet Civettictis civetta (s) x x x 

Blotched Genet Genetta tigrina (s) x x x 

HYAENIDAE 

Spotted Hyaena Crocuta crocuta (h, li) x x x 

FELIDAE 

Wild cat CITES Appendix II Felis sylvestris* x 

Leopard CITES Appendix II, NT Panthera pardus (s,h) X, in camp with x 

x 

cubs 

Lion CITES Appendix II, VU Panthera leo (li) x, tracks x x 

ORYCTEROPODIDAE 

Aardvark Orycteropus afer (sign) x x x 

MANIDAE 

Ground Pangolin (CITES Appendix II) Smutsia temminckii (li) x x x 

Order Proboscidea 

ELEPHANTIDAE 

African Elephant CITES Appendix I, Loxodonta africana (s) x x x 

VU 

Order Hyracoidea 

PROCAVIIDAE 

Bush Hyrax Heterohyrax brucei (s) x x x 

Order Perissodactyla 

EQUIDAE 

Common Zebra Equus burchelli (s) x x 

Order Artiodactyla 

HIPPOPOTAMIDAE 

Hippopotamus,CITES II, VU Hippopotamus amphibious(s) x

Namatimbili 

Mitundumbea 

Matapwa 


SUIDAE 

Bush Pig Potamochoerus larvatus(s, sign) x x x 

Warthog Phacochoerus africanus (li) x x x 

BOVIDAE 

African Buffalo Syncerus caffer (sign, li) x x x 

Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus (s) x x x 

Greater Kudu T. strepsiceros (s) x (game scout) x (game x 

scout) 

Eland Taurotragus oryx(s) x x 

Common Duiker Cephalopus natalensis (s) x x x 

Sharpe's Grysbok Raphicerus sharpei (li) x x x 

Suni Neotragus moschatus (s) x x x 

Sable Antelope Hippotragus niger (s) x x x 

Hartebeest 

Alcelaphus bucelaphus 

x x x 

lichtensteini (s) 

Wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus (s) x x 

Klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus(li) x 

Impala Aepyceros melampus(s) x 

39

3.4 Desk top Study 

Our desk top study of forests that we were unable to visit included the following sites: Weme, 

Kichi Hills, Kiwengoma, Matumbi Hills, Mchungu, Mbarawala, Ruara, Rondo, Unguja island, 

Jozani-Chwaka forests, Pemba island and Ngezi forest. The islands of Zanzibar (Unguja) and 

Pemba were included because many faunal references may not mention forests specifically, but 

rather these larger entities; a species presently known from a particular forest might well occur 

outside that forest and it is good to be aware of this possibility; also, a species not known from a 

forest but endemic to the island in question might well be found in a forest at some future date. 

It will be appreciated that these species lists are based on surveys often conducted by nonspecialists 

and not necessarily in seasons propitious for the detection of all groups. In addition, 

there are certainlytaxonomic difficulties. In many cases we have used the names provided in 

unpublished reports, as it has not been possible to verify identifications of individual specimens. 

Nonetheless, the records are indicative of the species present and therefore are useful baselines. 

The results of this study are presented in Tables 3.8 (vegetation), 3.9 (amphibians), 3.10 (reptiles), 

3.11 (birds) and 3.12 (mammals). 

40

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 

Table 3.8: Desktop study Plant species distribution in coastal forests of Tanzania 

X = present, IUCN status: CR=Critically Endangered; EN=Endangered; VU=Vulnerable; NT=Near threatened; LC =Least Concern 

S/N Family Genus Species Author(s) 

1 Acanthaceae Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson x x x x x 

2 Acanthaceae Asystasia multiflora (L.) T. Anderson x x x x 

3 Acanthaceae Asystasia pinguifolia T.J. Edwards x 

4 Acanthaceae Adhatoda englerana (Lindau) C.B. 

x 

Clarke 

5 Acanthaceae Barleria grandicalyx Lindau x 

6 Acanthaceae Barleria holstii Lindau x x x x 

7 Acanthaceae Barleria prionitis L. x 

8 Acanthaceae Barleria repens Nees x 

9 Acanthaceae Blepharis maderaspatensis Heine ex Roth X x x x x 

10 Acanthaceae Blepharis ciliaris Lindau x x x x 

11 Acanthaceae Crossandra pungens Lindau x 

12 Acanthaceae Dicliptera aculeata C.B. Clarke x 

13 Acanthaceae Dicliptera lingulata C.B. Clarke x 

14 Acanthaceae Ecbolium amplexicaule S. Moore x 

15 Acanthaceae Ecbolium amplexicaule S. Moore x 

16 Acanthaceae Hypoestes forskaolii (Vahl) R. Br. x x x 

17 Acanthaceae Isoglossa lactea Lindau ex Engl. x x 

18 Acanthaceae Justicia euosmia Lindau x 

19 Acanthaceae Justicia glabra Roxb. x x 

20 Acanthaceae Justicia inaequifolia Brummitt x x 

21 Acanthaceae Justicia matammensis (Schweinf.) Oliv. x 

22 Acanthaceae Justicia sansibarensis Lindau x 

23 Acanthaceae Justicia tenella (Nees) T. 

x 

Anderson 

24 Acanthaceae Lankesteria alba Lindau x x 

25 Acanthaceae Megalochlamys tanzaniensis Vollesen x 

41

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


26 Acanthaceae Mellera lobulata S. Moore x 

27 Acanthaceae Monothecium aristatum (Nees) T. 

x 

Anderson 

28 Acanthaceae Nelsonia canescens (Lam.) Spreng. x x 

29 Acanthaceae Phaulopsis imbricata (Forssk.) Sweet x 

30 Acanthaceae Pseuderanthemum tunicatum (Afz.) Milne- 

x 

Redn 

31 Acanthaceae Rhinacanthus gracilis Klotzsch x 

32 Acanthaceae Ruellia tuberosa L. x 

33 Acanthaceae Ruspolia seticalyx (C.B. Clarke) 

Milne-Redh. 

x 

34 Acanthaceae Ruspolia sp. x 

35 Acanthaceae Thunbergia alata Bojer ex Sims x 

36 Acanthaceae Thunbergia holstii Lindau x 

37 Acanthaceae Whitfieldia elongata (P. Beauv.) De 

x 

x 

Wild. & T. 

Durand 

38 Adiantaceae Achrosticum aureum L. x 

39 Aizoaceae Glinus opposifolius (L.) A.DC. x 

40 Aizoaceae Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. x 

41 Alangiaceae Alangium salviifolum (L.f.) Wangerin x 

42 Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera L. x x x 

43 Amaranthaceae Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex 

x 

Schult. 

44 Amaranthaceae Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex 

x 

DC. 

45 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus caudatus L. x 

46 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus dubius Mart. ex Thell. x 

47 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus viridis L. x 

48 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus hybridus L. x 

49 Amaranthaceae Celosia hastata Lopr. x x 

50 Amaranthaceae Celosia schweinfurthiana Schinz x 

42

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


51 Amaranthaceae Celosia trigyna L. x 

52 Amaranthaceae Cyathula braunii Gilg ex Schinz x x 

53 Amaranthaceae Cyathula prostrata (C.B. Clarke) 

x 

Cavaco 

54 Amaranthaceae Psilotrichum cyathuloides Suess. & Launert x 

55 Amaranthaceae Psilotrichum fallax C.C. Towns. x x 

56 Amaranthaceae Psilotrichum scleranthum Thwaites x x x 

57 Amaranthaceae Psilotrichum sericeum (Roxb.) Dalz. x 

58 Amaranthaceae Psilotrichum vollesenii C.C. Towns. x x 

59 Amaranthaceae Pupalia lappacea C.C. Towns. x x x x 

60 Amaryllidaceae Hypoxis angustifolia Lam. x x 

61 Amaryllidaceae Boophone disticha (L.f.) Herb. x x x 

62 Amaryllidaceae Scadoxus multiflorus (Martyn) Raf. x x x x 

63 Anacardiaceae Anacardium occidentale L. x x x x 

64 Anacardiaceae Lannea antiscorbutica (Hiern) Engl. x x x x 

65 Anacardiaceae Lannea humilis (Engl.) Engl. x 

66 Anacardiaceae Lannea schweinfurthii (Engl.) Engl. x x x x x x x x x x 

67 Anacardiaceae Lannea schimperi (Engl.) Engl. x x 

68 Anacardiaceae Ozoroa obovata (Oliv.) A. Fern. 

& R. Fern. 

x 

x 

69 Anacardiaceae Ozoroa insignis Delile x x 

70 Anacardiaceae Rhus longipes Engl. x x x 

71 Anacardiaceae Rhus natalensis Engl. x x x x x x x 

72 Anacardiaceae Rhus pyroides Burch. x 

73 Anacardiaceae Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) 

x x x x 

Hochst. 

74 Anacardiaceae Sorindeia madagascariensis Thouars ex DC. x x x x x x x x x x 

75 Anacardiaceae Trichoscypha uluguruensis Mildbr. x 

76 Annonaceae Annona senegalensis Pers. x x x x x x x 

77 Annonaceae Artabotrys brachypetalus Benth. x x x x x 

78 Annonaceae Artabotrys modestus Diels x x LC 

43

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


79 Annonaceae Asteranthe asterias (S.Moore) Engl. 

x x NT 

& Diels 

80 Annonaceae Asteranthe lutea Vollesen x x x x EN 

81 Annonaceae Cleistoclamys kirkii (Benth.) Oliv. x 

82 Annonaceae Isolona cauliflora Verdc. x EN 

83 Annonaceae Isolona heinsenii Engl. & Diels x x x EN 

84 Annonaceae Lettowianthus stellatus Diels x x x x x x x x x NT 

85 Annonaceae Mkilua fragrans Verdc. x x x x x x VU 

86 Annonaceae Monanthotaxis buchananii (Engl.) Verdc. x x x x 

87 Annonaceae Monanthotaxis ferruginea (Oliv.) Verdc. x 

88 Annonaceae Monanthotaxis faulkerae (Oliv.) Verdc. x x EN 

89 Annonaceae Monanthotaxis fornicata (Baill.) Verdc. x x x LC 

90 Annonaceae Monanthotaxis trichantha (Diels) Verdc. x x x VU 

91 Annonaceae Monanthotaxis trichocarpa (Engl. & Diels) 

x x x LC 

Verdc. 

92 Annonaceae Monodora grandidieri Baill. x x x x x 

93 Annonaceae Monodora hastipetala Couvreur x x CR 

94 Annonaceae Monodora hastipetala Couvreur x 

95 Annonaceae Monodora junodii Engl. & Diels x x x 

96 Annonaceae Monodora minor Engl. & Diels x NT 

97 Annonaceae Melodorum gracile (Engl. & Diels) 

x 

Verdc. 

98 Annonaceae Ophrypetalum odoratum Diels x x x x x VU 

99 Annonaceae Polyalthia stuhlmannii (Engl.) Verdc. x x VU 

100 Annonaceae Polyalthia tanganyikensis Vollesen x EN 

101 Annonaceae Uvaria acuminata Oliv. x x x x x x LC 

102 Annonaceae Uvaria decidua Diels x x CR 

103 Annonaceae Uvaria kirkii Oliv. ex Hook. f. x 

104 Annonaceae Uvaria leptocladon Oliv. x LC 

105 Annonaceae Uvaria lucida Benth. x LC 

106 Annonaceae Uvariodendron gorgonis Verdc. x x x EN 

44

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


107 Annonaceae Uvariodendron kirkii Verdc. x x VU 

108 Annonaceae Xylopia aethiopica (Dunsl.) A.Rich x 

109 Annonaceae Xylopia collina Diels x EN 

110 Annonaceae Xylopia latipetala Verdc. x x 

111 Annonaceae Xylopia longipetala De Wild. & T. 

x 

Durand 

112 Annonaceae Xylopia parviflora (A. Rich.) Benth. x x x x 

113 Apiaceae Heteromorpha trifoliata (H.L. Wendl.) 

Eckl. & Zeyh. 

x 

x 

114 Apocynaceae Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem. 

& Schult. 

115 Apocynaceae Adenium multiflorum Klotzsch x x 

116 Apocynaceae Ancylobotrys petersiana (Klotzsch) Pierre x x x x x x x 

117 Apocynaceae Alafia caudata Stapf x 

118 Apocynaceae Carissa tetramera (Sacleux) Stapf x x x 

119 Apocynaceae Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don x x 

120 Apocynaceae Dictyophleba lucida (K. Schum.) x x x x x 

Pierre 

121 Apocynaceae Diplorhynchus condylocarpon (Müll. Arg.) 

x x x x 

Pichon 

122 Apocynaceae Diplorhynchus angustifolia Stapf x x 

123 Apocynaceae Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G. Don x x x x x LC 

124 Apocynaceae Hunteria zeylanica (Retz.) Gardner 

ex Thwaites 

x 

125 Apocynaceae Landolphia buchananii (Hallier f.) Stapf x x x 

126 Apocynaceae Landolphia kirkii Dyer x x x 

127 Apocynaceae Landolphia sp. x 

128 Apocynaceae Mascarenhasia arborea A.DC. x 

129 Apocynaceae Pleiocarpa pycnatha (K.Schum.) 

x x x 

Stapf 

130 Apocynaceae Rauvolfia caffra Sond. x 

x 

x 

45

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


131 Apocynaceae Rauvolfia mannii Stapf x x 

132 Apocynaceae Rauvolfia mombasiana Stapf x x x x 

133 Apocynaceae Saba comorensis (Bojer ex A. 

x x x x x 

DC.) Pichon 

134 Apocynaceae Saba comorensis (Bojer ex A. 

x 

DC.) Pichon 

135 Apocynaceae Sapium armatum Pax & K.schum. x x x 

136 Apocynaceae Secamone parvifolia (Oliv.) Bullock x x 

137 Apocynaceae Schizozygia coffaeoides Baill. x x x x 

138 Apocynaceae Strophanthus courmontii Sacleux ex x x 

Franch. 

139 Apocynaceae Strophanthus eminii Asch. & Pax x 

140 Apocynaceae Strophanthus kombe Oliv. x x x x 

141 Apocynaceae Strophanthus petersianus Klotzsch x 

142 Apocynaceae Strophanthus zimmermannii Monach. x 

143 Apocynaceae Strophanthus sp. x 

144 Apocynaceae Tabernaemontana elegans Stapf x x 

145 Apocynaceae Tabernaemontana pachysiphon Stapf x 

146 Apocynaceae Tabernaemontana ventricosa A.DC. x x x 

147 Apocynaceae Voacanga africana Stapf x x 

148 Araceae Amorphophallus abyssinicus (A. Rich.) N.E. 

x 

Br. 

149 Araceae Amorphophallus stuhlmannii (Engl.) Engl. & 

x 

EN 

Gehrm. 

150 Araceae Anchomanes abbreviatus Engl. x x LC 

151 Araceae Culcasia orientalis Mayo x x x 

152 Araceae Culcasia scandens P.Beauv. x 

153 Araceae Culcasia orientalis Mayo x x 

154 Araceae Gonatopus boivinii (Decne.) Engl. x x 

155 Araceae Gonatopus sp. x 

156 Araceae Pistia stratiotes L. x LC 

46

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


157 Araceae Stylochiton natalensis Schott x 

158 Araceae Stylochiton euryphyllus Mildbr. x x VU 

159 Araceae Stylochiton salaamicus N.E. Br. x x LC 

160 Araceae Stylochiton sp. x 

161 Araceae Typhonodorum lindleyanum Schott x 

162 Araceae Zamioculcas sp x 

163 Araceae Zamioculcas zamiifolia (Lodd.) Engl. x 

164 Araliaceae Cussonia arborea Hochst. ex A. 

x 

Rich. 

165 Araliaceae Cussonia zimmermannii Harms x x x x x x LC 

166 Araliaceae Polyscias fulva (Hiern) Harms. x 

167 Fabaceae Isolberlinia scheffleri (Harms) 

x 

Greenway 

168 Clusiaceae Calophylum inophylium L. x x x 

169 Asclepiadaceae Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br. x 

170 Asclepiadaceae Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. 

x 

Aiton 

171 Asclepiadaceae Cynanchum validum N.E. Br. x 

172 Asclepiadaceae Cynanchum tetrapterum (Turcz.) R.A. 

Dyer ex Bullock 

x 

173 Asclepiadaceae Mondia whitei (Hook. f.) Skeels x 

174 Asclepiadaceae Pentarrhinum insipidum E. Mey. x 

175 Asclepiadaceae Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Blatt. 

& MacOwan 

x 

176 Asclepiadaceae Pleurostelma cernuum (Decne.) Bullock x 

177 Asclepiadaceae Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br. x 

178 Asclepiadaceae Secamone gracilis N.E. Br. x 

179 Aspleniaceae Asplenium nidus L. x 

180 Asteraceae Acanthospermum hispidum DC. x 

181 Asteraceae Ageratum conyzoides L. x x x 

182 Asteraceae Ambrosia maritiama L. x 

47

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


183 Asteraceae Aspilia mossambicensis (Oliv.) Wild x x x x 

184 Asteraceae Bidens pilosa L. x x 

185 Asteraceae Blepharispermum brachycarpum Mattf. x x 

186 Asteraceae Blepharispermum zanguebaricum Oliv. & Hiern x x 

187 Asteraceae Blumea viscosa (Mill.) Badillo x 

188 Asteraceae Brachylaena huillensis O. Hoffm. x LR/nt 

189 Asteraceae Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. 

x 

x 

Moore 

190 Asteraceae Crassocephalum rubens (Jacq.) S. Moore x 

191 Asteraceae Dicoma sessiliflora Harv. x x 

192 Asteraceae Elephantopus scaber L. x 

193 Asteraceae Emilia coccinea (Sims) G. Don x 

194 Asteraceae Emilia javanica (Burm. f.) C.B. 

x 

Rob. 

195 Asteraceae Emilia abyssinica (A. Rich) C. 

x 

Jeffrey 

196 Asteraceae Ethulia faulknerae C. Jeffrey x 

197 Asteraceae Flaveria trinervia (Preng). C. Mohr x 

198 Asteraceae Gutenbergia pembensis S. Moore x 

199 Asteraceae Launaea intybacea (Hochst. ex Oliv. 

x 

x 

& Hiern) C. 

Jeffrey 

200 Asteraceae Launaea sarmentosa (Willd.) Kuntze x 

201 Asteraceae Laggera brevipes Oliv & Hiern x 

202 Asteraceae Laggera crispata (Vahl) Hepper & 

x 

T. R. I. Wood 

203 Asteraceae Mikania cordata cordata Robins x x 

204 Asteraceae Microglossa pyrifolia (Lam.) Kuntze x x 

205 Asteraceae Pluchea dioscoridis (L.) DC. x 

206 Asteraceae Pluchea sordida (L.) DC. x x x 

207 Asteraceae Psiadia punctulata (DC.) Vatke x 

48

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


208 Asteraceae Sphaeranthus sp. x 

209 Asteraceae Sphaeranthus gomphrenoides O.Hoffm. x x 

210 Asteraceae Sphaeranthus suaveolens (Forssk.) DC. x x 

211 Asteraceae Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. x 

212 Asteraceae Tridax procumbens L. x x x x 

213 Asteraceae Vernonia amygdalina Delile x 

214 Asteraceae Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. x x 

215 Asteraceae Vernonia colorata (Willd.) Drake x 

216 Asteraceae Vernonia hildebrandtii Vatke x x x x 

217 Asteraceae Vernonia glabra Vatke x x x x 

218 Asteraceae Vernonia perrottetii Vatke x x x 

219 Asteraceae Vernonia poskeana Vatke x x x x 

220 Asteraceae Vernonia zanzibarensis Less. x x 

221 Balsaminaceae Impatiens engleri Gilg x x 

222 Balsaminaceae Impatiens nana Engl. x 

223 Balsaminaceae Impatiens walleriana Hook. f. x x x 

224 Baringtoniceae Baringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng x 

225 Begoniaceae Begonia humilis Dryand. x 

226 Bignoniaceae Fernandoa lutea (Verdc.) 

x 

x 

Bidgood 

227 Bignoniaceae Fernandoa magnifica Seem. x x x 

228 Bignoniaceae Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. x x x 

229 Bignoniaceae Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K. x x x 

Schum. 

230 Bignoniaceae Markhamia acuminata Klotzsch.)K. 

x 

x 

Schum. 

231 Bignoniaceae Markhamia obtusifolia (Baker) Sprague x x x 

232 Bignoniaceae Markhamia zanzibarica (Bojer ex DC.) 

x 

x 

K. Schum. 

233 Bignoniaceae Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv. x 

234 Bignoniaceae Stereospermum kunthianum Cham. x x x x x 

49

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


235 Bignoniaceae Tabebuia pentaphylla (Bertol.) A. DC. x 

236 Blechnaceae Stenoclaena tenufolia (Desv.) Moore x 

237 Bombacaceae Adansonia digitata L. x x x x x x 

238 Bombacaceae Bombax rhodognaphalon K. Schum. x x x x x x 

239 Bombacaceae Rhodognaphalon schumannianum A.Robyns x 

240 Bombacaceae Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. x 

241 Bombacaceae Durio zibethinus Rumph. ex 

x 

Murray 

242 Bombacaceae Argusia argentea (L.f.) Heine x 

243 Bombacaceae Bourrea petiolaris (Lam.) Thulin x 

244 Boraginaceae Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav. 

x 

Oken 

245 Boraginaceae Cordia myxa L. x x x 

246 Boraginaceae Cordia subcordata Lam. x 

247 Boraginaceae Coldenia procumbens L. x 

248 Boraginaceae Ehretia amoena Klotzsch x 

249 Boraginaceae Ehretia petiolaris Lam. x 

250 Boraginaceae Ehretia cymosa Thonn. x x 

251 Boraginaceae Ehretia glandulosissima Verdc. x x 

252 Boraginaceae Heliotropium indicum L. x 

253 Boraginaceae Hilsenbergia nemoralis (G?rke) J.S. 

x 

Mill. 

254 Boraginaceae Tricodesma zeylanica (Burm. f.) R.Br. x 

255 Boraginaceae Canarium madagascariensis Engl. x 

256 Bromeliaceae Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. x 

257 Burmanniaceae Burmannia madagascariensis Mart. x 

258 Burseraceae Commiphora africana (A. Rich.) Engl. x 

259 Burseraceae Commiphora eminii (Engl.) J.B. 

x x x 

Gillett 

260 Burseraceae Commiphora fulvotomentosa Engl. x 

261 Burseraceae Commiphora lindensis Engl. x x 

50

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


262 Burseraceae Commiphora madagascariensis Jacq. x 

263 Burseraceae Commiphora pteleifolia Engl. x 

264 Burseraceae Commiphora serrata Engl. x 

265 Burseraceae Commiphora serrata Engl. x 

266 Burseraceae Commiphora zanzibarica (Baill.) Engl. x x x x x 

267 Cactaceae Opuntia vulgaris Mill. x 

268 Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia abyssinica (A. Rich.) Thulin x 

269 Capparaceae Boscia angustifolia A. Rich. x x x x 

270 Capparaceae Boscia salicifolia Oliv. x x 

271 Capparaceae Capparis erythrocarpos Isert x x x x 

272 Capparaceae Capparis sepiaria (Gilg) DeWolf x x x 

273 Capparaceae Capparis sepiaria (Oliv.) DeWolf x 

274 Capparaceae Capparis tomentosa Lam. x 

275 Capparaceae Capparis viminea (Gilg-Ben.) 

x 

DeWolf 

276 Capparaceae Capparis viminea Hook. f. & 

x 

Thomsen ex 

Oliv. 

277 Capparaceae Capparis viminea Hook. f. & 

x 

Thomsen ex 

Oliv. 

278 Capparaceae Cladostemon kirkii (Oliv.) Pax & 

x x x x 

Gilg 

279 Capparaceae Cleome stricta (Klotzsch) R.A. 

x 

x 

Graham 

280 Capparaceae Cleome strigosa (Boj.) Oliv. x 

281 Capparaceae Maerua angolensis DC. x x x 

282 Capparaceae Maerua acuminata Oliv. x x 

283 Capparaceae Maerua calantha Gilg x 

284 Capparaceae Maerua grantii Oliv. x x 

285 Capparaceae Maerua edulis Pax x x 

286 Capparaceae Maerua holstii Pax x 

51

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


287 Capparaceae Maerua kirkii (Oliv.) F. White x 

288 Capparaceae Maerua schliebenii Gilg-Ben. x x 

289 Capparaceae Maerua triphylla (Gilg) DeWolf x x x 

290 Capparaceae Ritchiea capparoides (Andrews) 

x 

Britten 

291 Capparaceae Thilachium africanum Scott-Elliot x x x 

292 Capparaceae Thilachium densiflorum Gilg & Gilg- 

x 

Ben. 

293 Capparaceae Thilachium paradoxum Gilg & Gilg- 

x x x 

Ben. 

294 Caryophyllaceae Polycarpaea corymbosa (L.) Lam. x 

295 Casuarinaceae Casuarina equisetifolia L. x 

296 Celastraceae Brexia madagascariensis (Lam.) Ker 

x x x 

Gawl. 

297 Celastraceae Hippocratea sp. x x 

298 Celastraceae Elaeodendron schweinfurthianum (Loes.) Loes. x x x 

299 Celastraceae Gymnosporia senegalensis (Lam.) Loes. x 

300 Celastraceae Loeseneriella africana (Willd.) R. x 

Wilczek ex N. 

Hallé 

301 Celastraceae Maytenus undata (Thunb.) 

x 

Blakelock 

302 Celastraceae Maytenus heterophylla (Thunb.) 

x 

Blakelock 

303 Celastraceae Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell x 

304 Celastraceae Maytenus mossabicensis (Thunb.) 

x x x x x 

Blakelock 

305 Celastraceae Maytenus undata (Thunb.) 

x 

x 

Blakelock 

306 Celastraceae Mystroxylon aethiopicum (Thunb.) Loes. x x x x x 

307 Celastraceae Pristimera graciliflora (Blakelock) N. 

x 

x 

Hall? 

308 Celastraceae Reissantia indica (Willd.) N. Hallé x 

52

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


309 Celastraceae Salacia elegans Welw. ex Oliv. x x x x 

310 Celastraceae Salacia leptoclada Tul. x 

311 Celastraceae Salacia madagascariensis (Lam.) DC. x x x x x x x x x x 

312 Celastraceae Salicornia pachystachya Unge-Sternb. x 

313 Chenopodiaceae Suaeda monoica Forssk. ex J.G. 

x 

Gmel. 

314 Chenopodiaceae Holosarcia indica (willd.) P.G.Wils x 

315 Chrysobalanaceae Hirtella zanzibarica Oliv. x x 

316 Chrysobalanaceae Parinari curatellifolia Planch. ex 

x x x x 

Benth. 

317 Chrysobalanaceae Parinari exelsa Sabine 

318 Clusiaceae Garcinia buchananii Baker x x 

319 Clusiaceae Garcinia kingaensis Engl. x 

320 Clusiaceae Garcinia livingstonei T. Anderson x x x x 

321 Clusiaceae Garcinia volkensii Engl. x x x x 

322 Clusiaceae Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir. x x x 

323 Clusiaceae Mammea americana L. x 

324 Clusiaceae Psorospermum febrifugum Spach x x 

325 Clusiaceae Vismia orientalis Engl. x x x x x 

326 Clusiaceae Vismia pauciflora Milne-Redh. x x 

327 Combretaceae Combretum aculeatum Vent. x 

328 Combretaceae Combretum adegonium Sond. x x 

329 Combretaceae Combretum apiculatum Sond. x x x x 

330 Combretaceae Combretum fragrans Sond. x 

331 Combretaceae Combretum collinum Sond. x x x 

332 Combretaceae Combretum constrictum (Benth.) Laws. x x 

333 Combretaceae Combretum hereroense Schinz x x x x 

334 Combretaceae Combretum holstii Engl. x x 

335 Combretaceae Combretum microphyllum Klotzsch x 

336 Combretaceae Combretum molle R. Br. ex G. Don x x x 

337 Combretaceae Combretum paniculatum Engl. x x x x 

53

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


338 Combretaceae Combretum fragrans Vent. x x x 

339 Combretaceae Combretum pentagonum M.A. Lawson x x x 

340 Combretaceae Combretum racemosum P. Beauv. x 

341 Combretaceae Combretum zeyheri Sond. x x 

342 Combretaceae Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. x 

343 Combretaceae Pteleopsis apetala Vollesen x x x 

344 Combretaceae Pteleopsis myrtifolia (M.A. Lawson) 

Engl. & Diels 

x x x x 

345 Combretaceae Terminalia boivinii Tul. x x x 

346 Combretaceae Terminalia catappa Tul. xc x 

347 Combretaceae Terminalia sambesiaca Engl. & Diels x x x x 

348 Combretaceae Terminalia spinosa Northr. x 

349 Combretaceae Terminalia sericea DC. x x x x 

350 Combretaceae Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels x 

351 Commelinaceae Aneilema aequinoctiale (P. Beauv.) x x x 

Loudon 

352 Commelinaceae Aneilema petersii (Hassk.) C.B.Cl. x 

353 Commelinaceae Commelina africana L. x x x x 

354 Commelinaceae Commelina benghalensis L. x x x x x 

355 Commelinaceae Commelina forkalaei Vahl x 

356 Commelinaceae Commelina diffusa Burm. F x x 

357 Commelinaceae Commelina erecta L. x 

358 Commelinaceae Commelina zambesica C.B. Clarke x 

359 Commelinaceae Cyanotis foecunda Hassk. x 

360 Commelinaceae Cyanotis angusta C.B. Clarke x 

361 Commelinaceae Cyanotis foecunda Hassk. x x 

362 Commelinaceae Murdannia simplex (Vahl) Brenan x 

363 Connaraceae Byrsocarpus boivinianus (Baill.) 

x 

Schellenb. 

364 Connaraceae Cnestis confertiflora Gilg x x 

365 Connaraceae Connarus sp. nov. x 

54

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


366 Commelinaceae Ellipanthus madagascariensis (G. Schellenb.) 

x 

Capuron ex 

Keraudren 

367 Connaraceae Rourea coccinea (Baill.) Jongkind x 

368 Connaraceae Rourea orientalis Baill. x x x 

369 Euphorbiaceae Sapium armatum Pax & K.Hoffm. x 

370 Euphorbiaceae Sapium ellipticm (Krauss) Pax x 

371 Connaraceae Sapium trilochulare Pax & K. Hoffm. x x 

372 Connaraceae Vismianthus punctatus Mildbr. x x 

373 Convolvulaceae Aniseia martinicensis (Jacq.) Choisy x 

374 Convolvulaceae Bonamia mossambicensis (Klotzsch) 

x 

Hallier f. 

375 Convolvulaceae Evolvulus nummularis (L.) L. x 

376 Convolvulaceae Hewittia malabarica (L.) Suresh x 

377 Convolvulaceae Hewittia sublobata (L.f.) O.Ktze. x 

378 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea consimilis Schulze-Menz x x 

379 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea flavivillosa Schulze-Menz x x 

380 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. x x 

381 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea babatas (L.) Lam. x 

382 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea irwiniae Verdc. x 

383 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea mauritiana Jacq. x 

384 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl. x x x x x 

385 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea shupangensis Baker x 

386 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea urbaniana (Dammer) 

x 

Hallier f. 

387 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea coptica (L.) Roem & 

x 

Schult. 

388 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea zanzibarica Verdc. x 

389 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea sp.B of FTEA x x 

390 Convolvulaceae ipomoea sp.D of FTEA x x 

55

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


391 Convolvulaceae Jacquemontia paniculata (Burm. f.) 

Hallier f. 

392 Convolvulaceae Merremia tridentata (L.) Hall. f. x 

393 Convolvulaceae Metaporana densiflora (Hallier f.) N.E. 

x 

Br. 

394 Convolvulaceae Xenostegia tridentata (L.) D.F. Austin 

x 

& Staples 

395 Cucurbitaceae Coccinia adoensis (A. Rich.) Cogn. x 

396 Cucurbitaceae Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt x 

397 Cucurbitaceae Cucumis ?anguria L. x 

398 Cucurbitaceae Cucumis hirsutus Sond. x 

399 Cucurbitaceae Cucumis sacleuxii Paill. & Bois x 

400 Cucurbitaceae Luffa cylindrica M. Roem. x 

401 Cucurbitaceae Momordica boivinii Baill. x 

402 Cucurbitaceae Momordica balsamina L. x 

403 Cucurbitaceae Momordica sp. nov. aff. x x 

404 Cucurbitaceae Peponium chirindense (Bak. f.) Cogn. x 

405 Cucurbitaceae Zehneria scabra (L. f.) Sond. x 

406 Cycadaceae Encephalartos hildebrandtii A. Braun & 

Bouch? 

56 

x x NT; 

App.1 

407 Cyperaceae Abidgaardia ovata (Burm. f.) Kral. x 

408 Cyperaceae Abidgaardia triflora (L.) Abeywickr. x 

409 Cyperaceae Bulbostylis hispidula (Vahl) R.Haines x 

410 Cyperaceae Bulbostylis transiens (K.Schum.) C. 

x 

B. Cl. 

411 Cyperaceae Carex echinochloe Kuntuze x 

412 Cyperaceae Cyperus amabilis Vahl x 

413 Cyperaceae Cyperus compressus L. x 

414 Cyperaceae Cyperus alternifolius L. x 

415 Cyperaceae Cyperus articulatus L. x 

416 Cyperaceae Cyperus crassipes Vahl x 

x

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


417 Cyperaceae Cyperus difformis L. x LC 

418 Cyperaceae Cyperus distans L. f. x x LC 

419 Cyperaceae Cyperus exaltatus Retz. x x 

420 Cyperaceae Cyperus halpan L. x 

421 Cyperaceae Cyperus hemisphaericus Boeck. x 

422 Cyperaceae Cyperus holstii Kukenth. x 

423 Cyperaceae Cyperus immensus C.B. Clarke x x 

424 Cyperaceae Cyperus involucratus Poir. x 

425 Cyperaceae Cyperus tenax Boeck. x x 

426 Cyperaceae Cyperus maderaspatanus Willd. x LC 

427 Cyperaceae Cyperus prolifer Lam. x x x 

428 Cyperaceae Cyperus obtusiflorus Vahl x x 

429 Cyperaceae Cyperus rotundus L. x x LC 

430 Cyperaceae Cyperus geniculata (L.) Roem & 

x 

Schult. 

431 Cyperaceae Eleocharis acutangula (Rexb.) Schult. x x 

432 Cyperaceae Eleocharis dulcis (Burm. f.) 

x 

Henschel 

433 Cyperaceae Eleocharis geniculata (L.) Roem & 

x 

Schult. 

434 Cyperaceae Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl x 

435 Cyperaceae Fimbristylis ferruginea (L.) Vahl x LC 

436 Cyperaceae Fimbristylis longiculmis Steud. x x 

437 Cyperaceae Fimbristylis hispidula (Vahl.) Kunth x 

438 Cyperaceae Fimbristylis miliaceae (L.) Vahl x 

439 Cyperaceae Fimbristylis polytrichoides (Retz.) Vahl x 

440 Cyperaceae Fuirena calolepis K. Schum. x 

441 Cyperaceae Fuirena claviseta Peter x x 

442 Cyperaceae Fuirena umbellata Rottb. x x 

443 Cyperaceae Kyllinga alba Nees x 

444 Cyperaceae Kyllinga aurata Nees x 

57

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


445 Cyperaceae Kyllinga cartilaginea K. Schum. x 

446 Cyperaceae Kyllinga elata Steud. x 

447 Cyperaceae Mariscus luteus (Boeck.) C.B.Cl. x x 

448 Cyperaceae Mariscus dubius (Rottb.) Hutch x 

449 Cyperaceae Mariscus mollipes C.B.Cl.(K. 

x 

Schum.) 

450 Cyperaceae Oxycaryum cubense (Poepp. & 

Kunth.) K. Lye 

x 

451 Cyperaceae Pycreus flavescens (L.) Reichb. x LC 

452 Cyperaceae Pycreus polystachyos (Rottb.) P. 

x x LC 

Beauv. 

453 Cyperaceae Pycreus mundtii Nees x x 

454 Cyperaceae Rhynchospora candida (Nees) Boeck. x x 

455 Cyperaceae Rhynchospora corymbosa (L.C. Rich.) 

x LC 

Herter 

456 Cyperaceae Rhynchospora holoschoenoides (L.C. Rich.) 

x 

Herter 

457 Cyperaceae Rhynchospora rubra (Lour.) Mak. x 

458 Cyperaceae Schoenoplectus junceus (Willd.) J.Rayn x LC 

459 Cyperaceae Scleria achtenii De Wild. x 

460 Cyperaceae Scleria poaeformis Retz. x 

461 Cyperaceae Scleria racemosa Poir. x 

462 Cyperaceae Scleria foliosa Hochst. ex A. 

x LC 

Rich. 

463 Cyperaceae Scleria lithosperma (L.) Sw. x 

464 Cyperaceae Scleria racemosa Poir. x 

465 Dennstaedticeae Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. x 

466 Dichapetalaceae Dichapetalum arenarium Breteler x x 

467 Dichapetalaceae Dichapetalum barbosae Torre x x x 

468 Dichapetalaceae Dichapetalum braunii Engl. & K. 

x x x x 

Krause 

469 Dichapetalaceae Dichapetalum edule Engl. x x x x 

58

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


470 Dichapetalaceae Dichapetalum mossambicense (Klotzsch) Engl. x x x 

471 Dichapetalaceae Dichapetalum ruhlandii Engl. x 

472 Dichapetalaceae Dichapetalum stuhlmannii Engl. x x x x 

473 Dichapetalaceae Dichapetalum fischeri Engl. x 

474 Dilleniaceae Tetracera boiviniana Baill. x x 

475 Dilleniaceae Tetracera litoralis Gilg. x x x x x 

476 Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea asteriscus Burkill x 

477 Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea dumetorum (Kunth) Pax x 

478 Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea hirtiflora Benth. x 

479 Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea sansibarensis Pax x 

480 Dipterocarpaceae Monotes africanus A.DC. x 

481 Droseraceae Drosera indica L. x 

482 Ebenaceae Diospyros amaniensis G?rke x VU 

483 Ebenaceae Diospyros brucei F. White x 

484 Ebenaceae Diospyros consolatae Chiov. x x x x x 

485 Ebenaceae Diospyros greenwayi F. White x x VU 

486 Ebenaceae Diospyros kabuyeana F. White x x x 

487 Ebenaceae Diospyros kirkii Hiern x x x 

488 Ebenaceae Diospyros loureiriana (Caveney) 

x x x x x 

Verdc. 

489 Ebenaceae Diospyros mafiensis F. White x x x x 

490 Ebenaceae Diospyros magogoana F. White x x EN 

491 Ebenaceae Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex A. 

x x x x x 

DC. 

492 Ebenaceae Diospyros natalensis (Harv.) Brenan x 

493 Ebenaceae Diospyros occulta F. White x x DD 

494 Ebenaceae Diospyros shimbaensis F. White x x EN 

495 Ebenaceae Diospyros squarrosa Klotzsch x x x x x x 

496 Ebenaceae Diospyros usambarensis F. White x 

497 Ebenaceae Diospyros verrucosa Hiern x x x 

59

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


498 Ebenaceae Diospyros zombensis (B.L. Burtt) F. x x x x x 

White 

499 Ebenaceae Diospyros sp x 

500 Ebenaceae Euclea natalensis F. White x x 

501 Ebenaceae Euclea racemosa (A. DC.) F. 

x x x x x 

White 

502 Ericaceae Philippia mafiensis Engl. x x 

503 Eriocaulaceae Eriocaulon strictum Milne-Redh. x 

504 Eriocaulaceae Eriocaulon annuum Milne-Redh. x 

505 Eriocaulaceae Eriocaulon ciliipetalum H.Hess x 

506 Eriocaulaceae Eriocaulon stuhlmannii N.E. Br. x 

507 Eriocaulaceae Mesanthemum radicans (Benth.) Koern x 

508 Eriocaulaceae Paepalanthus lamarckii Kunth x 

509 Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum emarginatum Thonn. x x x x x x 

510 Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum platyclados Bojer x 

511 Euphorbiaceae Acalypha engleri Pax x x x x 

512 Euphorbiaceae Acalypha gillmanii Radcl.-Sm. x x 

513 Euphorbiaceae Acalypha neptunica M?ll. Arg. x 

514 Euphorbiaceae Acalypha neptunica M?ll. Arg. x 

515 Euphorbiaceae Acalypha volkensii Pax x 

516 Euphorbiaceae Alchornea hirtella Benth. x 

517 Euphorbiaceae Alchornea laxiflora (Benth.) Pax & 

K. Hoffm. 

x x x x 

518 Euphorbiaceae Alchornea sp. x x x 

519 Euphorbiaceae Alchornea laxiflora (Benth.) Pax & 

K. Hoffm. 

x 

520 Euphorbiaceae Antidesma membranaceum M?ll. Arg. x x x 

521 Euphorbiaceae Antidesma venosum E. Mey. ex Tul. x x x x x x x x x 

522 Euphorbiaceae Aristogeitonia magnistipula Radcl.-Sm. x 

523 Euphorbiaceae Aristogeitonia monophylla Airy Shaw x x 

524 Euphorbiaceae Bridelia cathartica G. Bertol. x x x 

60

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


525 Euphorbiaceae Bridelia sp. x 

526 Euphorbiaceae Bridelia atroviridis Müll.Arg. x x 

527 Euphorbiaceae Bridelia cathartica G. Bertol. x x x x x 

528 Euphorbiaceae Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill. x x x x x 

529 Euphorbiaceae Cleistanthus polystachyus Hook. f. ex 

x 

Planch. 

530 Euphorbiaceae Cleistanthus sp.nov. x x 

531 Euphorbiaceae Croton hirtus L'Hér. x x 

532 Euphorbiaceae Croton pseudopulchellus Pax x x x x x x x 

533 Euphorbiaceae Croton scheffleri Pax x x 

534 Euphorbiaceae Croton sylvaticus Hochst. ex 

x x x 

Krauss 

535 Euphorbiaceae Croton macrostachyus Del. x 

536 Euphorbiaceae Dalechampia scandens (Pax) Pax x 

537 Euphorbiaceae Dalechampia trifoliata Verdc. & 

x 

Greenway 

538 Euphorbiaceae Drypetes sp x 

539 Euphorbiaceae Drypetes arguta (Müll. Arg.) 

x x x x x 

Hutch. 

540 Euphorbiaceae Drypetes natalensis Brenan x x x x x x x x 

541 Euphorbiaceae Drypetes randinioides (Harv.) Hutch. x x 

542 Euphorbiaceae Drypetes reticulatus Pax x x x x x 

543 Euphorbiaceae Erythrococca kirkii (Müll. Arg.) 

x x x 

Prain 

544 Euphorbiaceae Erythrococca usambarica Prain x 

545 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia cuneata Vahl x x 

546 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia hypericifolia L. x 

547 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia hyssopifolia L. x 

548 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia inges Boiss x 

549 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia grantii Oliv. x x 

550 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia hirta L. x 

61

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


551 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia nyikae (Pax) S. Carter x x x x x 

552 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia candelabrum Pax x x x 

553 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia tirucalli L. x x x x x LC 

554 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia usambarica Pax x x 

555 Euphorbiaceae Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex x x x x 

Willd.) Voigt 

556 Euphorbiaceae Hymenocardia ulmoides Oliv. x x x x 

557 Euphorbiaceae Jatropha curas L. x 

558 Euphorbiaceae Macaranga capensis (Baill.) Sim x x x x 

559 Euphorbiaceae Mallotus oppositifolius (Geiseler) 

x 

x 

Müll.Arg. 

560 Euphorbiaceae Maprounea africana Müll.Arg. x x 

561 Euphorbiaceae Mallotus oppositifolius (Geiseler) 

x 

Müll.Arg. 

562 Euphorbiaceae Maprounea africana Müll. Arg. x 

563 Euphorbiaceae Margaritaria discoidea (Pax) Radcl.-Sm. x x x x x 

564 Euphorbiaceae Micrococca mercurialis Benth. x 

565 Euphorbiaceae Mildbraedia carpinifolia (Pax) Hutch. x x x 

566 Euphorbiaceae Neoholstia tenuifolia Pax) Rauschert x 

567 Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & 

x 

Thonn. 

568 Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus capillaris Schumach. & 

x 

Thonn. 

569 Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus beillei hutch. x 

570 Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus kaessneri Hutch. x 

571 Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus micromeris Radcl.-Sm. x x 

572 Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus pinnatus (Wight) G.L. 

x 

Webster 

573 Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. x x x 

574 Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus rhizomatosus Radcl.-Sm. x x 

575 Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus schliebenii Mansf. ex 

Radcl.-Sm. 

x 

62

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


576 Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus sp. x 

577 Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus nummulariifolius Poir. x x x 

578 Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus leucocalyx (Muell). Arg.) 

x 

Hutch. 

579 Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus muellerianus (Kuntze) Exell x 

580 Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus niruroides Mulle.Arg. x 

581 Rutaceae Teclea trichocarpa (Engl.) Engl. x x 

582 Euphorbiaceae Securinega virosa (Will)Baill.) x 

583 Euphorbiaceae Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia (Pax) Brenan x x 

584 Euphorbiaceae Ricinodendron heudelotii (Müll. Arg.) J. 

x x x x x 

Léonard 

585 Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communis L. x x 

586 Euphorbiaceae Sclerocroton integerrimus Hochst. x 

587 Euphorbiaceae Spirostachys africana Sond. x x 

588 Euphorbiaceae Suregada zanzibariensis Baill. x x x x x x x x x 

589 Euphorbiaceae Synadenium glaucescens Pax x 

590 Euphorbiaceae Tragia furialis Bojer ex Prain x x 

591 Euphorbiaceae Tragiella natalensis (Sond.) Pax & K. 

x 

Hoffm. 

592 Euphorbiaceae Uapaca guineensis M?ll. Arg. x 

593 Euphorbiaceae Uapaca sansibarica Pax x x 

594 Euphorbiaceae Uapaca nitida M?ll. Arg. x 

595 Euphorbiaceae Hystricophora macrophylla mattf. x x 

596 Pittosporaceae Pittosporus viridiflorum Sims x 

597 Fabaceae Abrus precatorius Verdc. x x x 

598 Fabaceae Abrus schimperi (Vatke) Verdc. x 

599 Fabaceae Acacia adenocalyx Brenan & Exell x x 

600 Fabaceae Acacia amythethophylla Steud. ex A. 

x 

Rich. 

601 Fabaceae Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex 

Benth. 

x 

63

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


602 Fabaceae Acacia hockii De Wild. x 

603 Fabaceae Acacia mearasii De. Wild. x 

604 Fabaceae Acacia nigrescens Oliv. x 

605 Fabaceae Acacia nilotica (Benth.) Brenan x x x 

606 Fabaceae Acacia polyacantha (Hochst. ex A. 

Rich.) Brenan 

x 

607 Fabaceae Acacia rovumae Oliv. x 

608 Fabaceae Acacia mangium Willd. x 

609 Fabaceae Acacia seyal Delile x 

610 Fabaceae Acacia sieberiana Brenan x x 

611 Fabaceae Aeschynomene uniflora E.Mey. x x x 

612 Fabaceae Afzelia quanzensis Welw. x x x x x x x x 

613 Fabaceae Albizia adianthifolia (Schumach.) W. 

x x x 

Wight 

614 Fabaceae Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. x 

615 Fabaceae Albizia glaberrima (Oliv.) Brenan x x x x 

616 Fabaceae Albizia gummifera J.F.Gmel.) 

x 

C.A.Sm. 

617 Fabaceae Albizia harveyi E. Fourn. x 

618 Fabaceae Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. x x x 

619 Fabaceae Albizia petersiana (Bolle) Oliv. x x x 

620 Fabaceae Albizia versicolor Welw. ex Oliv. x x 

621 Fabaceae Albizia zygia (DC.) Macbr. x 

622 Fabaceae Alysicarpus glumaceus (Vahl) DC. x x 

623 Fabaceae Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. x x x 

624 Fabaceae Amblygonocarpus andongensis (Welw. ex Oliv.) 

Exell & Torre 

x x 

625 Fabaceae Antylosia scarabaecides (L.) Benth. x x 

626 Fabaceae Baikiaea ghesquiereana J. Léonard x EN 

627 Fabaceae Baphia kirkii Baker x x x x x x VU 

628 Fabaceae Baphia macrocalyx Harms x x VU 

64

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


629 Fabaceae Baphia puguensis Brummitt x EN 

630 Fabaceae Bauhinia loeseneriana Harms x x VU 

631 Fabaceae Bauhinia thonningii Schumach. & 

x 

Thonn. 

632 Fabaceae Bauhinia fassoglensis Kotschy ex 

x x x x 

Schweinf. 

633 Fabaceae Bauhinia thonningii Schumach. & 

x 

Thonn. 

634 Fabaceae Berlinia orientalis Brenan x 

635 Fabaceae Brachystegia boehmii Taub. x x x 

636 Fabaceae Brachystegia longifolia Benth. x 

637 Fabaceae Brachystegia microphylla Harms x x 

638 Fabaceae Brachystegia spiciformis Benth. x x x 

639 Fabaceae Brachystegia bussei Benth. x 

640 Fabaceae Brachystegia sp. x 

641 Fabaceae Burkea africana Hook. x x x 

642 Fabaceae Bussea eggelingii Verdc. x x x 

643 Fabaceae Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. 

644 Fabaceae Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC. x 

645 Fabaceae Cassia abbreviata (Holmes) Brenan x x x x x 

646 Fabaceae Cassia afrofistula Brenan x x x x 

647 Fabaceae Cassia mimosoides L. x 

648 Fabaceae Cassia petersiana Bolle x 

649 Fabaceae Cassia burttii Baker f. x 

650 Fabaceae Cassia zambesica Oliv. x 

651 Fabaceae Chamaecrista exilis (Vatke) Lock 

652 Fabaceae Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Greene x 

653 Fabaceae Chamaecrista occidentalis L. 

654 Fabaceae Chamaecrista petersiana Bolle 

655 Fabaceae Chamaecrista zambesica Oliv. 

656 Fabaceae Clitoria ternatea L. 

65

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


657 Fabaceae Clitoria ternatea L. x 

658 Fabaceae Cordyla africana Lour. x x x x x 

659 Fabaceae Craibia zimmermannii (Harms) Harms 

x x x 

ex Dunn 

660 Fabaceae Crotalaria agatiflora Schweinf. x x 

661 Fabaceae Crotalaria axillaris Aiton x 

662 Fabaceae Crotalaria laburnoides Kotsch 

663 Fabaceae Crotalaria deserticola Taub. ex Baker f. x 

664 Fabaceae Crotalaria emarginata Bojer ex Benth. x 

665 Fabaceae Crotalaria goodiiformis Vatke x x x x 

666 Fabaceae Crotalaria retusa L. x 

667 Fabaceae Crotalaria vasculosa Wall. ex Benth. x 

668 Fabaceae Crotalaria zanzibarica Benth. x 

669 Fabaceae Cynometra sp. x x 

670 Fabaceae Dalbergia boehmii Taub. x x x 

671 Fabaceae Dalbergia sp. x x 

672 Fabaceae Dalbergia fischeri Taub. x 

673 Dichapetalaceae Tapura fischeri Engl. x 

674 Fabaceae Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr. x x x x 

675 Fabaceae Dalbergia nitidula Guill. & Perr. x x x 

676 Fabaceae Dalbergia obovata E. Mey. x 

677 Fabaceae Desmodium adscendens (Sw.) DC. x x x 

678 Fabaceae Desmodium barbatum (L.) Benth. & 

x 

x 

Oerst. 

679 Fabaceae Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. x 

680 Fabaceae Desmodium ramosissimum Gdon. 

681 Fabaceae Desmodium salicifolium (Poir.) DC. x 

682 Fabaceae Desmodium velutinum (Willd.) DC. x x x 

683 Fabaceae Desmodium triflorum (L.)DC. x 

684 Fabaceae Dialium holtzii Harms x x x VU 

66

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


685 Fabaceae Dichrostachys cinerea Brenan & 

x 

x 

Brummitt 

686 Fabaceae Dolichos trilobus L. 

687 Fabaceae Dolichos sericeus E. Mey. x 

688 Fabaceae Entada pursaetha DC. x 

689 Fabaceae Entada rheedei Spreng. x 

690 Fabaceae Entada stuhlmannii (Taub.) Harms x 

691 Fabaceae Eriosema glomeratum (Guill. & Perr.) 

Hook. f. 

692 Fabaceae Eriosema nutans Schinz x 

693 Fabaceae Eriosema parviflorum E. Mey. x 

694 Fabaceae Erythrina variegata L. x 

695 Fabaceae Erythrina sacleuxii HUA x x 

696 Fabaceae Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) 

x x x 

Brenan 

697 Fabaceae Gigasiphon macrosiphon (Harms) Brenan x x x 

698 Fabaceae Guibourtia schliebenii (Harms) J. 

x 

L?onard 

699 Fabaceae Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn. x x x x 

700 Fabaceae Indigofera demissa Taub. x 

701 Fabaceae Indigofera hirsuta L. x 

702 Fabaceae Indigofera dendroides Jacq. x x 

703 Fabaceae Indigofera ormocarpoides Baker x 

704 Fabaceae Indigofera kirkii oliv. 

705 Fabaceae Indigofera nummulariifolia (L.) Alston 

706 Fabaceae Indigofera schimperi Jaub. & Spach 

707 Fabaceae Indigofera strobilifera hochst. Bak. x 

708 Fabaceae Indigofera tinctoria L. 

709 Fabaceae Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) Kuntze x x 

710 Fabaceae Julbernardia globiflora (Benth.) Troupin x x x 

711 Fabaceae Lonchocarpus busei Harms x x 

67

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


712 Fabaceae Lonchocarpus capassa Rolfe x x 

713 Fabaceae Macrotyloma axillare (Wilczek) Verdc. x 

714 Fabaceae Macrotyloma africanum (E. Mey.) Verdc. x 

715 Fabaceae Millettia bussei Harms x x x VU 

716 Fabaceae Millettia dura Dunn x x x 

717 Fabaceae Millettia elongatistyla J.B. Gillett x x VU 

718 Fabaceae Millettia eetveldeana (Micheli) 

x 

Hauman 

719 Fabaceae Millettia impressa (Harms) J.B. 

x 

Gillett 

720 Fabaceae Millettia oblata Dunn. x x x 

721 Fabaceae Millettia stuhlmannii Taub. x x x x 

722 Fabaceae Millettia usaramensis Taub. x x 

723 Fabaceae Mimosa pigra L. x 

724 Fabaceae Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. x x 

725 Fabaceae Neptunia oleracea Lour. 

726 Fabaceae Newtonia paucijuga (Harms) Brenan x x VU 

727 Fabaceae Newtonia buchananii (Baker) G.C.C. x x x 

Gilbert & 

Boutique 

728 Fabaceae Parkia filicoidea Welw. ex Oliv. x 

729 Fabaceae Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex 

K. Heyne 

x 

730 Fabaceae Philenoptera bussei (Harms) Schrire x 

731 Fabaceae Platysepalum inopinatum Harms x 

732 Fabaceae Pseudovigna argentea (Willd.) Verdc. x 

733 Fabaceae Pterocarpus spp DC. x x 

734 Fabaceae Pterocarpus indica Willd. x x x x 

735 Fabaceae Pterocarpus rotundifolius (Sond.) Druce x 

736 Fabaceae Pterocarpus tinctorius Welw. x x x 

68

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


737 Fabaceae Rhynchosia hirta (Andrews) 

Meikle & Verdc. 

738 Fabaceae Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. x x x 

739 Fabaceae Rhynchosia sublobata (Schumach.) 

x 

Meikle 

740 Fabaceae Rhynchosia velutina Wight & Arn. x 

741 Fabaceae Scorodophloeus fischeri (Taub.) J. 

x x 

L?onard 

742 Fabaceae Senna petersiana (Bolle) Lock x x 

743 Fabaceae Sesbania greenwayi Gillett x 

744 Fabaceae Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. x x x 

745 Fabaceae Sophora tomentosa L. x x 

746 Fabaceae Stylosanthes fruticosa (Retz.) Alston x x 

747 Fabaceae Swartzia madagascariensis Desv. x x 

748 Fabaceae Tamarindus indica L. x x x x x x 

749 Fabaceae Tephrosia pumila (Lam.) Pers. x 

750 Fabaceae Tephrosia noctiflora Bojer ex Baker x 

751 Fabaceae Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. x 

752 Fabaceae Tephrosia vogelii Hook. P. x 

753 Fabaceae Tephrosia villosa (L.) Pers. x x 

754 Fabaceae Teramnus labialis (L. f.) Spreng. x x 

755 Fabaceae Tessmannia densiflora Harms x x x EN 

756 Fabaceae Tessmannia martiniana Harms x x 

757 Fabaceae Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach. & 

x 

x 

Thonn.) Taub. 

758 Fabaceae Vigna pubescens Wilczek x 

759 Fabaceae Vigna marina (Burm.) Merrill x 

760 Fabaceae Xeroderris stuhlmannii (Taub.) 

x x x 

Mendonça & 

E.C. Sousa 

761 Fabaceae Xylia africana Harms x 

x 

69

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


762 Fabaceae Zenkerella egregia J. L?onard x x VU 

763 Rutaceae Fagaropsis angolensis (Engl.) Dale x 

764 Euphorbiaceae Thecacoris lucida (Pax) Hutch. x x 

765 Flacourtiaceae Bivinia jalbertii Tul. x x x x 

766 Flacourtiaceae Buchnerodendron lasiocalyx (Oliv.) Gilg x 

767 Flacourtiaceae Caloncoba welwitschii (Oliv.) Gilg x x x x x x 

768 Flacourtiaceae Casearia gladiiformis Mast. x x x x 

769 Flacourtiaceae Casearia engleri Gilg x x VU 

770 Flacourtiaceae Dovyalis macrocalyx (Oliv.) War x 

771 Flacourtiaceae Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. x x x x 

772 Flacourtiaceae Grandidiera boivinii Jaub. x 

773 Flacourtiaceae Lindackeria bukobensis Gilg x 

774 Flacourtiaceae Ludia mauritiana J.F. Gmel. x x 

775 Flacourtiaceae Oncoba routledgei Sprague x 

776 Flacourtiaceae Oncoba spinosa Forssk. x x x 

777 Flacourtiaceae Rawsonia lucida Harv. & Sond. x 

778 Flacourtiaceae Xylotheca tettensis (Oliv.) Wild x x x x x x x 

779 Flagellariaceae Flagellaria guineensis Schumach. x x x 

780 Gentianaceae Congolanthus longidens (N.E.Br.) A. 

x 

Rayn 

781 Gentianaceae Nymphoides forbesiana (Griseb.) Kuntze x 

782 Gentianaceae Enicostema axillare (Lam.) A. 

x 

Raynal 

783 Gesneriaceae Saintpaulia grotei Engl. x 

784 Gesneriaceae Saintpaulia ionantha H. Wendl. x 

785 Gesneriaceae Saintpaulia tongwensis B.L. Burtt x 

786 Goodeniaceae Scaevola sericea Vahl x 

787 Goodeniaceae Scaevola plumieri (L.)Vahl x 

788 Hydrophyllacea Hydrolea sansibarica Gilg x 

789 Icacinaceae Apodytes dimidiata E. Mey. ex Arn. x x x x x 

790 Polypodiaceae Phymatodes scolopendria (Burm. f.) Ching x 

70

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


791 Oleandraceae Nephrolepis biserrata (Swartz) Schott x 

792 Schizaeceae Lygodium microphylum (Cav.R.Br. x 

793 Thelypteridaceae Thelypteris madagascariensis (Fee) Schult x 

794 Moraceae Sloetiopsis usambarensis Engl. x 

795 Lamiaceae Aeollanthus zanzibaricus S. Moore 

796 Lamiaceae Basilicum polystachyon (L.) Moench x x x 

797 Lamiaceae Hoslundia opposita Vahl x x x x 

798 Lamiaceae Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. x 

799 Lamiaceae Leucas sp. x 

800 Lamiaceae Leucas tsavoensis Sebald x 

801 Lamiaceae Ocimum bacilicum L. x 

802 Lamiaceae Ocimum gratissimum L. x 

803 Lamiaceae Ocimum urticifolium L. x 

804 Lamiaceae Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng. x 

805 Lamiaceae Plectranthus seretii (De Wild.) 

x x 

Vollesen 

806 Lamiaceae Plectranthus sphaeranthus Baker x 

807 Lamiaceae Plectranthus sp. (cf.Harris & 

x 

Tadros 5945 

808 Lamiaceae Plectranthus sp. x 

809 Lamiaceae Tetradenia fruticosa Benth. x 

810 Lamiaceae Tinnea aethiopica Kotschy ex 

x x x 

Hook.f. 

811 Lauraceae Cassytha filiformis L. x x 

812 Lauraceae Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl x 

813 Lauraceae Cinnamomum verum J. Presl x 

814 Lecythidaceae Barringtonia racemosa (Linn.) Roxb. x x x x 

815 Lentibulariaceae Utricularia benjaminiana Oliv. x 

816 Lentibulariaceae Utricularia inflexa Forssk. x 

817 Lentibulariaceae Utricularia gibba L x x 

818 Lentibulariaceae Utricularia livida E. Mey. x 

71

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


819 Lentibulariaceae Utricularia reflexa Oliv. x 

820 Lentibulariaceae Utricularia subulata L. x 

821 Agavaceae Agave angustifolia Haw x 

822 Liliaceae Albuca abyssinica Jacq. x 

823 Liliaceae Aloe massawana Reynolds x 

824 Liliaceae Anthericum suffruticosum (Bak.) Milne - 

x 

Redh 

825 Liliaceae Asparagus africanus Lam. x x 

826 Liliaceae Asparagus falcatus L. x x x 

827 Liliaceae Asparagus faulknerae Sebsebe x x LC 

828 Liliaceae Asparagus flagellaris (Kunth) Baker x 

829 Liliaceae Asparagus humilis Engl. x 

830 Liliaceae Asparagus setaceus (Kunth) Jessop x x 

831 Liliaceae Chlorophytum filipendulum (Engl.) Nordal & 

x 

A.D. Poulsen 

832 Liliaceae Chlorophytum stenopetalum Baker x 

833 Liliaceae Dracaena usambarensis Engl. x x x x 

834 Liliaceae Dracaena mannii Baker x 

835 Liliaceae Dracaena sp. near D. gazensis Rendle x 

836 Liliaceae Dracaena laxissima Engl. x 

837 Liliaceae Dracaena steudineri Engl. x 

838 Liliaceae Drimiopsis perfolia Baker x x 

839 Liliaceae Dracaena deremensis Engl. x 

840 Liliaceae Gloriosa superba L. x x x 

841 Liliaceae Sansevieria conspicua N.E. Br. x x x 

842 Liliaceae Sansevieria kirkii Baker x 

843 Liliaceae Sansevieria zanzibarica Gerome & 

x x 

Labroy 

844 Liliaceae Scilla kirkii Baker x 

845 Linaceae Hugonia castaneifolia Engl. x x x x x 

72

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


846 Linaceae Phyllocosmus lemaireanus (De Wild. & T. 

x x 

Durand) T. 

Durand & H. 

Durand 

847 Melastomataceae Memecylon sp.nov. x x 

848 Melastomataceae Memecylon deminuta Brenan x x 

849 Lobeliaceae Lobelia fervens Thaunb x 

850 Loganiaceae Anthocleista grandiflora Gilg x 

851 Loganiaceae Mostuea sp.A of FTEA x x 

852 Loganiaceae Mostuea sp.B of FTEA x x 

853 Loganiaceae Strychnos sp. x 

854 Loganiaceae Strychnos angolensis Gilg x x x x x 

855 Loganiaceae Strychnos cocculoides Baker x x x 

856 Loganiaceae Strychnos henningsii Gilg x x 

857 Loganiaceae Strychnos innocua Delile x x 

858 Loganiaceae Strychnos madagascariensis Poir. x x x x 

859 Loganiaceae Strychnos mitis S. Moore x 

860 Loganiaceae Strychnos panganensis Gilg x x 

861 Loganiaceae Strychnos spinosa Lam. x x x x 

862 Loranthaceae Agelanthus kayneri (Engl.)Baill x 

863 Loranthaceae Agelanthus sansibarensis (Engl.) Polhill & 

x x 

Wiens 

864 Loranthaceae Englerina inaequilatera (Engl.) Gilli x 

865 Loranthaceae Erianthemum dregei (Eckl. & Zeyh.) 

x x 

Tiegh. 

866 Loranthaceae Erianthemum sodenii (Engl.) Balle. x x x 

867 Loranthaceae Oliverella hildebrandtii (Engl.) Tiegh. x 

868 Loranthaceae Oncella ambigua (Engl.) Tiegh. x 

869 Loranthaceae Oncella curviramea (Engl.) Danser x 

870 Loranthaceae Tapinanthus subulatus (Engl.) Danser x 

871 Loranthaceae Tapinanthus sansibarensis (Engl.) Danser x 

73

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


872 Loranthaceae Tapinanthus igneus (Sprague)Danser x 

873 Loranthaceae Phragmanthera sigensis (Sprague)Danser x 

874 Loranthaceae Spragueanella rhamnifolia (Engl.) Balle. x 

875 Lythraceae Ammannia auriculata Willd. x x 

876 Lythraceae Lawsonia inermis L. x 

877 Lythraceae Nesaea crassicaulis (Guill. & Perr.) 

x 

Koehne 

878 Lythraceae Nesaea pedicellaris Hiern x x 

879 Lythraceae Nesaea radicans Guill. & Perr. x 

880 Lythraceae Pemphis acidula J.R. Forst. x x 

881 Lythraceae Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) S. Kurz x 

882 Malpighiaceae Acridocarpus alopecurus Nied. x 

883 Malpighiaceae Acridocarpus zanzibaricus A. Juss. x 

884 Malpighiaceae Acridocarpus pauciglandulosus Launert x x 

885 Malvaceae Abutilon guineense (Schumach.) 

Baker f. & Exell 

x 

886 Malvaceae Abutilon mauritianum (Jacq.) Medik. x x 

887 Malvaceae Gossypioides kirkii (Mast.) Hutch. x x x 

888 Malvaceae Gossypium arboreum (Mast.) Hutch. x 

889 Malvaceae Gossypium barbadense L. x 

890 Malvaceae Gossypium latifolium Murr. x 

891 Malvaceae Hibiscus barbosae Exell x 

892 Malvaceae Hibiscus cannabinus L. x 

893 Malvaceae Hibiscus micranthus L. f. x 

894 Malvaceae Hibiscus physaloides Guill. & Perr. x 

895 Malvaceae Hibiscus seineri Engl. x 

896 Malvaceae Hibiscus sabdariffa L. x 

897 Malvaceae Hibiscus surattensis L. x 

898 Malvaceae Hibiscus tilliaceus L. x x 

899 Malvaceae Hibiscus schizopetalus (Dyer) Hook. f. x 

74

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


900 Malvaceae Hibiscus surattensis L. x x 

901 Malvaceae Hibiscus zanzibaricus Exell x 

902 Malvaceae Sida acuta Burm. f. x x 

903 Malvaceae Sida cordifolia L. x 

904 Malvaceae Sida serratifolia Wilczek & 

x 

Steyaert 

905 Malvaceae Thespesia danis Oliv. x x 

906 Malvaceae Thespesia populnea (L.) Correa x 

907 Malvaceae Urena lobata L. x 

908 Malvaceae Wissadula rostrata (Schumach.) 

x 

Hook. f. 

909 Melastomataceae Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don x x 

910 Melastomataceae Dissotis roundifolia (Sm.) Triana x 

911 Melastomataceae Dissotis debilis (Sond.) Triana x 

912 Melastomataceae Heterotis rotundifolia (Sm.) Jacq.-Fél. x x 

913 Melastomataceae Melastomastrum segregatum (Benth.) x x x 

914 Melastomataceae Memecylon sansibarensis Taub. x 

915 Melastomataceae Tristemma mauritianum J. F.Gmel. x 

916 Melastomataceae Tristemma schliebenii Markgr. x 

917 Melastomataceae Warneckea sansibarica (Taub.) Jacq.- 

x x 

F?l. 

918 Meliaceae Khaya anthotheca (Welw.) C. DC. x x VU 

919 Meliaceae Pseudobersama mossambicensis (Sim) Verdc. x x 

920 Meliaceae Trichilia emetica Vahl x x x x 

921 Meliaceae Turraea floribunda Hochst. x 

922 Meliaceae Turraea holstii G?rke x x 

923 Meliaceae Turraea nilotica Kotschy & Peyr. x x 

924 Meliaceae Turraea robusta Kotschy & Peyr. x 

925 Meliaceae Xylocarpus granatum J. K÷nig x x LC 

926 Meliaceae Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M.J. 

Roem 

x 

75

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


927 Melianthaceae Bersama abyssinica Fresen. x x x x x x 

928 Menispermaceae Albertisia exelliana (Troupin) 

x 

Forman 

929 Menispermaceae Cissampelos pareira L. x 

930 Menispermaceae Cocculus hirsutus (L.) J. Presl x x 

931 Menispermaceae Dioscoreophyllum volkensii Engl. x x 

932 Menispermaceae Tiliacora funifera (Miers) Oliv. x 

933 Menispermaceae Tinospora caffra (Miers) Troupin x 

934 Menispermaceae Tinospora oblongifolia (Engl.) Troupin x x x 

935 Menispermaceae Tinospora sp.nov. x x 

936 Menispermaceae Triclisia sacleuxii (Pierre) Diels x x x 

937 Menyathaceae Nymphoides forbesiana (Griseb.) Kuntze x 

938 Montiniaceae Grevea eggelingii Milne-Redh. x 

939 Moraceae Antiaris toxicaria (Engl.) C.C. 

x x 

Berg 

940 Moraceae Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) 

x 

Fosberg 

941 Moraceae Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. x x x 

942 Moraceae Bosqueiopsis gilletii De Wild. & T. 

x 

Durand 

943 Moraceae Castilla elastica Sess? ex Cerv. x 

944 Moraceae Dorstenia alta Engl. x 

945 Moraceae Dorstenia kameruniana Engl. x 

946 Moraceae Dorstenia tayloriana (Rendle) Hijman x x x 

947 Moraceae Ficus bussei Warb. ex Mildbr. 

& Burret 

x x 

948 Moraceae Ficus cyathistipula Warb. x 

949 Moraceae Ficus sycomorus L. x 

950 Moraceae Ficus capensis Vahl x x x x x 

951 Moraceae Ficus exasperata Vahl x x 

952 Moraceae Ficus lutea Vahl. x x x 

76

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


953 Moraceae Ficus ingens (Miq.) Miq. x x x x 

954 Moraceae Ficus mucoso Welw. ex 

x x 

Ficalho 

955 Moraceae Ficus natalensis Hochst. x x x x 

956 Moraceae Ficus nekbudu Warb x 

957 Moraceae Ficus scassellatii Pamp. x 

958 Moraceae Ficus sur Forssk. x x x 

959 Moraceae Ficus sycomorus L. x x x 

960 Moraceae Ficus thonningii Blume x 

961 Moraceae Ficus tremula Warb. x 

962 Moraceae Ficus sp. near 

Warb 

x 

F.Stuhlmannii 

963 Moraceae Ficus uluguruensis Mildbr.& Burret x 

964 Moraceae Ficus trichopoda Bak. x 

965 Moraceae Maclura africana (Bureau) Corner x x x x 

966 Moraceae Mesogyne insignis Engl. x x x VU 

967 Moraceae Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C. 

x x x x x x x x x LR/nt 

Berg 

968 Moraceae Morus australis Poir. x 

969 Moraceae Streblus usambarensis (Engl.) C.C. 

x 

Berg 

970 Moraceae Trilepisium madagascariense Thouars ex DC. x x 

971 Moraceae Moringa olifera Lam. x 

972 Myrtaceae Eugenia capensis Verdc. x x 

973 Myrtaceae Psidium guajava L. x 

974 Myrtaceae Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & 

x 

x 

L.M. Perry 

975 Myrtaceae Syzygium cordatum Hochst. x x x x 

976 Myrtaceae Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels x x x x 

977 Myrtaceae Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC. x x x 

978 Plumbaginaceae Plumbago ciliata Wilmot-Dear x x 

77

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 

979 Plumbaginaceae Plumbago zeylanica L. x 


980 Myricaceae Myrica sp. x 

981 Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia diffusa L. x 

982 Ochnaceae Brackenridgea zanguebarica Oliv. x 

983 Ochnaceae Ochna holtzii Gilg x x x x 

984 Ochnaceae Ochna atropurpurea DC. x 

985 Ochnaceae Ochna inermis (Forssk.) 

Schweinf. ex 

Penz. 

986 Ochnaceae Ochna sp x x 

987 Ochnaceae Ochna mossambicensis Klotzsch x x x 

988 Ochnaceae Ochna sp.nov. x 

989 Ochnaceae Ochna ovata F. Hoffm. x 

990 Ochnaceae Ochna thomasiana Engl. & Gilg x 

991 Ochnaceae Sauvagesia erecta L. x x x 

992 Olacaceae Olax dissitiflora Oliv. x x 

993 Olacaceae Olax obtusifolia De Wild. x x 

994 Olacaceae Olax pentandra Sleumer x x x x x 

995 Olacaceae Ximenia americana L. x x 

996 Olacaceae Ximenia caffra Sond. x x x 

997 Oleaceae Jasminum fluminense Vell. x x x 

998 Oleaceae Jasminum meyeri-johannis Engl. x 

999 Oleaceae Jasminum parvifolium Knobl. x 

1000 Oleaceae Jasminum streptopus E. Mey. x 

1001 Oleaceae Schrebera trichoclada Welw. x x x 

1002 Oleaceae Olea woodiana Knobl. x 

1003 Oleaceae Olea europeae L. x 

1004 Onagraceae Ludwigia abyssinica A. Rich. x 

1005 Onagraceae Ludwigia mauritiana Gmelin x 

1006 Onagraceae Ludwigia jussiaeoides Desr. x 

1007 Onagraceae Ludwigia leptocarpa (Nutt) Hara x 

78

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 

1008 Onagraceae Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven x 


1009 Onagraceae Ludwigia stolonifera (Guill. & Perr.) 

P.H. Raven 

x x x x 

1010 Opiliaceae Opilia amentacea Roxb. x 

1011 Opiliaceae Opilia celtifolia Walp. x x 

1012 Orchidaceae Acampe sp x 

1013 Orchidaceae Aerangis kirkii (Rchb. f.) Schltr. x x 

1014 Orchidaceae Aerangis hologlottis (Schltr. f.) 

x x x 

Schltr. 

1015 Orchidaceae Ansellia africana Lindl. x 

1016 Orchidaceae Eulophia fridericii (Rchb. f.) A.V. 

x 

Hall 

1017 Orchidaceae Eulophia caloptera (Rchb. f.) 

x 

Summerh 

1018 Orchidaceae Eulophia horsfallii (Batem.) 

x 

Summerh 

1019 Orchidaceae Eulophia petersii (Rchb. f.) Rchb. 

x 

f. 

1020 Orchidaceae Microcoelia exilis Lindl. x x x x 

1021 Orchidaceae Nerilia umbrosa (Reichb. f.) 

x 

x 

Schltr 

1022 Orchidaceae Microcoelia globulosa (Hochst. ex A. 

x 

x 

Rich.) L. 

Jonsson 

1023 Orchidaceae Microcoelia megalorrhiza Summerh. x x 

1024 Orchidaceae Microcoelia physophora (Rchb. f.) 

x x x 

Summerh 

1025 Orchidaceae Polystachya tessellata Lindl. x 

1026 Orchidaceae Vanilla roscheri Rchb.f. x x x 

1027 Orchidaceae Vanilla zanzibarica Rolfe 

1028 Oxalidaceae Averrhoa bilimbi L. x 

1029 Oxalidaceae Biophytum petersianum Klotzsch x 

79

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 

1030 Pandanaceae Pandanus rabaiensis Rendle x x 


1031 Pandanaceae Pandanus kirkii Rendle x x x 

1032 Palmae Borasus aethiopicum Mart x x x x 

1033 Palmae Hyphaene compressa H. Wandl. x x x x x 

1034 Palmae Hyphaene coriacea Gaertn. x 

1035 Palmae Phoenix reclinata Jacq. x x x x 

1036 Palmae Elaeis guineensis Jacq. x 

1037 Palmae Chrysalidocarpus pembanus Moore x 

1038 Palmae Raphia farinifera (Gaertn.) 

x 

Hylander 

1039 Passifloraceae Adenia globosa Engl. x x 

1040 Passifloraceae Adenia gummifera (Harv.) Harms x x x 

1041 Passifloraceae Adenia kirkii (Mast.) Engl. x x x 

1042 Passifloraceae Adenia lindiensis Harms x 

1043 Passifloraceae Adenia rumicifolia Engl. x 

1044 Passifloraceae Adenia schliebenii Harms x 

1045 Passifloraceae Adenia rumicifolia W.J. de Wilde x x 

1046 Passifloraceae Basananthe lanceolata (Engl.) W.J. de x x x x 

Wilde 

1047 Passifloraceae Paropsia braunii Gilg x 

1048 Passifloraceae Passiflora foetida L. x 

1049 Passifloraceae Schlechterina mitostemmatoides Harms x x x x x x 

1050 Pedaliaceae Dicerocaryum zanguebarium (Lour.) Merr. x 

1051 Pedaliaceae Ceratotheca sesamoides Endl. x 

1052 Pedaliaceae Pedalium murex L. x 

1053 Pedaliaceae Sesamum indicum L. x 

1054 Piperaceae Piper umbellatum L. x 

1055 Poaceae Aristida adoensis Hochst. x x x 

1056 Poaceae Aristida barbicolis Trin. & Rupr. x x 

1057 Poaceae Aristida mutabilis Trin. & Rupr. x 

1058 Poaceae Alloteropsis paniculata (Benth.) Stapf x 

80

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


1059 Poaceae Andropogon schirensis Hochst. ex A. 

x 

Rich. 

1060 Poaceae Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz.) S.T. 

x 

Blake 

1061 Poaceae Brachiaria humidicola (Rendle) 

x 

Schweick. 

1062 Poaceae Brachiaria umbellata (Trin.) 

x 

W.D.Clayton 

1063 Poaceae Cenchrus biflorus Roxb. x 

1064 Poaceae Cenchrus mitis Anderss x 

1065 Poaceae Cenchrus pycnothrix Trin. x 

1066 Poaceae Chloris virgata Sw. x x 

1067 Poaceae Chloris roxyburghiana Schult. x x 

1068 Poaceae Cymbopogon caesius (Nees ex Hook. 

x 

& Arn.) Stapf 

1069 Poaceae Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. x 

1070 Poaceae Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. x x 

1071 Poaceae Dactyloctenium ctenioides (Steud.) Bosser x 

1072 Poaceae Dactyloctenium germinatum Harck. x 

1073 Poaceae Digitaria argyrotricha (Andersson ex 

Peters) Chiov. 

x 

1074 Poaceae Digitaria comifera Pilg. x 

1075 Poaceae Digitaria ciliaris Retz.) Koel. x 

1076 Poaceae Digitaria gymnostachys Pilg. x 

1077 Poaceae Digitaria milanjiana (Rendle) Stapf x x 

1078 Poaceae Digitaria deblis (Desf) Willd. x 

1079 Poaceae Digitaria longiflora Retz.) Pers. x 

1080 Poaceae Diheteropogon amplectens (Nees) Clayton 

1081 Poaceae Echinochloa haploclada (Stapf) Stapf x 

1082 Poaceae Echinochloa colona (L.) Link x x 

1083 Poaceae Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. x 

81

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


1084 Poaceae Enteropogon sechellensis (Bak.) Th.Dur. & 

x 

Schiz 

1085 Poaceae Eragrostis ciliaris Byrne x x x 

1086 Poaceae Eragrostis aspera (jacq.) Nees x x 

1087 Poaceae Eragrostis superba Peyr. x 

1088 Poaceae Eragrostis aethiopica Chiov. x 

1089 Poaceae Eragrostis chapelieri (Kunth.) Nees x 

1090 Poaceae Eragrostis gangetica (Roxb.)Steud. x 

1091 Poaceae Eragrostis inamoena K.Schum. x 

1092 Poaceae Eragrostis perbella K.Schum. x 

1093 Poaceae Eragrostis tennella (L.) Roem. & 

x 

Schult. 

1094 Poaceae Eragrostis muerensis Pilg. x x 

1095 Poaceae Eriochloa fatmensis (Hochst. & 

x 

Steud. 

1096 Poaceae Eriochloa parvispiculata C.E. Hubb. x 

1097 Poaceae Euclasta condylotricha (Stud.) Stapf x 

1098 Poaceae Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. x x x 

1099 Poaceae Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf x 

1100 Poaceae Hyparrhenia filipendula (Hochst.) Stapf x x x x 

1101 Poaceae Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf x 

1102 Poaceae Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. x x x 

1103 Poaceae Leptocloa chinensis (I.) Nees x 

1104 Poaceae Leptocloa squarrosa Pilger x 

1105 Poaceae Lepturus repens (G. Forster) 

x 

R.Br. 

1106 Poaceae Leersia hexandra Sw. x 

1107 Poaceae Loudetia simplex (Nees) C.E. 

x x x x x 

Hubb. 

1108 Poaceae Megastachya mucronata (Poir.) P. Beauv. x x x 

1109 Poaceae Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka x x x 

82

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


1110 Poaceae Oplismenus compositus (L.) Beav. x x x x x 

1111 Poaceae Oplismenus sp. x 

1112 Poaceae Olyra latifolia L. x x 

1113 Poaceae Oryza eichingeri Peter x 

1114 Poaceae Panicum brevifolium L. x 

1115 Poaceae Panicum brazzavillense Franch. x 

1116 Poaceae Panicum parvifolium L. x x 

1117 Poaceae Panicum filifolium W.D. Clayton x 

1118 Poaceae Panicum chionachne Mez x x 

1119 Poaceae Panicum comorense Mez x x 

1120 Poaceae Panicum genuflexum Stapf x 

1121 Poaceae Panicum heterostachyum Hack. x 

1122 Poaceae Panicum infestum Peters x x 

1123 Poaceae Panicum laticomum Nees x x x x 

1124 Poaceae Panicum coloratum L. x x x 

1125 Poaceae Panicum maximum Jacq. x x x x x 

1126 Poaceae Panicum repentellum Napper x 

1127 Poaceae Panicum repens L. x 

1128 Poaceae Panicum trichocladum Hack. ex K. x x x x x x x 

Schum. 

1129 Poaceae Panicum subflabellatum Stapf x x 

1130 Poaceae Paspalidium geminatum (Forssk.) Stapf x 

1131 Poaceae Paspalum geminatum (Forssk.) x 

1132 Poaceae Paspalum scrobiculatum L. x x 

1133 Poaceae Paspalum vaginatum Sw x x x 

1134 Poaceae Pennisetum polystachion (Stapf & C.E. 

x 

x 

Hubb.) Brunken 

1135 Poaceae Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. x 

1136 Poaceae Perrotis hildebrandtii Mez x 

1137 Poaceae Perrotis patens Gand x 

83

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


1138 Poaceae Pseudoechinolaena polystachya (Kunth.) Stapf x 

1139 Poaceae Rhytachne rottboellioides Desv. x 

1140 Poaceae Rottboellia cochinchinensis (lour.) Clayton x x x 

1141 Poaceae Sacciolepis africana (L.) Chase x 

1142 Poaceae Sacciolepis curvata (L.) Chase x 

1143 Poaceae Sacciolepis huillensis (Rendle) Stspf x 

1144 Poaceae Schizachyrium sanguineum (Retz.) Alston x 

1145 Poaceae Schizachyrium rupestre (Kunth.) Stapf x x x 

1146 Poaceae Setaria megaphylla (Steud.) T. 

x 

x 

Durand & 

Schinz 

1147 Poaceae Setaria sphacelata (Steud.) T. 

x x x 

Durand & 

Schinz 

1148 Poaceae Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. x x 

1149 Poaceae Setaria dimidiatum (L.) Brongn. x 

1150 Poaceae Sorghum arundinaceum (Desv.) Stapf x x x 

1151 Poaceae Sporobolus pyramidalis P. Beauv. x x 

1152 Poaceae Sporobolus virginicus (L.) x 

1153 Poaceae Urochloa mosambicensis (Hack.) Dandy 

1154 Poaceae Vetiveria nigritana (Benth.) Stapf x x x x 

1155 Polygalaceae Carpolobia goetzei Gürke x x 

1156 Polygalaceae Polygala abyssinica R. Br. ex Fresen. x 

1157 Polygalaceae Polygala africana Chod. x 

1158 Polygalaceae Polygala gagnebiniana Chod. x 

1159 Polygalaceae Polygala sansibarensis Guerke x 

1160 Polygalaceae Polygala sphenoptera Fresen. x 

1161 Polygalaceae Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen. x 

1162 Polygonaceae Oxygonum sinuatum (Hochst. & 

Steud. ex 

Meisn.) Dammer 

x 

84

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


1163 Polygonaceae Polygonum senegalense Meisn. x 

1164 Polygonaceae Polygonum pulchrum Blume x x 

1165 Portulacaceae Portulaca quadrifida L. x 

1166 Primulaceae Lysimachia ruhmeriana Vatke x 

1167 Proteaceae: Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex 

x 

R.Br 

1168 Pteridophyta Acrostichum aureum L. x x x 

1169 Pteridophyta Asplenium aethiopicum (Burm. f.) Bech. x 

1170 Pteridophyta Asplenium nidus L. x x 

1171 Pteridophyta Asplenium simii A.F. Braithw. & 

x 

Schelpe 

1172 Pteridophyta Cyclosorus sp. x 

1173 Pteridophyta Dicranopteris linearis (Burm. f.) 

x 

Underw.. 

1174 Pteridophyta Microsorum punctatum (L.) Copel. x 

1175 Pteridophyta Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott x x 

1176 Pteridophyta Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott x 

1177 Pteridophyta Pellaea doniana Hook. x 

1178 Pteridophyta Phymatosorus scolopendria (Burm. f.) Pic. 

x x x 

Serm. 

1179 Pteridophyta Psilotum nudum (L.) Beav. x 

1180 Pteridophyta Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn x x x 

1181 Pteridophyta Pteris atrovirens Willd. x 

1182 Pteridophyta Pteris catoptera Kunze x 

1183 Pteridophyta Selaginella eublepharis A. Braun x 

1184 Pteridophyta Stenochlaena tenuifolia (Desv.) Moore x x 

1185 Pteridophyta Thelypteris totta (Thunb.) Schelpe x 

1186 Pteridophyta Vittaria elongata Sw. x 

1187 Ranunculaceae Clematis simensis Fresen. x x 

1188 Ranunculaceae Clematis hirsuta Guill & Perr x 

1189 Ranunculaceae Clematis viridiflora Bertol x 

85

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


1190 Rhamnaceae Colubrina asiatica (L.) Brongn. x 

1191 Rhamnaceae Lasiodiscus pervillei (Verdc.) 

x 

Figueiredo 

1192 Rhamnaceae Maesopsis eminii Engl. x 

1193 Rhamnaceae Ziziphus mucronata Willd. x x x x 

1194 Rhamnaceae Ziziphus pubescens Oliv. x x 

1195 Rhizophoraceae Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam. x x 

1196 Rhizophoraceae Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. x x x 

1197 Rhizophoraceae Rhizophora mucronata Lam. x x x 

1198 Rhizophoraceae Cassipourea gummiflua Tul. x 

1199 Rubiaceae Afrocanthium pseudoverticillatum (S. Moore) Lantz x 

1200 Rubiaceae Porterandia penduliflora (K.Schum.) 

x 

Keay 

1201 Rubiaceae Faurena saligna Harv. x 

1202 Rubiaceae Agathisanthemum bojeri Klotzsch x x x x 

1203 Rubiaceae Breonadia salicina (Vahl) Hepper & 

J.R.I. Wood 

x 

1204 Rubiaceae Burttdavya nyasica Hoyle x x 

1205 Rubiaceae Canthium impressinervium Bridson x x x VU 

1206 Rubiaceae Canthium mombazense Baill. x 

1207 Rubiaceae Canthium sp. x 

1208 Rubiaceae Canthium bibracteata Baill. x 

1209 Rubiaceae Canthium oligocarpum (Bullock) 

x 

Bridson 

1210 Rubiaceae Canthium guenzii sond. x 

1211 Rubiaceae Canthium huillense Hiern x 

1212 Rubiaceae Canthium zanzibaricum Klotzsch x 

1213 Rubiaceae Canthium parasiebenlistii Bridson x x 

1214 Rubiaceae Canthium rondoense Bridson x x 

1215 Rubiaceae Catunaregam nilotica (Stapf) Tirveng. x 

86

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


1216 Rubiaceae Catunaregam spinosa (S. Moore) x x x x x 

Verdc. 

1217 Rubiaceae Chassalia discolor K.Schum. x 

1218 Rubiaceae Chassalia sp x 

1219 Rubiaceae Chassalia parvifolia K. Schum. x 

1220 Rubiaceae Chassalia umbraticola Vatke x x x x 

1221 Rubiaceae Chassalia zimmermannii Verdc. x x 

1222 Rubiaceae Chazaliella abrupta (Hiern) E.M.A. 

Petit & Verdc. 

x x x x 

1223 Rubiaceae Cladoceras subcapitatum (K. Schum. & K. 

Krause) Bremek. 

1224 Rubiaceae Coffea pseudozanguebariae Bridson x x x x VU 

1225 Rubiaceae Coffea sp.F. (Kew Bull. 36, 

x x 

840) 

1226 Rubiaceae Coffea schliebenii Bridson x x 

1227 Rubiaceae Coptosperma littorale (Hiern) Degreef x 

1228 Rubiaceae Cremaspora triflora (K. Schum.) 

x x x x 

Verdc. 

1229 Rubiaceae Craterispermum schweinfurthii Hiern x 

1230 Rubiaceae Crossopteryx febrifuga (Afzel. ex G. 

Don) Benth. 

x x x 

1231 Rubiaceae Cuviera schliebenii Verdc. x x EN 

1232 Rubiaceae Cuviera semseii Verdc. x x 

1233 Rubiaceae Diodia sarmentosa Sw. x 

1234 Rubiaceae Didymosalpinx norae (Swynn.) Keay x 

1235 Rubiaceae Gardenia ternifolia (Welw.) Verdc. x x x x 

1236 Rubiaceae Gardenia transvenulosa Verdc. x x x x VU 

1237 Rubiaceae Geophila obvallata (K. Schum.) 

x 

Verdc. 

1238 Rubiaceae Geophila repens (L.) I.M. Johnst. x 

1239 Rubiaceae Guettarda speciosa L. x x x 

x 

x 

87

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


1240 Rubiaceae Heinsia bussei Verdc. x x 

1241 Rubiaceae Heinsia crinita (K. Schum. & K. 

Krause) Verdc. 

x 

1242 Rubiaceae Hymenodictyon parvifolium Oliv. x 

1243 Rubiaceae Ixora finlaysoniana Wall. ex G. Don x 

1244 Rubiaceae Keetia gueinzii (Sond.) Bridson x 

1245 Rubiaceae Keetia zanzibarica (Klotzsch) 

x x x x 

Bridson 

1246 Rubiaceae Kohautia lasiocarpa Klotzsch x 

1247 Rubiaceae Kohautia virgata (Willd.) Bremek. x 

1248 Rubiaceae Kraussia kirkii (Hook. f.) 

x x x x x 

Bullock 

1249 Rubiaceae Lamprothamnus zanguebaricus Hiern x x x x 

1250 Rubiaceae Lagynias pallidiflora Bullock x x x 

1251 Rubiaceae Leptactina delagoensis (K. Schum. & 

Krause) Verdc. 

x 

x 

1252 Rubiaceae Leptactina sp. x 

1253 Rubiaceae Leptactina delagoensis K.Schum. x 

1254 Rubiaceae Leptactina hexamera K. Schum. x 

1255 Rubiaceae Leptactina oxyloba K. Schum. x x x 

1256 Rubiaceae Leptactina papyrophloea Verdc. x x x x EN 

1257 Rubiaceae Leptactina platyphylla (Hiern) 

x x x x 

Wernham 

1258 Rubiaceae Meyna tetraphylla (Robyns) Verdc. x 

1259 Rubiaceae Mussaenda microdonta Wernham x x 

1260 Rubiaceae Mussaenda monticola Bridson x x 

1261 Rubiaceae Oldenlandia affinis (Vatke) Verdc. x 

1262 Rubiaceae Oldenlandia aegialode Bremek. x x 

1263 Rubiaceae Oldenlandia corymbosa L. x x x x x 

1264 Rubiaceae Oldenlandia goreensis Bremek. x x 

1265 Rubiaceae Oldenlandia herbaceae (L.) Roxb. x 

88

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


1266 Rubiaceae Oldenlandia lancifolia (Schumach.).DC. x 

1267 Rubiaceae Oldenlandia johnstonii (Oliv.) K. 

Schum. ex Engl. 

1268 Rubiaceae Oxyanthus haerdii Bridson x 

1269 Rubiaceae Oxyanthus pyriformis Bridson x x x 

1270 Rubiaceae Oxyanthus speciosus DC. x x x 

1271 Rubiaceae Oxyanthus zanguebaricus (Hiern) Bridson x x 

1272 Rubiaceae Paederia bojeriana (Hiern) Verdc. x 

1273 Rubiaceae Pavetta crebrifolia Hiern x x 

1274 Rubiaceae Pavetta diversipunctata Bridson x 

1275 Rubiaceae Pavetta gerstneri Bremek. x 

1276 Rubiaceae Pavetta lindiana Bremek. x x x 

1277 Rubiaceae Pavetta refractifolia K. Schum. x x x 

1278 Rubiaceae Pavetta sp. x x 

1279 Rubiaceae Pavetta stenosepala K.Schum. x x x 

1280 Rubiaceae Pavetta sp.nov. Bidgood x x 

1281 Rubiaceae Pentas bussei K. Krause x x x x x 

1282 Rubiaceae Pentas micrantha (N.E. Br.) Verdc. x x 

1283 Rubiaceae Pentas parvifolia Hiern x x 

1284 Rubiaceae Pentas zanzibarica (Klotzsch) Vatke x 

1285 Rubiaceae Pentodon pentandrus (Schumach. & 

Thonn.) Vatke 

x x x 

1286 Rubiaceae Polysphaeria multiflora Hiern x x x x x x 

1287 Rubiaceae Polysphaeria parvifolia Hiern x x x 

1288 Rubiaceae Polysphaeria sp Hiern x 

1289 Rubiaceae Psychotria bibracteata (Baker) Cavaco x 

1290 Rubiaceae Psychotria amboniana K.Schum. x 

1291 Rubiaceae Psychotria capensis (Eckl.) Vatke x x 

1292 Rubiaceae Psychotria cyathicalyx E.M.A. Petit x x VU 

1293 Rubiaceae Psychotria faucicola K. Schum. x x 

x 

x 

89

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


1294 Rubiaceae Psychotria goetzei (K. Schum) Petit x x x x 

1295 Rubiaceae Psychotria holtzii (K. Schum.) 

x x x x x 

E.M.A. Petit 

1296 Rubiaceae Psychotria lauracea (K. Schum.) 

x x x x 

E.M.A. Petit 

1297 Rubiaceae Psychotria punctata Vatke x x x x x x 

1298 Rubiaceae Psychotria pumila Hiern x x 

1299 Rubiaceae Psychotria sp. D of FTEA x x 

1300 Rubiaceae Psychotria sp. nov. x x 

1301 Rubiaceae Psychotria schliebenii Petit x x 

1302 Rubiaceae Psychotria tanganyicensis Verdc. x x 

1303 Rubiaceae Psydrax kaessneri (S. Moore) 

x 

Bridson 

1304 Rubiaceae Psydrax recurvifolia (Bullock.) 

x 

Bridson 

1305 Rubiaceae Psydrax kibuwae Bridson x x 

1306 Rubiaceae Pyrostria bibracteata (Baker) Cavaco x x 

1307 Rubiaceae Rothmannia macrosiphon (Engl.) Bridson x VU 

1308 Rubiaceae Rothmannia manganjae (Hiern) Keay x 

1309 Rubiaceae Rothmannia ravae (Chiov.) Bridson x x x 

1310 Rubiaceae Rytigynia binata (K. Schum.) 

x x x x x VU 

Robyns 

1311 Rubiaceae Rytigynia decussata (K. Schum.) 

x x x 

Robyns 

1312 Rubiaceae Rytigynia longipedicellata Verdc. x x x EN 

1313 Rubiaceae Rytigynia pergracilis Verdc. x x x x 

1314 Rubiaceae Spermacoce laevis (Lam.) Griseb. x 

1315 Rubiaceae Spermacoce sinensis (Klotzsch) Hiern x 

1316 Rubiaceae Spermacoce remota Lam. x 

1317 Rubiaceae Tapiphyllum burnettii Tennant x 

1318 Rubiaceae Tarenna drummondii Bridson x x VU 

1319 Rubiaceae Tarenna nigrescens (Hook. f.) Hiern x 

90

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


1320 Rubiaceae Tarenna littoralis (Hiern) Bradson x 

1321 Rubiaceae Tarenna sp. A of FTEA x x 

1322 Rubiaceae Tarenna pavettoides (K. Schum.) 

x x 

Bridson 

1323 Rubiaceae Tarenna supra-axillaris (Hamsley) 

x x x 

Bremek. 

1324 Rubiaceae Tricalysia ovalifolia Hiern x x x 

1325 Rubiaceae Tricalysia pallens Hiern x x 

1326 Rubiaceae Tricalysia ruandensis Hiern x 

1327 Rubiaceae Tarenna supra-axillaris (Hemsl.) 

x 

Bremek. 

1328 Rubiaceae Triainolepis africana Hook.f. x x 

1329 Rubiaceae Uncaria africana G. Don x 

1330 Rubiaceae Vangueria infausta Burch. x x x x x 

1331 Rubiaceae Vangueria madagascariensis J.F. Gmel. x x 

1332 Rubiaceae Vangueria randii Verdc. x 

1333 Rutaceae Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook. f. 

ex Benth. 

x x x x x x 

1334 Rutaceae Teclea trichocarpa (Engl.) Engl. x 

1335 Rutaceae Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. x 

1336 Rutaceae Vepris amaniensis (Engl.) Mziray x 

1337 Rutaceae Vepris eugeniifolia (Engl.) I. Verd. x 

1338 Rutaceae Vepris glomerata Kokwaro x x 

1339 Rutaceae Vepris lanceolata (Lam.) G. Don x x x 

1340 Rutaceae Vepris morogorensis (Kokwaro) 

x 

Mziray 

1341 Rutaceae Vepris nobilis (Delile) Mziray x x 

1342 Rutaceae Vepris sansibarensis (Engl.) Mziray x VU 

1343 Rutaceae Vepris trichocarpa (Engl.) Mziray x x 

1344 Rutaceae Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. x x x 

1345 Rutaceae Zanthoxylum deremense (Engl.) Kokwaro x VU 

91

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


1346 Rutaceae Zanthoxylum holtzianum (Engl.) P.G. x x x VU 

Waterman 

1347 Rutaceae Zanthoxylum lindense (Engler) 

x x x VU 

Kokwaro 

1348 Rutaceae Zanthoxylum lepeurii (Engler) 

x 

Kokwaro 

1349 Salvadoraceae Azima tetracantha Lam. x 

1350 Salvadoraceae Dobera loranthifolia (Warb.) Warb. x x x 

ex Harms 

1351 Salvadoraceae Salvadora persica L. x x 

1352 Sterculiaceae Cola microcarpa Brenan x 

1353 Santalaceae Thesium mukense A.W. Hill x 

1354 Sapindaceae Allophylus abyssinica (Hochst.) Radlk. x 

1355 Sapindaceae Allophylus africanus (Gilg) Verdc. x x 

1356 Sapindaceae Allophylus alnifolius (Bak.) Radlk. x 

1357 Sapindaceae Allophylus pervillei Blume x x 

1358 Sapindaceae Allophylus griseo-tomentosum Gilg. x x 

1359 Sapindaceae Aporrhiza paniculata Radlk. x x x 

1360 Sapindaceae Blighia unijugata Baker x x x x x 

1361 Sapindaceae Blighia vestitus F.G. Davies x 

1362 Sapindaceae Cardiospermum halicacabum L. x 

1363 Sapindaceae Deinbollia borbonica Radlk. x x x x x x x x 

1364 Sapindaceae Dodonaea viscosa (L. f.) Benth. x x x x 

1365 Sapindaceae Dodonaea angustifolia (L. f.) Benth. x 

1366 Sapindaceae Dodonaea viscosa (L. f.) Benth. x 

1367 Sapindaceae Glenniea africana (Radlk.) Leenhl x 

1368 Sapindaceae Haplocoelum trigonocarpum Radlk. x x x 

LR/nt 

1369 Sapindaceae Haplocoelum inoploeum Radlk. x x x x x 

1370 Sapindaceae Lecaniodiscus fraxinifolius (Chiov.) Friis x x x 

1371 Sapindaceae Lepisanthes senegalensis (Juss. ex Poir.) 

Leenh. 

x x x x 

92

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


1372 Sapindaceae Macphersonia gracilis (O. Hoffm.) 

x x 

Capuron 

1373 Sapindaceae Macphersonia hildebrandtii O. Hoffm x 

1374 Sapindaceae Majidea zanguebarica Oliv. x 

1375 Sapindaceae Pancovia golungensis (Hiern) Exell & 

Mendonça 

x 

1376 Sapindaceae Pancovia holtzii Gilg ex Radlk. x 

1377 Sapindaceae Paullinia pinnata L. x x x x x x 

1378 Sapindaceae Zanha africana (Radlk.) Exell x x x 

1379 Sapotaceae Chrysophyllum lanceolatum (Bl.) DC. x x 

1380 Sapotaceae Englerophytum natalense (Sond.) T.D. 

x 

Penn. 

1381 Sapotaceae Bequaetiodendron natalense (Sond.) Heine & 

H. Hemsl. 

x x x x 

1382 Sapotaceae Inhambanella henriquesii (Engl. & Warb.) 

x 

Dubard 

1383 Sapotaceae Manilkara sp. (Sond.) J.H. 

x x 

Hemsl. 

1384 Sapotaceae Manilkara discolor (Sond.) J.H. 

x 

x 

Hemsl. 

1385 Sapotaceae Manilkara mochisia (Baker) Dubard x 

1386 Sapotaceae Manilkara sansibarensis (Engl.) Dubard x x x 

1387 Sapotaceae Manilkara sulcata (Engl.) Dubard x x x x 

1388 Sapotaceae Mimusops acutifolia Mildbr. x x VU 

1389 Sapotaceae Mimusops sp x 

1390 Sapotaceae Mimusops fruticosa A.DC. x x 

1391 Sapotaceae Mimusops obtusifolia mildbr. & G.M. 

x x 

Schulze 

1392 Sapotaceae Pachystela brevipes (Baker) Engl. x x x x 

1393 Sapotaceae Pachystela msolo (Engl.) Engl. x 

1394 Sapotaceae Malacantha alnifolia (Baker) Pierre x 

93

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


1395 Sapotaceae Sideroxylon inerme (Baker) J.H. 

x x x 

Hemsl. 

1396 Scrophulariaceae Bacopa crenata (P. Beauv.) 

x x 

Hepper 

1397 Scrophulariaceae Bacopa floribunda R.Br.Wettst x 

1398 Scrophulariaceae Buchnera hispida Buch.-Ham. ex 

x 

D. Don 

1399 Scrophulariaceae Buchnera leptostachya Benth. x 

1400 Scrophulariaceae Scoparia dulcis L. x x x 

1401 Scrophulariaceae Lindernia brevipes Skan x x 

1402 Scrophulariaceae Lindernia sp. x 

1403 Scrophulariaceae Limnophila indica (L.) Druce x 

1404 Scrophulariaceae Micrargeria filiformis (Schumach.) 

Hutch. & Dalz. 

x 

1405 Scrophulariaceae Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze x 

1406 Scrophulariaceae Striga forbesii Benth. x 

1407 Scrophulariaceae Striga pubiflora Klotzsch x 

1408 Scrophulariaceae Torenia thouarsii (Cham. & 

Schltdl.) Kuntze 

x 

x 

1409 Simaroubaceae Harrisonia abyssinica Oliv. x x x 

1410 Simaroubaceae Suriana maritima L. x 

1411 Simaroubaceae Odyendea zimmermannia engl. x 

1412 Simaroubaceae Samadera indica Gaertn. x 

1413 Smilacaceae Smilax kraussiana Meisn. x x 

1414 Solanaceae Datura metel L. x 

1415 Solanaceae Physalis peruviana L. x 

1416 Solanaceae Solanum goetzei Dammer x 

1417 Solanaceae Solanum incanum L. x 

1418 Solanaceae Solanum zanzibarense Vatke x 

1419 Sonneratiaceae Sonneratia alba Sm. x x x x 

1420 Sphenocleaceae Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn. x x 

94

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


1421 Sterculiaceae Cola clavata Mast. x x x 

1422 Sterculiaceae Cola discoglypremnophylla Brenan & A.P.D. 

x x x 

Jones 

1423 Sterculiaceae Cola greenwayi Brenan x x x 

1424 Sterculiaceae Cola microcarpa Brenan x 

1425 Sterculiaceae Cola scheffleri Brenan x x VU 

1426 Sterculiaceae Cola stelechantha Brenan x x 

1427 Sterculiaceae Dombeya acutangula Cav. x 

1428 Sterculiaceae Dombeya cincinnata K. Schum. x 

1429 Sterculiaceae Dombeya mupangae K. Schum. x x x 

1430 Sterculiaceae Heritiera littoralis Ait. x x LC 

1431 Sterculiaceae Melhania ovata (Cuv.) Spreng x 

1432 Sterculiaceae Melhania velutina Forssk. x 

1433 Sterculiaceae Melochia bracteosa F.Hoffm. x 

1434 Sterculiaceae Melochia sp x 

1435 Sterculiaceae Nesogordonia holtzii (Engl.) Capuron 

x 

ex L.C. Barnett 

& Dorr 

1436 Sterculiaceae Pterygota schummaniana Engl. x 

1437 Sterculiaceae Sterculia africana (Lour.) Fiori x x x 

1438 Sterculiaceae Sterculia appendiculata K. Schum. x x x 

1439 Sterculiaceae Sterculia quinqueloba (Garcke) K. 

x x 

Schum. 

1440 Sterculiaceae Waltheria indica L. x 

1441 Thymelaeaceae Synaptolepis alternifolia Oliv. x x 

1442 Thymelaeaceae Synaptolepis kirkii Oliv. x x x x x x 

1443 Tiliaceae Carpodiptera africana Mast. x x 

1444 Tiliaceae Corchorus aestuans L. x 

1445 Tiliaceae Grewia bicolor Juss. x x 

1446 Tiliaceae Grewia capitellata Bojer x x 

1447 Tiliaceae Grewia conocarpa K. Schum. x 

95

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


1448 Tiliaceae Grewia forbesii Harv. ex Mast. x x 

1449 Tiliaceae Grewia goetzeana K. Schum. x DD 

1450 Tiliaceae Grewia glandulosa Vahl x x 

1451 Tiliaceae Grewia sp Burret x 

1452 Tiliaceae Grewia microcarpa K. Schum. x 

1453 Tiliaceae Grewia monticola Sond. x 

1454 Tiliaceae Grewia similis K. Schum. x x 

1455 Tiliaceae Grewia vaughanii Exell x 

1456 Tiliaceae Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. x x x 

1457 Tiliaceae Burrtdavya sp x 

1458 Typhaceae Typha dongensis Pers. x 

1459 Apocynaceae Funtumia africana (Benth.) Stapf. x x 

1460 Ulmaceae Celtis gomphophylla Baker x 

1461 Ulmaceae Celtis africana Burm.f. x x 

1462 Ulmaceae Celtis mildebraedii Engl. x 

1463 Ulmaceae Trema orientalis (L.) Blume x x x x x 

1464 Umbelliferae Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. x 

1465 Urticaceae Boehmeria macrophylla Hornen x 

1466 Urticaceae Laportea lanceolata (Engl.) Chew x 

1467 Urticaceae Urera fischeri Engl. x 

1468 Urticaceae Urera hypselodendron (Hochst. ex A. 

x 

Rich.) Wedd. 

1469 Verbenaceae Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. x x 

1470 Verbenaceae Clerodendrum capitatum (Willd.) 

x 

x 

Schumach. & 

Thonn. 

1471 Verbenaceae Clerodendrum glabratum Guerke x 

1472 Verbenaceae Clerodendrum glabrum E. Mey. x 

1473 Verbenaceae Clerodendrum myricoides (Hochst.) Vatke x x 

1474 Verbenaceae Clerodendrum rotundifolia Oliv. x 

1475 Verbenaceae Clerodendrum sansibarensis Gurke x x 

96

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


1476 Verbenaceae Clerodendrum swynnertonii S. Moore x 

1477 Verbenaceae Gmelia arborea Roxb. x 

1478 Verbenaceae Lantana camara L. x x 

1479 Verbenaceae Lantana trifolia L. x 

1480 Verbenaceae Lantana viburnoides (Forssk.) Vahl x x x 

1481 Verbenaceae Lippia javanica (Burm f.) 

x x x 

Spreng. 

1482 Verbenaceae Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene x x LC 

1483 Verbenaceae Premna obtusifolia (Bojer) G?rke x 

1484 Verbenaceae Premna hans-joachimii Verdc. x x VU 

1485 Verbenaceae Premna tanganyikensis Moldenke x x VU 

1486 Verbenaceae Premna obtusifolia R. Br. x 

1487 Verbenaceae Premna sp.A. of FTEA x x 

1488 Verbenaceae Rotheca incisa (Klotzsch) 

x 

Steane & Mabb. 

1489 Verbenaceae Rotheca myricoides (Hochst.) D.A. 

Steane & Mabb 

x 

1490 Verbenaceae Stachytarpheta angustifolia Vahl x x 

1491 Verbenaceae Tectona grandis L. f. x 

1492 Verbenaceae Vitex amaniensis W. Piep. x x VU 

1493 Verbenaceae Vitex doniana Sweet x x x x x x x 

1494 Verbenaceae Vitex mombassae Vatke x x x 

1495 Verbenaceae Vitex mossambicensis G?rke x 

1496 Verbenaceae Vitex payos (Lour.) Merr. x 

1497 Verbenaceae Vitex zanzibarensis Vatke x x x VU 

1498 Violaceae Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F. Muell. x x 

1499 Violaceae Rinorea angustifolia (Engl.) Grey- 

x x x x 

Wilson 

1500 Violaceae Rinorea brachypetala (Turcz.) Kuntze x x x 

1501 Violaceae Rinorea elliptica (Oliv.) Kuntze x x x 

1502 Violaceae Rinorea ferruginea Engl. x x x x 

97

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


1503 Violaceae Rinorea ilicifolia (Oliv.) Kuntze x x x 

1504 Violaceae Rinorea welwitschii (Oliv.) Kuntze x x 

1505 Violaceae Rinorea sp A of FTEA x x x 

1506 Vitaceae Afromomum sp.nov.aff x x 

1507 Vitaceae Ampelocissus africana (Lour.) Merr. x x x 

1508 Vitaceae Ampelocissus obtusata (Planch.) Wild & 

R.B. Drumm. 

x 

1509 Vitaceae Cayratia gracilis (Guill. & Perr.) 

x 

x 

Suess. 

1510 Vitaceae Cissus aralioides Verdc. x 

1511 Vitaceae Cissus cornifolia (Baker) Planch. x 

1512 Vitaceae Cissus integrifolia (Baker) Planch. x 

1513 Vitaceae Cissus phymatocarpa Masinde & L.E. 

x 

x 

Newton 

1514 Vitaceae Cissus oliveri Gilg x x 

1515 Vitaceae Cissus quadrangularis L. x x x x 

1516 Vitaceae Cissus rondoensis Verdc. x x 

1517 Vitaceae Cissus rotundifolia (Forssk.) Vahl x x x x x x 

1518 Vitaceae Cissus zanzibaricum Verdc. x 

1519 Vitaceae Cissus wallacei Verdc. x x 

1520 Vitaceae Cyphostemma adenocaule (Steud. ex A. 

x 

x 

Rich.) Desc. ex 

Wild & R.B. 

Drumm. 

1521 Vitaceae Cyphostemma bidgoodiae Verdc. x x 

1522 Vitaceae Cyphostemma sp x 

1523 Vitaceae Cyphostemma buchananii (Planch.) Desc. 

x 

ex Wild & R.B. 

Drumm. 

1524 Vitaceae Cyphostemma duparquetii (Planch.) Desc. x 

98

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/M 

atumbi Hills 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Jozani 

Ngezi 

Mrora 

Mafia 

CF endemic 

IUCN status 


1525 Vitaceae Cyphostemma hildebrandtii (Gilg) Desc. ex 

x 

Wild & R.B. 

Drumm. 

1526 Vitaceae Cyphostemma subciliatum (Baker) Desc. ex 

x 

Wild & R.B. 

Drumm. 

1527 Vitaceae Cyphostemma kirkianum (Planch.) Wild & 

x 

R.B. Drumm. 

1528 Vitaceae Rhoicissus revoilii Planch. x x x 

1529 Vitaceae Rhoicissus tradentata (L.f.) Willd & 

x 

x 

Drummond 

1530 Xyridaceae Xyris anceps Lam. x x 

1531 Xyridaceae Xyris capensis Thaunb. x 

1532 Xyridaceae Xyris parvula Malme x 

1533 Zingiberaceae Afromomum angustifolia (Sonnerat.) 

x x 

K.Schum. 

1534 Zingiberaceae Costus sp. x 

1535 Zingiberaceae Siphonochilus aethiopicus (Schweinf.) B.L. 

x x x 

Burtt 

1536 Zygophyllaceae Balanites maughamii Sands x x 

1537 Zygophyllaceae Tribulus cistoides L. x 

Total 116 111 571 91 233 227 132 290 219 75 607 248 89 

99

Genus 

species 

IUCN Red list 

status 

Weme 

Kichi hills 

Kiwen-Matumbi 

Mchungu 

Mbarawala 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Unguja 

Jozani 

Pemba 

Ngezi 

Mafia 

Mlola 

Table 3. 9: Desk top study amphibian distribution in coastal forests of Tanzania 

CF=coastal forest; EAM=Eastern Arc Mts; K, T = Kenya, Tanzania, X=specimen; P '83=Pakenham,1983 Pi07=Pickersgill,2007; 

2002=Nahonyo et al., 2002; M&P=Moreau & Pakenham, 1941; ND = Not assessed; Ftz=Frontier Tanzania; db=Univeresity of Dar es 

Salaam Biodiversity database record 

Group, notes and 

endemism 

Family: Arthroleptidae Arthroleptis stenodactylus LC x x x x x 200 

2 

Arthroleptis xenodactyloides LC x x 200 

2 

Family: Brevicipitidae 

Family: Bufonidae 

Endemic to coastal forest 

on Unguja and Mafia 

Islands. 

Endemic to coastal 

woodland and forest from 

the Kilombero Valley to 

south of the Rufiji River. 

Leptopelis flavomaculatus LC FtTz 

'90 

Breviceps mossambicus LC x x FtTz 

'90 

Amietophrynus gutturalis LC x FtTz 

'90 

P 

'83 

200 

2 

Mertensophryne howelli EN 200 

2 

Mertensophryne lindneri LC x 

Mertensophryne loveridgei LC x FtTz 

'90 

x 

x 

P 

'83 

200 

2 

P 

'83 

200 

5 

200 

5 

x 

(Ftz 

) 

x 

(Ftz 

) 

100

Genus 

species 

IUCN Red list 

status 

Weme 

Kichi hills 

Kiwen-Matumbi 

Mchungu 

Mbarawala 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Unguja 

Jozani 

Pemba 

Ngezi 

Mafia 

Mlola 


endemism 

A CF near endemic in K & 

T 

Mertensophryne micranotis LC x FtTz 

'90 

P 

'83 

200 

2 

Family: Hemisotidae 

Family: Hyperoliidae 

sometimes identified as 

pygmaeus 

Hemisus marmoratus LC x FtTz 

'90 

Afrixalus brachycnemis x P 

'83 

200 

2 

Afrixalus delicatus LC 

Afrixalus fornasini LC x P 

'83 

200 

2 

includes sylvaticus Afrixalus stuhlmanni LC 

Near CF endemic Afrixalus sylvaticus EN 

includes nasutus Hyperolius acuticeps LC x 200 

2 

Endemic to Tz, Jozani 

Forest, Unguja Island 

Family: Phrynobatrachidae 

Hyperolius argus LC P 

'83 

Hyperolius mitchelli LC P 

'83 

Hyperolius parkeri LC x P 

'83 

200 

2 

Hyperolius tuberilinguis LC x xdb 

Hyperolius sp. 0 

Kassina jozani EN 200 

2 

Kassina maculata LC P 

'83 

Kassina senegalensis LC x xdb 

101 

200 

2 

P 

'83 

200 

5 

xdb 

xdb

Genus 

species 

IUCN Red list 

status 

Weme 

Kichi hills 

Kiwen-Matumbi 

Mchungu 

Mbarawala 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Unguja 

Jozani 

Pemba 

Ngezi 

Mafia 

Mlola 


endemism 

Endemic to Tz, known 

only from Ngezi Forest, 

Pemba Island; may be 

based on juveniles of P. 

pakenhami. 

Endemic to Ngezi forest, 

Pemba Island if a full 

species 

Endemic to Tz, known 

only from Jozani Forest 

Family: Microhylidae 

Family: Pipidae 

Family: Ptychadenidae 

Phrynobatrachus acridoides LC x x x P 

'83 

Phrynobatrachus mababiensis LC x 

Phrynobatrachus minutus*** ND P 

'83 

Phrynobatrachus natalensis LC P 

'83 

Phrynobatarachus nigripes ND 

Phrynobatarachus pakenhami*** P 

'83 

Phrynobatrachus petropedetoides ND 

Phrynobatrachus ungujae EN Pi 

07 

Phrynomantis bifasciatus P 

'83 

Xenopus muelleri LC x P 

'83 

Hildebrandtia ornata LC x 

Ptychadena anchietae LC x x P 

'83 

Ptychadena mascareniensis LC P 

'83 

200 

2 

200 

2 

200 

2 

200 

2 

200 

2 

P 

'83 

P 

'83 

M& 

P 

M& 

P 

200 

5 

M& 

P 

xdb 

xdb 

102

Genus 

species 

IUCN Red list 

status 

Weme 

Kichi hills 

Kiwen-Matumbi 

Mchungu 

Mbarawala 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Unguja 

Jozani 

Pemba 

Ngezi 

Mafia 

Mlola 


endemism 

Family: Ranidae 

Family Rhacophoridae 

Ptychadena mossambica LC x x 200 

2 

Ptychadena uzungwensis LC 

Ptychadena sp. P 

'83 

Amietia tenuoplicata ND Pi 

07 

Amietia wittei DD 

Hylarana galamensis LC x P 

'83 

Chiromantis xerampelina LC x Ftz 

'90 

x 

P 

'83 

200 

2 

P 

'83 

P 

'83 

M& 

P 

Cha 

nnin 

g 

spec 

. 

103

CITES 

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiweng 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Zbar 

Jozani 

Pemba 

Ngezi 

Mafia 

Mlola 

Table 3.10: Desk top Study Reptile distribution in coastal forests of Tanzania 

Reptiles not yet evaluated by IUCN; P'83-Pakenham, 1983; 2002=Nahonyo et.al, 2002; B&H=Broadley & Howell, 2000; 2005=Dept. 

of Zoology, 2005; B&W=Broadley &Wallach, various studies; x = record, KMH=KM Howell 

Group/Species 

Endemism 

Order Chelonii 

Cheloniidae App I 20 

05 

Chelonia mydas P '83 P '83 - 

Eretmochelys imbricata P '83 P '83 - 

Dermochelyidae 

Dermochelys coriacea App I P '83 x - 

Pelomudusidae 

Pelusios castanoides 2002 P '83 x 

Testudinidae 

App.II 

Kinixys belliana x 2002 

Order Crocodylia 

Crocodylidae 

App.II 

Crocodylus niloticus P '83 

Order Sauria 

Chamaeleonidae 

Chamaeleo dilepis App.II x x x P '83 2002 P '83 - 

Chamaeleo melleri App.II x 

Rhampholeon brachyurus near CF endemic (B&H, 2000) x 

Rhampholeon brevicaudatus CF and EAM endemic x 

Cordylidae 

Cordylus tropidosternum App.II x x x 2002 xd 

b 

B& 

H 

2002 

104

CITES 

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiweng 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Rondo 

Zbar 

Jozani 

Pemba 

Ngezi 

Mafia 

Mlola 

Group/Species 

Endemism 

Gekkonidae 

Cnemaspis uzungwae x x 

Ebenavia inunguis P '83 

Hemidactylus brooki P '83 P '83 

Hemidactylus mabouia x P '83 2002 P '83 x xdb 

Hemidactylus platycephalus x P '83 2002 P '83 - xdb 

Lygodactylus broadleyi 

x 

Lygodactylus capensis x P '83 x xdb 

Lygodactylus 

x P '83 2002 KMH 

luteopocturatus 

Lygodactylus viscatus CF endemic x KM x x x 

H 

obs. 

Phelsuma abbotti Pemba endemic App.II P '83 x 

Phelsuma dubia App.II P '83 

Gerrhosauridae 

Gerrhosaurus major x P '83 

Lacertidae 

Nucras boulengeri 

x 

Scincidae 

Cryptoblepharus boutonii P '83 P '83 x xdb 

Lygosoma mafianum 

x 

Lygosoma pembanum Pemba Island endemic P '83 x 

Lygosoma sundevalli P '83 xdb 

Melanoseps loveridgei 

x 

Melanoseps rondoensis Near CF endemic (B&H, 2000) x 

Panaspis wahlbergi x x x 

Sepsina tetradactylus Near CF endemic (B&H, 2000) x x x x 

Trachylepis albotaeniata Pemba island endemic P '83 x 

Trachylepis maculilabris x x x P '83 xdb 

105

CITES 

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiweng 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Rondo 

Zbar 

Jozani 

Pemba 

Ngezi 

Mafia 

Mlola 

Group/Species 

Endemism 

Trachylepis megalura 

x 

T. striata x x x xdb 

T. varia x 

Varanidae 

Varanus niloticus App.II P '83 

Order Serpentes 

Colubridae 

Aparallactus werneri CF and EAM endemic x 

Atractaspis bibronii x P '83 

Crotaphopelis hotamboeia x P '83 

Crotaphopelis tornieri 

x 

Dasypeltis medici CF endemic P '83 x 

Dipsadoboa aulica P '83 

Dispholidus typus P '83 x x 

Hemirhaggeris nototaenia 

x 

Lamprophis fuliginosus x P '83 P '83 x xdb 

Lycophidion capense x P '83 

Lycophidion pembanum Pemba island endemic P '83 - 

Mehelya capensis P '83 

M. nyassae P '83 

Natriciteres olivacea x P '83 

Natriciteres pembanum Pemba island endemic P '83 x 

Philothamnus hoplogaster 

xdb 

Philothamnus macrops CF and EAM endemic x x P '83 

B& 

H+J 

36 

Philothamnus 

P '83 P '83 x 

semivariegatus 

Psammophis sibilans P '83 

106

CITES 

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiweng 

Mchungu 

Mbara 

Rondo 

Zbar 

Jozani 

Pemba 

Ngezi 

Mafia 

Mlola 

Group/Species 

Endemism 

P. subtaeniatus x P '83 xdb 

Thelotornis capensis x x xdb 

Elapidae 

Dendroaspis angusticeps P '83 P '83 

Naja melanoleuca x P '83 

Naja mossambica P '83 P '83 x 

Leptotyphlopidae 

Leptotyphlops howelli 

x 

Leptotyphlops macrops CF endemic, K+T (B&H, 2000) x 

Leptotyphlops pembae Pemba endemic; see Broadley 

P '83 x 

& Wallach, 2007a 

Leptotyphlops scutifrons 

x 

Leptotyphlops conjunctus 

xdb 

Pythonidae 

Python sebae App.II P '83 P '83 

Typhlopidae 

Ramphotyphlops braminus P '83 P '83 - 

Letheobia lumbriciformis see Broadley & Wallach, 

P '83 

2007b. 

Letheobia pallida 

Zanzibar endemic; see B&W, 

P '83 P '83 - 

2007b. 

Afrotyphlops rondoensis Near endemic; see B&W, 2009 x 

see Broadley & Wallach, 2009 x P '83 

Viperidae 

Bitis gabonica 

x 

Causus defilippii x P '83 

107

IUCN Threat 

status/CITES 

Mbarawala 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Kiwengoma 

Mchungu 

Ngezi 

Rufiji 

Pemba Island 

Zanzibar 

Island 

Mafia Island 

Mlola 

Table 3.11: Desk top study: Bird distribution in coastal forests of Tanzania 

Key to data sources: Mbarawala and – Msuya et al. 2004; Kiwengoma, Mchungu, Pemba Island, 

Zanzibar Island and Mafia Island – Mlingwa et al. 2000; Rondo - Jensen et al. 2005; Rufiji – 

Doody & Hamerlynck, 2003 and Haldane, 1946; Ngezi – Nahonyo et al. 2005. IUCN threat status 

as of 16 December 2011 (www.iucn.org; VU = vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened, EN = 

Endangered). We included Rufiji to represent Kichi and Weme forests. 

Species/Group 

English Name 

Phalacrocorax africanus Reed Cormorant x 

Ixobrychus minutus Little Bittern x 

Nycticorax nycticorax Night Heron x 

Gorsachius leuconotus White-backed 

x 

Night Heron 

Ardeola ralloides Squacco Heron x 

Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret x x 

Butorides striatus 

Green-backed 

x x 

Heron 

Egretta alba Great White Egret x 

Egretta intermedia Yellow-billed 

x 

Egret 

Ardea purpurea Purple Heron x 

Ardea cinerea Grey Heron x 

Ardea melanocephala Black-headed 

x 

Heron 

Scopus umbretta Hamerkop x 

Bostrychia hagedash Hadada Ibis x 

Phoenicopteridae 

App. 

II 

Phoenicopterus ruber Greater Flamingo x 

Anatidae 

Dendrocygna viduata White-faced Tree 

x 

Duck 

Thalassornis leuconotos White-backed 

x 

Duck 

Nettapus auritus Pygmy Goose x 

Falconiformes 

App. 

II 

Aviceda cuculoides Cuckoo Hawk x 

Pernis apivorus Honey Buzzard x 

Macheiramphusalcinus Bat Hawk x x x 

Elanus caeruleus 

Black-shouldered 

x 

Kite 

Milvus migrans Black-billed Kite x x 

Haliaeetus vocifer Fish Eagle x x 

Gypohierax angolensis Palm-nut Vulture x x 

108

IUCN Threat 

status/CITES 

Mbarawala 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Kiwengoma 

Mchungu 

Ngezi 

Rufiji 

Pemba Island 

Zanzibar 

Island 

Mafia Island 

Mlola 

Species/Group 

English Name 

Necrosyrtes monachus Hooded Vulture EN x 

Gyps africanus 

White-backed NT 

x 

Vulture 

Circaetus pectoralis Black-chested 

x 

Snake Eagle 

Circaetus cinereus Brown Snake 

x 

Eagle 

Circaetus fasciolatus Southern Banded NT x x x x x 

Snake Eagle 

Terathopius ecaudatus Bateleur NT x x x 

Polyboroides typus Gymnogene/ 

x x x x 

Harrier Hawk 

Circus macrourus Pallid Harrier NT x 

Circus pygargus Montagu's Harrier x 

Melierax metabates Dark Chanting 

x 

Goshawk 

Micronisus gabar Gabar Goshawk x 

Accipiter melanoleucus Great 

x x x x 

Sparrowhawk 

Accipiter ovampensis Ovambo 

x 

Sparrowhawk 

Accipiter minullus Little 

x 

Sparrowhawk 

Accipiter tachiro African Goshawk x x x x x x x x 

Accipiter badius Shikra x x 

Kaupifalco 

Lizard Buzzard x x 

monogrammicus 

Buteo buteo Common Buzzard x 

Aquila wahlbergi Wahlberg's Eagle x 

Aquila pomarina 

Lesser Spotted 

x 

Eagle 

Aquila nipalensis Steppe Eagle x 

Aquila helaica Imperial Eagle VU x 

Hieraaetus spilogaster African Hawk 

x 

Eagle 

Hieraaetus pennatus Booted Eagle x 

Hieraaetus ayresii Ayres' Hawk Eagle x 

Lophaetus occipitalis Long-crested Eagle x 

Stephanoaetus coronatus Crowned Eagle x x x x x x 

Polemaetus bellicosus Martial Eagle NT x 

Pandion haliaetus Osprey x x 

Sagittarius serpentarius Secretarybird VU 

Falco naumanni Lesser Kestrel x 

Falco tinnunculus Common Kestrel x 

Falco ardosiaceus Grey Kestrel x 

Falco dickinsoni Dickinson's Kestrel x x 

109

IUCN Threat 

status/CITES 

Mbarawala 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Kiwengoma 

Mchungu 

Ngezi 

Rufiji 

Pemba Island 

Zanzibar 

Island 

Mafia Island 

Mlola 

Species/Group 

English Name 

Falco amurensis Amur Falcon x x 

Falco chicquera Red-necked Falcon x 

Falco subbuteo Eurasian Hobby x 

Falco cuvierii African Hobby x 

Falco eleonorae Eleonora's Falcon x 

Falco concolor Sooty Falcon NT x 

Falco biarmicus Lanner Falcon x 

Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon x 

Francolinus coqui Coqui Francolin x 

Francolinus sephaena Crested Francolin x x x 

Francolinus afer 

Red-necked 

x 

Spurfowl 

Coturnix delegorguei Harlequin Quail x x 

Coturnix adansonii Blue Quail x x 

Guttera pucherani Crested 

x x x x x x x x 

Guineafowl 

Numida meleagris Helmeted 

x 

Guineafowl 

Turnix sylvatica 

Common 

x x 

Buttonquail 

Sarothrura elegans Buff-spotted 

x x x 

Flufftail 

Sarothrura rufa 

Red-chested 

x 

Flufftail 

Crex crex Corncrake x 

Crex egregia African Crake x 

Amaurornis flavirostris Black Crake x x 

Gallinula chloropus Common Moorhen x 

Eupodotis melanogaster Black-bellied 

x 

Bustard 

Actophilornis africanus Jacana x x 

Microparra capensis Lesser Jacana x 

Rostratula benghalensis Painted Snipe x x 

Burhinus vermiculatus Water Thicknee x x 

Rhinoptilus chalcopterus Violet-tipped 

x 

Courser 

Cursorius temminckii Temminck's 

x 

Courser 

Pluvialis squatorola Grey Plover x 

Vanellu albiceps 

White-crowned 

x 

Plover 

Vanellus spinosus 

Spur-winged 

x 

Plover 

Vanellus lugubris Senegal Plover x 

Vanellus coronatus Crowned Plover x 

Gallinago gallinago Common Snipe x 

Gallinago media Great Snipe NT x x 

110

Tringa nebularia Greenshank x 

Tringa ochropus Green Sandpiper x 

Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper x 

Actitis hypoleucos Common 

x x 

Sandpiper 

Columba guinea Speckled Pigeon x 

Columba delegorguei Eastern Bronzenaped 

x x 

Pigeon 

Aplopelia larvata Lemon Dove x 

Streptopelia senegalensis Laughing Dove x 

Streptopelia capicola Ring-necked Dove x 

Streptopelia semitorquata Red-eyed Dove x x x 

Turtur chalcospilos Emerald-spotted 

x x x x x 

Wood Dove 

Turtur afer 

Blue-spotted Wood 

x 

Dove 

Turtur tympanistria Tambourine Dove x x x x x x x x x x 

Oena Oen capensis Namaqua Dove x 

Treron pembaensis Pemba Green VU x x 

Pigeon 

Treron calva Green Pigeon x x x x x x x 

Psittaciformes 

App.II 

Poicephalus robustus Brown-necked 

x 

x 

Parrot 

Poicephalus cryptoxanthus Brown-headed 


Parrot 

Agapornis lilianae Lilian's Lovebird NT x 

Tauraco spp. 

App.II 

Tauraco livingstonii Livingstone's 

x x x x x x 

Turaco 

Tauraco porphyreolophus Purple-crested 

x 

Turaco 

Corythaixoides concolor Grey Go-away 

x 

Bird 

Clamator glandarius Great Spotted 

x 

Cuckoo 

Oxylophus jacobinus Jacobin Cuckoo x 

Oxylophus levaillantii Levaillant's 

x 

Cuckoo 

Cuculus solitarius 

Red-chested 

x 

x 

Cuckoo 

Cuculus clamosus Black Cuckoo x 

Cuculus canorus Eurasian Cuckoo x 

Cuculus gularis African Cuckoo x 

Cercococcyx montanus Barred Long-tailed 

x x x 

Cuckoo 

Chrysococcyx cupreus Emerald Cuckoo x x 

Chrysococcyx klaas Klaas's Cuckoo x x 

Chrysococcyx caprius Didric Cuckoo x x 

Ceuthmochares australis Eastern Yellowbill x x x 

Ceuthmochares aereus Yellowbill x x x x x 

Centropus grillii Black Coucal x 

111

IUCN Threat 

status/CITES 

Mbarawala 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Kiwengoma 

Mchungu 

Ngezi 

Rufiji 

Pemba Island 

Zanzibar 

Island 

Mafia Island 

Mlola 

Species/Group 

English Name 

Centropus superciliosus White-browed 

x x x 

Coucal 

Centropus burchellii Burchell's Coucal x 

Strigiformes 

App.II 

Tyto alba Barn Owl x x 

Otus senegalensis African Scops Owl x 

Otus pembaensis Pemba Scops Owl VU x x 

Bubo africanus Spotted Eagle Owl x x 

Scotopelia peli Pel's Fishing Owl x 

Glaucidium perlatum Pearl-spotted 

x 

Owlet 

Glaucidium capense Barred Owlet x x 

Strix woodfordii African Wood Owl x x x x x x x 

Caprimulgus europaeus Eurasian Nightjar x 

Caprimulgus pectoralis Fiery-necked 

x x x 

Nightjar 

Caprimulgus fossii Gabon Nightjar x x 

Telacanthura ussheri Mottled Spinetail x x 

Neafrapus boehmi Böhm's Spinetail x x x x x x x 

Cypsiurus parvus Palm Swift x x x 

Apus apus Eurasian Swift x 

Apus affinis Little Swift x x 

Apus horus Horus Swift x 

Apus caffer 

White-rumped 

x 

Swift 

Colius striatus 

Speckled 

x 

Mousebird 

Urocolius macrourus Blue-naped 

x 

Mousebird 

Apaloderma narina Narina's Trogon x x x x x x 

Corythornis cristata Malachite 

x x 

Kingfisher 

Ceryx picta Pygmy Kingfisher x x x x 

Halcyon albiventris Brown-hooded 

x 

x 

Kingfisher 

Halcyon leucocephala Chestnut-bellied 

x x 

Kingfisher 

Halcyon senegalensis Woodland 

x 

x 

Kingfisher 

Halcyon senegaloides Mangrove 

x x 

Kingfisher 

Halcyon chelicuti Striped Kingfisher x 

Megaceryle maxima Giant Kingfisher x 

Ceryle rudis Pied Kingfisher x x 

Merops pusillus Little Bee-eater x 

Merops hirundineus 

Swallow-tailed 

Bee-eater 

112 

x

IUCN Threat 

status/CITES 

Mbarawala 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Kiwengoma 

Mchungu 

Ngezi 

Rufiji 

Pemba Island 

Zanzibar 

Island 

Mafia Island 

Mlola 

Species/Group 

English Name 

Merops bullockoides White-fronted Beeeater 

x 

Merops albicollis 

White-throated 

x 

Bee-eater 

Merops boehmi Böhm's Bee-eater x x x 

Merops superciliosus Madagascar Beeeater 

x x 

Merops persicus 

Blue-cheeked Beeeater 

x x 

Merops apiaster Eurasian Bee-eater x 

Merops nubicus 

Northern Carmine 

x 

Bee-eater 

Coracias garrulus Eurasian Roller NT x 

Coracias caudata 

Lilac-breasted 

x x 

Roller 

Coracias spatulata Racket-tailed 

x 

Roller 

Eurystomus glacurus Broad-billed Roller x x x x 

Phoeniculus purpureus Green Wood 

x 

x 

Hoopoe 

Rhinopomastus cyanomelas Common 

x 

Scimitarbill 

Upupa africana African Hoopoe x 

Upupa epops Eurasian Hoopoe x 

Tockus erythrorhynchus Red-billed Hornbill x 

Tockus deckeni 

Von der Decken's 

x 

Hornbill 

Tockus alboterminatus Crowned Hornbill x x x x x 

Tockus pallidirostris Pale-billed 

x 

Hornbill 

Tockus nasutus Grey Hornbill x 

Bycanistes bucinator Trumpeter Hornbill x x x x x x 

Bucorvus cafer 

Southern Ground VU x x x 

Hornbill 

Stactolaema leucotis White-eared Barbet x x 

Stactolaema olivacea Green Barbet x x x 

Pogoniulus simplex Green Tinkerbird x x x x 

Pogoniulus bilineatus Yellow-rumped 


Tinkerbird 

Tricholaema lacrymosa Spot-flanked 

x 

Barbet 

Lybius torquatus 

Black-collared 

x 

Barbet 

Lybius melanopterus Brown-breasted 

x 

Barbet 

Trachyphonus vaillanti Crested Barbet x 

Trachyphonus 

erythrocephalus 

Red and Yellow 

Barbet 

x 

113

IUCN Threat 

status/CITES 

Mbarawala 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Kiwengoma 

Mchungu 

Ngezi 

Rufiji 

Pemba Island 

Zanzibar 

Island 

Mafia Island 

Mlola 

Species/Group 

English Name 

Indicator variegatus Scaly-throated 

x 

x 

Honeyguide 

Indicator indicator Greater 

x 

x 

Honeyguide 

Indicator minor Lesser Honeyguide x x 

Indicator meliphilus Pallid Honeyguide x 

Campethera nubica Nubian 

x 

Woodpecker 

Campethera abingoni Golden-tailed 

x x x 

Woodpecker 

Campethera cailliautii Little Spotted 

x 

x 

Woodpecker 

Dendropicosfuscescens Cardinal 

x x x 

Woodpecker 

Thripias namaquus Bearded 

x 

Woodpecker 

Smithornis capensis African Broadbill x x x x x x 

Pitta angolensis African Pitta x x x 

Mirafra rufocinnamomea Flappet Lark x 

Pinarocorys nigricans Dusky Bush Lark x 

Eremopterix leucopareia Fischer's Sparrow 

x 

Lark 

Psalidoprocne holomelas Black Roughwing x x 

Phedina borbonica Mascarene Martin x 

Riparia riparia Sand Martin x 

Hirundo griseopyga Grey-rumped 

x 

Swallow 

Hirundo senegalensis Mosque Swallow x 

Hirundo abyssinica Lesser Striped 

x x 

Swallow 

Hirundo fuligula Rock Martin x 

Hirundo smithii 

Wire-tailed 

x x 

Swallow 

Hirundo rustica European Swallow x 

Delichon urbica House Martin x 

Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail x x 

Motacilla aguimp 

African Pied 

x x 

Wagtail 

Anthus cinnamomeus African Pipit x x 

Macronyx croceus Yellow-throated 

x 

Longclaw 

Campephaga flava Black Cuckoo 

x 

x 

Shrike 

Coracina pectoralis White-breasted 

x 

Cuckoo Shrike 

Andropadus virens Little Greenbul x x x x x 

Andropadus importunus Zanzibar Sombre 

Greenbul 

x 

114

IUCN Threat 

status/CITES 

Mbarawala 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Kiwengoma 

Mchungu 

Ngezi 

Rufiji 

Pemba Island 

Zanzibar 

Island 

Mafia Island 

Mlola 

Species/Group 

English Name 

Chlorocichla flaviventris Yellow-bellied 

x x x x x 

Greenbul 

Phyllastrephus terrestris Terrestrial 

x 

Brownbul 

Phyllastrephus 

Grey-olive 

x 

cerviniventris 

Greenbul 

Phyllastrephus fischeri Fischer's Greenbul x x x x x 

Phyllastrephus 

Yellow-streaked 

x x x x x 

flavostriatus 

Greenbul 

Phyllastrephus debilis Tiny Greenbul x x x x x x 

Pycnonotus barbatus Yellow-vented 

x 

x 

Bulbul 

Nicator gularis Eastern Nicator x x x x x x 

Neocossyphus rufus Red-tailed Antthrush 

x x x x 

Monticola saxatilis Eurasian Rock 

x 

Thrush 

Turdus libonyanus Kurrichane Thrush x 

Zoothera guttata 

Spotted Ground EN 

x 

Thrush 

Sheppardia gunningi East Coast Akalat NT x x x x 

Luscinia luscinia Sprosser x 

Cossypha heuglini White-browed 

x 

Robinchat 

Cossypha natalensis Red-capped 


Robinchat 

Cichladusa arquata Collared Palm 

x 

x 

Thrush 

Cichladusa guttata Spotted Morning 

x 

Thrush 

Cercotrichas quadrivirgata Eastern Bearded 

x x x x 

Scrub Robin 

Cercotrichas leucophrys White-browed 

x 

Scrub Robin 

Oenanthe oenanthe Northern Wheatear x 

Oenanthe pileata Capped Wheatear x 

Oenanthe isabellina Isabelline 

x 

Wheatear 

Myrmecocichla arnotti White-headed 

x 

Black Chat 

Bradypterus baboecala Little Rush 

x 

Warbler 

Melocichla mentalis African 

x 

Moustached 

Warbler 

Acrocephalus 

Sedge Warbler 

x 

schoenobaenus 

Acrocephalus baeticatus African Reed 

Warbler 

x x 

115

IUCN Threat 

status/CITES 

Mbarawala 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Kiwengoma 

Mchungu 

Ngezi 

Rufiji 

Pemba Island 

Zanzibar 

Island 

Mafia Island 

Mlola 

Species/Group 

English Name 

Acrocephalus arundinaceus Great Reed 

x x 

Warbler 

Acrocephalus gracilirostris Lesser Swamp 

x 

Warbler 

Acrocephalus rufescens Greater Swamp 

x 

Warbler 

Hippolais pallida 

Olivaceous 

x 

Warbler 

Eremomela scotops Green-capped 

x 

Eremomela 

Eremomela icteropygiallis Yellow-bellied 

x 

Eremomela 

Sylvietta whytii 

Red-faced 

x 

Crombec 

Macrosphenus kretschmeri Kretschmer's 

x x x 

Longbill 

Phylloscopus trochilus Willow Warbler x 

Sylvia nisoria Barred Warbler x 

Sylvia communis 

Common 

x 

Whitethroat 

Cisticola juncidis Zitting Cisticola x x 

Cisticola aridulus Desert Cisticola x 

Cisticola natalensis Croaking Cisticola x 

Cisticola chiniana Rattling Cisticola x 

Cisticola brachypterus Siffling Cisticola x 

Cisticola angusticauda Tabora Cisticola x 

Cisticola fulvicapillus Piping Cisticola x 

Cisticola erythrops Red-faced 

x 

Cisticola 

Cisticola cantans Singing Cisticola x 

Cisticola galactotes Winding Cisticola x 

Prinia subflava 

Tawny-flanked 

x x x 

Prinia 

Prinia leucopogon White-chinned 

Prinia 

Heliolais erythroptera Red-winged 

x 

x 

Warbler 

Apalis flavida 

Yellow-breasted 

x 

x 

Apalis 

Apalis binotata Masked Apalis x x 

Apalis melanocephala Black-headed 

x 

Apalis 

Camaroptera brachyura Grey-backed 

x x 

Camaroptera 

Camaroptera brevicauda Green-backed 

x 

Camaroptera 

Camaroptera stierlingi Stierling's Wren 

Warbler 

x 

116

IUCN Threat 

status/CITES 

Mbarawala 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Kiwengoma 

Mchungu 

Ngezi 

Rufiji 

Pemba Island 

Zanzibar 

Island 

Mafia Island 

Mlola 

Species/Group 

English Name 

Bradornis microrhynchus Grey Flycatcher x 

Bradornis pallidus Pale Flycatcher x 

Melaenornis pammelaina Southern Black 

x 

Flycatcher 

Muscicapa striata Spotted Flycatcher x x x x 

Muscicapa caerulescens Ashy Flycatcher x 

Myioparus plumbeus Lead-coloured 

x 

Flycatcher 

Bias musicus Vanga Flycatcher x x 

Batis mixta Short-tailed Batis x x x x x x 

Batis soror East Coast Batis x x x 

Batis minor Black-headed Batis x 

Platysteira peltata Black-throated 

x x x x x x 

Wattle-eye 

Erythrocercus livingstonei Livingstone's 

x x x x 

Flycatcher 

Erythrocercus holochlorus Little Yellow 

x 

Flycatcher 

Trochocercus cyanomelas Crested Flycatcher x x x x x x x 

Terpsiphone viridis Paradise Flycatcher x x x 

Illadopsis rufipennis Pale-breasted 

x x 

Illadopsis 

Turdoides jardineii Arrow-marked 

x 

Babbler 

Parus leucomelas Black Tit x 

Parus pallidiventris Cinnamon-breasted 

x 

Tit 

Anthoscopus caroli African Penduline 

x 

Tit 

Anthreptes reichenowi Plain-backed NT x x x 

Sunbird 

Anthreptes neglectus Uluguru Violetbacked 

x x x x 

Sunbird 

Anthreptes collaris Collared Sunbird x x x x x x 

Nectarinia olivacea Olive Sunbird x x x x x x x x x x 

Nectarinia veroxii 

Mouse-coloured 

x 

Sunbird 

Nectarinia amethystina Amethyst Sunbird x 

Nectarinia senegalensis Scarlet-chested 

x x x 

Sunbird 

Nectarinia bifasciata Purple-banded 

x 

Sunbird 

Nectarinia pembae Pemba Sunbird x x 

Zosterops senegalensis Yellow White-eye x x 

Zosterops vaughani Pemba White-eye x x 

Oriolus oriolus Golden Oriole x x x 

Oriolus auratus 

African Golden 

Oriole 

x 

x 

117

IUCN Threat 

status/CITES 

Mbarawala 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Kiwengoma 

Mchungu 

Ngezi 

Rufiji 

Pemba Island 

Zanzibar 

Island 

Mafia Island 

Mlola 

Species/Group 

English Name 

Oriolus larvatus 

Black-headed 

x x x 

Oriole 

Oriolus chlorocephalus Green-headed 

x x x x 

Oriole 

Lanius collurio Red-backed Shrike x x 

Lanius isabellinus Red-tailed Shrike x 

Lanius minor Lesser Grey Shrike x 

Lanius cabanisi Long-tailed Fiscal x 

Lanius collaris Common Fiscal x 

Nilaus afer Brubru x 

Dryoscopus cubla 

Black-backed 


Puffback 

Tchagra minuta Marsh Tchagra x 

Tchagra australis 

Brown-crowned 

x 

Tchagra 

Tchagra senegala 

Black-crowned 

x 

Tchagra 

Laniarius aethiopicus Tropical Boubou x x x x 

Malaconotus 

Sulphur-breasted 

x 

sulfureopectus 

Bush Shrike 

Malaconotus quadricolor Four-coloured 

x x x x 

Bush Shrike 

Malaconotus blanchoti Grey-headed Bush 

x 

x 

Shrike 

Prionops retzii 

Retz's Helmet 

x x x x 

Shrike 

Prionops scopifrons Chestnut-fronted 

x 

x 

Helmet Shrike 

Dicrurus ludwigii 

Square-tailed 

x x x x x x 

Drongo 

Dicrurus adsimilis Common Drongo x x x 

Corvus splendens Indian House Crow x 

Corvus albus Pied Crow x x x 

Corvus albicollis 

White-necked 

x x 

Raven 

Lamprotornis corruscus Black-breasted 

x x x x x x x 

Starling 

Lamprotornis chalybaeus Blue-eared Starling x 

Lamprotornis chloropterus Lesser Blue-eared 

x 

Starling 

Cinnyricinclus leucogaster Violet-backed 

x x x 

Starling 

Creatophora cinerea Wattled Starling x 

Buphagus africanus Yellow-billed 

x 

Oxpecker 

Buphagus erythrorhynchus Red-billed 

x 

Oxpecker 

Passer domesticus House Sparrow x 

118

IUCN Threat 

status/CITES 

Mbarawala 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Kiwengoma 

Mchungu 

Ngezi 

Rufiji 

Pemba Island 

Zanzibar 

Island 

Mafia Island 

Mlola 

Species/Group 

English Name 

Passer griseus 

Grey-headed 

x x 

Sparrow 

Petronia superciliaris White-browed 

x 

Petronia 

Plocepasser mahali White-browed 

x 

Sparrow Weaver 

Ploceus ocularis Spectacled Weaver x x 

Ploceus subaureus Golden Weaver x x 

Ploceus cucullatus Village Weaver x x 

Ploceus jacksoni 

Golden-backed 

x 

Weaver 

Ploceus bicolor 

Dark-backed 

x x x x 

Weaver 

Anaplectes rubriceps Red-headed 

x 

Weaver 

Quelea cardinalis Cardinal Quelea x 

Quelea erythrops Red-headed Quelea x 

Quelea quelea Red-billed Quelea x 

Euplectes hordeaceus Black-winged Red 

x x 

Bishop 

Euplectes nigroventris Zanzibar Red 

x 

Bishop 

Euplectes capensis Yellow Bishop x x 

Euplectes axillaris Fan-tailed 

x 

Widowbird 

Euplectes macrourus Yellow-mantled 

x 

Widowbird 

Euplectes albonotatus White-winged 

x 

Widowbird 

Euplectes ardens 

Red-collared 

x 

Widowbird 

Anomalospiza imberbis Parasitic Weaver x 

Amblyospiza albifrons Grosbeak Weaver x x 

Pytilia melba 

Green-winged 

x 

Pytilia 

Pytilia afra 

Orange-winged 

x 

Pytilia 

Hypargos niveoguttatus Peters' Twinspot x x x x x x 

Mandingoa nitidula Green-backed 

x x x x x x x x x 

Twinspot 

Lagonosticta nitidula Brown Firefinch x 

Lagonosticta senegala Red-billed 

x 

Firefinch 

Lagonosticta rubricata African Firefinch x 

Lagonosticta rhodopareia Jameson's 

x 

Firefinch 

Estrilda astrild Common Waxbill x 

119

IUCN Threat 

status/CITES 

Mbarawala 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Kiwengoma 

Mchungu 

Ngezi 

Rufiji 

Pemba Island 

Zanzibar 

Island 

Mafia Island 

Mlola 

Species/Group 

English Name 

Uraeginthus angolensis Southern 

x 

Cordonbleu 

Uraeginthus cyanocephalus Blue-capped 

x 

Cordonbleu 

Amandava subflava Zebra Waxbill x 

Lonchura cucullata Bronze Mannikin x x x 

Lonchura bicolor 

Black and White 

x 

Mannikin 

Lonchura nigriceps Rufous-backed 

x 

Mannikin 

Lonchura fringilloides Magpie Mannikin x x 

Lonchura oryzivora Java Sparrow x 

Vidua chalybeata Village Indigobird x 

Vidua funerea Dusky Indigobird x 

Vidua macroura Pin-tailed Whydah x 

Vidua paradisaea 

Eastern Paradise 

x 

Whydah 

Vidua obtusa 

Broad-tailed 

x 

Whydah 

Serinus reichenowi Reichenow's 

x 

Seedeater 

Serinus mozambicus Yellow-fronted 

x 

x 

Canary 

Emberiza flaviventris Golden-breasted 

x 

Bunting 

Emberiza cabanisi Cabanis' Bunting x 

120

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/ 

Matumbi 

Mchungu 

Mbarawala 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Unguja 

Jozani 

Pemba 

Ngezi 

Mafia 

Mlola 

Table 3.12: Desk top study: Mammal distribution in coastal forests of Tanzania 

P, '84=Pakenham, 1984; 2002=Nahonyo et al., 2002; 2005=Nahonyo et al., 2005; Only Redlist threat levels above LC are indicated; 

+++=introduced species; WTS 2008=Stanley, 2008; K&S = Kock & Stanley, 2009; G&W-H, 2003=Goldman,& Winther-Hanen, 2003; 

W&R=Wilson & Reeder, 2005; x= record, db=Zoology biodiversity database 

Species and endemism 

CITES and IUCN 

status 

Soricomorpha, Soricidae 

Crocidura fuscomurina P, '84 2002 2005 

Crocidura hirta x x 

Crocidura jacksoni 

Crocidura olivieri P, '84 2002 

Crocidura varia P, '84 

Crocidura sp. x x x x 

Suncus murinus Indian Musk 

P, '84 

Shrew+++ 

Chiroptera, Pteropodidae 

Eidolon helvum NT P, '84 2002 2005 K&S 

Epomophorus labiatus P, '84 2002 K&S 

Epomophorus wahlbergi x x P, '84 2005 K&S 

Epomophorus sp. 

x 

Myonycteris relicta VU x x 

Pteropus seychellensis Appendix II K&S 

Pteropus voeltzkowi Appendix II, VU P, '84 2005 

Rousettus aegyptiacus x P, '84 2005 K&S 

Rousettus sp. 

x 

Lissonycteris angolensis 

Emballonuridae 

Coleura afra P, '84 

Taphozous hildegardeae 

Taphozous mauritanius P, '84 

K&S 

121

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/ 

Matumbi 

Mchungu 

Mbarawala 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Unguja 

Jozani 

Pemba 

Ngezi 

Mafia 

Mlola 



status 

Nycteridae 

Nycteris grandis x P, '84 P, '84 

Nycteris hispida P, '84 

Nycteris macrotis P, '84 

Nycteris thebaica P, '84 2002 K&S 

Nycteris woodi 

Nycteris sp. 

x 

Megadermatidae 

Cardioderma cor P, '84 

Lavia frons x x P, '84 2002 

Hipposideridae 

Cloeotis percivali 

K&S 

Hipposideros caffer P, '84 2002 K&S 

Hipposideros commersoni x P, '84 2002 P, '84 2005 

Hipposideros ruber x x P, '84 2005 

Hipposideros vittatus 

K&S 

Rhinolophidae 

Rhinolophus deckenii NT P, '84 K&S K&S 

Rhinolophus fumigatus 

x 

Rhinolophus hildebrandti x x 

Rhinolophus landeri 

x 

Rhinolophus swinnyi P, '84 K&S 

Triaenops persicus 

x 

Vespertilionidae 

Myotis welwitschii 

x 

Neoromicia nanus x P, '84 P, '84 K&S 

Pipistrellus capensis as Eptesicus 

P, '84 

capensis 

Scotoecus albofuscus 

x 

Scotophilus dinganii P, '84 2002 P, '84 2005 

122

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/ 

Matumbi 

Mchungu 

Mbarawala 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Unguja 

Jozani 

Pemba 

Ngezi 

Mafia 

Mlola 



status 

Scotophilus nigrita P, '84 2002 

Scotophilus viridis x K&S 

Molossidae 

Chaerephon pumila P, '84 

Mops brachypterus as Tadarida P, '84 2002 P,'84 

Tadarida aegyptiaca 

Mops bakarii Pemba endemic, 

probably endemic to Ngezi area 

Primates, Galagonidae 

Not assessed 

Primates, Appendix 

II 

CR x x x 

Galagoides rondoensis, near endemic? 

to CF 

Galagoides zanzibaricus P, '84 2002 

Galago senegalensis P, '84 

Otolemur crassicaudatus x x x x 

Otolemur garnetti x P, '84 2002 P, '84 2005 K&S 

unidentified Galago sp. x x 

Primates, Cercopithecidae 

Primates, Appendix 

II 

Cercopithecus albogularis x x x P, '84 2002 K&S 

Chlorocebus aethiops x x x P, '84 2005 

Colobus angolensis recorded as C. 

x 

polykomos 

Papio hamadryas recorded as P. 

x x 

cynocephalus 

Procolobus kirkii Zanzibar Jozani area 

endemic 

Carnivora, Canidae 

Canis adustus 

Canis sp. 

Otocyon megalotis 

Caranivora, Felidae 

Appendix I as 

Piliocolobus, EN 

x 

x 

x 

P, '84 2002 

WTS, 

2008 

123

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/ 

Matumbi 

Mchungu 

Mbarawala 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Unguja 

Jozani 

Pemba 

Ngezi 

Mafia 

Mlola 



status 

Caracal caracal 

Felis silvestris 

Panthera leo VU x x x x x 

Panthera pardus (historical, but no NT x x x x x x P, ' 84 

recent records) 

Carnivora, Herpestidae 

Atilax paludinosus P, ' 84 2005 

Bdeogale crassicauda x G&W- 

H, 2003 

Galerella sanguinea P, ' 84 2002 

Genetta sp./spp. x x x 

Genetta servalina 

Helogale parvula 

Herpestes auropunctatus+++ 

Herpestes paludinosus 

124 

x 

G&W- 

H, 2003 

Ichneumia albicauda 

Mungus mungo (possibly +++) P, ' 84 2002 

Nandinia binotata 

Perkin, 

'04 

Carnivora, Hyaenidae 

Crocuta crocuta x x 

Caranivora, Mustelidae 

Aonyx capensis Lutrinae, App. II 2005 

Mellivora capensis 

x 

Carnivora, Viverridae 

Civettictis civetta x x P, ' 84 2002 

Viverricula indica +++ P, ' 84 2002 P, ' 84 K&S 

Proboscidea, Elephantidae 

Loxodonta africana Appendix I, VU x x x x 

Hycracoidea, Procaviidae 

K&S

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/ 

Matumbi 

Mchungu 

Mbarawala 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Unguja 

Jozani 

Pemba 

Ngezi 

Mafia 

Mlola 



status 

Dendrohyrax arboreus 

Dendrohyrax validus P, ' 84 2002 P, ' 84 2005 

Heterohyrax brucei x x 

Tubulidentata, Orycteropidae 

Orycteropus afer 

x 

Artiodactyla, Suidae 

Phacochoerus africanus 

x 

Potamochoerus larvatus x x x P, ' 84 2002 K&S 

Sus scrofa +++ P, ' 84 P, ' 84 K&S 

Artiodactyla, Hippopotamidae 

Hippopotamus amphibius Appendix II, VU x K&S 

Perissodactyla, Equidae 

Equus burchellii 

x 

Artiodactyla, Bovidae 

Cephalopus abboti CR x 

Cephalophus adersi P, ' 84 2002 x 

Cephalopus grimmyi 

x 

Cephalophus harveyi P, ' 84 2005 

Cephalophus natalensis x x x P, ' 84 

Hippotragus niger 

x 

Neotragus moschatus x x x x P, ' 84 2002 K&S 

Philantoba monticola P, ' 84 2002 P, ' 84 2005 K&S x 

Raphicercus sharpie 

x 

Syncerus caffer x x x 

Tragelaphus scriptus x x 

Tragelaphus oryx 

x 

Pholidaota, Manidae 

Smutsia temminckii 

App. II 

Rodentia, Sciuridae 

Heliosciurus rufobrachium x P, ' 84 

125

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/ 

Matumbi 

Mchungu 

Mbarawala 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Unguja 

Jozani 

Pemba 

Ngezi 

Mafia 

Mlola 



status 

Heliosciurus undulatus 

K&S 

Paraxerus flavovittis 

x 

Paraxerus ochraceus 

x 

Paraxerus palliatus x x x x x P, ' 84 2002 K&S 

Rodentia, Muridae 

Acomys spinosissimus x x x x x 

Acomys wilsoni 

Aethomys sp. 

x 

Mastomys natalensis 

K&S 

Beamys hindei VU W&R, 2005 x x x x x W&R 

Cricetomys ansorgei 

K&S 

Cricetomys gambianus x P, ' 84 2002 

Grammomys dolichurus x x x K&S 

Lemniscomys griselda x 2002 

Mastomys natalensis x x 

Mus minutoides 

x 

Pelomys fallax 

x 

Rattus rattus +++ P, ' 84 2002 K&S 

Rattus norvegicus+++ P, ' 84 2002 P 2005 

Mus musculus +++ P, ' 84 

Mus minutoides P, ' 84 P 

Saccostomus mearnsi x x x 

Tatera robusta 

x 

Tatera valida 

x 

Tatera sp. 

Rodentia,, Gliridae 

Graphiurus murinus x x 

Graphiurus n.sp. cf parvus 

Rodentia, Thryonomyidae 

Thryonomys swinderianus 

126

Weme 

Kichi 

Kiwengoma/ 

Matumbi 

Mchungu 

Mbarawala 

Ruawa 

Rondo 

Unguja 

Jozani 

Pemba 

Ngezi 

Mafia 

Mlola 



status 

Rodentia, Hystricidae 

Hystrix sp. 

x 

Macrosceloidea, Macroscelididae 

Petrodromus tetradactylus x x K&S 

Rhynchocyon chrysopygus EN x x P, ' 84 2002 

Rhynchocyon cirnei NT x x 

Rhynchocyon petersi VU x x x x x P, ' 84 2002 K&S 

127

4. DISCUSSION 

4.1. Botanical 

4.1.1. Plant diversity and richness of the Kilwa Forests 

The coastal forests studied in Kilwa are found at a very low altitude and there is little variation 

among them. All forests studied are within a range of from 48 to 360m above sea level and 

therefore altitude cannot be a prominent factor in determining the vegetation communities. As 

pointed out by Clarke et al (2000) there are other important factors that may determine 

vegetation assemblages in these forests. Hall et al (2004) pointed out that coastal climatic 

conditions, soil, geology, and landscape characteristics might have significant impacts on the 

community structure of the vegetation in the coastal forests. In addtion, anthropogenic 

disturbances and historic factors as well as the activities of invertebrates such as termites may 

also play a role in shaping the coastal forests. 

In this study, the soil properties and geology were identified as probably the most important 

factors in determining the vegetation communities since they occurred to a large extent on rocky 

outcrops. For example, coral rag was widely distributed in most parts of the forests. The species 

listed as threatened (www.redlist.org) including Erythrina schliebenii, Cynometra webberi, 

Encephalator hildebrandtii and Cynometra gullmanii occurred in forest on coral rag substrate. 

Scorodophloeus fischeri, Karomia gigas, Coffea pseudozanguebariae, Leptactina papyrophloea, 

Vitex zanzibariensis were found on silt loam and reddish soils. On the sandy soils common in 

flood plains, characterstic plant species included Khaya anthotheca, Sorindeia madagascariensis 

and Polysphaeria parvifolia. 

Hall et al (2004) pointed out that anthropogenic activities result in Brachystegia forest, scrub, 

wooded grassland, grassland, open areas and forest edges habitats in coastal forests. This 

observation agrees with our findings in Kilwa that timber sawing, logging, bush fires and 

clearance for cultivation were activities that resulted in habitat changes and the current 

vegetation types in those forests. There has been frequent burning in these forests and the 

regenerating scrub vegetation types may be the result 

Based on systematic sampling of vegetation, a total of 374 plant species were identified in the 

three forests. This includes both opportunitistic sampling and species associated with sampling 

points. These species include trees, shrubs, lianas and herbaceous plants. The studies by 

Whittaker (1960, 1974) on alpha diversity suggest that a forest fragment accommodates a 

minimum of 300 and a maximum of 800 plant species (cited by Clarke et al., 2000). The species 

identified in this study approach the minimum as recorded by Whittaker (1974) showing that the 

Tanzanian coastal forests have high beta diversity. However, comparisons among forest 

fragments in terms of species composition can be misleading due to factors such as seasonality. 

Therefore the number of species within these forests is expected to be higher than what was 

128

identified and recorded (374) and comparable to the maximum figures suggested by Whittaker 

(1960). 

Among the species identified and recorded within sampling plots of all the forests surveyed, 

Pteleopsis myrtifolia, Terminalia sambesiaca, Strychnos henningsii, Millettia stuhlmannii and 

Zanthoxylum chalybeum were among the most abundant and widespread. There was a high level 

of overlap of species among forests particularly for the habitat generalist species such as these. 

The vegetation types identified in the forests of Kilwa (Matapwa, Mitundumbea and 

Namatimbili) reflect the characteristic vegetation community types found in coastal forests in 

Tanzania as described by Clarke and Robertson (2000) with some modification. The vegetation 

types of mixed forest, Brachystegia forest, riverine, and evergreen forests are well represented in 

Namatimbili and Mitundumbea forests. 

The existence of riverine habitat is important and it provides permanent moist conditions which 

favour a number of plant species that have been characterised by IUCN (2011) as threatened. 

The majority of these endemic plant species appear in the Swahelian region. These conditions 

however are very rare in the coastal forests generally (Clarke and Robertson, 2000). However, in 

the Kilwa area such riverine habitats can be found along Mavuji river (in Namatimbili) Mchinjidi 

river (Matapwa forest), and Nyange river (Pindiro). There are mixed forests, scrub, bushland and 

thickets which do not correspond directly with the classification by Clarke and Robertson (2000). 

The application of the classification system of coastal forest developed by Clarke and Robertson 

(2000) is difficult to apply in the coastal forests of south eastern Tanzania due to the complexity 

of the community types. 

4.1.2. Species dependent on forest habitat, “coastal forest species” 

Some species of plants are known to only be able to survive in or near forests and are therefore 

regarded as forest dependent species (see Table. 4.1 and Burgess and Clarke, 2000). In our 

survey, forest specialist species were present, but also a high number of ecologically generalist 

plant species were found. According to Burgess et al., (2000), the dominance of ecologically 

generalist plants in coastal forests is attributed to small-sized patches surrounded by mosaic 

habitats; these forest patches are generally dry for an extended period of the year. The riverine, 

evergreen, woodland, mixed and Brachystegia forest, bushland, thickets and scrub are the 

vegetation types in which both habitat specific and generalist species can be found. 

. 

129

Matapwa 

Mitundumbea 

Namatimbili 

Table 4.1: Coastal forest endemic species recorded in each of the forests visited 

x = present 

S/n Family Plant species name Author 

1 Annonaceae Artabotrys modestus Verdc. x - - 

2 Annonaceae Asteranthe asterias (S. Moore) Engel. & Diels - - x 

3 Annonaceae Lettowianthus stellatus Diels - - X 

4 Annonaceae Mkilua fragrans Verdc. - - x 

5 Annonaceae Ophrypetalum odoratum Diels - x X 

6 Annonaceae Uvariodendron gorgonis Verdc. - - X 

7 Annonaceae Xylopia latipetala Verdc. - - X 

8 Balanitaceae Balanites maughamii Sprague - - X 

9 Cycadaceae Encephalators hildebrandtii A. Br & Bouche var - - X 

10 Dichapetalaceae Dichapetalum braunii Engl. & K. Krause - - X 

11 Dilleniaceae Tetracera litoralis Gilg x - X 

12 Fabaceae Baphia kirkii Baker - x - 

13 Fabaceae Cassia abbreviata Oliv. - - - 

14 Fabaceae Cynometra webberi Baker f. - - x 

15 Fabaceae Cynometra greenwayi Brenan 

16 Fabaceae Cynometra gillmanii J. Leonard - - x 

17 Fabaceae Erythrina sacleuxii Hua x - x 

18 Fabaceae Erythrina schliebenii Harms x x - 

19 Fabaceae Scorodophloeus fischeri (Taub.) J. Leonard - x - 

20 Fabaceae Tessmannia densiflora Harms - - x 

21 Flacourtiaceae Xylotheca tettensis (Kloyzsch) Gilg x - x 

22 Melastomataceae Khaya anthotheca C. DC. x - x 

23 Rubiaceae Coffea pseudozanguebariae Bridson - x x 

24 Rubiaceae Coffea sessiliflora Bridson - x x 

25 Rubiaceae Chassalia umbraticola Vatke - x - 

26 Verbanaceae Karomia gigas (Faden) Verdc. - - x 

27 Verbanaceae Vitex zanzibariensis Vatke x 

Total 8 8 20 

130

Red List status 

Red List 

criteria 

Red List 

criteria version 

Year assessed 

4.1.3 Threatened Plant species found in the survey 

A number of globally threatened plant species were found in the survey, see Tables 3.1 and 4.2 

Table 4.2: The conservation status of plant species detected 

Based on the IUCN Redlist threat status VU= Vulnerable, EN= Endangered, Nt = Near 

threatened, CR= Critical, LC= least concern 

Genus species author 

Baphia kirkii Baker VU B1+2b 2.3 1998 

Croton megalocarpoides Friis & Gilbert LR/nt 2.3 1998 

Cynometra webberi Bak.f. VU B1+2b 2.3 1998 

Cynometra gillmanii Leon CR B1+2abcde, 2.3 1998 

C2b 

Encephalartos hildebrandtii A.Braun & C.D.Bouché NT 3.1 2009 

Erythrina sacleuxii Hua VU B1+2b 2.3 1998 

Erythrina schliebenii Harms EX 2.3 1998 

Gardenia transvenulosa Verdc. VU B1+2b 2.3 1998 

Khaya anthotheca (Welw.) C. DC. VU A1cd 2.3 1998 

Lettowianthus stellatus Diels NT 3.1 2006 

Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C. Berg LR/nt 2.3 1998 

Newtonia paucijuga (Harms) Brenan VU B1+2b 2.3 1998 

Pterocarpus angolensis DC. LR/nt 2.3 1998 

Uvariodendron gorgonis Verdc. EN B2ab(iii) 3.1 2006 

Vitex zanzibarensis Vatke VU B1+2c 2.3 1998 

Zanthoxylum holtzianum (Engl.) Waterm. VU B1+2d 2.3 1998 

Asteranthe asterias (S.Moore) Engl. & Diels NT 3.1 2006 

Artabotrys modestus Diels LC 3.1 2006 

Mkilua fragrans Verdc. VU B1ab(iii) 3.1 2006 

Monanthotaxis trichocarpa (Engl. & Diels) Verdc. LC 3.1 2006 

Ophrypetalum odoratum Diels VU B1ab(ii,iii,v) 3.1 2006 

Uvaria acuminata Oliv. LC 3.1 2006 

Sphaeranthus africanus L. LC 3.1 2006 

Vismia pauciflora Milne-Redh. EN B1+2c 3.1 1998 

Cynometra suaheliensis (Taub.) Bak. f. VU B1+2b 2.3 1998 

Karomia gigas (Faden) Verdc CR 2011 

Dialium holtzii Harms VU B1+2b 2.3 1998 

Tessmannia densiflora Harms EN B1+2c, C2a 2.3 1998 

Coffea pseudozanguebariae Bridson VU B1+2b 2.3 1998 

Gardenia transvenulosa Verdc. VU B1+2b 2.3 1998 

Vitex zanzibariensis Vatke VU B1+2c 2.3 1998 

131

4.1.4. The impacts of human activities on vegetation 

4.1.4.1. Clearance for cultivation 

The reserve is surrounded by land used for crop cultivation. The Mavuji riparian is an important 

agriculture area producing vegetableswhich supply Mavuji, Nangurukuru, Kilwa and the other 

nearby inhabitants. 

4.1.4.2. Logging, pole extraction and exploitation for timber 

There is ongoing illegal logging in the southern coastal forests, including government forest 

reserves and local government reserves. This logging targets important timber species. some of 

which are species of conservation concern. Target species highly exploited for timber include 

Khaya anthotheca, Albizia gummifera, Pterocarpus angolensis, Dalbergia melanoxylon and 

Milicia excelsa, Pterocarpus tinctorius, Afzelia quanzensis, Millettia stuhlmannii. The dense 

evergreen forest is now reduced to patchy bushland with only a few less valuable timber species 

remaining in the fragments. The riverine woodland dominated by Khaya anthotheca has been 

almost completely depleted of Milicia excelsa. The forests closer to human settlement contains 

regenerating Scorodophloeus fischeri and Cynometra webberi that are highly prized for use as 

building poles. 

The biggest variation in vegetation community structure within forests appeared to be caused by logging 

that depleted the populations of some of the target species. When large timber trees are removed the forest 

canopy is opened up, thereby enabling more widespread species to regenerate and making the forest more 

vulnerable to fire. In the case of Mitundumbea and Namatimbili forests, villagers are occasionally 

employed to cut timber by people licensed from outside Kilwa District. Pitsaw camps were distributed 

throughout the Mitundumbea Forest Reserve. The authorities responsible for safeguarding these forests 

appear unable to do so, and forest resources are extracted in an unsustainable manner. This pattern of 

illegal exploitation cuts across many southern coastal Tanzania forests (Clarke and Karoma 2000). 

4.1.4.3. Fire 

Fire is one of the greatest threats to the forests of the coastal areas. Although woodlands are 

usually tolerant of low temperature fires, most forest species are sensitive to fire and easily 

132

destroyed by it.. Intrusion of fire opens up the forest to widespread woodland species, thereby 

reducing habitats and their biodiversity values both in terms of species diversity and greatly 

affecting species of restricted distribution patterns. 

4.1.4.4. Gypsum (Calcium sulphate) Mining 

Gypsum mining occurring in Ngarama area is another threat to biodiversity. Gypsum is calcium 

sulphate (CaSO 4·2H 2 O), used for the production of cement and gypsum powder. Extraction 

machinery in the area destroys vegetation by removing the rock deposits below the surface. The 

most intense impact is in the southern part of Ngarama and the nearby areas as companies appear 

to be operating in the area without any prior environmental impact assessment or studies on the 

effects of mining on biodiversity in the areas. 

4.1.4.5. Critical areas for conservation 

The minimum area required to protect endemic species would need to include as many patches 

as possible along the southern Tanzanian coastal strip. Namatimbili, Mitundumbea and Matapwa 

forests were the only forests surveyed in this study. Protecting the threatened, endemic and the 

near-endemic species requires a matrix of interconnected patches with properly managed 

corridors and habitats. This should involve prioritization of patches that are closer to each other 

for easy management. The Mitundumbea, Matapwa, and Namatimbili including Pindiro and 

Ngarama are suggested as sites that would benefit from such conservation activities; it would be 

best if all of them could be included in conservation plans and actions. 

4.1.4.6. Threatened species 

Species at greatest risk are those with a restricted range, narrow habitat preference and a range 

not presently include in any of the formally protected coastal forests. Based on the present 

vegetation survey, some species that were previously documented as extinct (Karomia gigas and 

Erythrina schliebenii) have been found to be still present in the southern Tanzania forests. 

Karomia gigas has been located only at Mitundumbea Forest Reserve but Erythrina schliebenii 

has been found widely distributed in the southern Tanzanian forests (Particularly Namatimbili 

gorge and Matapwa Forests). The distribution of both species is being rapidly affected by fires 

and logging and tree exploitation. Karomia is more vulnerable as its habitats are more directly 

affected by human activities than those of Erythrina schliebenii. In contrast, for the latter 

species, the effects of anthropogenic activities are limited except for fire. The habitats are to 

some extent naturally protected due to the wide extent of rocky outcrops, unsuitable for 

133

cultivation or for timber extraction, as most of the timber trees do not grow in this habitat. 

Studies of individual species would be needed to determine the threats for the other species 

considered threatened under the various IUCN categories. 

4.1.5. Conservation Issues 

4.1.5.1. General Conservation Issues 

The general conservation issues relating to the surveyed forests include clearing for agriculture, 

fire, illegal and unsustainable removal of wildlife and forest vegetation and products, and in 

some places, mining. Another as yet unassessed threat is climate change, but if climate change 

results in generally drier conditions, or more intense weather events, then climate change can be 

expected to have negative effects on isolated forest patches and associated wildlife. 

It should be noted that although a forest may not have a “charismatic” species or assemblages of 

species, this does not mean that the forest is not of biodiversity importance (Wegner et. al, 2009). 

4.2. Zoological Biodiversity Issues 

4.2.1. Conservation of particular species and groups 

Because each class of animals has particular ecological requirements and conservation issues, each is 

discussed separately. 

4.2.1.1. Amphibians 

Amphibians generally have smooth, moist skins and depend on moist or wet conditions for living 

and reproduction. Many, but not all, depend,for example, on seasonal, temporary pools for 

reproduction. Also, some amphibian species undergo long- distance (one or more kilometeres) 

postbreeding movements away from the seasonal temperary breeding locations. Such species 

depend on dry season refuges in forest patches in which to survive the harsh conditions of a long 

dry season. The amphibian species we detected during this dry season study were geneneralist 

species not restricted to forest, but rather those which are known from woodlands as well as a 

wide variety of habitats (See Channing & Howell, 2006). The best way of addressing amphibian 

conservation issues is to ensure continued forest and breeding habitat. 

134

While our field study was conducted during a dry period, the desk top study noted the presence 

of two species of anurans listed as Endangered according to the IUCN Redlist criteria, 

Mertensophyrne howelli and Kassina jozani. The former is known only from forest on Unguja 

and Mafia islands, and the latter only from Jozani forest. In addition, Ngezi forest provides 

habitat for three endemic amphibians in the genus Phrynobatrachus. These distributions 

emphasize the importance of these island forests and the need for further studies on the 

distributions of these species. 

4.2.1.2. Reptiles 

Most reptiles have dry, scaly skins and are not as dependent on moisture for day to day living as 

are the amphibians. Nor do they depend on free water for reproduction. The reptiles we detected 

were not strictly forest dependent species, but rather those found in open woodland and other 

habitats. Some of the reptiles, such as the tortoises, chameleons, spiny lizards, pythons and 

crocodile are listed on CITES Appendices. We found no evidence that traders were collecting 

for the live animal trade in the forests studied. 

Usually crocodiles are persecuted because they are seen as a threat to human survival, and our 

informants suggested that indeed they were feared by local residents in the Mavuji area. 

A single subspecies of reptile we captured, Sepsina tetradactyla, tetradactyla, has a coastal forest 

distribution and in Tanzania is known from only the coastal forests of south eastern Tanzania 

(Kiwengoma, Rondo and Litipo forests (see Msuya et al., 2004); elsewhere this subspecies is 

known from northern Mozambique and from Malawi. 

The desk top study indicated that in addition to the Unguja and Ngezi forests, coastal forest 

endemic reptiles have been found at Kiwengoma and Rondo forests, and a subspecies of the 

skink Sepsina tetradactyla found in coastal forests is known from Weme, Kichi and others. 

Reptile conservation issues can be addressed by ensuring adequate natural habitat and by control 

of any commercial trade in reptiles that might develop in the future. 

4.2.1.3. Birds 

Twenty-eight species of birds are regarded as Endemic or Near Endemic to coastal forest in East 

Africa (Mlingwa et al., 2000). Seven of these were detected in our survey. Among these seven, 

two, the Southern Banded Snake Eagle (Circaetus fasciolatus) and Reichenow’s Batis (Batis 

reichenowi) have been categorised as Vulnerable and one, Plain-backed Sunbird (Anthreptes 

reichenowi) as Near Threatened using the IUCN Redlist criteria. 

These same species were identified in the desk top study, and in addition, The presence of an 

endemic, the Pemba Scops Owl was noted. The coastal forests are recognized as important for 

intra-African migrants such as the Spotted Ground Thrush and others (Baker & Baker, 2002) and 

many in our study were recognized as Important Bird Areas (Baker & Baker, 2002). 

135

4.2.1.4. Mammals 

Some of the small mammals recorded were those of woodlands and generally mammals detected 

were not regarded as typically associated with forest, such as Acomys sp., the Spiny Mouse. 

However the rodent Beamys hindei is often associated with forest and it is widely distributed in 

coastal and Eastern Arc Mountain forests. The identification and distribution of squirrels is a 

complex topic in East Africa, but the two species captured would seem to be common residents 

of coastal forest. The Galagos (bushbabies) are best studied using specialist techniques involving 

recording of vocalisations, but the three species we detected would be regarded as “expected to 

occur” in coastal forests. Elephant Shrews as a group are of conservation interest but the two 

species of elephant shrew present based on our surveys are known to be of rather widespread 

occurrence and are not strict forest endemics, and they tolerate some human disturbance. 

The largest species of mammal encountered, the African Elephant, is on Appendix I of CITES. 

In the study area it was hunted illegally and especially in riverine situations, vulnerable because 

of its need for water. We were told, and saw, that elephants concentrated in the riverine areas in 

the dry season and only moved away from these during the wetter season. Lions and leopard, 

also listed on the CITES Appendices, occurred and the presence of a female leopard in camp 

with two cubs indicates a breeding record for that species. Many of the larger ungulates appeared 

to be under pressure from poaching, and they were present in only small numbers. We witnessed 

poaching of medium sized mammals (bush pigs); the meat of which was dried and smoked. 

Snares, probably set for small ungulates, were also encountered in the forests. 

Human wildlife conflict in the riverine forest areas was high, elephants are crop-raiders and 

hippos may damage crops and people; one of our assistants bore the scars of an interaction with a 

hippo. 

Important coastal forest endemics from our study and the desk top study included Pteropus 

voeltzkowi, Procolobus kirkii, and Genetta servalina) (an introduced species). 

One of the positive results of the desk top study and use of the Biodiversity Database of the 

Dept. of Zoology & Wildlife Conservation was the discovery of an early record of the Palm 

Civet from Jozani forest (specimen in the National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi), well before that 

of the observation of Perkin (2004). 

Ensuring the continued existence of natural forest will assist the survival of smaller mammals, 

but for those that are hunted for their meat and are of a larger size, greater protection from 

poaching is needed. 

136

4.2.2. General Conservation Issues and Recommendations 

4.2.2.1 Management recommendations 

Given their high biodiversity values, the coastal forests we surveyed as well as others we were 

unable to visit (see Desk top study) should remain the focus for conservation activities. 

Boundaries should be surveyed and connectivity increased. Effectively, the forests of Mbawara 

should be continuous to ensure the highest chances of success for biodiversity conservation. 

Support should be provided to those reserves that bear the responsibility for conserving the nearendemic 

species, such as Mitundumbea, Namatimbili, and Pindiro. The fragmentation of these 

forests may have serious implications for larger mammals and strictly forest dependent birds. 

Efforts should be made to maintain the corridors between these forest patches. 

Immediate action should be taken to halt deforestation in local authority reserves. 

Priority research should include an assessment of the populations of the endemic species found 

in the southern coastal forests. 

Many of the reserve borders need to be re-surveyed, re-established and clearly indicated and 

marked. Survey beacons should be installed for management and monitoring purposes. 

Maps should be prepared of the local authority reserves since many of the forest patches in 

southeastern Tanzanian are not gazetted and their boundaries are not clearly marked. In this 

respect, Namatimbili forest appeared to be rich in species based on our sampling and to support 

coastal forest plants not found at the other sites. 

Our survey indicated that the value of the coastal forests visited is high, especially as regards 

plant biodiversity. The detection of two species of plants previously thought to be extinct 

indicates the need for specialist surveys and continued monitoring. The forests are important 

habitat for many forms of wildlife and serve as a dry season refuge for larger forms such as 

elephants. 

The riverine forest along the Mavuti river in the vicinity of Namatimbili Gorge is important 

habitat for amphibians in the dry season, and birds and large mammals depend on the river for 

water. Because this is one of the few areas with water, humans also prefer this area, and are 

cutting down the forest associated with the river for new cultivation. 

There is a need to develop an approach to conserving the forest such that local residents are able 

to access some of the resources they need, but that also ensures the long-term survival of the 

forest and wildlife. 

137

4.2.2.1 Other recomendations 

There is a need to document and organise the information available on each of the Tanzanian 

coastal forests and constantly update this especially as regards taxonomic and redlist changes. It 

is only by constantly using and analyzing such data (as well as by monitoring to provide more) 

that sound management and conservation can be effected. 

Over the years, numerous studies have been conducted on some but not all of the coastal forests 

(see www.tfcg.org for references). However, few forests appear to have been surveyed 

throughout a year, or even in both the dry and wet seasons. 

We note that there is a need to have an active, constantly updated database of information for 

each forest, listing the published (or unpublished technical report) that provides biodiversity on 

it. Such a database should also include related social and ecnomic activities. In many cases, field 

surveys have only been done during a single season; in addition, certain groups, such as the 

invertebrates have not received sufficient study. 

A major information gap we see is that there is little information on the distribution and role in 

the ecology of invertebrates in the coastal forests. Therefore, one of our recommendations is to 

conduct studies on the ecology of endemic or near endemic plants and animals, including 

invertebrates, as well as wider ecological and taxonomic studies 

Little is known of the biology of the coastal species generally, and there are both plants and 

animals in need of attention, such as the endemic plants and smaller vertebrates. Such studies 

should be prioritised with the most highly threated species receiving priority. 

There appears to be little information on the role of invertebrates in forest ecology, yet these 

animals obviously play important roles as primary consumers, as predators, as prey, as 

pollinators, etc. The current focus on vertebrates, while understandable, needs to be corrected. 

4.2.3.2. Recommendations for monitoring, survey and study 

The Terms of Reference included that the study should provide recommendations for species that 

could be monitored by the project to assess impact. Yet any discussion of monitoring must 

involve such critical issues as who will conduct the monitoring, what species or groups will be 

monitored, where and when the monitoring will take place, and most importantly, why and for 

what purpose the monitoring is being undertaken. 

In some cases, it may be easier for those involved in the monitoring to use indirect indicators of 

forest quality and/or health rather than directly monitor species. The difficulties in monitoring 

species are numerous; one of the most obvious is the need for the monitors to be able to 

accurately identify particular species in the field. 

138

Our observations indicate that both vegetation and larger forms of wildlife are being removed 

illegally and in an unsustainable manner from the forests we visited. For example, in many 

of.the forests visited, the largest mammals such as elephants have been heavily hunted and local 

residents indicated that these animals had been greatly reduced in number. This was also true for 

most of the larger mammals that were hunted for food. A programme that monitors illegal as 

well as legal hunting and removal of timber and timber products would provide critical baseline 

data on offtake and whther or not this is sustainable. 

Given the lack of general information about species present and their ecology, it is not a simple 

matter to suggest suitable species for monitoring. In many cases, one may need to instead 

monitor governance (see Milledge et al., 2007). 

If monitoring is to be done by local community members, then the species involved must be easy 

to recognise, and probably some training of the local community members will be required. 

Depending on the species involved, specialized techniques may be needed, including pitfall 

trapping, camera trapping and much night time field work (especially but not only for bats). 

For Unguja and Pemba islands, some forests are already receiving attention through WCS. We 

suggest that others may require more general surveys before it is possible to identify monitoring 

activities. We provide suggestions for survey and monitoring in Table 4.3. 

139

Table 4.3: Sites sampled with recommendations for survey and /or monitoring 

Name of Forest Sampled in the field? Vegetation to be 

monitored 

Faunal monitoring 

Ngarama Plateau forests Visited only briefly Erythrina schliebenni 

Mbarawara Plateau 

Erythrina schliebenni 

Pindiro Sampled briefly Erythrina schliebenni Hippopotamus 

Namatimbili gorge Sampled Erythrina schliebenni; 

Poaching, elephant Khaya anthotheca 

movements; Sepsina t. 

tetradactylus 

Matapwa Sampled Erythrina schliebenni Monitor poaching of large 

mammals 

Mitundembea Sampled Karomia gigas; 

Scorodophloeus fischeri 

Monitor poaching of large 

mammals 

Matumbi-Kichi Hills Not sampled Diospyros amaniensis; Cordylus tropidosternum 

Xylopia collina 

Rondo plateau and 

Not sampled 

Baphia kirkii, Newtonia Galigoides rondoensis 

surrounding hills 

paucijuga 

Unguja forests: 

Jozani Chwaka NP visited 

so as to see not only 

Visited 

Canthium impressinervium, 

Mkilua fragrans 

Red Colobus population, 

Kassina jozani 

situation inside the NP but 

also at the edges 

Kitwele General botanic survey Survey for endemics 

Uzi General botanic survey Red colobus, amphibians 

and reptiles need to be 

surveyed 

Pemba Island 

Ngezi General botanic survey General survey to confirm 

identification of endemic 

species of amphibians 

reported to occur, and 

presence of other 

endemics; 

Mkowe General botanic survey General survey, with 

emphasis on Pemba 

endemics 

Kangagani Vitongoji General botanic survey General survey, with 

emphasis on Pemba 

endemics 

140

4.3. Limitations of the study 

A major limitation of the study was the season; the weather was dry and therefore many species 

were innactive and not able to be detected by trapping or other means; this was especially true 

for amphibians. Also due to dieback of most plant species during the season in which sampling 

was done, the identification was a problem making the checklist less exhaustive. 

Other limitations included transport, difficulties of logistics and local bureaucracy that often took 

hours and days to complete. Thus, in some cases days budgeted for field sampling were instead 

spent in lengthy discussions with local officials. We also realised that due to the size of the team 

and the amount of equipment required, the use of two large capacity, strong, four-wheel drive 

vehicles were needed. We were fortunate to be able to arrange this as well as for a 2 nd armed 

guard; it was only because of these arrangements that we were able to work efficiently and to 

sample vegetation and wildlife separately. 

Early during the fieldwork, it was recognised that it would not be possible to visit all of the sites 

noted in the TOR. We therefore focussed on those with the least data associated with them; in 

some cases the botanical team was able to visit sites not seen by the zoological team, but still 

made observations on wildlife. 

141

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146

6. Appendices 

Appendix 6.1: Itinerary WWF SE Tz fieldwork Sept Oct Nov 20xx 

Date Activity Location, Notes 

x0 Sept Shopping for supplies 

xx Sept Packing Vehicle 

x2 Sept Departed Dar 0700 hrs 

Dar es Salaam 

Dar es Salaam 

Using 2 vehicles, one Toyota hardtop from Dept. of 

Zoology for most of the equipment (traps, etc) and a 

Land Rover Discovery for the people. Team consisted of 

Driver Rodius Munla, Dr. C. Msuya, (team leader) Dr. 

C. Mligo (botanist) Chacha Werema (bird specialist), 

Phillip Kihaule (mammal specialist) Michael Kimaryo 

(field assistant, trapper) and Suleimanni Haji (botanist 

assistant) . 

Arrived Kilwa ca x430 hrs as government offices were 

closing; lodged at Mujaka rest bandas. 

x3 Sept Time spent at WWF office, 

Kilwa and District offices 

Kilwa, met Mr. Isaac Mulugu, WWF Office and Almasi 

Kashingja ; introduced to District Wildlife 

officerAbushiri Mbwana who introduced us to District 

Wildlife Officer Victor Shabu; and arranged for us to be 

in village by giving letters of introduction to villagers 

and instructions how to reach the villages and arranged 

for an armed Game Ranger from Selous, Mr. Godofisi, 

to accompany us. He had to be transported from the 

Selous Game Reserve because all other armed Wildlife 

Staff were out in the bush. We completed formalities for 

picking him up from Miguruwe Sector, Selous Game 

Reserve. 

We agreed to contribute fuel for a vehicle to pick him 

from 70 km away and return. We could not use our 

already overloaded vehicles to do this. 

x4 Sept Moved to campsite 

07:30 then drove to Mavuji village , left Kilwa to meet 

armed Game Ranger at road junction; then drove to 

Mavuji village along main road to Lindi. Then to 

Mchkama Village. The village level formalities there 

147

took hours. We saw we could not camp at the village, 

the gorge working site would have been a 6 km walk in. 

But it would have taken at least one week for the now 

unused track to be cleared and we would have had to 

incur the cost of the villagers doing this. 

We thus decided to get someone who would accompany 

us to the area. We camped in a clearing when the stumps 

in the road prevented us from going further. This camp 

was made as dusk approached and elephants were 

present. We reached a point where we could not proceed 

any fuather and camped there in the Namatimbili forest 

(37L 0525733, UTM 899204x). But this camp was too 

far from the water for a permanent camp. 

Earlier, we had visited Mavuji Njenga on the 

Mbarawala Plateau 

x5 Sept Cleared a road and 

continued area suitable for 

a base camp in Namatimbili 

Gorge 

x6 Sept Checking traps and 

processing specimens; set 

traplines 3,4, 5: Botanists 

establishing transects; 

x7 Sept Checking traps, processing 

specimens; Botanists 

conducting transects 

Base camp in Namatimbili Gorge (37L 0525357, UTM 

8992436) 

Base Camp; was established and 2 BPFLs set, one in 

woodland, on in riverine vegetation along the Mavuti 

River. We had ordered 6 assistants from the village to 

assist in setting raps, but we were ale to use only 3 due 

to the high prices charged by them for daily labour. 

Botanists also found another good forest with evergreen 

patches 

Botanists found another good forest with evergreen 

patches 

x8 Sept Sampling continues 

x9 Sept Sampling continues 

20 Sept Sampling continues 

148

2x Sept Traps checked, then 

removed; camp moved 

We went back to Mkuchama village to say good bye; we 

also met former UDSM student Baruani Mishale , now 

post grad, conducting field work. Back to Mavuji, main 

road towards Lindi and Kiwawa village along main road 

that looks over Mutumbea; We had to go through much 

bureaucracy at village level; we had taken 2 villagers 

who we had trained, but we said we would also take 

some people from Kiwawa. This was agreed. These 

negotiations took most of the day. 

The terrain was extremely steep and rocky, we needed 

all the power the vehicles had. By x600 hrs, we had 

reached Mitundumbea area campsite on Mbarawala 

plateau. The area had been heavily logged, camp site at: 

37L 053x097, UTM 8983498 

22 Sept Traplines 1-5 set 

23 Sept Data collection began 

24 Sept CAM drove back to Dar es 

Salaam 

There was a need to relieve the University Driver Rodius 

Munda, so Land Rover Discovery drove back to Dar es 

Salaam to pick up driver Ulaya. 

25 Sept 

26 

Dept 

Driver Rodius Munda 

dropped at main road to 

take bus back to Dar es 

Salaam; driver Ulaya now 

driving UDSM vehicle 

Sampling continues 

27 Sept Botanists to Ngarama Sampling continues 

28 Sept Data collection; traps 

removed, broke camp 

Proceeding to Lindi late in the day, arriving at dusk. 

29t 

Sept 

Dealing with Lindi District 

and Regional offices and 

bureaucracy 

Entire day spent dealing with formalities 

30 Sept Left Lindi town, drove to 

Mkwajuni village, then to 

We were trying to find a suitable track into Matapwa 

(Namatapwa in the TOR); we went to a school, realised 

149

Mpingo, 8 km from main 

road. 

we could not camp there becauswe it was too far from 

the forest. Then we went back to Mpingo and took a 

different route, but the camp site threw would have been 

a 5 km walk to the forest. We went to Mpingo, crossed 

the dry river bed and made a camp in the village where 

we could get water from a well: Camp set at 37L 

0542545, UTM 8930845; no traplines set on this day. 

01 Oct Traps set, Matapwa village 

camp site; 

02 Oct Mist nets set; Botanists set 

transects to the sw 

Botanists found elephant kills; one was a tuskless animal 

so perhaps they were killed for meat rather than only 

ivory. 

03 Oct Sampling continued 



06 Oct Trap lines closed and traps 

washed and packed 

Others drove to Kilwa to return maps to WWF and to 

briefly visit Pindiro forest areas 

07 Oct Drove back to Dar, left 

about 0800 hrs, arrived in 

Dar ca 2000 hrs. 

20 Nov Flew through Coastal 

Aviation to Unguja 

21 Nov Meeting with WCS 

representative 

K.M. Howell, C. Msuya, C. Mligo 

Met with Dr. T. Davenport to discuss Zanzibar and 

Pemba forest status and activities 

22 Nov Visit to Jozani and environs Our planned night time fieldwork to detect the endemic 

frog Kassina jozani had to be cancelled 

23 Nov Flew back to Dar es Salaam 

We were not able to visit Matumbi or Rondo due to limitations (see above) 

150

Appendix 6.2: Small vertebrates (amphibians, reptiles, mammals) detected using trapping 

techniques 

Appendix 6.2.1: Namatimbili Forest, trapping data for small vertebrates 

Bucket Pitfall Trapline I: Location: 37L. 0525492; UTM 8992204 

Habitat: Mixed evergreen forest, on a hill side 

Date: 16- 

Sep 

17- 

Sep 

18- 

Sep 

19- 

Sep 

20- 

Sep 

21- 

Sep 

Total 

Trapping effort (No. of 

11 11 11 11 11 11 66 

Buckets) 

Species: 

Catch 

rate 

Stephopaedes loveridgei 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.015 

Panaspis wahlbergi 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 0.03 

Petrodromus tetradactylus 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0.015 

Cordylus tropidosternum 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.015 

Shermans 20 20 20 20 20 20 120 

Species Grammomys dolichurus 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0.017 

Snaps 20 20 20 20 20 20 120 

Species Petrodromus tetradactylus 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.008 

Bucket Pitfall Trapline 2: 

Habitat: Evergreen Riverine forest in gorge 

Date: 16- 

Sep 

17- 

Sep 

18- 

Sep 

19- 

Sep 

20- 

Sep 

21- 

Sep 


11 11 11 11 11 11 66 

Buckets) 

Species: 

Crocidura sp 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 0.03 

Stephopaedes loveridgei 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.015 

Trachylepis maculilabris 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 0.03 

Sepsina tetradactyla 0 1 0 0 0 1 0.015 


Arthroleptis 

0 0 1 0 0 1 0.015 

xenodactyloides 

Causus defilippi 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0.015 

Shermans 20 20 20 20 20 20 120 

Species 

Snaps 

Species 

Eastern-bearded Scrub 

Robin 

0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.008 

Bucket Pitfall Trapline 3: Location: 37L. 0526121 UTM 8990553 

Habitat: Woodland, edge of forest 

Date: 16- 

Sep 

17- 

Sep 

18- 

Sep 

19- 

Sep 

20- 

Sep 

21- 

Sep 

151


Buckets) 

Species: 

0 11 11 11 11 11 55 

Shermans 0 20 20 20 20 20 100 

Species Panaspis wahlibergi 0 1 2 0 0 0 3 0.03 

Snaps 

Species Petrodromus tetradactylus 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0.02 


Habitat: Woodland 

Date: 16- 

Sep 

17- 

Sep 

18- 

Sep 

19- 

Sep 

20- 

Sep 

21- 

Sep 


Buckets) 

0 11 11 11 11 11 55 

Species: Panaspis wahlbergi 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0.018 


Shermans 0 20 20 20 20 20 100 

Species 

Snaps 0 20 20 20 20 20 100 


Habitat: Riverine forest in gorge 

Date: 16- 

Sep 

17- 

Sep 

18- 

Sep 

19- 

Sep 

20- 

Sep 

21- 

Sep 


0 11 11 11 11 11 55 

Buckets) 

Species: 

Arthroleptis 

0 5 4 0 0 0 9 0.164 

xenodactyloides 

Amietophrynus maculata 0 1 0 0 1 1 3 0.055 

Arthroleptis sp 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 0.073 

Trachylepis maculilabris 0 0 1 0 0 1 0.018 

Panaspis wahlbergi 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.018 

Shermans 0 20 20 20 20 20 100 

Species 

Snaps 0 20 20 20 20 20 100 

152

Appendix 6.2.2: Mitundumbea Forest Reserve trap data trapping data for small vertebrates 

Bucket Pitfall Trapline I: Location: 37L. 0531007 UTM 8983813 

Habitat: Open woodland on plateau 

Date: 23- 

Sep 

24- 

Sep 

25- 

Sep 

26- 

Sep 

27- 

Sep 

28- 

Sep 

Total Catch 

rate 


11 11 11 11 11 11 66 

Buckets) 

Species: 

Mertensophryne 

0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0.015 

loveridgei 


Crocidura sp 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0.03 

Phrynobatrachus sp 0 0 1 2 0 0 3 0.045 

Snaps 20 20 20 20 20 20 120 

Lemniscomys sp 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0.008 

Petrodromus 

tetradactylus 

0 0 0 1 1 0 2 0.017 

Shermans 20 20 20 20 20 20 120 

Crocidura sp 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0.025 

Acomys sp 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0.017 


Habitat: Closed woodland 

Date: 23- 

Sep 

24- 

Sep 

25- 

Sep 

26- 

Sep 

27- 

Sep 

28- 

Sep 


11 11 11 11 11 11 66 

Buckets) 

Species: Trachylepis maculilabris 1 4 1 2 0 0 8 0.121 


Arthroleptis 

1 1 1 0 0 0 3 0.045 

sternodactylus 

Breviceps mossambicus 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.015 

Typhlops sp 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.015 

Schismaderma carens 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.015 

Trachylepis varia 0 0 0 3 0 2 5 0.076 

Heliobolus neumanni 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0.03 

Lygodactylus capensis 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.015 

Agama mossambica 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.015 

Snaps 20 20 20 20 20 20 120 

Species: Tatera sp 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.008 

Shermans 20 20 20 20 20 20 120 


Habitat: Evergreen forest 

Date: 23- 

Sep 

24- 

Sep 

25- 

Sep 

26- 

Sep 

27- 

Sep 

28- 

Sep 

153


11 11 11 11 11 11 66 

Buckets) 

Species: Schismaderma carens 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0.03 

Heliobolus sp 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0.015 


Paraxerus palliatus 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.015 

Acomys sp 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.015 

Snaps 20 20 20 20 20 20 120 

Species 

Shermans 20 20 20 20 20 20 120 

Species 


Habitat: Shrubland 

Date: 23- 

Sep 

24- 

Sep 

25- 

Sep 

26- 

Sep 

27- 

Sep 

28- 

Sep 


11 11 11 11 11 11 66 

Buckets) 

Species: 


loveridgei 

4 1 0 3 0 0 8 0.121 

Snaps 20 20 20 20 20 20 120 

Species 

Petrodromus 

tetradactylus 

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.008 

Shermans 20 20 20 20 20 20 120 

Species Paraxerus palliatus 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0.008 


Habitat: Riverine thicket 

Date: 23- 

Sep 

24- 

Sep 

25- 

Sep 

26- 

Sep 

27- 

Sep 

28- 

Sep 


11 11 11 11 11 11 66 

Buckets) 

Species: 


1 0 0 1 0 0 2 0.03 

loveridgei 

Crocidura sp 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.015 

Apparalactis capensis 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.015 

Cordylus tropidosternum 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.015 

Snaps 20 20 20 20 20 20 120 

Species Grammomys sp. 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0.008 

Acomys sp 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.008 

Shermans 20 20 20 20 20 20 120 

154

Appendix 6.2.3: Matapwa Forest Reserve trapping data trapping data for small vertebrates 

Bucket Pitfall Trapline I: Location: 37L. 0542522 UTM 8930868 

Habitat: Open woodland in valley, forest/cultivation edge 

Date: 2- 

Oct 

3- 

Oct 

4- 

Oct 

5- 

Oct 

6- 

Oct 

Total Catch 

rate 


11 11 11 11 11 55 

Buckets) 

Species: 

Trachylepis 

1 2 0 0 0 2 0.036 

maculilabris 


Shermans 20 20 20 20 20 100 

Acomys sp 0 1 0 1 0 2 0.02 

Tatera sp 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.01 

Snaps 20 20 20 20 20 100 

Species 

Petrodromus 

0 1 1 1 0 3 0.03 

tetradactylus 

Tatera sp 1 1 1 0 0 3 0.03 

Paraxerus palliatus 0 0 2 1 0 3 0.03 

Bucket Pitfall Trapline 2: Location: 37L 0542189 UTM 8930637 

Habitat: Mixed dry forest 

Date: 2- 

Oct 

3- 

Oct 

4- 

Oct 

5- 

Oct 

6- 

Oct 

Total Catch 

rate 


11 11 11 11 11 55 

Buckets) 

Species: Trachylepis varia 0-Jan 0-Jan 0-Jan 0-Jan 2-Jan 2-Jan 0.036 


Knixys belliana 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.018 

Shermans 20 20 20 20 20 100 

Snapss 20 20 20 20 20 100 

Species: Acomys sp 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.01 


Habitat: Mixed dry forest in valley 

Date: 2- 

Oct 

3- 

Oct 

4- 

Oct 

5- 

Oct 

6- 

Oct 

Total Catch 

rate 


11 11 11 11 11 55 

Buckets) 

Species: 

Arthroleptis 

0 0 0 1 0 1 0.018 

stenodactylus 

Trachylepis 

0 0 0 2 2 0.036 

maculilabris 


Leptotyphlops sp 0 1 0 0 0 1 0.018 

155

Shermans 20 20 20 20 20 100 

Acomys sp 0 3 0 0 0 3 0.03 

Snaps 20 20 20 20 20 100 

Species: 


Habitat: Mixed dry forest on plateau 

Date: 2- 

Oct 

3- 

Oct 

4- 

Oct 

5- 

Oct 

6- 

Oct 

Total 


11 11 11 11 11 55 

Buckets) 

Catch 

rate 

Species: Panaspis wahlbergi 0 0 4 0 3 7 0.127 

Trachylepis varia 0 0 1 0 0 1 0.018 

Gerrhosaurus 

0-Jan 0-Jan 1-Jan 0-Jan 0-Jan 1 0.018 

flavigularis ? 

Agama mossambica 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.018 

Shermans 20 20 20 20 20 100 

Species Mastomys sp 3 2 0 1 0 6 0.06 

Snaps 20 20 20 20 20 100 

Species: 


Habitat: Mixed dry forest on plateau 

Date: 2- 

Oct 

3- 

Oct 

4- 

Oct 

5- 

Oct 

6- 

Oct 

Total 


11 11 11 11 11 55 

Buckets) 

Species: 

Trachylepis 

Catch 

rate 

0 1 0 0 4 5 0.091 

maculilabris 

Panaspis wahlbergi 7-Jan 4-Jan 6-Jan 5-Jan 6-Jan 28 0.509 

Leptotyphlops sp 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.018 

Shermans 20 20 20 20 20 100 

Species: 

Snaps 20 20 20 20 20 100 

Species: 

156

Appendix 6.3: Birds and Bats detected, mist netting 

1.NAMATIMBILI 

63 m of netting for 26 hours 

Species Number of individuals Catch rate per 1000 metre net hours 

African Broadbill 2 1.22 

Blue-mantled Crested Flycatcher 1 0.61 

Grey-backed Camaroptera 2 1-Jan 

Olive Sunbird 7 4-Jan 

Red-capped Robin Chat 2 1.22 

Yellow-bellied Greenbul 2 1.22 

Yellow-streaked Greenbul 4 2.44 

Bat 

63 metres of netting for 24 night hours 

Epaulated Fruit Bat 4 2.65 

2. MITUNDUMBEA 

90 metres of netting for 24 daylight hours 


Crested Francolin 1 0.31 

Eastern Nicator 5 1.54 

Grey-backed Camaroptera 5 1.54 

Peter's Twinspot 2 0.62 

Bat 

90 metres of netting for 36 hours 

Epaulated Fruit Bat 4 1.85 

3. MATAPWA 

93 metres of netting for 41 day light hours 


African Broadbill 1 0.26 

African Goshawk 1 0-Jan 

African Pygmy Kingfisher 2 0-Jan 

Black-backed Puffback 1 0.26 

Black-throated Wattle-eye 1 0.26 

Eastern Nicator 3 0.79 

Fisher's Greenbul 3 0.79 

Forest Batis 1 0.26 

Grey-backed Camaroptera 1 0.26 

Olive Sunbird 2 0.52 

Peter's Twinspot 7 1.84 

Plain-backed Sunbird 1 0.26 

Red-capped Robin Chat 2 0.52 

Square-tailed Drongo 2 0.52 

Tambourine Dove 3 0.79 

Yellow-streaked Greenbul 1 0.26 

Bats 

93 metres of netting for 36 night hours 

Epaulletted Fruit Bat 1 0.3 

Lander's Horseshoe Bat 1 0.3 

157

Appendix 6.4: Birds detected, Timed Species count data 

Appendix 6.4.1: Timed Species Count, Namatimbili 

Species Score 1 Score 2 Score 3 Score 4 Score 5 Total Score Mean Score 

Hadada Ibis 0 0 6 0 0 6 1.2 

Southern Banded Snake Eagle 6 0 0 0 0 6 1.2 

African Goshawk 6 0 0 0 0 6 1.2 

Crowned Eagle 6 0 0 0 0 6 1.2 

Crested Guineafowl 0 0 0 6 0 6 1.2 

Red-eyed Dove 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Emerald-spotted Wood Dove 0 0 0 3 0 3 0.6 

Tambourine Dove 6 0 0 0 0 6 1.2 

Brown-necked Parrot 5 0 0 0 0 5 1 

Livingstone's Turaco 5 0 0 0 0 5 1 

Klaa's Cuckoo 5 0 0 0 0 5 1 

African Wood Owl 5 0 0 0 0 5 1 

Boehm's Spinetail 0 0 0 5 0 5 1 

Narina's Trogon 0 0 0 6 0 6 1.2 

Brown-hooded Kingfisher 5 0 0 0 0 5 1 

Little Bee-eater 0 0 0 5 0 5 1 

Boehm's Bee-eater 0 0 0 3 0 3 0.6 

Green Wood Hoopoe 5 0 0 0 6 11 2.2 

Common Scimitarbill 0 0 0 6 0 6 1.2 

Crowned Hornbill 4 0 0 0 0 4 0.8 

Trumpeter Hornbill 5 0 0 0 0 5 1 

Southern Ground Hornbill 0 0 6 0 0 6 1.2 

Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird 0 0 5 0 0 5 1 

Green Barbet 0 0 6 0 6 1.2 

Golden-tailed Woodpecker 4 0 5 0 0 9 1.8 

African Broadbill 3 0 0 0 0 3 0.6 

Black Cuckoo-shrike 0 0 0 6 0 6 1.2 

White-breasted Cuckoo-Shrike 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.2 

Zanzibar Sombre Greenbul 3 0 0 0 0 3 0.6 

Yellow-bellied Greenbul 2 0 3 0 6 11 2.2 

Yellow-streaked Greenbul 0 0 0 0 6 6 1.2 

Common Bulbul 0 0 1 0 6 7 1.4 

Eastern Nicator 0 0 6 0 0 6 1.2 

Red-tailed Ant Thrush 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.2 

Red-capped Robin Chat 2 0 0 0 0 2 0.4 

Eastern Bearded Scrub Robin 0 0 3 0 0 3 0.6 

Krestchmer's Longbill 0 6 0 0 0 6 1.2 

Yellow-breasted Apalis 0 0 0 2 0 2 0.4 

Grey-backed Camaroptera 0 6 0 0 0 6 1.2 

Livingstone's Flycatcher 0 0 0 6 6 12 2.4 

Crested Flycatcher 0 0 3 0 0 3 0.6 

Ashy Flycatcher 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.2 

African Paradise Flycatcher 0 6 0 0 0 6 1.2 

158


Yellow White-eye 0 0 5 0 6 11 2.2 

Collared Sunbird 0 4 0 0 6 10 2 

Plain-backed Sunbird 0 0 4 0 0 4 0.8 

Amethyst Sunbird 0 0 0 4 0 4 0.8 

Olive Sunbird 0 4 0 0 0 4 0.8 

Black-headed Oriole 0 5 0 0 0 5 1 

Ret'z Helmet Shrike 0 0 4 0 0 4 0.8 

Black-backed Puffback 0 6 0 0 0 6 1.2 

Tropical Boubou 0 0 0 5 0 5 1 

Brubru 0 3 0 0 0 3 0.6 

Sulphur-breasted Bush Shrike 0 0 0 5 0 5 1 

Square-tailed Drongo 0 5 0 0 0 5 1 

Black-breasted Starling 0 0 2 6 0 8 1.6 

Dark-backed Weaver 0 3 0 0 0 3 0.6 

Peters' Twinspot 0 0 0 4 0 4 0.8 

Appendic 6.4.2: Timed Species Count, Mitundumbea 

Species Score 1 Score 2 Score 3 Score 4 Score 5 Total score Mean Score 

Bateleur 0 0 0 0 6 6 1.2 

Crested Francolin 6 0 6 0 0 12 2.4 

Crested Guineafowl 6 0 0 0 0 6 1.2 

Red-eyed Dove 6 6 0 0 0 12 2.4 

Emerald-spotted Wood Dove 6 0 6 0 0 12 2.4 

Green Pigeon 6 0 0 0 0 6 1.2 

Brown-headed Parrot 0 0 1 0 0 1 0.2 

Brown-necked Parrot 6 0 0 0 0 6 1.2 

Livingstone's Turaco 0 0 0 0 4 4 0.8 

African Barred Owlet 0 0 6 0 0 6 1.2 

Brown-hooded Kingfisher 0 0 0 3 0 3 0.6 

Little Bee-eater 0 0 1 5 0 6 1.2 

Boehm's Bee-eater 3 0 0 0 0 3 0.6 

Green Wood Hoopoe 0 2 1 0 0 3 0.6 

Crowned Hornbill 6 0 0 4 0 10 2 

Trumpeter Hornbill 3 0 0 3 0 6 1.2 

Southern Ground Hornbill 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird 2 0 0 2 0 4 0.8 

Golden-tailed Woodpecker 0 0 0 0 5 5 1 

Cardinal Woodpecker 0 6 5 1 0 12 2.4 

African Broadbill 0 0 0 6 0 6 1.2 

Yellow-bellied Greenbul 4 0 0 0 0 4 0.8 

Tiny Greenbul 0 0 0 0 6 6 1.2 

Common Bulbul 5 0 0 0 0 5 1 

Eastern Nicator 6 0 0 6 0 12 2.4 

Red-capped Robin Chat 0 0 0 0 6 6 1.2 

Eastern Bearded Scrub Robin 0 5 0 0 0 5 1 

159

Species Score 1 Score 2 Score 3 Score 4 Score 5 Total score Mean Score 

Piping Cisticola 0 4 0 5 0 9 1.8 

Tawny-flanked Prinia 4 0 5 0 0 9 1.8 

Yellow-breasted Apalis 0 0 0 0 5 5 1 

Grey-backed Camaroptera 0 3 0 6 0 9 1.8 

Reichenow's Batis 4 6 6 5 0 21 4.2 

Cape Batis 0 0 0 0 3 3 0.6 

Ashy Flycatcher 0 0 0 0 6 6 1.2 

Collared Sunbird 6 6 4 1 0 17 3.4 

Amethyst Sunbird 0 4 3 6 0 13 2.6 

Olive Sunbird 6 6 0 3 0 15 3 

Black-headed Oriole 0 0 6 0 0 6 1.2 

Ret'z Helmet Shrike 0 0 6 0 0 6 1.2 

Black-backed Puffback 6 0 6 6 0 18 3.6 

Tropical Boubou 5 0 0 6 0 11 2.2 

Brown-crowned Tchagra 5 6 5 0 0 16 3.2 

Square-tailed Drongo 6 0 4 6 0 16 3.2 

Dark-backed Weaver 0 5 0 6 0 11 2.2 

Peters' Twinspot 0 4 0 0 0 4 0.8 

Black and White Mannikin 0 4 0 0 0 4 0.8 

Appendix 6.4.3: Timed Species Count, Matapwa 


Bat Hawk 0 0 0 6 0 6 1 

Southern Banded Snake Eagle 0 0 0 6 0 6 1 

Bateleur 0 0 0 6 0 6 1 

Gymnogene 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 

African Goshawk 6 5 0 0 5 16 3 

Crowned Eagle 0 0 0 6 0 6 1 

Red-eyed Dove 0 0 0 6 0 6 1 

Emerald-spotted Wood Dove 0 0 0 6 0 6 1 

Tambourine Dove 0 5 6 0 1 12 2 

Brown-necked Parrot 0 6 0 1 0 7 1 

White-browed Coucal 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 

Spotted Eagle Owl 0 0 0 6 0 6 1 

Little Bee-eater 5 0 0 0 0 5 1 

Boehm's Bee-eater 3 0 0 0 6 9 2 

Green Wood Hoopoe 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 

Crowned Hornbill 5 0 6 0 0 11 2 

Trumpeter Hornbill 4 4 0 0 0 8 2 

Southern Ground Hornbill 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 

Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird 0 0 6 0 5 11 2 

Cardinal Woodpecker 6 0 0 0 6 12 2 

African Broadbill 0 5 0 5 0 10 2 

Zanzibar Sombre Greenbul 6 0 0 0 0 6 1 

Yellow-bellied Greenbul 0 0 5 5 0 10 2 

160


Fischer's Greenbul 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 

Common Bulbul 0 0 0 6 0 6 1 

Eastern Nicator 6 0 3 0 6 15 3 

Red-tailed Ant Thrush 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Eastern Bearded Scrub Robin 0 0 6 0 5 11 2 

Tawny-flanked Prinia 0 0 0 6 0 6 1 

Yellow-breasted Apalis 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 

Grey-backed Camaroptera 5 6 6 0 6 23 5 

Cape Batis 0 4 6 0 4 14 3 

Livingstone's Flycatcher 2 5 0 4 6 17 3 

Crested Flycatcher 0 0 0 4 5 9 2 

Ashy Flycatcher 0 0 0 6 0 6 1 

Black and White Shrike Flycatcher 0 0 0 3 6 9 2 

Mouse-coloured Sunbird 0 0 0 0 5 5 1 

Collared Sunbird 6 5 0 4 0 15 3 

Plain-backed Sunbird 0 0 4 0 0 4 1 

Scarlet-chested Sunbird 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 

Olive Sunbird 6 6 5 0 0 17 3 

Black-headed Oriole 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 

Chestnut-fronted Helmet Shrike 0 0 0 5 0 5 1 

Black-backed Puffback 6 6 5 0 6 23 5 

Tropical Boubou 6 0 0 1 0 7 1 

Sulphur-breasted Bush Shrike 5 6 4 0 0 15 3 

Square-tailed Drongo 2 6 6 0 1 15 3 

Pied Crow 0 0 0 6 0 6 1 

White naped Raven 0 0 0 6 0 6 1 

Dark-backed Weaver 0 6 3 4 0 13 3 

Peters' Twinspot 6 6 0 3 0 15 3 

Blue-capped Cordonbleu 2 0 0 3 6 11 2 

Red-billed Firefinch 4 0 0 0 0 4 1 

Bronze Mannikin 0 0 0 5 5 10 2 

Yellow-fronted Canary 0 0 0 5 0 5 1 

Appendix 6.5: Photographs 

Appendix 6.5.1: Botanical photos 

Appendix 6.5.2: Zoological photos 

161

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