Frontier Tanzania Environmental Research REPORT 110 ...

Frontier Tanzania Environmental Research 

REPORT 110 

KAZIMZUMBWI FOREST RESERVE 

A Biodiversity Survey 

Hall, S.M., Staddon, S., Howell, K.M. and Fanning, E. (Eds.) 

Frontier Tanzania 

2004

Frontier Tanzania Environmental Research 

REPORT 110 

KAZIMZUMBWI FOREST RESERVE 

A Biodiversity Survey 

Hall, S.M., Staddon, S., Howell, K.M. and Fanning, E. (Eds.) 

Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources, 

Environment and Co-operatives 

Zanzibar Revolutionary Government 

Society for Environmental 

Exploration 

University of Dar es Salaam 

Institute of Marine Sciences 

Dar es Salaam 

2004

Suggested citation: Suggested Technical Report citations: 

Frontier Tanzania 2002. Hall, S.M., Staddon, S., Howell, K.M. and Fanning, E. (Eds.). Kazimzumbwi 

Forest Reserve. A Biodiversity Survey. Coastal Forest Research Programme Technical Report No. 

110. 

Staddon, S., Ntemi, A.S., Hall, S.M. and Murphy, A. 2002. Floral Diversity of Kazimzumbwi Forest 

Reserve. In: Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve. A Biodiversity Survey. Hall, S.M., Staddon, S., Howell, 

K.M. and Fanning, E. (Eds.). Coastal Forest Research Programme Technical Report No. 110. 

The Frontier-Tanzania Environmental Research Report Series is published by: 

The Society for Environmental Exploration 

50-52 Rivington Street 

London, EC2A 3QP 

United Kingdom 

Tel: +44 (0)20 7613 3061 

Fax: +44 (0)20 7613 2992 

Email: research@frontier.ac.uk 

Web Page: www.frontier.ac.uk 

ISSN 1479-1161 (Print) 

ISSN 1748-3670 (Online) 

ISSN 1748-5124 (CD-ROM) 

© Frontier Tanzania 2004, 2005

The University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM) 

The University of Dar es Salaam was established in July 1970 as a centre for learning and research in the 

arts and the physical, natural, earth, marine, medical and human sciences. The University is surveying and 

mapping the flora and fauna of Tanzania and is conducting research into the maintenance and improvement 

of the environment and the sustainable exploitation of Tanzania’s natural resources. 

The Society for Environmental Exploration (SEE) 

The Society is a non-profit making company limited by guarantee and was formed in 1989. The Society’s 

objectives are to advance field research into environmental issues and implement practical projects 

contributing to the conservation of natural resources. Projects organised by The Society are joint initiatives 

developed in collaboration with national research agencies in co-operating countries. 

Frontier Tanzania Forest Research Programme and Coastal Forest Research Programme 

The Society for Environmental Exploration and the University of Dar es Salaam have been conducting 

collaborative research into environmental issues since July 1989 under the title of Frontier Tanzania, of 

which one component is the Frontier Tanzania Forest Research Programme (FT FRP). Between 1989 and 

1994 short term survey work was carried out in 27 Coastal Forests. The main objectives were to assess the 

extent and condition of the forests. The data collected during this research has contributed significantly to 

the publication of Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa, IUCN. Since July 1994, the FT FRP has been working 

in the forests of the East Usambara mountains in collaboration with the East Usambara Conservation Area 

Management Programme (EUCAMP) and Udzungwa Mountains in collaboration with Matumizi Endelevu 

ya Mistu ya Asili (MEMA). These surveys of selected forests reserves have collected baseline biodiversity 

data and assisted in the management of these mountain forests. During 2001, two Coastal Forest Reserves 

were revisited. Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve and Ruvu Forest Reserve were surveyed more intensively to 

investigate biodiversity and forest-use. 

FOR MORE INFORMATION: 

Dept. of Zoology & Marine Biology 

University of Dar es Salaam 

P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 

Tel: 255-22-2410462 

E-mail: zoology@udsm.ac.tz 

Society for Environmental Exploration 

50-52 Rivington Street, London, U.K. 

Tel: +44 20 76 13 30 61 

Fax: +44 20 76 13 29 92 

E-mail: development@frontier.ac.uk 

Frontier-Tanzania 

Project Co-ordinator 

Forest Research Programme 

P.O. Box 9473 

Dar es Salaam 

E-mail: frontier@africaonline.co.tz

Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve 

iv 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve encompasses a 3550ha area of East African Coastal Forest. It 

lies at an altitude of 120 to 280 m a.s.l., on the Pugu Hills in the District of Kisarawe, Pwani 

Region, some 20 km south-west of Dar es Salaam. 

As part of the Coastal Forest Research Programme, Frontier Tanzania conducted a baseline 

biodiversity survey of the northern half of Kazimzumbwi FR between June and August 2001. 

The floral diversity of Kazimzumbwi FR was surveyed using a combination of systematic 

vegetation plots, regeneration sub-plots and opportunistic botanical collections. Mature trees 

and shrubs were sampled within the vegetation plots at an intensity equal to 0.06% of the total 

reserve area. Faunal diversity was assessed through surveying the following target taxa; 

mammals (including bats), reptiles, amphibians, butterflies, molluscs and millipedes. 

Surveying was achieved through a combination of standardised, repeatable methods at 

‘zoological trapsites’, surveys of dung and other animal signs along specific transects and 

opportunistic collection and observation. An investigation of forest use and human impact 

within the reserve was made through systematic transect surveys and observations on an 

opportunistic basis. This report provides inventories of tree and shrub species recorded within 

plots and through opportunistic collection, and of all the targeted faunal taxa. Each species 

listed is described in terms of its ecological requirements, endemic status and conservation 

status. These criteria are used to assess the uniqueness of biodiversity within the reserve and 

its vulnerability to human disturbances. A summary of these findings is presented in Table 1. 

Table 1. Summary of biodiversity surveyed within Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve. 

Taxon Total number Number of Number of Number of 

of species forest dependent endemic species not 

species species ^ previously recorded 

in Kazimzumbwi FR 

Plants 111 * 11 (10%) 21 (19%) 13 (12%) 

11 ** 1 (10%) 3 (27%) 0 

50 *** 5 (10%) 8 (16%) 7 (14%) 

Mammals 32 7 (22%) 4 (13%) 9 (28%) 

Reptiles 28 5 (18%) 4 (14%) 14 (50%) 

Amphibians 23 6 (26%) 7 (30%) 8 (24%) 

Butterflies 140 42 (30%) 12 (9%) 81 (58%) 

Total 395 77 (20%) 59 (15%) 132 (33%) 

^ Endemic species: Trees and shrubs endemic to the Swahilian Regional Centre of Endemism 

Fauna endemic to Coastal Forests and/or Eastern Arc forests and/or a few other East African forests 

* Recorded in vegetation plots 

** Recorded in regeneration sub-plots 

*** Recorded through opportunistic botanical collection 

Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve encompasses a diverse assemblage of vegetation communities 

and rich floral and faunal species diversity. The reserve comprises a mosaic of closed dry 

forest, Brachystegia forest, scrub, woodland, wooded grassland and riverine/swamp forest. 

The relatively low number of forest dependent species, and subsequently high number of 

ecological generalists, is thus to be expected. 

Thirty-two species of plant and thirty species of animals recorded in Kazimzumbwi Forest 

Reserve are restricted in range and are considered endemics. The link between endemism and 

forest-dependency is demonstrated within all taxa surveyed. The liane Milletia puguensis is 

endemic to the Pugu Hills and the tree species Baphia puguensis is endemic to the Pugu Hills 

and Gongolamboto area. The record of the Montane agama Agama montana alters the 

endemic status of this species which has previously only been recorded in selected Eastern


v 

Arc forests. If the identification of the frog Leptopelis barbouri is verified, the record in 

Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve will also represent a range extension for this species, again 

previously only recorded within selected Eastern Arc forests. The butterfly Pentila rondo, 

considered endemic to the Rondo Plateau, was tentatively identified within the reserve, thus 

potentially representing another species range extension. 

A high number of species recorded in Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve have not previously been 

found in either the reserve or Coastal Forests in general. This reflects the lack of attention 

given to Coastal Forests in past biological inventory work, which has instead often been 

concentrated in the Eastern Arc mountains. 

The habitats and species of Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve were found to be under pressure 

from pole and timber extraction, charcoal production, fire, animal trapping, cultivation and 

the presence of footpaths. Certain tree species appear to have been targeted for pole and 

timber extraction, charcoal production and makonde carving. Important species such as 

Milicia excelsa and Dalbergia melanoxylon are now considered rare within the reserve. 

It is hoped that the results of this survey work will be used be used by those working at all 

levels to ensure the protection of this extremely biologically rich but currently threatened 

reserve.


vi 

FOREWORD 

Coastal Forest is thought to have once covered the whole of the eastern seaboard of Africa. 

Today only some 250 patches of forest are left, covering just 3200 km 2 . Coastal Forests are 

considered one of the richest forest types in Africa, containing large numbers of endemic 

species. Among these endemics are 550 plants, 8 mammals, 9 birds, 26 reptiles, 2 frogs, 79 

butterflies, more than 89 snails and many more than 20 molluscs. Coastal Forests have gained 

global recognition as being part of one of 25 Global Biodiversity Hotspots (Conservation 

International). Collectively, these 25 Hotspots cover barely 1.4 % of the planet’s land area but 

account for approximately 44 % of all vascular plant species and 35 % of four major 

vertebrate groups. Combined with Eastern Arc forests, Coastal Forests contain the highest 

levels of species endemism per unit area of remaining intact natural vegetation in the world. 

Coastal Forests however epitomise the difficulties of conservation. They are small and highly 

fragmented patches surrounded by impoverished rural communities with a high and growing 

demand for and dependence on forest resources. Many of the isolated forest patches have 

exceptional levels of localised endemism, making prioritisation for conservation difficult. 

The Forest Research Programme of Frontier Tanzania was initiated in 1989 to improve the 

poor knowledge of Coastal Forest status, distribution and biological character. Over the 

following six years the Programme gathered information on 25 Coastal Forests stretching the 

length of Tanzania. After gaining considerable experience in survey work of Tanzania’s 

Eastern Arc forests, the Forest Research Programme of Frontier Tanzania subsequently 

returned to study additional Coastal Forests. The survey methods currently employed have 

been standardised and aim to provide systematic baseline information on the biological values 

of even more Coastal Forests. The results given in this report are hereby presented to 

conservationists and foresters to aid the sustainable long-term development of Tanzania’s 

Coastal Forests. 

The Programme involved locally employed Field Assistants and Forest Officers, staff from 

the University of Dar es Salaam and Frontier Tanzania, and an international network of 

taxonomists and other experts. This report is the result of the efforts of these many people and 

they are all thanked for their hard work and enthusiasm. It is hoped that the culmination of 

their work and the publication of this report will help in some way to ensure the future of the 

unique Coastal Forests of East Africa.


vii 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Executive Summary 

Foreword 

Table of Contents 

List of Figures 

List of Tables 

Acknowledgments 

iv 

vi 

vii 

ix 

x 

xi 

1. Introduction 1 

1.1 Introduction to Coastal Forests 1 

1.1.1 Location and Extent 1 

1.1.2 Vegetation Types 2 

1.1.3 Endemism 2 

1.1.4 Threat 2 

1.1.5 Protection and Management 3 

1.1.6 Conservation 3 

1.1.7 Previous work 3 

2. Aims and Objectives 4 

2.1 Aims 4 

2.2 Objectives 4 

3. Study Site 5 

3.1 General Description 5 

3.2 Location 5 

3.3 Physical features and land use 5 

3.3.1 Soils 5 

3.3.2 Catchment values 5 

3.3.3 Rainfall and topography 6 

3.3.4 Vegetation 6 

3.3.5 Land use 6 

4. Floral diversity of Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve 9 

4.1 Introduction 9 

4.2 Aims 11 

4.3 Methods 11 

4.3.1 Vegetation plots 12 

4.3.2 Regeneration plots 12 

4.3.3 Opportunistic botanial collection 12 

4.4 Results 13 

4.4.1 Vegetation plots 13 

4.4.2 Regeneration plots 19 

4.4.3 Opportunistic botanical collection 22 

4.4.4 Vegetation types 25 

4.5 Discussion 26 

4.5.1 Botanical richness and diversitt 26 

4.5.2 ‘New records’ 27 

4.5.3 Forest dependency 28 


4.5.5 Regeneration 29 

4.5.6 Threats 29 

4.6 Conclusions 31


viii 

5. Forest use and human impact 32 


5.2 Aims 34 



5.4.1 Pole and timber extraction 35 

5.4.2 Poles 35 

5.4.3 Timber 37 

5.4.4 Other forms of disturbance 39 

5.4.5 Disturbance hotspots 39 

5.4.6 Charcoal production 43 

5.4.7 Animal trapping 43 

5.4.8 Pitsawing 43 

5.4.9 Fire 43 

5.4.10 Past cultivation and settlement 44 


5.5.1 Pole and timber extraction 44 

5.5.2 Effects of access and disturbance 45 

5.5.3 Priorities for management 46 

6. Faunal diversity of Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve 47 


6.2 Aims 47 


6.3.1 Zoological trapsites 48 

6.3.2 Dung and sign surveys 49 

6.3.3 Opportunistic collection and observations 50 

6.3.4 Identification 50 


6.4.1 Mammals 51 

6.4.1.1 Bats and small mammals 54 

6.4.1.2 Larger mammals 56 

6.4.2 Reptiles 56 

6.4.3 Amphibians 58 

6.4.4 Butterflies 61 

6.4.5 Molluscs 64 

6.4.6 Millipedes 64 


6.5.1 Mammals 64 

6.5.2 Reptiles 66 

6.5.3 Amphibians 67 

6.5.4 Butterflies 68 

6.5.5 Molluscs and millipedes 69 

6.6 Conclusions 69 

6.6.1 ‘New records’ 69 

6.6.2 Species richness and diversity 70 

6.6.3 Forest dependency 70 


6.6.5 Species of conservation concern 70 

References 71 

Appendix 1. Coastal forest vegetation types 72 

Appendix 2. Taxonomic verification 74 

Appendix 3. Vegetation plot descriptions. 75 

Appendix 4. Species lists for Coastal Forests 76 

Coastal Forest Research Programme Technical Paper Series 117


ix 

LIST OF FIGURES 

Figure 1 Extent of major upland areas in eastern and south-eastern Africa, the Zanzibar- 

Inhambane regional mosaic (sensu White, 1983a and b), and the Coastal Forest belt as 

defined in this Chapter (which encompasses the Swahilian regional centre of endemism and 

the Swahilian/Maputaland regional transition zone). Taken from Burgess and Clarke, 2000. 

Page 

2 

Figure 2 Location of Kazimzumwi and Pugu FRs in Tanzania. 7 

Figure 3 Location of Kazimzumwi FR in relation to surrounding towns and villages. 8 

Figure 4 Relationships between the different kinds of eastern African Coastal Forest, as well 10 

as to other regional and azonal forests. Eastern African Coastal Forest additionally merges 

with Maputaland-Pondoland forest in southern Mozambique and northern Natal, but forest of 

this type is not included here since it should be included as a transitional formation belonging 

to the Maputaland-Pondoland regional mosaic. Taken from Burgess and Clarke, 2000. 

Figure 5 Position of vegetation plots and disturbance transect lines in Kazimzumbwi 11 

FR. 

Figure 6 Total number of poles and timber sampled per hectare during 

35 

Kazimzumbwi FR disturbance assessment. 

Figure 7 Mean number of live, naturally fallen, old cut and new cut poles per hectare 36 

throughout Kazimzumbwi FR with standard error bars. 

Figure 8 Total number of live, old cut and new cut poles per hectare for each transect 37 

line. 

Figure 9 Mean total number of live, naturally fallen, old cut and new cut timber per 38 

hectare throughout Kazimzumbwi FR with standard error bars. 

Figure 10 Total number of live, old cut and new cut timber per hectare for each transect line. 39 

Figure 11 Specific locations along Transect A of forms of disturbance other than 41 

pole and timber cutting (where VP stands for vegetation plot and Bdr, Forest Reserve 

Border). 

Figure 12 Specific locations along Transect B of forms of disturbance other than 41 

pole and timber cutting. 

Figure 13 Specific locations along Transect C of forms of disturbance other than 42 


Figure 14 Specific locations along Transect D of forms of disturbance other than 42 


Figure 15 Specific locations along Transect E of forms of disturbance other than 43 


Figure 16 Location of zoological trapsites (TS) in Kazimzumbwi FR. 48


x 

LIST OF TABLES 

Page 

Table 1. Summary of biodiversity surveyed within Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve. 

iv 

Table 2 Provisional list of tree and shrub species recorded within vegetation plots in 13 

Kazimzumbwi FR. 

Table 3 Tree and shrub species recorded within regeneration plots in Kazimzumbwi FR. 19 

Overlap exists between this list and that presented in Table 2, although those species solely 

occurring in regeneration plots are highlighted with an *. 

Table 4 Opportunistic plant species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. 22 

Table 5 Summary of plant diversity recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. 26 

Table 6 Disturbance transect results for total pole counts (mean percentages in 

36 

brackets). 

Table 7 Disturbance transect results for total pole counts per hectare (percentages of 36 

all poles sampled per hectare in brackets). 

Table 8 Disturbance transect results for timber counts (mean percentage in brackets). 37 

Table 9 Disturbance transect results for average timber counts per hectare 38 

(percentages of all timber sampled per hectare in brackets). 

Table 10 Incidences of various types of disturbance shown as a tally (of a total of 39 

440 50m transect sections) a percentage, and a rank. 

Table 11 Summary of disturbance hotspots within Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve (refer to 40 

Figure 6 for transect section locations). 

Table 12 Mean percentages of natural and man made disturbance of four Coastal 44 

Forest sites and Manga Forest Reserve (East Usambara mountains). 

Table 13 Greatest mean extraction rates of poles and timber per hectare in 45 

Kazimzumbwi and Manga Forest Reserves. 

Table 14 Summary descriptions of trapsites in Kazimzumbwi FR. 50 

Table 15 Summary of mammal diversity recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. 51 

Table 16 Mammal species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. 51 

Table 17 Summary of ecological type and endemic status of mammal species 

53 

recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. 

Table 18 Ranges of near-endemic mammal species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR . 54 

Table 19 Small mammal species captured at trapsites in Kazimzumbwi FR. 55 

Table 20 Reptile species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. 56 

Table 21 Ranges of near endemic reptile species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. 58 

Table 22 Ampibian species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. 59 

Table 23 Ranges of near-endemic amphibian species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. 60 

Table 24 Summary of butterfly species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. 61 

Table 25 Butterfly species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. 61 

Table 26 Ranges of near endemic butterfly species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. 64 

Table 27 Summary of faunal richness and the forest dependency, endemicity and 69 

conservation status of species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR.


x 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

This report is the culmination of the advice, co-operation, hard work and expertise of many people. In 

particular we would like to acknowledge and thank the following people: 

MANAGEMENT 

FRONTIER-TANZANIA 

Managing Director of SEE: Eibleis Fanning 

Development Programme Manager: Elizabeth Humphreys 

Director of Research: 

Dr. D. Stanwell Smith 

Operations Manager: 

Matthew Willson 

UDSM Co-ordinators: 

Prof. K. M. Howell and Dr M. Muruke 

Forestry and Bee Keeping Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism 

Professor Iddi, Director of Forestry and Beekeeping 

Dr. Kilahama, Tanzania Forest and Conservation Project 

FIELD RESEARCH 

FRONTIER-TANZANIA 

Project Manager: 

Research Co-ordinator: 

Assistant Research Co-ordinators: 

Logistics Co-ordinator: 

Research Assistants 

Field Assistants: 

Forest Guards (Kisarawe): 

Nicola Beharrell 

Susannah Hall 

Sam Staddon, Adam Murphy 

Jillian Smith 

Laura Blair, Martin Burster, Oliver Davey, Matthew Fossey, 

Charlie furness, Jody Gunn, Ashley Hanoman, Darren Kidney, 

Chris King, Catherine Stevenson, Kieran Voong, Peter Ward, 

Kate Woodcock. 

Mohamed Chenza, Hozea Martin, Kazim Kibiriti, Chenga 

Chamwi, Asia Salum. 

Salum Pazi, Tito Mwenda. 

TECHNICAL SUPPORT 

We would also like to thank the following: 

UDSM: 

Dr. C. Msuya, Department of Zoology and Marine Biology 

Mr. Henry Ndangalasi, Department of Botany, Herbarium 

Mr. Frank Mbago, Department of Botany, Herbarium. 

Botanist: 

Mr. Albert Ntemi, East Usambara Conservation Area 

Management Programme. 

Kew Royal Botanical Gardens: Dr. Aaron Davis. 

We are also grateful to all of the taxonomists listed in Appendix 2 for providing us with the 

identifications of the zoological specimens. 

REPORT WRITING 

Authors: 

Editorial Comments: 

Sam Staddon, Susannnah Hall, Albert Ntemi and Adam 

Murphy. 

Dr. Neil Burgess, IUCN UK, Prof. K. M. Howell from the 

University of Dar es Salaam; Dr. D. Stanwell-Smith and Nicola 

Beharrell, SEE. 

Frontier-TanzaniaCoastal Forest Research Programme


1 

1. INTRODUCTION 

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL FORESTS 

‘Eastern African Coastal Forests’ (hereafter called Coastal Forests) are synonymous with the Swahili 

regional centre of endemism and the Swahili/Maputaland regional transition zone (sensu Clarke 2000). 

The forests cover an area of 3167km 2 within six countries located between 1 0 North and 25 0 South and 

34-41 0 East (Burgess, Clarke & Rodgers 1998). Much of the confusion and debate surrounding their 

geographical distribution, their biological affinities and the main vegetation formation type to which 

they belong has been clarified by Clarke (2000). 

1.1.1 LOCATION AND EXTENT 

The Swahili regional centre of endemism and the Swahili/Maputaland regional transition zone are 

derived from the Zanzibar-Inhambane regional mosaic phytochoria. This vegetation block is 

recognised as a distinct area of plant endemism. and is found along the coastal strip of eastern tropical 

Africa (between the equator and Limpopo River), about 200-300km inland of the Indian Ocean 

(Figure 1). Approximately 35% of larger woody plants are endemic to the area (Clarke 2000). In 

recognition of botanical collections and taxonomic studies that confirmed a high number of endemic 

plant species in the north of the region however, Clarke (1998) redefined the phytochoria. He enlarged 

its area and divided it into the ‘Swahilian regional centre of endemsim’ (to the north of Mocambique 

town) and the ‘Swahilian/Maptuland regional transition zone’ (to the south). The term ‘Swahilian 

region sensu lato’ encompasses both of these divisions and it is this region with which Coastal Forests 

are synonymous. 



2 

Figure 1 Extent of major upland areas in eastern and south-eastern Africa, the Zanzibar-Inhambane 

regional mosaic (sensu White, 1983a and b), and the Coastal Forest belt as defined in this Chapter 

(which encompasses the Swahilia n regional centre of endemism and the Swahilian/Maputaland 

regional transition zone). Taken from Burgess and Clarke, 2000. 

Coastal Forests can be found between sea level and 1100m a.s.l. and experience a tropical monsoon 

climate of the Indian Ocean with a unimodal (south of Dar es Salaam) or bimodal (north of Dar es 

Salaam) mean annual rainfall of 510 to 2000mm (Clarke 2000). 

At least 194 patches of Coastal Forest known to cover a combined area of 3167km 2 ; 2km 2 within 

Somalia, 660km 2 within Kenya, 696.6km 2 within Tanzania, 1790km 2 within Mozambique, 16km 2 

within Malawi and 2.88km 2 within Zimbabwe (Burgess, Clarke & Rodgers 1998). This could well be 

the smallest forest coverage of any major forest type in Africa. The majority of Coastal Forest patches, 

of which there may be over 250 in total, are


3 

1.1.5 PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT 

At least in Kenya and Tanzania, the majority (c.80%) of Coastal Forests are under some form of 

government protection (Burgess et al. 2000). Within these countries 56 forests covering 1001km 2 (out 

of a total of 1386km 2 ) have the status of Forest Reserve. Smaller numbers and areas of Coastal Forests 

have the status of National Park, National Reserve, National Monument (Kenya only), Game Reserve 

or Sacred forest. Within Tanzania, 21 forests covering 145km 2 are of no known status. Many Forest 

Reserves (gazetted during the colonial period before 1961) encompass a lot of non-Coastal Forest 

habitat, such as woodland or thicket that may act as buffer zones to the high forest areas. Some Forest 

Reserves are comprised entirely of woodland habitats along the coast and some contain plantations. 

1.1.6 CONSERVATION 

Coastal Forests epitomise the difficulty of conservation; they are small and highly fragmented patches 

surrounded by relatively impoverished rural communities, with a high and growing demand for and 

dependence on forest resources (Rodgers 2000). All forests are distinct and have high levels of local 

endemism, thus making prioiritisation difficult. A set of criteria with which to rate forests in order that 

those of highest biodiversity conservation value are given priority has yet to be devised. A strategy to 

identify core and buffer zones within forests to enable local use of forest edge resources and 

environmental education at many levels is also lacking (Rodgers 2000). Projects run by governments, 

conservation partners including NGO’s and local communities are however currently in place in many 

areas and have had patchy success. 

1.1.7 PREVIOUS WORK 

Previous work in Coastal Forests has generally used 1:50,000 Ordanance Survey maps, government 

Forestry Department records and fieldwork to assess the location, extent and legal status of various 

forests. As a result of the Civil War in Mozambique however, little remains known of its Coastal 

Forests (Burgess et al. 2000). In Tanzania work has been carried out by a variety of researchers 

including many from Dar es Salaam and those within the Frontier-Tanzania Coastal Forest Research 

Programme, run between 1980 and 1994, covering 25 Coastal Forests (see publications list at the end 

of this report). Much remains to be known however about the extent of Coastal Forest, its vegetation 

assemblages, the ecology and biogeography of its flora and fauna and the richness and diversity of 

different forest patches. 

The Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa was published in 2000 (edited by Burgess and Clarke) and is a 

synthesis of information on Coastal Forests from various sources. It covers definitions, physical 

background, vegetation and status, biodiversity values and human and forest interactions. This text is 

considered the most current and complete work on Coastal Forests and thus its various chapters are 

frequently referenced in this report. 



4 

2. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 

2.1 AIMS 

To investigate the biodiversity and forest-use of Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve and to collate and 

disseminate the resulting information. 

2.2 OBJECTIVES 

• To sample both mature and regenerating tree and shrub species throughout the reserve using 

systematic sampling techniques at an intensity of 0.013%. 

• To sample key faunal groups in representative habitats throughout the reserve using systematic 

sampling techniques; key faunal groups comprising mammals, reptiles, amphibians, butterflies, 

molluscs and millipedes. 

• To supplement the information gathered through systematic techniques by the opportunistic 

collection of vascular plants, vertebrates and invertebrates. 

• To conduct systematic surveys of forest-use and human impact throughout the reserve, focusing 

on levels of pole and timber cutting and the occurrence of other illegal activities. 

• To produce a report presenting information resulting from the above work. 



5 

3. STUDY SITE 

3.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION 

Name: 


Kisarawe District, Coastal Region, Tanzania 

Area: 3550 hectares (35.5 km 2 ) 

Status: 

Managed by: 

Tenure: 

Protective Forest Reserve 

Gazetted in the 1930s (Lagrstedt, 1995) 

Declaration Order 306 of 24/6/1954; superseded by Cap. 389 – supp. 59 of 1959, 

p.62 

Kisarawe District with donor support from Misitu Yetu Project, CARE International 

and Wildlife Society of Tanzania (WCST) 

Government land under district authority control 

Maps: Ordnance survey topographic maps 1: 50 000 series Y742 (DOS 422) 

Sheet 186/3 

Kisarawe 

Edition 5-TSD/OSD 1987 

3.2 LOCATION 

Lat/Long: 

6 o 55’ – 7 o 00’ S 39 o 01’ – 39 o 05’ E 

UTM: 05020 – 05094 92275 - 92353 

Elevation: 

120 –280 meters above sea level 

Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve is situated in the Pugu Hills, approximately 20 km south-west of Dar es 

Salaam and within 1 km of Pugu Forest Reserve (24 km 2 ) (Figures 2 and 3). Together the two reserves 

form part of what was once a much larger forest block extending to within 10 km of Dar es Salaam. 

The TAZARA railway goes through the reserve, with a nearby station at Vigama on thewestern edge 

of the reserve. 

3.3 PHYSICAL FEATURES AND LAND USE 

3.3.1 SOILS 

Red to brown sandy-clay soils overlay kaolinitic sandstone, with of pH range 5-6 predominate. 

3.3.2 CATCHMENT VALUES 

One permanent stream arises from the forest reserve and provides a water supply for some of the local 

people. In the past (when forest was more extensive on the Pugu Hills) streams arising from the area 

used to supply all the water needed in Dar es Salaam. 



6 

3.3.3 RAINFALL AND TOPOGRAPHY 

Kazimzumbwi FR is influenced by tropical East African oceanic temperatures that are slightly 

modified by altitude. Average annual rainfall of 1,236mm data at Kisarawe has been recorded for 

Kisarawe (Howell, 1981), falling principally from March to June. 

3.3.4 VEGETATION 

Kazimzumbwi FR and the neighbouring Pugu FR include part of what was once a much larger forest 

extending to within 10km of Dar es Salaam. According to the original gazettement map, Pugu and 

Kazimzumbwi forests were continguous in 1956, but had become seperated by 1968 when aerial 

photos were taken of the area. 

A previous Frontier-Tanzania survey (1991) found that forest vegetation covered 23.5 km 2 (2350 ha) 

of the reserve (67%), only 9 km 2 with a canopy cover greater than or equal to 40% (Clarke & 

Dickinson, 1995). Due to the varied topography, a number of vegetation types have been recognised in 

the Pugu Hills, comprising distinct ‘wet’ valley bottoms, ‘dry’ ridge tops and ‘intermediate’ valley 

side communities. 

3.3.5 LAND USE 

The close proximity of Kazimzumbwi FR to Dar-es-Salaam and its outlying populations mean that the 

forest reserve is under significant resource use pressure from local communities that are dependent on 

it. In recent years high intensity resource use has led to conflict between Forestry officials and local 

communities. Awareness of such pressures amongst the non-governmental organisation (NGO) 

community led to CARE International, Wildlife Conservation Society of Tanzania (WCST) and 

Tanzanian Forest Conservation Group (TFCG) collaboration in the Misitu Yetu Project. The project is 

involved with enhancing the capacity of communities and other civil society institutions to manage 

and benefit biodiverse forests of Eastern/Coastal Tanzania, in partnership with relevant departments of 

the government of Tanzania. 



7 

Figure 2 Location of Kazimzumwi and Pugu FRs in Tanzania. 



8 

N 

Approximate 

Scale: 

1 km 

Figure 3 Location of Kazimzumwi FR in relation to surrounding towns and villages. 



9 

4. FLORAL DIVERSITY OF KAZIMZUMBWI FOREST 

RESERVE 

Authors: Staddon, S. Ntemi, A.S., Hall, S.M. and Murphy, A. 

4.1 INTRODUCTION 

Coastal Forests contain an estimated 3000 plant species in 750 genera (Clarke, Vollesen & 

Mwasumbi 2000). Based on theoretical values of species richness, this makes Coastal Forests less 

species rich than Guineo-Congolian forest but more so than Eastern Arc forests. The phylogenetic 

affinities of Coastal Forests are infact closer to Guineo-Congolian forests than Eastern Arc 

forests. Coastal Forests may be relicts of the former pan-African lowland forests as genera 

dominating these forests are now limited to Coastal Forests and Guineo-Congolian forests, for 

example many Caesalpinioideae legumes (Clarke & Robertson 2000). Despite covering only 

c.1% of White’s (1993) Zanzibar-Inhambane Regional Mosaic/Swahilian Region sensu lato , 

Coastal Forests contain 70% of the regions endemic plant species and 91% of its endemic genera. 

Of the regions endemic flora, 42% of specie s are forest dependent, as are 69% of genera (Clarke, 

Vollesen & Mwasumbi 2000). 

The main vegetation formation type of Coastal Forests is ‘forest’. This term is much misused 

however and therefore it is defined here as a continuous stand of trees 10-50m tall, comprising 

several layers or strata, with overlapping tree crowns, few lianes, obvious shrub layer, sparse 

ground layer and few grasses (sensu White (1983), after Clarke 2000). Coastal Forests comprise 

‘typical’, ‘sub-type’, ‘variant’ and ‘transition’ vegetation formation types, as defined by Clarke 

(2000) and are summarized in Figure 4 and Appendix 1. 

Botanical collection and investigation in East Africa started at the end of the 18 th Century, with a 

shift in focus from Mozambique to Tanzania and Kenya with European colonisation (Clarke, 

Vollesen & Mwasumbi 2000). The 1980’s and 1990’s saw an increased effort in botanical work 

within Coastal Forests, however it was neither complete nor comprehensive. There remains much 

to be learnt about the floristic composition and ecology of Coastal Forests; wherein there is still 

scope to discover new species (Clarke, Vollesen & Mwasumbi 2000). 



10 

Figure 4 Relationships between the different kinds of eastern African Coastal Forest, as well as 

to other regional and azonal forests. Eastern African Coastal Forest additionally merges with 

Maputaland-Pondoland forest in southern Mozambique and northern Natal, but forest of this type 

is not included here since it should be included as a transitional formation belonging to the 

Maputaland-Pondoland regional mosaic. Taken from Burgess and Clarke, 2000. 



11 

4.2 AIMS 

The aim of this study was to survey both mature and regenerating trees and shrubs within 

Kazimzumbwi FR in order that they may be assessed in terms of species richness, species 

diversity, forest dependence, endemic status and conservation concern. In order to produce a 

comprehensive woody-plant checklist, opportunistic collections were also made. 

4.3 METHODS 

The flora of Kazimzumbwi FR was surveyed using a combination of systematic vegetation plots, 

regeneration sub-plots and opportunistic botanical collections. For detailed research aims, 

objectives and methods see Methodology Report (SEE 1997). 

Scale: 

1.2 km 

Figure 5 Position of vegetation plots and disturbance transect lines in Kazimzumbwi FR. 

4.3.1 VEGETATION PLOTS 

Quantitative vegetation analysis was carried out using a 50m x 20m plot as a sampling unit. Plots 

were arranged on a 0.6km x 1.2km grid system (0.6km north-south, 1.2km east-west), with plots 

located in the south-east corner of each grid (Figure 6). Using a systematic grid would allow all 

habitats and vegetation types to be sampled. The grid system was superimposed on a map of the 

forest reserve and plot locations (grid references) calculated. 

Plots were located in the field by following a compass bearing and using a hand-held GPS unit 

when nearby. Plots were aligned north-south 20m and east-west 50m using a compass and were 

temporarily delimited using ropes. The dbh (diameter at breast hieght; 1.3m) of all live trees or 

shrubs of >10cm was measured. All stems of mutli-stemmed individuals were measured 



12 

individually and recorded if the total was >10 cm. The dbh of buttressed trees was measured 1.3m 

above the buttress and estimated if out of reach. Fallen trees were recorded if still alive. Vines, 

lianas and dead individuals were not recorded. Each tree or shrub was identified by a botanist 

and by vernacular name when possible. All individuals were marked using paint with the plot 

number, a line at breast-height and an individual unique number. Plots demarcation was semipermanent 

so that they may be visited by botanists for identification purposes and may offer the 

potential for monitoring activities. Habitat notes referring to altitude, topography and slope were 

taken for each plot. 

4.3.2 REGENERATION PLOTS 

Regeneration was analysed quantitatively using the grid system of vegetation plots as a basis. A 

plot 6m x 6m placed in approximately the centre of each 50m x 20m vegetation plot was the 

sampling unit. All regenerating trees or shrubs of


13 

4.4 RESULTS 

Twenty-three vegetation plots were established throughout the reserve, covering a total area of 

2.3ha representing a sampling intensity of 0.06% of the total area of the reserve. Twenty-three 

regeneration plots were also established, covering a total area of 828m 2 representing a sampling 

intensity of 3.6% of the total area of the vegetation plots. 

In total over 99% of species were identified to family, 99% to genus and 88% to species. Few 

trees were flowering or fruiting during the survey period and thus many sterile specimens were 

collected which led to some problems in identification to species for all specimens. 

4.4.1 VEGETATION PLOTS 

In total, 785 individuals were recorded within vegetation plots in Kazimzumbwi FR. These 

represented 37 families, 82 genera and 111 species (Table 2). 

Table 2 Provisional list of tree and shrub species recorded within vegetation plots in 

Kazimzumbwi FR. (Plant growth form, habitat and distribution data cannot be given for species 

identified to genera or family only). 

Species Local name Plant 

growoth 

form 

ANACARDIACEAE 

Habitat Distribution Data 

source 

Lannea schweinfurthii Thwaites Mjengaua T,S F,W,B W a,c 

Lannea sp. - - - - - 

Ozora obovata (Oliv.) R.& A.Fernandes Mgombakirangu T,S F,W,B,T K7,T3,6,8, a,b 

Maf,MN,MZ, 

MMS,MLM, 

MT,S.Zim 

Sorindeia madagascariensis DC. Mhilihili T,S F W c 

ANNONACEAE 

Annona arenaria Mgwaza - 

Annona senegalensis Pers. Mtopetope T,S F,W,T,G W c 

Xylopia mwasumbi - - 

Xylopia parviflora (A.Rich) Benth. Mlawilila T,S RF,FE,W,T W c 

APOCYNACEAE 

Carissa tetramera (Sacleux) Stapf Mkalakala S W,B,T W c 

Hunteria zeylanica (Retz.) Thwaites - T,S F,T W c 

BALANITACEAE 

Balanites wilsonia zimmermannii (Bark) Polhill - - 

Balanites wilsoniana (maughamii) Dawe & - T,S F,T K6,7,T3,6,8 b 

Sprague 

BIGNONIACEAE 

Fernandoa magnifica Seem - T,S F W c 

Markhamia zanzibarica (DC.) K.Schum. Mhonongo T,S F,RF,W,B W c 

BOMBACEAE 

Bombax rhodognophalon K. Schum. Mwale T W,WG,F, W a,b 

T,B 

BORAGINACEAE 

Ehretia bakeri Britten Mbunduki T,S F,B,T K7,T2,3,6,8,P, b,c 

extends inland 

Ehretia litoralis - - 

BUSERACEAE 

Comiphora sp. - - - - - 



14 

Table 2 continued. 


growth 


source 

form 

CAPPARIDACEAE 

Boscia salicifolia Oliv. ^ Mvuti T W d 

CELASTRACEAE 

Maytenus undata (Thunb.) Blakelock - T,S F,RF,W,B W c 

Mystroxylon aethiopicum (Thunb.) Loes. ^ 

Mlimbolimbo/ 

Ulimbo 

T,S 

F,FE,W, 

T,G 

CHRYSOBALANACEAE 

Parinari cuetilifolia Benth. Mbula T W,B,G W c 

COMBRETACEAE 

Combretum molle G.Don 

Mulama 

T WG,B W a 

n'gombe 

Pteleopsis myrtifolia (Laws.)Engl.& Diels Ngovu T,S F,RF,W, W 

a 

B,WG 

CONNARACEAE 

Brysocarpus orientalis (Baill.) Baker Kisogo T,S FE,W,B W c,d 

DICHAPETALACEAE 

Dichapetalum edulis Engl. Mzikoziko L,S F,T T8,MN b 

Dichapetalum madagascariense Poir Mkomamene L,S F,B W c 

Dichapetalum Mkomamene/ 

S F,RF,B,T, W 

c 

stuhlmannii Engl. Mgombakilanga 

G 

EBENACEAE 

Diospyros loureiriana ssp. rufescens G.Don - T,S F,W K7,T3,6,8, b 

MN,MZ,MT,M 

MS.MSS, 

E.Zim,S.Zim 

Diospyros verrucosa Hiern Mburuzu T,S F,G,T T6,8,MN, a,b 

MZ,MMS 

Diospyros sp. nov. Mnaki - - - - 

Diospyros sp. Mnaki - - - - 

Euclea natalensis A.DC. ^ - W d 

EUPHORBIACEAE 

Alchornea hirtella Benth. ^ - S W d 

Drypetes sp. Mkulyungu - - - - 

Magaritaria discoides (Baill.) Webster Msakulakwale T,S F,BW,T W a 

Mildebraedia sp. - - - - - 

Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia Pax. Msolo T,S BW,W,B W a 

Sapium triloculare Pax & K.Hoffm. - T,S F,W K7,T6,8 b,c 

FLACOURTIACEAE 

Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merrill ^ Mchawa T,S W,WG,B W d 

Ludia mauritiana Gmelin Myunguyungu T,S F,B W c 

Oncoba routledgi Sprague Mgoo S W c 

Rawsonia lucida Harv.& Sond. ^ Mlawilia S W d 

GUTTIFERAE 

Garcinia volkensii Engl. ^ - T W d 

HYMENOCARDIACEAE 

Hymenocardia ulmoides Oliv. Mtete T,S F,B,T W c 

W 

d 



15 



growth 


source 

form 

LEGUMINOSAE – CAESALPINACEAE 

Afzelia quazensis Welw. Mkongo T F,W,T W c 

Brachystegia spiciformis Benth. Myombo T FE,W,B,T W c 

Cassia abbreviata Oliv. Mkundekunde T,S W,B,G W c 

Cassia petersiana Bolle Mkundekunde T,S F,RF,FE, W 

c 

W,B 

Cassia siamea Lam. Mkasia T Planted Introduced c 

Cynometra webberi Bak.f. Mhamvi T F,W K7,T3,6,8 b,c 

Cynometra sp. - - - - - 

Dialium holstii Harms Mtebeti T F,W K7,T3,6,7,8, b,c 

Maf,MN 

LEGUMINOSAE – CAESALPINACEAE 

Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn. Mnangu T F,W,B W c 

Tamarindus indica L. Ukwaju T W,B,G W c 

LEGUMINOSAE – MIMOSACEAE 

Albizia gummifera (J.F.Gmel) C.A.Sm. ^ Mkenge kigozi T F W d 

Albizia petersiana (Bolle) Oliv. Mkenge T F,RF,W W c 

Albizia versicolor Oliv. Mtanga T Not forest W c 

Albizia sp. - - - - - 

Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. 

Mkongowe/ 

Kigulagembe 

T,S 

FE,B,T, 

G,Wa 

LEGUMINOSAE – PAPILIONACEAE 

Baphia kirkii Baker Mkuruti T F,T,W T3,6,Maf,MSS b,c 

Baphia puguensis Brummitt Mdangalalila T,S F Endemic to 

Pugu Hills & 

Gongolamboto 

b,c 

Craibia sp. - - - - - 

Milletia usaramensis Taub. Mhamvi T,S F,G W c 

LEGUMINOSAE 

Unknown sp. - - - - - 

LOGANIACEAE 

Strichynos sp. Mtonga - - - - 

MALVACEAE 

Abutilon sp. Mkozelambewa - - - - 

MELIACEAE 

Pseudobersama mossambicensis (Sim.) Verdc. - T F W c 

Trichilia sp. - - - - - 

MORACEAE 

Dorstenia sp. - - - - - 

Melicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C.Berg Mvule T F,Wa W c 

Mesogyne insignis Engl. ^ Mkongolo S W d 

Trilepsium madagascariensis DC. - T F W c 

MYRTACEAE 

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels ^ - W d 

W 

c 



16 



growth 


source 

form 

OCHNACEAE 

Ochna thomasiana Engl.& Deils. Mkumbi T,S F K7,T3,6,P b,c 

OLACACEAE 

Ximenia americana L. ^ - T W d 

RUBIACEAE 

Canthium bibracteata 

Mshadapori/Mkon - 

ge 

Canthium oligonocarpum Hiern. ^ 

Mkonge/ 

S W d 

Mshandapori 

Canthium sp. - - - - - 

Coffea sp. Mbinibilizigwi - - - - 

Lamprothamnus zangubarensis Hiern - T,S F,W,B,T Som,K1,7,T3, b 

6,8,Maf 

Leptactina hexamera - - 

Pyrostria bibracteata (Baker) Cavaco ^ Mkonge S W d 

Sericanthe sp. - - - - - 

Tarrena sp. - - - - - 


RUTACEAE 

Toddaliopsis sansibarensis (Engl.) Engl. - T,S F,B Z-I Near Endemic c 

Vepris ferrugiana - - 

Vepris lanceolata (Lam.) G.Don - S T W c 

Zanthoxylum holtizianum (Engl.) Waterm. Mnungunungu T,S F,W,B,T S.Som,K7,T3, b,d 

6,8,P,MN 

SAPINDACEAE 

Allophylus sp. - - - - - 

Blighia unijugata Baker - T F,RF,G W c 

Hyplocoelum foliosum (Hiern) Bullock Mbunguru T,S W,B,Ro,S W c 

Haplocoelum foliosum ssp. mombasanse Mbunguru - - - - 

Hyplocoelopsis africana F.G.Davies - T F,T K7,T6,8 c 

SAPOTACEAE 

Bequaertiodendron magalismontanum (Sond.) Mgerezi/ 

T,S RF,W W c 

Heine & Hemsl 

Msoteladako 

Manilkara sansibarensis (Engl.) Dubard Mtunda T F,W,B K7,T3,6,Z,P, b,c 

Maf,MN 

Manilkara sulcata (Engl.) Dubard Mchedi T F,W,B,T K1,4,7,T3,6, b,c 

Z,P,Maf 

Synsepalum brevipes 

Mgelezi T - W d 

(Synonym: Pachystela brevipes (Baker) Engl. 

STERCULIACEAE 

Nesogordnia holtzii (Engl.) Capuron Mvimbatitwi T,S F,W,T K7,T3,6,7,8, c 

MZ,Maf 

TILIACEAE 

Grewia bicolor Juss. Mkole (mweupe) T,S F,FE,W, 

W 

c 

B,T 

Grewia conocarpa K.Schum. Mkole T,S F,T T6,8,Z,MN b,c 

Grewia leptopus Ulbr. 

Mkole 

S F,T T6,8 b,c 

(b'wambwa) 

Grewia microcarpa K.Schum. Mkole T,S RF,FE,W,B W c 



17 



growth 


source 

form 

VERBENACEAE 

Vitex ferruginea Schumach.& Thonn. Mpuya T F W c 

Vitex ferruginea ssp. ferruginea (var. 

- T F W c 

amboniensis) Schumach.& Thonn. 

Vitex bunguensis Mpuya - 

Vitex zanzibarensis Vatke Mpuya S F,B,T K7,T3,6,8 c 

VIOLACEAE - 

Rinorea angustifolia (Thou.) Baill. Mnyakaegele T F W c 

Rinorea ilicifolia (Oliv.) Kuntze Mjamwofu T,S F W c 


KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS IN BOTANICAL TABLE 1 

NEW RECORDS 

^ Species not previously recorded in Coastal Forests (those not in Clarke, Vollesen & Mwasumbi (2000) or Clarke 

(1995)). 

PLANT GROWTH FORM 

T – tree, S – shrub, C – Climber, H – Herb. 

HABITAT (after Clarke, Vollesen & Mwasumbi (2000)). 

F – Forest, FE – Forest Edge, RF – Riverine Forest, W – Woodland, BW – Brachystegia Woodland, B – Bushland, T – 

Thicket, G – Grassland, WG - Wooded Grassland, S – Swamp, Wa -Wasteland/Cultivation, Ro – Rocks . 

DISTRIBUTION (after Clarke, Vollesen & Mwasumbi (2000) and Clarke (1995) – as in FTEA and FZ). 

Som – Somalia, K -Kenya, T – Tanzania, Z – Zanzibar Island, P – Pemba Island, Maf – Mafia Island, Moz 

– Mozambique, MN – Mozambique, Niassa Province, MZ – Mozambique, Zambesia Province, MMS – 

Mozambique, Sul do Save/Gaza-Inhambane Province, MLM – Mozambique, Lourenco Marques/Maputo 

Province, MT – Mozambique, Tete Province, Mal – Malawi, S.Mal – Southern Malawi, Zim – Zimbabwe, 

E.Zim – Eastern Zimbabwe, S.Zim – Southern Zimbabwe, Z-I Near Endemic – Zanzibar-Inhambane 

Regional Mosaic Near Endemic. 

DATA SOURCE 

a – Flora of Tropical East Africa (FTEA) (Turril & Milne-Redhead et al. 1952-), b - Clarke, Vollesen & Mwasumbi 

(2000), c – Clarke (1995), d – List of East African Plants (LEAP) (Knox 2000), e – Flora Zambesica (FZ) (Exell & 

Wild et al. 1960-). 

The most abundant tree or shrub species recorded in vegetation plots were Cassia siamea (6.37% 

of all trees recorded), Grewia conocarpa (5.48% of all trees recorded), Rinorea angustifolia 

(4.71% of all trees recorded), Albizia petersiana (4.59% of all trees recorded), Bequartiodendron 

magalismontanum (4.46% of all trees recorded) and Manilkara sansibarensis (4.46% of all trees 

recorded) 1 . All other 105 species accounted for


18 

(n = 23). The ratio of trees per plot to species per plot ranges from 16:14 (1.14) to 76:8 (9.50), 

demonstrating that species dominance varies greatly between plots. This is thought to be a result 

of the high diversity of vegetation types throughout the reserve, for example the data for the first 

ratio comes from a vegetation plot situated in Mixed dry Coastal Forest whilst the latter comes 

from a plot situated in an old Cassia sp. plantation. 

Thirteen species recorded in the vegetation plots (12% of all species) represent new records for 

Coastal Forests, i.e. they do not appear in florulas given by Clarke, Vollesen and Mwasumbi 

(2000) (a list of plant species endemic to the Swahilian Regional Centre of Endemism sensu lato ) 

or Clarke (1995) (a checklist of vascular plants from 13 Coastal Forests). All are widespread tree 

or shrub species in families already represented in Coastal Forests. 

Eleven species recorded in the vegetation plots (10% of all species) are considered forest 

dependent species. These include species confined to ‘forest’, Brachystegia Forest and Riverine 

Forest, as Burgess and Clarke (2000) present these as major vegetation types within Coastal 

Forests. 

One species recorded in the vegetation plots (


19 

4.4.2 REGENERATION PLOTS 

In total, 224 individuals were recorded in regeneration plots in Kazimzumbwi FR. These 

represented 22 families, 31 genera and 42 species (Table 3). Of these, three families, seven 

genera and 11 species were recorded solely in regeneration plots i.e. were not recorded in 

vegetation plots. 

Table 3 Tree and shrub species recorded within regeneration plots in Kazimzumbwi FR. Overlap 

exists between this list and that presented in Table 2, although those species solely occurring in 

regeneration plots are highlighted with an *. (Plant growth form, habitat and distribution data 

cannot be given for species identified to genera or family only). 


growth 

form 

ANACARDIACEAE 


source 

Lannea sp. - - - - - 

Sorindeia madagascariensis * - T F W d 

APOCYNACEAE 

Carissa tetramera (Sacleux) Stapf Mkalakala S W,B,T W c 

BIGNONIACEAE 

Markhamia zanzibarica (DC.) K.Schum. Mhonongo T,S F,RF,W,B W c 

CLUSIACEAE 

Garcinia volkensii Engl. * - T,S F W c 

COMBREATACEAE 

Combretum molle G.Don ^ Mulama n'gombe T WG,B W a 

EBENACEAE 

Diospyros verrucosa Hiern Mburuzu T,S F,G,T T6,8,MN, a,b 

MZ,MMS 

Diospyros sp. - - - - - 

EUPHORBIACEAE 

Magaritaria discoides (Baill.) Webster Msakulakwale T,S F,BW,T W a 

Mildebradia sp. - - - - - 

HYMENOCARDIACEAE 

Hymenocardia ulmoides Oliv. Mtete T,S F,B,T W c 

LEGUMINOSAE – CAESEALPINACEAE 

Cassia abbreviata Oliv. Mkundekunde T,S W,B,G W c 

Cynometra webberi Bak.f. Mhamvi T F,W K7,T3,6,8 b,c 

LEGUMINOSAE – MIMOSACEAE 

Albizia petersiana (Bolle) Oliv. Mkenge T F,RF,W W c 

OCHNACEAE 

Ochna thomasiana Engl.& Deils. Mkumbi T,S F K7,T3,6,P b,c 

PITTOSPORACEAE 

Pittosporum sp. * - - - - - 

RUBIACEAE 

Canthium bibracteata Mshadapori/Mkonge - - - 

Canthium sp. - - - - - 

Canthium oligonocarpum Hiern. ^ 

Mkonge/ 

S W d 

Mshandapori 

Tricalysia sp. * - - - - - 

RUTACEAE 

Vepris sp. - - - - - 



20 


S pecies Local name Plant 

growth 


source 

form 

SALVADORACEAE 

Dobera loranthifolia (Warb.) Harms * - T F,T,G S.Som,K1,4,7,T 

3,6,8,MN,MZ 

SAPINDACEAE 

Haplocoelum foliosum mombasanse (Hiern) 

Bullock 

Msungura T,S W,B,Ro,S W c 

Lecaniodiscus fischeri * - - - - - 

Lecanodiscus sp. * - - - - - 

SAPOTACEAE 

Bequaertiodendron magalismontanum (Sond.) Mgerezi/ 

T,S RF,W W c 

Heine & Hemsl 

Msoteladako 

Manilkara sansibarensis (Engl.) Dubard Mtunda T F,W,B K7,T3,6,Z,P, b,c 

Maf,MN 

Manilkara sulcata (Engl.) Dubard Mchedi T F,W,B,T K1,4,7,T3,6, b,c 

Z,P,Maf 

Synsepalum ceraciferum * - - - - - 


STERCULIACEAE 

Cola sp. * - - - - - 

Nesogordnia holtzii (Engl.) Capuron Mvimbatitwi T,S F,W,T K7,T3,6,7,8, c 

MZ,Maf 

TILIACEAE 

Grewia conocarpa K.Schum. Mkole T,S F,T T6,8,Z,MN b,c 

Grewia goetzeana K.Schum * - T,S F,RF,FE,W, T3,6,8 b,c 

G 

Grewia holtzii Burret * - T,L,S F,FE,W,B,T S.Som,K7,T3, b,c 

6,8,Z,MN 

Grewia microcarpa K.Schum. Mkole T,S RF,FE,W,B W c 

Grewia sp. - - - - - 

VERBENACEAE 

Vitex puguensis - - - - - 

VIOLACEAE 

Afroscesalia sp. - - - - - 

Rinorea ilicifolia (Oliv.) Kuntze Mjamwofu T,S F W c 

Rinorea sp. - - - - - 


b,c 


NEW RECORDS 


(1995)). 


T – tree, S – shrub, C – Climber, H – Herb 



Thicket, G – Grassland, WG - Wooded Grassland, S – Swamp, Wa -Wasteland/Cultivation, Ro – Rocks. 


Som – Somalia, K -Kenya, T – Tanzania, Z – Zanzibar Island, P – Pemba Island, Maf – Mafia Island, Moz – 

Mozambique, MN – Mozambique, Niassa Province, MZ – Mozambique, Zambesia Province, MMS – Mozambique, 

Sul do Save/Gaza-Inhambane Province, MLM – Mozambique, Lourenco Marques/Maputo Province, MT – 

Mozambique, Tete Province, Mal – Malawi, S.Mal – Southern Malawi, Zim – Zimbabwe, E.Zim – Eastern Zimbabwe, 

S.Zim – Southern Zimbabwe, Z-I Near Endemic – Zanzibar-Inhambane Regional Mosaic Near Endemic. 



21 

DATA SOURCE 




The most abundant regenerating tree or shrub species recorded in regeneration plots were 

Lecaniodiscus fischeri (12.5% of all trees recorded), Lecaniodiscus sp. (10.71% of all trees 

recorded), Rinorea ilicifolia (6.70% of all trees recorded), Diospyros verrucosa (5.80% of all 

trees recorded), Rinorea sp. (4.91% of all trees recorded), Tricalysia sp. (4.91% of all trees 

recorded), Manilkara sulcata (4.46% of all trees recorded) 2 . All other 42 species accounted for 


22 

4.4.3 OPPORTUNISTIC BOTAN ICAL COLLECTION 

Twenty-six families, 43 genera and 50 species were recorded through opportunistic collections 

made throughout Kazimzumbwi FR (Table 4). Of these, 11 families, 35 genera and all 50 species 

were recorded soley through opportunstic collection i.e. they were not recorded within either 

vegetation or regeneration plots. 

Table 4 Opportunistic plant species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. (Plant growth form, habitat and 

distribution data cannot be given for species identified to genera or family only). 


growth 

form 

ACANTHACEAE 


source 

Justicia heterocarpa T.Anderson ^ - W d 

Pseudoranthemum tunicatum (Afzel.) Milne- - H F,T,S W c 

Redh 

AGAVACEAE 

Agava sisalana Perr. & Engelm. - - - Introduced d 

ANACARDIACEAE 

Lannea stuhlmanii (Engl.) Engl. Mjengaua T,S F,W,B,WG W a 

Mangifera indica L. - T Cultivation Naturalised c 

Rhus longipes var. longipes Engl. - T,S F,FE,B W c 

Rhus sp. - - - - - 

ANNONACEAE 

Ophrypetalum odoratum Deils - T,S F,W K7,T3,6,8 b,c 

ARAUCARIACEAE 

Araucaria sp. - - - Introduced - 

ASTERACEAE 

Brachyllaena melanoxylon O.Hoffm. - T FE,W,B W c 

CELASTRACEAE 

Salacia madagascariensis (Lam.) DC. - L,S RF,W,B,T W c 

COMBRETACEAE 

Combretum schumannii Engl. - T,S F,W,G W c 

Combretum sp. - - - - - 

CYPERACEAE 

Cyperus sp. - Sedge - - - 

EUPHORBIACEAE 

Manihot glaziovii Mull.Arg. ^ - S Introduced d 

FLACOURTIACEAE 

Casearia glandiiformis Mast. - T,S F,RF,FE,W,B W c 

Xylotheca tettensis var. fessistyla (Klotzsch) Gilg. - T,S Not forest K7,T3,6,8,Z, c 

Maf,N.Mal, 

S.Mal,MN,MZ, 

MMS,MT 

LABIATAE 

Tectona grandis L.f. - T - Introduced 

Tinnea aethiopica Kotschy ex Hook f. - S F W c,d 



23 



growth 

form 

LEGUMINOSAE – PAPILIONACEAE 

Crotolaria goodiiformis Vatke - S F,FE,W,B, 

G,WA 


source 

Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr ^ - S W d 

Milletia impressa Harms - L FE,G W c 

Milletia puguensis Gillet - L F Endemic to b 

Pugu Hills 

Pterocarpus angolensis DC. ^ Mninga T W d 

LOGANIACEAE 

Mostuea brunonis var. brunonis Didr. - L,S F,RF,W,B,T W c 

Strychnos madagascariensis Poir. - T,S F,RF,W,B,T W c 

LORANTHACEAE 

Loranthus sp. - - - - - 

MRYTACEAE 

Eucalyptus sp. - T - Introduced - 

Syzygium cordatum Hochst. Ex Krauss - T RF W c 

OCHNACEAE 

Ochna mossambicensis Klotzsch Mkumbi T,S F,W,BW,B K7,T3,6,8,Z, 

Maf,MN,MZ, 

MMS,S.Zim, 

E.Zim 

OLEACEAE 

Jasminum sp. - - - - - 

PANDANACEAE 

Pandanus rabaiensis Rendle - T F,S K7,T3,6,7,Z,P b,c 

PINACEAE 

Pinus patula - T - Introduced 

RUBIACEAE 

Agathisanthemum bojeri Klotzsch - S,H FE,W,B,T,Wa W c 

Aidia micrantha (K.Schum.) F.White ^ - T W d 

Gardenia transvenulosa Verdc. Kitang'ombe T,S F,W,B K7,T3,6,8,Z b,c 

Heinsia crinata (Afz.) G.Taylor - T,S FE,B W c 

Polysphaeria multifolia Hiern - T,S F,W,B,T,Wa W c 

Polysphaeria parvifolia Hiern - T,S F,W,B,T,Wa Z-I Near c 

Endemic (inc. 

Somalia) 

Psychotria pumila var. pumila Hiern ^ - S d 

Psychortia sp. - - - - - 

Rothmania macrosphon (Engl.) Bridson - T,S F K7,T3,6,8 b 

SAPINDACEAE 

Allophylus rubifolius (A.Rich) Engl. - T,S F,RF,W,B,T W c 

STERCULIACEAE 

Dombeya kirkii Mast. ^ Msosowana T W d 

TILIACEAE 

Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. - S,H F,B,G,W W c 

Triumfetta sp. - - - - - 

ULMACEAE 

Trema orientalis (L.) Bl. - T,S F W c 

W 

c 

b,c 



24 



growth 


source 

form 

VERBENACEAE 

Clerodendron cephalanthum cephalanthum Oliv. - S F,FE,W,B W c 

Lantana camara L. - S F,FE,B,T,Wa Introduced c 

Lantana virbunoides (Forssk.) Vahl - S FE,W,B,T W c 


NEW RECORDS 


(1995)). 


T – tree, S – shrub, C – Climber, H – Herb. 



Thicket, G – Grassland, WG - Wooded Grassland, S – Swamp, Wa -Wasteland/Cultivation, Ro – Rocks 


Som – Somalia, K -Kenya, T – Tanzania, Z – Zanzibar Island, P – Pemba Island, Maf – Mafia Island, Moz – 

Mozambique, MN – Mozambique, Niassa Province, MZ – Mozambique, Zambesia Province, MMS – Mozambique, 

Sul do Save/Gaza-Inhambane Province, MLM – Mozambique, Lourenco Marques/Maputo Province, MT – 

Mozambique, Tete Province, Mal – Malawi, S.Mal – Southern Malawi, Zim – Zimbabwe, E.Zim – Eastern Zimbabwe, 

S.Zim – Southern Zimbabwe, Z-I Near Endemic – Zanzibar-Inhambane Regional Mosaic Near Endemic. 

DATA SOURCE 




Seven species recorded opportunistically (14%) represent new records for Coastal Forests, i.e. 

they do not appear in florulas given by Clarke, Vollesen and Mwasumbi (2000) or Clarke (1995). 

All are trees or shrubs with widespread distributions. 

Five species (10%) recorded through opportunistic collection are considered forest dependent 

species. As for the vegetation plot and regeneration plot analysis, these include species confined 

to ‘forest’, Brachystegia Forest and Riverine Forest. One of these species is the endemic Milletia 

puguensis whilst others include the introduced Tectona grandis (teak) and the pioneer species 

Trema orientalis. 

One species (2%) recorded through opportunistic collection is endemic to the Pugu Hills; the 

liane Milletia puguensis. Seven species (14%) are endemic to the Swahilian Regional Centre of 

Endemism sensu lato . Of these 7 species, two are confined to the regions K7, T3, 6 and 8; 

Ophrypetalum odoratum and Rothmania macrosphon, and the rest to more than four regions (see 

Table 3 for an explanation of abbreviations). 



25 

4.4.4 VEGETATION TYPES 

Several vegetation types were recognised across the reserve, varying in species diversity and 

abundance and physical structure; especially canopy cover. 

Closed Dry Forest 

Dominated by big tall trees of Dialium holtzii, Hymanaea verrucosai, Pteleopsis 

madagascariensis, Diospyros sp., Albizia petersiana, Manilkara sansibarensis and 

Haplocoelopsis africana, forming a closed canopy. The forest shrub Rinorea angustifolia 

dominated the shrub layer in this vegetation type. 

Brachystegia Forest 

Characterized by big tall trees of Brachystegia spiciformis, Albizia versicolor and Lannea 

schweinfurthii, forming a closed canopy. Lianes and vines were scarce to absent and shrubs 

scarce to frequent, rendering this vegetation type resistant to fire. 

Scrub,Thicket/Bush 

Common in the northern part of the reserve (north of the railway), characterized by the presence 

of Baphia puguensis, Dichapetalum stuhlmannii, Xylopia sp., Rawsonia lucida, Maytenus sp. 

vines with thorns of Caesalpinia species and the endemic liane Milletia puguensis. 

Open Woodland 

Common in the central part of the reserve (south of the railway), dominated by Manilkara 

sulcata , Magaritaria discoidea, Hymenocardia ulmoides, Annona senegalensis, Ochna 

thomasiana and many Acacia species. 

Wooded Grassland 

Common in the north-west of the reserve (north of the railway), dominated by Maprounea sp., 

Ochna thomasiana, Parinari cuetifolia, Dalbergia melanoxylon and many Rubiaceae shrubs 

mixed with different grass species. 

Open areas 

Areas mainly covered by grasses and small herbs such as Agathisanthum bojeri, Crotolaria sp. 

and Indigofera sp.. On transect C (see Figure X) there was an open area covered by vines, 

climbers and lianes of Milletia puguensis, Jusminum sp., although it was difficult to tell why there 

were no standing trees. 

Swamp or Riverine Forest 

Occurring in small patches in the central part of the reserve along the River Mzumbwi (south of 

the railway), containing mono-dominant stands of Pandanus rabaiensis. This vegetation type has 

a closed canopy 

Edge forest 

Found along the railway (which has created large open areas 50m either side), along forest 

borders and near to plantations. Dominated by Bridelia cathartica, Sapium ellipticum, Mgaritaria 

discoidea, Annona senegalnsis and Combretum sp.. Different grass and herb species predominate. 

Plantation forest 

Old trial or experimental plots of Auraucaria sp. and Pinus patula , and plantations of Cassia 

siamea and Tectona grandis were observed within the forest. 



26 

4.5 DISCUSSION 

Kazimzumbwi FR encompasses a diverse assemblage of vegetation communities and a rich 

species diversity (Table 5). 

Table 5 Summary of plant diversity recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. (The numbers given for 

regeneration plots and opportunistic collection do not include those already given for vegetation 

plots i.e. they are additional). 

Taxon Number of Number of Number of Species not Forest Endemic to 

families genera species previously 

recorded in 

dependent 

species 

Swahilian 

Regional 

Kazimzumbwi 

FR 

Centre of 

Endemism 

Vegetation plots 37 82 111 13 (12%) 11 (10%) 21 (19%) 

Regeneration plots 3 7 11 0 1 (10%) 3 (27%) 

Opportunistic collection 11 35 50 7 (14%) 5 (10%) 8 (16%) 

Totals 51 124 172 20 (12%) 17 (10%) 32 (19%) 

4.5.1 BOTANICAL RICHNESS AND DIVERSITY 

Through systematic vegetation sampling, 122 plant species were recorded within Kazimzumbwi 

FR. An additional 50 species were recorded through opportunistic collection and thus 172 species 

were recorded in total. All species recorded through systematic vegetation sampling were trees or 

shrubs and only 9% of species recorded through opportunistic collection were lianes (or shrubs) 

and 9% were herbs (or shrubs). There is therefore great potential to record many more lianes, 

herbs and also climbers, epiphytes and parasitic plants within the reserve. Calculations by 

Whittaker (1960) on the alpha diversity (within community) of vascular plants would suggest that 

each Coastal Forest is home to between 300 and 800 species (Clarke, Vollesen & Mwasumbi 

2000). Comparing forests based on their species lists is prone to errors due to uneven and biased 

collection, with emphasis placed on easily identified species (Clarke & Robertson 2000). The 

total number of species within Kazimzumbwi FR is however expected to be high and be 

comparable with the figures given by Whittaker. 

Of the species recorded within vegetation plots, only Grewia conocarpa and Bequartiodendron 

magalismontanum were amongst both the most abundant and widepread. Other species, such as 

Cassia siamea, were abundant but not widepsread. All 50 records of this species were made in a 

vegetation plot located in an old plantation for example. Species recorded within regeneration 

plots revealed a greater degree of overlap between the most abundant and widespread species. 

Rinorea sp., Diospyros sp., Manilkara sulcata and Lecaniodiscus sp. were all amongst the most 

abundant and widespread species. Little overlap was apparent between the most abundant species 

in vegetation plots and regeneration plots. Only Rinorea sp. was amongst the most abundant 

species in both plot types. Diospyros verrucosa and Manilkara sulcata were amongst the most 

widespread species recorded within both vegetation plots and regeneration plots, thus again the 

degree of overlap is low. The dominant species within mature and regenerating vegetation within 

Kazimzumbwi FR is thus variable, in terms of both numbers of individuals and spatial extent. 

It is common for Coastal Forest canopies to be dominated by a few species; five species may for 

example account for 80% of canopy trees in any 1 ha block (Clarke & Robertson 2000). This 

contrasts to rainforests but compares to other lowland African forests where monospecific 

dominance is common. When compared to the figure given above, monospecific dominance 



27 

wiithin Kazimzumbwi FR was found to be low. Overall within vegetation plots, the five most 

common species accounted for only 25% of all individuals recorded. This figure does however 

include all trees of a dbh of 10cm or over; thus it is not confined to canopy trees, and is not 

confined to trees within any 1ha block. Calculations based on the number of trees and species per 

plot (vegetation and regeneration) in this study revealed the vegetation of Kazimzumbwi FR to 

vary greatly in its degree of monospecif ic dominance. Those plots with the highest mono-specific 

dominance were dominated by a few species such as Cassia siamea or Lecaniodiscus fischeri. 

These figures are based on the number of individuals however and abundance does not 

necessarily reflect dominance, especially when considering canopy dominance. Of those species 

found to be most abundant within vegetation plots, only Manilkara sansibarensis and Albizia 

petersiana are canopy trees whilst Cassia siamea is a plantation species and Rinorea angustifolia 

a dominant forest shrub. Calculations based on basal area could possibly yield interesting results, 

however qualitative observations of dominance amongst species would appear to provide good, 

but possibly subjective, results. These conclude that dominance is spread between 5-7 species 

within each vegetaion type and thus a few species do infact dominate most of the vegetation types 

encountered. 

Many vegetation types were recognised within Kazimzumbwi FR, the various characteristics of 

which reflect those of Coastal Forest vegetation types as described by Clarke and Robertson 

(2000) fairly well. The Coastal Forest vegetation types of ‘Mixed Dry Forest’, ‘Brachystegia 

Forest’ and ‘Swamp Forest’ are all represented within Kazimzumbwi FR. The existence of the 

latter of these is particularly important, as freshwater swamp conditions, and thus Swamp Forest, 

are rare in Coastal Forests (Clarke & Robertson 2000). The ‘scrub/thicket/bush’ and ‘edge forest’ 

vegetation types recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR do not correspond well with any of the vegetation 

types listed by Clarke and Robertson (2000), and rather contain species from all of them. This can 

be explained as variation in plant communities is continual through space (and time) and thus the 

strict definition of vegetation types is not always appropriate. Such areas were previously 

disturbed by human activity (refer to section 5 for more detail). 

Altitude varies little within Coastal Forests and thus factors other than this are important in 

determining their vegetation communities (Clarke, Vollesen & Mwasumbi 2000). Climate, soil, 

geology, geomorphology, human disturbance, aspect, historical factors and even termites may all 

effect forest assemblages. Any number of these factors could be important in determining 

vegetation communities within Kazimzumbwi FR, but human disturbance is considered to be 

particularly important. Brachystegia forest, scrub forest, wooded grassland, grassland, open areas 

and edge forest are all habitats potentially resulting from human activ ities. Brachystegia forest 

may result from past clearance and subsequent soil degradation, scrub forest from regeneration 

after clearance and/or burning, wooded grassland and grasslands from widespread and frequent 

fire-burning by early humans, open areas from selective logging and edge forest through activites 

such as railway construction (see Clarke 2000, Clarke and Robertson 2000). Topography is also 

considered to be an important determining factor, particularly with regard to the extent of vines, 

through its’ link to the availability of water resources. 

4.5.2 ‘NEW RECORDS’ 

Combining the species recorded systematically and through opportunistic collection, 20 species 

(12%) recorded within Kazimzumbwi FR have not previously been recorded in Coastal Forests 

(based on florulas given by Clarke, Vollesen and Mwasumbi (2000) and Clarke (1995)). All of 

these species have widespread distributions and are from families already represented within 

Coastal Forests. The botanical collection and study of Coastal Forest is far form complete and 

thus these findings are particularly important. 



28 

4.5.3 FOREST DEPENDENCY 

Seventeen species (10%) recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR are considered to be forest dependent. 

For the purposes of this study this was taken to include Brachystegia Forest and Riverine Forest 

(including Swamp Forest), as Clarke and Robertson (2000) present these as main vegetation types 

within Coastal Forests. Twelve of these 17 species were recorded through systematic sampling 

and five through opportunistic collection. 

The majority of forest dependent species were recorded within three or less plots, although the 

near-endemic species Baphia puguensis was recorded in six of the 23 vegetation plots (26%). The 

majority of forest dependent species were represented by only one individual. Ochna 

mossambicensis (also near-endemic) was however represented by eight individuals, Baphia 

puguensis by 10 individuals, Albizia gummifera by 11 individuals and Rinorea angustifolia by 37 

individuals. 

Large areas of Kazimzumbwi FR comprise habitats other than forests and thus the low number of 

forest dependent species and consequently high number of ecological generalists is to be 

expected. The dominance of ecological generalists in Coastal Forests in general is attributed to 

the small size of forest patches and the fact that they are surrounded by open habitats and are dry 

for large parts of the year (Burgess et al. 2000). 

4.5.4 ENDEMISM 

Thirty-two (19%) of the 172 species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR are endemic to the Swahilian 

Regional Centre of Endemism sensu lato , including two species (1%) that are endemic to the 

Pugu Hills (and Gongolamboto in one case). Twenty-four of these 32 species were recorded 

through systematic sampling and eight through opportunistic collection. Twelve species in total 

are endemic to the Pugu Hills, including the two recorded during this work. The regional endemic 

Dichapetalum edulis has previously only been recorded from T8 and Mozambique (Niassa 

Province), thus the record in Kazimzumbwi FR (recorded within vegetation plots) represents a 

range extension for this species. 

Approximately half of the regional endemic species within Kazimzumbwi FR were recorded in 

only one or two plots. Dialium holtsii and Manilkara sulcata were however recorded in eight 

plots, Grewia conocarpa in nine plots, Manilkara sansibarensis in 11 plots and Diospyros 

verrucosa in 12 plots. Almost half of the regional endemic species were represented by only one 

or two individuals. Hyplocoelopsis africana was however represented by 24 individuals, 

Diospyros verrucosa by 30 individuals, Manilkara sansibarensis by 35 individuals and Grewia 

conocarpa by 43 individuals. 

The family Rubiaceae contributes 14.3% of Coastal Forest regional endemic species, with many 

others from the families Leguminosae, Euphorbiaceae, Acanthaceae, Annonaceae, 

Asclepiadaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Poaceae, Vitaceae, Asteraceae and Verbenaceae (Clarke, 

Vollesen & Mwasumbi 2000). Rubiaceae and Leguminosae were important families for regional 

endemic species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR, along with Sapotaceae and Tiliaceae. Diospyros, 

Tricalysia , Grewia, Combretum and Ochna are genera containing many regional endemic species 

in both Coastal Forests in general and Kazimzumbwi FR. 

The majority of Coastal Forest regional endemic species are to be found in fire-excluded habitats, 

thus not woodlands or grasslands (Clarke, Vollesen & Mwasumbi 2000). In Kazimzumbwi FR, 

regional endemic species were recorded in all vegetation plots except one (Plot 1). This plot was 

located in Wooded Grassland disturbed by fire as little as one year before the survey fieldwork. 



29 

4.5.5 REGENERATION 

Forty-two species within 31 genera and 22 families were recorded in regeneration plots within 

Kazimzumbwi FR. Thirty-one of these species (74%) were also recorded in vegetation plots, 

along with 24 genera (78%) and 19 families (86%). The similarity of species composition 

between regeneration plots and vegetation plots was thus high. This indicates that the majority of 

regeneration within Kazimzumbwi had the potential to contribute to the forest canopy and 

understorey when mature. This would indicate a stable, or climax, non-pioneer forest community. 

Eleven species were recorded in regeneration plots alone. These are trees or shrubs typical of a 

variety of habitats, however one species, Garcinia volkensii, is forest dependent. Three species 

are known to be endemic to the Swahilian Regional Centre of Endemism sensu lato ; Dobera 

loranthifolia , Grewia goetziana and G. holtzii. None of the 11 species are considered pioneer or 

secondary growth species. 

Low amounts of regeneration (up to a certain point) may indicate a stable forest community or 

one that has suffered limited diturbance. Brown (1998) for example demonstrated that due to 

patchy canopy clearance areas of high disturbance in forest habitats tend to have a high amounts 

of regenerating species (Frontier-Tanzania 2001b). Previous Frontier-Tanzania Forest Research 

Project work in the Udzungwa Mountains used the same methods as employed in the current 

study to work on regeneration in two Forest Reserves. This work revealed a significantly higher 

number of regenerating trees and shrubs within the more heavily disturbed New 

Dabaga/Ulangambi Forest Reserve (NUDFR) when compared to the less disturbed and more 

stable forest community within West Kilombero Scarp Forest Reserve (WKSFR) (Frontier- 

Tanzania 2001b,c). The same methods were also employed by Frontier-Tanzania Forest Research 

Programme whilst working in Ruvu South Forest Reserve (RSFR) (Frontier-Tanzania unpubl.) 

and thus comparisons can be made between all three reserves and Kazimzumbwi FR. It should be 

noted however that the vegetation types of the Udzungwas (within the Eastern Arc) and RSFR 

and Kazimzumbwi FR (within Coastal Forest) are different. The figures given are also based on 

means about which, at least in Kazimzumbwi FR, there is much variation. Due to a lack of other 

comparative data however, these figures were tentatively used a basis for discussion. The number 

of regenerating trees and shrubs recorded within a 3m x 3m plot in NUDFR was 18.0, in WKSFR 

was 6.1, in RSFR was 2.9 and in Kazimzumbwi FR was 2.4. The abundance of regeneration 

within both RSFR and Kazimzumbwi FR is thus lower than that in either WKSFR or NUDFR, 

but closest to that in WKSFR. This reserve was deemed to comprise a stable forest commmunity 

based on the low amount of regeneration and the fact that they have low numbers of secondary or 

pioneer species. RSFR and Kazimzumbwi FR also contain low numbers of secondary and pioneer 

species and thus may also be deemed to comprise stable forest communities. 

4.5.6 THREATS 

Certain plant species recorded within Kazimzumbwi FR have been recognised as at threat from 

activites such as pitsawing, charcoal burning and the collection of wood for building and carving. 

Based on local information and personal observation it was noted that pitsawing is targeted 

towards valuable timber species such as Brachystegia spiciformis, Milicia excelsa, Afzelia 

quazensis and Pterocarpus angolensis. Mature M. excelsa were considered uncommon in the 

forest and B. spiciformis is currently cut as an alternative. Charcoal burning is directed at 

hardwood species such as Parinari cuetifolia , Annona senegalensis, Dichrostachys cinerea, 

Ochna thomasiana and Manilkara sulcata. These activities are considered to pose a serious threat 

to these species, particularly as no management is taking place in the form of regeneration 

encouragement. Pole cutting for building materials is also considered a serious problem within 

Kazimzumbwi FR as selected young tree species are targeted. Those species under pressure 



30 

include Baphia puguensis, Nesogordonia holtzii, Diospyros sp. and Ludia mauritiana. The former 

of these species is endemic to the Pugu Hills and thus any threat to it is of particular concern. 

Makonde carving has endangered the black wood species Dalbergia melanoxylon. This species is 

currently particularly rare within the reserve and Annona senegalensis is used as an alternative. It 

is thought that if not controlled, the making of animal traps from Rinorea angustifolia may effect 

this evergreen shrub. Bushfires are also a problem within Kazimzumbwi FR, particularly for 

easily combustible shrubs and herbs during dry season periods. According to the Coastal Forest 

Medicinal Plant Checklist (Mathews 1993) many shrubs and herbs found within Kazimzumbwi 

FR are of great medicinal value, thus bushfires threaten not only the biological value but also the 

medicinal and commercial value of the reserve. 

A number of exotic and pioneer species were recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. Plantations and trial 

plots of the timber species Eucalyptus sp., Tectona grandis, Pinus patula and Cassia siamea were 

observed, although these species tended to be confined to such areas. Cassia siamea is also 

planted to mark parts of the northern border of the reserve however. Exotic species and pioneer 

species such as Auraucaria sp. and Trema orientalis (respectively) were observed within wooded 

grasslands near to the forest border in the north of the reserve. Another exotic species, Magnifera 

indica, was recorded in an area of Brachystegia Forest in the west of the reserve whilst the 

pioneer species Lantana camara was recorded throughout the Dry Mixed Forest but only found 

regenerating in gap areas and forest edge. Based purely on qualitative observational data, the 

threat of ‘invasion’ by both exotic and pioneer species is however not currently considered 

serious. 



31 

4.6 CONCLUSIONS 

Kazimzumbwi FR clearly contains a highly heterogeneous and diverse assemblage of plant 

communities, including many forest dependent species, species endemic to both the Pugu Hills 

and the Swahilian Regional Centre of Endemism sensu lato , and species not previously recorded 

within Coastal Forests. Through information based on regeneration and the presence of pioneer 

species within the reserve, the forest overall is considered to be in a stable, climax state. Based on 

qualitative observational data alone, exotic and introduced species present within the reserve are 

not currently considered to pose a threat to the native vegetation. Certain species are however 

threatened by various human activites that have the potential to indirectly affect plant diversity 

and vegetation communities in general. 

Certain species found within Coastal Forests are considered ‘anthropogenic endemics’ (sensu 

Gentry 1996); those with distributions that are an artefact of the loss of former habitat through 

human disturbance and destruction (Clarke, Vollesen & Mwasumbi 2000). The island-like nature 

of Coastal Forests is cause for concern for the long-term viability of its rare species (Clarke, 

Vollesen & Mwasumbi 2000). Considering these facts along with that of the botanical richness 

and diversity within Kazimzumbwi FR, management plans are clearly required to safeguard the 

reserve’s future. Closer investigation of forest products is urgently needed in order to identify 

from where they are taken and therefore where conservation measures should be directed. In 

order to ensure sustainable utilisation of forest resources, intensive joint patrolling involving 

villagers and environmental education within surrounding villages should also be encouraged. 

Lastly, further research and intensive collection focusing on herbs and lianes is needed in order to 

produce a comprehensive checklist of Kazimzumbwi FR flora. 



32 

5. FOREST USE AND HUMAN IMPACT 

Authors: Hall, S.M., Staddon, S. and Murphy, A. 


The small fragmented nature of Coastal Forests, surrounding growing impoverished rural 

communities with increasing demands on forest resources, and a lack of adequate protection 

mean that biodiversity is seriously under threat. 

Kazimzumbwi epitomises the problems facing forests near Dar es Salaam. Almost all trees of 

commercial value were removed during commercial logging activities, according to local sources 

ending in 1980. Timber is the top ranking perceived value of forest products for young men 

surrounding Kazimzumbwi FR (Lagerstedt 1995 and Mwamfupe 1997). 

A long history of non-timber exploitation also exists wit hin Kazimzumbwi FR including charcoal 

production, cultivation, pole extraction, fuelwood collection, hunting and collection of medicinal 

and food plants. An extensive network of resource collection trails covers the forest. 

Charcoal production was common in the forest reserve until 1991 when forest guards were 

employed by the Wildlife Conservation Society of Tanzania (WCST) to address these illegal 

activities. Charcoal has been shown to be the second ranking perceived value of forest products 

for men, young men and women surrounding Kazimzumbwi FR (Lagerstedt 1995 and 

Mwamfupe 1997). Logging for the production of charcoal, possibly combined with logging for 

firewood, removed virtually all trees from some areas (Clarke & Dickinson 1995). 

Building materials have been collected from Kazimzumbwi FR for local use, and poles recorded 

as having been collected commercially for sale in Dar es Salaam (Burgess & Dickinson, 1993). 

Building materials and poles have been shown to be the third ranking perceived value of forest 

products for men, young men and women surrounding Kazimzumbwi FR (Lagerstedt 1995 and 

Mwamfupe 1997). Concerns exist regarding the effects of commercial scale exploitation of poles. 

The effects of extracting selectively chosen species such as Scorodophloeus fischeri potentially 

damage the forest by removing young canopy trees, altering its natural composition (Clarke & 

Dickinson, 1995). 

Firewood collection is the most important perceived value of forest products for women 

surrounding Kazimzumbwi FR, and has been recorded as commonplace. Collection of traditional 

medicines, honey and gum has also been noted (Clarke & Dickinson, 1995 and Burgess & 


A number of trial plots were established within the natural forest areas of Kazimzumbwi FR 

mainly for exotic timber species such as teak (Tectona grandis), blackwood cassia (Senna 

siamea), Eucalyptus sp., rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) and the indigenous timber species Mninga 

(Pterocarpus angolensis). Results from these trials indicate that Kazimzumbwi FR is a marginal 

to suitable site for pine plantations (Procter, 1996 in Somi & Nshubemuki, 1980 in Burgess & 


Past threats to large mammals in Kazimzumbwi FR have been acute (Burgess & Dickinson, 

1993). Hunting for local and probably commercial operations has occurred. Most commonly 

trapped species were duiker and bush pig. Black and white colobus monkeys and hippopotamus 



33 

have been hunted out of the forest presumably using fire arms (Burgess & Dickinson, 1993). The 

hunting of animals for food has been shown to be the top ranking perceived value of forest 

products for men surrounding Kazimzumbwi FR (Lagerstedt 1995 and Mwamfupe 1997). 

The close proximity of agricultural land to forest reserve borders and poor border maintenance 

encourages the dispersal of fire into the reserve. Degradation of forest to more fire susceptible 

habitats such as woodland or grassland also encourages the chances of fire damage (Sheil 1992). 

According to local tradition, cultivation was permitted in the reserve following its gazettement 

during the 1930s. In 1995 Clarke & Dickinson reported that the forest was under heavy pressure 

from agricultural encroachment in the reserve, especially from the east and southwest. Violent 

confrontation took place between forestry officials and some local people over this issue in 1994, 

1995 and in 1998. In 1998 several hundred families were evicted from within the forest reserve. 

While the forest is now potentially retrieved, the relationship between the community and the 

Government is still hostile, particularly in the south and south-eastern parts of the reserve. 

Concerns over continued illegal encroachment for cultivation in Kazimzumbwi FR by people 

from local villages meant that the forest reserve was earmarked for protection by Tanzanian 

Forest Action Plan (TFAP) (Sheil, 1992). Other national and international organisations have also 

recently taken a large role in helping alleviate the pressures on Kazimzumbwi FR. 

Since 1991, The Wildlife Conservation Society of Tanzania (WCST) has been working with local 

villages and Government to try and alleviate some of the problems that exist. WCST has acted on 

several roles (Rodgers and Burgess 2000): 

• Channelling donor funds or conservation and education to District level; implementing 

conservation by convening planning meetings with villagers, training field staff, 

demarcating boundaries, planting village nurseries, etc. 

• Acting as an information organisation, by issuing press releases and news sheets; 

• Becoming an advocacy organisation, openly pushing Government to seek a solution as 

normal policing and extension methodologies failed; and 

• Bringing together Central and District administrations with villagers and the press. 

In 1999/2000 the Misitu Yetu Project was established to support local communities to manage 

and benefit from the biodiverse forests of Eastern Tanzania. This project is a collaboration 

between CARE International, WCST and the Tanzanian Forest Conservation Group (TFCG). 

Kazimzumbwi FR was chosen as one of four reserve areas targeted by the project. The Misitu 

Yetu Project allows communities the potential to secure tenure and user rights, increases long 

term livelihood security for households and increases the effectiveness of biodiversity 

conservation, as well as promoting the search for alternatives to forest exploitation. 

A quantitative assessment of resource extraction and thorough study of disturbance patterns 

throughout Kazimzumbwi FR will help inform the Misitu Yetu Project of current pressures on the 

forest and guide managerial activities. 



34 

5.2 AIMS 

• Quantify the intensity of pole and timber extraction per hectare along transect lines to give an 

indication of the rates/sustainability and sites of extraction. 

• Compare quantified anthropogenic extraction with natural death along transect lines. 

• Document all disturbance observations and intensities in order to form priorities for 

conservation management. 

5.3 METHODS 

Disturbance transects were used to record the intensity of pole cutting and logging systematically 

throughout the forest reserve. Disturbance transects were positioned diagonally across an 

imaginary 1.2 km x 1.2 km grid, running north-east, south-west across the reserve (Figure 5). 

Each transect was sampled from the northern border to a southern extent at grid reference 9230 (S 

6 o 58’00”) 3 (Figure 5). 

Every self-standing tree (not creepers or lianas) above 5cm diameter at breast height (dbh) was 

measured within an area 5m either side of each transect line. Each plant was recorded under one 

of four categories: live, old cut, new cut or naturally dead or fallen. Old cutting was identified by 

darkening and rotting of a cut stump, and was assumed to have been cut more than 6 month prior 

to surveying. New cutting was identified by fresh cream or green cut stumps and assumed to have 

been cut less than six months prior to sampling. Within these categories a distinction was made 

between poles and timbers. Poles were classified as having a dbh between 5 and 15cm and a 

minimum 3m relatively straight trunk. Timber was classified as having a dbh greater than 15cm 

with a minimum 3m relatively straight trunk. These divisions are based on differences in use. 

Timber and pole cutting data are presented as an average per hectare. 

All other forms of anthropogenic disturbance within an area 5m either side of each transect were 

also recorded for every 50m section. Other forms of disturbance were defined as follows: 

1. Fire damage – an area affected by fire, evidence included burnt trees and ground vegetation. 

2. Charcoal – an area where charcoal was burnt in the forest, evidence included small patches of 

burnt ground with charcoal remains. 

3. Pitsaw – an area obviously cleared for pitsaw activities, with pitsaw platform, or remains of 

such. 

4. Timber/planks/poles – cut timber, planks or cut poles laying on the ground ready for 

transportation. 

5. Trapping – animal traps of all varieties whether set or sprung. 

6. Cultivation – evidence of crop cultivation (past or present). 

7. Grazing – direct evidence or remains of cattle or goat grazing. 

8. Footpath – including all human used footpaths. 

9. Clearing - well-established clearings within the forest as a consequence of human disturbance 

(usually short grassland, potentially previous settlement). 

3 

Forest Officers advised this to be the southern limit of fieldwork as a consequence of recent unrest in 

local communities in the south of the reserve. 



35 

5.4 RESULTS 

A total area of 22 hectares was surveyed for signs of human disturbance along the five transects 

(labelled A-E, Figure 5). Due to the varied vegetation, access and topography of the reserve, the 

extent and type of disturbance differed between areas. Access in the reserve is by a network of 

footpaths (there is a well established footpath running east-west through the centre of the reserve 

between the villages of Buyuni and Vigama/Kazimzumbwi), a railway track in the northern 

section and by roads leading up to the reserve borders. The surrounding area is densely populated 

and due to its relatively flat topography, human access to the reserve is not difficult. 

A total of 22,235 stems were sampled throughout the reserve, represented by 1060 poles per 

hectare and 317 timber per hectare, 87 % and 23 % respectively (Figure 6). 

5.4.1 POLE AND TIMBER EXTRACTION 

Pole and timber extraction was found along all five transects. The highest concentrations of 

recent cuttings were found near to footpaths. Cutters were heard and seen throughout these areas 

during the fieldwork. 

5.4.2 POLES 

Rates of pole extraction are summarised in Tables 6 and 7, Figures 7 and 8. A mean total of 584 

(77%) poles sampled per hectare were alive, 83 (12%) naturally fallen, 140 (11%) old cut and 5 

(0.4%) new cut. The number of cut poles was on average greater than the number of naturally 

fallen poles. The number of new cut poles was minimal. Old cutting was highly variable between 

transect lines. 

1200 

Total number of stems per hectare sampled 

1000 

800 

600 

400 

200 

1060 

317 

0 

Poles (dbh 5cm-15cm) 

Timber (dbh > 15cm) 

Figure 6 Total number of poles and timber sampled per hectare during Kazimzumbwi FR 

disturbance assessment. 

Transect lines D and E showed greatest evidence of pole cutting with 223 and 383 cut poles per 

hectare (21.5 % and 41.2 % of all poles sampled along each respective transect line). These 

figures were significantly greater (sixteen times greater along transect E) than the average number 

of naturally fallen poles per hectare. Transect E supported the largest density of new and old cut 

poles per hectare. 



36 

Table 6 Disturbance transect results for total pole counts (mean percentages in brackets). 

Transect 

Line 

Transect 

Length (m) (no. 

of 50m 

sections) 

Total no. 

poles 

sampled 

Total Number 

Live poles (LP) 

Total Number 

Naturally 

fallen poles 

(NFP) 

Total Number 

Old Cut Poles 

(OCP) 

Total Number 

New cut poles 

(NCP) 

A 4600 (92) 3295 2665 (80) 459 (14) 164 (5) 7 (0.2) 

B 6650 (133) 5419 4469 (82) 589 (11) 339 (6) 22 (0.4) 

C 5850 (117) 3491 2993 (86) 335 (10) 152 (4) 11 (0.3) 

D 4150 (83) 4231 2695 (64) 610 (14) 904 (21) 22 (0.5) 

E 750 (15) 686 382 (56) 17 (2) 278 (40) 9 (1.2) 

TOTAL 22,000 (440) 17,122 13,204 2,010 1,837 71 

Table 7 Disturbance transect results for total pole counts per hectare (percentages of all poles 

sampled per hectare in brackets). 

Transect Line 

Transect 

Length (m) 

(no. of 50m 

sections) 

Transect 

Length (m) 

Number of poles 

sampled per ha 

Number of LP 

per ha 

Number of NFP 

per ha 

Number of 

OCP per ha 

Number of 

NCP per ha 

A 4600 (92) 4600 716 (100) 579 (81) 100 (14) 36 (5) 2 (0.3) 

B 6650 (133) 6650 815 (100) 672 (83) 89 (11) 51 (6) 3 (0.4) 

C 5850 (117) 5850 597 (100) 512 (86) 57 (10) 26 (4) 2 (0.3) 

D 4150 (83) 4150 1020 (100) 649 (64) 147 (14) 218 (21) 5 (0.5) 

E 750 (15) 750 915 (100) 509 (56) 23 (3) 371 (41) 12 (1.3) 

MEAN 

(Std. Dev.) 

584.2 

(67.5) 

83.2 

(41.7) 

140.4 

(135.0) 

4.8 

(3.8) 

700 

Mean number of poles per hectare 

600 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

0 

Live poles 

Natural fallen 

poles 

Old cut poles 

New cut poles 

Figure 7 Mean number of live, naturally fallen, old cut and new cut poles per hectare throughout 

Kazimzumbwi FR with standard error bars. 



37 

800 

Total number of poles per hectare 

700 

600 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

0 

A B C D E 

Transect 

Live Poles Old Cut Poles New Cut Poles 

Figure 8 Total number of live, old cut and new cut poles per hectare for each transect line. 

5.4.3`TIMBER 

Rates of timber extraction are summarised in Tables 8 and 9 and Figures 9 and 10. An average 

total of 192 (83% of all) timber sampled per hectare were live, 27 (11%) naturally fallen, 14 (6%) 

old cut and 0.5 (0.2%) new cut. As for poles, the number of naturally fallen timber was on 

average greater than cut timber. The number of new cut timber was minimal. 

As for poles, transect lines D and E showed greatest evidence from timber cutting with 24 and 89 

cut timber per hectare (11.2% and 39% of all timber sampled along respective transect lines). 

Transect C supported the greatest density of new cut timber, whilst transect D supported the 

greatest density of old cut timber. The mean density of cut timber per hectare was greater than 

that of naturally fallen timber along transect D. 

Table 8 Disturbance transect results for timber counts (mean percentage in brackets). 

Transect 

Line 

Transect 

Length (m) 

(no. of 50m 

sections) 

Transect 

Length (m) 

Total no. 

timber sampled 

Live timber 

(LT) 

Naturally 

dead timber 

(NDT) 

Old Cut 

Timber (OCT) 

New cut 

timber (NCT) 

A 4600 (92) 4600 903 734 (81) 118 (13) 50 (5) 1 (0.1) 

B 6650 (133) 6650 1728 1501 (87) 172 (10) 52 (3) 3 (0.2) 

C 5850 (117) 5850 1394 1203 (86) 157 (11) 30 (2) 4 (0.3) 

D 4150 (83) 4150 914 691 (76) 123 (13) 98 (11) 2 (0.2) 

E 750 (15) 750 174 92 (53) 15 (9) 67 (39) 0 (0) 

TOTAL 22,000 (440) 22000 5113 4221 585 297 10 



38 

Table 9 Disturbance transect results for average timber counts per hectare (percentages of all 

timber sampled per hectare in brackets). 

Transect 

Line 

Transect Number of 

Length (m) timber sampled 

(no. of 50m per ha 

sections) 

Number of LT 

per ha 

Number of 

NFT per ha 

Number of 

OCT per ha 

Number of 

NCT per ha 

A 4600 (92) 196 (100) 160 (82) 26 (13) 11 (6) 0.22 (0.1) 

B 6650 (133) 260 (100) 226 (87) 26 (10) 8 (3) 0 (0) 

C 5850 (117) 238 (100) 206 (87) 27 (11) 5 (2) 1 (0.4) 

D 4150 (83) 220 (100) 167 (76) 30 (14) 24 (11) 0 (0) 

E 750 (15) 232 (100) 123 (53) 20 (9) 89 (38) 0 (0) 

MEAN 

(Std. Dev.) 

176.4 

(40.5) 

25.8 

(3.6) 

27.4 

(35.2) 

0.2 

(0.4) 

250 

Average number per hectare 

200 

150 

100 

50 

0 

Live timber 

Naturally fallen 

timber 

Old cut timber 

New cut timber 

Figure 9 Mean total number of live, naturally fallen, old cut and new cut timber per hectare 

throughout Kazimzumbwi FR with standard error bars. 



39 

Total number of timber per hectare 

250 

200 

150 

100 

50 

0 

A B C D E 

Transect 

Live timber Old cut timber New cut timber 

Figure 10 Total number of live, old cut and new cut timber per hectare for each transect line. 

5.4.4 OTHER FORMS OF DISTURBANCE 

The most common form of disturbance other than pole and timber extraction throughout 

Kazimzumbwi FR was the presence of footpaths; present in 18% of all 50m sample sections 

(Table 10). Other commonly seen forms of disturbance included evidence of charcoal burning 

(ranked 2), piles of timber, planks or poles and trapping (jointly ranked 3). No evidence of cattle 

grazing or fresh settlement was seen during the survey. 

Table 10 Incidences of various types of disturbance shown as a tally (of a total of 440 50m 

transect sections) a percentage, and a rank. 

Footpath Charcoal Timber/ Trapping Fire Clearing Cultivation Pitsaw Grazing 

planks 

/poles 

Tally 80 43 30 30 19 12 5 1 0 

Percentage 18.3 9.9 6.9 6.9 4.4 2.8 1.1 0.2 0 

(%) 

Rank 1 2 3 3 5 6 7 8 9 

5.4.5 DISTURBANCE HOTSPOTS 

Figures 10 to 16 summarise the specific locations of disturbance within the forest reserve. 

‘Hotspots of disturbance’ have been identified and are classified as areas within the forest reserve 

with more than a 30% incidence of a single disturbance type per transect section (a transect 

section is made up of seventeen 50m sections running bewteen each vegetation plot). Hotspots 

are summarised in Table 11. 

At the time of study, northern border areas of the forest reserve were recovering from past fire 

disturbance and suffering from charcoal exploitation, timber/plank/pole extraction and duiker 



40 

trapping. Clearings were found mainly in the southern part of the survey area (Figures 11, 12, 13, 

14 and 15). 

Transect D is under the most cumulative pressure (Table 11 and Figure 14). The hottest hotspots 

were between Vegetation Plot (VP) 3 and VP14 where significant evidence of duiker trapping 

was observed, between VP1 and the border near to the railway where charcoal burning was 

particularly evident, and northern border of transect E in the east where many footpaths were 

observed (refer to Figure 5 for transect section locations). 

Table 11 Summary of disturbance hotspots within Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve (refer to Figure 

6 for transect section locations). Percentages greater than 50% are given in bold. 

Transect Transect Section Disturbance type Incidence as a percentage 

of transect section (%) 

A VP1 – Bdr Charcoal 75 

VP17 – VP 21 Charcoal 53 

B VP18 – VP 7 Footpath 53 

VP 18 – VP 7 Fire 41 

VP 7 – VP 22 Clearing 41 

VP7 – VP22 Timber/planks/poles 35 

C VP 3 – VP 14 Trapping 76 

VP 23 – Southern Footpath 41 

extent 

D VP 6 – VP 20 Footpath 41 

VP15 – VP 6 Trapping 35 

VP 6 – VP 20 Timber/planks/poles 35 

VP 20 – VP 9 Charcoal 35 

North Bdr – VP 15 Timber/planks/poles 33 

North Bdr – VP 15 Charcoal 33 

E North Bdr Footpath 73 



41 

80 

70 

Incidence along transect 

(% of transect length with disturbance present) 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

North Bdr - VP11 

VP11 - VP1 

VP1 - Bdr 

VP16 - VP 17 

VP17 - VP21 

VP21 - Southern extent 

10 

0 

Fire damage 

Charcoal 

Pitsaw 

Timber/planks/poles 

Trapping 

Cultivation 

Grazing 

Footpath 

Clearing 

Figure 11 Specific locations along Transect A of forms of disturbance other than pole and timber 

cutting (where VP stands for vegetation plot and Bdr, Forest Reserve Border). 

80 

70 



60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 


VP12 - VP2 

VP2 - VP13 

VP13 - VP26 

VP26 - VP18 

VP18 - VP7 

VP7 - VP22 


0 

Fire damage 

Charcoal 

Pitsaw 


Trapping 

Cultivation 

Grazing 

Footpath 

Clearing 



42 

Figure 12 Specific locations along Transect B of forms of disturbance other than pole and timber 

cutting. 

80 



70 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 


VP3 - VP14 

VP14 - VP5 

VP5 - VP19 

VP19 - VP8 

VP8 - VP23 


Fire damage 

Charcoal 

Pitsaw 


Trapping 

Cultivation 

Grazing 

Footpath 

Clearing 

Figure 13 Specific locations along Transect C of forms of disturbance other than pole and timber 

cutting. 



43 

80 

70 

Incidencealong transect 


60 

50 

40 

30 

20 


VP15 - VP6 

VP6 - VP20 

VP20 - VP9 

VP9 - VP24 

10 

0 

Fire damage 

Charcoal 

Pitsaw 


Trapping 

Cultivation 

Grazing 

Footpath 

Clearing 

Figure 14 Specific locations along Transect D of forms of disturbance other than pole and timber 

cutting. 



44 

80 



70 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

North Bdr 

0 

Fire damage 

Charcoal 

Pitsaw 


Trapping 

Cultivation 

Grazing 

Footpath 

Clearing 

Figure 15 Specific locations along Transect E of forms of disturbance other than pole and timber 

cutting. 

5.4.6 CHARCOAL PRODUCTION 

Areas near to the reserve borders (particularly in the north-west and north-east) would appear to 

have suffered most heavily from charcoal production, although no activities were taking place 

during the survey period (probably a seasonal pattern). 

5.4.7 ANIMAL TRAPPING 

A significant number of traps were seen in the northern part of the reserve, north of the railway. 

Most traps were snares for small antelope such as suni (Neotragus moschatus) and duiker 

(Cephalophus sp.). Traps were deliberately placed in low canopy habitats with a high density of 

vines. Animal trapping between VP3 and VP14 was intense. 

5.4.8 PITSAWING 

Although little pitsaw activity was seen along transect lines, fresh pitsaw platforms were seen in 

Kazimzumbwi FR during other survey work. Pitsawers were heard on a daily basis in southern 

parts of the survey area. The main access route for pitsawers seemed to be the Buyuni to 

Vigama/Kazimzumbwi village footpath that passes through the middle of the forest reserve. 

Large areas of forest between transect E and D and near to Trapsite 7 (see Figure 16) have been 

destroyed by recent harvesting activities. 

5.4.9 FIRE 

No recent fires were seen, probably because the study was conducted soon after the long rainy 

season. However, past fire damaged areas were seen on northern borders of the reserve. Fire has 

altered the structure of the forest significantly in these areas and secondary grassland and 

woodland habitats now exist. 



45 

5.4.10 PAST CULTIVATION AND SETTLEMENT 

Past cultivation and evidence of settlement was common in the south-east and western parts of 

the study area. No current activities were witnessed. 


Kazimzumbwi FR is still under significant pressure from local communities, although extraction 

levels are thought to have decreased in recent time (pers comm N. Kinyau, WCST). Relations 

between Government and communities are still poor, although improving slowly, thanks to work 

carried out by WCST. Threats from population influxes in the east, as a consequence of 

resettlement schemes, significantly increase pressures on the forest reserve and complicate the 

work of WCST. 

5.5.1 POLE AND TIMBER EXTRACTION 

Pole and timber extraction in Kazimzumbwi FR show similar patterns to other forest areas 

previously studied by Frontier-Tanzania (1993-1997). Compared to other Coastal Forests, 

Kazimzumbwi FR has a low mean percentage of live poles, although similar proportional 

densities to Manga Forest Reserve in the East Usambara mountains (Table 12). The proportions 

of live timber in Kazimzumbwi FR were similar to that of Genda Genda in northern Tanzania, 

whilst cut pole and timber figures were average. The proportion of stems falling naturally was 

similar to that in Manga FR, although greater than all other Coastal Forest sites reported here. 

Table 12 Mean percentages of natural and man made disturbance of four Coastal Forest sites and 

Manga Forest Reserve (East Usambara Mountains). Refer also to Burgess et al. 2000 pp. 282). 

Live poles 

(%) 

Live timber 

(%) 

Cut poles 

(%) 

Cut timber 

(%) 

Total natural 

falls (%) 

Kazimzumbwi 

Forest Reserve 59 19 9 1.4 12 

(2001) 

Genda Genda 

(northern 

64.5 17.5 14.6 0.3 4.3 

Tanzania) (1993) * 

Litipo (southern 

Tanzania) (1994) * 82.3 7 7 1.6 2.3 

Kimboza (lowland 

Ulugurus (1994) * 78 7.2 12 0.3 2 

Manga Forest 

Reserve (lowland 

forest East 

Usambara) (1997) 

58 26 2 1 14 

* NB. In these asterisked forests, poles were classified as 10cm dbh, in others poles 

were classified as 5-15cm dbh and timber > 15cm dbh 

Although Kazimzumbwi FR shows similar proportional stem densities to that of Manga FR, a 

comparison of the highest extraction rates per hectare for timber and poles show Kazimzumbwi 

FR to be under much greater pressure (Table 13). The maximum extraction rate of poles per 

sample section in Kazimzumbwi FR was more than four times greater than that of Manga FR. 



46 

Table 13 Greatest mean extraction rates of poles and timber per hectare in Kazimzumbwi and 

Manga Forest Reserves. 

Forest Reserve (study 

date) 

Greatest mean extraction rate 

of poles along transect section 

(between vegetation plots) per 

hectare 

Greatest mean extraction rate 

of timber along transect section 

(between vegetation plots) per 

hectare 

Kazimzumbwi FR 

(2001) 

383 89 

Manga FR (1997) 80 60 

5.5.2 EFFECTS OF ACCESS ON DISTURBANCE 

It is likely that the main factor affecting disturbance in Kazimzumbwi FR is access. A 

complicated network of footpaths exists within the reserve. The ma in routeways include border 

paths, the railway that accesses northern parts of the reserve, and the large footpath that transects 

the central parts of the reserve running from Buyuni village in the east to Vigama and 

Kazimzumbwi villages in the west. 

Most timber extraction and pitsawing activities were seen around the Buyuni to 

Vigama/Kazimzumbwi footpath, particularly in the east (Buyuni side). Kazimzumbwi FR forest 

guards are based in Kisarawe offices, which are a particularly long way from this eastern part 

(Buynuni side) of the forest reserve. Current timber extraction and pitsaw activities around this 

footpath are severely degrading forest structure. This extraction is unsustainable particularly as 

few large trees remain. 

Charcoal is still being extracted from Kazimzumbwi FR particularly near to borders where 

extraction is easy. With increasing population pressures in the area, concern lies for the future of 

the small patches of remaining forest. 

Trapping of small antelope north of the railway is unsustainable at present intensities, action is 

required before populations of these mammals are decimated. It was previously thought that 

Black and White Colobus monkeys had been hunted out of Kazimzumbwi FR. Although none 

were seen during the survey, they were heard. It is likely that small fragmented and possibly 

isolated populations still exist which are still seriously under threat. 

New settlement was not at present seen as a threat in any of the areas surveyed. 

5.5.2 EFFECTS OF HABITAT ON DISTURBANCE 

Kazimzumbwi FR comprises a patchwork of different types of secondary vegetation, which were 

formed as a consequence of past disturbance. The concentrations of present disturbance types are 

highly related to habitat. 

Ridge tops in areas of closed dry forest have suffered from timber extraction and both old and 

recent pitsaws were found. Closed dry forest on steeper slopes appeared to be less disturbed by 

human activity due to its more inaccessible nature. This is also true of the Riverine and Swamp 



47 

forest areas within the reserve. Scrub forest exists on plateau areas and indicates past clearance of 

the area (most probably for cultivation and settlement). These areas are currently under pressure 

from animal traps set mostly for small antelope. Brachystegia forest and Grassland areas also 

indicate past clearance (again for cultivation and settlement) and both show evidence of past 

charcoal production and are currently affected by the presence of human footpaths. Brachystegia 

forest also suffers from timer extraction, with recent pitsaws being found. Grassland areas show 

signs of fire damage. 

5.5.3 PRIORITIES FOR MANAGEMENT 

Heavy disturbance has resulted in the introduction of secondary vegetation into remaining forest. 

This has not only diminished the biological value of the forest, but has introduced the risk of fires 

and further damage. Protection from fire and further exploitation may, however, allow the regrowth 

of forest e.g. woodland giving way to young forest regrowth. Degraded forest and 

subsequent thickets often preserve components of previous forest communities (Sheil, 1992). 

Such habitats were found in Kazimzumbwi FR, which therefore needs to be protected. 

If community use of the forest is presently impossible to effectively control with the resources 

available, ‘acceptable levels’ of extraction or forest decline have to be set and local communities 

encouraged to manage the forest for themselves. 

Action is required to decrease intensities of extraction in disturbance hotspots to prevent complete 

depletion of resources. Two forest guards were trained in biodiversity survey techniques during 

the present survey. More training is required and a cheap yet effective monitoring system 

designed to monitor changes in resource use in the field. 

Continued efforts to work with local communities to manage their own forest resources are 

required and more intensive efforts needed to develop resource alternatives outside the forest. 

Additonal surveys are also required in order to assess biodiversity and conservation issues in the 

south and south-west of Kazimzumbwi FR. Agricultural encroachment is particuclarly evident in 

this area of the reserve (Clarke & Dickinson 1995) and therefore possibly also other forms of 

human disturbance are too. 



48 

6. FAUNAL DIVERSITY OF KAZIMZUMBWI FOREST 

RESERVE 

By: Staddon,S., Hall, S.M. and Murphy, A. 


Coastal Forests, along with other forested areas of Africa, harbour an extremely rich fauna. 

Affinities between Coastal Forest and Guineo-Congolian forests tend to be limited, with Coastal 

Forests presenting a distinct fauna, more closely related to that of Eastern Arc forests (Burgess 

and Clarke 2000, and references therein). As a result of their small size and the fact that they are 

surrounded by open habitats, Coastal Forests tend to have a low number of forest dependent 

species. There are exceptions however; the great majority of molluscs are restricted to remnant 

forest patches of the Coastal Forests and Eastern Arc (Lange & Meena 2000). Endemism within 

Coastal Forests is extremely high, especially considering the small area involved. The number of 

endemic reptile species per km 2 in Coastal Forests is for example 8.0 x 10 -3 , whilst in Eastern Arc 

forests is 5.5 x 10 -3 and in Guineo-Congolian forests is 0.9 x 10 -4 (Broadley & Howell 2000). 

Endemism within Coastal Forest millipede and mollusc fauna may for example be as high as 50% 

and 79% respectively (Hoffman 2000, Verdcourt 2000). Coastal Forests are considered the most 

important site in the world for both endemic and near-endemic elephant shrews (Nicoll & 

Rathbun 1990 in Burgess et al. 2000). Many endemic species are considered to be relicts of 

formerly more widespread species, currently restricted to small forest patches of the Coastal 

Forest mosaic. 

With the exception of birds, few animal groups in Coastal Forests have been well documented 

(Mlingwa et al. 2000). Past research on Tanzanian mammals has concentrated on larger mammals 

of the open plains, whilst little is known of the bats, shrews, galagos, and nocturnal animals of 

Coastal Forests (Burgess et al. 2000). Records of both reptiles and amphibians tend to be greater 

for Eastern Arc forests than Coastal Forests and virtually nothing was known about the millipedes 

of Coastal Forests until Frontier-Tanzania started work in these forest in 1989 (Hoffman 2000). 

Taxonomic uncertainties and constant revisions hamper a clear knowledge of nearly all groups, 

with many Coastal Forest species, including five shrews and 190 millipedes, still undescribed. 

6.2 AIMS 

The aim of this study was to survey key faunal groups within Kazimzumbwi FR in order that they 

may be assessed in terms of species richness, diversity, forest dependence, endemic status and 

conservation concern. Target groups comprised mammals, reptiles, amphibians, butterflies, 

molluscs and millipedes. These groups were chosen for a combination of their relative ease of 

capture, ease of identification and the information they offer on ecological preferences and 

endemism. 



49 

Figure 16. Location of zoological trapsites (TS) in Kazimzumbwi FR. 

6.3 METHODS 

The target groups of fauna within Kazimzumbwi FR were surveyed using a combination of 

standardised, repeatable methods at ‘zoological trapsites’, surveys of dung and other animal signs 

along specific trans ects and opportunistic collection and observation on a casual basis. For 

detailed research aims, objectives and methods see Methodology Report (SEE 1997). 

6.3.1 ZOOLOGICAL TRAPSITES. 

Seven trapsites were established in habitats representative of those found within the reserve. All 

but one trapsite were of 8 night duration. At each trapsite the following methods were employed: 

Bucket pitfall traps 

Small mammals and ground-dwelling amphibians and reptiles were sampled using three linear 

transects, each consisting of buckets and a ‘drift fence’. Eleven 20 litre plastic buckets were 

placed 5m apart and sunk flush to the ground to form each line. A piece of plastic sheeting 

approximately 0.5m high was erected perpendicular to the bucket line to act as the drift fence, 

channelling animals moving into the area from either side towards the buckets. Each line was 

placed no more than 50m apart but was located in order to encompass as great a diversity of 

micro-habitats as possible. Detailed habitat notes were taken for each pitfall trap. Traps were 

checked early each morning for the duration of the trapsite and data recorded on standardised data 

sheets regarding the identification of each animal captured. 



50 

Sherman traps 

Small rodents and insectivores were sampled us ing 100 Sherman traps (standard size) baited with 

varying combinations of fried coconut and peanut butter and small fish (dagaa). Traps were 

placed at least 2m apart forming wide loops around the bucket pitfall trap lines; 33 around two of 

the lines and 34 around the other. Traps were baited each evening for the duration of the trapsite 

and checked early the next morning. Traps were closed during the day. Data were recorded on 

standardised data sheets regarding the identification, sex, breeding status, weight and biometrics 

of each animal captured. In order to identify ‘recaptures’, released animals were given an 

individual mark code made by trimming small patches of fur in a given pattern. Detailed habitat 

notes were taken for each trap. 

Mist-netting 

Bats were sampled using varying combinations and configurations of mistnets (1 x 3m, 2 x 7m, 1 

x 9m). Nets were placed across predicted ‘flight corridors’ such as rivers and paths, with the top 

of the net at a maximum height of 3m. Nets were opened at dusk and checked every 15 minutes 

for at least 3 hours each night that they were in use. Data were recorded on standardised data 

sheets regarding the identification, sex, breeding status, weight and biometrics of each bat 

captured. Detailed habitat notes were take n for each mist-netting location and the number of netmetre 

hours calculated (this varied between trapsites). 

Butterfly sweep-netting 

Low-flying butterflies were sampled using hand-held sweep-nets. Two man-hours were spent 

netting along the bucket pitfall lines each day for the duration of the trapsite. 

Butterfly canopy traps 

Butterflies were sampled using six canopy traps placed at varying heights within the canopy; two 

associated with each of the bucket pitfall trap lines. Traps were baited with fermenting banana 

and checked late afternon each day for the duration of the trapsite. Data were recorded on the 

identification of all species collected and detailed habitat notes taken for each trap, including its 

height within the canopy. 

Mollusc plots 

Molluscs were sampled in three 1m x 1m quadrats per trapsite; one established near each of the 

bucket pitfall trap lines and located in order to encompass a range of microhabitats. Two manhours 

were spent searching the leaf litter and first 3cm of soil within each quadrat. All molluscs 

encountered were collected. 

Millipede plots 

Millipedes were sampled in three 3m x 3m quadrats per trapsite; again, one established near each 

of the bucket pitfall trap lines and located in order to encompass a range of microhabitats. Four 

man-hours were spent searching the leaf litter and first 3cm of soil within each quadrat. All 

millipedes encountered were collected. 

6.3.2 DUNG AND SIGN SURVEYS 

More cryptic animals were surveyed along five transects of varying length (these transects were 

also used to investigate forest use and human impact, see Figure 5). The transects ran north-east 

to south-west through the reserve. Either side of the central transect line a 2m wide strip was 

searched for any animal dung, tracks, paths, burrows, diggings, feathers or other signs. All signs 

of animals were recorded and habitat notes were taken for each 50m stretch of transect. 



51 

6.3.3 OPPORTUNISTIC COLLECTION AND OBSERVATIONS 

All taxa were collected and observed on a casual basis throughout the survey period. 

Opportunistic collections of amphibians and reptiles and observations and vocalisations of larger 

mammals were expected to be particularly useful in revealing the presence of species not 

encountered in the standardised trapsite techniques and dung and sign surveys. 

6.3.4 IDENTIFICATION 

In order to verify the identification of species recorded a number of measures were taken. 

Whereever possible, two specimens (one male, one female) of each species recorded were taken 

and sent to a variety of experts for taxonomic verification (Appendix 2.). Specimens were also 

taken of anything that could not be confidently identified in the field or cross-referenced to a 

specimen already taken. Detailed habitat notes of capture locations accompanied all specimens in 

order to aid identification. Where indirect evidence was being used (for instance in the dung and 

sign survey) identifications were based on discussion with trained gameguards/forest guards, a 

reference dung collection and by using Walker (1988). 

6.4 RESULTS 

Fieldwork was carried out over a 12 week period between 26 May 2000 and 5 September 2000. A 

total of 52 nights of trapping were accrued from all seven trapsites (Table 14), during which time 

4796 Sherman trap-nights, 1749 bucket pitfall trap-nights and 2286 net metre-hours were 

completed. The trapsites were spread across the reserve (Figure 16) and encompassed a variety of 

habitats. Sites varied little in altitude but steep slopes tended to be associated with Mixed dry 

Coastal Forest whilst gentle slopes were associated with woodland and grasslands. Only some 

trapsites were associated with water sources. 

Table 14 Summary descriptions of trapsites in Kazimzumbwi FR. 

Trap 

site 

Duration Location Altitude 

(m asl) 

1 4 nights S 06º 55' 56.3" 

E 039º 03' 12.4" 

Vegetation type Topography Water 

association 

(& distance) 

200 Mixed dry Coastal Forest Gentle mid-slope None 

2 8 nights S 06º 56' 40.4" 

E 039º 03' 43.2" 

140 - 180 Mixed dry Coastal Forest 

& Riverine forest 

(near railway) 

Steep lower- & midslope 

& gentle upperslope 

Stream 

(5-50m) 

3 8 nights S 06º 58' 33.1" 

E 038º 04' 21.7" 

240 Mixed dry Coastal Forest 

(near railway) 

Gentle mid-slope 

None 

4 8 nights S 06º 56' 53.5" 

E 038º 52' 39.9" 

200 - 230 Mixed dry Coastal Forest 

& Swamp forest 

Steep lower- & midslope 

& hilltop 

River 

(0-50m) 

5 8 nights S 06º56'47.6" 

E 039º02'30.0" 

6 8 nights S 06º57'36. 8" 

E 039º02'05.7" 

180 Wooded Grassland Gentle lower-slope Swamp 

(0-50m) 

170 Brachystegia Forest Gentle lower-slope Dry river 

(0-50m) 

7 8 nights S 06º57'19.5" 

E 039º03'43.2" 

220 Mixed dry Coastal Forest 

(highly disturbed by 

pitsawing) 

Gentle upperslope 

None 



52 

6.4.1 MAMMALS 

The mammal species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR represent 18 families, 28 genera and 32 

species (Table 15 and 16). Identifications of small mammals and bats recorded from trapping 

activities remain tentative whilst awaiting taxonomic verifications (see Appendix 2). 

Identifications of species recorded from observational or indirect data sources are considered 

certain. 

Table 15 Summary of mammal diversity recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. 

Order 

Number of 

Families Genera species 

Primates 3 4 5 

Bats 3 3 3 

Insectivores 1 1 1 

Elephant shrews 1 2 2 

Hares 1 1 1 

Rodents 4 10 12 

Carnivores 2 3 3 

Scaly ant-eater 1 1 1 

Ungulates (even-toed) 2 3 5 

Totals 18 28 32 

Table 16 Mammal species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. (Ecological type, endemic status, 

conservation status and ‘new records’ are compiled from the National Biodiversity Database 

(UDSM 1997), Kingdon (1989) and Burgess and Clarke (2000) and lists given in Appendix 4 and 

IUCN (1996). These are not given for species identified to genera only). 

Species Common name 

Ecol. End. IUCN Evidence 

(local name) 

type status status Trap Direct Dung Track Other 

(CITES) obs. 

Primates - Primates 

COLOBIDAE 

Colobus sp. Colobus - - heard 

CERCOPITHECIDAE 

Papio cynocephalus * Yellow baboon (Nyani) f W (II) x x path 

Cercopithicus mitis Blue monkey (Kima) f W (II) x x 

GALAGONIDAE 

Galagoides zanzibaricus Zanzibar galago F N(b) LR nt 

(II) 

x 

Bats – Chiroptera 

NYCTERIDAE 

x 

Nycteris sp. Slit -faced bat - - 

HIPPOSIDERIDAE 

x 

Hipposider os ruber Leaf-nosed bat f W x 

RHINOLOPHIDAE 

Rhinolophus simulator ** Horseshoe bat F W x 

Insectivores – Insectivora 

SORICIDAE 

Crocidura sp. White-toothed shrew - - x 

heard 



53 

Table 16 Continued. 

Elephant shrews - Macroscelidea 

MACROSCELIDAE 

Rhynchocyon petersi Zanj elephant shrew 

(Ndovu/Ndole) 

Petrodromus tetradactylus Four-toed elephant shrew 

(Sengi) 

Hares – Lagomorpha 

F N(b) EN x path 

f W x 

LEPORIDAE 

Lepus saxatalis ** Scrub hare O W x 

Rodents – Rodentia 

THRYONOMYDAE 

Thryonomys cf. Marsh cane-rat f W x x 

swinderianus 

CRICETOMYDAE 

Cricetomys cf. gambianus Greater pouched rat 

f W burrow 

* 

(Panya buku) 

Beamys hindei * Lesser pouched rat F N(c) VU x 

DENDROMURINAE 

Dendromys sp. Climbing mouse - - x 

MURIDAE 

x 

Acomys sp. Spiny mouse - - x 

Grammomys sp. A Narrow-footed woodland - - x 

mouse 

Grammomys sp. B Narrow-footed woodland - - x 

mouse 

Lemniscomys sp. Zebra mouse - - x 

Mastomys natalensis * Multimammate rat f W x 

Mastomys sp. Multimammate rat - - x 

Mus sp. Common mouse - - x 

Rattus rattus Black rat O W x 

Carnivores – Carnivora 

HERPESTIDAE 

Mungos sp. Mongoose (Mwchiro) - - x x 

VIVERRIDAE 

Genetta genetta Common genet O W x 

Nandinia binotata African palm civet f W x 

Scaly ant-eaters - Pholidota 

ORYCTEROPODIDAE 

Orycteropus afer * Aardvark (Muhanga) f W burrow 

Even-toed ungulates - Artiodactyla 

SUIDAE 

Potamochoerus larvatus Bush pig (Nguruwe) f W x x x digging 

BOVIDAE 

Cephalophus adersi * Aders' duiker (Mbala) F N(a) EN x x 

(IDENTIFICATION UNSURE) 

Cephalophus monticola * Blue duiker (Ndimba) F W (II) x x 

Cephalophus natalensis Natal duiker (Digi-digi) F W LR cd x x 

Neotragus moschatus * Suni (Nokera) f W x x path 



54 

KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS IN ZOOLOGICAL TABLES 

NEW RECORDS 

* Species not previously recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR 

** Species not previously recorded in Coastal Forests 

ECOLOGICAL (ECOL.) TYPE 

F - Forest dependent species (primary forest only, not including forest edge or secondary forest) 

f - Forest dwelling but not forest dependent species 

O - Non-forest species 

ENDEMIC (END.) STATUS 

E - Endemic species (occurring only in the Pugu Hills) 

N - Near endemic species (a - range limited to Coastal Forests, b – range limited to Coastal Forests and the Eastern Arc 

Mountains, c – range limited to Coastal Forests, the Eastern Arc Mountains and a few other East African forests) 

W - Widespread distribution species 

IUCN STATUS (1996) 

EN – Endangered, VU – Vulnerable, LR – Lower Risk (cd – Conservation Dependent, nt – Near Threatened) 

(CITES classification is given as the Appendix in which the species appears) 

Nine species listed in Table 16 have not previously been recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR; mainly 

antelope (including the near-endemic Cephalophus adersi) and Cricetomyidae (including the 

near-endemic Beamys hindei). Two of these species also represent new records for Coastal 

Forests (in general). One species; Lepus saxatalis, is a non-forest species however and it may be 

for this reason that it has not been listed in previous Coastal Forest mammal fauna. 

Of the 32 mammal species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR, 7 (22%) are forest dependent, 11 

(34%) forest dwelling and 3 (9%) non-forest species (Table 17). The greatest forest dependency 

is within the ungulates, notably Cephalophus species. There are no mammal species endemic to 

the Pugu Hills, although 4 species recorded (13%) are near-endemics. One has a range restricted 

to Coastal Forests alone, two have ranges restricted to Coastal Forests and Eastern Arc Mountains 

and one has a range of Coastal Forests, Eastern Arc Mountains and a few other East African 

forests (Table 17 and 18). The majority of species recorded (17 or 53%) have wide distributions. 

Three species were recorded which are listed as Threatened (Endangered or Vulnerable) by the 

IUCN and two that are listed as at Lower Risk. Four species were recorded which appear in 

CITES Appendix II. 

Table 17 Summary of ecological type and endemic status of mammal species recorded in 

Kazimzumbwi FR. (For abbreviations see key following Table 16). 

Taxon Ecological type Endemic status 

F f O Unknown E N W Unknown 

Primates 1 2 0 1 0 1 2 1 

Bats 1 1 0 1 0 0 2 1 

Insectivores 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 

Elephant shrews 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 

Hares 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 

Rodents 1 3 1 7 0 1 4 7 

Carnivores 0 1 1 1 0 0 2 1 

Scaly ant-eater 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 

Ungulates 3 2 0 0 0 1 4 0 

Totals 7 11 3 11 0 4 17 11 



55 

Table 18 Ranges of near-endemic mammal species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR . (Taken from 

National Biodiversity Database (UDSM 1997)). 

Species 

Range 

GALAGONIDAE 

Galagoides zanzibaricus Coastal Forests in southern Kenya, northern Tanzania and Zanzibar (Kingdon 1997) 

MACROSCELIDIDAE 

Rhychocyon petersi 

NE and E Tanzania, also Zanzibar and Mafia, SE Kenya 

CRICETOMYDAE 

Beamys hindei 

Coastal forests in NE and E Tanzania, also SE Kenya 

BOVIDAE 

Cephalophus adersi 

Zanzibar, also Sokoke Forest in Kenya 

6.4.1.1 Bats and small mammals 

Different groups of mammals were sampled using different techniques and as bats and small 

mammals were surveyed systematically within trapsites (for which detailed habitat records were 

made, see Table 14 for a summary), additional information can be gained concerning their 

distribution and ecology. 

Records of 6 bats, 9 shrews and 60 rodents were collected through the use of mistnets, Sherman 

traps and bucke t pitfall traps (Table 19). 



56 

Table 19 Small mammal species captured at trapsites in Kazimzumbwi FR. 

Species Common name Number recorded at each trapsite 

BATS 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total 

NYCTERIDAE 

Nycteris sp. Slit-faced bat 4 4 

HIPPOSIDERIDAE 

Hipposideros ruber Leaf-nosed bat 1 1 

RHINOLOPHIDAE 

Rhinolophus simulator Horseshoe bat 1 1 

SHREWS 

Totals 0 0 0 5 1 0 0 6 

SORICIDAE 

Crocidura sp. White-toothed shrew 2 2 5 9 

RODENTS 

CRICETOMINAE 

Totals 0 0 0 0 2 2 5 9 

Beamys hindei Lesser pouched rat 3 2 5 

DENDROMURINAE 

Dendromys sp. Climbing mouse 2 1 1 4 

MURIDAE 

Acomys sp. Spiny mouse 19 19 

Grammomys sp. A Narrow-footed woodland 

1 1 2 

mouse 

Grammomys sp. B Narrow-footed woodland 

9 9 

mouse 

Lemniscomys sp. Zebra mouse 1 1 

Mastomys natalensis Multimammate rat 1 1 

Mastomys sp. Multimammate rat 14 2 16 

Mus sp. Common mouse 2 2 

Rattus rattus Black rat 1 1 

Totals 3 2 0 12 19 21 3 60 

The majority of bats were captured at trapsite 4, where mistnets were set up over the River 

Mzumbwi. Four of the six records were of only one species; Nycteris sp., although mistnetting 

was carried out over a number of consecutive nights and the number of recaptures is unknown but 

may bias the results. 

Shrews were recorded in half of the trapsites, within Wooded Grassland, Brachystegia Forest and 

Mixed dry Coastal Forest. Over half of the individuals recorded were captured at only one 

trapsite; trapsite 7. 

A high number, at least 12 species, of rodent were recorded; a number which may increase further 

on receipt of the formal identification of specimens taken. Rodents were recorded in almost all of 

the habitats surveyed. Acomys sp. was the most abundant rodent, although all records were in one 

trapsite only. This trapsite was in Brachystegia Forest; a very dry and fairly open habitat. 

Mastomys sp. was also found to be abundant, occurring mainly in Wooded Grassland habitats, 

where one record of Lemniscomys sp. was also made. Grammomys were recorded only in forest 

habitats, as was the near-endemic and forest dependent Beamys hindei. One record of Rattus 

rattus was collected, from trapsite 2. 



57 

6.4.1.2 Larger mammals 

Mammal species other than those bats and small mammals discussed above were detected from 

opportunistic observations or by using dung and sign surveys. Records are thus from locations 

and habitats throughout the reserve. 

Colobus sp. was heard calling on only one occasion and only from within forested areas, whilst 

Papio cynocephalus and Cercopithicus mitis were abundant and most evident at the forest edge. 

Certain forest dependent species were indeed only recorded from forested areas; Galagoides 

zanzibaricus, Rhynocyon petersi and Cephalophus spp. Elephant shrew paths were widely 

observed in forested habitats and Orycteropus afer burrows were fairly widely distributed in at 

least partly forested areas. Cricetomys cf, gambianus burrows were observed on only a few 

occasions, although are obviously less easy to spot than an aardvark burrow. Cephalophus 

natalensis and Neotragus moschatus were the most frequently recorded antelope. Potamochoerus 

larvatus was recorded from all habitats and from the large number of records collected was 

considered abundant. Evidence of Mungos sp. was found throughout the reserve, whilst Genetta 

genetta and Nandinia binotata were recorded from only a few observations around the forest 

edge. 

6.4.2 REPTILES 

Records of 46 reptiles were made in Kazimzumbwi FR, representing 8 families, 19 genera and 28 

species (Table 20). Taxonomic verifications have yet to be received for all specimens and 

therefore some identifications should be considered tentative. 

Table 20 Reptile species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. The identification of species given in 

bold have been confimed (ecological type, endemic status, conservation status and ‘new records’ 

are compiled from National Biodiversity Database (1997), Broadley and Howell (unpubl.), IUCN 

(1996) and Burgess and Clarke (2000); this is not possible for species identified to genera only). 

Species Common name Ecol. 

type 

VARANIDAE 

End. 

status 

IUCN Number recorded at each trapsite 

status 

(CITES) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 - Total 

Varanus sp. Monitor lizard - - 1 1 

VIPERIDAE 

Bitis arietans** Puff adder O W 1 1 

Bitis gabonica Gaboon viper F W 1 1 

COLUBRIDAE 

Apparalactus capensis** Cape centipede W 1 1 

eater 

Crotaphopeltis hotamboei** Herald snake O W 1 1 

Lamphrosis capensis** 

Lamphrosis fuliginosus** 

Lycophidion capense 

loveridgei* 

Lychophidion meleagre** 

Natriciteres olivacea* 

Common house 

snake 

Brown house 

snake 

Loveridge's Wolf 

snake 

Speckled Wolf 

snake 

Olive Marsh- 

Snake 

f W 1 1 

O W 1 1 

F W 1 1 

F W 1 1 

f W 1 1 



58 


Philothamnus haplogaster Southeastern f W 1 1 

Green snake 

Philothamnus 

Slender Green W 1 1 

hetereolepidotus** snake 

Philothamnus sp. Green snake - - 1 1 

Prosymna abigua 

stuhlmanni 

Psammophis subtaeniatus 

orientalis** 

Thelotornis capensis 

CHAMAELEONIDAE 

Chamaeleo dilepis 

East African 

Shovel-Snout 

Stripe-bellied sand 

snake 

Mozambique vine 

snake 

Flap-necked 

chamaeleon 

Chamaeleo melleri Giant one-horned 

chamaeleon 

Rhampholeon brevicaudatus Bearded pygmy 

chamaeleon 

SCINCIDAE 

Mabuya maculilabris Speckled-lipped 

Sepsina tetradactyla* 

skink 

Four-toed 

burrowing skink 

f W 1 1 

W 2 2 

f W 1 1 2 

f W (II) 1 1 

f W 1 2 3 

F N(b) VU 1 2 3 

f W 3 2 5 

N(a) 1 1 

AGAMIDAE 

Agama montana** Montane agama F N VU 1 1 

Agama sp. Agama - - 1 

LACERTIDAE 

Nucras boulengeri** Boulenger’s W 7 7 

Scrub-lizard 

Unidentified sp. - - 1 1 2 

GEKKONIDAE 

Hemidactylus maboui 

Lygodactylus grotei* 

Moreau's 

Tropical house 

gecko 

Grote's dwarf 

gecko 

f W 2 1 3 

N(c) 1 1 

Unidentified sp. - - 1 1 

Totals 0 3 4 5 7 2 4 21 46 


NEW RECORDS 












IUCN STATUS (1996) 

EN - Endangered 

VU - Vulnerable 

LR – Lower Risk (cd – Conservation Dependent, nt – Near Threatened) 




59 

Fourteen species listed have not previously been recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR, including the 

near-endemic Sepsina tetradactyla and Natriciteres olivaecea. The latter species has apparently 

not been found on the coast for 15 years (K.Howell, pers. comm.). Ten of these species have not 

previously been recorded in Coastal Forest, although half of these are non-forest species and it 

may be for this reason that they have not previously been listed in other Coastal Forest 

inventories. The record of Agama montana, previously recorded only from Eastern Arc 

Mountains, represents a range extension for the species. 

Although more reptiles were captured in trapsite 5 than any other these records represent just one 

species. No reptiles were recorded from trapsite 1 but this trapsite ran for only half the time of the 

others (see Table 14). No clear patterns emerge with regard to the diversity or species richness 

recorded from the different trapsites, and thus different habitats. 

Five reptile species (19%) were forest dependent whilst 9 (33%) were forest dwe lling. Three 

species (11%) are non-forest and these were indeed found outside of densely forested areas. 

There are no reptiles endemic to the Pugu Hills although four near-endemic species were 

recorded; one endemic to Coastal Forests alone, one endemic to Coastal Forests and Eastern Arc 

Mountains and one endemic to Coastal Forest, Eastern Arc Mountains and a few other East 

African forests (see Table 21). The majority of species (70%) are known to have widespread 

distributions. 

Two species are considered Vulnerable by the IUCN and one species appears on Appendix II of 

CITES listings. 

Table 21 Ranges of near endemic reptile species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. (Taken from 


Species 

CHAMAELEONIDAE 

Rhampholeon brevicaudatus 

SCINCIDAE 

Sepsina tetradactyla 

AGAMIDAE 

Agama montana 

GEKKONIDAE 

Lygodactylus grotei 

Range 

Forests of coastal Tanzania and part of Eastern Arc mountains (Usambara 

Mountains and Uluguru mountains) 

S.E. Tanzania, Malawi and Zambia 

Usambara, Uluguru and Nguru Mountains 

S.E. Tanzania, Mafia Island and N. Mozambique 

6.4.3 Amphibians 

Records of 801 amphibians were made in Kazimzumbwi FR, representing 8 families, 13 genera 

and 23 species (Table 22). Taxonomic verifications have been received and thus all 

identifications are confimed. 



60 

Table 22 Ampibian species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. (Ecological type, endemic status, 

conservation status and ‘new records’ are complied from the National Biodiversity Database 

(1997), Schiotz (1999), IUCN (1996) and Burgess and Clarke (2000); this is not given for species 

identified to genus only). 

Species Ecol. End. IUCN Number recorded at each trapsite 

type status status 

ARTHROLEPTIDAE 

(CITES) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 - Total 

Arthroleptis stenodactylus F W 15 103 13 71 44 15 37 1 298 

Arthroleptis xenodactyloides * F N(c) 2 14 11 308 10 1 15 4 365 

Arthroleptis sp. indet. - - 2 1 3 

BUFONIDAE 

Bufo guttaralis O W 1 1 2 

Bufo lindneri * f N(c) 11 2 13 

Mertensophryne micranotis F N(b) 1 1 1 3 6 

HYPEROLIDAE 

Leptopelis argenteus * O N(c) 1 1 

Leptopelis barbouri ** F N 1 1 

Leptopeis flavomaculatus F N(c) 1 1 1 1 4 

Kassina senegalensis argyreivittus * O W 2 1 3 

Afrixalus brachynemis O W 1 1 

MICROHYLIDAE 

Breviceps mossambicus O W 1 1 

PIPIDAE 

Xenopus muelleri * f W 3 3 

RANIDAE 

Hemisus marmoratus * f W 1 19 1 21 

Ptychadena anchietae * O W 3 3 

Ptychadena mossambica f W 1 1 

Ptychadena sp. indet. - - 1 2 3 

Phrynobatrachus acridoides f W 1 1 

Phrynobatrachus mababiensis O W 2 36 38 

Unidentified sp. - - 30 1 31 

RHACOPHORIDAE 

Chiromantis xerampelina O W 1 1 

CAECILIDAE 

Boulengerula cf. changamwensis * F N(c) 1 1 

Totals 17 121 24 411 93 54 55 26 801 


NEW RECORDS 














61 

IUCN STATUS 

EN - Endangered 

VU - Vulnerable 

LR – Lower Risk (cd – Conservation Dependent, nt – Near Threatened) 


Eight species listed have not previously been recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR, including Leptopelis 

barbouri that has not previously been recorded in Coastal Forests (the identification of this 

species is however the only one not yet confirmed (KMH 23614) and thus this record remains 

tentative). 

The majority of amphibian records were of Arthroleptis species, which were recorded throughout 

the reserve. Few amphibian records were collected at trapsites 1 and 3, which unsurprisingly were 

not associated with water sources. The caecilian was, as expected, collected near to a water 

source; the River Mzumbwi. 

Six species recorded (26%) were forest dependent, 5 (22%) were forest dwellers and 8 (35%) 

were non-forest species. The greatest forest dependence was among the Arthroleptidae and some 

Hyperolidae, with other Hyperolidae and many Ranidae non-forest species. 

There are no endemic species to the Pugu Hills although 7 near-endemic species (30%) were 

recorded (see Table 23). One species was endemic to Coastal Forests and Eastern Arc Mountains 

and five species were endemic to Coastal Forest, Eastern Arc Mountains and a few other East 

African forests Twelve species (43%) had widespread distributions. 

None of the species recorded were listed as Threatened by IUCN or appear on CITES listings. 

Table 23 Ranges of near-endemic amphibian species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. (Taken from 


Species 

ARTHROLEPTIDAE 

Arthroleptis xenodactyloides 

BUFONIDAE 

Bufo lindneri 

Mertensophryne micranotis 

HYPEROLIDAE 

Leptopelis argenteus 

Leptopelis barbouri 

Leptopeis flavomaculatus 

CAECILIDAE 

Boulengerula changamwensis 

Range 

Forests in Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, E. Zambia and E. Zimbabwe 

Dar es Salaam and vicinity, S. Malawi and N. Mozambique 

Coastal Forests of Kenya and Tanzania and the East Usambaras 

E. and S.E. Tanzanian coastal lowlands, possibly N. Mozambique 

Usambara and Udzungwa Mountains 

Coastal zone from Kenya to Mozambique, possibly Malawi and E. Zimbabwe 

Coastal Forests of Kenya and Tanzania 



62 

6.4.4 BUTTERFLIES 

Records of 1115 butterflies were collected in Kazimzumbwi FR, representing 5 families, 53 

genera, 140 species and 148 subspecies (Table 24 and 25). All identifications are considered 

tentative whilst awaiting taxonomic verifications. 

Table 24 Summary of butterfly species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. 

Family No. of genera No. of species No.of subspecies 

Hesperiidae 4 5 5 

Lycaenidae 11 20 21 

Nymphalidae 27 77 79 

Papilionidae 2 5 7 

Pieridae 9 33 36 

Totals 53 140 148 

Table 25 Butterfly species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. (Ecological type, endemic status and 

‘new records’ are compiled from Kielland (1990), Larsen (1996) and Burgess and Clarke (2000); 

this is not given for species identif ied to genus only). 

Species Ecol. End. Species Ecol. End. 

type status type status 

HESPERIIDAE 

Coeliades sejuncta ** F W Tagiades flesus * F W 

Monza cretacea *** W Unknown sp. - - 

Spialia despauperata despauperata ** f W 

LYCAENIDAE 

Anthene sp. - - Ornipholidotos peucetia peuceda * f W 

Appias epaphia f W Pentila pauli ** f W 

Deudarix dinochares f W Pentila rondo * F N 

Euchrysops malathana *** f W Pentila rogersi * F N 

Euchrysops osiris *** f W Pentila tropicalis F W 

Euchrysops subpallida *** O W Pentila tropicalis mombasae F W 

Hemiolaus coeculus f W Pentila sp. - - 

Hemiolaus coeculus littoralis* f W Teriomima micra * F N 

Lepidochrysops barkeri *** f W Teriomima subpunctata ** F N 

Lepidochrysops sp. - - Unknown sp. - - 

Leptotes pirithous *** O W 

NYMPHALIDAE 

Acraea aganice montana F W Euxanthe wakefieldi F W 

Acraea cerasa * F W Hamanumida daedalus f W 

Acraea encedena * f W Harma theobene f W 

Acraea epaea epitellus F N Harma theobene blassi * f W 

Acraea eponina eponina * f W Henotesia perspicua * f W 

Acraea insignis insignis * f W Hypolimnas anthedon walbergi ** F W 

Acraea orestia orestia ** F W Hypolimnas deceptor deceptor * f W 

Acraea petraea* f W Hypolimnas misippus * O W 



63 


Acraea rabbaiae mombasae* F W Junonia natalica natalica * f W 

Acraea zonata * F N Junonia oenone oenone f W 

Acraea sp. - - Junonia orithya madagascariensis * f W 

Amauris niavus niavus** f W Junonia terea elgiva f W 

Amauris ochlea ochlea * f W Melanitis leda f W 

Bicyclus campinus ocelligerus * F W Mylothris kiwuensis rhodopoides F W 

Bicyclus safitza saftiza * O W Neptidopsis fulgurata platyptera * F N 

Bicyclus sp. - - Neptis alta ** f W 

Byblia anvatara acheloia f W Neptis carcassoni * F W 

Byblia ilithya * f W Neptis goochi F W 

Byblia sp. - - Neptis melicerta ** F W 

Charaxes baumanni granti* f W Neptis morosa f W 

Charaxes brutus trans. ad. Angustus f W Neptis saclava marpessa * f W 

Charaxes candiope candiope F W Neptis sp. - - 

Charaxes castor castor f W Pardopsis punctatissima * f W 

Charaxes cithaeron nairobicus ** F W Phalanta eurytis eurytis * F W 

Charaxes etesipe gordoni * F W Physcaeneura leda * f N 

Charaxes hansali baringana ** f W Precis pelarga actia f W 

Charaxes jahlusa kenyensis ** f W Pseudacrea lucretia protracta F W 

Charaxes lasti lasti * F N Salamis anacardii anacardii * f W 

Charaxes macclounii ** O W Salamis parhassus parhassus F W 

Charaxes protoclea azota f W Salamis sp. - - 

Charaxes varanes volgensis f W Sallya amulia rosa ** f W 

Charaxes violetta maritimus * F N Sallya boisduvali f W 

Charaxes zoolina zoolina f W Sallya boisduvali omissa * f W 

Charaxes sp. - - Sallya garega garega ** f W 

Coenyropsis carcasonni * f N Sallya natalensis * f W 

Danaus chrysippus chrysippus * f W Sallya umbrina ** f W 

Euphaedra neophron * f W Ypthima asterope ** O W 

Euptera kinugnana F N Ypthima recta ** f W 

Eurytela dryope f W Unknown sp. - - 

Eurytela dryope angulata f W 

PAPILIONIDAE 

Catopsila florella f W Papilio dardanus tibullus F W 

Papilio constantinus constantinus * F W Papilio demadocus demadocus f W 

Papilio dardanus dardanus ** F W Papilio ophidicephalus ophidicephalus** F W 

Papilio dardanus polytrophus ** F W 

PIERIDAE 

Appias epaphia orbona ** f W Dixeia sp. - - 

Appias lasti lasti F W Eronia cleodora * f W 

Belenois aurota aurota * F W Eronia leda * f W 

Belenois creona severina f W Eurema brigatta brigatta ** f W 

Belenois subeida sylvander ** f W Eurema desjardiusi oberthane * f W 

Belenois thysa thysa f W Eurema floricola orientalis F W 

Belenois sp. - - Eurema hecabe f W 

Catopsilia florella f W Eurema hecabe solifera f W 

Colotis antevippe zera * f W Eurema regularis ** f W 



64 


Colotis auxo ** f W Eurema senegalensis F W 

Colotis daira jacksoni ** O W Eurema sp. - - 

Colotis danae eupompe ** f W Leptosia alcesta inalcesta * f W 

Colotis euippe * f W Leptosia nupta nupta ** F W 

Colotis euippe complexivus * f W Nepheronia argia argia F W 

Colotis euippe omphale * f W Nepheronia buqueti buqueti * f W 

Colotis ione f W Nepheronia thalassina f W 

Colotis sp. - - Nepheronia sp. - - 

Dixeia doxo costata * f W Unknown sp. - - 


NEW RECORDS 












Over half (58%) of the butterfly species listed have not previously not been recorded in 

Kazimzumbwi FR and most notably all of the Hesperiids represent new records. These records 

also represent 29 species and 6 genera that have not previously been recorded in Coastal Forests. 

All of these genera are from the Hesperiidae and Lycaenidae families. 

Many Nymphalidae were recorded whilst very few Hesperiidae. Forty-two species recorded 

(30%) were forest dependent, including the majority of Papilionidae species. Relatively few 

forest dependent Pieridae species were recorded, most being forest dwelling. Eighty species 

recorded (54%) were forest dwellers and only 7 (5%) were non-forest species. No endemic 

butterfly species were recorded although 12 (8%) were near-endemics (see Table 26). If verified 

taxonomically, the record of Pentils rondo repesents a range extension for the species that has 

only been found on the Rondo Plateau. The majority of butterfly species recorded (111 or 75%) 

have widespread distributions. No species recorded are listed by IUCN as Threatened or appear in 

CITES listings. 



65 

Table 26 Ranges of near endemic butterfly species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. (Compiled 

from Kielland & Cordiero 2000). 

Species 

LYCAENIDAE 

Pentila rondo 

Pentila rogersi 

Teriomima micra 

Teriomima subpunctata 

NYMPHALIDAE 

Acraea epaea epitellus 

Acraea zonata 

Charaxes lasti lasti 

Charaxes violetta maritimus 

Coenyropsis carcasonni 

Euptera kinugnana 

Neptidopsis fulgurata platyptera 

Physcaeneura leda 

Range 

Known only from a FR on the Rondo Plateau, W. of Lindi, Tanzania 








E. Tanzania and S.E. Kenya 




6.4.5 MOLLUSCS 

Whilst awaiting the formal identification of 50 mollusc, little can unfortunately be ascertained 

regarding the mollusc fauna of Kazimzumbwi FR. 

6.4.6 MILLIPEDES 

Whilst awaiting the formal identification of 200 millipede, little can unfortunately be ascertained 

regarding the millipede fauna of Kazimzumbwi FR. 


6.5.1 MAMMALS 

Thirty-two species of mammal were recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. This compares favourably 

with other Coastal Forests, which have an average of 24 + 12.3 species each (Burgess et al. 

2000). Taxonomic verifications are still awaited for shrew, rodent and bat specimens and these 

are expected to increase the number of species recorded even further. In general, the most diverse 

groups of mammals in Coastal Forests are bats (58 species), rodents (>27 species), carnivores (19 

species), primates (14 species) and shrews (14 species) (Burgess et al. 2000). This general pattern 

was largely observed within Kazimzumbwi, although recorded bat diversity was low. This may 

reflect seasonal variations or serve to emphasise the difficulties of mistnetting in open habitats. 

The results will also be biased towards low-flying insectivorous species, for example those 

feeding close above the water at riverine sites. No megachiroptera were recorded. High numbers 

of rodents and ungulates were recorded, reflecting the great diversity that exists within these taxa 

and the high forest dependence of many ungulate species. Rattus rattus was recorded close to the 

railway track and its associated drainage system; this may have provided the species with an 

access route into the forest from villages and cultivated areas around the reserve. Primate and 

carnivore diversity was fairly high, although difficulties exist in gaining evidence of elusive 



66 

carnivores and therefore true species diversity may well be greater. People living around the 

reserve believe there to be Panthera pardus (Leopard) south of the railway track. Records of 

galagos may have been increased if vocalisations were used more widely. When taxonomic 

verifications are received and species identified the number of shrews is expected to reflect the 

high shrew diversity of Coastal Forests in general. Although shrews generally prefer moist 

habitats (Kingdon 1997), only some of the sites where shrews were recorded in Kazimzumbwi 

were associated with water. Previous studies report a positive relationship between shrew 

abundance and rain (Frontier Tanzania 2001). There was very little rain during the study period 

although no formal records were made in order to investigate such a relationship. Much remains 

to be known about Coastal Forest shrew fauna, with five unidentified species recorded from 

separate forests (including one from Kazimzumbwi FR), four of which are undescribed (Burgess 

et al. 2000). Results of shrews from this study should therefore prove interesting. No Hyracoidea 

(Hyrax) records were made although Dendrohyrax species are expected within the reserve and 

were possibly smelt on a number of occasions. 

Nine of the 32 mammal species recorded (28%) have not previously been reported in 

Kazimzumbwi FR. Many are antelope (including the near-endemic Cephalophus adersi 4 ) or 

Cricetomyidae (including the near-endemic Beamys hindei). This reflects the lack of attention 

given Kazimzumbwi FR, despite the large number of biological studies within neighbouring Pugu 

FR. The results of the current study are thus particularly important. 

Within Kazimzumwbi FR 22% of species recorded are forest dependent, 34% are forest dwelling 

and 9% are non-forest species (the ecological requirements of 11 species or 34% are unkown). 

These figures compare well with those recorded in Coastal Forest mammals in general, where 

20% of species are recorded as forest dependent, 42% as forest dwelling and 37% as non-forest 

species (Burgess et al. 2000). The greatest forest dependence would appear to be among the 

ungulates, notably Cephalophus species. The galago and elephant shrews recorded also show 

high forest dependence. No information on the ecological requirements of the majority of small 

mammals recorded is currently available (as few are yet identified to species). From their 

trapping locations however it would appear that Grammomys are confined to forested areas 

(along with Beamys hindei, which is known to be forest dpenedent). Four of the seven forest 

dependent species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR are also near-endemics, highlighting the link 

between endemism and forest dependence. Large areas of the Kazimzumbwi FR comprise 

habitats other than forests and thus the high number of ecological generalists is to be expected. 

The dominance of ecological generalists in Coastal Forests in general is attributed to the small 

size of forest patches and the fact that they are surrounded by open habitats and are dry for large 

parts of the year (Burgess et al. 2000). 

Four species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR have restricted ranges. The antelope Cephalophus 

adersi is endemic to Coastal Forests alone, the galago Galagoides zanzibaricus and the elephant 

shrew Rhynchocyon petersi are endemic to Coastal Forests and Eastern Arc Mountains, and the 

rodent Beamys hindei is endemic to Coastal Forests, Eastern Arc Mountains and a few other East 

African forests. In Coastal Forests in general, endemism is especially high within shrews, bats, 

galagos, rodents, antelope and elephant shrews, thus the pattern in Kazimzumbwi FR fits well 

with this general trend. The endemic status cannot be given for those species identified to genera 

only and at the time of writing the taxonomic verification of small rodents, insectivores and bats 

is awaited. All of these groups show high levels of endemism and thus information regarding this 

should prove interesting. All of the restricted range species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR are 

also forest dependent. The number of near-endemic species recorded is the same as that recorded 

4 The identification of this species remains uncertain. 



67 

during previous surveys of the Pugu Hills (Burgess et al. 2000). The species are however 

different as both Beamys hindei and Cephalophus adersi (recorded during the current study) have 

not previously been recorded in the reserve. 

Five species recorded within Kazimzumbwi FR are listed by IUCN as of conservation concern. 

Two are listed as Endangered, both of which are forest dependent and near-endemic; the Zanj 

elephant shrew Rhynchocyon petersi and Ader’s duiker Cephalophus adersi. One is listed as 

Vulnerable, the forest dependent and near-endemic Lesser pouched rate Beamys hindei. Two are 

listed as at Lower Risk; the forest dependent and near-endemic Zanzibar galago Galagoides 

zanzibaricus and the forest dependent Natal duiker Cephalophus natalesis. Three of the primate 

species recorded appear on CITES Appendix II, along with the antelope Cephalophus monticola. 

The present study employed a number of survey technqiues in order to sample various groups of 

mammals. With regard to mist-netting for bats, the river Mzumbwi provided a natural flight 

corridor, an excellent feeding site for insectivorous bats and an ideal location for mistnetting. 

Mist-netting in more open habitats, such as wooded grassland, proved far less successful. 

Sherman traps were most successful in trapping rodents whilst bucket pitfall traps were more 

successful with regard to shrews. It may be that shrews were not attracted to the coconut and 

peanut butter bait used in Sherman traps, although small fish (dagaa) were used at one trapsite 

but with no noticeable increased success rates in catching shrews. It is considered advisable to use 

the combination of both trapping methods in order to fully sample small mammal fauna. It was 

thought possible that larger rodent species may be able to escape bucket pitfall traps, whilst 

Sherman traps may be biased towards catching nocturnal species however. 

6.5.2 REPTILES 

Twenty-eight species of reptile were recorded within Kazimzumbwi FR, half of which have not 

previously been recorded within the reserve. This reflects the lack of attention given to Coastal 

Forests in past reptile research and the resulting small number of forests with full species lists 

(Broadley & Howell 2000). Of the fourteen species not peviously recorded within the reserve, 

Sepsina tetradactyla is near-endemic to Coastal Forests and Natriciteres olivacea has not been 

recorded on the coast for 15 years (K.Howell, pers. comm.). The record of Agama montana 

represents a range extension for this species which has previously only been recorded in the 

Usambara, Uluguru and Nguru Mounatins (National Biodiversity Database, UDSM 1997). Two 

of the three chameleon genera occurring in Coastal Forests were represented in Kazimzumbwi 

FR, with three species recorded. Two species of venomous snake were recorded in 

Kazimzumbwi, although when compared to West and Central African forests, Coastal Forests (in 

general) are poor in such species (Broadley & Howell 2000). If taxonomic verifications are 

received confirming field identifications, many of the colubrid species recorded in Kazimzumbwi 

FR will represent new records for the reserve and some for Coastal Forests. Unfortunately, as in 

previous studies, fossorial reptiles were under-represented in this study. 

Of the 28 reptile species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR, only five (19%) are forest dependent, 

although the ecological requirements of ten species (37%) are not known and therefore bias these 

results. This figure is (without additional information) low when compared to that within Coastal 

Forests in general, where 50% are forest dependent (Broadley & Howell 2000). Reptiles were 

recorded at all trapsites and oportunistically throughout the reserve, in both forested and nonforested 

habitats. Large areas of the Kazimzumbwi FR comprise habitats other than forests and 

thus, as with the mammal rceords, the high number of ecological generalists is to be expected. 

Two of the five forest dependent species also have restricted ranges. 



68 

Four species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR (14%) have restricted ranges. The skink Sepsina 

tetradactyla is endemic to Coastal Forests alone, the dwarf chameleon Rhampholeon 

brevicaudatus is endemic to Coastal Forests and Eastern Arc Mountains and the gecko 

Lygodactylus grotei is endemic to Coastal Forests, Eastern Arc Mountains and a few other East 

African forests. The rema ining species, Agama montana , is recorded as endemic to selected 

Eastern Arc forests. The record in Kazimzumbwi FR however alters the endemic status of this 

species. The ecological requirements of two the four restricted range species could not be found, 

however the other two are forest dependent. Twenty-four species are known to be endemic to 

Coastal Forests, although it is believed that this figure could easily increase with greater sampling 

effort (Broadley & Howell 2000). The remaining taxonomic verifications of reptiles recorded in 

Kazimzumbwi FR are thus eagerly awaited, particularly as between 1989 and 1994 Frontier- 

Tanzania Coastal Forest Research Programme found six new species within a number of Coastal 

Forests. 

Two reptile species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR are listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN. Both 

Rhampholeon brevicaudatus and Agama montana are forest dependent and have restricted ranges. 

The chameleon Chamaeleo dilepis is listed on CITES Appendix II. 

Almost half (46%) of the reptile species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR were as a result of 

opportunistic collections or observations made outside of the trapsites. This highlights the 

importance of this activity and the limitations of relying solely on the trapsite techniques to 

specifically capture reptiles. Larger reptiles will easily escape bucket pitfall traps and arboreal 

species will not be targeted by this sampling technique at all. 

6.5.3 AMPHIBIANS 

Twenty-three species of amphibia were recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR, including eight (35%) that 

have not prevously been recorded in the reserve. If the identification of Leptopelis barbouri is 

confimed it will represent the first record of the species in Coastal Forests. Three of the species 

not previously recorded in the reserve are forest dependent and five are near-endemics. The 

species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR represent a typical lowland assemblage (Poynton, pers. 

comm.). Arthroleptis species were the commonest species in Kazimzumbwi FR, as they are in 

Coastal Forests in general (Poynton 2000). Coastal Forest and the Eastern Arc differ quite 

substantially in terms of amphibia, with no records of the speciose bufonid genus 

Nectophrynoides in Coastal Forests whilst Coastal Forests appear to be the distributional centre of 

the bufonid genera Mertensophryne and Stephopaedes (Poynton 2000). Mertensophryne 

micranotis was recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR although no Stephopaedes. With its highly 

specialised breeding strategy, Mertensophryne micranotis is very interesting from an evolutionary 

and biogeographical point of view and thus the record in Kazimzumbwi FR is important. The 

caecilian record is interesting as much data is required in order to adequately assess the forest 

dependence and distribution of these little studied amphibia (Poynton 2000). Leptopelis was 

represented by only a few individuals and no Hyperolius were recorded. This may well reflect the 

timing of the survey, which took place in the dry season. Very little rainfall occurred for the 

duration of the survey period. Interestingly, nearly all of the Hemisus and Phrynobatrachus 

records were from Wooded Grassland and Brachystegia Forest respectively. Hemisus is 

considered a forest dwelling species whilst Phrynobatrachus mababiensis is considered a nonforest 

species. 

Six of the amphibian species recorded (26%) are forest dependent, although the ecological 

requirements of four species (17%) are unknown and thus possibly bias the results. The greatest 

forest dependence was found within the Arthroleptidae and Hyperolidae, although almost equal 



69 

numbers of Hyperolidae are non-forest species. Five of the six forest dependent species also have 

restricted ranges. Difficulties exist in defining forest dependence among amphibia as many 

species breed in open habitats (Poynton 2000) and figures with which to compare the extent of 

forest dependency in Kazimzumbwi FR amphibia were hard to find. 

Seven species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR (30%) have restricted ranges. One is confined to 

Coastal Forests and Eastern Arc Mountains; Mertensophryne micranotis, and five are confined to 

Coastal Forests, Eastern Arc Mountains and a few other East African forests; Arthroleptis 

xenodactyloides, Bufo linderi, Leptopelis argenteus, Leptopelis flavomaculatus and Boulengerula 

cf. changamwensis. The remaining species, Leptopelis barbouri, is endemic to the Usambara and 

Udzungwa Mountains, although if the identification of the species is confirmed the record alters 

its endemic status. Five of these restricted range species are also forest dependent. 

No amphibian species recorded are listed by IUCN or CITES as of conservation concern. 

With regards to sampling techniques, unlike the reptiles recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR, the 

majority of amphibians recorded were the result of standard trapsite methods. Opportunistic 

collection did however reveal the presence of genera such as Chiromantis, Xenopus and some 

species of Ptychadena. 

6.5.4 BUTTERFLIES 

One hundred and forty species of butterfly were recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR, of which 58% 

have not previously been reported in the reserve, 20% have not previously been recorded in 

Coastal Forests and 5% are genera that have not previously been recorded in Coastal Forests. If 

formal identifications verify the species recorded, these represent a wealth of new data on Coastal 

Forest butterfly fauna. This is especially true as these records build on those of 241 species 

recorded throughout the Pugu Hills during extensive survey by regional experts (Kielland & 

Cordiero 2000). Due to their small size and inconspicuousness, Hesperiids and Lycaenids tend to 

be under-represented in butterfly records, and indeed, all of the Hesperiids recorded in 

Kazimzumbwi FR are at least new species to the reserve, with some representing new genera to 

Coastal Forests. The Nymphalidae family is particularly well represented in Kazimzumbwi FR, 

reflecting their generally larger size and conspicuousness. Pieridae species of open habitats often 

migrate and exhibit much seasonal variation (Kielland 1990). It would therefore be interesting to 

re-survey at different times of year in order to investigate any such changes. Butterflies are a 

relatively well studied taxa and although Coastal Forests are known to harbour a diverse 

assemblage of butterflies, surveys of all forests are far from complete (Kielland & Cordeiro 

2000). The results of the current study would support this statement. 

Forty-two species (30%) recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR are forest dependent, including the 

majority of Papilionidae species. High numbers of Hesperiidae are also forest dependent although 

relatively few Pieridae are forest dependent, most being forest dwelling. Seventy-five of more 

than 400 butterfly species and subspecies (c.19%) inhabiting Coastal Forests are known to be 

forest dependent (Kielland & Cordeiro 2000) and thus the level of forest dependency in 

Kazimzumbwi FR is high. One-quarter of forest dependent species also have restricted ranges. 

Twelve species (8%) recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR are endemic to Coastal Forests including one, 

which if verified taxonomically, represents a range extension for the species Pentila rondo, 

previously only recorded on the Rondo Plateau, southern Tanzania. All but two of these species 

are also forest dependent. Neither of the two genera endemic to Coastal Forests were recorded 

although the near-endemic genera Teriomima was represented in Kazimzumbwi by two species. 



70 

The use of both canopy traps baited with fermenting fruit and hand-held sweepnets was found to 

sample greater species diversity than either method alone. Canopy traps sampled an obviously 

higher flying butterfly assemblage and captured many Charaxes and Sallya species. Sweepnets 

could be used to target smaller species flying low to the ground. 

6.5.5 MOLLUSCS AND MILLIPEDES 

Unfortunately until identifications are received for those specimens collected in Kazimzumbwi 

FR, little can be ascertained regarding the ecological preferences or endemic status of its mollusc 

and millipede fauna. These results are eagerly awaited however and should prove to be very 

interesting. Virtually nothing is known about Coastal Forest millipede fauna, although due to 

their hard, persistent shells, mollusc fauna (namely snails) is better known (Hoffman 2000). One 

hundred and twenty-five mollusc species are known to inhabit Coastal Forests and coastal 

bushland (Verdcourt 2000) whilst 224 named and 190 undescribed species of millipede are 

known to occur in Tanzania. Endemism is thought to be high in both; 79% in molluscs and >50% 

in millipedes. As many undescribed taxa exist within both groups however, the true number of 

endemic, and also forest dependent, species is likely to be higher. 

6.6 CONCLUSIONS 

The faunal diversity recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR is summarised in Table 27, accompanied by 

the forest dependency, endemic status and conservation concern of the taxon involved. The 

species richness, number of forest dependent species and those of restricted ranges are all 

expected to increase when taxonomic verifications are received. This is especially likely to be 

true within the molluscs, millipedes, shrews and rodents recorde d. 

Table 27 Summary of faunal richness and the forest dependency, endemicity and conservation 

status of species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. (For sources of information refer to relevant 

tables in the results section). 

Taxon Number of Number of Number of Species not Forest Restricted IUCN conservation 

families genera species previously dependent range concern 

recorded 

Mammals 17 28 32 9 (28%) 7 (22%) 4 (13%) 5 (16%) 

Reptiles 8 19 28 14 (50%) 5 (18%) 4 (14%) 2 (7%) 

Amphibians 8 13 23 8 (24%) 6 (26%) 7 (30%) 0 

Butterflies 5 53 140 81 (58%) 42 (30%) 12 (9%) 0 

Totals 38 113 223 112 (50%) 60 (27%) 27 (12%) 7 (3%) 

6.6.1 ‘NEW RECORDS’ 

A high proportion of species within all taxon have not previously been recorded in Kazimzumbwi 

FR. This is particularly notable in the butterflies and reptiles, at least half of the species of which 

represent ‘new records’ for the reserve. The figure given for butterflies would be even greater if 

subspecies were considered. Broadley and Howell (2000) note the lack of attention given Coastal 

Forests in past reptile research and Kielland and Cordiero (2000) report a far from complete 

coverage of butterfly studies despite Lepidoptera being a fairly well studied order. Records of 

Coastal Forest amphibia are also considered patchy and incomplete (Poynton 2000) and Kingdon 

(1997) stresses the need for more information on the ecology and distribution of certain mammal 

species in order to develop efficient conservation strategies. Detailed habitat notes accompanied 

all records of species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR and as such, the data collected from this 

study represents a wealth of information with regard to all the taxon. Gathering information on 



71 

the presence of species in different forests also allows the distribution and ranges of individual 

species to be assessed. The distribution of Beamys hindei has for example recently been found to 

be greater than once thought, although it is very patchy but for reasons as yet unknown (Burgess 

et al. 2000). Mertensophryne also presents an interesting case of biogeography which is indicative 

of the distinctiveness of East African lowland amphibian fauna (Poynton 2000). Both of these 

species were recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR, Beamys hindei for the first time. 

6.6.2 SPECIES RICHNESS AND DIVERSITY 

For those taxa for which information is available, the species richness and diversity of 

Kazimzumbwi FR compares very favourably with that of other Coastal Forests. The recorded 

mammal diversity was for example shown to be above average for Coasta l Forests (even without 

species identifications for shrews and rodents) and the number of restricted range mammals is 

comparable to that recorded throughout the Pugu Hills. This high diversity was to be expected, as 

the Pugu Hills have been ranked third amongst all Coastal Forests in terms of their mammal 

diversity (Burgess et al. 2000). 

6.6.3 FOREST DEPENDENCY 

Sixty species (27%) from all taxa recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR are directly dependent upon 

closed canopy, primary forest. Forest dependency is highest within the butterflies and 

amphibians. The mosaic of habitats present in Kazimzumbwi FR supports a great variety of 

species, including many ecological generalists, however it is the forest dependent species that are 

most at threat from habitat alteration. Forest dependent species rely on areas which are currently 

threatened by activites such as pole cutting, charcoal production and pitsawing (see Chapter 5) 

and it is these habitats that should thus receive top conservation priority. 

6.6.4 ENDEMISM 

Thirty species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR (13 %) have ranges restricted to Coastal Forest 

and/or Eastern Arc Mountains and/or other East African forests. The highest degree of endemism 

is recorded within the amphibia. The endemic status of Agama montana has been altered by the 

record of this species within Kazimzumbwi FR, as it has previously only been recorded in certain 

Eastern Arc Mountains. The link between endemism and forest dependence has been 

demonstrated within all taxa recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR, as has the link between these factors 

and species of conservation concern. 

6.6.5 SPECIES OF CONSERVATION CONCERN 

Seven species recorded are of IUCN conservation concern, many of which are mammals. This 

reflects, in part, the relatively more complete investigation of this taxa when compared to others. 

Many Tanzanian reptiles have for example been deemed of conservation concern based on the 

criteria of IUCN by Professor K. Howell (UDSM), although none are officially recognised as 

such (see Frontier Tanzania 2001). Six of the seven species of conservation concern recorded in 

Kazimzumbwi FR are considered Threatened (Vulnerable or Endangered) by IUCN whilst the 

other two are considered of Lower Risk. 

Overall, the fauna recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR demonstrates high species richness, moderate 

forest dependency and a high level of endemism. A number of species are also internationally 

recognised as being under threat. Species are distributed throughout the mosaic of habitats found 

within the reserve, although the restricted range species tend to be confined to areas of forest and 

thus this habitat is considered the highest priority for conservation. It is also this habitat that is 

most at threat from human activites that may alter both vegetation type and structure. 



72 

REFERENCES 

Burgess, N.D. & Dickinson, A. (1993) Site description and evaluation: Kazimzumbwi Forest 

Reserve, Kisarawe District, Tanzania. Frontier Tanzania (unpublished report). 

Burgess, N. D. & Muir, C. (Eds.) (1994). The Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa: Biodiversity and 

Conservation. The SOciety for Environmental Exploration and the University of Dar es Salaam, 

London and Dar es Salaam. 

Burgess, N.D., Matthews, P., Evers, Y. and Woodcock, K. (2000) Non-timber uses, threats and 

local attitudes pp.281 - 302. In: Burgess, N.D. & Clarke, G.P. (Eds.) Coastal Forests of Eastern 

Africa. The IUCN Forest Conservation Programme, Cambridge, UK. 

Clarke, G.P. & Dickinson, A. (1995) Status reports for 11 coastal forests in Coast Region, 

Tanzania. Frontier Tanzania Technical Report No. 17. Coastal Forest Research Programme. The 

Society for Environmental Exploration and The University of Dar es Salaam ISSN 0960-2437. 

Clarke, G.P. and Karoma, N.J. (2000) History and anthropogenic disturbance. In: Burgess, N.D. 

& Clarke, G.P. (Eds.) Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa. The IUCN Forest Conservation 

Programme, Cambridge, UK. 

Misitu Yetu Project proposal (1999) submitted to NORAD. Supporting communities to manage 

and benefit from the biodiverse forests of Eastern Tanzania . Wildlife Conservation Society of 

Tanzania; Tanzania Forest Conservation Group and CARE International 

Howell, K. M. (1991) Pugu Forest Reserve: biological values and development. African Journal 

of Ecology 19,73-81. 

Lagerstedt, E. (1995) Views, Needs, Uses and Problems connected with the Forest in 

Kazimzumbwi Village, Tanzania. WCST, Dar es Salaam. 

Mwamfupe, D.G. (1997) PCIP Report of Pugu and Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserves: a report 

submitted to WWF Tanzania. WWF, Dar es Salaam. 

Rodgers, W.A. & Burgess, N.D. (2000) Taking conservation action pp. 317-334. In:Burgess, 

N.D. & Clarke, G.P. (Eds.) Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa. The IUCN Forest Conservation 

Programme, Cambridge, UK. 

Sheil, D. (1992) Tanzanian Coastal Forests – unique, threatened and overlooked. Oryx 26, 107- 

114. 



73 

APPENDIX 1 

COASTAL FOREST VEGETATION TYPES After Clarke (2000) 

• EASTERN AFRICAN COASTAL DRY FOREST 

This is the predominant and most variable of the Coastal Forest vegetation types. Legume 

dominance is high and it is believed to have covered much of the eastern African coastal zone 

prior to human intervention. It comprises two sub-types: 

1. Legume-dominated dry forest 

This occurs on well-drained soils with 1500mm) or drainage impeded; 

physiognomically similar to lowland rainforest. Characteristic species are also common to 

Riverine Forest and include Sterculia sp. and Milicia sp. Multiple tree strata are present with 45m 

emergents reaching above a 30-40m canopy and a dense shrub layer. Lianes, epiphytes and herbs 

rare or scarce although the grass Olyra latifolia may be abundant. 

• EASTERN AFRICAN COASTAL RIVERINE/SWAMP/GROUNDWATER FOREST 

Some unique species differentiate between the otherwise difficult to separate Riverine and 

Groundwater Forest. 87 species dominate with 28 common or frequent species occurring in these 

vegetation types. 

1. Groundwater Forest 

This occurs on slopes of impeded drainage and in valley bottoms. Typically deciduous emergents 

occur above a 25-35m canopy. Moraceae are prominent and bird and bats commonly disperse 

these and others species. Shrubs and lianes are frequent. 

2. Riverine Forest 



74 

This is found along permanent or near-permanent watercourses or on floodplains (where species 

composition depends on the recurrence interval of floods). Large trees typically occur in a diverse 

canopy. Lianes may be abundant whilst herbs are rare. 

3. Swamp Forest 

Freshwater swamp conditions are rare in Coastal Forest and thus so is this vegetation type. 

Monocotyledon dominated, for example Pandanus rabaiensis, Raphia farnifera, Elaeis 

guineensis and Typhonodorum lindleyanum. 



75 

APPENDIX 2 

TAXONOMIC VERIFICATION 

BOTANY 

Mr Albert Ntemi Sallu 

East Usambara Catchment Area 

Management Programme (EUCAMP) 

P.O.Box 85869, Tanga, Tanzania 

Vertebrates: 

ZOOLOGY 

Bats and small mammals. 

Prof. Kim Howell Department of Zoology University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 

35060, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 

Dr. Dieter Kock Frankfurt Zoological Museum Saugetiere III, Senckenberg, 

Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am 

Main, Germany 

Dr. W. Stanley Field Museum of Natural History Chicago, Illinois, USA 

Amphibians 

Prof. Kim Howell 

Charles Msuya 

Dr. J. Poynton 

Dr. B. Clarke 

Reptiles 

Department of Zoology 

Natural History Museum 

University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 


Cromwell Road, London, UK 

Prof. Kim Howell Department of Zoology University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 


Dr. Don Broadley Natural History Museum P.O. Box 240, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe 

Invertebrates: 

Millipedes 

Dr. R. Hoffman Virginia Museum of Natural History 1001 Douglas Av., Martinsville, Virginia 

24112, USA 

Butterflies 

Dr. Steve Collins African Butterfly Research Institute P.O. Box 14308, Nairobi, Kenya 

Molluscs 

Dr. B Verdcourt Kew Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW7 9AF, UK 



76 

APPENDIX 3 

VEGETATION PLOT DESCRIPTIONS 

Plot Geo co-ordinates Altitude Slope Topography Vegetation Canopy Disturbance 

number S E (m a.s.l.) (degrees) type height (m) category 

1 06 56' 01.3'' 039 03' 04.1'' 200 0 VF GS


77 

APPENDIX 4 

SPECIES LISTS FOR COASTAL FORESTS (NOT INCLUDING DATA FROM BURGESS &CLARKE (2000)) 

VASCULAR PLANTS 

Family Genus species Ruvu South Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande Game 

FR Reference Reference FR Reference Reserve Reference 

Acanthaceae Barleria prionitis x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91 

Elytraria acaulis x Nda.'95 

Hypoestes forskalii x Nda.'95, 

Mba.'91 

x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91 

Lankesteria alba x Nda.'95 

Pseudoranthenus hildebrandtii x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91 

Sclerochiton holstii x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91 

Sclerochiton vogelii x Mwa.'91 x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Mwa.'91 

Thurnibergia kirkii x Nda.'95 

Thurnibergia sp. x Nda.'95 

Whitfielda stuhmannii x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera 

Anacardaceae Lannea schweinfurthii x Ism.'95, 

Mwa.'91 

Lannea stuhlmanii x Mwa.'91 

Lannea sp. x Nda.'95 

Ozoroa mucronata x Nda.'95, 

Mwa.'91 

x 

x 

Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Mwa.'91 

Mwa.'91 

Rhus longipes x Mwa.'91 

Sclerocarya caffra x Mbw.'91 

Sorindeia madagascariensis x Mbw.'91 x Rul.'95 

Annonaceae Annona senegalensis x Nda.'95, 

Mbw.'91 

Mwa.'91 

Artabotyrs ap.aff. brachypetalus x Nda.'95, 

Mwa.'91 

x 

x 

Mwa.'91 

Mwa.'91 

Artabotyrs modestus x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91 



78 

Family Genus species Ruvu 

South 

Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande 

Game 


Asteranthe asterias x Nda.'95, 

Mwa.'91 

x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Mwa.'91 

Monanthotaxis buchananii x Nda.'95, 

Mwa.'91 

x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90, 

Mwa.'91 

Monanthotaxis formicata x Burg.'90 

Monanthotaxis trichocarpa x Nda.'95, 

Mwa.'91 

x 

Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Mwa.'91 

Monathotaxis fornicata x Mwas.'94 

Monodora grandidieri x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90, 

Mwa.'91 

Monodora junodii x Mwa.'91 

Monodora minor x Mwa.'91 x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Mwa.'91 

Ophrypetalum odoratum x Nda.'95, Mwas. x Burg.'90, 

Mwa.'91 

Mwa.'91 

Uvaria acuminata x Nda.'95 x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Uvaria kirkii x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91 

Uvaria leptocladon x Nda.'95 

Uvaria pandensis ** x Nda.'95, Mwas. x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Cla.'95 

Mwa.'91, 

Cla.'95 

Uvaria tanzaniae x Burg.'90 

Uvaria sp.nov. ** x Nda.'95, Mwas. x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Mba.'91, 

Cla.'95 

Cla.'95 

Uvaria sp.** x Cla'95 

Uvariodendron kirkii x Nda.'95 x Burg.'90, 

Mwa.'91 

Xylopia arenaria ** x Ism.'95, 

Nda.'95 

M ba.'91 




79 


South 


Game 


Xylopia parviflora x Ism.'95, 

Nda.'95 

Xylopia sp. B of FTEA ** x How.'81, 

Mbw.91 

Annonaceae 

Cla.'95 

sp. * x Cla.'95 

Aopcynaceae Carissa tetramera x Nda.'95, 

x 

Cla.'95 


Mwa.'91 

Dictyophleba lucida x Nda.'95 

Holarrhena pubescens x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Mwa.'91 

Landolphia kirkii x Nda.'95 x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Mascarenhasia arborescens x Mwa.'91 

Rauvolfia caffra x Nda.'95 

Rauvolfia mombasiana x Mwa.'91 

Rauvolfia nigelise x Mwa.'91 

Saba comorensis x Nda.'95 x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Schizozygia coffaeoides x Nda.'95 

Stephanostoma * stenocarpus * x How.'81 

Stropanthus courmontii x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91 

Stropanthus kombe x Nda.'95 

Stropanthus petersiana x Nda.'95 x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Voacanga africana x Mwa.'91 

Araceae Gonatopus boivinnii x Nda.'95 

Araliaceae Cussonia zimmermanii x Ism.'95, 

Nda.'95 

Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia petersiana x Mwa.'91 

Asciepiadaceae Harrisonia abyssinica x Mwa.'91 

Anchomanes abbreviatus x Nda.'95 

Asciepiadaceae Anchomanes difformis x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91 

Sarcostemma viminale x Nda.'95 

Asteraceae Aspilia sp. * x Cla.'95 

Balanitaceae Balanites wilsoniana x Nda.'95 

x 

Rul.'95 



80 


South 


Game 


Bignoniaceae Fernandoa magnifica x Nda.'95, 

x Mbw.'91 

Mbw.'91 

Kigelia africana x Nda.'95 

Markhamia obtusifolia x Nda.'95, 

x Rul.'95 x Mbw.'91 

Mwa.'91 

Markhamia zanzibarica x Mbw.'91 x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Mwa.'91 

Markhamia zanzibarensis x Nda.'95 x Rul.'95 

Fernandoa magnifica x Ism.'95 

Bombaceae Adansonia digitata x Mbw.'91 

Bombax schumannianum x Burg.'90 

Bombax rhodognaphalon x Nda.'95 x Rul.'95 x Mwas.'94 

Ceiba sp. x Mbw.'91 

Rhodognaphalon schumannianum x Mbw.'91 

Boraginaceae Ehretia amoena x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91 

Ehretia bakeri x Ism.'95, 

Nda.'95 

x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Mwa.'91 

Mwa.'91 

Ehretia litoralis x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91 

Ehretia sp. x Mbw.'91 

Bourreria petiolaris x Mwas. 

Burseraceae Commiphora fulvotomentosa x Mbw.'91, 

x Mwa.'91 

Mwa.'91 

Commiphora madagascariensis x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91 

Commiphora serrata x Ism.'95, 

Nda.'95 

Commiphora zimmermanii x How.'81, 

Mbw.'91 

Cactaceae Rhipsalis sp. x Nda.'95 

Caesalpiniaceae Afzelia quanzensis x Mbw.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mbw.'91 

Caesalpinia bonduc x Nda.'95 

Caesalpinia volkensii x Nda.'95 

Cassia abbreviatus x Ism.'95, 

Nda.'95 

x 

Rul.'95 

x 

Mbw.'91 

Cassia afrofistula x Mbw.'91, 

x Mwa.'91 

Mwa.'91 

Cassia petersiana x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91 



81 


South 


Game 


Cynometra webberi x Ism.'95, 

Nda.'95 


Mwa.'91 

Cynometra suahelensis x Burg.'90 

Cynometra sp. x How.'81 

Dialium holtzii x Ism.'95, 

x Rul.'95 

Nda.'95 

How.'81 

x Mbw.'91 

Hymeneae verrucosa x Ism.'95. 

Nda.'95 

x Rul.'95 x Mbw.'91, 

Mwa.'91 

How.'81, 

Mbw.'91 

Mwa.'91 

Julbernadia magnistipulata x Mbw.'91, 

x Mwa.'91 

Mwa.'91 

Mezoneuron angolense x Mwa.'91 

Scorodophloeus fischeri x Ism.'95, 

Nda.'95 


Mwas.'94 

How.'81, 

Mbw.91 

Mbw.'91, 

Mwa.'91 

Mba.'91 

Tessmania mauritania ** x Ism.'95, 

x Cla.'95 

Nda.'95 

Cla.'95 

Trachylobium verricossum x Mbw.'91 

Capparaceae Capparis erythrocarpos x Nda.'95 x Burg.'90 

Capparis viminea x Nda.'95, 


Mwa.'91 

Maerua holstii x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91 

Maerua sp. x Nda.'95 

Ritchie capparoides x Nda.'95, 

x Mwa.'91 

Mwa.'91 

Capparidaceae Thylachium macrophyllum x Mwa.'91 

Celastraceae Elaeodendron buchananii x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91 

Elaeodendron schlecteranum x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91 

Hippocratea africana x Burg.'90 

Hippocratea clematoides x Burg.'90 

Maytenus heterophylla x Nda.'95 



82 


South 


Game 


Maytenus mossambicence x Nda.'95, 

x Mwa.'91 

Mwa.'91 

Maytenus senegalensis x Nda.'95, 


Mwa.'91 

Maytenus undata x Nda.'95, 

Mwa.'91 


Mwas.'94 

Salacia elegans x Nda.'95, 

Mwa.'91 

Salacia leptoclada x Nda.'95 

Salacia madagascariensis x Nda.'95, 

Mwa.'91 

x 

Mwa.'91 

Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Mbw.'91, 

Mwa.'91 


Mwas.'94 

Mwa.'91 

Salacia sp. x Mbw.'91 

Chenopodiaceae Spirostachis africana x Mbw.'91 

Clusiaceae Harungana madagascariensis x Burg.'90 

Colchicaceae Gloriosa superba x Rul.'95 

Combretaceae Combretum butyrosum x Nda.'95, 

Mwa.'91 

x 

Mwa.'91 

Combretum celastroides x Nda.'95, 

x Mwa.'91 

Mwa.'91 

Combretum harrisii ** x Cla.'95 x Nda.'95, 

Mbw.'91 


Mbw.'91 

Mwa.'91, 

Cla.'95 

Mwa.'91, 

Cla.'95 

Combretum holtzii x Rul.'95 

Combretum illiarii x Nda.'95 x Mwas.'94, 

Mbw.'91 

Burg.'90 

Combretum molle x Rul.'95 

Combretum padoides x Nda.'95 

Combretum pentagonum x Nda.'95, 

Mwa.'91 


Mwas.'94 

Mwa.'91 

Combretum schumannii x Burg.'90 

Combretum sp. x Nda.'95 x Burg.'90 



83 


South 


Game 


Pteleopsis myrtifolia x Mbw.'91, 

Mwa.'91 

x Rul.'95 x Mbw.'91, 

Mwa.'91 

Pteleopsis stuhmannii x Ism.'95 

Terminalia sericey x Mbw.'91 

Terminalia spinosum x Mbw.'91 

Compositae Ageratum conyzoides x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Aspilia sp. * x How.'81, 

Mba.'91 

Bidens pilosa x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Blepharisperum zanguebaricum x Mwa.'91 x Burg.'90, 

Mwa.'91 

Blumea aurita x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Brachylaena huillensis x Ism.'95, 

Nda.'95 

x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Mwa.'91 

Mwa.'91 

Emilia japonica x Burg.'90 

Emilia coccinea x Mwas.'94 

Pluchea discorides x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 

Psiadia arabia x Mwa.'91 x Mbw.'91, 

Mwa.'91 

Psiadia puctulata x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91 

Tridax procumbens x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Veronia cinerea x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Connaraceae Brysocarpus boivinianus x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91 

Brysocarpus brownii x Nda.'95 

Brysocarpus orientalis x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91 

Cnestis confertiflora x Nda.'95, 

x Mwa.'91 

Mwa.'91 

Convolvulaceae Bonamia mossambicensis x Nda.'95 x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 



84 


South 


Game 


Convolvulaceae Jacquemontia paniculata x Nda.'95 

Ipomoea ochracea x Rul.'95 

Cucurbitaceae Coccinia grandis x Nda.'95 

Coccinia sp. x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Momordica trifoliata x Rul.'95 

Cycadaceae Encephalartos hildebrandtii x Mwa.'91, 

x Rul.'95 x Mwas.'94, 

(CITES Appendix 1) 

Cla.'95 

Mwa.'91 

Burg.'90, 

Cla.'95 

Cyperaceae Mariscus sp. x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Scleria lithosperma x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Scleria racemose x Nda.'95 

Pycerus sp. * x Cla.'95 

Dichapetalaceae Dichapetalum arenarium x Nda.'95, 

Mwa.'91 

Dichapetalum braunii x Mwa.'91 

Dichapetalum mossambicensis x Nda.'95, 

Mwa.'91 

x 

Burg.'90, 

Mwa.'91 

x Mwas.'94, 

Mwa.'91 

Dichapetalum stuhlmannii x Nda.'95, 

Mbw.'91 


Mwas.'94 

Mwa.'91 

Mbw.'91, 

Mwa.'91 

Dilliniaceae Tetracera boiviana x Mwa.'91 

Tetracera littoralis x Nda.'95 

Ebenaceae Diospyros brucei x Ism.'95, 

Nda.'95 

x Burg.'90 

Mwa.'91 

Diospyros capricornuta ** x Cla.'95 

Diospyros engleri * x How.'81, 

Mba.'91 

Diospyros ferruginea x Mwa.'91 

Diospyros greenwayi x Burg.'90 

Diospyros mafiensis x Nda.'95 

Diospyros menispiliformis x Nda.'95 

Diospyros squarrosa x Mwas.'94 



85 


South 


Game 


Diospyros verrucosa x Ism.'95, 

Nda.'95 


Mbw.'91 

Mwa.'91 

Mwa.'91 

Diospyros sp.nov. * x Nda.'95, Mwas. 

Euclea natalensis x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91 

Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum emarginatum x Mwa.'91 

Erythroxylum sp. x Burg.'90 

Euphorbiaceae Acalypha engleri x Nda.'95 

Acalypha gillmanii ** x Cla.'95 

Acalypha neptunica x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Mwa.'91 

Acalypha oillimanii x Mwa.'91 

Acalypha racemosa x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91 

Alchemes engleri ** x Mba.'91 

Alchornea laxiflorai x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91 

Alichomea engleri x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91 

Antidesma membranaceum x Mbw.'91 

Antidesma venosum x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91 

Bridelia cathartica x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91 

Bridelia micrantha x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90, 

Mwa.'91 

Croton jatrophoides ** x Cla.'95 

Croton pseudopulchellus x Nda.'95, 

Mwa.'91 

x Burg.'90, 

Mwa.'91 

Euphorbiaceae Croton steenkampianus x Cla.'95 

Croton sylvaticus x Ism.'95, 

Nda.'95 

Drypetes arguta x Mwa.'91 x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Mbw.'91, 

Mwa.'91 

Drypetes natalensis x Nda.'95, 


Mwa.'91 

Drypetes reticulata x Burg.'90 

Drypetes sp. x Burg.'90 

Erythrococea bongensis x Mwa.'91 

Euphorbia hirta x Rul.'95 



86 


South 


Game 


Euphorbia nyikae x Nda.'95 x Mbw.'91 

Euphorbia sp. x Nda.'95, 

Mbw.'91 

Mallotus oppositifolia x Nda.'95 

Manihot glazionii x Mbw.'91 

Margaritaria discoides x Nda.'95 

Margaritaria sp. x Nda.'95 

Mildbraedia carpinifolia x Nda.'95, 

Mwa.'91 

x 

Burg.'90, 

Mwa.'91 

Oldfieldia somalensis x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91 

Phyllanthus nummulariformis x Mwa.'91 

Pycnocoma littoralis x Mbw.'91, 

Mwa.'91 

Riciniodendron heudelotii x How.'81, 

Mbw.'91 

Sapium triloculare ** x Ism.'95, 

Nda.'95 

x Rul.'95 x Mbw.'91, 

Mwa.'91 

How.'81, 

Mbw.91 

Mba.'91, 

Cla.'95 

Sapium sp. * x Mwa.'91, 

Cla.'95 

Securinega verrosa x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91 

Suregada zanzibarensis x Nda.'95, 

Nda.'91 

Tragia acalyphpoides ** x Cla.'95 x Cla.'95 

Tragia furialis x Nda.'95 

Tragia jatrophosides * x Mwas. 

Flueggea virosa x Rul.'95 

sp. * x Cla.'95 

Flacourtiaceae Bivea jalbertii x Mbw.'91, 

Mwa.'91 

Casearia gladiformis x Nda.'95, 

Mbw.'91 

Mwa.'91 

Casearia holtzii ** x Mba.'91, 

Mwa.'91 


Mwa.'91 

x 

Mwa.'91 



87 


South 


Game 


Dovyalis macrocalyx x Nda.'95 

Flacourtia indica x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 

Grandidiera boivinnii x Nda.'95 

Ludia mauritiana x Nda.'95, 

Mwa.'91 

Paropsia braumii x Mbw.'91, 

Mwa.'91 

Xylotheca tettensis x Nda.'95, 

Mwa.'91 


Graminae Digitaria milanjiana x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Eragrostis ciliaris x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Flagellaria guineense x Nda.'95, 

x Mwa.'91 

Mwa.'91 

Humbertochloa greenwayii ** x Nda.'95, 

x Rul.'95 

How.'81 

Mba.'91 

Megastachya mucronata x Burg.'90 

Olyra latifolia x Nda.'95 

Panicum trichocaldium x Nda.'95 x Mwas.'94 

Panicum deustum x Burg.'90 

Panicum trichocladum x Burg.'90 

Pennisetum purpureum x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Guttiferae Garcinia acutifolia ** x Nda.'95, 

Mwa.'91 


Cla.'95 

Garcinia buchananii x Mwa.'91 x Burg.'90, 

Mwa.'91 

Garcinia livingstonei x Nda.'95, 

x Mbw.'91 

Mbw.'91 

Garcinia sp. x Burg.'90 

Guttiferae Vismia orientalis x Mwa.'91 x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Mwa.'91 

Hymenocardiaceae Hymenocardia ulmoides x Ism.'95, 

Nda.'95 

x 

Burg.'90, 

Mwa.'91 



88 


South 


Game 


Mbw.'91 

Icacinaceae Apodytes dimidiata x Nda.'95 

Labiatae Hoslundia opposita x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91 

Plectrabthus seretii x Nda.'95 

Tinnea aethiopica x Mwa.'91 

Lecythidaceae Barringtonnia racemosa x Nda.'95, 

Mbw.'91 

Mwa.'91 

Foetidia 

africana 

Foetidia spinov x Mbw.'91 

Leguminosae Brachystegia spiciformis x How.'81, Mbw. x Rul.'95 x Mbw.'91 

'91 

Erythrophleum suaveolens x How.'81, 

Mbw.'91 

Erythrophleum sp. x Mbw.'91 

Guibortia schliebenii x Mbw.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mbw.'91 

Pirostigma thorningii x Mbw.'91 

Tamarindus indica x Mbw.'91 

Baphiopsis africana x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Liliaceae Asparagus africana x Nda.'95 

Asparagus falcatus x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90 

Hugonia castaneifolia x Nda.'95, 

Mwa.'91 


Mwa.'91 

x Burg.'90 

Hugonia sp. x Burg.'90 

Sansvaeria zanzibarica x Nda.'95 

Loganiaceae Mostuea brunonis x Nda.'95, 

Mwa.'91 

x Burg.'90, 

Mwa.'91 

Mostuea microphylla x Mwa.'91 

Strychnos lucens x Mwa.'91 

Strychnos madagascariensis x Mwa.'91 

Strychnos panganensis x Nda.'95, 

Mwa.'91 


Mwa.'91 

Strychnos scheffleria x Mwa.'91 

Strychnos usambarensis x Burg.'90 

Strychnos sp. x Mbw.'91 



89 


South 


Game 


Loranthaceae Tapinanthus longipes ** x How.'81, 

Mba.'91 

Cla.'95 

Lovanthuaceae Lovanthus hildebrandtii x Mbw.'91 

Malphigiaceae Acridocarpus chloropterus x Nda.'95, 

x Mwa.'91 

Mwa.'91 

Acridocarpus pauciglandulosus ** x Cla.'95 

Acridocarpus sp. x Nda.'95 

Tristellateia africana x Mwa.'91 

Malvaceae Abutilion mauritanum x Mwa.'91 

Gossypiodes kirkii x Mwa.'91 x Burg.'90, 

Mwa.'91 

Hibscus vitifolius x Mwa.'91 

Thespesia danis x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91 

Melastomataceae Memecylon myrianthum x Mwa.'91 

Memecylon sansibaricum x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90 

Meliaceae Khaya nyasica x Mwa.'91 

Lepidotrichilia volkensii x Mbw.'91 

Pseudobersama mossambicensis x Nda.'95 

Turraea floribunda x Mwa.'91 

Turraea mombassana x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91 

Turraea wakefieldii x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91 

Melianthaceae Bersoma suffruticosa x Mbw.'91, 

Mwa.'91 

Menispermaceae Jateorhiza palmata x Nda.'95 

Tiliacora funifera x Nda.'95 

Tinospora caffre x Nda.'95 x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Mimosaceae Acacia adenocalyx x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Mimosaceae Acacia brevispica x Nda.'95 

Acacia nergrescens x Ism.'95, 

Nda.'95 

Acacia pentagona x Rul.'95 

Acacia rovumae x Mbw.'91 

Albizia glabberima x Ism.'95, 

Nda.'95 



90 


South 


Game 


Albizia petersiana x Ism.'95, 

x Rul.'95 x Mbw.'91 

Nda.'95 

Mbw.'91 

Albizia gummerifera x Nda.'95, 

How.'81 

Mwa.'91 

Albizia versicolor x Ism.'95 

Dichrostachys cinerea x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mbw.'91, 

Mwa.'91 

Newtonia paucijuga x Ism.'95, 

x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90 

Nda.'95 

How.'81, 

Mbw.91 

Mwa.'91 

Parkia filicoides x Nda.'95, 

How.'81 

Mbw.'91, 

Mwa.'91 

Xylia africana x Ism.'95, 

Nda.'95 

Moraceae Antiaris toxicaria x Ism.'95, 

x Rul.'95 

Nda.'95 

How.'81, Mbw. 

'91 

Mba.'91 

Bosqueia phoberos x How.'81, Mbw. 

'91 

Chlorophora excelsa x Mbw.'91 x Mbw.'91 

x How.'81, 

Mwa.'91 

Ficus exasperata x Nda.'95 x Rul.'95 

Ficus sp. x Mbw.'91 x Mbw.'91 

Milicia excelsa x Ism.'95, 

x Rul.'95 

Nda.'95 

Sloetiopsis usambarensis x Nda.'95 

Trilepisium madagascariensis x Ism.'95, 

Nda.'95 

Myrtaceae Eugenia sp. x Nda.'95 



91 


South 


Game 


Ochnaceae Ochna atropurpurea x Nda.'95 

Ochna holtzii x Nda.'95, 


Mwa.'91 

Ochna mossambicensis x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91 

Ochna purpurea x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91 

Ochna thomasiana x Nda.'95, 

Mwa.'91 

x Burg.'90, 

Mwa.'91 

Ochna sp. x Burg.'90 

Oxhna mossambicensis x Mbw.'91 x Mbw.'91 

Oleacaceae Olax dissitiflora x Mbw.'91 x Mbw.'91 

Chionathus battiscombei x Nda.'95 

Olea africana x Mbw.'91 

Opiliaceae Rhopalopilia umbellulata x Mwa.'91 

Orchidaceae Microcoelia exilis x Burg.'90 

Polystacya puguensis * x Mwas. 

Papilionaceae Angylocalyx braunii x Ism.'95, 

Nda.'95 

Mwa.'91 

Baphia kirkii x Ism.'95, 

Nda.'95 

Baphia kirkii How.'81, Mbw. 

'91 

Mwa.'91 

Baphia puguensis ** x Nda.'95, 

How.'81 

x 

Burg.'90, 

Mwa.'91 


Mwas.'94 

Mbw.'91 

M ba.'91, 

Mwa.'91 

Cla.'95 

Craibia brevicandata x Nda.'95 x Burg.'90 

Crotolaria axillaris x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91 

Crotolaria goodiformis x Nda.'95, 

x Mwa.'91 

Mwa.'91 

Crotolaria retusa x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91 

Dalbergia acariintha ** x Cla.'95 

Dalbergia bracteolate x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91 

Dalbergia melanoxylone x Mbw.'91 x Mbw.'91 

x 

Cla.'95 



92 


South 


Game 


Papilionaceae Dalbergia obovata x Nda.'95, 

x Mwa.'91 

Mbw.'91 

Mwa.'91 

Dalbergia sp. x Nda.'95 

Desmodium velutimum x Mwa.'91 

Erythrina sacleusii x Nda.'95, 

How.'81 


Mbw.'91 

Mbw.'91 

Millettia eetveldeana x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91 

Millettia impressa x Nda.'95 x Burg.'90, 

Millettia puguensis ** x Nda.'95, 

How.'81 

Mba.'91, 

Mwa.'91 

Cla.'95 

Millettia usaramensis x Ism.'95, 

Mwa.'91 

x 

Rul.'95, 

Cla.'95 

x 

x 

Mwas.'94 

Mbw.'91 

Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Mwa.'91 

Platysepalum inopinatum x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91 

Rhynchosia holtzii * x Nda.'95, 

How.'81 

Mba.'91, 

Cla.'95 

Rhynchosia sublobata x Mbw.'91 

Passifloraceae Schlechterina mitostemmatoides x Nda.'95, 

Mwa.'91 

x 

Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Mwa.'91 

Adenia lindiensis x Rul.'95 

Basananthe zanzibarica x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Polygalaceae Carpolobia goetzei x Nda.'95, 

Mwa.'91 

Poaceae Brachiaria lindiensis ** x Cla.'95 x Cla.'95 

Eragrostis sp.nov. x Cla.'95 

Humbertochloa greenwayi * x Cla.'95 

Rhamnaceae Lasiodiscus holtzii * x Nda.'95, 

How.'81 



93 


South 


Game 


Mwa.'91, 

Cla.'95 

x Mba.'91 

Lesiodiscus mildebrandtii x Mbw.'91 

Rhizophoraceae Cassipourea malosana x Burg.'90 

Rubiaceae Aidia sp. x Burg.'90 

Canthium bibracteanum x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91 

Canthium mombazense x Mwa.'91 x Burg.'90, 

Mwa.'91 

Canthium peteri ** x Cla.'95 

Canthium schimperianum x Mwa.'91 x Burg.'90, 

Mwa.'91 

Canthium setiflorum x Burg.'90 

Canthium venosum x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91 

Canthium vulgare x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91 

Canthium zanzibaricum x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91 

Chassalia umbraticola x Nda.'95, 

Mwa.'91 

Chazalliela abrupta x Nda.'95 

Cladoceras subcapitatum x Nda.'95, 

Mwa.'91 

x 

x 

Mwa.'91 

Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Mwa.'91 

Coffea pseudozanguebariae x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91 

Coffea sessiliflora (var. x Mwas., 

Mba.'91 

Mwasumbi) ** 

Cremaspora triflora x Nda.'95, 

Mwa.'91 

Crosopteris febrifuga x Mbw.'91 

Fadogia sp. x Mwa.'91 

Gardenia transvenulosa x Nda.'95, 

Mwa.'91 


Mwa.'91 

Gardenia volkensii Nda.'95 x Burg.'90 

Grumilea rufescens * x How.'81, 

Mba.'91 

Cla.'95 

Heinsia crinita x Nda.'95 

Hymenodictyon parvifolium x Nda.'95 



94 


South 


Game 


Keetia bibracteata x Nda.'95 

Kraussia kirkii x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91 

Rubiaceae Lamprothammus zanguebaricus x Mwa.'91 

Leptactina hexamera x Mwa.'91 

Leptactina oxyloba ** x Cla.'95 

Leptactina platyphylla x Nda.'95, 

Mbw.'91 


Mwas.'94 

Mwa.'91 

Mwa.'91 

Leptactina sp. B of FTEA * x Mwa.'91, 

Cla.'95 

Meyna tetraphyla x Nda.'95, 

Mwa.'91 

Meyna sp. x Nda.'95 

Multidentia castaneae ** x Cla.'95 

Mussaenda monticola x Nda.'95, 

Mwa.'91 

Oxyanthus zanguebaricus x Nda.'95, 

Mwa.'91 


Mwa.'91 

Oxyanthus sp. ** x Nda.'95 x Cla.'95 

Pavetta stenosepala x Nda.'95, 


Mwa.'91 

Pentas bussei x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91 

Polysphaeria parviflora x Nda.'95, 

x Mwa.'91 

Mwa.'91 

Psychotria holtzii x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90, 

Mbw.'91 

Mwa.'91 

Psychotria laurecia x Nda.'95, 

Mwa.'91 

Psychotria riparia x Mbw.'91, 

Mwa.'91 

Pyrostria bibracteata x Nda.'95 

Rothmania macrosiphon x Ism.'95, 

Nda.'95 

Mwa.'91 

Rothmania manganjae x Ism.'95, 

Nda.'95 

Mbw.'91 

x 

x 

x 

x 

Mwa.'91 

Mwa.'91 

Burg.'90, 

Mwa.'91 

Mbw.'91 



95 


South 


Game 


Rubia sp. x Mbw.'91 

Rytigynia binata ** x Mwa.'91, 


Cla.'95 

Rytigynia celastroides x Mwas.'94 

Rytigynia digacantha x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91 

Rytigynia microphylla x Burg.'90 

Tapiphylum sp. x Nda.'95 

Tarenna drummondii x Mwa.'91 x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Mwa.'91 

Tarenna nigrescens x Mwa.'91 x Burg.'90, 

Mwa.'91 

Tricalysia allocalyx ** x Nda.'95, 

Mwa.'91 

x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Cla.'95 

Mwa.'91, 

Cla.'95 

Tricalysia avolifolia x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91 

Tricalysia bridsonia var. pandensis * x Mwa.'91 

Tricalysia ovalifolia x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Tricalysia pallens x Ism.'95, 

Nda.'95 

Vanaueria tomentosa x Mwa.'91 

Rutaceae Teclea simplicifolia x Burg.'90 

Teclea trichocarpa x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90 

Vepris lanceolata x Rul.'95 

Zanthoxylum chalybeum x Nda.'95, 

x Rul.'95 

Mbw.'91 

Zanthoxylum holtzianum x Ism.'95, 

Nda.'95 

Sapindaceae Allophylus pervillei x Nda.'95 

Allophylus stachyanthus x Mbw.'91 

Blighia unijugata x Ism.'95, 

Nda.'95 

Bioghiopsis sp. x Mbw.'91 

Deinbollia borbonica x Ism.'95, 

Nda.'95 

x 

Rul.'95 

x 

x 

Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 



96 


South 


Game 


Haplocoelopsis africana x Ism.'95, 

Nda.'95 

Haplocoelum foliosum x Nda.'95 x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Haplocoelum inopleum x Ism.'95 x Burg.'90 

Haplocoelum mambasence x Mbw.'91 x Mbw.'91 

Haplocoelum trigonocarpum x Ism.'95, 

Nda.'95 

x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Lecaniodiscus sp.nov. x Mwas. 

Lepisanthes senegalensis x Nda.'95 

Sapindaceae Pancovia golungensis x Nda.'95 

Pancovia hildebrandtii x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Pancovia holtzii x Nda.'95 x Burg.'90 

Sapotaceae Afroseralisia kassneri ** x Cla.'95 

Bequaertiodendron megalismo x Nda.'95 

Malacantha alnifolia x Mba.'91 x Rul.'95 

Manilkara discolor x Rul.'95 

Manilkara sansibarensis x Ism.'95, 

Nda.'95 


Mwas.'94 

Manilkara sulcata x Ism.'95, 

Nda.'95 


Mwas.'94 

Mbw.'91, 

Mbw.'91 

Mba.'91 

Pachystela brevipes x Ism.'95 

Sideroxylon inerme x Burg.'90 

Solanaceae Solanum renschii x Nda.'95 

Sterculiaceae Cola clavata x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Mbw.'91 

Cola microcarpa x Nda.'95 x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Dombeya shupangae x Mbw.'91 

Nesogordonia holtzii x Ism.'95, 

Nda.'95 

x 

Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Mwa.'91 

Stercularia quinqueloba x Mbw.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mbw.'91 

Sterculia schliebenii ** x Nda.'95 x Cla.'95 



97 


South 


Game 


Thymeleaceae Synaptolepis kirkii x Nda.'95 x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Tiliaceae Grewia cornocarpa x Ism.'95, 

x Rul.'95 

Nda.'95 

Grewia forbesii x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90 

Grewia goetzeana x Burg.'90 

Grewia holtzii x Nda.'95, 

Mbw.'91 

Grewia leptopus x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Grewia microcarpa x Nda.'95, 

Mbw.'91 

Triumfetta rhombifolia x Burg.'90 

Ulmaceae Trema orientalis x Mbw.'91 x Rul.'95 

Verbenaceae Clerodendron myricoides x Rul.'95 

Clerodendron capitatum x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Clerodendron sp. x Nda.'95 

Lantana camara x Nda.'95 

Lippia sp. x Nda.'95 

Vitex bunguensis x Rul.'95 

Vitex doniana x Rul.'95 x Mbw.'91 

Vitex strickeri x Nda.'95 

Vitex zanzibarensis x Ism.'95, 

Nda.'95 

Vitex sp. B of FTEA * x Cla.'95 

Violaceae Rinorea angustifolia x Nda.'95 

Rinorea ferrunginea x Nda.'95 x Rul.'95 

Rinorea illicifolia x Nda.'95 

Rinorea sp. x Burg.'90 

Vitaceae Cissus producta x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Cissus quadrangularis x Nda.'95 

Cissus rotundifolia x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90 

Cyphostemma buchananii x Burg.'90, 

Mwas.'94 

Cyphostemma hildebrandtii x Nda.'95 x Burg.'90 

Rhoicissus revoilii x Burg.'90 



98 


South 


Game 


Ecobolium umbrossus x Burg.'90, 

Mwa.'91 

Trichaulux mwasumbii x Mwas.'94 

* Endemic 

** Near Endemic 

No. of species 3 377 103 271 

No. of endemic species 0 13 1 3 

No. of near endemic species 2 21 12 4 

No. of endemic genera 0 1 0 0 

REFERENCES 

Abbreviation: 

Burg.'90 

Burgess N.D. (1990) Preliminary results of biological surveys in seven coastal forests of Tanzania. Frontier. 

Cla.'95 

Clarke G.P. & Dickinson A. (1995) Status reports for 11 Coastal Forests in Tanzania. Frontier. 

How.'81 Howell K.M. (1981) Pugu Forest Reserve: biological values and development. African Journal of Ecology, 19, 73-81. 

Ism.'95 

Ismail F.A.R. & Rulangaranga Z.K. (1995) Tree s[ecies distribution vis a vis environmental factors in Pugu Forest Reserve, Coast Region. (eds. K.M. Howell, F.A. 

Mturi, F.M. Urasa) 

Coastal Forest Biodiversity. Pp. 13-26. University of Dar es Salaam. 

Mwa.'91 

Mwakamela B.J.A.A (1991) Studies of floristic composition of Pugu and Pande Forests: Shrubs. University of Dar es Salaam. 

Mbw.'91 

Mbwana A.H.B. (1991) Studies of Florisitic Composition of Pugu and Pande Forests: Trees. University of Dar es Salaam. 

Mwas. 

Mwasumbi L.B. Pugu Forest Inventory. University of Dar es Salaam. 

Mwas.'94 Mwasumbi L.B., Burgess N.D. & Clarke G.P. (1994) Vegetation of Pande and Kiono Coastal forests, Tanzania. Vegetatio, 113, 71- 

81. 

Nda.'95 

Ndangalasi H.J. & Rulangaranga Z.K. (1995) Canopy gap characteristics and regenerating species composition in Pugu Forest Reserve, Tanzania. (eds. K.M. Howell, 

F.A. Mturi, F.M. Urasa) 


Rul.'95 

Rulangaranga Z.K. (1995) Plant species distribution in Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve, Kisarawe District, Coas t Region. (eds. K.M. Howell, F.A. Mturi, F.M. 

Urasa) 




99 

MAMMALS 

Family Genus species Common name Ruvu 

South 


Game 


PRIMATES 

Cercopithecidae Papio cynocephalus Yellow baboon x How.'81, Coc.a 

Cercopithecinae Cercopithecus aethiops Grivet monkey x How.'81 

Cercopithecus albogularis White-throated x Coc.a, b x Coc.a x Coc.a, b 

monkey 

or, Syke's Blue 

monkey 

Cercopithecus mitis Gentle monkey x How.'81 

Cercopithecus pygerythrus Vervet monkey x Coc.a x Coc.a, b 

Galagonidae Otolemur crassicaudatus Greater galago x How.'81 

Otolemur garnetti ^ Small-eared 

x Coc.a x Coc.a, b 

galago 

Galago senegalensis Senegal galago x How.'81 

Galago zanzibaricus * Zanzibar galago x Cla.'95 x Coc.a, b x Coc.a, b 

CHIROPTERA 

Pteropodidae Epomophorus wahlbergi Wahlberg's fruit 

bat 

x Coc.'98, 

Coc.a, b 

x How.'81 x Coc.'98, 

Coc.a, b 

Lissonycteris angolensis Angola fruit bat x Coc.a x Coc.a, b 

Myonycteris relicta * Collared fruit bat x Coc.'98, 

Coc.a, b, c 

Cla.'95 

Rousettus aegyptiacus leachi Rousette bat, 

Egyptian fruit bat 

x Coc.'98, 

Coc.a, b 

Hipposideridae Hipposideros commersoni Commerson's 

Leaf-nosed bat 

x Coc.b x Coc.b x Coc.'98, 

Coc.b 

Hipposideros ruber ruber Noack's African x Coc.'98, x How.'81 x Coc.'98 

Leaf-nosed bat 

Coc.b 

Triaenops persicus afer Persion leaf-nosed x Coc.'98, 

bat 

Coc.b 

Megadermatidae Lavia frons Yellow-winged 

bat 

Molossidae Tadarida major Guano bat x How.'81 

Tadarida pumila Guano bat x How.'81 

Nycteridae Nycteris aurita Slit faced bat x Coc.'98 

x How.'81 x Coc.'98, 

Coc.b 

x Coc.'98, 

Coc.b 



100 


South 


Game 


Nycteris hispida Hairy Slit faced 

bat 

x Coc.b x Coc.'98, 

Coc.b 

Nycteris thebaica Egyptian Slit 

x How.'81, Coc.b 

faced bat 

Rhinolophinae Rhinolophus landeri lobatus Lander's 

Horseshoe bat 

x Coc.'98, 

Coc.b 

x How.'81 x Coc.'98, 

Coc.b 

Vespertilionidae Eptesicus capensis Cape serotine x Coc.'98, 

Coc.b 

Myotis tricolor Cape Hairy bat x Coc.'98, 

Coc.b 

Pipstrellus nanus Banana bat x Coc.'98, 

Coc.b 

Scotophilus dinganii Yellow House bat x Coc.'98, 

Coc.b 

Scotophilus hirundo Dark winged 

House bat 

x Coc.'98, 

Coc.b 

INSECTIVORA 

Soricidae Crocidura hirta White-toothed 

shrew 

Crocidura fuscomurina White-toothed 

shrew 

Crocidura sp. White-toothed 

shrew 

x Coc.a x How.'81, Coc.c 

x 

x 

MACROSCELIDEA 

Macroscelididae Pterodromus tetradactylus Four-toed 

elephant shrew 

Rhynchocyon cirnei Chequered 


Rhynchocyon petersi * Zanj elephant 

shrew 

RODENTIA 

Cricetomyinae Beamys hindei ** Lesser pouched 

rat 

x Coc.b x Coc.b 

x 

How.'81 

x Coc.a, b x Coc.a, Cla.'95 x Coc.a, b 

x 

x 

Coc.a, 

Cla.'95 

Coc.b, 

Cla.'95 

x 

Coc.a 



101 


South 


Game 


Cricetomys gambianus Giant Gambian 

x How.'81, Coc.a, x Coc.a, b 

pouched rat 

b 

Cricetomys hindei Giant pouched rat x Coc.a 

Gerbillinae Tatera leucogaster Tatera (Nakedsoled) 

x How.'81 

gerbil 

Hystricidae Hystrix sp. Porcupine x How.'81 x Coc.a, b 

Myoxidae Graphiurus murinus African dormouse x How.'81, Coc.a x Coc.b 

Graphiurus sp.nov. cf parvus African dormouse x Coc.a 

Muridae Acomys spinosissimus Spiny mouse x Coc.a x Coc.a 

Acomys subspinosus Spiny mouse x Coc.b x Coc.b 

Grammomys dolichurus Narrow-footed 

Coc.b x Coc.a 

woodland mouse 

Rattus rattus Black rat x How.'81 x Coc.b 

Thamnommys dolichurus Narrow-footed 

x Coc.b 

thicket rat 

Sciuridae Paraxerus palliatus Red Bellied Coast 

squirrel 

x Coc.b 

CARNIVORA 

Felidae Panthera leo Lion x Coc.a, b x Coc.a, b 

Herpestidae Herpestes sanguineus Slender mongoose x Coc.a, b 

Nandininae Nandina binotata African palm civet x How.'81, Coc.a 

Viverridae Civettictis civetta African civet x How.'81 

Genetta tigrina Blotched genet x How.'81, Coc.a 

Genetta sp. Genet x Coc.b x Coc.a, b 

PHOLIDOTA 

Manidae Manis temmincki Temminck's 

Ground pangolin 

x 

How.'81, Coc.a, 

b 

PROBOSCIDEA 

Elephantidae Loxodonta africana ^ African elephant x Coc.a, b, 

Cla.'95 

ARTIODACTYLA 

Cephalophini Cephalophus natalensis Natal duiker x Coc.a x Coc.a, b 

Cephalophus sp. Forest duiker x How.'81 

Suidae Potamochoerus porcus Red river hog x How.'81, Coc.a x Coc.a, b 



102 

* Endemic to Coastal Forest and Eastern Arc (After Coc.c) 

** Endemic to CF/EA and a few other East African forests (After Coc.c) 

^ 'Rare" species (After Coc.c) 

Ruvu 

South 


Game 

FR FR Reserve 

No. of endemic or near 

4 3 3 - 

endemic species 

No. of bat 

8 9 14 - 

species 

No. of non-bat species 11 26 21 - 

Total no. of mammal 

species 

19 35 35 - 

REFERENCES 

Abbreviation: 

Cla.'95 ClarkeG.P. & Dickinson A. (1995) Status reports for 11 Coastal Forests in Coast Region, Tanzania. Frontier 

Coc.'98 Cockle A., Kock D., Stublefield L., Howell K.M. & Burgess N.D. (1998) Bat assemblages in Tanzanian Coastal Forests. Mammalia, 62, 53-68. 

Coc.a Cockle A. The mammal guilds of Tanzanian Coastal Forests. 

Coc.b Cockle A. Draft: Notes on a mammal survey in thirteen Tanzanian Coastal Forests. 

Coc.c Cockle A., Howell K.M. & Burgess N. The mammal fauna of Coastal Forests. 




103 

Endemic and near endemic mammal species (After Coc.c) 

Order Family Genus species Common name Endemic to: 

Primate Cercopethecidae Cercocebus galeritus Tana mangabey Coastal Forest 

Colobidae Colobus kirkii Pied colobus Coastal Forest 

Galagonidae Galago zanzibaricus Zanzibar galago Coastal Forest and Eastern Arc 

Galago sp.nov. A Galago Coastal Forest 

Galago sp.nov. B Galago Coastal Forest 

Otolemur garnetti Small-eared Rare' species 

galago 

Chiroptera Pteropodidae Myonycteris relicta Collared fruit bat Coastal Forest and Eastern Arc 

Pteropus seychellensis Flying fox Rare' species 

Pteropus voeltzkowi Flying fox Coastal Forest 

Molossidae Tadarida brachyptera Guano bat Coastal Forest and Eastern Arc 

Rhinolophinae Rhinolophus deckeni Horseshoe bat Coastal Forest 

Rhinolophus sp.nov. Horseshoe bat Coastal Forest 

Vespertilionidae Kerviflora africana Wooly bat Coastal Forest 

Insectivora Soricidae 4 spp. Shrew Coastal Forest 

Macroscelidea Rhychocyoninae Rhynchocyon chrysopygus Golden-rumped Coastal Forest 


Rhynchocyon petersi Zanj elephant Coastal Forest and Eastern Arc 

shrew 

Funisciurus Funiscirus pallitus Rope squirrel Coastal Forest and Eastern Arc 

Rodentia Cricetomyinae Beamys hindei Lesser pouched CF/EA and a few other East African forests 

rat 

Myoxidae Graphiurus sp.nov. African dormouse Coastal Forest 

Hyracoidea Procavidae Dendrohyrax validus Tree hyrax CF/EA and a few other East African forests 

Proboscidea Elephantidae Loxodonta africana African elephant Rare' species 

Perissodactyla Rhinocerotidae Diceros bicornis Browse (Black) Rare' species 

rhinoceros 

Artiodactyla Cepholophini Cephalophus adersi Ader's duiker Coastal Forest 

Cephalophus spadix Abbot's duiker CF/EA and a few other East African forests 



104 

BIRDS 

Family Genus species Common name Ruvu South FR Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi FR Pande Game Reserve 

Reference Reference Reference Reference 

Ardeola striatus Green-backed heron x How.'81 

Accipitridae Accipiter tachiro African goshawk x How.'81, 

Burg. 

Accipiter melanoleucus Great sparrowhawk x Burg., 

Ogl. 

Accipiter minullus Little sparrowhawk x Hux. 

Circaetus fasciolatus Southern Banded 

Snake eagle 

x Cla.'95 x Dav.'95, 

Cla.'95 

x 

x Hux. x Burg.'90, 

Burg., a 

Hux., Ogl., 

Burg.b 

Macheirhamphus alcinus Bat -eating buzzard x How.'81 

Pernis apivorus Honey buzzard x How.'81 

Terathopius ecauddatus Bateleur x How.'81 x Hux. 

Gypohierax angolensis Palm-nut vulture x How.'81 x Hux. 

Neophron monachus Hooded vulture x How.'81 

Stephanoaetus coronatus Crowned eagle x Burg., x Hux., Ogl. 

Ogl. 

Numididae Guttera pucherani Kenya crested 

guineafowl 

x How.'81, 

Dav.'95 

x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.'90, 

Dav. 

Burg., 

Ogl. 

Burg., a, 

Ogl. 

Rallidae Sarothrura elegans Buff-spotted pigmy 

x Burg. 

crake 

Columbidae Streptopelia semitorquata Red-eyed dove x How.'81 

Turtur chalcospilos Emerald-spotted wood 

x How.'81 x Hux. 

dove 

Turtur tympanistria Tambourine dove x How.'81, 

Dav.'95 


Burg. 

Burg., a, 

Ogl. 

Ogl. 

Aplopelia larvata Lemon dove x Burg., 

Ogl. 

Musophagidae Tauraco livingstonii Livingstone's tauraco x How.'81, 

Dav.'95 


Burg., a 

Burg., 

Ogl. 

Ogl. 

Cuculidae Centropus superciliosus White-browed coucal x How.'81 x Hux. 

x 

Cla.'95 



105 



Ceuthmochares aereus Yellow-bill / Green 

coucal 

x How.'81, 

Burg. 


Burg., a 

Ogl. 

Ogl. 

Strigidae Ciccaba woodfordii African wood owl x How.'81, 

Burg. 


Burg., a 

Ogl. 

Ogl. 

Glaucidium perlatum Pearl-spotted owlet x Hux. 

Caprimulgidae Caprimulgus fossii Mozambique nightjar x How.'81 

Caprimulgus pectorialis Fiery-necked nightjar x Hux. x Burg.'90, 

Burg.a 

Apus affinus Little swift x How.'81 

Cypsiurus parvus Palm swift x How.'81 x Hux. 

Neafrapus boehmi Bodini's Spinetail x Hux. 

Colius striatus Speckled mousebird x How.'81 

Alcedinidae Halcyon albiventris Brown-hooded 

x How.'81 x Hux., Ogl. 

kingfisher 

Halcyon chelicuti Striped kingfisher x Hux. 

Halcyon senegalensis Woodland kingfisher x Hux. 

Ispidina picta Pygmy kingfisher x Dav.'95, 

Burg. 


Burg., a 

Trogonidae Apaloderma narina Narina's trogon x How.'81, 

Burg. 


Burg., a 

Ogl. 

Ogl. 

Merops boehmi Boehm's bee-eater x How.'81 x Hux. 

Merops superciliosus Blue-cheeked beeeater 

x How.'81 

persicus 

Phoeniculus purpureus Green Wood hoopoe x Hux. 

Bucerotidae Bycanistes bucinator Trumpeter hornbill x Burg., 

Ogl. 


Burg. 

Ogl. 

Tockus alboterminatus Crowned hornbill x How.'81, x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.a, Ogl. 

Ogl. 

Capitonidae Buccanodon leucotis White-eared barbet x How.'81 

Pogoniulus bilineatus Yellow-rumped 

tinkerbird 

x How.'81, 

Burg. 


Burg., a 

Ogl. 

Ogl. 

Pogoniulus simplex Green tinkerbird x How.'81, 

Dav.'95 


Burg., a, b 



106 



Burg., b, Burg.b 

Ogl. 

Ogl. 

Indicatoridae Indicator meliphilus Pallid honeyguide x How.'81 

Indicator minor Lesser honeyguide x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.'90, 

Burg.a 

Indicator variegata Scaly-throated 

x Burg. x Hux. 

honeyguide 

Picidae Campethera abingoni Golden-tailed 

woodpecker 

x Burg., 

Ogl. 

Campethera cailliautii Little spotted 

woodpecker 

x How.'81, 

Burg. 


Burg., a 

Ogl. 

Ogl. 

Eurylaimidae Smithornis capensis African broadbill x How.'81, 

Burg. 


Burg., a 

Ogl. 

Ogl. 

Pittidae Pitta angolensis African pitta x Dav.'95, 

Burg. 

Ogl. 

Hirundidae Hirundo abyssinica Striped swallow x How.'81 x Hux. 

Hirundo duarica Red-rumped swallow x How.'81 

Psalidoprocne pristoptera Black rough-wing x How.'81, 

Burg. 

Anthus sokokensis ** Sokoke pipit x Cla.'95 x How.'81, 

Dav.'95 

Burg.b, 

Cla.'95 

Campephaga phoenicea Black-cuckoo-shrike x How.'81 x Hux. 

Motacillidae Motacilla alba African pied wagtail x How.'81 

Pycnonotidae Andropadus importunus Zanzibar sombre 

x How.'81 

greenbul 

Andropadus virens Little greenbul x How.'81, 

Burg. 

Ogl. 

Chlorocichla flaviventris Yellow-bellied 

x How.'81, 

greenbul 

Burg. 

Ogl. 

Nicator chloris Nicator x How.'81, 

Burg. 

x 

Hux., Ogl. 


Burg., a 

Ogl. 


Burg., a 



107 



Ogl. 

Ogl. 

Phyllastrephus fischeri ** Fisher's greenbul x How.'81, 

Dav.'91 


Burg., a 

Burg., 

Ogl., Cla.'95 

Ogl., 

Cla.'95 

Phyllastrephus terrestris Brownbul x Burg., 

Ogl. 

Phyllastrephus flavostriatus Yellow-streaked 

greenbul 

x How.'81, 

Burg. 


Burg., a 

Phyllastrephus debilis Tiny greenbul x Dav.'95, 

Burg. 


Burg., a, b 

Ogl., 

Burg.b 

Ogl. 

Burg.b 

Pyconontus barbatus Common bulbul x Hux. 

Pycnonotus barbatus Dark-capped bulbul x How.'81 

Turidae Cercotrichas quadrivirgata Eastern bearded scrub 

robin 

x How.'81, 

Burg. 


Burg., a 

Ogl. 

Ogl. 

Cercotrichas leocophrys White-browed scrub 

x Hux. 

robin 

Cossypha natalensis Red-capped robin chat x How.'81, 

Dav.'95 


Burg., a 

Burg., 

Ogl. 

Ogl. 

Neocossyphus rufus Red-tailed ant thrush x Dav.'95, 

Ogl. 

x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.'90, a, 

Ogl. 

Turdus fischeri Spotted ground thrush x Ogl., 

Dav.'95 

Burg.b, 

Cla.'95 

Pogonocichla stellata White-starred bush 

robin 

x How.'81, 

Burg. 

Ogl. 

Sheppardia gunningi East coast akalat x Cla.'95 x How.'81, x Hux., Ogl. 

Dav.'95 

Burg., 

Ogl., 

Burg.b 

Burg.b 



108 



cla.'95 

Turdus gurneyi Orange ground thrush x Ogl. 

Sylviidae Camaroptera brachyura Green-backed 

camaroptera 

x 

How.'81, 

Ogl. 

Macrosphenus kretschmeri Kretschmer's longbill x How.'81, 

Dav.'95 

Ogl., 

Burg.b 

Prinia subflava Tawny -flanked prinia x How.'81 

Apalis flavida Coastal green-tailed 

x How.'81 

apalis 

Apalis melanocephala Black-headed apalis x How.'81, 

Ogl. 

Muscicapidae Batis mixta Puffback flycatcher x How.'81, 

Ogl. 

Erythrocerus holochlorus ** Little yellow 

x Cla.'95 x How.'81, 

flycatcher 

Dav.'95 

Ogl., 

Burg.b, 

Cla.'95 

Platysteira peltata Black-throated wattle 

x How.'81 

eye 

Terpsiphone viridis Paradise flycatcher x How.'81, 

Ogl. 

Trochocercus cyanomelas Crested flycatcher x How.'81, 

Ogl. 


Burg.a 

Ogl. 

x 

x 

Hux., Ogl. 

Burg.b 

Hux., Ogl. 

x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.'90, a, 

Ogl. 

Burg.b 

Burg.b, 

Cla.'95 


Burg.a 

Ogl. 


Burg.a 

Ogl. 

x Hux., Ogl. 

Timaliidae Trichastoma rufipennis Pale-brested illadopsis x How.'81, 

Dav.'95 

ssp.puguensis * 

Ogl., 

Cla.'95 

Zosteropidae Zosterops senegalensis Yellow white-eye x Burg.'90, 

Burg.a 

Nectariniidae Anthreptes collaris Collared sunbird x How.'81, 

Ogl. 


Burg.a 

Ogl. 



109 



Anthreptes neglectus Uluguru violet-backed 

x How.'81, x Hux., Ogl. 

sunbird 

Dav.'95 

Ogl., 

Burg.b 

Burg.b 

Anthreptes reichenowi Plain-backed sunbird x Burg.'90, 

Burg.a 

Ogl., 

Burg.b, 

Cla.'95 

Nectarinia olivacea Olive sunbird x How.'81, 

Ogl. 


Burg.a 

Ogl. 

Nectarinia senegalensis Scarlet-chested 

x How.'81 

sunbird 

Oriolus auratus African Golden oriole x Hux. 

Oriolus larvatus Black-headed oriole x Hux. 

Malaconotidae Dryoscopus hamatus Black puff-back x How.'81 

Dryoscopus cubla Zanzibar puff-back x How.'81, 

Ogl. 

Laniarus ferrungineus Tropical boubou x How.'81, 

Ogl. 

Malaconotus blanchoti Grey-headed bush 

shrike 

x How.'81, 

Ogl. 

Malaconotus quadricolour Four-coloured bush 

shrike 

Malaconotus sulfureopectus Sulphur-breasted bush 

x How.'81 

shrike 

Prionopidae Prionops scopifrons Chestnut-fronted helmet shrike x How.'81, 

Dav.'95 

Ogl., 

Burg.b 

Tchagra australis Brown-headed bush 

x How.'81 

shrike 

Sturnidae Cinnyricinclus leucogaster Violet-backed starling x How.'81 

Lamprotornis corruscus Black-brested glossy 

x How.'81, 

starling 

Ogl. 

Dicruridae Dicurus adsimilis Drongo x How.'81 

x 

Hux. 


Burg.a 

Ogl. 

x 

Burg.'90, 

Burg.a 


Burg.a, b 

Burg.b 

Ogl. 

x 

Hux., Ogl. 



110 



Dicurus ludwigii Square-tailed drongo x How.'81, 

Burg. 


Burg., a 

Ogl. 

Ogl. 

Passer griseus Grey-headed sparrow x How.'81 

Ploceidae Ploceus bicolor Dark-backed weaver x How.'81, 

Ogl. 

Ploceus ocularis Spectacled weaver x How.'81 

Euplectus capensis Yellow bishop x How.'81 

Estrildidae Estrilda astrild Waxbill x How.'81 x Hux. 

Hypargos niveoguttatus Peter's twinspot x How.'81, 

Dav.'95 

Ogl. 

Hypargos nitidula Green-backed 

twinspot 


Burg.a 

Ogl. 


Burg.a 

Ogl. 

x Ogl. x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.'90, 

Burg.a 

Ogl. 

Lonchura bicolor Rufous-backed 

x How.'81 

mannikin 

Pirinestes minor Lesser seed-cracker x How.'81, x Burg.b 

Burg.b 

* Endemic ** Near endemic 

No. of endemic species - 1 - - 

No. of near endemic species 2 3 2 - 

Total no.of bird species 4 97 69 40 

REFERENCES. 

Abbreviation 

Burg.'90 Burgess N.D. (1990) Preliminary results of biological surveys in seven Coastal Forests of Tanzania. Frontier. 

Burg. 

Burgess N.D., Huxham M.J., Baker N.E., Mlingwa C., Davis S.J. & Cutts C.J. Preliminary assessment of forest-birds in Kiono, Pande, Kisiju and Kiwengoma 

Coastal Forests, Tanzania. 

Burg.a Burgess N.D., Huxham M.J., Mlingwa C., Davis S.J. & Cutts C.J. Preliminary assessment of forest-birds in Kiono, Pande, Kisiju and Kiwengoma Coastal Forests, 

Tanzania. 

Burg.b Burgess N.D. & Mlingwa C.O.F. Forest-birds of Coastal Forests in Tanzania and Kenya. 

Cla.'95 Clarke G.P. & Dickinson A. (1995) Status reports for 11 Coastal Forests in Coast Region, Tanzania. Frontier. 

Dav.'95 Davies S.G.F. (1995) Birds of Tanzania's Coastal Forests withspecial reference to the Pugu Hills. (eds. K.M. Howell, F.A. Mturi, F.M. Urasa) Coastal Forest 

Biodiversity. Pp.55-58. University of Dar es Salaam. 


Hux. 

Ogl. 

Huxham M.J., Mlingwa C.O.F & Burgess N.D. A preliminary assessment of the birds of Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve, Kisarawe District, Tanzania. 

Ogle S.M. & College C. Bird species diversity, area and habitat complexity in the Coastal Forests of Tanzania. 



111 

REPTILES 

Family Genus species Common name Ruvu South FR Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi FR Pande 

Game 

Reference Reference Reference Reserve Reference 

Chameleons Chamaeleonidae Rhampholeon brevicaudatus ** Bearded pygmy 

x Cla.'95 

chameleon 

Snakes Colubridae Aparallactus werneri ** Usambara centipede 

x Cla.'95 

eater 

Dasypeltis medici ** East African Egg Eater x Cla.'95 

Lizards Laceritidae Heliobolus neumanni Neumann's Sand-lizard x Cla.'95 

** Near 

endemic 

No. of near-endemic species - 1 2 - 

No. of forest dependent 

7 - 16 - 

species (Cla.'95) 

No. of known reptile species 

(Cla.'95) 

7 5 16 2 

REFERENCES 

Abbreviation: 

Cla.'95 Clarke G.P. & Dickinson A. (1995) Status reports for 11 Coastal Forests in Coast Region, Tanzania. 



112 

AMPHIBIANS 


Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande Game 

South 


Bufonidae Bufo lindneri Toad x Cla.'95, 

Poyn. 

Bufo gutturalis Guttural toad x Poyn. x Poyn. 

Mertensophryne micranotis ** Tree toad x Cla.'95, 

x 

Poyn. 

Cla.'95, 

Poyn. 

Dic.'92 

Microhylidae Breviceps mossambicus Mozambique rain frog x Poyn. x Poyn. 

Ranidae Ptychadena anchietae Plain grass frog x Poyn. 

Phrynobatrachus acridoides East African puddle 

x Poyn. x Poyn. 

frog 

Phrynobatrachus mababiensis x Poyn. 

Arthroleptidae Arthroleptus affinis Squeaker x Poyn. 

Arthroleptus globosa x Poyn. 

Arthroleptus stenodactylus Shovel-footed 

x Poyn. x Poyn. 

squeaker 

Arthroleptus xenodactyloides Squeaker x Poyn. 

Rhacophoridae Chiromantis xerampelina Foam nest frog x Poyn. x Poyn. x Poyn. 

Hyperolidae Afrixalus brachycnemis x Poyn. 

Afrixalus sylvaticus ** Leaf-folding frog x Cla.'95, 

Poyn. 

Dic.'92 

Afrixalus sp. Leaf-folding frog x Poyn. 

Hyperolius mitchelli x Poyn. 

Hyperolius tuberilinguis x Poyn. 

Leptopelis 

flavomaculatus 

** 

Treefrog x Cla.'95, 

Poyn. 

** Near endemic 

No.of near endemics species - 1 3 - 

No.of known amphibian species 

3 11 15 2 

(Cla.'95) 

REFERENCES 

Abbreviation: 

Cla.'95 Clarke G.P. & Dickinson A. (1995) Status reports for 11 Coastal Forests in Coast Region, Tanzania. 

Poyn. Poynton J.C. Amphibians of Coastal Forests. Natural History Museum, London. 

Dic.'92 Dickinson A. (1992) Amphibians of Coastal Forests and surrounding areas. Frontier Tanzania. 



113 

BUTTERFLIES 



Acraeidae Acraea admantha x Gra.'84 

Acraea aerita acrita x Gra.'84 

Acraea amenosa x Gra.'84 

Acraea cabria x Gra.'84 

Acraea caldera neluska x Gra.'84 

Acraea cuva x Gra.'84 

Acraea egina areca x Gra.'84 

Acraea encedon x Gra.'84 

Acraea eponina x Gra.'84 

Acraea esebria x Gra.'84 

Acraea guirna x O'Har 

Acraea insignis balbina x Gra.'84 

Acraea johnstoni johnstoni x Gra.'84 

Acraea machequena x Gra.'84 

Acraea natalica natalica x Gra.'84 

Acraea onsaea x Gra.'84 

Acraea perpsichore neobule x Gra.'84 

Acraea petraea x Gra.'84 

Acraea pseudolycia 

x Gra.'84 

astrigera 

Acraea pudeorella detecta x Gra.'84 

Acraea quirina rosa x Gra.'84 

Acraea rabbaiae mombasae x Gra.'84 

Acraea satis x Gra.'84 

Acraea sonata x Gra.'84 

Acraea zetes acara x Gra.'84 

Bematistes epaea epitellus x Gra.'84 x O'Har 

Danaidae Amaris niavius dominicanus x Gra.'84 

Amaris ochlea ochlea x Gra.'84 

Danaus chrysippus x Gra.'84 

Pardopsis punctatissima x Gra.'84 x O'Har 

Hepseriidae Tagiades flesus x O'Har 

sp. x O'Har 

Libythea Libytheca labdaca laius x Gra.'84 

Lycaenidae Hemiolaus coeculus littoralis x Kie.'93 

Iolaus sp. x O'Har 

Azanus mirza x Kie.'93 



114 



Nymphalidae Euxanthe tiberius tiberius x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 

Euxanthe wakefieldi x Kie.'93 x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 

Euphaedra eleus orientalis x O'Har 

Euphaedra nephron x O'Har 

Charaxes achaemenes x Gra.'84 

Charaxes baumanni granti x Gra.'84 

Charaxes brutus alcyone x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 

Charaxes candiope x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 

Charaxes castor flavifasciatus x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 

Charaxes cithaeron kenneti x Kie.'93 x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 

Charaxes etesipe tavetensis x Gra.'84 

Charaxes ethalion littoralis x Gra.'84 

Charaxes guderiana 

x Gra.'84 

guderiana 

Charaxes jahlusa argynnides x Kie.'93 x Gra.'84 

Charaxes jasius-saturnus x Gra.'84 

Charaxes lasti lasti x Gra.'84 

Charaxes protoclea azota x Kie.'93 x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 

Charaxes tavetensis x Kie.'93 

Charaxes varanes vologeses x Kie.'93 x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 

Charaxes violetta maritima x Gra.'84 

Charaxes zoolina zoolina x Kie.'93 x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 

Euptera kinugnana x Kie.'93 

Euptera pluto kinugnana x Gra.'84 

Euphaedra neophron neophron x Gra.'84 

Euryphura achylus achylus x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 

Hamanumida daedalus x Kie.'93 x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 

Aterica galene theophanes x Kie.'93 x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 x Kie.'93 

Pseudacraea boisduvali crimenti x Gra.'84 

Pseudacraea boisduvali trimeni x Kie.'93 

Pseudacraea lucretia expanca x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 

Neptis goochi x Kie.'93 

Neptis kiriakofi x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 

Neptis laeta x Gra.'84 

Neptis nina x Gra.'84 

Neptis rogersi x Gra.'84 

Neptis saelava marpessa x Gra.'84 

Neptis serena x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 

Neptis trigonophora Gra.'84 x O'Har 



115 



Nymphalidae Neptis trigonophora 

x Gra.'84 

trigonophora 

Cyrestis camillus sublineata x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 x O'Har 

Byblia anvatara acheloya x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 

Byblia ilithya x Gra.'84 

Neptidopsis fulgurata platyptera x Gra.'84 

Neptidopsis ophione velleda x Kie.'93 x Gra.'84 

Eurythela dryope angulata x Kie.'93 x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 x O'Har 

Hypolimnas deceptor deceptor x Gra.'84 

Hypolimnas dubius 

Gra.'84 x O'Har 

dubius/drucei 

Hypolimnas dubius wahlbergi x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 

Hypolimnas misippus x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93, 

O'Har 

Hypolimnas usambara x Gra.'84 

Salamis anacardii x Gra.'84 

Salamis parhassus x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 x O'Har 

Junonia artaxia x Gra.'84 

Junonia hierta cebrene x Gra.'84 

Junonia natalica natalica x Gra.'84 

Junonia oenone oenone x Gra.'84 

Junonia orithya 

x Gra.'84 

madagascariensis 

Junonia terea elgiva x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 

Precis actia x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 

Sallya boisduvali 

x Gra.'84 

boisduvali 

Sallya moranti x Gra.'84 

Sallya natalensis x Gra.'84 

Hachnoptera iole ayresi x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 

Phalanta eurytis columbina x Gra.'84 

Phalanta eurytis eurytis x Kie.'93 

Phalanta phalantha x Kie.'93 x Kie.'93 

Phalanta phalantha aethiopia x Gra.'84 

Hanma theobene blassi x Gra.'84 

Bebaeria mardania oreintis x Gra.'84 

Vanessa cardui x Gra.'84 

Papilionidae Papilio angolensis x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 

Papilio constantinus x Gra.'84 



116 



Papilionidae Papilio dardanus cenea x O'Har 

Papilio dardanus ochracea x O'Har 

Papilio dardanus tibullus x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 

Papilio demodocus x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 

Papilio f. hippocoonides Gra.'84 

Papilio nireus lyaeus x Kie.'93 x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 

Graphium antheus x Gra.'84 

Graphium colonna x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 

Graphium leonidas x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 x Kie.'93, 

O'Har 

Graphium ophidicephalus x Kie.'93 x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 

Graphium philnonoe x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 

Graphium polistratus x Kie.'93 x Gra.'84 

Graphium polycenes x Gra.'84 

Graphium porthaon x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 

Pieridae Catopsilia florella x Kie.'93 x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 

Anaphaeis creona x O'Har 

Eurema brigitta x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 x O'Har 

Eurema desjardinsi x Gra.'84 

Eurema florica nivea x Gra.'84 

Eurema hapale x Gra.'84 

Eurema hecabe solifera x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 

Eurema senegalensis x Kie.'93 

Nepheronia argia mhondana x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 x O'Har 

Nepheronia buquetti x Gra.'84 

Nepheronia thalassina sinalata x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 

Eronia cleodora dilatata x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 

Eronia leda x Gra.'84 

Colotis amata calais x Kie.'93 

Colotis antevippe gavisa x Gra.'84 

Colotis euippe x O'Har 

Colotis evagore antigone x Gra.'84 

Colotis evenina evenina x O'Har 

Pieridae Colotis evenina sipylus x Gra.'84 

Colotis evigpe complexivus x O'Har 

Colotis evippe omphale x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 

Colotis hetaera x Gra.'84 

Colotis incretus x Gra.'84 

Colotis ione x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 



117 



Colotis regina x O'Har 

Colotis vest catachrysops x Gra.'84 

Belenois aurota aurota x Gra.'84 

Belenois creona severina x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 x Kie.'93, 

O'Har 

Belenois gidica x Gra.'84 

Belenois thysa thysa x Kie.'93 x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 x O'Har 

Appias lasti lasti x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 

Dixeia doxa costata x Gra.'84 

Dixeia orbona vidua x Gra.'84 

Dixeia pigea x Gra.'84 

Mylothis agathina x Gra.'84 

Leptosia alcesta inalcesta x Gra.'84 

Satyridae Melanitis leda x Kie.'93 

Melanitis leda helena x Gra.'84 

Gnophodes betsimena dicersa x Gra.'84 

Ypthima granulosa x Gra.'84 

Ypthima impura paupera x Gra.'84 

Bicyclus anynana x Gra.'84 

Bicyclus campinus 

x Gra.'84 

ocelligerus 

Bicyclus safitza x Gra.'84 x O'Har 

Henotesia persicua persicua x Gra.'84 

Physcaeneura jacksoni x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 

Physcaeneura pione x O'Har 

No.of butterfly species (listed 

15 138 48 37 

here) 

No. of known butterfly species (Gra.'84) - 225 - - 

REFERENCES 

Abbreviation: 

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O'Har O'Hara T.J., Weale M.E. & Allen J.A.Butterflies of Pande and Kiono Coastal Forests (mainland Tanzania) and Kilindoni (Mafia Island), collected 

between July and October 1989. University of Southampton. 



118 

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