Frontier Tanzania Environmental Research REPORT 110 ...
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Frontier Tanzania Environmental Research REPORT 110 ...
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<strong>Frontier</strong> <strong>Tanzania</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong> <strong>Research</strong><br />
<strong>REPORT</strong> <strong>110</strong><br />
KAZIMZUMBWI FOREST RESERVE<br />
A Biodiversity Survey<br />
Hall, S.M., Staddon, S., Howell, K.M. and Fanning, E. (Eds.)<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong> <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
2004
<strong>Frontier</strong> <strong>Tanzania</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong> <strong>Research</strong><br />
<strong>REPORT</strong> <strong>110</strong><br />
KAZIMZUMBWI FOREST RESERVE<br />
A Biodiversity Survey<br />
Hall, S.M., Staddon, S., Howell, K.M. and Fanning, E. (Eds.)<br />
Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources,<br />
Environment and Co-operatives<br />
Zanzibar Revolutionary Government<br />
Society for <strong>Environmental</strong><br />
Exploration<br />
University of Dar es Salaam<br />
Institute of Marine Sciences<br />
Dar es Salaam<br />
2004
Suggested citation: Suggested Technical Report citations:<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong> <strong>Tanzania</strong> 2002. Hall, S.M., Staddon, S., Howell, K.M. and Fanning, E. (Eds.). Kazimzumbwi<br />
Forest Reserve. A Biodiversity Survey. Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme Technical Report No.<br />
<strong>110</strong>.<br />
Staddon, S., Ntemi, A.S., Hall, S.M. and Murphy, A. 2002. Floral Diversity of Kazimzumbwi Forest<br />
Reserve. In: Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve. A Biodiversity Survey. Hall, S.M., Staddon, S., Howell,<br />
K.M. and Fanning, E. (Eds.). Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme Technical Report No. <strong>110</strong>.<br />
The <strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong> <strong>Research</strong> Report Series is published by:<br />
The Society for <strong>Environmental</strong> Exploration<br />
50-52 Rivington Street<br />
London, EC2A 3QP<br />
United Kingdom<br />
Tel: +44 (0)20 7613 3061<br />
Fax: +44 (0)20 7613 2992<br />
Email: research@frontier.ac.uk<br />
Web Page: www.frontier.ac.uk<br />
ISSN 1479-1161 (Print)<br />
ISSN 1748-3670 (Online)<br />
ISSN 1748-5124 (CD-ROM)<br />
© <strong>Frontier</strong> <strong>Tanzania</strong> 2004, 2005
The University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM)<br />
The University of Dar es Salaam was established in July 1970 as a centre for learning and research in the<br />
arts and the physical, natural, earth, marine, medical and human sciences. The University is surveying and<br />
mapping the flora and fauna of <strong>Tanzania</strong> and is conducting research into the maintenance and improvement<br />
of the environment and the sustainable exploitation of <strong>Tanzania</strong>’s natural resources.<br />
The Society for <strong>Environmental</strong> Exploration (SEE)<br />
The Society is a non-profit making company limited by guarantee and was formed in 1989. The Society’s<br />
objectives are to advance field research into environmental issues and implement practical projects<br />
contributing to the conservation of natural resources. Projects organised by The Society are joint initiatives<br />
developed in collaboration with national research agencies in co-operating countries.<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong> <strong>Tanzania</strong> Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme and Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme<br />
The Society for <strong>Environmental</strong> Exploration and the University of Dar es Salaam have been conducting<br />
collaborative research into environmental issues since July 1989 under the title of <strong>Frontier</strong> <strong>Tanzania</strong>, of<br />
which one component is the <strong>Frontier</strong> <strong>Tanzania</strong> Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme (FT FRP). Between 1989 and<br />
1994 short term survey work was carried out in 27 Coastal Forests. The main objectives were to assess the<br />
extent and condition of the forests. The data collected during this research has contributed significantly to<br />
the publication of Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa, IUCN. Since July 1994, the FT FRP has been working<br />
in the forests of the East Usambara mountains in collaboration with the East Usambara Conservation Area<br />
Management Programme (EUCAMP) and Udzungwa Mountains in collaboration with Matumizi Endelevu<br />
ya Mistu ya Asili (MEMA). These surveys of selected forests reserves have collected baseline biodiversity<br />
data and assisted in the management of these mountain forests. During 2001, two Coastal Forest Reserves<br />
were revisited. Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve and Ruvu Forest Reserve were surveyed more intensively to<br />
investigate biodiversity and forest-use.<br />
FOR MORE INFORMATION:<br />
Dept. of Zoology & Marine Biology<br />
University of Dar es Salaam<br />
P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
Tel: 255-22-2410462<br />
E-mail: zoology@udsm.ac.tz<br />
Society for <strong>Environmental</strong> Exploration<br />
50-52 Rivington Street, London, U.K.<br />
Tel: +44 20 76 13 30 61<br />
Fax: +44 20 76 13 29 92<br />
E-mail: development@frontier.ac.uk<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
Project Co-ordinator<br />
Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme<br />
P.O. Box 9473<br />
Dar es Salaam<br />
E-mail: frontier@africaonline.co.tz
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
iv<br />
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY<br />
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve encompasses a 3550ha area of East African Coastal Forest. It<br />
lies at an altitude of 120 to 280 m a.s.l., on the Pugu Hills in the District of Kisarawe, Pwani<br />
Region, some 20 km south-west of Dar es Salaam.<br />
As part of the Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme, <strong>Frontier</strong> <strong>Tanzania</strong> conducted a baseline<br />
biodiversity survey of the northern half of Kazimzumbwi FR between June and August 2001.<br />
The floral diversity of Kazimzumbwi FR was surveyed using a combination of systematic<br />
vegetation plots, regeneration sub-plots and opportunistic botanical collections. Mature trees<br />
and shrubs were sampled within the vegetation plots at an intensity equal to 0.06% of the total<br />
reserve area. Faunal diversity was assessed through surveying the following target taxa;<br />
mammals (including bats), reptiles, amphibians, butterflies, molluscs and millipedes.<br />
Surveying was achieved through a combination of standardised, repeatable methods at<br />
‘zoological trapsites’, surveys of dung and other animal signs along specific transects and<br />
opportunistic collection and observation. An investigation of forest use and human impact<br />
within the reserve was made through systematic transect surveys and observations on an<br />
opportunistic basis. This report provides inventories of tree and shrub species recorded within<br />
plots and through opportunistic collection, and of all the targeted faunal taxa. Each species<br />
listed is described in terms of its ecological requirements, endemic status and conservation<br />
status. These criteria are used to assess the uniqueness of biodiversity within the reserve and<br />
its vulnerability to human disturbances. A summary of these findings is presented in Table 1.<br />
Table 1. Summary of biodiversity surveyed within Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve.<br />
Taxon Total number Number of Number of Number of<br />
of species forest dependent endemic species not<br />
species species ^ previously recorded<br />
in Kazimzumbwi FR<br />
Plants 111 * 11 (10%) 21 (19%) 13 (12%)<br />
11 ** 1 (10%) 3 (27%) 0<br />
50 *** 5 (10%) 8 (16%) 7 (14%)<br />
Mammals 32 7 (22%) 4 (13%) 9 (28%)<br />
Reptiles 28 5 (18%) 4 (14%) 14 (50%)<br />
Amphibians 23 6 (26%) 7 (30%) 8 (24%)<br />
Butterflies 140 42 (30%) 12 (9%) 81 (58%)<br />
Total 395 77 (20%) 59 (15%) 132 (33%)<br />
^ Endemic species: Trees and shrubs endemic to the Swahilian Regional Centre of Endemism<br />
Fauna endemic to Coastal Forests and/or Eastern Arc forests and/or a few other East African forests<br />
* Recorded in vegetation plots<br />
** Recorded in regeneration sub-plots<br />
*** Recorded through opportunistic botanical collection<br />
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve encompasses a diverse assemblage of vegetation communities<br />
and rich floral and faunal species diversity. The reserve comprises a mosaic of closed dry<br />
forest, Brachystegia forest, scrub, woodland, wooded grassland and riverine/swamp forest.<br />
The relatively low number of forest dependent species, and subsequently high number of<br />
ecological generalists, is thus to be expected.<br />
Thirty-two species of plant and thirty species of animals recorded in Kazimzumbwi Forest<br />
Reserve are restricted in range and are considered endemics. The link between endemism and<br />
forest-dependency is demonstrated within all taxa surveyed. The liane Milletia puguensis is<br />
endemic to the Pugu Hills and the tree species Baphia puguensis is endemic to the Pugu Hills<br />
and Gongolamboto area. The record of the Montane agama Agama montana alters the<br />
endemic status of this species which has previously only been recorded in selected Eastern
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
v<br />
Arc forests. If the identification of the frog Leptopelis barbouri is verified, the record in<br />
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve will also represent a range extension for this species, again<br />
previously only recorded within selected Eastern Arc forests. The butterfly Pentila rondo,<br />
considered endemic to the Rondo Plateau, was tentatively identified within the reserve, thus<br />
potentially representing another species range extension.<br />
A high number of species recorded in Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve have not previously been<br />
found in either the reserve or Coastal Forests in general. This reflects the lack of attention<br />
given to Coastal Forests in past biological inventory work, which has instead often been<br />
concentrated in the Eastern Arc mountains.<br />
The habitats and species of Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve were found to be under pressure<br />
from pole and timber extraction, charcoal production, fire, animal trapping, cultivation and<br />
the presence of footpaths. Certain tree species appear to have been targeted for pole and<br />
timber extraction, charcoal production and makonde carving. Important species such as<br />
Milicia excelsa and Dalbergia melanoxylon are now considered rare within the reserve.<br />
It is hoped that the results of this survey work will be used be used by those working at all<br />
levels to ensure the protection of this extremely biologically rich but currently threatened<br />
reserve.
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
vi<br />
FOREWORD<br />
Coastal Forest is thought to have once covered the whole of the eastern seaboard of Africa.<br />
Today only some 250 patches of forest are left, covering just 3200 km 2 . Coastal Forests are<br />
considered one of the richest forest types in Africa, containing large numbers of endemic<br />
species. Among these endemics are 550 plants, 8 mammals, 9 birds, 26 reptiles, 2 frogs, 79<br />
butterflies, more than 89 snails and many more than 20 molluscs. Coastal Forests have gained<br />
global recognition as being part of one of 25 Global Biodiversity Hotspots (Conservation<br />
International). Collectively, these 25 Hotspots cover barely 1.4 % of the planet’s land area but<br />
account for approximately 44 % of all vascular plant species and 35 % of four major<br />
vertebrate groups. Combined with Eastern Arc forests, Coastal Forests contain the highest<br />
levels of species endemism per unit area of remaining intact natural vegetation in the world.<br />
Coastal Forests however epitomise the difficulties of conservation. They are small and highly<br />
fragmented patches surrounded by impoverished rural communities with a high and growing<br />
demand for and dependence on forest resources. Many of the isolated forest patches have<br />
exceptional levels of localised endemism, making prioritisation for conservation difficult.<br />
The Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme of <strong>Frontier</strong> <strong>Tanzania</strong> was initiated in 1989 to improve the<br />
poor knowledge of Coastal Forest status, distribution and biological character. Over the<br />
following six years the Programme gathered information on 25 Coastal Forests stretching the<br />
length of <strong>Tanzania</strong>. After gaining considerable experience in survey work of <strong>Tanzania</strong>’s<br />
Eastern Arc forests, the Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme of <strong>Frontier</strong> <strong>Tanzania</strong> subsequently<br />
returned to study additional Coastal Forests. The survey methods currently employed have<br />
been standardised and aim to provide systematic baseline information on the biological values<br />
of even more Coastal Forests. The results given in this report are hereby presented to<br />
conservationists and foresters to aid the sustainable long-term development of <strong>Tanzania</strong>’s<br />
Coastal Forests.<br />
The Programme involved locally employed Field Assistants and Forest Officers, staff from<br />
the University of Dar es Salaam and <strong>Frontier</strong> <strong>Tanzania</strong>, and an international network of<br />
taxonomists and other experts. This report is the result of the efforts of these many people and<br />
they are all thanked for their hard work and enthusiasm. It is hoped that the culmination of<br />
their work and the publication of this report will help in some way to ensure the future of the<br />
unique Coastal Forests of East Africa.
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
vii<br />
TABLE OF CONTENTS<br />
Executive Summary<br />
Foreword<br />
Table of Contents<br />
List of Figures<br />
List of Tables<br />
Acknowledgments<br />
iv<br />
vi<br />
vii<br />
ix<br />
x<br />
xi<br />
1. Introduction 1<br />
1.1 Introduction to Coastal Forests 1<br />
1.1.1 Location and Extent 1<br />
1.1.2 Vegetation Types 2<br />
1.1.3 Endemism 2<br />
1.1.4 Threat 2<br />
1.1.5 Protection and Management 3<br />
1.1.6 Conservation 3<br />
1.1.7 Previous work 3<br />
2. Aims and Objectives 4<br />
2.1 Aims 4<br />
2.2 Objectives 4<br />
3. Study Site 5<br />
3.1 General Description 5<br />
3.2 Location 5<br />
3.3 Physical features and land use 5<br />
3.3.1 Soils 5<br />
3.3.2 Catchment values 5<br />
3.3.3 Rainfall and topography 6<br />
3.3.4 Vegetation 6<br />
3.3.5 Land use 6<br />
4. Floral diversity of Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve 9<br />
4.1 Introduction 9<br />
4.2 Aims 11<br />
4.3 Methods 11<br />
4.3.1 Vegetation plots 12<br />
4.3.2 Regeneration plots 12<br />
4.3.3 Opportunistic botanial collection 12<br />
4.4 Results 13<br />
4.4.1 Vegetation plots 13<br />
4.4.2 Regeneration plots 19<br />
4.4.3 Opportunistic botanical collection 22<br />
4.4.4 Vegetation types 25<br />
4.5 Discussion 26<br />
4.5.1 Botanical richness and diversitt 26<br />
4.5.2 ‘New records’ 27<br />
4.5.3 Forest dependency 28<br />
4.5.4 Endemism 28<br />
4.5.5 Regeneration 29<br />
4.5.6 Threats 29<br />
4.6 Conclusions 31
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
viii<br />
5. Forest use and human impact 32<br />
5.1 Introduction 32<br />
5.2 Aims 34<br />
5.3 Methods 34<br />
5.4 Results 35<br />
5.4.1 Pole and timber extraction 35<br />
5.4.2 Poles 35<br />
5.4.3 Timber 37<br />
5.4.4 Other forms of disturbance 39<br />
5.4.5 Disturbance hotspots 39<br />
5.4.6 Charcoal production 43<br />
5.4.7 Animal trapping 43<br />
5.4.8 Pitsawing 43<br />
5.4.9 Fire 43<br />
5.4.10 Past cultivation and settlement 44<br />
5.5 Discussion 44<br />
5.5.1 Pole and timber extraction 44<br />
5.5.2 Effects of access and disturbance 45<br />
5.5.3 Priorities for management 46<br />
6. Faunal diversity of Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve 47<br />
6.1 Introduction 47<br />
6.2 Aims 47<br />
6.3 Methods 48<br />
6.3.1 Zoological trapsites 48<br />
6.3.2 Dung and sign surveys 49<br />
6.3.3 Opportunistic collection and observations 50<br />
6.3.4 Identification 50<br />
6.4 Results 50<br />
6.4.1 Mammals 51<br />
6.4.1.1 Bats and small mammals 54<br />
6.4.1.2 Larger mammals 56<br />
6.4.2 Reptiles 56<br />
6.4.3 Amphibians 58<br />
6.4.4 Butterflies 61<br />
6.4.5 Molluscs 64<br />
6.4.6 Millipedes 64<br />
6.5 Discussion 64<br />
6.5.1 Mammals 64<br />
6.5.2 Reptiles 66<br />
6.5.3 Amphibians 67<br />
6.5.4 Butterflies 68<br />
6.5.5 Molluscs and millipedes 69<br />
6.6 Conclusions 69<br />
6.6.1 ‘New records’ 69<br />
6.6.2 Species richness and diversity 70<br />
6.6.3 Forest dependency 70<br />
6.6.4 Endemism 70<br />
6.6.5 Species of conservation concern 70<br />
References 71<br />
Appendix 1. Coastal forest vegetation types 72<br />
Appendix 2. Taxonomic verification 74<br />
Appendix 3. Vegetation plot descriptions. 75<br />
Appendix 4. Species lists for Coastal Forests 76<br />
Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme Technical Paper Series 117
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
ix<br />
LIST OF FIGURES<br />
Figure 1 Extent of major upland areas in eastern and south-eastern Africa, the Zanzibar-<br />
Inhambane regional mosaic (sensu White, 1983a and b), and the Coastal Forest belt as<br />
defined in this Chapter (which encompasses the Swahilian regional centre of endemism and<br />
the Swahilian/Maputaland regional transition zone). Taken from Burgess and Clarke, 2000.<br />
Page<br />
2<br />
Figure 2 Location of Kazimzumwi and Pugu FRs in <strong>Tanzania</strong>. 7<br />
Figure 3 Location of Kazimzumwi FR in relation to surrounding towns and villages. 8<br />
Figure 4 Relationships between the different kinds of eastern African Coastal Forest, as well 10<br />
as to other regional and azonal forests. Eastern African Coastal Forest additionally merges<br />
with Maputaland-Pondoland forest in southern Mozambique and northern Natal, but forest of<br />
this type is not included here since it should be included as a transitional formation belonging<br />
to the Maputaland-Pondoland regional mosaic. Taken from Burgess and Clarke, 2000.<br />
Figure 5 Position of vegetation plots and disturbance transect lines in Kazimzumbwi 11<br />
FR.<br />
Figure 6 Total number of poles and timber sampled per hectare during<br />
35<br />
Kazimzumbwi FR disturbance assessment.<br />
Figure 7 Mean number of live, naturally fallen, old cut and new cut poles per hectare 36<br />
throughout Kazimzumbwi FR with standard error bars.<br />
Figure 8 Total number of live, old cut and new cut poles per hectare for each transect 37<br />
line.<br />
Figure 9 Mean total number of live, naturally fallen, old cut and new cut timber per 38<br />
hectare throughout Kazimzumbwi FR with standard error bars.<br />
Figure 10 Total number of live, old cut and new cut timber per hectare for each transect line. 39<br />
Figure 11 Specific locations along Transect A of forms of disturbance other than 41<br />
pole and timber cutting (where VP stands for vegetation plot and Bdr, Forest Reserve<br />
Border).<br />
Figure 12 Specific locations along Transect B of forms of disturbance other than 41<br />
pole and timber cutting.<br />
Figure 13 Specific locations along Transect C of forms of disturbance other than 42<br />
pole and timber cutting.<br />
Figure 14 Specific locations along Transect D of forms of disturbance other than 42<br />
pole and timber cutting.<br />
Figure 15 Specific locations along Transect E of forms of disturbance other than 43<br />
pole and timber cutting.<br />
Figure 16 Location of zoological trapsites (TS) in Kazimzumbwi FR. 48
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
x<br />
LIST OF TABLES<br />
Page<br />
Table 1. Summary of biodiversity surveyed within Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve.<br />
iv<br />
Table 2 Provisional list of tree and shrub species recorded within vegetation plots in 13<br />
Kazimzumbwi FR.<br />
Table 3 Tree and shrub species recorded within regeneration plots in Kazimzumbwi FR. 19<br />
Overlap exists between this list and that presented in Table 2, although those species solely<br />
occurring in regeneration plots are highlighted with an *.<br />
Table 4 Opportunistic plant species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. 22<br />
Table 5 Summary of plant diversity recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. 26<br />
Table 6 Disturbance transect results for total pole counts (mean percentages in<br />
36<br />
brackets).<br />
Table 7 Disturbance transect results for total pole counts per hectare (percentages of 36<br />
all poles sampled per hectare in brackets).<br />
Table 8 Disturbance transect results for timber counts (mean percentage in brackets). 37<br />
Table 9 Disturbance transect results for average timber counts per hectare 38<br />
(percentages of all timber sampled per hectare in brackets).<br />
Table 10 Incidences of various types of disturbance shown as a tally (of a total of 39<br />
440 50m transect sections) a percentage, and a rank.<br />
Table 11 Summary of disturbance hotspots within Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve (refer to 40<br />
Figure 6 for transect section locations).<br />
Table 12 Mean percentages of natural and man made disturbance of four Coastal 44<br />
Forest sites and Manga Forest Reserve (East Usambara mountains).<br />
Table 13 Greatest mean extraction rates of poles and timber per hectare in 45<br />
Kazimzumbwi and Manga Forest Reserves.<br />
Table 14 Summary descriptions of trapsites in Kazimzumbwi FR. 50<br />
Table 15 Summary of mammal diversity recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. 51<br />
Table 16 Mammal species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. 51<br />
Table 17 Summary of ecological type and endemic status of mammal species<br />
53<br />
recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR.<br />
Table 18 Ranges of near-endemic mammal species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR . 54<br />
Table 19 Small mammal species captured at trapsites in Kazimzumbwi FR. 55<br />
Table 20 Reptile species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. 56<br />
Table 21 Ranges of near endemic reptile species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. 58<br />
Table 22 Ampibian species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. 59<br />
Table 23 Ranges of near-endemic amphibian species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. 60<br />
Table 24 Summary of butterfly species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. 61<br />
Table 25 Butterfly species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. 61<br />
Table 26 Ranges of near endemic butterfly species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. 64<br />
Table 27 Summary of faunal richness and the forest dependency, endemicity and 69<br />
conservation status of species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR.
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
x<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
This report is the culmination of the advice, co-operation, hard work and expertise of many people. In<br />
particular we would like to acknowledge and thank the following people:<br />
MANAGEMENT<br />
FRONTIER-TANZANIA<br />
Managing Director of SEE: Eibleis Fanning<br />
Development Programme Manager: Elizabeth Humphreys<br />
Director of <strong>Research</strong>:<br />
Dr. D. Stanwell Smith<br />
Operations Manager:<br />
Matthew Willson<br />
UDSM Co-ordinators:<br />
Prof. K. M. Howell and Dr M. Muruke<br />
Forestry and Bee Keeping Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism<br />
Professor Iddi, Director of Forestry and Beekeeping<br />
Dr. Kilahama, <strong>Tanzania</strong> Forest and Conservation Project<br />
FIELD RESEARCH<br />
FRONTIER-TANZANIA<br />
Project Manager:<br />
<strong>Research</strong> Co-ordinator:<br />
Assistant <strong>Research</strong> Co-ordinators:<br />
Logistics Co-ordinator:<br />
<strong>Research</strong> Assistants<br />
Field Assistants:<br />
Forest Guards (Kisarawe):<br />
Nicola Beharrell<br />
Susannah Hall<br />
Sam Staddon, Adam Murphy<br />
Jillian Smith<br />
Laura Blair, Martin Burster, Oliver Davey, Matthew Fossey,<br />
Charlie furness, Jody Gunn, Ashley Hanoman, Darren Kidney,<br />
Chris King, Catherine Stevenson, Kieran Voong, Peter Ward,<br />
Kate Woodcock.<br />
Mohamed Chenza, Hozea Martin, Kazim Kibiriti, Chenga<br />
Chamwi, Asia Salum.<br />
Salum Pazi, Tito Mwenda.<br />
TECHNICAL SUPPORT<br />
We would also like to thank the following:<br />
UDSM:<br />
Dr. C. Msuya, Department of Zoology and Marine Biology<br />
Mr. Henry Ndangalasi, Department of Botany, Herbarium<br />
Mr. Frank Mbago, Department of Botany, Herbarium.<br />
Botanist:<br />
Mr. Albert Ntemi, East Usambara Conservation Area<br />
Management Programme.<br />
Kew Royal Botanical Gardens: Dr. Aaron Davis.<br />
We are also grateful to all of the taxonomists listed in Appendix 2 for providing us with the<br />
identifications of the zoological specimens.<br />
<strong>REPORT</strong> WRITING<br />
Authors:<br />
Editorial Comments:<br />
Sam Staddon, Susannnah Hall, Albert Ntemi and Adam<br />
Murphy.<br />
Dr. Neil Burgess, IUCN UK, Prof. K. M. Howell from the<br />
University of Dar es Salaam; Dr. D. Stanwell-Smith and Nicola<br />
Beharrell, SEE.<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
1<br />
1. INTRODUCTION<br />
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL FORESTS<br />
‘Eastern African Coastal Forests’ (hereafter called Coastal Forests) are synonymous with the Swahili<br />
regional centre of endemism and the Swahili/Maputaland regional transition zone (sensu Clarke 2000).<br />
The forests cover an area of 3167km 2 within six countries located between 1 0 North and 25 0 South and<br />
34-41 0 East (Burgess, Clarke & Rodgers 1998). Much of the confusion and debate surrounding their<br />
geographical distribution, their biological affinities and the main vegetation formation type to which<br />
they belong has been clarified by Clarke (2000).<br />
1.1.1 LOCATION AND EXTENT<br />
The Swahili regional centre of endemism and the Swahili/Maputaland regional transition zone are<br />
derived from the Zanzibar-Inhambane regional mosaic phytochoria. This vegetation block is<br />
recognised as a distinct area of plant endemism. and is found along the coastal strip of eastern tropical<br />
Africa (between the equator and Limpopo River), about 200-300km inland of the Indian Ocean<br />
(Figure 1). Approximately 35% of larger woody plants are endemic to the area (Clarke 2000). In<br />
recognition of botanical collections and taxonomic studies that confirmed a high number of endemic<br />
plant species in the north of the region however, Clarke (1998) redefined the phytochoria. He enlarged<br />
its area and divided it into the ‘Swahilian regional centre of endemsim’ (to the north of Mocambique<br />
town) and the ‘Swahilian/Maptuland regional transition zone’ (to the south). The term ‘Swahilian<br />
region sensu lato’ encompasses both of these divisions and it is this region with which Coastal Forests<br />
are synonymous.<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
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Figure 1 Extent of major upland areas in eastern and south-eastern Africa, the Zanzibar-Inhambane<br />
regional mosaic (sensu White, 1983a and b), and the Coastal Forest belt as defined in this Chapter<br />
(which encompasses the Swahilia n regional centre of endemism and the Swahilian/Maputaland<br />
regional transition zone). Taken from Burgess and Clarke, 2000.<br />
Coastal Forests can be found between sea level and <strong>110</strong>0m a.s.l. and experience a tropical monsoon<br />
climate of the Indian Ocean with a unimodal (south of Dar es Salaam) or bimodal (north of Dar es<br />
Salaam) mean annual rainfall of 510 to 2000mm (Clarke 2000).<br />
At least 194 patches of Coastal Forest known to cover a combined area of 3167km 2 ; 2km 2 within<br />
Somalia, 660km 2 within Kenya, 696.6km 2 within <strong>Tanzania</strong>, 1790km 2 within Mozambique, 16km 2<br />
within Malawi and 2.88km 2 within Zimbabwe (Burgess, Clarke & Rodgers 1998). This could well be<br />
the smallest forest coverage of any major forest type in Africa. The majority of Coastal Forest patches,<br />
of which there may be over 250 in total, are
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3<br />
1.1.5 PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT<br />
At least in Kenya and <strong>Tanzania</strong>, the majority (c.80%) of Coastal Forests are under some form of<br />
government protection (Burgess et al. 2000). Within these countries 56 forests covering 1001km 2 (out<br />
of a total of 1386km 2 ) have the status of Forest Reserve. Smaller numbers and areas of Coastal Forests<br />
have the status of National Park, National Reserve, National Monument (Kenya only), Game Reserve<br />
or Sacred forest. Within <strong>Tanzania</strong>, 21 forests covering 145km 2 are of no known status. Many Forest<br />
Reserves (gazetted during the colonial period before 1961) encompass a lot of non-Coastal Forest<br />
habitat, such as woodland or thicket that may act as buffer zones to the high forest areas. Some Forest<br />
Reserves are comprised entirely of woodland habitats along the coast and some contain plantations.<br />
1.1.6 CONSERVATION<br />
Coastal Forests epitomise the difficulty of conservation; they are small and highly fragmented patches<br />
surrounded by relatively impoverished rural communities, with a high and growing demand for and<br />
dependence on forest resources (Rodgers 2000). All forests are distinct and have high levels of local<br />
endemism, thus making prioiritisation difficult. A set of criteria with which to rate forests in order that<br />
those of highest biodiversity conservation value are given priority has yet to be devised. A strategy to<br />
identify core and buffer zones within forests to enable local use of forest edge resources and<br />
environmental education at many levels is also lacking (Rodgers 2000). Projects run by governments,<br />
conservation partners including NGO’s and local communities are however currently in place in many<br />
areas and have had patchy success.<br />
1.1.7 PREVIOUS WORK<br />
Previous work in Coastal Forests has generally used 1:50,000 Ordanance Survey maps, government<br />
Forestry Department records and fieldwork to assess the location, extent and legal status of various<br />
forests. As a result of the Civil War in Mozambique however, little remains known of its Coastal<br />
Forests (Burgess et al. 2000). In <strong>Tanzania</strong> work has been carried out by a variety of researchers<br />
including many from Dar es Salaam and those within the <strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong> Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong><br />
Programme, run between 1980 and 1994, covering 25 Coastal Forests (see publications list at the end<br />
of this report). Much remains to be known however about the extent of Coastal Forest, its vegetation<br />
assemblages, the ecology and biogeography of its flora and fauna and the richness and diversity of<br />
different forest patches.<br />
The Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa was published in 2000 (edited by Burgess and Clarke) and is a<br />
synthesis of information on Coastal Forests from various sources. It covers definitions, physical<br />
background, vegetation and status, biodiversity values and human and forest interactions. This text is<br />
considered the most current and complete work on Coastal Forests and thus its various chapters are<br />
frequently referenced in this report.<br />
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2. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES<br />
2.1 AIMS<br />
To investigate the biodiversity and forest-use of Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve and to collate and<br />
disseminate the resulting information.<br />
2.2 OBJECTIVES<br />
• To sample both mature and regenerating tree and shrub species throughout the reserve using<br />
systematic sampling techniques at an intensity of 0.013%.<br />
• To sample key faunal groups in representative habitats throughout the reserve using systematic<br />
sampling techniques; key faunal groups comprising mammals, reptiles, amphibians, butterflies,<br />
molluscs and millipedes.<br />
• To supplement the information gathered through systematic techniques by the opportunistic<br />
collection of vascular plants, vertebrates and invertebrates.<br />
• To conduct systematic surveys of forest-use and human impact throughout the reserve, focusing<br />
on levels of pole and timber cutting and the occurrence of other illegal activities.<br />
• To produce a report presenting information resulting from the above work.<br />
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3. STUDY SITE<br />
3.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION<br />
Name:<br />
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
Kisarawe District, Coastal Region, <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
Area: 3550 hectares (35.5 km 2 )<br />
Status:<br />
Managed by:<br />
Tenure:<br />
Protective Forest Reserve<br />
Gazetted in the 1930s (Lagrstedt, 1995)<br />
Declaration Order 306 of 24/6/1954; superseded by Cap. 389 – supp. 59 of 1959,<br />
p.62<br />
Kisarawe District with donor support from Misitu Yetu Project, CARE International<br />
and Wildlife Society of <strong>Tanzania</strong> (WCST)<br />
Government land under district authority control<br />
Maps: Ordnance survey topographic maps 1: 50 000 series Y742 (DOS 422)<br />
Sheet 186/3<br />
Kisarawe<br />
Edition 5-TSD/OSD 1987<br />
3.2 LOCATION<br />
Lat/Long:<br />
6 o 55’ – 7 o 00’ S 39 o 01’ – 39 o 05’ E<br />
UTM: 05020 – 05094 92275 - 92353<br />
Elevation:<br />
120 –280 meters above sea level<br />
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve is situated in the Pugu Hills, approximately 20 km south-west of Dar es<br />
Salaam and within 1 km of Pugu Forest Reserve (24 km 2 ) (Figures 2 and 3). Together the two reserves<br />
form part of what was once a much larger forest block extending to within 10 km of Dar es Salaam.<br />
The TAZARA railway goes through the reserve, with a nearby station at Vigama on thewestern edge<br />
of the reserve.<br />
3.3 PHYSICAL FEATURES AND LAND USE<br />
3.3.1 SOILS<br />
Red to brown sandy-clay soils overlay kaolinitic sandstone, with of pH range 5-6 predominate.<br />
3.3.2 CATCHMENT VALUES<br />
One permanent stream arises from the forest reserve and provides a water supply for some of the local<br />
people. In the past (when forest was more extensive on the Pugu Hills) streams arising from the area<br />
used to supply all the water needed in Dar es Salaam.<br />
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3.3.3 RAINFALL AND TOPOGRAPHY<br />
Kazimzumbwi FR is influenced by tropical East African oceanic temperatures that are slightly<br />
modified by altitude. Average annual rainfall of 1,236mm data at Kisarawe has been recorded for<br />
Kisarawe (Howell, 1981), falling principally from March to June.<br />
3.3.4 VEGETATION<br />
Kazimzumbwi FR and the neighbouring Pugu FR include part of what was once a much larger forest<br />
extending to within 10km of Dar es Salaam. According to the original gazettement map, Pugu and<br />
Kazimzumbwi forests were continguous in 1956, but had become seperated by 1968 when aerial<br />
photos were taken of the area.<br />
A previous <strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong> survey (1991) found that forest vegetation covered 23.5 km 2 (2350 ha)<br />
of the reserve (67%), only 9 km 2 with a canopy cover greater than or equal to 40% (Clarke &<br />
Dickinson, 1995). Due to the varied topography, a number of vegetation types have been recognised in<br />
the Pugu Hills, comprising distinct ‘wet’ valley bottoms, ‘dry’ ridge tops and ‘intermediate’ valley<br />
side communities.<br />
3.3.5 LAND USE<br />
The close proximity of Kazimzumbwi FR to Dar-es-Salaam and its outlying populations mean that the<br />
forest reserve is under significant resource use pressure from local communities that are dependent on<br />
it. In recent years high intensity resource use has led to conflict between Forestry officials and local<br />
communities. Awareness of such pressures amongst the non-governmental organisation (NGO)<br />
community led to CARE International, Wildlife Conservation Society of <strong>Tanzania</strong> (WCST) and<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong>n Forest Conservation Group (TFCG) collaboration in the Misitu Yetu Project. The project is<br />
involved with enhancing the capacity of communities and other civil society institutions to manage<br />
and benefit biodiverse forests of Eastern/Coastal <strong>Tanzania</strong>, in partnership with relevant departments of<br />
the government of <strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
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Figure 2 Location of Kazimzumwi and Pugu FRs in <strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
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N<br />
Approximate<br />
Scale:<br />
1 km<br />
Figure 3 Location of Kazimzumwi FR in relation to surrounding towns and villages.<br />
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4. FLORAL DIVERSITY OF KAZIMZUMBWI FOREST<br />
RESERVE<br />
Authors: Staddon, S. Ntemi, A.S., Hall, S.M. and Murphy, A.<br />
4.1 INTRODUCTION<br />
Coastal Forests contain an estimated 3000 plant species in 750 genera (Clarke, Vollesen &<br />
Mwasumbi 2000). Based on theoretical values of species richness, this makes Coastal Forests less<br />
species rich than Guineo-Congolian forest but more so than Eastern Arc forests. The phylogenetic<br />
affinities of Coastal Forests are infact closer to Guineo-Congolian forests than Eastern Arc<br />
forests. Coastal Forests may be relicts of the former pan-African lowland forests as genera<br />
dominating these forests are now limited to Coastal Forests and Guineo-Congolian forests, for<br />
example many Caesalpinioideae legumes (Clarke & Robertson 2000). Despite covering only<br />
c.1% of White’s (1993) Zanzibar-Inhambane Regional Mosaic/Swahilian Region sensu lato ,<br />
Coastal Forests contain 70% of the regions endemic plant species and 91% of its endemic genera.<br />
Of the regions endemic flora, 42% of specie s are forest dependent, as are 69% of genera (Clarke,<br />
Vollesen & Mwasumbi 2000).<br />
The main vegetation formation type of Coastal Forests is ‘forest’. This term is much misused<br />
however and therefore it is defined here as a continuous stand of trees 10-50m tall, comprising<br />
several layers or strata, with overlapping tree crowns, few lianes, obvious shrub layer, sparse<br />
ground layer and few grasses (sensu White (1983), after Clarke 2000). Coastal Forests comprise<br />
‘typical’, ‘sub-type’, ‘variant’ and ‘transition’ vegetation formation types, as defined by Clarke<br />
(2000) and are summarized in Figure 4 and Appendix 1.<br />
Botanical collection and investigation in East Africa started at the end of the 18 th Century, with a<br />
shift in focus from Mozambique to <strong>Tanzania</strong> and Kenya with European colonisation (Clarke,<br />
Vollesen & Mwasumbi 2000). The 1980’s and 1990’s saw an increased effort in botanical work<br />
within Coastal Forests, however it was neither complete nor comprehensive. There remains much<br />
to be learnt about the floristic composition and ecology of Coastal Forests; wherein there is still<br />
scope to discover new species (Clarke, Vollesen & Mwasumbi 2000).<br />
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Figure 4 Relationships between the different kinds of eastern African Coastal Forest, as well as<br />
to other regional and azonal forests. Eastern African Coastal Forest additionally merges with<br />
Maputaland-Pondoland forest in southern Mozambique and northern Natal, but forest of this type<br />
is not included here since it should be included as a transitional formation belonging to the<br />
Maputaland-Pondoland regional mosaic. Taken from Burgess and Clarke, 2000.<br />
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4.2 AIMS<br />
The aim of this study was to survey both mature and regenerating trees and shrubs within<br />
Kazimzumbwi FR in order that they may be assessed in terms of species richness, species<br />
diversity, forest dependence, endemic status and conservation concern. In order to produce a<br />
comprehensive woody-plant checklist, opportunistic collections were also made.<br />
4.3 METHODS<br />
The flora of Kazimzumbwi FR was surveyed using a combination of systematic vegetation plots,<br />
regeneration sub-plots and opportunistic botanical collections. For detailed research aims,<br />
objectives and methods see Methodology Report (SEE 1997).<br />
Scale:<br />
1.2 km<br />
Figure 5 Position of vegetation plots and disturbance transect lines in Kazimzumbwi FR.<br />
4.3.1 VEGETATION PLOTS<br />
Quantitative vegetation analysis was carried out using a 50m x 20m plot as a sampling unit. Plots<br />
were arranged on a 0.6km x 1.2km grid system (0.6km north-south, 1.2km east-west), with plots<br />
located in the south-east corner of each grid (Figure 6). Using a systematic grid would allow all<br />
habitats and vegetation types to be sampled. The grid system was superimposed on a map of the<br />
forest reserve and plot locations (grid references) calculated.<br />
Plots were located in the field by following a compass bearing and using a hand-held GPS unit<br />
when nearby. Plots were aligned north-south 20m and east-west 50m using a compass and were<br />
temporarily delimited using ropes. The dbh (diameter at breast hieght; 1.3m) of all live trees or<br />
shrubs of >10cm was measured. All stems of mutli-stemmed individuals were measured<br />
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individually and recorded if the total was >10 cm. The dbh of buttressed trees was measured 1.3m<br />
above the buttress and estimated if out of reach. Fallen trees were recorded if still alive. Vines,<br />
lianas and dead individuals were not recorded. Each tree or shrub was identified by a botanist<br />
and by vernacular name when possible. All individuals were marked using paint with the plot<br />
number, a line at breast-height and an individual unique number. Plots demarcation was semipermanent<br />
so that they may be visited by botanists for identification purposes and may offer the<br />
potential for monitoring activities. Habitat notes referring to altitude, topography and slope were<br />
taken for each plot.<br />
4.3.2 REGENERATION PLOTS<br />
Regeneration was analysed quantitatively using the grid system of vegetation plots as a basis. A<br />
plot 6m x 6m placed in approximately the centre of each 50m x 20m vegetation plot was the<br />
sampling unit. All regenerating trees or shrubs of
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
13<br />
4.4 RESULTS<br />
Twenty-three vegetation plots were established throughout the reserve, covering a total area of<br />
2.3ha representing a sampling intensity of 0.06% of the total area of the reserve. Twenty-three<br />
regeneration plots were also established, covering a total area of 828m 2 representing a sampling<br />
intensity of 3.6% of the total area of the vegetation plots.<br />
In total over 99% of species were identified to family, 99% to genus and 88% to species. Few<br />
trees were flowering or fruiting during the survey period and thus many sterile specimens were<br />
collected which led to some problems in identification to species for all specimens.<br />
4.4.1 VEGETATION PLOTS<br />
In total, 785 individuals were recorded within vegetation plots in Kazimzumbwi FR. These<br />
represented 37 families, 82 genera and 111 species (Table 2).<br />
Table 2 Provisional list of tree and shrub species recorded within vegetation plots in<br />
Kazimzumbwi FR. (Plant growth form, habitat and distribution data cannot be given for species<br />
identified to genera or family only).<br />
Species Local name Plant<br />
growoth<br />
form<br />
ANACARDIACEAE<br />
Habitat Distribution Data<br />
source<br />
Lannea schweinfurthii Thwaites Mjengaua T,S F,W,B W a,c<br />
Lannea sp. - - - - -<br />
Ozora obovata (Oliv.) R.& A.Fernandes Mgombakirangu T,S F,W,B,T K7,T3,6,8, a,b<br />
Maf,MN,MZ,<br />
MMS,MLM,<br />
MT,S.Zim<br />
Sorindeia madagascariensis DC. Mhilihili T,S F W c<br />
ANNONACEAE<br />
Annona arenaria Mgwaza -<br />
Annona senegalensis Pers. Mtopetope T,S F,W,T,G W c<br />
Xylopia mwasumbi - -<br />
Xylopia parviflora (A.Rich) Benth. Mlawilila T,S RF,FE,W,T W c<br />
APOCYNACEAE<br />
Carissa tetramera (Sacleux) Stapf Mkalakala S W,B,T W c<br />
Hunteria zeylanica (Retz.) Thwaites - T,S F,T W c<br />
BALANITACEAE<br />
Balanites wilsonia zimmermannii (Bark) Polhill - -<br />
Balanites wilsoniana (maughamii) Dawe & - T,S F,T K6,7,T3,6,8 b<br />
Sprague<br />
BIGNONIACEAE<br />
Fernandoa magnifica Seem - T,S F W c<br />
Markhamia zanzibarica (DC.) K.Schum. Mhonongo T,S F,RF,W,B W c<br />
BOMBACEAE<br />
Bombax rhodognophalon K. Schum. Mwale T W,WG,F, W a,b<br />
T,B<br />
BORAGINACEAE<br />
Ehretia bakeri Britten Mbunduki T,S F,B,T K7,T2,3,6,8,P, b,c<br />
extends inland<br />
Ehretia litoralis - -<br />
BUSERACEAE<br />
Comiphora sp. - - - - -<br />
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Table 2 continued.<br />
Species Local name Plant<br />
growth<br />
Habitat Distribution Data<br />
source<br />
form<br />
CAPPARIDACEAE<br />
Boscia salicifolia Oliv. ^ Mvuti T W d<br />
CELASTRACEAE<br />
Maytenus undata (Thunb.) Blakelock - T,S F,RF,W,B W c<br />
Mystroxylon aethiopicum (Thunb.) Loes. ^<br />
Mlimbolimbo/<br />
Ulimbo<br />
T,S<br />
F,FE,W,<br />
T,G<br />
CHRYSOBALANACEAE<br />
Parinari cuetilifolia Benth. Mbula T W,B,G W c<br />
COMBRETACEAE<br />
Combretum molle G.Don<br />
Mulama<br />
T WG,B W a<br />
n'gombe<br />
Pteleopsis myrtifolia (Laws.)Engl.& Diels Ngovu T,S F,RF,W, W<br />
a<br />
B,WG<br />
CONNARACEAE<br />
Brysocarpus orientalis (Baill.) Baker Kisogo T,S FE,W,B W c,d<br />
DICHAPETALACEAE<br />
Dichapetalum edulis Engl. Mzikoziko L,S F,T T8,MN b<br />
Dichapetalum madagascariense Poir Mkomamene L,S F,B W c<br />
Dichapetalum Mkomamene/<br />
S F,RF,B,T, W<br />
c<br />
stuhlmannii Engl. Mgombakilanga<br />
G<br />
EBENACEAE<br />
Diospyros loureiriana ssp. rufescens G.Don - T,S F,W K7,T3,6,8, b<br />
MN,MZ,MT,M<br />
MS.MSS,<br />
E.Zim,S.Zim<br />
Diospyros verrucosa Hiern Mburuzu T,S F,G,T T6,8,MN, a,b<br />
MZ,MMS<br />
Diospyros sp. nov. Mnaki - - - -<br />
Diospyros sp. Mnaki - - - -<br />
Euclea natalensis A.DC. ^ - W d<br />
EUPHORBIACEAE<br />
Alchornea hirtella Benth. ^ - S W d<br />
Drypetes sp. Mkulyungu - - - -<br />
Magaritaria discoides (Baill.) Webster Msakulakwale T,S F,BW,T W a<br />
Mildebraedia sp. - - - - -<br />
Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia Pax. Msolo T,S BW,W,B W a<br />
Sapium triloculare Pax & K.Hoffm. - T,S F,W K7,T6,8 b,c<br />
FLACOURTIACEAE<br />
Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merrill ^ Mchawa T,S W,WG,B W d<br />
Ludia mauritiana Gmelin Myunguyungu T,S F,B W c<br />
Oncoba routledgi Sprague Mgoo S W c<br />
Rawsonia lucida Harv.& Sond. ^ Mlawilia S W d<br />
GUTTIFERAE<br />
Garcinia volkensii Engl. ^ - T W d<br />
HYMENOCARDIACEAE<br />
Hymenocardia ulmoides Oliv. Mtete T,S F,B,T W c<br />
W<br />
d<br />
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Table 2 continued.<br />
Species Local name Plant<br />
growth<br />
Habitat Distribution Data<br />
source<br />
form<br />
LEGUMINOSAE – CAESALPINACEAE<br />
Afzelia quazensis Welw. Mkongo T F,W,T W c<br />
Brachystegia spiciformis Benth. Myombo T FE,W,B,T W c<br />
Cassia abbreviata Oliv. Mkundekunde T,S W,B,G W c<br />
Cassia petersiana Bolle Mkundekunde T,S F,RF,FE, W<br />
c<br />
W,B<br />
Cassia siamea Lam. Mkasia T Planted Introduced c<br />
Cynometra webberi Bak.f. Mhamvi T F,W K7,T3,6,8 b,c<br />
Cynometra sp. - - - - -<br />
Dialium holstii Harms Mtebeti T F,W K7,T3,6,7,8, b,c<br />
Maf,MN<br />
LEGUMINOSAE – CAESALPINACEAE<br />
Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn. Mnangu T F,W,B W c<br />
Tamarindus indica L. Ukwaju T W,B,G W c<br />
LEGUMINOSAE – MIMOSACEAE<br />
Albizia gummifera (J.F.Gmel) C.A.Sm. ^ Mkenge kigozi T F W d<br />
Albizia petersiana (Bolle) Oliv. Mkenge T F,RF,W W c<br />
Albizia versicolor Oliv. Mtanga T Not forest W c<br />
Albizia sp. - - - - -<br />
Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn.<br />
Mkongowe/<br />
Kigulagembe<br />
T,S<br />
FE,B,T,<br />
G,Wa<br />
LEGUMINOSAE – PAPILIONACEAE<br />
Baphia kirkii Baker Mkuruti T F,T,W T3,6,Maf,MSS b,c<br />
Baphia puguensis Brummitt Mdangalalila T,S F Endemic to<br />
Pugu Hills &<br />
Gongolamboto<br />
b,c<br />
Craibia sp. - - - - -<br />
Milletia usaramensis Taub. Mhamvi T,S F,G W c<br />
LEGUMINOSAE<br />
Unknown sp. - - - - -<br />
LOGANIACEAE<br />
Strichynos sp. Mtonga - - - -<br />
MALVACEAE<br />
Abutilon sp. Mkozelambewa - - - -<br />
MELIACEAE<br />
Pseudobersama mossambicensis (Sim.) Verdc. - T F W c<br />
Trichilia sp. - - - - -<br />
MORACEAE<br />
Dorstenia sp. - - - - -<br />
Melicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C.Berg Mvule T F,Wa W c<br />
Mesogyne insignis Engl. ^ Mkongolo S W d<br />
Trilepsium madagascariensis DC. - T F W c<br />
MYRTACEAE<br />
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels ^ - W d<br />
W<br />
c<br />
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Table 2 continued.<br />
Species Local name Plant<br />
growth<br />
Habitat Distribution Data<br />
source<br />
form<br />
OCHNACEAE<br />
Ochna thomasiana Engl.& Deils. Mkumbi T,S F K7,T3,6,P b,c<br />
OLACACEAE<br />
Ximenia americana L. ^ - T W d<br />
RUBIACEAE<br />
Canthium bibracteata<br />
Mshadapori/Mkon -<br />
ge <br />
Canthium oligonocarpum Hiern. ^<br />
Mkonge/<br />
S W d<br />
Mshandapori<br />
Canthium sp. - - - - -<br />
Coffea sp. Mbinibilizigwi - - - -<br />
Lamprothamnus zangubarensis Hiern - T,S F,W,B,T Som,K1,7,T3, b<br />
6,8,Maf<br />
Leptactina hexamera - -<br />
Pyrostria bibracteata (Baker) Cavaco ^ Mkonge S W d<br />
Sericanthe sp. - - - - -<br />
Tarrena sp. - - - - -<br />
Unknown sp. - - - - -<br />
RUTACEAE<br />
Toddaliopsis sansibarensis (Engl.) Engl. - T,S F,B Z-I Near Endemic c<br />
Vepris ferrugiana - -<br />
Vepris lanceolata (Lam.) G.Don - S T W c<br />
Zanthoxylum holtizianum (Engl.) Waterm. Mnungunungu T,S F,W,B,T S.Som,K7,T3, b,d<br />
6,8,P,MN<br />
SAPINDACEAE<br />
Allophylus sp. - - - - -<br />
Blighia unijugata Baker - T F,RF,G W c<br />
Hyplocoelum foliosum (Hiern) Bullock Mbunguru T,S W,B,Ro,S W c<br />
Haplocoelum foliosum ssp. mombasanse Mbunguru - - - -<br />
Hyplocoelopsis africana F.G.Davies - T F,T K7,T6,8 c<br />
SAPOTACEAE<br />
Bequaertiodendron magalismontanum (Sond.) Mgerezi/<br />
T,S RF,W W c<br />
Heine & Hemsl<br />
Msoteladako<br />
Manilkara sansibarensis (Engl.) Dubard Mtunda T F,W,B K7,T3,6,Z,P, b,c<br />
Maf,MN<br />
Manilkara sulcata (Engl.) Dubard Mchedi T F,W,B,T K1,4,7,T3,6, b,c<br />
Z,P,Maf<br />
Synsepalum brevipes<br />
Mgelezi T - W d<br />
(Synonym: Pachystela brevipes (Baker) Engl.<br />
STERCULIACEAE<br />
Nesogordnia holtzii (Engl.) Capuron Mvimbatitwi T,S F,W,T K7,T3,6,7,8, c<br />
MZ,Maf<br />
TILIACEAE<br />
Grewia bicolor Juss. Mkole (mweupe) T,S F,FE,W,<br />
W<br />
c<br />
B,T<br />
Grewia conocarpa K.Schum. Mkole T,S F,T T6,8,Z,MN b,c<br />
Grewia leptopus Ulbr.<br />
Mkole<br />
S F,T T6,8 b,c<br />
(b'wambwa)<br />
Grewia microcarpa K.Schum. Mkole T,S RF,FE,W,B W c<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
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17<br />
Table 2 continued.<br />
Species Local name Plant<br />
growth<br />
Habitat Distribution Data<br />
source<br />
form<br />
VERBENACEAE<br />
Vitex ferruginea Schumach.& Thonn. Mpuya T F W c<br />
Vitex ferruginea ssp. ferruginea (var.<br />
- T F W c<br />
amboniensis) Schumach.& Thonn.<br />
Vitex bunguensis Mpuya -<br />
Vitex zanzibarensis Vatke Mpuya S F,B,T K7,T3,6,8 c<br />
VIOLACEAE -<br />
Rinorea angustifolia (Thou.) Baill. Mnyakaegele T F W c<br />
Rinorea ilicifolia (Oliv.) Kuntze Mjamwofu T,S F W c<br />
Unknown sp. - - - - -<br />
KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS IN BOTANICAL TABLE 1<br />
NEW RECORDS<br />
^ Species not previously recorded in Coastal Forests (those not in Clarke, Vollesen & Mwasumbi (2000) or Clarke<br />
(1995)).<br />
PLANT GROWTH FORM<br />
T – tree, S – shrub, C – Climber, H – Herb.<br />
HABITAT (after Clarke, Vollesen & Mwasumbi (2000)).<br />
F – Forest, FE – Forest Edge, RF – Riverine Forest, W – Woodland, BW – Brachystegia Woodland, B – Bushland, T –<br />
Thicket, G – Grassland, WG - Wooded Grassland, S – Swamp, Wa -Wasteland/Cultivation, Ro – Rocks .<br />
DISTRIBUTION (after Clarke, Vollesen & Mwasumbi (2000) and Clarke (1995) – as in FTEA and FZ).<br />
Som – Somalia, K -Kenya, T – <strong>Tanzania</strong>, Z – Zanzibar Island, P – Pemba Island, Maf – Mafia Island, Moz<br />
– Mozambique, MN – Mozambique, Niassa Province, MZ – Mozambique, Zambesia Province, MMS –<br />
Mozambique, Sul do Save/Gaza-Inhambane Province, MLM – Mozambique, Lourenco Marques/Maputo<br />
Province, MT – Mozambique, Tete Province, Mal – Malawi, S.Mal – Southern Malawi, Zim – Zimbabwe,<br />
E.Zim – Eastern Zimbabwe, S.Zim – Southern Zimbabwe, Z-I Near Endemic – Zanzibar-Inhambane<br />
Regional Mosaic Near Endemic.<br />
DATA SOURCE<br />
a – Flora of Tropical East Africa (FTEA) (Turril & Milne-Redhead et al. 1952-), b - Clarke, Vollesen & Mwasumbi<br />
(2000), c – Clarke (1995), d – List of East African Plants (LEAP) (Knox 2000), e – Flora Zambesica (FZ) (Exell &<br />
Wild et al. 1960-).<br />
The most abundant tree or shrub species recorded in vegetation plots were Cassia siamea (6.37%<br />
of all trees recorded), Grewia conocarpa (5.48% of all trees recorded), Rinorea angustifolia<br />
(4.71% of all trees recorded), Albizia petersiana (4.59% of all trees recorded), Bequartiodendron<br />
magalismontanum (4.46% of all trees recorded) and Manilkara sansibarensis (4.46% of all trees<br />
recorded) 1 . All other 105 species accounted for
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
18<br />
(n = 23). The ratio of trees per plot to species per plot ranges from 16:14 (1.14) to 76:8 (9.50),<br />
demonstrating that species dominance varies greatly between plots. This is thought to be a result<br />
of the high diversity of vegetation types throughout the reserve, for example the data for the first<br />
ratio comes from a vegetation plot situated in Mixed dry Coastal Forest whilst the latter comes<br />
from a plot situated in an old Cassia sp. plantation.<br />
Thirteen species recorded in the vegetation plots (12% of all species) represent new records for<br />
Coastal Forests, i.e. they do not appear in florulas given by Clarke, Vollesen and Mwasumbi<br />
(2000) (a list of plant species endemic to the Swahilian Regional Centre of Endemism sensu lato )<br />
or Clarke (1995) (a checklist of vascular plants from 13 Coastal Forests). All are widespread tree<br />
or shrub species in families already represented in Coastal Forests.<br />
Eleven species recorded in the vegetation plots (10% of all species) are considered forest<br />
dependent species. These include species confined to ‘forest’, Brachystegia Forest and Riverine<br />
Forest, as Burgess and Clarke (2000) present these as major vegetation types within Coastal<br />
Forests.<br />
One species recorded in the vegetation plots (
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19<br />
4.4.2 REGENERATION PLOTS<br />
In total, 224 individuals were recorded in regeneration plots in Kazimzumbwi FR. These<br />
represented 22 families, 31 genera and 42 species (Table 3). Of these, three families, seven<br />
genera and 11 species were recorded solely in regeneration plots i.e. were not recorded in<br />
vegetation plots.<br />
Table 3 Tree and shrub species recorded within regeneration plots in Kazimzumbwi FR. Overlap<br />
exists between this list and that presented in Table 2, although those species solely occurring in<br />
regeneration plots are highlighted with an *. (Plant growth form, habitat and distribution data<br />
cannot be given for species identified to genera or family only).<br />
Species Local name Plant<br />
growth<br />
form<br />
ANACARDIACEAE<br />
Habitat Distribution Data<br />
source<br />
Lannea sp. - - - - -<br />
Sorindeia madagascariensis * - T F W d<br />
APOCYNACEAE<br />
Carissa tetramera (Sacleux) Stapf Mkalakala S W,B,T W c<br />
BIGNONIACEAE<br />
Markhamia zanzibarica (DC.) K.Schum. Mhonongo T,S F,RF,W,B W c<br />
CLUSIACEAE<br />
Garcinia volkensii Engl. * - T,S F W c<br />
COMBREATACEAE<br />
Combretum molle G.Don ^ Mulama n'gombe T WG,B W a<br />
EBENACEAE<br />
Diospyros verrucosa Hiern Mburuzu T,S F,G,T T6,8,MN, a,b<br />
MZ,MMS<br />
Diospyros sp. - - - - -<br />
EUPHORBIACEAE<br />
Magaritaria discoides (Baill.) Webster Msakulakwale T,S F,BW,T W a<br />
Mildebradia sp. - - - - -<br />
HYMENOCARDIACEAE<br />
Hymenocardia ulmoides Oliv. Mtete T,S F,B,T W c<br />
LEGUMINOSAE – CAESEALPINACEAE<br />
Cassia abbreviata Oliv. Mkundekunde T,S W,B,G W c<br />
Cynometra webberi Bak.f. Mhamvi T F,W K7,T3,6,8 b,c<br />
LEGUMINOSAE – MIMOSACEAE<br />
Albizia petersiana (Bolle) Oliv. Mkenge T F,RF,W W c<br />
OCHNACEAE<br />
Ochna thomasiana Engl.& Deils. Mkumbi T,S F K7,T3,6,P b,c<br />
PITTOSPORACEAE<br />
Pittosporum sp. * - - - - -<br />
RUBIACEAE<br />
Canthium bibracteata Mshadapori/Mkonge - - -<br />
Canthium sp. - - - - -<br />
Canthium oligonocarpum Hiern. ^<br />
Mkonge/<br />
S W d<br />
Mshandapori<br />
Tricalysia sp. * - - - - -<br />
RUTACEAE<br />
Vepris sp. - - - - -<br />
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Table 3 continued.<br />
S pecies Local name Plant<br />
growth<br />
Habitat Distribution Data<br />
source<br />
form<br />
SALVADORACEAE<br />
Dobera loranthifolia (Warb.) Harms * - T F,T,G S.Som,K1,4,7,T<br />
3,6,8,MN,MZ<br />
SAPINDACEAE<br />
Haplocoelum foliosum mombasanse (Hiern)<br />
Bullock<br />
Msungura T,S W,B,Ro,S W c<br />
Lecaniodiscus fischeri * - - - - -<br />
Lecanodiscus sp. * - - - - -<br />
SAPOTACEAE<br />
Bequaertiodendron magalismontanum (Sond.) Mgerezi/<br />
T,S RF,W W c<br />
Heine & Hemsl<br />
Msoteladako<br />
Manilkara sansibarensis (Engl.) Dubard Mtunda T F,W,B K7,T3,6,Z,P, b,c<br />
Maf,MN<br />
Manilkara sulcata (Engl.) Dubard Mchedi T F,W,B,T K1,4,7,T3,6, b,c<br />
Z,P,Maf<br />
Synsepalum ceraciferum * - - - - -<br />
Unknown sp. - - - - -<br />
STERCULIACEAE<br />
Cola sp. * - - - - -<br />
Nesogordnia holtzii (Engl.) Capuron Mvimbatitwi T,S F,W,T K7,T3,6,7,8, c<br />
MZ,Maf<br />
TILIACEAE<br />
Grewia conocarpa K.Schum. Mkole T,S F,T T6,8,Z,MN b,c<br />
Grewia goetzeana K.Schum * - T,S F,RF,FE,W, T3,6,8 b,c<br />
G<br />
Grewia holtzii Burret * - T,L,S F,FE,W,B,T S.Som,K7,T3, b,c<br />
6,8,Z,MN<br />
Grewia microcarpa K.Schum. Mkole T,S RF,FE,W,B W c<br />
Grewia sp. - - - - -<br />
VERBENACEAE<br />
Vitex puguensis - - - - -<br />
VIOLACEAE<br />
Afroscesalia sp. - - - - -<br />
Rinorea ilicifolia (Oliv.) Kuntze Mjamwofu T,S F W c<br />
Rinorea sp. - - - - -<br />
Unknown sp. - - - - -<br />
b,c<br />
KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS IN BOTANICAL TABLE 2<br />
NEW RECORDS<br />
^ Species not previously recorded in Coastal Forests (those not in Clarke, Vollesen & Mwasumbi (2000) or Clarke<br />
(1995)).<br />
PLANT GROWTH FORM<br />
T – tree, S – shrub, C – Climber, H – Herb<br />
HABITAT (after Clarke, Vollesen & Mwasumbi (2000)).<br />
F – Forest, FE – Forest Edge, RF – Riverine Forest, W – Woodland, BW – Brachystegia Woodland, B – Bushland, T –<br />
Thicket, G – Grassland, WG - Wooded Grassland, S – Swamp, Wa -Wasteland/Cultivation, Ro – Rocks.<br />
DISTRIBUTION (after Clarke, Vollesen & Mwasumbi (2000) and Clarke (1995) – as in FTEA and FZ).<br />
Som – Somalia, K -Kenya, T – <strong>Tanzania</strong>, Z – Zanzibar Island, P – Pemba Island, Maf – Mafia Island, Moz –<br />
Mozambique, MN – Mozambique, Niassa Province, MZ – Mozambique, Zambesia Province, MMS – Mozambique,<br />
Sul do Save/Gaza-Inhambane Province, MLM – Mozambique, Lourenco Marques/Maputo Province, MT –<br />
Mozambique, Tete Province, Mal – Malawi, S.Mal – Southern Malawi, Zim – Zimbabwe, E.Zim – Eastern Zimbabwe,<br />
S.Zim – Southern Zimbabwe, Z-I Near Endemic – Zanzibar-Inhambane Regional Mosaic Near Endemic.<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
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DATA SOURCE<br />
a – Flora of Tropical East Africa (FTEA) (Turril & Milne-Redhead et al. 1952-), b - Clarke, Vollesen & Mwasumbi<br />
(2000), c – Clarke (1995), d – List of East African Plants (LEAP) (Knox 2000), e – Flora Zambesica (FZ) (Exell &<br />
Wild et al. 1960-).<br />
The most abundant regenerating tree or shrub species recorded in regeneration plots were<br />
Lecaniodiscus fischeri (12.5% of all trees recorded), Lecaniodiscus sp. (10.71% of all trees<br />
recorded), Rinorea ilicifolia (6.70% of all trees recorded), Diospyros verrucosa (5.80% of all<br />
trees recorded), Rinorea sp. (4.91% of all trees recorded), Tricalysia sp. (4.91% of all trees<br />
recorded), Manilkara sulcata (4.46% of all trees recorded) 2 . All other 42 species accounted for<br />
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
22<br />
4.4.3 OPPORTUNISTIC BOTAN ICAL COLLECTION<br />
Twenty-six families, 43 genera and 50 species were recorded through opportunistic collections<br />
made throughout Kazimzumbwi FR (Table 4). Of these, 11 families, 35 genera and all 50 species<br />
were recorded soley through opportunstic collection i.e. they were not recorded within either<br />
vegetation or regeneration plots.<br />
Table 4 Opportunistic plant species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. (Plant growth form, habitat and<br />
distribution data cannot be given for species identified to genera or family only).<br />
Species Local name Plant<br />
growth<br />
form<br />
ACANTHACEAE<br />
Habitat Distribution Data<br />
source<br />
Justicia heterocarpa T.Anderson ^ - W d<br />
Pseudoranthemum tunicatum (Afzel.) Milne- - H F,T,S W c<br />
Redh<br />
AGAVACEAE<br />
Agava sisalana Perr. & Engelm. - - - Introduced d<br />
ANACARDIACEAE<br />
Lannea stuhlmanii (Engl.) Engl. Mjengaua T,S F,W,B,WG W a<br />
Mangifera indica L. - T Cultivation Naturalised c<br />
Rhus longipes var. longipes Engl. - T,S F,FE,B W c<br />
Rhus sp. - - - - -<br />
ANNONACEAE<br />
Ophrypetalum odoratum Deils - T,S F,W K7,T3,6,8 b,c<br />
ARAUCARIACEAE<br />
Araucaria sp. - - - Introduced -<br />
ASTERACEAE<br />
Brachyllaena melanoxylon O.Hoffm. - T FE,W,B W c<br />
CELASTRACEAE<br />
Salacia madagascariensis (Lam.) DC. - L,S RF,W,B,T W c<br />
COMBRETACEAE<br />
Combretum schumannii Engl. - T,S F,W,G W c<br />
Combretum sp. - - - - -<br />
CYPERACEAE<br />
Cyperus sp. - Sedge - - -<br />
EUPHORBIACEAE<br />
Manihot glaziovii Mull.Arg. ^ - S Introduced d<br />
FLACOURTIACEAE<br />
Casearia glandiiformis Mast. - T,S F,RF,FE,W,B W c<br />
Xylotheca tettensis var. fessistyla (Klotzsch) Gilg. - T,S Not forest K7,T3,6,8,Z, c<br />
Maf,N.Mal,<br />
S.Mal,MN,MZ,<br />
MMS,MT<br />
LABIATAE<br />
Tectona grandis L.f. - T - Introduced<br />
Tinnea aethiopica Kotschy ex Hook f. - S F W c,d<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
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Table 4 continued.<br />
Species Local name Plant<br />
growth<br />
form<br />
LEGUMINOSAE – PAPILIONACEAE<br />
Crotolaria goodiiformis Vatke - S F,FE,W,B,<br />
G,WA<br />
Habitat Distribution Data<br />
source<br />
Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr ^ - S W d<br />
Milletia impressa Harms - L FE,G W c<br />
Milletia puguensis Gillet - L F Endemic to b<br />
Pugu Hills<br />
Pterocarpus angolensis DC. ^ Mninga T W d<br />
LOGANIACEAE<br />
Mostuea brunonis var. brunonis Didr. - L,S F,RF,W,B,T W c<br />
Strychnos madagascariensis Poir. - T,S F,RF,W,B,T W c<br />
LORANTHACEAE<br />
Loranthus sp. - - - - -<br />
MRYTACEAE<br />
Eucalyptus sp. - T - Introduced -<br />
Syzygium cordatum Hochst. Ex Krauss - T RF W c<br />
OCHNACEAE<br />
Ochna mossambicensis Klotzsch Mkumbi T,S F,W,BW,B K7,T3,6,8,Z,<br />
Maf,MN,MZ,<br />
MMS,S.Zim,<br />
E.Zim<br />
OLEACEAE<br />
Jasminum sp. - - - - -<br />
PANDANACEAE<br />
Pandanus rabaiensis Rendle - T F,S K7,T3,6,7,Z,P b,c<br />
PINACEAE<br />
Pinus patula - T - Introduced<br />
RUBIACEAE<br />
Agathisanthemum bojeri Klotzsch - S,H FE,W,B,T,Wa W c<br />
Aidia micrantha (K.Schum.) F.White ^ - T W d<br />
Gardenia transvenulosa Verdc. Kitang'ombe T,S F,W,B K7,T3,6,8,Z b,c<br />
Heinsia crinata (Afz.) G.Taylor - T,S FE,B W c<br />
Polysphaeria multifolia Hiern - T,S F,W,B,T,Wa W c<br />
Polysphaeria parvifolia Hiern - T,S F,W,B,T,Wa Z-I Near c<br />
Endemic (inc.<br />
Somalia)<br />
Psychotria pumila var. pumila Hiern ^ - S d<br />
Psychortia sp. - - - - -<br />
Rothmania macrosphon (Engl.) Bridson - T,S F K7,T3,6,8 b<br />
SAPINDACEAE<br />
Allophylus rubifolius (A.Rich) Engl. - T,S F,RF,W,B,T W c<br />
STERCULIACEAE<br />
Dombeya kirkii Mast. ^ Msosowana T W d<br />
TILIACEAE<br />
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. - S,H F,B,G,W W c<br />
Triumfetta sp. - - - - -<br />
ULMACEAE<br />
Trema orientalis (L.) Bl. - T,S F W c<br />
W<br />
c<br />
b,c<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
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Table 4 continued.<br />
Species Local name Plant<br />
growth<br />
Habitat Distribution Data<br />
source<br />
form<br />
VERBENACEAE<br />
Clerodendron cephalanthum cephalanthum Oliv. - S F,FE,W,B W c<br />
Lantana camara L. - S F,FE,B,T,Wa Introduced c<br />
Lantana virbunoides (Forssk.) Vahl - S FE,W,B,T W c<br />
KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS IN BOTANICAL TABLE 3<br />
NEW RECORDS<br />
^ Species not previously recorded in Coastal Forests (those not in Clarke, Vollesen & Mwasumbi (2000) or Clarke<br />
(1995)).<br />
PLANT GROWTH FORM<br />
T – tree, S – shrub, C – Climber, H – Herb.<br />
HABITAT (after Clarke, Vollesen & Mwasumbi (2000)).<br />
F – Forest, FE – Forest Edge, RF – Riverine Forest, W – Woodland, BW – Brachystegia Woodland, B – Bushland, T –<br />
Thicket, G – Grassland, WG - Wooded Grassland, S – Swamp, Wa -Wasteland/Cultivation, Ro – Rocks<br />
DISTRIBUTION (after Clarke, Vollesen & Mwasumbi (2000) and Clarke (1995) – as in FTEA and FZ).<br />
Som – Somalia, K -Kenya, T – <strong>Tanzania</strong>, Z – Zanzibar Island, P – Pemba Island, Maf – Mafia Island, Moz –<br />
Mozambique, MN – Mozambique, Niassa Province, MZ – Mozambique, Zambesia Province, MMS – Mozambique,<br />
Sul do Save/Gaza-Inhambane Province, MLM – Mozambique, Lourenco Marques/Maputo Province, MT –<br />
Mozambique, Tete Province, Mal – Malawi, S.Mal – Southern Malawi, Zim – Zimbabwe, E.Zim – Eastern Zimbabwe,<br />
S.Zim – Southern Zimbabwe, Z-I Near Endemic – Zanzibar-Inhambane Regional Mosaic Near Endemic.<br />
DATA SOURCE<br />
a – Flora of Tropical East Africa (FTEA) (Turril & Milne-Redhead et al. 1952-), b - Clarke, Vollesen & Mwasumbi<br />
(2000), c – Clarke (1995), d – List of East African Plants (LEAP) (Knox 2000), e – Flora Zambesica (FZ) (Exell &<br />
Wild et al. 1960-).<br />
Seven species recorded opportunistically (14%) represent new records for Coastal Forests, i.e.<br />
they do not appear in florulas given by Clarke, Vollesen and Mwasumbi (2000) or Clarke (1995).<br />
All are trees or shrubs with widespread distributions.<br />
Five species (10%) recorded through opportunistic collection are considered forest dependent<br />
species. As for the vegetation plot and regeneration plot analysis, these include species confined<br />
to ‘forest’, Brachystegia Forest and Riverine Forest. One of these species is the endemic Milletia<br />
puguensis whilst others include the introduced Tectona grandis (teak) and the pioneer species<br />
Trema orientalis.<br />
One species (2%) recorded through opportunistic collection is endemic to the Pugu Hills; the<br />
liane Milletia puguensis. Seven species (14%) are endemic to the Swahilian Regional Centre of<br />
Endemism sensu lato . Of these 7 species, two are confined to the regions K7, T3, 6 and 8;<br />
Ophrypetalum odoratum and Rothmania macrosphon, and the rest to more than four regions (see<br />
Table 3 for an explanation of abbreviations).<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
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4.4.4 VEGETATION TYPES<br />
Several vegetation types were recognised across the reserve, varying in species diversity and<br />
abundance and physical structure; especially canopy cover.<br />
Closed Dry Forest<br />
Dominated by big tall trees of Dialium holtzii, Hymanaea verrucosai, Pteleopsis<br />
madagascariensis, Diospyros sp., Albizia petersiana, Manilkara sansibarensis and<br />
Haplocoelopsis africana, forming a closed canopy. The forest shrub Rinorea angustifolia<br />
dominated the shrub layer in this vegetation type.<br />
Brachystegia Forest<br />
Characterized by big tall trees of Brachystegia spiciformis, Albizia versicolor and Lannea<br />
schweinfurthii, forming a closed canopy. Lianes and vines were scarce to absent and shrubs<br />
scarce to frequent, rendering this vegetation type resistant to fire.<br />
Scrub,Thicket/Bush<br />
Common in the northern part of the reserve (north of the railway), characterized by the presence<br />
of Baphia puguensis, Dichapetalum stuhlmannii, Xylopia sp., Rawsonia lucida, Maytenus sp.<br />
vines with thorns of Caesalpinia species and the endemic liane Milletia puguensis.<br />
Open Woodland<br />
Common in the central part of the reserve (south of the railway), dominated by Manilkara<br />
sulcata , Magaritaria discoidea, Hymenocardia ulmoides, Annona senegalensis, Ochna<br />
thomasiana and many Acacia species.<br />
Wooded Grassland<br />
Common in the north-west of the reserve (north of the railway), dominated by Maprounea sp.,<br />
Ochna thomasiana, Parinari cuetifolia, Dalbergia melanoxylon and many Rubiaceae shrubs<br />
mixed with different grass species.<br />
Open areas<br />
Areas mainly covered by grasses and small herbs such as Agathisanthum bojeri, Crotolaria sp.<br />
and Indigofera sp.. On transect C (see Figure X) there was an open area covered by vines,<br />
climbers and lianes of Milletia puguensis, Jusminum sp., although it was difficult to tell why there<br />
were no standing trees.<br />
Swamp or Riverine Forest<br />
Occurring in small patches in the central part of the reserve along the River Mzumbwi (south of<br />
the railway), containing mono-dominant stands of Pandanus rabaiensis. This vegetation type has<br />
a closed canopy<br />
Edge forest<br />
Found along the railway (which has created large open areas 50m either side), along forest<br />
borders and near to plantations. Dominated by Bridelia cathartica, Sapium ellipticum, Mgaritaria<br />
discoidea, Annona senegalnsis and Combretum sp.. Different grass and herb species predominate.<br />
Plantation forest<br />
Old trial or experimental plots of Auraucaria sp. and Pinus patula , and plantations of Cassia<br />
siamea and Tectona grandis were observed within the forest.<br />
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4.5 DISCUSSION<br />
Kazimzumbwi FR encompasses a diverse assemblage of vegetation communities and a rich<br />
species diversity (Table 5).<br />
Table 5 Summary of plant diversity recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. (The numbers given for<br />
regeneration plots and opportunistic collection do not include those already given for vegetation<br />
plots i.e. they are additional).<br />
Taxon Number of Number of Number of Species not Forest Endemic to<br />
families genera species previously<br />
recorded in<br />
dependent<br />
species<br />
Swahilian<br />
Regional<br />
Kazimzumbwi<br />
FR<br />
Centre of<br />
Endemism<br />
Vegetation plots 37 82 111 13 (12%) 11 (10%) 21 (19%)<br />
Regeneration plots 3 7 11 0 1 (10%) 3 (27%)<br />
Opportunistic collection 11 35 50 7 (14%) 5 (10%) 8 (16%)<br />
Totals 51 124 172 20 (12%) 17 (10%) 32 (19%)<br />
4.5.1 BOTANICAL RICHNESS AND DIVERSITY<br />
Through systematic vegetation sampling, 122 plant species were recorded within Kazimzumbwi<br />
FR. An additional 50 species were recorded through opportunistic collection and thus 172 species<br />
were recorded in total. All species recorded through systematic vegetation sampling were trees or<br />
shrubs and only 9% of species recorded through opportunistic collection were lianes (or shrubs)<br />
and 9% were herbs (or shrubs). There is therefore great potential to record many more lianes,<br />
herbs and also climbers, epiphytes and parasitic plants within the reserve. Calculations by<br />
Whittaker (1960) on the alpha diversity (within community) of vascular plants would suggest that<br />
each Coastal Forest is home to between 300 and 800 species (Clarke, Vollesen & Mwasumbi<br />
2000). Comparing forests based on their species lists is prone to errors due to uneven and biased<br />
collection, with emphasis placed on easily identified species (Clarke & Robertson 2000). The<br />
total number of species within Kazimzumbwi FR is however expected to be high and be<br />
comparable with the figures given by Whittaker.<br />
Of the species recorded within vegetation plots, only Grewia conocarpa and Bequartiodendron<br />
magalismontanum were amongst both the most abundant and widepread. Other species, such as<br />
Cassia siamea, were abundant but not widepsread. All 50 records of this species were made in a<br />
vegetation plot located in an old plantation for example. Species recorded within regeneration<br />
plots revealed a greater degree of overlap between the most abundant and widespread species.<br />
Rinorea sp., Diospyros sp., Manilkara sulcata and Lecaniodiscus sp. were all amongst the most<br />
abundant and widespread species. Little overlap was apparent between the most abundant species<br />
in vegetation plots and regeneration plots. Only Rinorea sp. was amongst the most abundant<br />
species in both plot types. Diospyros verrucosa and Manilkara sulcata were amongst the most<br />
widespread species recorded within both vegetation plots and regeneration plots, thus again the<br />
degree of overlap is low. The dominant species within mature and regenerating vegetation within<br />
Kazimzumbwi FR is thus variable, in terms of both numbers of individuals and spatial extent.<br />
It is common for Coastal Forest canopies to be dominated by a few species; five species may for<br />
example account for 80% of canopy trees in any 1 ha block (Clarke & Robertson 2000). This<br />
contrasts to rainforests but compares to other lowland African forests where monospecific<br />
dominance is common. When compared to the figure given above, monospecific dominance<br />
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wiithin Kazimzumbwi FR was found to be low. Overall within vegetation plots, the five most<br />
common species accounted for only 25% of all individuals recorded. This figure does however<br />
include all trees of a dbh of 10cm or over; thus it is not confined to canopy trees, and is not<br />
confined to trees within any 1ha block. Calculations based on the number of trees and species per<br />
plot (vegetation and regeneration) in this study revealed the vegetation of Kazimzumbwi FR to<br />
vary greatly in its degree of monospecif ic dominance. Those plots with the highest mono-specific<br />
dominance were dominated by a few species such as Cassia siamea or Lecaniodiscus fischeri.<br />
These figures are based on the number of individuals however and abundance does not<br />
necessarily reflect dominance, especially when considering canopy dominance. Of those species<br />
found to be most abundant within vegetation plots, only Manilkara sansibarensis and Albizia<br />
petersiana are canopy trees whilst Cassia siamea is a plantation species and Rinorea angustifolia<br />
a dominant forest shrub. Calculations based on basal area could possibly yield interesting results,<br />
however qualitative observations of dominance amongst species would appear to provide good,<br />
but possibly subjective, results. These conclude that dominance is spread between 5-7 species<br />
within each vegetaion type and thus a few species do infact dominate most of the vegetation types<br />
encountered.<br />
Many vegetation types were recognised within Kazimzumbwi FR, the various characteristics of<br />
which reflect those of Coastal Forest vegetation types as described by Clarke and Robertson<br />
(2000) fairly well. The Coastal Forest vegetation types of ‘Mixed Dry Forest’, ‘Brachystegia<br />
Forest’ and ‘Swamp Forest’ are all represented within Kazimzumbwi FR. The existence of the<br />
latter of these is particularly important, as freshwater swamp conditions, and thus Swamp Forest,<br />
are rare in Coastal Forests (Clarke & Robertson 2000). The ‘scrub/thicket/bush’ and ‘edge forest’<br />
vegetation types recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR do not correspond well with any of the vegetation<br />
types listed by Clarke and Robertson (2000), and rather contain species from all of them. This can<br />
be explained as variation in plant communities is continual through space (and time) and thus the<br />
strict definition of vegetation types is not always appropriate. Such areas were previously<br />
disturbed by human activity (refer to section 5 for more detail).<br />
Altitude varies little within Coastal Forests and thus factors other than this are important in<br />
determining their vegetation communities (Clarke, Vollesen & Mwasumbi 2000). Climate, soil,<br />
geology, geomorphology, human disturbance, aspect, historical factors and even termites may all<br />
effect forest assemblages. Any number of these factors could be important in determining<br />
vegetation communities within Kazimzumbwi FR, but human disturbance is considered to be<br />
particularly important. Brachystegia forest, scrub forest, wooded grassland, grassland, open areas<br />
and edge forest are all habitats potentially resulting from human activ ities. Brachystegia forest<br />
may result from past clearance and subsequent soil degradation, scrub forest from regeneration<br />
after clearance and/or burning, wooded grassland and grasslands from widespread and frequent<br />
fire-burning by early humans, open areas from selective logging and edge forest through activites<br />
such as railway construction (see Clarke 2000, Clarke and Robertson 2000). Topography is also<br />
considered to be an important determining factor, particularly with regard to the extent of vines,<br />
through its’ link to the availability of water resources.<br />
4.5.2 ‘NEW RECORDS’<br />
Combining the species recorded systematically and through opportunistic collection, 20 species<br />
(12%) recorded within Kazimzumbwi FR have not previously been recorded in Coastal Forests<br />
(based on florulas given by Clarke, Vollesen and Mwasumbi (2000) and Clarke (1995)). All of<br />
these species have widespread distributions and are from families already represented within<br />
Coastal Forests. The botanical collection and study of Coastal Forest is far form complete and<br />
thus these findings are particularly important.<br />
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4.5.3 FOREST DEPENDENCY<br />
Seventeen species (10%) recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR are considered to be forest dependent.<br />
For the purposes of this study this was taken to include Brachystegia Forest and Riverine Forest<br />
(including Swamp Forest), as Clarke and Robertson (2000) present these as main vegetation types<br />
within Coastal Forests. Twelve of these 17 species were recorded through systematic sampling<br />
and five through opportunistic collection.<br />
The majority of forest dependent species were recorded within three or less plots, although the<br />
near-endemic species Baphia puguensis was recorded in six of the 23 vegetation plots (26%). The<br />
majority of forest dependent species were represented by only one individual. Ochna<br />
mossambicensis (also near-endemic) was however represented by eight individuals, Baphia<br />
puguensis by 10 individuals, Albizia gummifera by 11 individuals and Rinorea angustifolia by 37<br />
individuals.<br />
Large areas of Kazimzumbwi FR comprise habitats other than forests and thus the low number of<br />
forest dependent species and consequently high number of ecological generalists is to be<br />
expected. The dominance of ecological generalists in Coastal Forests in general is attributed to<br />
the small size of forest patches and the fact that they are surrounded by open habitats and are dry<br />
for large parts of the year (Burgess et al. 2000).<br />
4.5.4 ENDEMISM<br />
Thirty-two (19%) of the 172 species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR are endemic to the Swahilian<br />
Regional Centre of Endemism sensu lato , including two species (1%) that are endemic to the<br />
Pugu Hills (and Gongolamboto in one case). Twenty-four of these 32 species were recorded<br />
through systematic sampling and eight through opportunistic collection. Twelve species in total<br />
are endemic to the Pugu Hills, including the two recorded during this work. The regional endemic<br />
Dichapetalum edulis has previously only been recorded from T8 and Mozambique (Niassa<br />
Province), thus the record in Kazimzumbwi FR (recorded within vegetation plots) represents a<br />
range extension for this species.<br />
Approximately half of the regional endemic species within Kazimzumbwi FR were recorded in<br />
only one or two plots. Dialium holtsii and Manilkara sulcata were however recorded in eight<br />
plots, Grewia conocarpa in nine plots, Manilkara sansibarensis in 11 plots and Diospyros<br />
verrucosa in 12 plots. Almost half of the regional endemic species were represented by only one<br />
or two individuals. Hyplocoelopsis africana was however represented by 24 individuals,<br />
Diospyros verrucosa by 30 individuals, Manilkara sansibarensis by 35 individuals and Grewia<br />
conocarpa by 43 individuals.<br />
The family Rubiaceae contributes 14.3% of Coastal Forest regional endemic species, with many<br />
others from the families Leguminosae, Euphorbiaceae, Acanthaceae, Annonaceae,<br />
Asclepiadaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Poaceae, Vitaceae, Asteraceae and Verbenaceae (Clarke,<br />
Vollesen & Mwasumbi 2000). Rubiaceae and Leguminosae were important families for regional<br />
endemic species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR, along with Sapotaceae and Tiliaceae. Diospyros,<br />
Tricalysia , Grewia, Combretum and Ochna are genera containing many regional endemic species<br />
in both Coastal Forests in general and Kazimzumbwi FR.<br />
The majority of Coastal Forest regional endemic species are to be found in fire-excluded habitats,<br />
thus not woodlands or grasslands (Clarke, Vollesen & Mwasumbi 2000). In Kazimzumbwi FR,<br />
regional endemic species were recorded in all vegetation plots except one (Plot 1). This plot was<br />
located in Wooded Grassland disturbed by fire as little as one year before the survey fieldwork.<br />
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4.5.5 REGENERATION<br />
Forty-two species within 31 genera and 22 families were recorded in regeneration plots within<br />
Kazimzumbwi FR. Thirty-one of these species (74%) were also recorded in vegetation plots,<br />
along with 24 genera (78%) and 19 families (86%). The similarity of species composition<br />
between regeneration plots and vegetation plots was thus high. This indicates that the majority of<br />
regeneration within Kazimzumbwi had the potential to contribute to the forest canopy and<br />
understorey when mature. This would indicate a stable, or climax, non-pioneer forest community.<br />
Eleven species were recorded in regeneration plots alone. These are trees or shrubs typical of a<br />
variety of habitats, however one species, Garcinia volkensii, is forest dependent. Three species<br />
are known to be endemic to the Swahilian Regional Centre of Endemism sensu lato ; Dobera<br />
loranthifolia , Grewia goetziana and G. holtzii. None of the 11 species are considered pioneer or<br />
secondary growth species.<br />
Low amounts of regeneration (up to a certain point) may indicate a stable forest community or<br />
one that has suffered limited diturbance. Brown (1998) for example demonstrated that due to<br />
patchy canopy clearance areas of high disturbance in forest habitats tend to have a high amounts<br />
of regenerating species (<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong> 2001b). Previous <strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong> Forest <strong>Research</strong><br />
Project work in the Udzungwa Mountains used the same methods as employed in the current<br />
study to work on regeneration in two Forest Reserves. This work revealed a significantly higher<br />
number of regenerating trees and shrubs within the more heavily disturbed New<br />
Dabaga/Ulangambi Forest Reserve (NUDFR) when compared to the less disturbed and more<br />
stable forest community within West Kilombero Scarp Forest Reserve (WKSFR) (<strong>Frontier</strong>-<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong> 2001b,c). The same methods were also employed by <strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong> Forest <strong>Research</strong><br />
Programme whilst working in Ruvu South Forest Reserve (RSFR) (<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong> unpubl.)<br />
and thus comparisons can be made between all three reserves and Kazimzumbwi FR. It should be<br />
noted however that the vegetation types of the Udzungwas (within the Eastern Arc) and RSFR<br />
and Kazimzumbwi FR (within Coastal Forest) are different. The figures given are also based on<br />
means about which, at least in Kazimzumbwi FR, there is much variation. Due to a lack of other<br />
comparative data however, these figures were tentatively used a basis for discussion. The number<br />
of regenerating trees and shrubs recorded within a 3m x 3m plot in NUDFR was 18.0, in WKSFR<br />
was 6.1, in RSFR was 2.9 and in Kazimzumbwi FR was 2.4. The abundance of regeneration<br />
within both RSFR and Kazimzumbwi FR is thus lower than that in either WKSFR or NUDFR,<br />
but closest to that in WKSFR. This reserve was deemed to comprise a stable forest commmunity<br />
based on the low amount of regeneration and the fact that they have low numbers of secondary or<br />
pioneer species. RSFR and Kazimzumbwi FR also contain low numbers of secondary and pioneer<br />
species and thus may also be deemed to comprise stable forest communities.<br />
4.5.6 THREATS<br />
Certain plant species recorded within Kazimzumbwi FR have been recognised as at threat from<br />
activites such as pitsawing, charcoal burning and the collection of wood for building and carving.<br />
Based on local information and personal observation it was noted that pitsawing is targeted<br />
towards valuable timber species such as Brachystegia spiciformis, Milicia excelsa, Afzelia<br />
quazensis and Pterocarpus angolensis. Mature M. excelsa were considered uncommon in the<br />
forest and B. spiciformis is currently cut as an alternative. Charcoal burning is directed at<br />
hardwood species such as Parinari cuetifolia , Annona senegalensis, Dichrostachys cinerea,<br />
Ochna thomasiana and Manilkara sulcata. These activities are considered to pose a serious threat<br />
to these species, particularly as no management is taking place in the form of regeneration<br />
encouragement. Pole cutting for building materials is also considered a serious problem within<br />
Kazimzumbwi FR as selected young tree species are targeted. Those species under pressure<br />
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include Baphia puguensis, Nesogordonia holtzii, Diospyros sp. and Ludia mauritiana. The former<br />
of these species is endemic to the Pugu Hills and thus any threat to it is of particular concern.<br />
Makonde carving has endangered the black wood species Dalbergia melanoxylon. This species is<br />
currently particularly rare within the reserve and Annona senegalensis is used as an alternative. It<br />
is thought that if not controlled, the making of animal traps from Rinorea angustifolia may effect<br />
this evergreen shrub. Bushfires are also a problem within Kazimzumbwi FR, particularly for<br />
easily combustible shrubs and herbs during dry season periods. According to the Coastal Forest<br />
Medicinal Plant Checklist (Mathews 1993) many shrubs and herbs found within Kazimzumbwi<br />
FR are of great medicinal value, thus bushfires threaten not only the biological value but also the<br />
medicinal and commercial value of the reserve.<br />
A number of exotic and pioneer species were recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. Plantations and trial<br />
plots of the timber species Eucalyptus sp., Tectona grandis, Pinus patula and Cassia siamea were<br />
observed, although these species tended to be confined to such areas. Cassia siamea is also<br />
planted to mark parts of the northern border of the reserve however. Exotic species and pioneer<br />
species such as Auraucaria sp. and Trema orientalis (respectively) were observed within wooded<br />
grasslands near to the forest border in the north of the reserve. Another exotic species, Magnifera<br />
indica, was recorded in an area of Brachystegia Forest in the west of the reserve whilst the<br />
pioneer species Lantana camara was recorded throughout the Dry Mixed Forest but only found<br />
regenerating in gap areas and forest edge. Based purely on qualitative observational data, the<br />
threat of ‘invasion’ by both exotic and pioneer species is however not currently considered<br />
serious.<br />
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4.6 CONCLUSIONS<br />
Kazimzumbwi FR clearly contains a highly heterogeneous and diverse assemblage of plant<br />
communities, including many forest dependent species, species endemic to both the Pugu Hills<br />
and the Swahilian Regional Centre of Endemism sensu lato , and species not previously recorded<br />
within Coastal Forests. Through information based on regeneration and the presence of pioneer<br />
species within the reserve, the forest overall is considered to be in a stable, climax state. Based on<br />
qualitative observational data alone, exotic and introduced species present within the reserve are<br />
not currently considered to pose a threat to the native vegetation. Certain species are however<br />
threatened by various human activites that have the potential to indirectly affect plant diversity<br />
and vegetation communities in general.<br />
Certain species found within Coastal Forests are considered ‘anthropogenic endemics’ (sensu<br />
Gentry 1996); those with distributions that are an artefact of the loss of former habitat through<br />
human disturbance and destruction (Clarke, Vollesen & Mwasumbi 2000). The island-like nature<br />
of Coastal Forests is cause for concern for the long-term viability of its rare species (Clarke,<br />
Vollesen & Mwasumbi 2000). Considering these facts along with that of the botanical richness<br />
and diversity within Kazimzumbwi FR, management plans are clearly required to safeguard the<br />
reserve’s future. Closer investigation of forest products is urgently needed in order to identify<br />
from where they are taken and therefore where conservation measures should be directed. In<br />
order to ensure sustainable utilisation of forest resources, intensive joint patrolling involving<br />
villagers and environmental education within surrounding villages should also be encouraged.<br />
Lastly, further research and intensive collection focusing on herbs and lianes is needed in order to<br />
produce a comprehensive checklist of Kazimzumbwi FR flora.<br />
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5. FOREST USE AND HUMAN IMPACT<br />
Authors: Hall, S.M., Staddon, S. and Murphy, A.<br />
5.1 INTRODUCTION<br />
The small fragmented nature of Coastal Forests, surrounding growing impoverished rural<br />
communities with increasing demands on forest resources, and a lack of adequate protection<br />
mean that biodiversity is seriously under threat.<br />
Kazimzumbwi epitomises the problems facing forests near Dar es Salaam. Almost all trees of<br />
commercial value were removed during commercial logging activities, according to local sources<br />
ending in 1980. Timber is the top ranking perceived value of forest products for young men<br />
surrounding Kazimzumbwi FR (Lagerstedt 1995 and Mwamfupe 1997).<br />
A long history of non-timber exploitation also exists wit hin Kazimzumbwi FR including charcoal<br />
production, cultivation, pole extraction, fuelwood collection, hunting and collection of medicinal<br />
and food plants. An extensive network of resource collection trails covers the forest.<br />
Charcoal production was common in the forest reserve until 1991 when forest guards were<br />
employed by the Wildlife Conservation Society of <strong>Tanzania</strong> (WCST) to address these illegal<br />
activities. Charcoal has been shown to be the second ranking perceived value of forest products<br />
for men, young men and women surrounding Kazimzumbwi FR (Lagerstedt 1995 and<br />
Mwamfupe 1997). Logging for the production of charcoal, possibly combined with logging for<br />
firewood, removed virtually all trees from some areas (Clarke & Dickinson 1995).<br />
Building materials have been collected from Kazimzumbwi FR for local use, and poles recorded<br />
as having been collected commercially for sale in Dar es Salaam (Burgess & Dickinson, 1993).<br />
Building materials and poles have been shown to be the third ranking perceived value of forest<br />
products for men, young men and women surrounding Kazimzumbwi FR (Lagerstedt 1995 and<br />
Mwamfupe 1997). Concerns exist regarding the effects of commercial scale exploitation of poles.<br />
The effects of extracting selectively chosen species such as Scorodophloeus fischeri potentially<br />
damage the forest by removing young canopy trees, altering its natural composition (Clarke &<br />
Dickinson, 1995).<br />
Firewood collection is the most important perceived value of forest products for women<br />
surrounding Kazimzumbwi FR, and has been recorded as commonplace. Collection of traditional<br />
medicines, honey and gum has also been noted (Clarke & Dickinson, 1995 and Burgess &<br />
Dickinson, 1993).<br />
A number of trial plots were established within the natural forest areas of Kazimzumbwi FR<br />
mainly for exotic timber species such as teak (Tectona grandis), blackwood cassia (Senna<br />
siamea), Eucalyptus sp., rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) and the indigenous timber species Mninga<br />
(Pterocarpus angolensis). Results from these trials indicate that Kazimzumbwi FR is a marginal<br />
to suitable site for pine plantations (Procter, 1996 in Somi & Nshubemuki, 1980 in Burgess &<br />
Dickinson, 1993).<br />
Past threats to large mammals in Kazimzumbwi FR have been acute (Burgess & Dickinson,<br />
1993). Hunting for local and probably commercial operations has occurred. Most commonly<br />
trapped species were duiker and bush pig. Black and white colobus monkeys and hippopotamus<br />
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have been hunted out of the forest presumably using fire arms (Burgess & Dickinson, 1993). The<br />
hunting of animals for food has been shown to be the top ranking perceived value of forest<br />
products for men surrounding Kazimzumbwi FR (Lagerstedt 1995 and Mwamfupe 1997).<br />
The close proximity of agricultural land to forest reserve borders and poor border maintenance<br />
encourages the dispersal of fire into the reserve. Degradation of forest to more fire susceptible<br />
habitats such as woodland or grassland also encourages the chances of fire damage (Sheil 1992).<br />
According to local tradition, cultivation was permitted in the reserve following its gazettement<br />
during the 1930s. In 1995 Clarke & Dickinson reported that the forest was under heavy pressure<br />
from agricultural encroachment in the reserve, especially from the east and southwest. Violent<br />
confrontation took place between forestry officials and some local people over this issue in 1994,<br />
1995 and in 1998. In 1998 several hundred families were evicted from within the forest reserve.<br />
While the forest is now potentially retrieved, the relationship between the community and the<br />
Government is still hostile, particularly in the south and south-eastern parts of the reserve.<br />
Concerns over continued illegal encroachment for cultivation in Kazimzumbwi FR by people<br />
from local villages meant that the forest reserve was earmarked for protection by <strong>Tanzania</strong>n<br />
Forest Action Plan (TFAP) (Sheil, 1992). Other national and international organisations have also<br />
recently taken a large role in helping alleviate the pressures on Kazimzumbwi FR.<br />
Since 1991, The Wildlife Conservation Society of <strong>Tanzania</strong> (WCST) has been working with local<br />
villages and Government to try and alleviate some of the problems that exist. WCST has acted on<br />
several roles (Rodgers and Burgess 2000):<br />
• Channelling donor funds or conservation and education to District level; implementing<br />
conservation by convening planning meetings with villagers, training field staff,<br />
demarcating boundaries, planting village nurseries, etc.<br />
• Acting as an information organisation, by issuing press releases and news sheets;<br />
• Becoming an advocacy organisation, openly pushing Government to seek a solution as<br />
normal policing and extension methodologies failed; and<br />
• Bringing together Central and District administrations with villagers and the press.<br />
In 1999/2000 the Misitu Yetu Project was established to support local communities to manage<br />
and benefit from the biodiverse forests of Eastern <strong>Tanzania</strong>. This project is a collaboration<br />
between CARE International, WCST and the <strong>Tanzania</strong>n Forest Conservation Group (TFCG).<br />
Kazimzumbwi FR was chosen as one of four reserve areas targeted by the project. The Misitu<br />
Yetu Project allows communities the potential to secure tenure and user rights, increases long<br />
term livelihood security for households and increases the effectiveness of biodiversity<br />
conservation, as well as promoting the search for alternatives to forest exploitation.<br />
A quantitative assessment of resource extraction and thorough study of disturbance patterns<br />
throughout Kazimzumbwi FR will help inform the Misitu Yetu Project of current pressures on the<br />
forest and guide managerial activities.<br />
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5.2 AIMS<br />
• Quantify the intensity of pole and timber extraction per hectare along transect lines to give an<br />
indication of the rates/sustainability and sites of extraction.<br />
• Compare quantified anthropogenic extraction with natural death along transect lines.<br />
• Document all disturbance observations and intensities in order to form priorities for<br />
conservation management.<br />
5.3 METHODS<br />
Disturbance transects were used to record the intensity of pole cutting and logging systematically<br />
throughout the forest reserve. Disturbance transects were positioned diagonally across an<br />
imaginary 1.2 km x 1.2 km grid, running north-east, south-west across the reserve (Figure 5).<br />
Each transect was sampled from the northern border to a southern extent at grid reference 9230 (S<br />
6 o 58’00”) 3 (Figure 5).<br />
Every self-standing tree (not creepers or lianas) above 5cm diameter at breast height (dbh) was<br />
measured within an area 5m either side of each transect line. Each plant was recorded under one<br />
of four categories: live, old cut, new cut or naturally dead or fallen. Old cutting was identified by<br />
darkening and rotting of a cut stump, and was assumed to have been cut more than 6 month prior<br />
to surveying. New cutting was identified by fresh cream or green cut stumps and assumed to have<br />
been cut less than six months prior to sampling. Within these categories a distinction was made<br />
between poles and timbers. Poles were classified as having a dbh between 5 and 15cm and a<br />
minimum 3m relatively straight trunk. Timber was classified as having a dbh greater than 15cm<br />
with a minimum 3m relatively straight trunk. These divisions are based on differences in use.<br />
Timber and pole cutting data are presented as an average per hectare.<br />
All other forms of anthropogenic disturbance within an area 5m either side of each transect were<br />
also recorded for every 50m section. Other forms of disturbance were defined as follows:<br />
1. Fire damage – an area affected by fire, evidence included burnt trees and ground vegetation.<br />
2. Charcoal – an area where charcoal was burnt in the forest, evidence included small patches of<br />
burnt ground with charcoal remains.<br />
3. Pitsaw – an area obviously cleared for pitsaw activities, with pitsaw platform, or remains of<br />
such.<br />
4. Timber/planks/poles – cut timber, planks or cut poles laying on the ground ready for<br />
transportation.<br />
5. Trapping – animal traps of all varieties whether set or sprung.<br />
6. Cultivation – evidence of crop cultivation (past or present).<br />
7. Grazing – direct evidence or remains of cattle or goat grazing.<br />
8. Footpath – including all human used footpaths.<br />
9. Clearing - well-established clearings within the forest as a consequence of human disturbance<br />
(usually short grassland, potentially previous settlement).<br />
3<br />
Forest Officers advised this to be the southern limit of fieldwork as a consequence of recent unrest in<br />
local communities in the south of the reserve.<br />
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Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
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5.4 RESULTS<br />
A total area of 22 hectares was surveyed for signs of human disturbance along the five transects<br />
(labelled A-E, Figure 5). Due to the varied vegetation, access and topography of the reserve, the<br />
extent and type of disturbance differed between areas. Access in the reserve is by a network of<br />
footpaths (there is a well established footpath running east-west through the centre of the reserve<br />
between the villages of Buyuni and Vigama/Kazimzumbwi), a railway track in the northern<br />
section and by roads leading up to the reserve borders. The surrounding area is densely populated<br />
and due to its relatively flat topography, human access to the reserve is not difficult.<br />
A total of 22,235 stems were sampled throughout the reserve, represented by 1060 poles per<br />
hectare and 317 timber per hectare, 87 % and 23 % respectively (Figure 6).<br />
5.4.1 POLE AND TIMBER EXTRACTION<br />
Pole and timber extraction was found along all five transects. The highest concentrations of<br />
recent cuttings were found near to footpaths. Cutters were heard and seen throughout these areas<br />
during the fieldwork.<br />
5.4.2 POLES<br />
Rates of pole extraction are summarised in Tables 6 and 7, Figures 7 and 8. A mean total of 584<br />
(77%) poles sampled per hectare were alive, 83 (12%) naturally fallen, 140 (11%) old cut and 5<br />
(0.4%) new cut. The number of cut poles was on average greater than the number of naturally<br />
fallen poles. The number of new cut poles was minimal. Old cutting was highly variable between<br />
transect lines.<br />
1200<br />
Total number of stems per hectare sampled<br />
1000<br />
800<br />
600<br />
400<br />
200<br />
1060<br />
317<br />
0<br />
Poles (dbh 5cm-15cm)<br />
Timber (dbh > 15cm)<br />
Figure 6 Total number of poles and timber sampled per hectare during Kazimzumbwi FR<br />
disturbance assessment.<br />
Transect lines D and E showed greatest evidence of pole cutting with 223 and 383 cut poles per<br />
hectare (21.5 % and 41.2 % of all poles sampled along each respective transect line). These<br />
figures were significantly greater (sixteen times greater along transect E) than the average number<br />
of naturally fallen poles per hectare. Transect E supported the largest density of new and old cut<br />
poles per hectare.<br />
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Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
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Table 6 Disturbance transect results for total pole counts (mean percentages in brackets).<br />
Transect<br />
Line<br />
Transect<br />
Length (m) (no.<br />
of 50m<br />
sections)<br />
Total no.<br />
poles<br />
sampled<br />
Total Number<br />
Live poles (LP)<br />
Total Number<br />
Naturally<br />
fallen poles<br />
(NFP)<br />
Total Number<br />
Old Cut Poles<br />
(OCP)<br />
Total Number<br />
New cut poles<br />
(NCP)<br />
A 4600 (92) 3295 2665 (80) 459 (14) 164 (5) 7 (0.2)<br />
B 6650 (133) 5419 4469 (82) 589 (11) 339 (6) 22 (0.4)<br />
C 5850 (117) 3491 2993 (86) 335 (10) 152 (4) 11 (0.3)<br />
D 4150 (83) 4231 2695 (64) 610 (14) 904 (21) 22 (0.5)<br />
E 750 (15) 686 382 (56) 17 (2) 278 (40) 9 (1.2)<br />
TOTAL 22,000 (440) 17,122 13,204 2,010 1,837 71<br />
Table 7 Disturbance transect results for total pole counts per hectare (percentages of all poles<br />
sampled per hectare in brackets).<br />
Transect Line<br />
Transect<br />
Length (m)<br />
(no. of 50m<br />
sections)<br />
Transect<br />
Length (m)<br />
Number of poles<br />
sampled per ha<br />
Number of LP<br />
per ha<br />
Number of NFP<br />
per ha<br />
Number of<br />
OCP per ha<br />
Number of<br />
NCP per ha<br />
A 4600 (92) 4600 716 (100) 579 (81) 100 (14) 36 (5) 2 (0.3)<br />
B 6650 (133) 6650 815 (100) 672 (83) 89 (11) 51 (6) 3 (0.4)<br />
C 5850 (117) 5850 597 (100) 512 (86) 57 (10) 26 (4) 2 (0.3)<br />
D 4150 (83) 4150 1020 (100) 649 (64) 147 (14) 218 (21) 5 (0.5)<br />
E 750 (15) 750 915 (100) 509 (56) 23 (3) 371 (41) 12 (1.3)<br />
MEAN<br />
(Std. Dev.)<br />
584.2<br />
(67.5)<br />
83.2<br />
(41.7)<br />
140.4<br />
(135.0)<br />
4.8<br />
(3.8)<br />
700<br />
Mean number of poles per hectare<br />
600<br />
500<br />
400<br />
300<br />
200<br />
100<br />
0<br />
Live poles<br />
Natural fallen<br />
poles<br />
Old cut poles<br />
New cut poles<br />
Figure 7 Mean number of live, naturally fallen, old cut and new cut poles per hectare throughout<br />
Kazimzumbwi FR with standard error bars.<br />
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Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
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800<br />
Total number of poles per hectare<br />
700<br />
600<br />
500<br />
400<br />
300<br />
200<br />
100<br />
0<br />
A B C D E<br />
Transect<br />
Live Poles Old Cut Poles New Cut Poles<br />
Figure 8 Total number of live, old cut and new cut poles per hectare for each transect line.<br />
5.4.3`TIMBER<br />
Rates of timber extraction are summarised in Tables 8 and 9 and Figures 9 and 10. An average<br />
total of 192 (83% of all) timber sampled per hectare were live, 27 (11%) naturally fallen, 14 (6%)<br />
old cut and 0.5 (0.2%) new cut. As for poles, the number of naturally fallen timber was on<br />
average greater than cut timber. The number of new cut timber was minimal.<br />
As for poles, transect lines D and E showed greatest evidence from timber cutting with 24 and 89<br />
cut timber per hectare (11.2% and 39% of all timber sampled along respective transect lines).<br />
Transect C supported the greatest density of new cut timber, whilst transect D supported the<br />
greatest density of old cut timber. The mean density of cut timber per hectare was greater than<br />
that of naturally fallen timber along transect D.<br />
Table 8 Disturbance transect results for timber counts (mean percentage in brackets).<br />
Transect<br />
Line<br />
Transect<br />
Length (m)<br />
(no. of 50m<br />
sections)<br />
Transect<br />
Length (m)<br />
Total no.<br />
timber sampled<br />
Live timber<br />
(LT)<br />
Naturally<br />
dead timber<br />
(NDT)<br />
Old Cut<br />
Timber (OCT)<br />
New cut<br />
timber (NCT)<br />
A 4600 (92) 4600 903 734 (81) 118 (13) 50 (5) 1 (0.1)<br />
B 6650 (133) 6650 1728 1501 (87) 172 (10) 52 (3) 3 (0.2)<br />
C 5850 (117) 5850 1394 1203 (86) 157 (11) 30 (2) 4 (0.3)<br />
D 4150 (83) 4150 914 691 (76) 123 (13) 98 (11) 2 (0.2)<br />
E 750 (15) 750 174 92 (53) 15 (9) 67 (39) 0 (0)<br />
TOTAL 22,000 (440) 22000 5113 4221 585 297 10<br />
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Table 9 Disturbance transect results for average timber counts per hectare (percentages of all<br />
timber sampled per hectare in brackets).<br />
Transect<br />
Line<br />
Transect Number of<br />
Length (m) timber sampled<br />
(no. of 50m per ha<br />
sections)<br />
Number of LT<br />
per ha<br />
Number of<br />
NFT per ha<br />
Number of<br />
OCT per ha<br />
Number of<br />
NCT per ha<br />
A 4600 (92) 196 (100) 160 (82) 26 (13) 11 (6) 0.22 (0.1)<br />
B 6650 (133) 260 (100) 226 (87) 26 (10) 8 (3) 0 (0)<br />
C 5850 (117) 238 (100) 206 (87) 27 (11) 5 (2) 1 (0.4)<br />
D 4150 (83) 220 (100) 167 (76) 30 (14) 24 (11) 0 (0)<br />
E 750 (15) 232 (100) 123 (53) 20 (9) 89 (38) 0 (0)<br />
MEAN<br />
(Std. Dev.)<br />
176.4<br />
(40.5)<br />
25.8<br />
(3.6)<br />
27.4<br />
(35.2)<br />
0.2<br />
(0.4)<br />
250<br />
Average number per hectare<br />
200<br />
150<br />
100<br />
50<br />
0<br />
Live timber<br />
Naturally fallen<br />
timber<br />
Old cut timber<br />
New cut timber<br />
Figure 9 Mean total number of live, naturally fallen, old cut and new cut timber per hectare<br />
throughout Kazimzumbwi FR with standard error bars.<br />
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Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
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Total number of timber per hectare<br />
250<br />
200<br />
150<br />
100<br />
50<br />
0<br />
A B C D E<br />
Transect<br />
Live timber Old cut timber New cut timber<br />
Figure 10 Total number of live, old cut and new cut timber per hectare for each transect line.<br />
5.4.4 OTHER FORMS OF DISTURBANCE<br />
The most common form of disturbance other than pole and timber extraction throughout<br />
Kazimzumbwi FR was the presence of footpaths; present in 18% of all 50m sample sections<br />
(Table 10). Other commonly seen forms of disturbance included evidence of charcoal burning<br />
(ranked 2), piles of timber, planks or poles and trapping (jointly ranked 3). No evidence of cattle<br />
grazing or fresh settlement was seen during the survey.<br />
Table 10 Incidences of various types of disturbance shown as a tally (of a total of 440 50m<br />
transect sections) a percentage, and a rank.<br />
Footpath Charcoal Timber/ Trapping Fire Clearing Cultivation Pitsaw Grazing<br />
planks<br />
/poles<br />
Tally 80 43 30 30 19 12 5 1 0<br />
Percentage 18.3 9.9 6.9 6.9 4.4 2.8 1.1 0.2 0<br />
(%)<br />
Rank 1 2 3 3 5 6 7 8 9<br />
5.4.5 DISTURBANCE HOTSPOTS<br />
Figures 10 to 16 summarise the specific locations of disturbance within the forest reserve.<br />
‘Hotspots of disturbance’ have been identified and are classified as areas within the forest reserve<br />
with more than a 30% incidence of a single disturbance type per transect section (a transect<br />
section is made up of seventeen 50m sections running bewteen each vegetation plot). Hotspots<br />
are summarised in Table 11.<br />
At the time of study, northern border areas of the forest reserve were recovering from past fire<br />
disturbance and suffering from charcoal exploitation, timber/plank/pole extraction and duiker<br />
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trapping. Clearings were found mainly in the southern part of the survey area (Figures 11, 12, 13,<br />
14 and 15).<br />
Transect D is under the most cumulative pressure (Table 11 and Figure 14). The hottest hotspots<br />
were between Vegetation Plot (VP) 3 and VP14 where significant evidence of duiker trapping<br />
was observed, between VP1 and the border near to the railway where charcoal burning was<br />
particularly evident, and northern border of transect E in the east where many footpaths were<br />
observed (refer to Figure 5 for transect section locations).<br />
Table 11 Summary of disturbance hotspots within Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve (refer to Figure<br />
6 for transect section locations). Percentages greater than 50% are given in bold.<br />
Transect Transect Section Disturbance type Incidence as a percentage<br />
of transect section (%)<br />
A VP1 – Bdr Charcoal 75<br />
VP17 – VP 21 Charcoal 53<br />
B VP18 – VP 7 Footpath 53<br />
VP 18 – VP 7 Fire 41<br />
VP 7 – VP 22 Clearing 41<br />
VP7 – VP22 Timber/planks/poles 35<br />
C VP 3 – VP 14 Trapping 76<br />
VP 23 – Southern Footpath 41<br />
extent<br />
D VP 6 – VP 20 Footpath 41<br />
VP15 – VP 6 Trapping 35<br />
VP 6 – VP 20 Timber/planks/poles 35<br />
VP 20 – VP 9 Charcoal 35<br />
North Bdr – VP 15 Timber/planks/poles 33<br />
North Bdr – VP 15 Charcoal 33<br />
E North Bdr Footpath 73<br />
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Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
41<br />
80<br />
70<br />
Incidence along transect<br />
(% of transect length with disturbance present)<br />
60<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
North Bdr - VP11<br />
VP11 - VP1<br />
VP1 - Bdr<br />
VP16 - VP 17<br />
VP17 - VP21<br />
VP21 - Southern extent<br />
10<br />
0<br />
Fire damage<br />
Charcoal<br />
Pitsaw<br />
Timber/planks/poles<br />
Trapping<br />
Cultivation<br />
Grazing<br />
Footpath<br />
Clearing<br />
Figure 11 Specific locations along Transect A of forms of disturbance other than pole and timber<br />
cutting (where VP stands for vegetation plot and Bdr, Forest Reserve Border).<br />
80<br />
70<br />
Incidence along transect<br />
(% of transect length with disturbance present)<br />
60<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
North Bdr - VP12<br />
VP12 - VP2<br />
VP2 - VP13<br />
VP13 - VP26<br />
VP26 - VP18<br />
VP18 - VP7<br />
VP7 - VP22<br />
VP22 - Southern extent<br />
0<br />
Fire damage<br />
Charcoal<br />
Pitsaw<br />
Timber/planks/poles<br />
Trapping<br />
Cultivation<br />
Grazing<br />
Footpath<br />
Clearing<br />
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Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
42<br />
Figure 12 Specific locations along Transect B of forms of disturbance other than pole and timber<br />
cutting.<br />
80<br />
Incidence along transect<br />
(% of transect length with disturbance present)<br />
70<br />
60<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
North Bdr - VP3<br />
VP3 - VP14<br />
VP14 - VP5<br />
VP5 - VP19<br />
VP19 - VP8<br />
VP8 - VP23<br />
VP23 - Southern extent<br />
Fire damage<br />
Charcoal<br />
Pitsaw<br />
Timber/planks/poles<br />
Trapping<br />
Cultivation<br />
Grazing<br />
Footpath<br />
Clearing<br />
Figure 13 Specific locations along Transect C of forms of disturbance other than pole and timber<br />
cutting.<br />
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Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
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80<br />
70<br />
Incidencealong transect<br />
(% of transect length with disturbance present)<br />
60<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
North Bdr - VP15<br />
VP15 - VP6<br />
VP6 - VP20<br />
VP20 - VP9<br />
VP9 - VP24<br />
10<br />
0<br />
Fire damage<br />
Charcoal<br />
Pitsaw<br />
Timber/planks/poles<br />
Trapping<br />
Cultivation<br />
Grazing<br />
Footpath<br />
Clearing<br />
Figure 14 Specific locations along Transect D of forms of disturbance other than pole and timber<br />
cutting.<br />
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Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
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80<br />
Incidence along transect<br />
(% of transect length with disturbance present)<br />
70<br />
60<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
North Bdr<br />
0<br />
Fire damage<br />
Charcoal<br />
Pitsaw<br />
Timber/planks/poles<br />
Trapping<br />
Cultivation<br />
Grazing<br />
Footpath<br />
Clearing<br />
Figure 15 Specific locations along Transect E of forms of disturbance other than pole and timber<br />
cutting.<br />
5.4.6 CHARCOAL PRODUCTION<br />
Areas near to the reserve borders (particularly in the north-west and north-east) would appear to<br />
have suffered most heavily from charcoal production, although no activities were taking place<br />
during the survey period (probably a seasonal pattern).<br />
5.4.7 ANIMAL TRAPPING<br />
A significant number of traps were seen in the northern part of the reserve, north of the railway.<br />
Most traps were snares for small antelope such as suni (Neotragus moschatus) and duiker<br />
(Cephalophus sp.). Traps were deliberately placed in low canopy habitats with a high density of<br />
vines. Animal trapping between VP3 and VP14 was intense.<br />
5.4.8 PITSAWING<br />
Although little pitsaw activity was seen along transect lines, fresh pitsaw platforms were seen in<br />
Kazimzumbwi FR during other survey work. Pitsawers were heard on a daily basis in southern<br />
parts of the survey area. The main access route for pitsawers seemed to be the Buyuni to<br />
Vigama/Kazimzumbwi village footpath that passes through the middle of the forest reserve.<br />
Large areas of forest between transect E and D and near to Trapsite 7 (see Figure 16) have been<br />
destroyed by recent harvesting activities.<br />
5.4.9 FIRE<br />
No recent fires were seen, probably because the study was conducted soon after the long rainy<br />
season. However, past fire damaged areas were seen on northern borders of the reserve. Fire has<br />
altered the structure of the forest significantly in these areas and secondary grassland and<br />
woodland habitats now exist.<br />
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Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
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5.4.10 PAST CULTIVATION AND SETTLEMENT<br />
Past cultivation and evidence of settlement was common in the south-east and western parts of<br />
the study area. No current activities were witnessed.<br />
5.5 DISCUSSION<br />
Kazimzumbwi FR is still under significant pressure from local communities, although extraction<br />
levels are thought to have decreased in recent time (pers comm N. Kinyau, WCST). Relations<br />
between Government and communities are still poor, although improving slowly, thanks to work<br />
carried out by WCST. Threats from population influxes in the east, as a consequence of<br />
resettlement schemes, significantly increase pressures on the forest reserve and complicate the<br />
work of WCST.<br />
5.5.1 POLE AND TIMBER EXTRACTION<br />
Pole and timber extraction in Kazimzumbwi FR show similar patterns to other forest areas<br />
previously studied by <strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong> (1993-1997). Compared to other Coastal Forests,<br />
Kazimzumbwi FR has a low mean percentage of live poles, although similar proportional<br />
densities to Manga Forest Reserve in the East Usambara mountains (Table 12). The proportions<br />
of live timber in Kazimzumbwi FR were similar to that of Genda Genda in northern <strong>Tanzania</strong>,<br />
whilst cut pole and timber figures were average. The proportion of stems falling naturally was<br />
similar to that in Manga FR, although greater than all other Coastal Forest sites reported here.<br />
Table 12 Mean percentages of natural and man made disturbance of four Coastal Forest sites and<br />
Manga Forest Reserve (East Usambara Mountains). Refer also to Burgess et al. 2000 pp. 282).<br />
Live poles<br />
(%)<br />
Live timber<br />
(%)<br />
Cut poles<br />
(%)<br />
Cut timber<br />
(%)<br />
Total natural<br />
falls (%)<br />
Kazimzumbwi<br />
Forest Reserve 59 19 9 1.4 12<br />
(2001)<br />
Genda Genda<br />
(northern<br />
64.5 17.5 14.6 0.3 4.3<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong>) (1993) *<br />
Litipo (southern<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong>) (1994) * 82.3 7 7 1.6 2.3<br />
Kimboza (lowland<br />
Ulugurus (1994) * 78 7.2 12 0.3 2<br />
Manga Forest<br />
Reserve (lowland<br />
forest East<br />
Usambara) (1997)<br />
58 26 2 1 14<br />
* NB. In these asterisked forests, poles were classified as 10cm dbh, in others poles<br />
were classified as 5-15cm dbh and timber > 15cm dbh<br />
Although Kazimzumbwi FR shows similar proportional stem densities to that of Manga FR, a<br />
comparison of the highest extraction rates per hectare for timber and poles show Kazimzumbwi<br />
FR to be under much greater pressure (Table 13). The maximum extraction rate of poles per<br />
sample section in Kazimzumbwi FR was more than four times greater than that of Manga FR.<br />
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46<br />
Table 13 Greatest mean extraction rates of poles and timber per hectare in Kazimzumbwi and<br />
Manga Forest Reserves.<br />
Forest Reserve (study<br />
date)<br />
Greatest mean extraction rate<br />
of poles along transect section<br />
(between vegetation plots) per<br />
hectare<br />
Greatest mean extraction rate<br />
of timber along transect section<br />
(between vegetation plots) per<br />
hectare<br />
Kazimzumbwi FR<br />
(2001)<br />
383 89<br />
Manga FR (1997) 80 60<br />
5.5.2 EFFECTS OF ACCESS ON DISTURBANCE<br />
It is likely that the main factor affecting disturbance in Kazimzumbwi FR is access. A<br />
complicated network of footpaths exists within the reserve. The ma in routeways include border<br />
paths, the railway that accesses northern parts of the reserve, and the large footpath that transects<br />
the central parts of the reserve running from Buyuni village in the east to Vigama and<br />
Kazimzumbwi villages in the west.<br />
Most timber extraction and pitsawing activities were seen around the Buyuni to<br />
Vigama/Kazimzumbwi footpath, particularly in the east (Buyuni side). Kazimzumbwi FR forest<br />
guards are based in Kisarawe offices, which are a particularly long way from this eastern part<br />
(Buynuni side) of the forest reserve. Current timber extraction and pitsaw activities around this<br />
footpath are severely degrading forest structure. This extraction is unsustainable particularly as<br />
few large trees remain.<br />
Charcoal is still being extracted from Kazimzumbwi FR particularly near to borders where<br />
extraction is easy. With increasing population pressures in the area, concern lies for the future of<br />
the small patches of remaining forest.<br />
Trapping of small antelope north of the railway is unsustainable at present intensities, action is<br />
required before populations of these mammals are decimated. It was previously thought that<br />
Black and White Colobus monkeys had been hunted out of Kazimzumbwi FR. Although none<br />
were seen during the survey, they were heard. It is likely that small fragmented and possibly<br />
isolated populations still exist which are still seriously under threat.<br />
New settlement was not at present seen as a threat in any of the areas surveyed.<br />
5.5.2 EFFECTS OF HABITAT ON DISTURBANCE<br />
Kazimzumbwi FR comprises a patchwork of different types of secondary vegetation, which were<br />
formed as a consequence of past disturbance. The concentrations of present disturbance types are<br />
highly related to habitat.<br />
Ridge tops in areas of closed dry forest have suffered from timber extraction and both old and<br />
recent pitsaws were found. Closed dry forest on steeper slopes appeared to be less disturbed by<br />
human activity due to its more inaccessible nature. This is also true of the Riverine and Swamp<br />
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forest areas within the reserve. Scrub forest exists on plateau areas and indicates past clearance of<br />
the area (most probably for cultivation and settlement). These areas are currently under pressure<br />
from animal traps set mostly for small antelope. Brachystegia forest and Grassland areas also<br />
indicate past clearance (again for cultivation and settlement) and both show evidence of past<br />
charcoal production and are currently affected by the presence of human footpaths. Brachystegia<br />
forest also suffers from timer extraction, with recent pitsaws being found. Grassland areas show<br />
signs of fire damage.<br />
5.5.3 PRIORITIES FOR MANAGEMENT<br />
Heavy disturbance has resulted in the introduction of secondary vegetation into remaining forest.<br />
This has not only diminished the biological value of the forest, but has introduced the risk of fires<br />
and further damage. Protection from fire and further exploitation may, however, allow the regrowth<br />
of forest e.g. woodland giving way to young forest regrowth. Degraded forest and<br />
subsequent thickets often preserve components of previous forest communities (Sheil, 1992).<br />
Such habitats were found in Kazimzumbwi FR, which therefore needs to be protected.<br />
If community use of the forest is presently impossible to effectively control with the resources<br />
available, ‘acceptable levels’ of extraction or forest decline have to be set and local communities<br />
encouraged to manage the forest for themselves.<br />
Action is required to decrease intensities of extraction in disturbance hotspots to prevent complete<br />
depletion of resources. Two forest guards were trained in biodiversity survey techniques during<br />
the present survey. More training is required and a cheap yet effective monitoring system<br />
designed to monitor changes in resource use in the field.<br />
Continued efforts to work with local communities to manage their own forest resources are<br />
required and more intensive efforts needed to develop resource alternatives outside the forest.<br />
Additonal surveys are also required in order to assess biodiversity and conservation issues in the<br />
south and south-west of Kazimzumbwi FR. Agricultural encroachment is particuclarly evident in<br />
this area of the reserve (Clarke & Dickinson 1995) and therefore possibly also other forms of<br />
human disturbance are too.<br />
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6. FAUNAL DIVERSITY OF KAZIMZUMBWI FOREST<br />
RESERVE<br />
By: Staddon,S., Hall, S.M. and Murphy, A.<br />
6.1 INTRODUCTION<br />
Coastal Forests, along with other forested areas of Africa, harbour an extremely rich fauna.<br />
Affinities between Coastal Forest and Guineo-Congolian forests tend to be limited, with Coastal<br />
Forests presenting a distinct fauna, more closely related to that of Eastern Arc forests (Burgess<br />
and Clarke 2000, and references therein). As a result of their small size and the fact that they are<br />
surrounded by open habitats, Coastal Forests tend to have a low number of forest dependent<br />
species. There are exceptions however; the great majority of molluscs are restricted to remnant<br />
forest patches of the Coastal Forests and Eastern Arc (Lange & Meena 2000). Endemism within<br />
Coastal Forests is extremely high, especially considering the small area involved. The number of<br />
endemic reptile species per km 2 in Coastal Forests is for example 8.0 x 10 -3 , whilst in Eastern Arc<br />
forests is 5.5 x 10 -3 and in Guineo-Congolian forests is 0.9 x 10 -4 (Broadley & Howell 2000).<br />
Endemism within Coastal Forest millipede and mollusc fauna may for example be as high as 50%<br />
and 79% respectively (Hoffman 2000, Verdcourt 2000). Coastal Forests are considered the most<br />
important site in the world for both endemic and near-endemic elephant shrews (Nicoll &<br />
Rathbun 1990 in Burgess et al. 2000). Many endemic species are considered to be relicts of<br />
formerly more widespread species, currently restricted to small forest patches of the Coastal<br />
Forest mosaic.<br />
With the exception of birds, few animal groups in Coastal Forests have been well documented<br />
(Mlingwa et al. 2000). Past research on <strong>Tanzania</strong>n mammals has concentrated on larger mammals<br />
of the open plains, whilst little is known of the bats, shrews, galagos, and nocturnal animals of<br />
Coastal Forests (Burgess et al. 2000). Records of both reptiles and amphibians tend to be greater<br />
for Eastern Arc forests than Coastal Forests and virtually nothing was known about the millipedes<br />
of Coastal Forests until <strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong> started work in these forest in 1989 (Hoffman 2000).<br />
Taxonomic uncertainties and constant revisions hamper a clear knowledge of nearly all groups,<br />
with many Coastal Forest species, including five shrews and 190 millipedes, still undescribed.<br />
6.2 AIMS<br />
The aim of this study was to survey key faunal groups within Kazimzumbwi FR in order that they<br />
may be assessed in terms of species richness, diversity, forest dependence, endemic status and<br />
conservation concern. Target groups comprised mammals, reptiles, amphibians, butterflies,<br />
molluscs and millipedes. These groups were chosen for a combination of their relative ease of<br />
capture, ease of identification and the information they offer on ecological preferences and<br />
endemism.<br />
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Figure 16. Location of zoological trapsites (TS) in Kazimzumbwi FR.<br />
6.3 METHODS<br />
The target groups of fauna within Kazimzumbwi FR were surveyed using a combination of<br />
standardised, repeatable methods at ‘zoological trapsites’, surveys of dung and other animal signs<br />
along specific trans ects and opportunistic collection and observation on a casual basis. For<br />
detailed research aims, objectives and methods see Methodology Report (SEE 1997).<br />
6.3.1 ZOOLOGICAL TRAPSITES.<br />
Seven trapsites were established in habitats representative of those found within the reserve. All<br />
but one trapsite were of 8 night duration. At each trapsite the following methods were employed:<br />
Bucket pitfall traps<br />
Small mammals and ground-dwelling amphibians and reptiles were sampled using three linear<br />
transects, each consisting of buckets and a ‘drift fence’. Eleven 20 litre plastic buckets were<br />
placed 5m apart and sunk flush to the ground to form each line. A piece of plastic sheeting<br />
approximately 0.5m high was erected perpendicular to the bucket line to act as the drift fence,<br />
channelling animals moving into the area from either side towards the buckets. Each line was<br />
placed no more than 50m apart but was located in order to encompass as great a diversity of<br />
micro-habitats as possible. Detailed habitat notes were taken for each pitfall trap. Traps were<br />
checked early each morning for the duration of the trapsite and data recorded on standardised data<br />
sheets regarding the identification of each animal captured.<br />
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Sherman traps<br />
Small rodents and insectivores were sampled us ing 100 Sherman traps (standard size) baited with<br />
varying combinations of fried coconut and peanut butter and small fish (dagaa). Traps were<br />
placed at least 2m apart forming wide loops around the bucket pitfall trap lines; 33 around two of<br />
the lines and 34 around the other. Traps were baited each evening for the duration of the trapsite<br />
and checked early the next morning. Traps were closed during the day. Data were recorded on<br />
standardised data sheets regarding the identification, sex, breeding status, weight and biometrics<br />
of each animal captured. In order to identify ‘recaptures’, released animals were given an<br />
individual mark code made by trimming small patches of fur in a given pattern. Detailed habitat<br />
notes were taken for each trap.<br />
Mist-netting<br />
Bats were sampled using varying combinations and configurations of mistnets (1 x 3m, 2 x 7m, 1<br />
x 9m). Nets were placed across predicted ‘flight corridors’ such as rivers and paths, with the top<br />
of the net at a maximum height of 3m. Nets were opened at dusk and checked every 15 minutes<br />
for at least 3 hours each night that they were in use. Data were recorded on standardised data<br />
sheets regarding the identification, sex, breeding status, weight and biometrics of each bat<br />
captured. Detailed habitat notes were take n for each mist-netting location and the number of netmetre<br />
hours calculated (this varied between trapsites).<br />
Butterfly sweep-netting<br />
Low-flying butterflies were sampled using hand-held sweep-nets. Two man-hours were spent<br />
netting along the bucket pitfall lines each day for the duration of the trapsite.<br />
Butterfly canopy traps<br />
Butterflies were sampled using six canopy traps placed at varying heights within the canopy; two<br />
associated with each of the bucket pitfall trap lines. Traps were baited with fermenting banana<br />
and checked late afternon each day for the duration of the trapsite. Data were recorded on the<br />
identification of all species collected and detailed habitat notes taken for each trap, including its<br />
height within the canopy.<br />
Mollusc plots<br />
Molluscs were sampled in three 1m x 1m quadrats per trapsite; one established near each of the<br />
bucket pitfall trap lines and located in order to encompass a range of microhabitats. Two manhours<br />
were spent searching the leaf litter and first 3cm of soil within each quadrat. All molluscs<br />
encountered were collected.<br />
Millipede plots<br />
Millipedes were sampled in three 3m x 3m quadrats per trapsite; again, one established near each<br />
of the bucket pitfall trap lines and located in order to encompass a range of microhabitats. Four<br />
man-hours were spent searching the leaf litter and first 3cm of soil within each quadrat. All<br />
millipedes encountered were collected.<br />
6.3.2 DUNG AND SIGN SURVEYS<br />
More cryptic animals were surveyed along five transects of varying length (these transects were<br />
also used to investigate forest use and human impact, see Figure 5). The transects ran north-east<br />
to south-west through the reserve. Either side of the central transect line a 2m wide strip was<br />
searched for any animal dung, tracks, paths, burrows, diggings, feathers or other signs. All signs<br />
of animals were recorded and habitat notes were taken for each 50m stretch of transect.<br />
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6.3.3 OPPORTUNISTIC COLLECTION AND OBSERVATIONS<br />
All taxa were collected and observed on a casual basis throughout the survey period.<br />
Opportunistic collections of amphibians and reptiles and observations and vocalisations of larger<br />
mammals were expected to be particularly useful in revealing the presence of species not<br />
encountered in the standardised trapsite techniques and dung and sign surveys.<br />
6.3.4 IDENTIFICATION<br />
In order to verify the identification of species recorded a number of measures were taken.<br />
Whereever possible, two specimens (one male, one female) of each species recorded were taken<br />
and sent to a variety of experts for taxonomic verification (Appendix 2.). Specimens were also<br />
taken of anything that could not be confidently identified in the field or cross-referenced to a<br />
specimen already taken. Detailed habitat notes of capture locations accompanied all specimens in<br />
order to aid identification. Where indirect evidence was being used (for instance in the dung and<br />
sign survey) identifications were based on discussion with trained gameguards/forest guards, a<br />
reference dung collection and by using Walker (1988).<br />
6.4 RESULTS<br />
Fieldwork was carried out over a 12 week period between 26 May 2000 and 5 September 2000. A<br />
total of 52 nights of trapping were accrued from all seven trapsites (Table 14), during which time<br />
4796 Sherman trap-nights, 1749 bucket pitfall trap-nights and 2286 net metre-hours were<br />
completed. The trapsites were spread across the reserve (Figure 16) and encompassed a variety of<br />
habitats. Sites varied little in altitude but steep slopes tended to be associated with Mixed dry<br />
Coastal Forest whilst gentle slopes were associated with woodland and grasslands. Only some<br />
trapsites were associated with water sources.<br />
Table 14 Summary descriptions of trapsites in Kazimzumbwi FR.<br />
Trap<br />
site<br />
Duration Location Altitude<br />
(m asl)<br />
1 4 nights S 06º 55' 56.3"<br />
E 039º 03' 12.4"<br />
Vegetation type Topography Water<br />
association<br />
(& distance)<br />
200 Mixed dry Coastal Forest Gentle mid-slope None<br />
2 8 nights S 06º 56' 40.4"<br />
E 039º 03' 43.2"<br />
140 - 180 Mixed dry Coastal Forest<br />
& Riverine forest<br />
(near railway)<br />
Steep lower- & midslope<br />
& gentle upperslope<br />
Stream<br />
(5-50m)<br />
3 8 nights S 06º 58' 33.1"<br />
E 038º 04' 21.7"<br />
240 Mixed dry Coastal Forest<br />
(near railway)<br />
Gentle mid-slope<br />
None<br />
4 8 nights S 06º 56' 53.5"<br />
E 038º 52' 39.9"<br />
200 - 230 Mixed dry Coastal Forest<br />
& Swamp forest<br />
Steep lower- & midslope<br />
& hilltop<br />
River<br />
(0-50m)<br />
5 8 nights S 06º56'47.6"<br />
E 039º02'30.0"<br />
6 8 nights S 06º57'36. 8"<br />
E 039º02'05.7"<br />
180 Wooded Grassland Gentle lower-slope Swamp<br />
(0-50m)<br />
170 Brachystegia Forest Gentle lower-slope Dry river<br />
(0-50m)<br />
7 8 nights S 06º57'19.5"<br />
E 039º03'43.2"<br />
220 Mixed dry Coastal Forest<br />
(highly disturbed by<br />
pitsawing)<br />
Gentle upper- slope<br />
None<br />
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6.4.1 MAMMALS<br />
The mammal species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR represent 18 families, 28 genera and 32<br />
species (Table 15 and 16). Identifications of small mammals and bats recorded from trapping<br />
activities remain tentative whilst awaiting taxonomic verifications (see Appendix 2).<br />
Identifications of species recorded from observational or indirect data sources are considered<br />
certain.<br />
Table 15 Summary of mammal diversity recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR.<br />
Order<br />
Number of<br />
Families Genera species<br />
Primates 3 4 5<br />
Bats 3 3 3<br />
Insectivores 1 1 1<br />
Elephant shrews 1 2 2<br />
Hares 1 1 1<br />
Rodents 4 10 12<br />
Carnivores 2 3 3<br />
Scaly ant-eater 1 1 1<br />
Ungulates (even-toed) 2 3 5<br />
Totals 18 28 32<br />
Table 16 Mammal species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. (Ecological type, endemic status,<br />
conservation status and ‘new records’ are compiled from the National Biodiversity Database<br />
(UDSM 1997), Kingdon (1989) and Burgess and Clarke (2000) and lists given in Appendix 4 and<br />
IUCN (1996). These are not given for species identified to genera only).<br />
Species Common name<br />
Ecol. End. IUCN Evidence<br />
(local name)<br />
type status status Trap Direct Dung Track Other<br />
(CITES) obs.<br />
Primates - Primates<br />
COLOBIDAE<br />
Colobus sp. Colobus - - heard<br />
CERCOPITHECIDAE<br />
Papio cynocephalus * Yellow baboon (Nyani) f W (II) x x path<br />
Cercopithicus mitis Blue monkey (Kima) f W (II) x x<br />
GALAGONIDAE<br />
Galagoides zanzibaricus Zanzibar galago F N(b) LR nt<br />
(II)<br />
x<br />
Bats – Chiroptera<br />
NYCTERIDAE<br />
x<br />
Nycteris sp. Slit -faced bat - -<br />
HIPPOSIDERIDAE<br />
x<br />
Hipposider os ruber Leaf-nosed bat f W x<br />
RHINOLOPHIDAE<br />
Rhinolophus simulator ** Horseshoe bat F W x<br />
Insectivores – Insectivora<br />
SORICIDAE<br />
Crocidura sp. White-toothed shrew - - x<br />
heard<br />
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Table 16 Continued.<br />
Elephant shrews - Macroscelidea<br />
MACROSCELIDAE<br />
Rhynchocyon petersi Zanj elephant shrew<br />
(Ndovu/Ndole)<br />
Petrodromus tetradactylus Four-toed elephant shrew<br />
(Sengi)<br />
Hares – Lagomorpha<br />
F N(b) EN x path<br />
f W x<br />
LEPORIDAE<br />
Lepus saxatalis ** Scrub hare O W x<br />
Rodents – Rodentia<br />
THRYONOMYDAE<br />
Thryonomys cf. Marsh cane-rat f W x x<br />
swinderianus<br />
CRICETOMYDAE<br />
Cricetomys cf. gambianus Greater pouched rat<br />
f W burrow<br />
*<br />
(Panya buku)<br />
Beamys hindei * Lesser pouched rat F N(c) VU x<br />
DENDROMURINAE<br />
Dendromys sp. Climbing mouse - - x<br />
MURIDAE<br />
x<br />
Acomys sp. Spiny mouse - - x<br />
Grammomys sp. A Narrow-footed woodland - - x<br />
mouse<br />
Grammomys sp. B Narrow-footed woodland - - x<br />
mouse<br />
Lemniscomys sp. Zebra mouse - - x<br />
Mastomys natalensis * Multimammate rat f W x<br />
Mastomys sp. Multimammate rat - - x<br />
Mus sp. Common mouse - - x<br />
Rattus rattus Black rat O W x<br />
Carnivores – Carnivora<br />
HERPESTIDAE<br />
Mungos sp. Mongoose (Mwchiro) - - x x<br />
VIVERRIDAE<br />
Genetta genetta Common genet O W x<br />
Nandinia binotata African palm civet f W x<br />
Scaly ant-eaters - Pholidota<br />
ORYCTEROPODIDAE<br />
Orycteropus afer * Aardvark (Muhanga) f W burrow<br />
Even-toed ungulates - Artiodactyla<br />
SUIDAE<br />
Potamochoerus larvatus Bush pig (Nguruwe) f W x x x digging<br />
BOVIDAE<br />
Cephalophus adersi * Aders' duiker (Mbala) F N(a) EN x x<br />
(IDENTIFICATION UNSURE)<br />
Cephalophus monticola * Blue duiker (Ndimba) F W (II) x x<br />
Cephalophus natalensis Natal duiker (Digi-digi) F W LR cd x x<br />
Neotragus moschatus * Suni (Nokera) f W x x path<br />
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KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS IN ZOOLOGICAL TABLES<br />
NEW RECORDS<br />
* Species not previously recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR<br />
** Species not previously recorded in Coastal Forests<br />
ECOLOGICAL (ECOL.) TYPE<br />
F - Forest dependent species (primary forest only, not including forest edge or secondary forest)<br />
f - Forest dwelling but not forest dependent species<br />
O - Non-forest species<br />
ENDEMIC (END.) STATUS<br />
E - Endemic species (occurring only in the Pugu Hills)<br />
N - Near endemic species (a - range limited to Coastal Forests, b – range limited to Coastal Forests and the Eastern Arc<br />
Mountains, c – range limited to Coastal Forests, the Eastern Arc Mountains and a few other East African forests)<br />
W - Widespread distribution species<br />
IUCN STATUS (1996)<br />
EN – Endangered, VU – Vulnerable, LR – Lower Risk (cd – Conservation Dependent, nt – Near Threatened)<br />
(CITES classification is given as the Appendix in which the species appears)<br />
Nine species listed in Table 16 have not previously been recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR; mainly<br />
antelope (including the near-endemic Cephalophus adersi) and Cricetomyidae (including the<br />
near-endemic Beamys hindei). Two of these species also represent new records for Coastal<br />
Forests (in general). One species; Lepus saxatalis, is a non-forest species however and it may be<br />
for this reason that it has not been listed in previous Coastal Forest mammal fauna.<br />
Of the 32 mammal species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR, 7 (22%) are forest dependent, 11<br />
(34%) forest dwelling and 3 (9%) non-forest species (Table 17). The greatest forest dependency<br />
is within the ungulates, notably Cephalophus species. There are no mammal species endemic to<br />
the Pugu Hills, although 4 species recorded (13%) are near-endemics. One has a range restricted<br />
to Coastal Forests alone, two have ranges restricted to Coastal Forests and Eastern Arc Mountains<br />
and one has a range of Coastal Forests, Eastern Arc Mountains and a few other East African<br />
forests (Table 17 and 18). The majority of species recorded (17 or 53%) have wide distributions.<br />
Three species were recorded which are listed as Threatened (Endangered or Vulnerable) by the<br />
IUCN and two that are listed as at Lower Risk. Four species were recorded which appear in<br />
CITES Appendix II.<br />
Table 17 Summary of ecological type and endemic status of mammal species recorded in<br />
Kazimzumbwi FR. (For abbreviations see key following Table 16).<br />
Taxon Ecological type Endemic status<br />
F f O Unknown E N W Unknown<br />
Primates 1 2 0 1 0 1 2 1<br />
Bats 1 1 0 1 0 0 2 1<br />
Insectivores 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1<br />
Elephant shrews 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0<br />
Hares 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0<br />
Rodents 1 3 1 7 0 1 4 7<br />
Carnivores 0 1 1 1 0 0 2 1<br />
Scaly ant-eater 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 0<br />
Ungulates 3 2 0 0 0 1 4 0<br />
Totals 7 11 3 11 0 4 17 11<br />
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Table 18 Ranges of near-endemic mammal species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR . (Taken from<br />
National Biodiversity Database (UDSM 1997)).<br />
Species<br />
Range<br />
GALAGONIDAE<br />
Galagoides zanzibaricus Coastal Forests in southern Kenya, northern <strong>Tanzania</strong> and Zanzibar (Kingdon 1997)<br />
MACROSCELIDIDAE<br />
Rhychocyon petersi<br />
NE and E <strong>Tanzania</strong>, also Zanzibar and Mafia, SE Kenya<br />
CRICETOMYDAE<br />
Beamys hindei<br />
Coastal forests in NE and E <strong>Tanzania</strong>, also SE Kenya<br />
BOVIDAE<br />
Cephalophus adersi<br />
Zanzibar, also Sokoke Forest in Kenya<br />
6.4.1.1 Bats and small mammals<br />
Different groups of mammals were sampled using different techniques and as bats and small<br />
mammals were surveyed systematically within trapsites (for which detailed habitat records were<br />
made, see Table 14 for a summary), additional information can be gained concerning their<br />
distribution and ecology.<br />
Records of 6 bats, 9 shrews and 60 rodents were collected through the use of mistnets, Sherman<br />
traps and bucke t pitfall traps (Table 19).<br />
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Table 19 Small mammal species captured at trapsites in Kazimzumbwi FR.<br />
Species Common name Number recorded at each trapsite<br />
BATS<br />
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total<br />
NYCTERIDAE<br />
Nycteris sp. Slit-faced bat 4 4<br />
HIPPOSIDERIDAE<br />
Hipposideros ruber Leaf-nosed bat 1 1<br />
RHINOLOPHIDAE<br />
Rhinolophus simulator Horseshoe bat 1 1<br />
SHREWS<br />
Totals 0 0 0 5 1 0 0 6<br />
SORICIDAE<br />
Crocidura sp. White-toothed shrew 2 2 5 9<br />
RODENTS<br />
CRICETOMINAE<br />
Totals 0 0 0 0 2 2 5 9<br />
Beamys hindei Lesser pouched rat 3 2 5<br />
DENDROMURINAE<br />
Dendromys sp. Climbing mouse 2 1 1 4<br />
MURIDAE<br />
Acomys sp. Spiny mouse 19 19<br />
Grammomys sp. A Narrow-footed woodland<br />
1 1 2<br />
mouse<br />
Grammomys sp. B Narrow-footed woodland<br />
9 9<br />
mouse<br />
Lemniscomys sp. Zebra mouse 1 1<br />
Mastomys natalensis Multimammate rat 1 1<br />
Mastomys sp. Multimammate rat 14 2 16<br />
Mus sp. Common mouse 2 2<br />
Rattus rattus Black rat 1 1<br />
Totals 3 2 0 12 19 21 3 60<br />
The majority of bats were captured at trapsite 4, where mistnets were set up over the River<br />
Mzumbwi. Four of the six records were of only one species; Nycteris sp., although mistnetting<br />
was carried out over a number of consecutive nights and the number of recaptures is unknown but<br />
may bias the results.<br />
Shrews were recorded in half of the trapsites, within Wooded Grassland, Brachystegia Forest and<br />
Mixed dry Coastal Forest. Over half of the individuals recorded were captured at only one<br />
trapsite; trapsite 7.<br />
A high number, at least 12 species, of rodent were recorded; a number which may increase further<br />
on receipt of the formal identification of specimens taken. Rodents were recorded in almost all of<br />
the habitats surveyed. Acomys sp. was the most abundant rodent, although all records were in one<br />
trapsite only. This trapsite was in Brachystegia Forest; a very dry and fairly open habitat.<br />
Mastomys sp. was also found to be abundant, occurring mainly in Wooded Grassland habitats,<br />
where one record of Lemniscomys sp. was also made. Grammomys were recorded only in forest<br />
habitats, as was the near-endemic and forest dependent Beamys hindei. One record of Rattus<br />
rattus was collected, from trapsite 2.<br />
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6.4.1.2 Larger mammals<br />
Mammal species other than those bats and small mammals discussed above were detected from<br />
opportunistic observations or by using dung and sign surveys. Records are thus from locations<br />
and habitats throughout the reserve.<br />
Colobus sp. was heard calling on only one occasion and only from within forested areas, whilst<br />
Papio cynocephalus and Cercopithicus mitis were abundant and most evident at the forest edge.<br />
Certain forest dependent species were indeed only recorded from forested areas; Galagoides<br />
zanzibaricus, Rhynocyon petersi and Cephalophus spp. Elephant shrew paths were widely<br />
observed in forested habitats and Orycteropus afer burrows were fairly widely distributed in at<br />
least partly forested areas. Cricetomys cf, gambianus burrows were observed on only a few<br />
occasions, although are obviously less easy to spot than an aardvark burrow. Cephalophus<br />
natalensis and Neotragus moschatus were the most frequently recorded antelope. Potamochoerus<br />
larvatus was recorded from all habitats and from the large number of records collected was<br />
considered abundant. Evidence of Mungos sp. was found throughout the reserve, whilst Genetta<br />
genetta and Nandinia binotata were recorded from only a few observations around the forest<br />
edge.<br />
6.4.2 REPTILES<br />
Records of 46 reptiles were made in Kazimzumbwi FR, representing 8 families, 19 genera and 28<br />
species (Table 20). Taxonomic verifications have yet to be received for all specimens and<br />
therefore some identifications should be considered tentative.<br />
Table 20 Reptile species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. The identification of species given in<br />
bold have been confimed (ecological type, endemic status, conservation status and ‘new records’<br />
are compiled from National Biodiversity Database (1997), Broadley and Howell (unpubl.), IUCN<br />
(1996) and Burgess and Clarke (2000); this is not possible for species identified to genera only).<br />
Species Common name Ecol.<br />
type<br />
VARANIDAE<br />
End.<br />
status<br />
IUCN Number recorded at each trapsite<br />
status<br />
(CITES) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 - Total<br />
Varanus sp. Monitor lizard - - 1 1<br />
VIPERIDAE<br />
Bitis arietans** Puff adder O W 1 1<br />
Bitis gabonica Gaboon viper F W 1 1<br />
COLUBRIDAE<br />
Apparalactus capensis** Cape centipede W 1 1<br />
eater<br />
Crotaphopeltis hotamboei** Herald snake O W 1 1<br />
Lamphrosis capensis**<br />
Lamphrosis fuliginosus**<br />
Lycophidion capense<br />
loveridgei*<br />
Lychophidion meleagre**<br />
Natriciteres olivacea*<br />
Common house<br />
snake<br />
Brown house<br />
snake<br />
Loveridge's Wolf<br />
snake<br />
Speckled Wolf<br />
snake<br />
Olive Marsh-<br />
Snake<br />
f W 1 1<br />
O W 1 1<br />
F W 1 1<br />
F W 1 1<br />
f W 1 1<br />
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Table 20 Continued.<br />
Philothamnus haplogaster Southeastern f W 1 1<br />
Green snake<br />
Philothamnus<br />
Slender Green W 1 1<br />
hetereolepidotus** snake<br />
Philothamnus sp. Green snake - - 1 1<br />
Prosymna abigua<br />
stuhlmanni<br />
Psammophis subtaeniatus<br />
orientalis**<br />
Thelotornis capensis<br />
CHAMAELEONIDAE<br />
Chamaeleo dilepis<br />
East African<br />
Shovel-Snout<br />
Stripe-bellied sand<br />
snake<br />
Mozambique vine<br />
snake<br />
Flap-necked<br />
chamaeleon<br />
Chamaeleo melleri Giant one-horned<br />
chamaeleon<br />
Rhampholeon brevicaudatus Bearded pygmy<br />
chamaeleon<br />
SCINCIDAE<br />
Mabuya maculilabris Speckled-lipped<br />
Sepsina tetradactyla*<br />
skink<br />
Four-toed<br />
burrowing skink<br />
f W 1 1<br />
W 2 2<br />
f W 1 1 2<br />
f W (II) 1 1<br />
f W 1 2 3<br />
F N(b) VU 1 2 3<br />
f W 3 2 5<br />
N(a) 1 1<br />
AGAMIDAE<br />
Agama montana** Montane agama F N VU 1 1<br />
Agama sp. Agama - - 1<br />
LACERTIDAE<br />
Nucras boulengeri** Boulenger’s W 7 7<br />
Scrub-lizard<br />
Unidentified sp. - - 1 1 2<br />
GEKKONIDAE<br />
Hemidactylus maboui<br />
Lygodactylus grotei*<br />
Moreau's<br />
Tropical house<br />
gecko<br />
Grote's dwarf<br />
gecko<br />
f W 2 1 3<br />
N(c) 1 1<br />
Unidentified sp. - - 1 1<br />
Totals 0 3 4 5 7 2 4 21 46<br />
KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS IN ZOOLOGICAL TABLES<br />
NEW RECORDS<br />
* Species not previously recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR<br />
** Species not previously recorded in Coastal Forests<br />
ECOLOGICAL (ECOL.) TYPE<br />
F - Forest dependent species (primary forest only, not including forest edge or secondary forest)<br />
f - Forest dwelling but not forest dependent species<br />
O - Non-forest species<br />
ENDEMIC (END.) STATUS<br />
E - Endemic species (occurring only in the Pugu Hills)<br />
N - Near endemic species (a - range limited to Coastal Forests, b – range limited to Coastal Forests and the Eastern Arc<br />
Mountains, c – range limited to Coastal Forests, the Eastern Arc Mountains and a few other East African forests)<br />
W - Widespread distribution species<br />
IUCN STATUS (1996)<br />
EN - Endangered<br />
VU - Vulnerable<br />
LR – Lower Risk (cd – Conservation Dependent, nt – Near Threatened)<br />
(CITES classification is given as the Appendix in which the species appears)<br />
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Fourteen species listed have not previously been recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR, including the<br />
near-endemic Sepsina tetradactyla and Natriciteres olivaecea. The latter species has apparently<br />
not been found on the coast for 15 years (K.Howell, pers. comm.). Ten of these species have not<br />
previously been recorded in Coastal Forest, although half of these are non-forest species and it<br />
may be for this reason that they have not previously been listed in other Coastal Forest<br />
inventories. The record of Agama montana, previously recorded only from Eastern Arc<br />
Mountains, represents a range extension for the species.<br />
Although more reptiles were captured in trapsite 5 than any other these records represent just one<br />
species. No reptiles were recorded from trapsite 1 but this trapsite ran for only half the time of the<br />
others (see Table 14). No clear patterns emerge with regard to the diversity or species richness<br />
recorded from the different trapsites, and thus different habitats.<br />
Five reptile species (19%) were forest dependent whilst 9 (33%) were forest dwe lling. Three<br />
species (11%) are non-forest and these were indeed found outside of densely forested areas.<br />
There are no reptiles endemic to the Pugu Hills although four near-endemic species were<br />
recorded; one endemic to Coastal Forests alone, one endemic to Coastal Forests and Eastern Arc<br />
Mountains and one endemic to Coastal Forest, Eastern Arc Mountains and a few other East<br />
African forests (see Table 21). The majority of species (70%) are known to have widespread<br />
distributions.<br />
Two species are considered Vulnerable by the IUCN and one species appears on Appendix II of<br />
CITES listings.<br />
Table 21 Ranges of near endemic reptile species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. (Taken from<br />
National Biodiversity Database (UDSM 1997)).<br />
Species<br />
CHAMAELEONIDAE<br />
Rhampholeon brevicaudatus<br />
SCINCIDAE<br />
Sepsina tetradactyla<br />
AGAMIDAE<br />
Agama montana<br />
GEKKONIDAE<br />
Lygodactylus grotei<br />
Range<br />
Forests of coastal <strong>Tanzania</strong> and part of Eastern Arc mountains (Usambara<br />
Mountains and Uluguru mountains)<br />
S.E. <strong>Tanzania</strong>, Malawi and Zambia<br />
Usambara, Uluguru and Nguru Mountains<br />
S.E. <strong>Tanzania</strong>, Mafia Island and N. Mozambique<br />
6.4.3 Amphibians<br />
Records of 801 amphibians were made in Kazimzumbwi FR, representing 8 families, 13 genera<br />
and 23 species (Table 22). Taxonomic verifications have been received and thus all<br />
identifications are confimed.<br />
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Table 22 Ampibian species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. (Ecological type, endemic status,<br />
conservation status and ‘new records’ are complied from the National Biodiversity Database<br />
(1997), Schiotz (1999), IUCN (1996) and Burgess and Clarke (2000); this is not given for species<br />
identified to genus only).<br />
Species Ecol. End. IUCN Number recorded at each trapsite<br />
type status status<br />
ARTHROLEPTIDAE<br />
(CITES) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 - Total<br />
Arthroleptis stenodactylus F W 15 103 13 71 44 15 37 1 298<br />
Arthroleptis xenodactyloides * F N(c) 2 14 11 308 10 1 15 4 365<br />
Arthroleptis sp. indet. - - 2 1 3<br />
BUFONIDAE<br />
Bufo guttaralis O W 1 1 2<br />
Bufo lindneri * f N(c) 11 2 13<br />
Mertensophryne micranotis F N(b) 1 1 1 3 6<br />
HYPEROLIDAE<br />
Leptopelis argenteus * O N(c) 1 1<br />
Leptopelis barbouri ** F N 1 1<br />
Leptopeis flavomaculatus F N(c) 1 1 1 1 4<br />
Kassina senegalensis argyreivittus * O W 2 1 3<br />
Afrixalus brachynemis O W 1 1<br />
MICROHYLIDAE<br />
Breviceps mossambicus O W 1 1<br />
PIPIDAE<br />
Xenopus muelleri * f W 3 3<br />
RANIDAE<br />
Hemisus marmoratus * f W 1 19 1 21<br />
Ptychadena anchietae * O W 3 3<br />
Ptychadena mossambica f W 1 1<br />
Ptychadena sp. indet. - - 1 2 3<br />
Phrynobatrachus acridoides f W 1 1<br />
Phrynobatrachus mababiensis O W 2 36 38<br />
Unidentified sp. - - 30 1 31<br />
RHACOPHORIDAE<br />
Chiromantis xerampelina O W 1 1<br />
CAECILIDAE<br />
Boulengerula cf. changamwensis * F N(c) 1 1<br />
Totals 17 121 24 411 93 54 55 26 801<br />
KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS IN ZOOLOGICAL TABLES<br />
NEW RECORDS<br />
* Species not previously recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR<br />
** Species not previously recorded in Coastal Forests<br />
ECOLOGICAL (ECOL.) TYPE<br />
F - Forest dependent species (primary forest only, not including forest edge or secondary forest)<br />
f - Forest dwelling but not forest dependent species<br />
O - Non-forest species<br />
ENDEMIC (END.) STATUS<br />
E - Endemic species (occurring only in the Pugu Hills)<br />
N - Near endemic species (a - range limited to Coastal Forests, b – range limited to Coastal Forests and the Eastern Arc<br />
Mountains, c – range limited to Coastal Forests, the Eastern Arc Mountains and a few other East African forests)<br />
W - Widespread distribution species<br />
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IUCN STATUS<br />
EN - Endangered<br />
VU - Vulnerable<br />
LR – Lower Risk (cd – Conservation Dependent, nt – Near Threatened)<br />
(CITES classification is given as the Appendix in which the species appears)<br />
Eight species listed have not previously been recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR, including Leptopelis<br />
barbouri that has not previously been recorded in Coastal Forests (the identification of this<br />
species is however the only one not yet confirmed (KMH 23614) and thus this record remains<br />
tentative).<br />
The majority of amphibian records were of Arthroleptis species, which were recorded throughout<br />
the reserve. Few amphibian records were collected at trapsites 1 and 3, which unsurprisingly were<br />
not associated with water sources. The caecilian was, as expected, collected near to a water<br />
source; the River Mzumbwi.<br />
Six species recorded (26%) were forest dependent, 5 (22%) were forest dwellers and 8 (35%)<br />
were non-forest species. The greatest forest dependence was among the Arthroleptidae and some<br />
Hyperolidae, with other Hyperolidae and many Ranidae non-forest species.<br />
There are no endemic species to the Pugu Hills although 7 near-endemic species (30%) were<br />
recorded (see Table 23). One species was endemic to Coastal Forests and Eastern Arc Mountains<br />
and five species were endemic to Coastal Forest, Eastern Arc Mountains and a few other East<br />
African forests Twelve species (43%) had widespread distributions.<br />
None of the species recorded were listed as Threatened by IUCN or appear on CITES listings.<br />
Table 23 Ranges of near-endemic amphibian species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. (Taken from<br />
National Biodiversity Database (UDSM 1997)).<br />
Species<br />
ARTHROLEPTIDAE<br />
Arthroleptis xenodactyloides<br />
BUFONIDAE<br />
Bufo lindneri<br />
Mertensophryne micranotis<br />
HYPEROLIDAE<br />
Leptopelis argenteus<br />
Leptopelis barbouri<br />
Leptopeis flavomaculatus<br />
CAECILIDAE<br />
Boulengerula changamwensis<br />
Range<br />
Forests in <strong>Tanzania</strong>, Malawi, Mozambique, E. Zambia and E. Zimbabwe<br />
Dar es Salaam and vicinity, S. Malawi and N. Mozambique<br />
Coastal Forests of Kenya and <strong>Tanzania</strong> and the East Usambaras<br />
E. and S.E. <strong>Tanzania</strong>n coastal lowlands, possibly N. Mozambique<br />
Usambara and Udzungwa Mountains<br />
Coastal zone from Kenya to Mozambique, possibly Malawi and E. Zimbabwe<br />
Coastal Forests of Kenya and <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
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6.4.4 BUTTERFLIES<br />
Records of 1115 butterflies were collected in Kazimzumbwi FR, representing 5 families, 53<br />
genera, 140 species and 148 subspecies (Table 24 and 25). All identifications are considered<br />
tentative whilst awaiting taxonomic verifications.<br />
Table 24 Summary of butterfly species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR.<br />
Family No. of genera No. of species No.of subspecies<br />
Hesperiidae 4 5 5<br />
Lycaenidae 11 20 21<br />
Nymphalidae 27 77 79<br />
Papilionidae 2 5 7<br />
Pieridae 9 33 36<br />
Totals 53 140 148<br />
Table 25 Butterfly species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. (Ecological type, endemic status and<br />
‘new records’ are compiled from Kielland (1990), Larsen (1996) and Burgess and Clarke (2000);<br />
this is not given for species identif ied to genus only).<br />
Species Ecol. End. Species Ecol. End.<br />
type status type status<br />
HESPERIIDAE<br />
Coeliades sejuncta ** F W Tagiades flesus * F W<br />
Monza cretacea *** W Unknown sp. - -<br />
Spialia despauperata despauperata ** f W<br />
LYCAENIDAE<br />
Anthene sp. - - Ornipholidotos peucetia peuceda * f W<br />
Appias epaphia f W Pentila pauli ** f W<br />
Deudarix dinochares f W Pentila rondo * F N<br />
Euchrysops malathana *** f W Pentila rogersi * F N<br />
Euchrysops osiris *** f W Pentila tropicalis F W<br />
Euchrysops subpallida *** O W Pentila tropicalis mombasae F W<br />
Hemiolaus coeculus f W Pentila sp. - -<br />
Hemiolaus coeculus littoralis* f W Teriomima micra * F N<br />
Lepidochrysops barkeri *** f W Teriomima subpunctata ** F N<br />
Lepidochrysops sp. - - Unknown sp. - -<br />
Leptotes pirithous *** O W<br />
NYMPHALIDAE<br />
Acraea aganice montana F W Euxanthe wakefieldi F W<br />
Acraea cerasa * F W Hamanumida daedalus f W<br />
Acraea encedena * f W Harma theobene f W<br />
Acraea epaea epitellus F N Harma theobene blassi * f W<br />
Acraea eponina eponina * f W Henotesia perspicua * f W<br />
Acraea insignis insignis * f W Hypolimnas anthedon walbergi ** F W<br />
Acraea orestia orestia ** F W Hypolimnas deceptor deceptor * f W<br />
Acraea petraea* f W Hypolimnas misippus * O W<br />
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Table 25 Continued.<br />
Acraea rabbaiae mombasae* F W Junonia natalica natalica * f W<br />
Acraea zonata * F N Junonia oenone oenone f W<br />
Acraea sp. - - Junonia orithya madagascariensis * f W<br />
Amauris niavus niavus** f W Junonia terea elgiva f W<br />
Amauris ochlea ochlea * f W Melanitis leda f W<br />
Bicyclus campinus ocelligerus * F W Mylothris kiwuensis rhodopoides F W<br />
Bicyclus safitza saftiza * O W Neptidopsis fulgurata platyptera * F N<br />
Bicyclus sp. - - Neptis alta ** f W<br />
Byblia anvatara acheloia f W Neptis carcassoni * F W<br />
Byblia ilithya * f W Neptis goochi F W<br />
Byblia sp. - - Neptis melicerta ** F W<br />
Charaxes baumanni granti* f W Neptis morosa f W<br />
Charaxes brutus trans. ad. Angustus f W Neptis saclava marpessa * f W<br />
Charaxes candiope candiope F W Neptis sp. - -<br />
Charaxes castor castor f W Pardopsis punctatissima * f W<br />
Charaxes cithaeron nairobicus ** F W Phalanta eurytis eurytis * F W<br />
Charaxes etesipe gordoni * F W Physcaeneura leda * f N<br />
Charaxes hansali baringana ** f W Precis pelarga actia f W<br />
Charaxes jahlusa kenyensis ** f W Pseudacrea lucretia protracta F W<br />
Charaxes lasti lasti * F N Salamis anacardii anacardii * f W<br />
Charaxes macclounii ** O W Salamis parhassus parhassus F W<br />
Charaxes protoclea azota f W Salamis sp. - -<br />
Charaxes varanes volgensis f W Sallya amulia rosa ** f W<br />
Charaxes violetta maritimus * F N Sallya boisduvali f W<br />
Charaxes zoolina zoolina f W Sallya boisduvali omissa * f W<br />
Charaxes sp. - - Sallya garega garega ** f W<br />
Coenyropsis carcasonni * f N Sallya natalensis * f W<br />
Danaus chrysippus chrysippus * f W Sallya umbrina ** f W<br />
Euphaedra neophron * f W Ypthima asterope ** O W<br />
Euptera kinugnana F N Ypthima recta ** f W<br />
Eurytela dryope f W Unknown sp. - -<br />
Eurytela dryope angulata f W<br />
PAPILIONIDAE<br />
Catopsila florella f W Papilio dardanus tibullus F W<br />
Papilio constantinus constantinus * F W Papilio demadocus demadocus f W<br />
Papilio dardanus dardanus ** F W Papilio ophidicephalus ophidicephalus** F W<br />
Papilio dardanus polytrophus ** F W<br />
PIERIDAE<br />
Appias epaphia orbona ** f W Dixeia sp. - -<br />
Appias lasti lasti F W Eronia cleodora * f W<br />
Belenois aurota aurota * F W Eronia leda * f W<br />
Belenois creona severina f W Eurema brigatta brigatta ** f W<br />
Belenois subeida sylvander ** f W Eurema desjardiusi oberthane * f W<br />
Belenois thysa thysa f W Eurema floricola orientalis F W<br />
Belenois sp. - - Eurema hecabe f W<br />
Catopsilia florella f W Eurema hecabe solifera f W<br />
Colotis antevippe zera * f W Eurema regularis ** f W<br />
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Table 25 Continued.<br />
Colotis auxo ** f W Eurema senegalensis F W<br />
Colotis daira jacksoni ** O W Eurema sp. - -<br />
Colotis danae eupompe ** f W Leptosia alcesta inalcesta * f W<br />
Colotis euippe * f W Leptosia nupta nupta ** F W<br />
Colotis euippe complexivus * f W Nepheronia argia argia F W<br />
Colotis euippe omphale * f W Nepheronia buqueti buqueti * f W<br />
Colotis ione f W Nepheronia thalassina f W<br />
Colotis sp. - - Nepheronia sp. - -<br />
Dixeia doxo costata * f W Unknown sp. - -<br />
KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS IN ZOOLOGICAL TABLES<br />
NEW RECORDS<br />
* Species not previously recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR<br />
** Species not previously recorded in Coastal Forests<br />
ECOLOGICAL (ECOL.) TYPE<br />
F - Forest dependent species (primary forest only, not including forest edge or secondary forest)<br />
f - Forest dwelling but not forest dependent species<br />
O - Non-forest species<br />
ENDEMIC (END.) STATUS<br />
E - Endemic species (occurring only in the Pugu Hills)<br />
N - Near endemic species (a - range limited to Coastal Forests, b – range limited to Coastal Forests and the Eastern Arc<br />
Mountains, c – range limited to Coastal Forests, the Eastern Arc Mountains and a few other East African forests)<br />
W - Widespread distribution species<br />
Over half (58%) of the butterfly species listed have not previously not been recorded in<br />
Kazimzumbwi FR and most notably all of the Hesperiids represent new records. These records<br />
also represent 29 species and 6 genera that have not previously been recorded in Coastal Forests.<br />
All of these genera are from the Hesperiidae and Lycaenidae families.<br />
Many Nymphalidae were recorded whilst very few Hesperiidae. Forty-two species recorded<br />
(30%) were forest dependent, including the majority of Papilionidae species. Relatively few<br />
forest dependent Pieridae species were recorded, most being forest dwelling. Eighty species<br />
recorded (54%) were forest dwellers and only 7 (5%) were non-forest species. No endemic<br />
butterfly species were recorded although 12 (8%) were near-endemics (see Table 26). If verified<br />
taxonomically, the record of Pentils rondo repesents a range extension for the species that has<br />
only been found on the Rondo Plateau. The majority of butterfly species recorded (111 or 75%)<br />
have widespread distributions. No species recorded are listed by IUCN as Threatened or appear in<br />
CITES listings.<br />
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Table 26 Ranges of near endemic butterfly species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. (Compiled<br />
from Kielland & Cordiero 2000).<br />
Species<br />
LYCAENIDAE<br />
Pentila rondo<br />
Pentila rogersi<br />
Teriomima micra<br />
Teriomima subpunctata<br />
NYMPHALIDAE<br />
Acraea epaea epitellus<br />
Acraea zonata<br />
Charaxes lasti lasti<br />
Charaxes violetta maritimus<br />
Coenyropsis carcasonni<br />
Euptera kinugnana<br />
Neptidopsis fulgurata platyptera<br />
Physcaeneura leda<br />
Range<br />
Known only from a FR on the Rondo Plateau, W. of Lindi, <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
Coastal Forests of Kenya and <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
Coastal Forests of Kenya and <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
Coastal Forests of Kenya and <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
Coastal Forests of Kenya and <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
Coastal Forests of Kenya and <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
Coastal Forests of Kenya and <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
Coastal Forests of Kenya and <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
E. <strong>Tanzania</strong> and S.E. Kenya<br />
Coastal Forests of Kenya and <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
Coastal Forests of Kenya and <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
Coastal Forests of Kenya and <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
6.4.5 MOLLUSCS<br />
Whilst awaiting the formal identification of 50 mollusc, little can unfortunately be ascertained<br />
regarding the mollusc fauna of Kazimzumbwi FR.<br />
6.4.6 MILLIPEDES<br />
Whilst awaiting the formal identification of 200 millipede, little can unfortunately be ascertained<br />
regarding the millipede fauna of Kazimzumbwi FR.<br />
6.5 DISCUSSION<br />
6.5.1 MAMMALS<br />
Thirty-two species of mammal were recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. This compares favourably<br />
with other Coastal Forests, which have an average of 24 + 12.3 species each (Burgess et al.<br />
2000). Taxonomic verifications are still awaited for shrew, rodent and bat specimens and these<br />
are expected to increase the number of species recorded even further. In general, the most diverse<br />
groups of mammals in Coastal Forests are bats (58 species), rodents (>27 species), carnivores (19<br />
species), primates (14 species) and shrews (14 species) (Burgess et al. 2000). This general pattern<br />
was largely observed within Kazimzumbwi, although recorded bat diversity was low. This may<br />
reflect seasonal variations or serve to emphasise the difficulties of mistnetting in open habitats.<br />
The results will also be biased towards low-flying insectivorous species, for example those<br />
feeding close above the water at riverine sites. No megachiroptera were recorded. High numbers<br />
of rodents and ungulates were recorded, reflecting the great diversity that exists within these taxa<br />
and the high forest dependence of many ungulate species. Rattus rattus was recorded close to the<br />
railway track and its associated drainage system; this may have provided the species with an<br />
access route into the forest from villages and cultivated areas around the reserve. Primate and<br />
carnivore diversity was fairly high, although difficulties exist in gaining evidence of elusive<br />
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carnivores and therefore true species diversity may well be greater. People living around the<br />
reserve believe there to be Panthera pardus (Leopard) south of the railway track. Records of<br />
galagos may have been increased if vocalisations were used more widely. When taxonomic<br />
verifications are received and species identified the number of shrews is expected to reflect the<br />
high shrew diversity of Coastal Forests in general. Although shrews generally prefer moist<br />
habitats (Kingdon 1997), only some of the sites where shrews were recorded in Kazimzumbwi<br />
were associated with water. Previous studies report a positive relationship between shrew<br />
abundance and rain (<strong>Frontier</strong> <strong>Tanzania</strong> 2001). There was very little rain during the study period<br />
although no formal records were made in order to investigate such a relationship. Much remains<br />
to be known about Coastal Forest shrew fauna, with five unidentified species recorded from<br />
separate forests (including one from Kazimzumbwi FR), four of which are undescribed (Burgess<br />
et al. 2000). Results of shrews from this study should therefore prove interesting. No Hyracoidea<br />
(Hyrax) records were made although Dendrohyrax species are expected within the reserve and<br />
were possibly smelt on a number of occasions.<br />
Nine of the 32 mammal species recorded (28%) have not previously been reported in<br />
Kazimzumbwi FR. Many are antelope (including the near-endemic Cephalophus adersi 4 ) or<br />
Cricetomyidae (including the near-endemic Beamys hindei). This reflects the lack of attention<br />
given Kazimzumbwi FR, despite the large number of biological studies within neighbouring Pugu<br />
FR. The results of the current study are thus particularly important.<br />
Within Kazimzumwbi FR 22% of species recorded are forest dependent, 34% are forest dwelling<br />
and 9% are non-forest species (the ecological requirements of 11 species or 34% are unkown).<br />
These figures compare well with those recorded in Coastal Forest mammals in general, where<br />
20% of species are recorded as forest dependent, 42% as forest dwelling and 37% as non-forest<br />
species (Burgess et al. 2000). The greatest forest dependence would appear to be among the<br />
ungulates, notably Cephalophus species. The galago and elephant shrews recorded also show<br />
high forest dependence. No information on the ecological requirements of the majority of small<br />
mammals recorded is currently available (as few are yet identified to species). From their<br />
trapping locations however it would appear that Grammomys are confined to forested areas<br />
(along with Beamys hindei, which is known to be forest dpenedent). Four of the seven forest<br />
dependent species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR are also near-endemics, highlighting the link<br />
between endemism and forest dependence. Large areas of the Kazimzumbwi FR comprise<br />
habitats other than forests and thus the high number of ecological generalists is to be expected.<br />
The dominance of ecological generalists in Coastal Forests in general is attributed to the small<br />
size of forest patches and the fact that they are surrounded by open habitats and are dry for large<br />
parts of the year (Burgess et al. 2000).<br />
Four species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR have restricted ranges. The antelope Cephalophus<br />
adersi is endemic to Coastal Forests alone, the galago Galagoides zanzibaricus and the elephant<br />
shrew Rhynchocyon petersi are endemic to Coastal Forests and Eastern Arc Mountains, and the<br />
rodent Beamys hindei is endemic to Coastal Forests, Eastern Arc Mountains and a few other East<br />
African forests. In Coastal Forests in general, endemism is especially high within shrews, bats,<br />
galagos, rodents, antelope and elephant shrews, thus the pattern in Kazimzumbwi FR fits well<br />
with this general trend. The endemic status cannot be given for those species identified to genera<br />
only and at the time of writing the taxonomic verification of small rodents, insectivores and bats<br />
is awaited. All of these groups show high levels of endemism and thus information regarding this<br />
should prove interesting. All of the restricted range species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR are<br />
also forest dependent. The number of near-endemic species recorded is the same as that recorded<br />
4 The identification of this species remains uncertain.<br />
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during previous surveys of the Pugu Hills (Burgess et al. 2000). The species are however<br />
different as both Beamys hindei and Cephalophus adersi (recorded during the current study) have<br />
not previously been recorded in the reserve.<br />
Five species recorded within Kazimzumbwi FR are listed by IUCN as of conservation concern.<br />
Two are listed as Endangered, both of which are forest dependent and near-endemic; the Zanj<br />
elephant shrew Rhynchocyon petersi and Ader’s duiker Cephalophus adersi. One is listed as<br />
Vulnerable, the forest dependent and near-endemic Lesser pouched rate Beamys hindei. Two are<br />
listed as at Lower Risk; the forest dependent and near-endemic Zanzibar galago Galagoides<br />
zanzibaricus and the forest dependent Natal duiker Cephalophus natalesis. Three of the primate<br />
species recorded appear on CITES Appendix II, along with the antelope Cephalophus monticola.<br />
The present study employed a number of survey technqiues in order to sample various groups of<br />
mammals. With regard to mist-netting for bats, the river Mzumbwi provided a natural flight<br />
corridor, an excellent feeding site for insectivorous bats and an ideal location for mistnetting.<br />
Mist-netting in more open habitats, such as wooded grassland, proved far less successful.<br />
Sherman traps were most successful in trapping rodents whilst bucket pitfall traps were more<br />
successful with regard to shrews. It may be that shrews were not attracted to the coconut and<br />
peanut butter bait used in Sherman traps, although small fish (dagaa) were used at one trapsite<br />
but with no noticeable increased success rates in catching shrews. It is considered advisable to use<br />
the combination of both trapping methods in order to fully sample small mammal fauna. It was<br />
thought possible that larger rodent species may be able to escape bucket pitfall traps, whilst<br />
Sherman traps may be biased towards catching nocturnal species however.<br />
6.5.2 REPTILES<br />
Twenty-eight species of reptile were recorded within Kazimzumbwi FR, half of which have not<br />
previously been recorded within the reserve. This reflects the lack of attention given to Coastal<br />
Forests in past reptile research and the resulting small number of forests with full species lists<br />
(Broadley & Howell 2000). Of the fourteen species not peviously recorded within the reserve,<br />
Sepsina tetradactyla is near-endemic to Coastal Forests and Natriciteres olivacea has not been<br />
recorded on the coast for 15 years (K.Howell, pers. comm.). The record of Agama montana<br />
represents a range extension for this species which has previously only been recorded in the<br />
Usambara, Uluguru and Nguru Mounatins (National Biodiversity Database, UDSM 1997). Two<br />
of the three chameleon genera occurring in Coastal Forests were represented in Kazimzumbwi<br />
FR, with three species recorded. Two species of venomous snake were recorded in<br />
Kazimzumbwi, although when compared to West and Central African forests, Coastal Forests (in<br />
general) are poor in such species (Broadley & Howell 2000). If taxonomic verifications are<br />
received confirming field identifications, many of the colubrid species recorded in Kazimzumbwi<br />
FR will represent new records for the reserve and some for Coastal Forests. Unfortunately, as in<br />
previous studies, fossorial reptiles were under-represented in this study.<br />
Of the 28 reptile species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR, only five (19%) are forest dependent,<br />
although the ecological requirements of ten species (37%) are not known and therefore bias these<br />
results. This figure is (without additional information) low when compared to that within Coastal<br />
Forests in general, where 50% are forest dependent (Broadley & Howell 2000). Reptiles were<br />
recorded at all trapsites and oportunistically throughout the reserve, in both forested and nonforested<br />
habitats. Large areas of the Kazimzumbwi FR comprise habitats other than forests and<br />
thus, as with the mammal rceords, the high number of ecological generalists is to be expected.<br />
Two of the five forest dependent species also have restricted ranges.<br />
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Four species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR (14%) have restricted ranges. The skink Sepsina<br />
tetradactyla is endemic to Coastal Forests alone, the dwarf chameleon Rhampholeon<br />
brevicaudatus is endemic to Coastal Forests and Eastern Arc Mountains and the gecko<br />
Lygodactylus grotei is endemic to Coastal Forests, Eastern Arc Mountains and a few other East<br />
African forests. The rema ining species, Agama montana , is recorded as endemic to selected<br />
Eastern Arc forests. The record in Kazimzumbwi FR however alters the endemic status of this<br />
species. The ecological requirements of two the four restricted range species could not be found,<br />
however the other two are forest dependent. Twenty-four species are known to be endemic to<br />
Coastal Forests, although it is believed that this figure could easily increase with greater sampling<br />
effort (Broadley & Howell 2000). The remaining taxonomic verifications of reptiles recorded in<br />
Kazimzumbwi FR are thus eagerly awaited, particularly as between 1989 and 1994 <strong>Frontier</strong>-<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong> Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme found six new species within a number of Coastal<br />
Forests.<br />
Two reptile species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR are listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN. Both<br />
Rhampholeon brevicaudatus and Agama montana are forest dependent and have restricted ranges.<br />
The chameleon Chamaeleo dilepis is listed on CITES Appendix II.<br />
Almost half (46%) of the reptile species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR were as a result of<br />
opportunistic collections or observations made outside of the trapsites. This highlights the<br />
importance of this activity and the limitations of relying solely on the trapsite techniques to<br />
specifically capture reptiles. Larger reptiles will easily escape bucket pitfall traps and arboreal<br />
species will not be targeted by this sampling technique at all.<br />
6.5.3 AMPHIBIANS<br />
Twenty-three species of amphibia were recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR, including eight (35%) that<br />
have not prevously been recorded in the reserve. If the identification of Leptopelis barbouri is<br />
confimed it will represent the first record of the species in Coastal Forests. Three of the species<br />
not previously recorded in the reserve are forest dependent and five are near-endemics. The<br />
species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR represent a typical lowland assemblage (Poynton, pers.<br />
comm.). Arthroleptis species were the commonest species in Kazimzumbwi FR, as they are in<br />
Coastal Forests in general (Poynton 2000). Coastal Forest and the Eastern Arc differ quite<br />
substantially in terms of amphibia, with no records of the speciose bufonid genus<br />
Nectophrynoides in Coastal Forests whilst Coastal Forests appear to be the distributional centre of<br />
the bufonid genera Mertensophryne and Stephopaedes (Poynton 2000). Mertensophryne<br />
micranotis was recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR although no Stephopaedes. With its highly<br />
specialised breeding strategy, Mertensophryne micranotis is very interesting from an evolutionary<br />
and biogeographical point of view and thus the record in Kazimzumbwi FR is important. The<br />
caecilian record is interesting as much data is required in order to adequately assess the forest<br />
dependence and distribution of these little studied amphibia (Poynton 2000). Leptopelis was<br />
represented by only a few individuals and no Hyperolius were recorded. This may well reflect the<br />
timing of the survey, which took place in the dry season. Very little rainfall occurred for the<br />
duration of the survey period. Interestingly, nearly all of the Hemisus and Phrynobatrachus<br />
records were from Wooded Grassland and Brachystegia Forest respectively. Hemisus is<br />
considered a forest dwelling species whilst Phrynobatrachus mababiensis is considered a nonforest<br />
species.<br />
Six of the amphibian species recorded (26%) are forest dependent, although the ecological<br />
requirements of four species (17%) are unknown and thus possibly bias the results. The greatest<br />
forest dependence was found within the Arthroleptidae and Hyperolidae, although almost equal<br />
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numbers of Hyperolidae are non-forest species. Five of the six forest dependent species also have<br />
restricted ranges. Difficulties exist in defining forest dependence among amphibia as many<br />
species breed in open habitats (Poynton 2000) and figures with which to compare the extent of<br />
forest dependency in Kazimzumbwi FR amphibia were hard to find.<br />
Seven species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR (30%) have restricted ranges. One is confined to<br />
Coastal Forests and Eastern Arc Mountains; Mertensophryne micranotis, and five are confined to<br />
Coastal Forests, Eastern Arc Mountains and a few other East African forests; Arthroleptis<br />
xenodactyloides, Bufo linderi, Leptopelis argenteus, Leptopelis flavomaculatus and Boulengerula<br />
cf. changamwensis. The remaining species, Leptopelis barbouri, is endemic to the Usambara and<br />
Udzungwa Mountains, although if the identification of the species is confirmed the record alters<br />
its endemic status. Five of these restricted range species are also forest dependent.<br />
No amphibian species recorded are listed by IUCN or CITES as of conservation concern.<br />
With regards to sampling techniques, unlike the reptiles recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR, the<br />
majority of amphibians recorded were the result of standard trapsite methods. Opportunistic<br />
collection did however reveal the presence of genera such as Chiromantis, Xenopus and some<br />
species of Ptychadena.<br />
6.5.4 BUTTERFLIES<br />
One hundred and forty species of butterfly were recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR, of which 58%<br />
have not previously been reported in the reserve, 20% have not previously been recorded in<br />
Coastal Forests and 5% are genera that have not previously been recorded in Coastal Forests. If<br />
formal identifications verify the species recorded, these represent a wealth of new data on Coastal<br />
Forest butterfly fauna. This is especially true as these records build on those of 241 species<br />
recorded throughout the Pugu Hills during extensive survey by regional experts (Kielland &<br />
Cordiero 2000). Due to their small size and inconspicuousness, Hesperiids and Lycaenids tend to<br />
be under-represented in butterfly records, and indeed, all of the Hesperiids recorded in<br />
Kazimzumbwi FR are at least new species to the reserve, with some representing new genera to<br />
Coastal Forests. The Nymphalidae family is particularly well represented in Kazimzumbwi FR,<br />
reflecting their generally larger size and conspicuousness. Pieridae species of open habitats often<br />
migrate and exhibit much seasonal variation (Kielland 1990). It would therefore be interesting to<br />
re-survey at different times of year in order to investigate any such changes. Butterflies are a<br />
relatively well studied taxa and although Coastal Forests are known to harbour a diverse<br />
assemblage of butterflies, surveys of all forests are far from complete (Kielland & Cordeiro<br />
2000). The results of the current study would support this statement.<br />
Forty-two species (30%) recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR are forest dependent, including the<br />
majority of Papilionidae species. High numbers of Hesperiidae are also forest dependent although<br />
relatively few Pieridae are forest dependent, most being forest dwelling. Seventy-five of more<br />
than 400 butterfly species and subspecies (c.19%) inhabiting Coastal Forests are known to be<br />
forest dependent (Kielland & Cordeiro 2000) and thus the level of forest dependency in<br />
Kazimzumbwi FR is high. One-quarter of forest dependent species also have restricted ranges.<br />
Twelve species (8%) recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR are endemic to Coastal Forests including one,<br />
which if verified taxonomically, represents a range extension for the species Pentila rondo,<br />
previously only recorded on the Rondo Plateau, southern <strong>Tanzania</strong>. All but two of these species<br />
are also forest dependent. Neither of the two genera endemic to Coastal Forests were recorded<br />
although the near-endemic genera Teriomima was represented in Kazimzumbwi by two species.<br />
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The use of both canopy traps baited with fermenting fruit and hand-held sweepnets was found to<br />
sample greater species diversity than either method alone. Canopy traps sampled an obviously<br />
higher flying butterfly assemblage and captured many Charaxes and Sallya species. Sweepnets<br />
could be used to target smaller species flying low to the ground.<br />
6.5.5 MOLLUSCS AND MILLIPEDES<br />
Unfortunately until identifications are received for those specimens collected in Kazimzumbwi<br />
FR, little can be ascertained regarding the ecological preferences or endemic status of its mollusc<br />
and millipede fauna. These results are eagerly awaited however and should prove to be very<br />
interesting. Virtually nothing is known about Coastal Forest millipede fauna, although due to<br />
their hard, persistent shells, mollusc fauna (namely snails) is better known (Hoffman 2000). One<br />
hundred and twenty-five mollusc species are known to inhabit Coastal Forests and coastal<br />
bushland (Verdcourt 2000) whilst 224 named and 190 undescribed species of millipede are<br />
known to occur in <strong>Tanzania</strong>. Endemism is thought to be high in both; 79% in molluscs and >50%<br />
in millipedes. As many undescribed taxa exist within both groups however, the true number of<br />
endemic, and also forest dependent, species is likely to be higher.<br />
6.6 CONCLUSIONS<br />
The faunal diversity recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR is summarised in Table 27, accompanied by<br />
the forest dependency, endemic status and conservation concern of the taxon involved. The<br />
species richness, number of forest dependent species and those of restricted ranges are all<br />
expected to increase when taxonomic verifications are received. This is especially likely to be<br />
true within the molluscs, millipedes, shrews and rodents recorde d.<br />
Table 27 Summary of faunal richness and the forest dependency, endemicity and conservation<br />
status of species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR. (For sources of information refer to relevant<br />
tables in the results section).<br />
Taxon Number of Number of Number of Species not Forest Restricted IUCN conservation<br />
families genera species previously dependent range concern<br />
recorded<br />
Mammals 17 28 32 9 (28%) 7 (22%) 4 (13%) 5 (16%)<br />
Reptiles 8 19 28 14 (50%) 5 (18%) 4 (14%) 2 (7%)<br />
Amphibians 8 13 23 8 (24%) 6 (26%) 7 (30%) 0<br />
Butterflies 5 53 140 81 (58%) 42 (30%) 12 (9%) 0<br />
Totals 38 113 223 112 (50%) 60 (27%) 27 (12%) 7 (3%)<br />
6.6.1 ‘NEW RECORDS’<br />
A high proportion of species within all taxon have not previously been recorded in Kazimzumbwi<br />
FR. This is particularly notable in the butterflies and reptiles, at least half of the species of which<br />
represent ‘new records’ for the reserve. The figure given for butterflies would be even greater if<br />
subspecies were considered. Broadley and Howell (2000) note the lack of attention given Coastal<br />
Forests in past reptile research and Kielland and Cordiero (2000) report a far from complete<br />
coverage of butterfly studies despite Lepidoptera being a fairly well studied order. Records of<br />
Coastal Forest amphibia are also considered patchy and incomplete (Poynton 2000) and Kingdon<br />
(1997) stresses the need for more information on the ecology and distribution of certain mammal<br />
species in order to develop efficient conservation strategies. Detailed habitat notes accompanied<br />
all records of species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR and as such, the data collected from this<br />
study represents a wealth of information with regard to all the taxon. Gathering information on<br />
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the presence of species in different forests also allows the distribution and ranges of individual<br />
species to be assessed. The distribution of Beamys hindei has for example recently been found to<br />
be greater than once thought, although it is very patchy but for reasons as yet unknown (Burgess<br />
et al. 2000). Mertensophryne also presents an interesting case of biogeography which is indicative<br />
of the distinctiveness of East African lowland amphibian fauna (Poynton 2000). Both of these<br />
species were recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR, Beamys hindei for the first time.<br />
6.6.2 SPECIES RICHNESS AND DIVERSITY<br />
For those taxa for which information is available, the species richness and diversity of<br />
Kazimzumbwi FR compares very favourably with that of other Coastal Forests. The recorded<br />
mammal diversity was for example shown to be above average for Coasta l Forests (even without<br />
species identifications for shrews and rodents) and the number of restricted range mammals is<br />
comparable to that recorded throughout the Pugu Hills. This high diversity was to be expected, as<br />
the Pugu Hills have been ranked third amongst all Coastal Forests in terms of their mammal<br />
diversity (Burgess et al. 2000).<br />
6.6.3 FOREST DEPENDENCY<br />
Sixty species (27%) from all taxa recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR are directly dependent upon<br />
closed canopy, primary forest. Forest dependency is highest within the butterflies and<br />
amphibians. The mosaic of habitats present in Kazimzumbwi FR supports a great variety of<br />
species, including many ecological generalists, however it is the forest dependent species that are<br />
most at threat from habitat alteration. Forest dependent species rely on areas which are currently<br />
threatened by activites such as pole cutting, charcoal production and pitsawing (see Chapter 5)<br />
and it is these habitats that should thus receive top conservation priority.<br />
6.6.4 ENDEMISM<br />
Thirty species recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR (13 %) have ranges restricted to Coastal Forest<br />
and/or Eastern Arc Mountains and/or other East African forests. The highest degree of endemism<br />
is recorded within the amphibia. The endemic status of Agama montana has been altered by the<br />
record of this species within Kazimzumbwi FR, as it has previously only been recorded in certain<br />
Eastern Arc Mountains. The link between endemism and forest dependence has been<br />
demonstrated within all taxa recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR, as has the link between these factors<br />
and species of conservation concern.<br />
6.6.5 SPECIES OF CONSERVATION CONCERN<br />
Seven species recorded are of IUCN conservation concern, many of which are mammals. This<br />
reflects, in part, the relatively more complete investigation of this taxa when compared to others.<br />
Many <strong>Tanzania</strong>n reptiles have for example been deemed of conservation concern based on the<br />
criteria of IUCN by Professor K. Howell (UDSM), although none are officially recognised as<br />
such (see <strong>Frontier</strong> <strong>Tanzania</strong> 2001). Six of the seven species of conservation concern recorded in<br />
Kazimzumbwi FR are considered Threatened (Vulnerable or Endangered) by IUCN whilst the<br />
other two are considered of Lower Risk.<br />
Overall, the fauna recorded in Kazimzumbwi FR demonstrates high species richness, moderate<br />
forest dependency and a high level of endemism. A number of species are also internationally<br />
recognised as being under threat. Species are distributed throughout the mosaic of habitats found<br />
within the reserve, although the restricted range species tend to be confined to areas of forest and<br />
thus this habitat is considered the highest priority for conservation. It is also this habitat that is<br />
most at threat from human activites that may alter both vegetation type and structure.<br />
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REFERENCES<br />
Burgess, N.D. & Dickinson, A. (1993) Site description and evaluation: Kazimzumbwi Forest<br />
Reserve, Kisarawe District, <strong>Tanzania</strong>. <strong>Frontier</strong> <strong>Tanzania</strong> (unpublished report).<br />
Burgess, N. D. & Muir, C. (Eds.) (1994). The Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa: Biodiversity and<br />
Conservation. The SOciety for <strong>Environmental</strong> Exploration and the University of Dar es Salaam,<br />
London and Dar es Salaam.<br />
Burgess, N.D., Matthews, P., Evers, Y. and Woodcock, K. (2000) Non-timber uses, threats and<br />
local attitudes pp.281 - 302. In: Burgess, N.D. & Clarke, G.P. (Eds.) Coastal Forests of Eastern<br />
Africa. The IUCN Forest Conservation Programme, Cambridge, UK.<br />
Clarke, G.P. & Dickinson, A. (1995) Status reports for 11 coastal forests in Coast Region,<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong>. <strong>Frontier</strong> <strong>Tanzania</strong> Technical Report No. 17. Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme. The<br />
Society for <strong>Environmental</strong> Exploration and The University of Dar es Salaam ISSN 0960-2437.<br />
Clarke, G.P. and Karoma, N.J. (2000) History and anthropogenic disturbance. In: Burgess, N.D.<br />
& Clarke, G.P. (Eds.) Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa. The IUCN Forest Conservation<br />
Programme, Cambridge, UK.<br />
Misitu Yetu Project proposal (1999) submitted to NORAD. Supporting communities to manage<br />
and benefit from the biodiverse forests of Eastern <strong>Tanzania</strong> . Wildlife Conservation Society of<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong>; <strong>Tanzania</strong> Forest Conservation Group and CARE International<br />
Howell, K. M. (1991) Pugu Forest Reserve: biological values and development. African Journal<br />
of Ecology 19,73-81.<br />
Lagerstedt, E. (1995) Views, Needs, Uses and Problems connected with the Forest in<br />
Kazimzumbwi Village, <strong>Tanzania</strong>. WCST, Dar es Salaam.<br />
Mwamfupe, D.G. (1997) PCIP Report of Pugu and Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserves: a report<br />
submitted to WWF <strong>Tanzania</strong>. WWF, Dar es Salaam.<br />
Rodgers, W.A. & Burgess, N.D. (2000) Taking conservation action pp. 317-334. In:Burgess,<br />
N.D. & Clarke, G.P. (Eds.) Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa. The IUCN Forest Conservation<br />
Programme, Cambridge, UK.<br />
Sheil, D. (1992) <strong>Tanzania</strong>n Coastal Forests – unique, threatened and overlooked. Oryx 26, 107-<br />
114.<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
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APPENDIX 1<br />
COASTAL FOREST VEGETATION TYPES After Clarke (2000)<br />
• EASTERN AFRICAN COASTAL DRY FOREST<br />
This is the predominant and most variable of the Coastal Forest vegetation types. Legume<br />
dominance is high and it is believed to have covered much of the eastern African coastal zone<br />
prior to human intervention. It comprises two sub-types:<br />
1. Legume-dominated dry forest<br />
This occurs on well-drained soils with 1500mm) or drainage impeded;<br />
physiognomically similar to lowland rainforest. Characteristic species are also common to<br />
Riverine Forest and include Sterculia sp. and Milicia sp. Multiple tree strata are present with 45m<br />
emergents reaching above a 30-40m canopy and a dense shrub layer. Lianes, epiphytes and herbs<br />
rare or scarce although the grass Olyra latifolia may be abundant.<br />
• EASTERN AFRICAN COASTAL RIVERINE/SWAMP/GROUNDWATER FOREST<br />
Some unique species differentiate between the otherwise difficult to separate Riverine and<br />
Groundwater Forest. 87 species dominate with 28 common or frequent species occurring in these<br />
vegetation types.<br />
1. Groundwater Forest<br />
This occurs on slopes of impeded drainage and in valley bottoms. Typically deciduous emergents<br />
occur above a 25-35m canopy. Moraceae are prominent and bird and bats commonly disperse<br />
these and others species. Shrubs and lianes are frequent.<br />
2. Riverine Forest<br />
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This is found along permanent or near-permanent watercourses or on floodplains (where species<br />
composition depends on the recurrence interval of floods). Large trees typically occur in a diverse<br />
canopy. Lianes may be abundant whilst herbs are rare.<br />
3. Swamp Forest<br />
Freshwater swamp conditions are rare in Coastal Forest and thus so is this vegetation type.<br />
Monocotyledon dominated, for example Pandanus rabaiensis, Raphia farnifera, Elaeis<br />
guineensis and Typhonodorum lindleyanum.<br />
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APPENDIX 2<br />
TAXONOMIC VERIFICATION<br />
BOTANY<br />
Mr Albert Ntemi Sallu<br />
East Usambara Catchment Area<br />
Management Programme (EUCAMP)<br />
P.O.Box 85869, Tanga, <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
Vertebrates:<br />
ZOOLOGY<br />
Bats and small mammals.<br />
Prof. Kim Howell Department of Zoology University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box<br />
35060, Dar es Salaam, <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
Dr. Dieter Kock Frankfurt Zoological Museum Saugetiere III, Senckenberg,<br />
Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am<br />
Main, Germany<br />
Dr. W. Stanley Field Museum of Natural History Chicago, Illinois, USA<br />
Amphibians<br />
Prof. Kim Howell<br />
Charles Msuya<br />
Dr. J. Poynton<br />
Dr. B. Clarke<br />
Reptiles<br />
Department of Zoology<br />
Natural History Museum<br />
University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box<br />
35060, Dar es Salaam, <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
Cromwell Road, London, UK<br />
Prof. Kim Howell Department of Zoology University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box<br />
35060, Dar es Salaam, <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
Dr. Don Broadley Natural History Museum P.O. Box 240, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe<br />
Invertebrates:<br />
Millipedes<br />
Dr. R. Hoffman Virginia Museum of Natural History 1001 Douglas Av., Martinsville, Virginia<br />
24112, USA<br />
Butterflies<br />
Dr. Steve Collins African Butterfly <strong>Research</strong> Institute P.O. Box 14308, Nairobi, Kenya<br />
Molluscs<br />
Dr. B Verdcourt Kew Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW7 9AF, UK<br />
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APPENDIX 3<br />
VEGETATION PLOT DESCRIPTIONS<br />
Plot Geo co-ordinates Altitude Slope Topography Vegetation Canopy Disturbance<br />
number S E (m a.s.l.) (degrees) type height (m) category<br />
1 06 56' 01.3'' 039 03' 04.1'' 200 0 VF GS
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APPENDIX 4<br />
SPECIES LISTS FOR COASTAL FORESTS (NOT INCLUDING DATA FROM BURGESS &CLARKE (2000))<br />
VASCULAR PLANTS<br />
Family Genus species Ruvu South Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande Game<br />
FR Reference Reference FR Reference Reserve Reference<br />
Acanthaceae Barleria prionitis x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91<br />
Elytraria acaulis x Nda.'95<br />
Hypoestes forskalii x Nda.'95,<br />
Mba.'91<br />
x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91<br />
Lankesteria alba x Nda.'95<br />
Pseudoranthenus hildebrandtii x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91<br />
Sclerochiton holstii x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91<br />
Sclerochiton vogelii x Mwa.'91 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Thurnibergia kirkii x Nda.'95<br />
Thurnibergia sp. x Nda.'95<br />
Whitfielda stuhmannii x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera<br />
Anacardaceae Lannea schweinfurthii x Ism.'95,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Lannea stuhlmanii x Mwa.'91<br />
Lannea sp. x Nda.'95<br />
Ozoroa mucronata x Nda.'95,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
x<br />
x<br />
Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Rhus longipes x Mwa.'91<br />
Sclerocarya caffra x Mbw.'91<br />
Sorindeia madagascariensis x Mbw.'91 x Rul.'95<br />
Annonaceae Annona senegalensis x Nda.'95,<br />
Mbw.'91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Artabotyrs ap.aff. brachypetalus x Nda.'95,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
x<br />
x<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Artabotyrs modestus x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91<br />
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Family Genus species Ruvu<br />
South<br />
Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande<br />
Game<br />
FR Reference Reference FR Reference Reserve Reference<br />
Asteranthe asterias x Nda.'95,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Monanthotaxis buchananii x Nda.'95,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Monanthotaxis formicata x Burg.'90<br />
Monanthotaxis trichocarpa x Nda.'95,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
x<br />
Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Monathotaxis fornicata x Mwas.'94<br />
Monodora grandidieri x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Monodora junodii x Mwa.'91<br />
Monodora minor x Mwa.'91 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Ophrypetalum odoratum x Nda.'95, Mwas. x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Uvaria acuminata x Nda.'95 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Uvaria kirkii x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91<br />
Uvaria leptocladon x Nda.'95<br />
Uvaria pandensis ** x Nda.'95, Mwas. x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Cla.'95<br />
Mwa.'91,<br />
Cla.'95<br />
Uvaria tanzaniae x Burg.'90<br />
Uvaria sp.nov. ** x Nda.'95, Mwas. x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Mba.'91,<br />
Cla.'95<br />
Cla.'95<br />
Uvaria sp.** x Cla'95<br />
Uvariodendron kirkii x Nda.'95 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Xylopia arenaria ** x Ism.'95,<br />
Nda.'95<br />
M ba.'91<br />
x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91<br />
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Family Genus species Ruvu<br />
South<br />
Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande<br />
Game<br />
FR Reference Reference FR Reference Reserve Reference<br />
Xylopia parviflora x Ism.'95,<br />
Nda.'95<br />
Xylopia sp. B of FTEA ** x How.'81,<br />
Mbw.91<br />
Annonaceae<br />
Cla.'95<br />
sp. * x Cla.'95<br />
Aopcynaceae Carissa tetramera x Nda.'95,<br />
x<br />
Cla.'95<br />
x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Dictyophleba lucida x Nda.'95<br />
Holarrhena pubescens x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Landolphia kirkii x Nda.'95 x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Mascarenhasia arborescens x Mwa.'91<br />
Rauvolfia caffra x Nda.'95<br />
Rauvolfia mombasiana x Mwa.'91<br />
Rauvolfia nigelise x Mwa.'91<br />
Saba comorensis x Nda.'95 x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Schizozygia coffaeoides x Nda.'95<br />
Stephanostoma * stenocarpus * x How.'81<br />
Stropanthus courmontii x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91<br />
Stropanthus kombe x Nda.'95<br />
Stropanthus petersiana x Nda.'95 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Voacanga africana x Mwa.'91<br />
Araceae Gonatopus boivinnii x Nda.'95<br />
Araliaceae Cussonia zimmermanii x Ism.'95,<br />
Nda.'95<br />
Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia petersiana x Mwa.'91<br />
Asciepiadaceae Harrisonia abyssinica x Mwa.'91<br />
Anchomanes abbreviatus x Nda.'95<br />
Asciepiadaceae Anchomanes difformis x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91<br />
Sarcostemma viminale x Nda.'95<br />
Asteraceae Aspilia sp. * x Cla.'95<br />
Balanitaceae Balanites wilsoniana x Nda.'95<br />
x<br />
Rul.'95<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
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Family Genus species Ruvu<br />
South<br />
Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande<br />
Game<br />
FR Reference Reference FR Reference Reserve Reference<br />
Bignoniaceae Fernandoa magnifica x Nda.'95,<br />
x Mbw.'91<br />
Mbw.'91<br />
Kigelia africana x Nda.'95<br />
Markhamia obtusifolia x Nda.'95,<br />
x Rul.'95 x Mbw.'91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Markhamia zanzibarica x Mbw.'91 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Markhamia zanzibarensis x Nda.'95 x Rul.'95<br />
Fernandoa magnifica x Ism.'95<br />
Bombaceae Adansonia digitata x Mbw.'91<br />
Bombax schumannianum x Burg.'90<br />
Bombax rhodognaphalon x Nda.'95 x Rul.'95 x Mwas.'94<br />
Ceiba sp. x Mbw.'91<br />
Rhodognaphalon schumannianum x Mbw.'91<br />
Boraginaceae Ehretia amoena x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91<br />
Ehretia bakeri x Ism.'95,<br />
Nda.'95<br />
x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Ehretia litoralis x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91<br />
Ehretia sp. x Mbw.'91<br />
Bourreria petiolaris x Mwas.<br />
Burseraceae Commiphora fulvotomentosa x Mbw.'91,<br />
x Mwa.'91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Commiphora madagascariensis x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91<br />
Commiphora serrata x Ism.'95,<br />
Nda.'95<br />
Commiphora zimmermanii x How.'81,<br />
Mbw.'91<br />
Cactaceae Rhipsalis sp. x Nda.'95<br />
Caesalpiniaceae Afzelia quanzensis x Mbw.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mbw.'91<br />
Caesalpinia bonduc x Nda.'95<br />
Caesalpinia volkensii x Nda.'95<br />
Cassia abbreviatus x Ism.'95,<br />
Nda.'95<br />
x<br />
Rul.'95<br />
x<br />
Mbw.'91<br />
Cassia afrofistula x Mbw.'91,<br />
x Mwa.'91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Cassia petersiana x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91<br />
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Family Genus species Ruvu<br />
South<br />
Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande<br />
Game<br />
FR Reference Reference FR Reference Reserve Reference<br />
Cynometra webberi x Ism.'95,<br />
Nda.'95<br />
x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Cynometra suahelensis x Burg.'90<br />
Cynometra sp. x How.'81<br />
Dialium holtzii x Ism.'95,<br />
x Rul.'95<br />
Nda.'95<br />
How.'81<br />
x Mbw.'91<br />
Hymeneae verrucosa x Ism.'95.<br />
Nda.'95<br />
x Rul.'95 x Mbw.'91,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
How.'81,<br />
Mbw.'91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Julbernadia magnistipulata x Mbw.'91,<br />
x Mwa.'91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Mezoneuron angolense x Mwa.'91<br />
Scorodophloeus fischeri x Ism.'95,<br />
Nda.'95<br />
x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
How.'81,<br />
Mbw.91<br />
Mbw.'91,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Mba.'91<br />
Tessmania mauritania ** x Ism.'95,<br />
x Cla.'95<br />
Nda.'95<br />
Cla.'95<br />
Trachylobium verricossum x Mbw.'91<br />
Capparaceae Capparis erythrocarpos x Nda.'95 x Burg.'90<br />
Capparis viminea x Nda.'95,<br />
x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Maerua holstii x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91<br />
Maerua sp. x Nda.'95<br />
Ritchie capparoides x Nda.'95,<br />
x Mwa.'91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Capparidaceae Thylachium macrophyllum x Mwa.'91<br />
Celastraceae Elaeodendron buchananii x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91<br />
Elaeodendron schlecteranum x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91<br />
Hippocratea africana x Burg.'90<br />
Hippocratea clematoides x Burg.'90<br />
Maytenus heterophylla x Nda.'95<br />
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Family Genus species Ruvu<br />
South<br />
Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande<br />
Game<br />
FR Reference Reference FR Reference Reserve Reference<br />
Maytenus mossambicence x Nda.'95,<br />
x Mwa.'91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Maytenus senegalensis x Nda.'95,<br />
x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Maytenus undata x Nda.'95,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Salacia elegans x Nda.'95,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Salacia leptoclada x Nda.'95<br />
Salacia madagascariensis x Nda.'95,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
x<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Mbw.'91,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Salacia sp. x Mbw.'91<br />
Chenopodiaceae Spirostachis africana x Mbw.'91<br />
Clusiaceae Harungana madagascariensis x Burg.'90<br />
Colchicaceae Gloriosa superba x Rul.'95<br />
Combretaceae Combretum butyrosum x Nda.'95,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
x<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Combretum celastroides x Nda.'95,<br />
x Mwa.'91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Combretum harrisii ** x Cla.'95 x Nda.'95,<br />
Mbw.'91<br />
x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mbw.'91<br />
Mwa.'91,<br />
Cla.'95<br />
Mwa.'91,<br />
Cla.'95<br />
Combretum holtzii x Rul.'95<br />
Combretum illiarii x Nda.'95 x Mwas.'94,<br />
Mbw.'91<br />
Burg.'90<br />
Combretum molle x Rul.'95<br />
Combretum padoides x Nda.'95<br />
Combretum pentagonum x Nda.'95,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Combretum schumannii x Burg.'90<br />
Combretum sp. x Nda.'95 x Burg.'90<br />
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Family Genus species Ruvu<br />
South<br />
Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande<br />
Game<br />
FR Reference Reference FR Reference Reserve Reference<br />
Pteleopsis myrtifolia x Mbw.'91,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
x Rul.'95 x Mbw.'91,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Pteleopsis stuhmannii x Ism.'95<br />
Terminalia sericey x Mbw.'91<br />
Terminalia spinosum x Mbw.'91<br />
Compositae Ageratum conyzoides x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Aspilia sp. * x How.'81,<br />
Mba.'91<br />
Bidens pilosa x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Blepharisperum zanguebaricum x Mwa.'91 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Blumea aurita x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Brachylaena huillensis x Ism.'95,<br />
Nda.'95<br />
x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Emilia japonica x Burg.'90<br />
Emilia coccinea x Mwas.'94<br />
Pluchea discorides x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95<br />
Psiadia arabia x Mwa.'91 x Mbw.'91,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Psiadia puctulata x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91<br />
Tridax procumbens x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Veronia cinerea x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Connaraceae Brysocarpus boivinianus x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91<br />
Brysocarpus brownii x Nda.'95<br />
Brysocarpus orientalis x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91<br />
Cnestis confertiflora x Nda.'95,<br />
x Mwa.'91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Convolvulaceae Bonamia mossambicensis x Nda.'95 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
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Family Genus species Ruvu<br />
South<br />
Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande<br />
Game<br />
FR Reference Reference FR Reference Reserve Reference<br />
Convolvulaceae Jacquemontia paniculata x Nda.'95<br />
Ipomoea ochracea x Rul.'95<br />
Cucurbitaceae Coccinia grandis x Nda.'95<br />
Coccinia sp. x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Momordica trifoliata x Rul.'95<br />
Cycadaceae Encephalartos hildebrandtii x Mwa.'91,<br />
x Rul.'95 x Mwas.'94,<br />
(CITES Appendix 1)<br />
Cla.'95<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Burg.'90,<br />
Cla.'95<br />
Cyperaceae Mariscus sp. x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Scleria lithosperma x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Scleria racemose x Nda.'95<br />
Pycerus sp. * x Cla.'95<br />
Dichapetalaceae Dichapetalum arenarium x Nda.'95,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Dichapetalum braunii x Mwa.'91<br />
Dichapetalum mossambicensis x Nda.'95,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
x<br />
Burg.'90,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
x Mwas.'94,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Dichapetalum stuhlmannii x Nda.'95,<br />
Mbw.'91<br />
x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Mbw.'91,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Dilliniaceae Tetracera boiviana x Mwa.'91<br />
Tetracera littoralis x Nda.'95<br />
Ebenaceae Diospyros brucei x Ism.'95,<br />
Nda.'95<br />
x Burg.'90<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Diospyros capricornuta ** x Cla.'95<br />
Diospyros engleri * x How.'81,<br />
Mba.'91<br />
Diospyros ferruginea x Mwa.'91<br />
Diospyros greenwayi x Burg.'90<br />
Diospyros mafiensis x Nda.'95<br />
Diospyros menispiliformis x Nda.'95<br />
Diospyros squarrosa x Mwas.'94<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
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Family Genus species Ruvu<br />
South<br />
Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande<br />
Game<br />
FR Reference Reference FR Reference Reserve Reference<br />
Diospyros verrucosa x Ism.'95,<br />
Nda.'95<br />
x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mbw.'91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Diospyros sp.nov. * x Nda.'95, Mwas.<br />
Euclea natalensis x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91<br />
Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum emarginatum x Mwa.'91<br />
Erythroxylum sp. x Burg.'90<br />
Euphorbiaceae Acalypha engleri x Nda.'95<br />
Acalypha gillmanii ** x Cla.'95<br />
Acalypha neptunica x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Acalypha oillimanii x Mwa.'91<br />
Acalypha racemosa x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91<br />
Alchemes engleri ** x Mba.'91<br />
Alchornea laxiflorai x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91<br />
Alichomea engleri x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91<br />
Antidesma membranaceum x Mbw.'91<br />
Antidesma venosum x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91<br />
Bridelia cathartica x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91<br />
Bridelia micrantha x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Croton jatrophoides ** x Cla.'95<br />
Croton pseudopulchellus x Nda.'95,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Euphorbiaceae Croton steenkampianus x Cla.'95<br />
Croton sylvaticus x Ism.'95,<br />
Nda.'95<br />
Drypetes arguta x Mwa.'91 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Mbw.'91,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Drypetes natalensis x Nda.'95,<br />
x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Drypetes reticulata x Burg.'90<br />
Drypetes sp. x Burg.'90<br />
Erythrococea bongensis x Mwa.'91<br />
Euphorbia hirta x Rul.'95<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
86<br />
Family Genus species Ruvu<br />
South<br />
Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande<br />
Game<br />
FR Reference Reference FR Reference Reserve Reference<br />
Euphorbia nyikae x Nda.'95 x Mbw.'91<br />
Euphorbia sp. x Nda.'95,<br />
Mbw.'91<br />
Mallotus oppositifolia x Nda.'95<br />
Manihot glazionii x Mbw.'91<br />
Margaritaria discoides x Nda.'95<br />
Margaritaria sp. x Nda.'95<br />
Mildbraedia carpinifolia x Nda.'95,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
x<br />
Burg.'90,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Oldfieldia somalensis x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91<br />
Phyllanthus nummulariformis x Mwa.'91<br />
Pycnocoma littoralis x Mbw.'91,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Riciniodendron heudelotii x How.'81,<br />
Mbw.'91<br />
Sapium triloculare ** x Ism.'95,<br />
Nda.'95<br />
x Rul.'95 x Mbw.'91,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
How.'81,<br />
Mbw.91<br />
Mba.'91,<br />
Cla.'95<br />
Sapium sp. * x Mwa.'91,<br />
Cla.'95<br />
Securinega verrosa x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91<br />
Suregada zanzibarensis x Nda.'95,<br />
Nda.'91<br />
Tragia acalyphpoides ** x Cla.'95 x Cla.'95<br />
Tragia furialis x Nda.'95<br />
Tragia jatrophosides * x Mwas.<br />
Flueggea virosa x Rul.'95<br />
sp. * x Cla.'95<br />
Flacourtiaceae Bivea jalbertii x Mbw.'91,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Casearia gladiformis x Nda.'95,<br />
Mbw.'91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Casearia holtzii ** x Mba.'91,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
x<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
87<br />
Family Genus species Ruvu<br />
South<br />
Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande<br />
Game<br />
FR Reference Reference FR Reference Reserve Reference<br />
Dovyalis macrocalyx x Nda.'95<br />
Flacourtia indica x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95<br />
Grandidiera boivinnii x Nda.'95<br />
Ludia mauritiana x Nda.'95,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Paropsia braumii x Mbw.'91,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Xylotheca tettensis x Nda.'95,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91<br />
Graminae Digitaria milanjiana x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Eragrostis ciliaris x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Flagellaria guineense x Nda.'95,<br />
x Mwa.'91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Humbertochloa greenwayii ** x Nda.'95,<br />
x Rul.'95<br />
How.'81<br />
Mba.'91<br />
Megastachya mucronata x Burg.'90<br />
Olyra latifolia x Nda.'95<br />
Panicum trichocaldium x Nda.'95 x Mwas.'94<br />
Panicum deustum x Burg.'90<br />
Panicum trichocladum x Burg.'90<br />
Pennisetum purpureum x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Guttiferae Garcinia acutifolia ** x Nda.'95,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91<br />
Cla.'95<br />
Garcinia buchananii x Mwa.'91 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Garcinia livingstonei x Nda.'95,<br />
x Mbw.'91<br />
Mbw.'91<br />
Garcinia sp. x Burg.'90<br />
Guttiferae Vismia orientalis x Mwa.'91 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Hymenocardiaceae Hymenocardia ulmoides x Ism.'95,<br />
Nda.'95<br />
x<br />
Burg.'90,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
88<br />
Family Genus species Ruvu<br />
South<br />
Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande<br />
Game<br />
FR Reference Reference FR Reference Reserve Reference<br />
Mbw.'91<br />
Icacinaceae Apodytes dimidiata x Nda.'95<br />
Labiatae Hoslundia opposita x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91<br />
Plectrabthus seretii x Nda.'95<br />
Tinnea aethiopica x Mwa.'91<br />
Lecythidaceae Barringtonnia racemosa x Nda.'95,<br />
Mbw.'91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Foetidia<br />
africana<br />
Foetidia spinov x Mbw.'91<br />
Leguminosae Brachystegia spiciformis x How.'81, Mbw. x Rul.'95 x Mbw.'91<br />
'91<br />
Erythrophleum suaveolens x How.'81,<br />
Mbw.'91<br />
Erythrophleum sp. x Mbw.'91<br />
Guibortia schliebenii x Mbw.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mbw.'91<br />
Pirostigma thorningii x Mbw.'91<br />
Tamarindus indica x Mbw.'91<br />
Baphiopsis africana x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Liliaceae Asparagus africana x Nda.'95<br />
Asparagus falcatus x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90<br />
Hugonia castaneifolia x Nda.'95,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
x Rul.'95 x Mwas.'94,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
x Burg.'90<br />
Hugonia sp. x Burg.'90<br />
Sansvaeria zanzibarica x Nda.'95<br />
Loganiaceae Mostuea brunonis x Nda.'95,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Mostuea microphylla x Mwa.'91<br />
Strychnos lucens x Mwa.'91<br />
Strychnos madagascariensis x Mwa.'91<br />
Strychnos panganensis x Nda.'95,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Strychnos scheffleria x Mwa.'91<br />
Strychnos usambarensis x Burg.'90<br />
Strychnos sp. x Mbw.'91<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
89<br />
Family Genus species Ruvu<br />
South<br />
Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande<br />
Game<br />
FR Reference Reference FR Reference Reserve Reference<br />
Loranthaceae Tapinanthus longipes ** x How.'81,<br />
Mba.'91<br />
Cla.'95<br />
Lovanthuaceae Lovanthus hildebrandtii x Mbw.'91<br />
Malphigiaceae Acridocarpus chloropterus x Nda.'95,<br />
x Mwa.'91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Acridocarpus pauciglandulosus ** x Cla.'95<br />
Acridocarpus sp. x Nda.'95<br />
Tristellateia africana x Mwa.'91<br />
Malvaceae Abutilion mauritanum x Mwa.'91<br />
Gossypiodes kirkii x Mwa.'91 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Hibscus vitifolius x Mwa.'91<br />
Thespesia danis x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91<br />
Melastomataceae Memecylon myrianthum x Mwa.'91<br />
Memecylon sansibaricum x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90<br />
Meliaceae Khaya nyasica x Mwa.'91<br />
Lepidotrichilia volkensii x Mbw.'91<br />
Pseudobersama mossambicensis x Nda.'95<br />
Turraea floribunda x Mwa.'91<br />
Turraea mombassana x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91<br />
Turraea wakefieldii x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91<br />
Melianthaceae Bersoma suffruticosa x Mbw.'91,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Menispermaceae Jateorhiza palmata x Nda.'95<br />
Tiliacora funifera x Nda.'95<br />
Tinospora caffre x Nda.'95 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Mimosaceae Acacia adenocalyx x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Mimosaceae Acacia brevispica x Nda.'95<br />
Acacia nergrescens x Ism.'95,<br />
Nda.'95<br />
Acacia pentagona x Rul.'95<br />
Acacia rovumae x Mbw.'91<br />
Albizia glabberima x Ism.'95,<br />
Nda.'95<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
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90<br />
Family Genus species Ruvu<br />
South<br />
Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande<br />
Game<br />
FR Reference Reference FR Reference Reserve Reference<br />
Albizia petersiana x Ism.'95,<br />
x Rul.'95 x Mbw.'91<br />
Nda.'95<br />
Mbw.'91<br />
Albizia gummerifera x Nda.'95,<br />
How.'81<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Albizia versicolor x Ism.'95<br />
Dichrostachys cinerea x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mbw.'91,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Newtonia paucijuga x Ism.'95,<br />
x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90<br />
Nda.'95<br />
How.'81,<br />
Mbw.91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Parkia filicoides x Nda.'95,<br />
How.'81<br />
Mbw.'91,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Xylia africana x Ism.'95,<br />
Nda.'95<br />
Moraceae Antiaris toxicaria x Ism.'95,<br />
x Rul.'95<br />
Nda.'95<br />
How.'81, Mbw.<br />
'91<br />
Mba.'91<br />
Bosqueia phoberos x How.'81, Mbw.<br />
'91<br />
Chlorophora excelsa x Mbw.'91 x Mbw.'91<br />
x How.'81,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Ficus exasperata x Nda.'95 x Rul.'95<br />
Ficus sp. x Mbw.'91 x Mbw.'91<br />
Milicia excelsa x Ism.'95,<br />
x Rul.'95<br />
Nda.'95<br />
Sloetiopsis usambarensis x Nda.'95<br />
Trilepisium madagascariensis x Ism.'95,<br />
Nda.'95<br />
Myrtaceae Eugenia sp. x Nda.'95<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
91<br />
Family Genus species Ruvu<br />
South<br />
Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande<br />
Game<br />
FR Reference Reference FR Reference Reserve Reference<br />
Ochnaceae Ochna atropurpurea x Nda.'95<br />
Ochna holtzii x Nda.'95,<br />
x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Ochna mossambicensis x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91<br />
Ochna purpurea x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91<br />
Ochna thomasiana x Nda.'95,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Ochna sp. x Burg.'90<br />
Oxhna mossambicensis x Mbw.'91 x Mbw.'91<br />
Oleacaceae Olax dissitiflora x Mbw.'91 x Mbw.'91<br />
Chionathus battiscombei x Nda.'95<br />
Olea africana x Mbw.'91<br />
Opiliaceae Rhopalopilia umbellulata x Mwa.'91<br />
Orchidaceae Microcoelia exilis x Burg.'90<br />
Polystacya puguensis * x Mwas.<br />
Papilionaceae Angylocalyx braunii x Ism.'95,<br />
Nda.'95<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Baphia kirkii x Ism.'95,<br />
Nda.'95<br />
Baphia kirkii How.'81, Mbw.<br />
'91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Baphia puguensis ** x Nda.'95,<br />
How.'81<br />
x<br />
Burg.'90,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Mbw.'91<br />
M ba.'91,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Cla.'95<br />
Craibia brevicandata x Nda.'95 x Burg.'90<br />
Crotolaria axillaris x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91<br />
Crotolaria goodiformis x Nda.'95,<br />
x Mwa.'91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Crotolaria retusa x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91<br />
Dalbergia acariintha ** x Cla.'95<br />
Dalbergia bracteolate x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91<br />
Dalbergia melanoxylone x Mbw.'91 x Mbw.'91<br />
x<br />
Cla.'95<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
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92<br />
Family Genus species Ruvu<br />
South<br />
Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande<br />
Game<br />
FR Reference Reference FR Reference Reserve Reference<br />
Papilionaceae Dalbergia obovata x Nda.'95,<br />
x Mwa.'91<br />
Mbw.'91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Dalbergia sp. x Nda.'95<br />
Desmodium velutimum x Mwa.'91<br />
Erythrina sacleusii x Nda.'95,<br />
How.'81<br />
x Rul.'95 x Mwas.'94,<br />
Mbw.'91<br />
Mbw.'91<br />
Millettia eetveldeana x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91<br />
Millettia impressa x Nda.'95 x Burg.'90,<br />
Millettia puguensis ** x Nda.'95,<br />
How.'81<br />
Mba.'91,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Cla.'95<br />
Millettia usaramensis x Ism.'95,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
x<br />
Rul.'95,<br />
Cla.'95<br />
x<br />
x<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Mbw.'91<br />
Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Platysepalum inopinatum x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91<br />
Rhynchosia holtzii * x Nda.'95,<br />
How.'81<br />
Mba.'91,<br />
Cla.'95<br />
Rhynchosia sublobata x Mbw.'91<br />
Passifloraceae Schlechterina mitostemmatoides x Nda.'95,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
x<br />
Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Adenia lindiensis x Rul.'95<br />
Basananthe zanzibarica x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Polygalaceae Carpolobia goetzei x Nda.'95,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Poaceae Brachiaria lindiensis ** x Cla.'95 x Cla.'95<br />
Eragrostis sp.nov. x Cla.'95<br />
Humbertochloa greenwayi * x Cla.'95<br />
Rhamnaceae Lasiodiscus holtzii * x Nda.'95,<br />
How.'81<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
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93<br />
Family Genus species Ruvu<br />
South<br />
Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande<br />
Game<br />
FR Reference Reference FR Reference Reserve Reference<br />
Mwa.'91,<br />
Cla.'95<br />
x Mba.'91<br />
Lesiodiscus mildebrandtii x Mbw.'91<br />
Rhizophoraceae Cassipourea malosana x Burg.'90<br />
Rubiaceae Aidia sp. x Burg.'90<br />
Canthium bibracteanum x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91<br />
Canthium mombazense x Mwa.'91 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Canthium peteri ** x Cla.'95<br />
Canthium schimperianum x Mwa.'91 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Canthium setiflorum x Burg.'90<br />
Canthium venosum x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91<br />
Canthium vulgare x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91<br />
Canthium zanzibaricum x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91<br />
Chassalia umbraticola x Nda.'95,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Chazalliela abrupta x Nda.'95<br />
Cladoceras subcapitatum x Nda.'95,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
x<br />
x<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Coffea pseudozanguebariae x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91<br />
Coffea sessiliflora (var. x Mwas.,<br />
Mba.'91<br />
Mwasumbi) **<br />
Cremaspora triflora x Nda.'95,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Crosopteris febrifuga x Mbw.'91<br />
Fadogia sp. x Mwa.'91<br />
Gardenia transvenulosa x Nda.'95,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Gardenia volkensii Nda.'95 x Burg.'90<br />
Grumilea rufescens * x How.'81,<br />
Mba.'91<br />
Cla.'95<br />
Heinsia crinita x Nda.'95<br />
Hymenodictyon parvifolium x Nda.'95<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
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94<br />
Family Genus species Ruvu<br />
South<br />
Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande<br />
Game<br />
FR Reference Reference FR Reference Reserve Reference<br />
Keetia bibracteata x Nda.'95<br />
Kraussia kirkii x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91<br />
Rubiaceae Lamprothammus zanguebaricus x Mwa.'91<br />
Leptactina hexamera x Mwa.'91<br />
Leptactina oxyloba ** x Cla.'95<br />
Leptactina platyphylla x Nda.'95,<br />
Mbw.'91<br />
x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Leptactina sp. B of FTEA * x Mwa.'91,<br />
Cla.'95<br />
Meyna tetraphyla x Nda.'95,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Meyna sp. x Nda.'95<br />
Multidentia castaneae ** x Cla.'95<br />
Mussaenda monticola x Nda.'95,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Oxyanthus zanguebaricus x Nda.'95,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Oxyanthus sp. ** x Nda.'95 x Cla.'95<br />
Pavetta stenosepala x Nda.'95,<br />
x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Pentas bussei x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91<br />
Polysphaeria parviflora x Nda.'95,<br />
x Mwa.'91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Psychotria holtzii x Mwa.'91 x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mbw.'91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Psychotria laurecia x Nda.'95,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Psychotria riparia x Mbw.'91,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Pyrostria bibracteata x Nda.'95<br />
Rothmania macrosiphon x Ism.'95,<br />
Nda.'95<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Rothmania manganjae x Ism.'95,<br />
Nda.'95<br />
Mbw.'91<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Burg.'90,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Mbw.'91<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
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95<br />
Family Genus species Ruvu<br />
South<br />
Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande<br />
Game<br />
FR Reference Reference FR Reference Reserve Reference<br />
Rubia sp. x Mbw.'91<br />
Rytigynia binata ** x Mwa.'91,<br />
x Rul.'95 x Mwa.'91<br />
Cla.'95<br />
Rytigynia celastroides x Mwas.'94<br />
Rytigynia digacantha x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91<br />
Rytigynia microphylla x Burg.'90<br />
Tapiphylum sp. x Nda.'95<br />
Tarenna drummondii x Mwa.'91 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Tarenna nigrescens x Mwa.'91 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Tricalysia allocalyx ** x Nda.'95,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Cla.'95<br />
Mwa.'91,<br />
Cla.'95<br />
Tricalysia avolifolia x Mwa.'91 x Mwa.'91<br />
Tricalysia bridsonia var. pandensis * x Mwa.'91<br />
Tricalysia ovalifolia x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Tricalysia pallens x Ism.'95,<br />
Nda.'95<br />
Vanaueria tomentosa x Mwa.'91<br />
Rutaceae Teclea simplicifolia x Burg.'90<br />
Teclea trichocarpa x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90<br />
Vepris lanceolata x Rul.'95<br />
Zanthoxylum chalybeum x Nda.'95,<br />
x Rul.'95<br />
Mbw.'91<br />
Zanthoxylum holtzianum x Ism.'95,<br />
Nda.'95<br />
Sapindaceae Allophylus pervillei x Nda.'95<br />
Allophylus stachyanthus x Mbw.'91<br />
Blighia unijugata x Ism.'95,<br />
Nda.'95<br />
Bioghiopsis sp. x Mbw.'91<br />
Deinbollia borbonica x Ism.'95,<br />
Nda.'95<br />
x<br />
Rul.'95<br />
x<br />
x<br />
Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
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96<br />
Family Genus species Ruvu<br />
South<br />
Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande<br />
Game<br />
FR Reference Reference FR Reference Reserve Reference<br />
Haplocoelopsis africana x Ism.'95,<br />
Nda.'95<br />
Haplocoelum foliosum x Nda.'95 x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Haplocoelum inopleum x Ism.'95 x Burg.'90<br />
Haplocoelum mambasence x Mbw.'91 x Mbw.'91<br />
Haplocoelum trigonocarpum x Ism.'95,<br />
Nda.'95<br />
x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Lecaniodiscus sp.nov. x Mwas.<br />
Lepisanthes senegalensis x Nda.'95<br />
Sapindaceae Pancovia golungensis x Nda.'95<br />
Pancovia hildebrandtii x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Pancovia holtzii x Nda.'95 x Burg.'90<br />
Sapotaceae Afroseralisia kassneri ** x Cla.'95<br />
Bequaertiodendron megalismo x Nda.'95<br />
Malacantha alnifolia x Mba.'91 x Rul.'95<br />
Manilkara discolor x Rul.'95<br />
Manilkara sansibarensis x Ism.'95,<br />
Nda.'95<br />
x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Manilkara sulcata x Ism.'95,<br />
Nda.'95<br />
x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Mbw.'91,<br />
Mbw.'91<br />
Mba.'91<br />
Pachystela brevipes x Ism.'95<br />
Sideroxylon inerme x Burg.'90<br />
Solanaceae Solanum renschii x Nda.'95<br />
Sterculiaceae Cola clavata x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Mbw.'91<br />
Cola microcarpa x Nda.'95 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Dombeya shupangae x Mbw.'91<br />
Nesogordonia holtzii x Ism.'95,<br />
Nda.'95<br />
x<br />
Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Stercularia quinqueloba x Mbw.'91 x Rul.'95 x Mbw.'91<br />
Sterculia schliebenii ** x Nda.'95 x Cla.'95<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
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Family Genus species Ruvu<br />
South<br />
Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande<br />
Game<br />
FR Reference Reference FR Reference Reserve Reference<br />
Thymeleaceae Synaptolepis kirkii x Nda.'95 x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Tiliaceae Grewia cornocarpa x Ism.'95,<br />
x Rul.'95<br />
Nda.'95<br />
Grewia forbesii x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90<br />
Grewia goetzeana x Burg.'90<br />
Grewia holtzii x Nda.'95,<br />
Mbw.'91<br />
Grewia leptopus x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Grewia microcarpa x Nda.'95,<br />
Mbw.'91<br />
Triumfetta rhombifolia x Burg.'90<br />
Ulmaceae Trema orientalis x Mbw.'91 x Rul.'95<br />
Verbenaceae Clerodendron myricoides x Rul.'95<br />
Clerodendron capitatum x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Clerodendron sp. x Nda.'95<br />
Lantana camara x Nda.'95<br />
Lippia sp. x Nda.'95<br />
Vitex bunguensis x Rul.'95<br />
Vitex doniana x Rul.'95 x Mbw.'91<br />
Vitex strickeri x Nda.'95<br />
Vitex zanzibarensis x Ism.'95,<br />
Nda.'95<br />
Vitex sp. B of FTEA * x Cla.'95<br />
Violaceae Rinorea angustifolia x Nda.'95<br />
Rinorea ferrunginea x Nda.'95 x Rul.'95<br />
Rinorea illicifolia x Nda.'95<br />
Rinorea sp. x Burg.'90<br />
Vitaceae Cissus producta x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Cissus quadrangularis x Nda.'95<br />
Cissus rotundifolia x Rul.'95 x Burg.'90<br />
Cyphostemma buchananii x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwas.'94<br />
Cyphostemma hildebrandtii x Nda.'95 x Burg.'90<br />
Rhoicissus revoilii x Burg.'90<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
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Family Genus species Ruvu<br />
South<br />
Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande<br />
Game<br />
FR Reference Reference FR Reference Reserve Reference<br />
Ecobolium umbrossus x Burg.'90,<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Trichaulux mwasumbii x Mwas.'94<br />
* Endemic<br />
** Near Endemic<br />
No. of species 3 377 103 271<br />
No. of endemic species 0 13 1 3<br />
No. of near endemic species 2 21 12 4<br />
No. of endemic genera 0 1 0 0<br />
REFERENCES<br />
Abbreviation:<br />
Burg.'90<br />
Burgess N.D. (1990) Preliminary results of biological surveys in seven coastal forests of <strong>Tanzania</strong>. <strong>Frontier</strong>.<br />
Cla.'95<br />
Clarke G.P. & Dickinson A. (1995) Status reports for 11 Coastal Forests in <strong>Tanzania</strong>. <strong>Frontier</strong>.<br />
How.'81 Howell K.M. (1981) Pugu Forest Reserve: biological values and development. African Journal of Ecology, 19, 73-81.<br />
Ism.'95<br />
Ismail F.A.R. & Rulangaranga Z.K. (1995) Tree s[ecies distribution vis a vis environmental factors in Pugu Forest Reserve, Coast Region. (eds. K.M. Howell, F.A.<br />
Mturi, F.M. Urasa)<br />
Coastal Forest Biodiversity. Pp. 13-26. University of Dar es Salaam.<br />
Mwa.'91<br />
Mwakamela B.J.A.A (1991) Studies of floristic composition of Pugu and Pande Forests: Shrubs. University of Dar es Salaam.<br />
Mbw.'91<br />
Mbwana A.H.B. (1991) Studies of Florisitic Composition of Pugu and Pande Forests: Trees. University of Dar es Salaam.<br />
Mwas.<br />
Mwasumbi L.B. Pugu Forest Inventory. University of Dar es Salaam.<br />
Mwas.'94 Mwasumbi L.B., Burgess N.D. & Clarke G.P. (1994) Vegetation of Pande and Kiono Coastal forests, <strong>Tanzania</strong>. Vegetatio, 113, 71-<br />
81.<br />
Nda.'95<br />
Ndangalasi H.J. & Rulangaranga Z.K. (1995) Canopy gap characteristics and regenerating species composition in Pugu Forest Reserve, <strong>Tanzania</strong>. (eds. K.M. Howell,<br />
F.A. Mturi, F.M. Urasa)<br />
Coastal Forest Biodiversity. Pp. 27-39. University of Dar es Salaam.<br />
Rul.'95<br />
Rulangaranga Z.K. (1995) Plant species distribution in Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve, Kisarawe District, Coas t Region. (eds. K.M. Howell, F.A. Mturi, F.M.<br />
Urasa)<br />
Coastal Forest Biodiversity. Pp. 59-63. University of Dar es Salaam.<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
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99<br />
MAMMALS<br />
Family Genus species Common name Ruvu<br />
South<br />
Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande<br />
Game<br />
FR Reference Reference FR Reference Reserve Reference<br />
PRIMATES<br />
Cercopithecidae Papio cynocephalus Yellow baboon x How.'81, Coc.a<br />
Cercopithecinae Cercopithecus aethiops Grivet monkey x How.'81<br />
Cercopithecus albogularis White-throated x Coc.a, b x Coc.a x Coc.a, b<br />
monkey<br />
or, Syke's Blue<br />
monkey<br />
Cercopithecus mitis Gentle monkey x How.'81<br />
Cercopithecus pygerythrus Vervet monkey x Coc.a x Coc.a, b<br />
Galagonidae Otolemur crassicaudatus Greater galago x How.'81<br />
Otolemur garnetti ^ Small-eared<br />
x Coc.a x Coc.a, b<br />
galago<br />
Galago senegalensis Senegal galago x How.'81<br />
Galago zanzibaricus * Zanzibar galago x Cla.'95 x Coc.a, b x Coc.a, b<br />
CHIROPTERA<br />
Pteropodidae Epomophorus wahlbergi Wahlberg's fruit<br />
bat<br />
x Coc.'98,<br />
Coc.a, b<br />
x How.'81 x Coc.'98,<br />
Coc.a, b<br />
Lissonycteris angolensis Angola fruit bat x Coc.a x Coc.a, b<br />
Myonycteris relicta * Collared fruit bat x Coc.'98,<br />
Coc.a, b, c<br />
Cla.'95<br />
Rousettus aegyptiacus leachi Rousette bat,<br />
Egyptian fruit bat<br />
x Coc.'98,<br />
Coc.a, b<br />
Hipposideridae Hipposideros commersoni Commerson's<br />
Leaf-nosed bat<br />
x Coc.b x Coc.b x Coc.'98,<br />
Coc.b<br />
Hipposideros ruber ruber Noack's African x Coc.'98, x How.'81 x Coc.'98<br />
Leaf-nosed bat<br />
Coc.b<br />
Triaenops persicus afer Persion leaf-nosed x Coc.'98,<br />
bat<br />
Coc.b<br />
Megadermatidae Lavia frons Yellow-winged<br />
bat<br />
Molossidae Tadarida major Guano bat x How.'81<br />
Tadarida pumila Guano bat x How.'81<br />
Nycteridae Nycteris aurita Slit faced bat x Coc.'98<br />
x How.'81 x Coc.'98,<br />
Coc.b<br />
x Coc.'98,<br />
Coc.b<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
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100<br />
Family Genus species Common name Ruvu<br />
South<br />
Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande<br />
Game<br />
FR Reference Reference FR Reference Reserve Reference<br />
Nycteris hispida Hairy Slit faced<br />
bat<br />
x Coc.b x Coc.'98,<br />
Coc.b<br />
Nycteris thebaica Egyptian Slit<br />
x How.'81, Coc.b<br />
faced bat<br />
Rhinolophinae Rhinolophus landeri lobatus Lander's<br />
Horseshoe bat<br />
x Coc.'98,<br />
Coc.b<br />
x How.'81 x Coc.'98,<br />
Coc.b<br />
Vespertilionidae Eptesicus capensis Cape serotine x Coc.'98,<br />
Coc.b<br />
Myotis tricolor Cape Hairy bat x Coc.'98,<br />
Coc.b<br />
Pipstrellus nanus Banana bat x Coc.'98,<br />
Coc.b<br />
Scotophilus dinganii Yellow House bat x Coc.'98,<br />
Coc.b<br />
Scotophilus hirundo Dark winged<br />
House bat<br />
x Coc.'98,<br />
Coc.b<br />
INSECTIVORA<br />
Soricidae Crocidura hirta White-toothed<br />
shrew<br />
Crocidura fuscomurina White-toothed<br />
shrew<br />
Crocidura sp. White-toothed<br />
shrew<br />
x Coc.a x How.'81, Coc.c<br />
x<br />
x<br />
MACROSCELIDEA<br />
Macroscelididae Pterodromus tetradactylus Four-toed<br />
elephant shrew<br />
Rhynchocyon cirnei Chequered<br />
elephant shrew<br />
Rhynchocyon petersi * Zanj elephant<br />
shrew<br />
RODENTIA<br />
Cricetomyinae Beamys hindei ** Lesser pouched<br />
rat<br />
x Coc.b x Coc.b<br />
x<br />
How.'81<br />
x Coc.a, b x Coc.a, Cla.'95 x Coc.a, b<br />
x<br />
x<br />
Coc.a,<br />
Cla.'95<br />
Coc.b,<br />
Cla.'95<br />
x<br />
Coc.a<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
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101<br />
Family Genus species Common name Ruvu<br />
South<br />
Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande<br />
Game<br />
FR Reference Reference FR Reference Reserve Reference<br />
Cricetomys gambianus Giant Gambian<br />
x How.'81, Coc.a, x Coc.a, b<br />
pouched rat<br />
b<br />
Cricetomys hindei Giant pouched rat x Coc.a<br />
Gerbillinae Tatera leucogaster Tatera (Nakedsoled)<br />
x How.'81<br />
gerbil<br />
Hystricidae Hystrix sp. Porcupine x How.'81 x Coc.a, b<br />
Myoxidae Graphiurus murinus African dormouse x How.'81, Coc.a x Coc.b<br />
Graphiurus sp.nov. cf parvus African dormouse x Coc.a<br />
Muridae Acomys spinosissimus Spiny mouse x Coc.a x Coc.a<br />
Acomys subspinosus Spiny mouse x Coc.b x Coc.b<br />
Grammomys dolichurus Narrow-footed<br />
Coc.b x Coc.a<br />
woodland mouse<br />
Rattus rattus Black rat x How.'81 x Coc.b<br />
Thamnommys dolichurus Narrow-footed<br />
x Coc.b<br />
thicket rat<br />
Sciuridae Paraxerus palliatus Red Bellied Coast<br />
squirrel<br />
x Coc.b<br />
CARNIVORA<br />
Felidae Panthera leo Lion x Coc.a, b x Coc.a, b<br />
Herpestidae Herpestes sanguineus Slender mongoose x Coc.a, b<br />
Nandininae Nandina binotata African palm civet x How.'81, Coc.a<br />
Viverridae Civettictis civetta African civet x How.'81<br />
Genetta tigrina Blotched genet x How.'81, Coc.a<br />
Genetta sp. Genet x Coc.b x Coc.a, b<br />
PHOLIDOTA<br />
Manidae Manis temmincki Temminck's<br />
Ground pangolin<br />
x<br />
How.'81, Coc.a,<br />
b<br />
PROBOSCIDEA<br />
Elephantidae Loxodonta africana ^ African elephant x Coc.a, b,<br />
Cla.'95<br />
ARTIODACTYLA<br />
Cephalophini Cephalophus natalensis Natal duiker x Coc.a x Coc.a, b<br />
Cephalophus sp. Forest duiker x How.'81<br />
Suidae Potamochoerus porcus Red river hog x How.'81, Coc.a x Coc.a, b<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
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102<br />
* Endemic to Coastal Forest and Eastern Arc (After Coc.c)<br />
** Endemic to CF/EA and a few other East African forests (After Coc.c)<br />
^ 'Rare" species (After Coc.c)<br />
Ruvu<br />
South<br />
Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande<br />
Game<br />
FR FR Reserve<br />
No. of endemic or near<br />
4 3 3 -<br />
endemic species<br />
No. of bat<br />
8 9 14 -<br />
species<br />
No. of non-bat species 11 26 21 -<br />
Total no. of mammal<br />
species<br />
19 35 35 -<br />
REFERENCES<br />
Abbreviation:<br />
Cla.'95 ClarkeG.P. & Dickinson A. (1995) Status reports for 11 Coastal Forests in Coast Region, <strong>Tanzania</strong>. <strong>Frontier</strong><br />
Coc.'98 Cockle A., Kock D., Stublefield L., Howell K.M. & Burgess N.D. (1998) Bat assemblages in <strong>Tanzania</strong>n Coastal Forests. Mammalia, 62, 53-68.<br />
Coc.a Cockle A. The mammal guilds of <strong>Tanzania</strong>n Coastal Forests.<br />
Coc.b Cockle A. Draft: Notes on a mammal survey in thirteen <strong>Tanzania</strong>n Coastal Forests.<br />
Coc.c Cockle A., Howell K.M. & Burgess N. The mammal fauna of Coastal Forests.<br />
How.'81 Howell K.M. (1981) Pugu Forest Reserve: biological values and development. African Journal of Ecology, 19, 73-81.<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
103<br />
Endemic and near endemic mammal species (After Coc.c)<br />
Order Family Genus species Common name Endemic to:<br />
Primate Cercopethecidae Cercocebus galeritus Tana mangabey Coastal Forest<br />
Colobidae Colobus kirkii Pied colobus Coastal Forest<br />
Galagonidae Galago zanzibaricus Zanzibar galago Coastal Forest and Eastern Arc<br />
Galago sp.nov. A Galago Coastal Forest<br />
Galago sp.nov. B Galago Coastal Forest<br />
Otolemur garnetti Small-eared Rare' species<br />
galago<br />
Chiroptera Pteropodidae Myonycteris relicta Collared fruit bat Coastal Forest and Eastern Arc<br />
Pteropus seychellensis Flying fox Rare' species<br />
Pteropus voeltzkowi Flying fox Coastal Forest<br />
Molossidae Tadarida brachyptera Guano bat Coastal Forest and Eastern Arc<br />
Rhinolophinae Rhinolophus deckeni Horseshoe bat Coastal Forest<br />
Rhinolophus sp.nov. Horseshoe bat Coastal Forest<br />
Vespertilionidae Kerviflora africana Wooly bat Coastal Forest<br />
Insectivora Soricidae 4 spp. Shrew Coastal Forest<br />
Macroscelidea Rhychocyoninae Rhynchocyon chrysopygus Golden-rumped Coastal Forest<br />
elephant shrew<br />
Rhynchocyon petersi Zanj elephant Coastal Forest and Eastern Arc<br />
shrew<br />
Funisciurus Funiscirus pallitus Rope squirrel Coastal Forest and Eastern Arc<br />
Rodentia Cricetomyinae Beamys hindei Lesser pouched CF/EA and a few other East African forests<br />
rat<br />
Myoxidae Graphiurus sp.nov. African dormouse Coastal Forest<br />
Hyracoidea Procavidae Dendrohyrax validus Tree hyrax CF/EA and a few other East African forests<br />
Proboscidea Elephantidae Loxodonta africana African elephant Rare' species<br />
Perissodactyla Rhinocerotidae Diceros bicornis Browse (Black) Rare' species<br />
rhinoceros<br />
Artiodactyla Cepholophini Cephalophus adersi Ader's duiker Coastal Forest<br />
Cephalophus spadix Abbot's duiker CF/EA and a few other East African forests<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
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BIRDS<br />
Family Genus species Common name Ruvu South FR Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi FR Pande Game Reserve<br />
Reference Reference Reference Reference<br />
Ardeola striatus Green-backed heron x How.'81<br />
Accipitridae Accipiter tachiro African goshawk x How.'81,<br />
Burg.<br />
Accipiter melanoleucus Great sparrowhawk x Burg.,<br />
Ogl.<br />
Accipiter minullus Little sparrowhawk x Hux.<br />
Circaetus fasciolatus Southern Banded<br />
Snake eagle<br />
x Cla.'95 x Dav.'95,<br />
Cla.'95<br />
x<br />
x Hux. x Burg.'90,<br />
Burg., a<br />
Hux., Ogl.,<br />
Burg.b<br />
Macheirhamphus alcinus Bat -eating buzzard x How.'81<br />
Pernis apivorus Honey buzzard x How.'81<br />
Terathopius ecauddatus Bateleur x How.'81 x Hux.<br />
Gypohierax angolensis Palm-nut vulture x How.'81 x Hux.<br />
Neophron monachus Hooded vulture x How.'81<br />
Stephanoaetus coronatus Crowned eagle x Burg., x Hux., Ogl.<br />
Ogl.<br />
Numididae Guttera pucherani Kenya crested<br />
guineafowl<br />
x How.'81,<br />
Dav.'95<br />
x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.'90,<br />
Dav.<br />
Burg.,<br />
Ogl.<br />
Burg., a,<br />
Ogl.<br />
Rallidae Sarothrura elegans Buff-spotted pigmy<br />
x Burg.<br />
crake<br />
Columbidae Streptopelia semitorquata Red-eyed dove x How.'81<br />
Turtur chalcospilos Emerald-spotted wood<br />
x How.'81 x Hux.<br />
dove<br />
Turtur tympanistria Tambourine dove x How.'81,<br />
Dav.'95<br />
x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.'90,<br />
Burg.<br />
Burg., a,<br />
Ogl.<br />
Ogl.<br />
Aplopelia larvata Lemon dove x Burg.,<br />
Ogl.<br />
Musophagidae Tauraco livingstonii Livingstone's tauraco x How.'81,<br />
Dav.'95<br />
x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.'90,<br />
Burg., a<br />
Burg.,<br />
Ogl.<br />
Ogl.<br />
Cuculidae Centropus superciliosus White-browed coucal x How.'81 x Hux.<br />
x<br />
Cla.'95<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
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105<br />
Family Genus species Common name Ruvu South FR Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi FR Pande Game Reserve<br />
Reference Reference Reference Reference<br />
Ceuthmochares aereus Yellow-bill / Green<br />
coucal<br />
x How.'81,<br />
Burg.<br />
x Hux. x Burg.'90,<br />
Burg., a<br />
Ogl.<br />
Ogl.<br />
Strigidae Ciccaba woodfordii African wood owl x How.'81,<br />
Burg.<br />
x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.'90,<br />
Burg., a<br />
Ogl.<br />
Ogl.<br />
Glaucidium perlatum Pearl-spotted owlet x Hux.<br />
Caprimulgidae Caprimulgus fossii Mozambique nightjar x How.'81<br />
Caprimulgus pectorialis Fiery-necked nightjar x Hux. x Burg.'90,<br />
Burg.a<br />
Apus affinus Little swift x How.'81<br />
Cypsiurus parvus Palm swift x How.'81 x Hux.<br />
Neafrapus boehmi Bodini's Spinetail x Hux.<br />
Colius striatus Speckled mousebird x How.'81<br />
Alcedinidae Halcyon albiventris Brown-hooded<br />
x How.'81 x Hux., Ogl.<br />
kingfisher<br />
Halcyon chelicuti Striped kingfisher x Hux.<br />
Halcyon senegalensis Woodland kingfisher x Hux.<br />
Ispidina picta Pygmy kingfisher x Dav.'95,<br />
Burg.<br />
x Hux. x Burg.'90,<br />
Burg., a<br />
Trogonidae Apaloderma narina Narina's trogon x How.'81,<br />
Burg.<br />
x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.'90,<br />
Burg., a<br />
Ogl.<br />
Ogl.<br />
Merops boehmi Boehm's bee-eater x How.'81 x Hux.<br />
Merops superciliosus Blue-cheeked beeeater<br />
x How.'81<br />
persicus<br />
Phoeniculus purpureus Green Wood hoopoe x Hux.<br />
Bucerotidae Bycanistes bucinator Trumpeter hornbill x Burg.,<br />
Ogl.<br />
x Hux. x Burg.'90,<br />
Burg.<br />
Ogl.<br />
Tockus alboterminatus Crowned hornbill x How.'81, x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.a, Ogl.<br />
Ogl.<br />
Capitonidae Buccanodon leucotis White-eared barbet x How.'81<br />
Pogoniulus bilineatus Yellow-rumped<br />
tinkerbird<br />
x How.'81,<br />
Burg.<br />
x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.'90,<br />
Burg., a<br />
Ogl.<br />
Ogl.<br />
Pogoniulus simplex Green tinkerbird x How.'81,<br />
Dav.'95<br />
x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.'90,<br />
Burg., a, b<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
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Family Genus species Common name Ruvu South FR Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi FR Pande Game Reserve<br />
Reference Reference Reference Reference<br />
Burg., b, Burg.b<br />
Ogl.<br />
Ogl.<br />
Indicatoridae Indicator meliphilus Pallid honeyguide x How.'81<br />
Indicator minor Lesser honeyguide x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.'90,<br />
Burg.a<br />
Indicator variegata Scaly-throated<br />
x Burg. x Hux.<br />
honeyguide<br />
Picidae Campethera abingoni Golden-tailed<br />
woodpecker<br />
x Burg.,<br />
Ogl.<br />
Campethera cailliautii Little spotted<br />
woodpecker<br />
x How.'81,<br />
Burg.<br />
x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.'90,<br />
Burg., a<br />
Ogl.<br />
Ogl.<br />
Eurylaimidae Smithornis capensis African broadbill x How.'81,<br />
Burg.<br />
x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.'90,<br />
Burg., a<br />
Ogl.<br />
Ogl.<br />
Pittidae Pitta angolensis African pitta x Dav.'95,<br />
Burg.<br />
Ogl.<br />
Hirundidae Hirundo abyssinica Striped swallow x How.'81 x Hux.<br />
Hirundo duarica Red-rumped swallow x How.'81<br />
Psalidoprocne pristoptera Black rough-wing x How.'81,<br />
Burg.<br />
Anthus sokokensis ** Sokoke pipit x Cla.'95 x How.'81,<br />
Dav.'95<br />
Burg.b,<br />
Cla.'95<br />
Campephaga phoenicea Black-cuckoo-shrike x How.'81 x Hux.<br />
Motacillidae Motacilla alba African pied wagtail x How.'81<br />
Pycnonotidae Andropadus importunus Zanzibar sombre<br />
x How.'81<br />
greenbul<br />
Andropadus virens Little greenbul x How.'81,<br />
Burg.<br />
Ogl.<br />
Chlorocichla flaviventris Yellow-bellied<br />
x How.'81,<br />
greenbul<br />
Burg.<br />
Ogl.<br />
Nicator chloris Nicator x How.'81,<br />
Burg.<br />
x<br />
Hux., Ogl.<br />
x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.'90,<br />
Burg., a<br />
Ogl.<br />
x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.'90,<br />
Burg., a<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
107<br />
Family Genus species Common name Ruvu South FR Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi FR Pande Game Reserve<br />
Reference Reference Reference Reference<br />
Ogl.<br />
Ogl.<br />
Phyllastrephus fischeri ** Fisher's greenbul x How.'81,<br />
Dav.'91<br />
x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.'90,<br />
Burg., a<br />
Burg.,<br />
Ogl., Cla.'95<br />
Ogl.,<br />
Cla.'95<br />
Phyllastrephus terrestris Brownbul x Burg.,<br />
Ogl.<br />
Phyllastrephus flavostriatus Yellow-streaked<br />
greenbul<br />
x How.'81,<br />
Burg.<br />
x Hux. x Burg.'90,<br />
Burg., a<br />
Phyllastrephus debilis Tiny greenbul x Dav.'95,<br />
Burg.<br />
x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.'90,<br />
Burg., a, b<br />
Ogl.,<br />
Burg.b<br />
Ogl.<br />
Burg.b<br />
Pyconontus barbatus Common bulbul x Hux.<br />
Pycnonotus barbatus Dark-capped bulbul x How.'81<br />
Turidae Cercotrichas quadrivirgata Eastern bearded scrub<br />
robin<br />
x How.'81,<br />
Burg.<br />
x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.'90,<br />
Burg., a<br />
Ogl.<br />
Ogl.<br />
Cercotrichas leocophrys White-browed scrub<br />
x Hux.<br />
robin<br />
Cossypha natalensis Red-capped robin chat x How.'81,<br />
Dav.'95<br />
x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.'90,<br />
Burg., a<br />
Burg.,<br />
Ogl.<br />
Ogl.<br />
Neocossyphus rufus Red-tailed ant thrush x Dav.'95,<br />
Ogl.<br />
x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.'90, a,<br />
Ogl.<br />
Turdus fischeri Spotted ground thrush x Ogl.,<br />
Dav.'95<br />
Burg.b,<br />
Cla.'95<br />
Pogonocichla stellata White-starred bush<br />
robin<br />
x How.'81,<br />
Burg.<br />
Ogl.<br />
Sheppardia gunningi East coast akalat x Cla.'95 x How.'81, x Hux., Ogl.<br />
Dav.'95<br />
Burg.,<br />
Ogl.,<br />
Burg.b<br />
Burg.b<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
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108<br />
Family Genus species Common name Ruvu South FR Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi FR Pande Game Reserve<br />
Reference Reference Reference Reference<br />
cla.'95<br />
Turdus gurneyi Orange ground thrush x Ogl.<br />
Sylviidae Camaroptera brachyura Green-backed<br />
camaroptera<br />
x<br />
How.'81,<br />
Ogl.<br />
Macrosphenus kretschmeri Kretschmer's longbill x How.'81,<br />
Dav.'95<br />
Ogl.,<br />
Burg.b<br />
Prinia subflava Tawny -flanked prinia x How.'81<br />
Apalis flavida Coastal green-tailed<br />
x How.'81<br />
apalis<br />
Apalis melanocephala Black-headed apalis x How.'81,<br />
Ogl.<br />
Muscicapidae Batis mixta Puffback flycatcher x How.'81,<br />
Ogl.<br />
Erythrocerus holochlorus ** Little yellow<br />
x Cla.'95 x How.'81,<br />
flycatcher<br />
Dav.'95<br />
Ogl.,<br />
Burg.b,<br />
Cla.'95<br />
Platysteira peltata Black-throated wattle<br />
x How.'81<br />
eye<br />
Terpsiphone viridis Paradise flycatcher x How.'81,<br />
Ogl.<br />
Trochocercus cyanomelas Crested flycatcher x How.'81,<br />
Ogl.<br />
x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.'90,<br />
Burg.a<br />
Ogl.<br />
x<br />
x<br />
Hux., Ogl.<br />
Burg.b<br />
Hux., Ogl.<br />
x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.'90, a,<br />
Ogl.<br />
Burg.b<br />
Burg.b,<br />
Cla.'95<br />
x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.'90,<br />
Burg.a<br />
Ogl.<br />
x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.'90,<br />
Burg.a<br />
Ogl.<br />
x Hux., Ogl.<br />
Timaliidae Trichastoma rufipennis Pale-brested illadopsis x How.'81,<br />
Dav.'95<br />
ssp.puguensis *<br />
Ogl.,<br />
Cla.'95<br />
Zosteropidae Zosterops senegalensis Yellow white-eye x Burg.'90,<br />
Burg.a<br />
Nectariniidae Anthreptes collaris Collared sunbird x How.'81,<br />
Ogl.<br />
x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.'90,<br />
Burg.a<br />
Ogl.<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
109<br />
Family Genus species Common name Ruvu South FR Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi FR Pande Game Reserve<br />
Reference Reference Reference Reference<br />
Anthreptes neglectus Uluguru violet-backed<br />
x How.'81, x Hux., Ogl.<br />
sunbird<br />
Dav.'95<br />
Ogl.,<br />
Burg.b<br />
Burg.b<br />
Anthreptes reichenowi Plain-backed sunbird x Burg.'90,<br />
Burg.a<br />
Ogl.,<br />
Burg.b,<br />
Cla.'95<br />
Nectarinia olivacea Olive sunbird x How.'81,<br />
Ogl.<br />
x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.'90,<br />
Burg.a<br />
Ogl.<br />
Nectarinia senegalensis Scarlet-chested<br />
x How.'81<br />
sunbird<br />
Oriolus auratus African Golden oriole x Hux.<br />
Oriolus larvatus Black-headed oriole x Hux.<br />
Malaconotidae Dryoscopus hamatus Black puff-back x How.'81<br />
Dryoscopus cubla Zanzibar puff-back x How.'81,<br />
Ogl.<br />
Laniarus ferrungineus Tropical boubou x How.'81,<br />
Ogl.<br />
Malaconotus blanchoti Grey-headed bush<br />
shrike<br />
x How.'81,<br />
Ogl.<br />
Malaconotus quadricolour Four-coloured bush<br />
shrike<br />
Malaconotus sulfureopectus Sulphur-breasted bush<br />
x How.'81<br />
shrike<br />
Prionopidae Prionops scopifrons Chestnut-fronted helmet shrike x How.'81,<br />
Dav.'95<br />
Ogl.,<br />
Burg.b<br />
Tchagra australis Brown-headed bush<br />
x How.'81<br />
shrike<br />
Sturnidae Cinnyricinclus leucogaster Violet-backed starling x How.'81<br />
Lamprotornis corruscus Black-brested glossy<br />
x How.'81,<br />
starling<br />
Ogl.<br />
Dicruridae Dicurus adsimilis Drongo x How.'81<br />
x<br />
Hux.<br />
x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.'90,<br />
Burg.a<br />
Ogl.<br />
x<br />
Burg.'90,<br />
Burg.a<br />
x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.'90,<br />
Burg.a, b<br />
Burg.b<br />
Ogl.<br />
x<br />
Hux., Ogl.<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
<strong>110</strong><br />
Family Genus species Common name Ruvu South FR Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi FR Pande Game Reserve<br />
Reference Reference Reference Reference<br />
Dicurus ludwigii Square-tailed drongo x How.'81,<br />
Burg.<br />
x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.'90,<br />
Burg., a<br />
Ogl.<br />
Ogl.<br />
Passer griseus Grey-headed sparrow x How.'81<br />
Ploceidae Ploceus bicolor Dark-backed weaver x How.'81,<br />
Ogl.<br />
Ploceus ocularis Spectacled weaver x How.'81<br />
Euplectus capensis Yellow bishop x How.'81<br />
Estrildidae Estrilda astrild Waxbill x How.'81 x Hux.<br />
Hypargos niveoguttatus Peter's twinspot x How.'81,<br />
Dav.'95<br />
Ogl.<br />
Hypargos nitidula Green-backed<br />
twinspot<br />
x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.'90,<br />
Burg.a<br />
Ogl.<br />
x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.'90,<br />
Burg.a<br />
Ogl.<br />
x Ogl. x Hux., Ogl. x Burg.'90,<br />
Burg.a<br />
Ogl.<br />
Lonchura bicolor Rufous-backed<br />
x How.'81<br />
mannikin<br />
Pirinestes minor Lesser seed-cracker x How.'81, x Burg.b<br />
Burg.b<br />
* Endemic ** Near endemic<br />
No. of endemic species - 1 - -<br />
No. of near endemic species 2 3 2 -<br />
Total no.of bird species 4 97 69 40<br />
REFERENCES.<br />
Abbreviation<br />
Burg.'90 Burgess N.D. (1990) Preliminary results of biological surveys in seven Coastal Forests of <strong>Tanzania</strong>. <strong>Frontier</strong>.<br />
Burg.<br />
Burgess N.D., Huxham M.J., Baker N.E., Mlingwa C., Davis S.J. & Cutts C.J. Preliminary assessment of forest-birds in Kiono, Pande, Kisiju and Kiwengoma<br />
Coastal Forests, <strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
Burg.a Burgess N.D., Huxham M.J., Mlingwa C., Davis S.J. & Cutts C.J. Preliminary assessment of forest-birds in Kiono, Pande, Kisiju and Kiwengoma Coastal Forests,<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
Burg.b Burgess N.D. & Mlingwa C.O.F. Forest-birds of Coastal Forests in <strong>Tanzania</strong> and Kenya.<br />
Cla.'95 Clarke G.P. & Dickinson A. (1995) Status reports for 11 Coastal Forests in Coast Region, <strong>Tanzania</strong>. <strong>Frontier</strong>.<br />
Dav.'95 Davies S.G.F. (1995) Birds of <strong>Tanzania</strong>'s Coastal Forests withspecial reference to the Pugu Hills. (eds. K.M. Howell, F.A. Mturi, F.M. Urasa) Coastal Forest<br />
Biodiversity. Pp.55-58. University of Dar es Salaam.<br />
How.'81 Howell K.M. (1981) Pugu Forest Reserve: biological values and development. African Journal of Ecology, 19, 73-81.<br />
Hux.<br />
Ogl.<br />
Huxham M.J., Mlingwa C.O.F & Burgess N.D. A preliminary assessment of the birds of Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve, Kisarawe District, <strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
Ogle S.M. & College C. Bird species diversity, area and habitat complexity in the Coastal Forests of <strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
111<br />
REPTILES<br />
Family Genus species Common name Ruvu South FR Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi FR Pande<br />
Game<br />
Reference Reference Reference Reserve Reference<br />
Chameleons Chamaeleonidae Rhampholeon brevicaudatus ** Bearded pygmy<br />
x Cla.'95<br />
chameleon<br />
Snakes Colubridae Aparallactus werneri ** Usambara centipede<br />
x Cla.'95<br />
eater<br />
Dasypeltis medici ** East African Egg Eater x Cla.'95<br />
Lizards Laceritidae Heliobolus neumanni Neumann's Sand-lizard x Cla.'95<br />
** Near<br />
endemic<br />
No. of near-endemic species - 1 2 -<br />
No. of forest dependent<br />
7 - 16 -<br />
species (Cla.'95)<br />
No. of known reptile species<br />
(Cla.'95)<br />
7 5 16 2<br />
REFERENCES<br />
Abbreviation:<br />
Cla.'95 Clarke G.P. & Dickinson A. (1995) Status reports for 11 Coastal Forests in Coast Region, <strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
112<br />
AMPHIBIANS<br />
Family Genus species Common name Ruvu<br />
Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande Game<br />
South<br />
FR Reference Reference FR Reference Reserve Reference<br />
Bufonidae Bufo lindneri Toad x Cla.'95,<br />
Poyn.<br />
Bufo gutturalis Guttural toad x Poyn. x Poyn.<br />
Mertensophryne micranotis ** Tree toad x Cla.'95,<br />
x<br />
Poyn.<br />
Cla.'95,<br />
Poyn.<br />
Dic.'92<br />
Microhylidae Breviceps mossambicus Mozambique rain frog x Poyn. x Poyn.<br />
Ranidae Ptychadena anchietae Plain grass frog x Poyn.<br />
Phrynobatrachus acridoides East African puddle<br />
x Poyn. x Poyn.<br />
frog<br />
Phrynobatrachus mababiensis x Poyn.<br />
Arthroleptidae Arthroleptus affinis Squeaker x Poyn.<br />
Arthroleptus globosa x Poyn.<br />
Arthroleptus stenodactylus Shovel-footed<br />
x Poyn. x Poyn.<br />
squeaker<br />
Arthroleptus xenodactyloides Squeaker x Poyn.<br />
Rhacophoridae Chiromantis xerampelina Foam nest frog x Poyn. x Poyn. x Poyn.<br />
Hyperolidae Afrixalus brachycnemis x Poyn.<br />
Afrixalus sylvaticus ** Leaf-folding frog x Cla.'95,<br />
Poyn.<br />
Dic.'92<br />
Afrixalus sp. Leaf-folding frog x Poyn.<br />
Hyperolius mitchelli x Poyn.<br />
Hyperolius tuberilinguis x Poyn.<br />
Leptopelis<br />
flavomaculatus<br />
**<br />
Treefrog x Cla.'95,<br />
Poyn.<br />
** Near endemic<br />
No.of near endemics species - 1 3 -<br />
No.of known amphibian species<br />
3 11 15 2<br />
(Cla.'95)<br />
REFERENCES<br />
Abbreviation:<br />
Cla.'95 Clarke G.P. & Dickinson A. (1995) Status reports for 11 Coastal Forests in Coast Region, <strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
Poyn. Poynton J.C. Amphibians of Coastal Forests. Natural History Museum, London.<br />
Dic.'92 Dickinson A. (1992) Amphibians of Coastal Forests and surrounding areas. <strong>Frontier</strong> <strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
113<br />
BUTTERFLIES<br />
Family Genus species Ruvu South Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande Game<br />
FR Reference Reference FR Reference Reserve Reference<br />
Acraeidae Acraea admantha x Gra.'84<br />
Acraea aerita acrita x Gra.'84<br />
Acraea amenosa x Gra.'84<br />
Acraea cabria x Gra.'84<br />
Acraea caldera neluska x Gra.'84<br />
Acraea cuva x Gra.'84<br />
Acraea egina areca x Gra.'84<br />
Acraea encedon x Gra.'84<br />
Acraea eponina x Gra.'84<br />
Acraea esebria x Gra.'84<br />
Acraea guirna x O'Har<br />
Acraea insignis balbina x Gra.'84<br />
Acraea johnstoni johnstoni x Gra.'84<br />
Acraea machequena x Gra.'84<br />
Acraea natalica natalica x Gra.'84<br />
Acraea onsaea x Gra.'84<br />
Acraea perpsichore neobule x Gra.'84<br />
Acraea petraea x Gra.'84<br />
Acraea pseudolycia<br />
x Gra.'84<br />
astrigera<br />
Acraea pudeorella detecta x Gra.'84<br />
Acraea quirina rosa x Gra.'84<br />
Acraea rabbaiae mombasae x Gra.'84<br />
Acraea satis x Gra.'84<br />
Acraea sonata x Gra.'84<br />
Acraea zetes acara x Gra.'84<br />
Bematistes epaea epitellus x Gra.'84 x O'Har<br />
Danaidae Amaris niavius dominicanus x Gra.'84<br />
Amaris ochlea ochlea x Gra.'84<br />
Danaus chrysippus x Gra.'84<br />
Pardopsis punctatissima x Gra.'84 x O'Har<br />
Hepseriidae Tagiades flesus x O'Har<br />
sp. x O'Har<br />
Libythea Libytheca labdaca laius x Gra.'84<br />
Lycaenidae Hemiolaus coeculus littoralis x Kie.'93<br />
Iolaus sp. x O'Har<br />
Azanus mirza x Kie.'93<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
114<br />
Family Genus species Ruvu South Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande Game<br />
FR Reference Reference FR Reference Reserve Reference<br />
Nymphalidae Euxanthe tiberius tiberius x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
Euxanthe wakefieldi x Kie.'93 x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
Euphaedra eleus orientalis x O'Har<br />
Euphaedra nephron x O'Har<br />
Charaxes achaemenes x Gra.'84<br />
Charaxes baumanni granti x Gra.'84<br />
Charaxes brutus alcyone x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
Charaxes candiope x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
Charaxes castor flavifasciatus x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
Charaxes cithaeron kenneti x Kie.'93 x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
Charaxes etesipe tavetensis x Gra.'84<br />
Charaxes ethalion littoralis x Gra.'84<br />
Charaxes guderiana<br />
x Gra.'84<br />
guderiana<br />
Charaxes jahlusa argynnides x Kie.'93 x Gra.'84<br />
Charaxes jasius-saturnus x Gra.'84<br />
Charaxes lasti lasti x Gra.'84<br />
Charaxes protoclea azota x Kie.'93 x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
Charaxes tavetensis x Kie.'93<br />
Charaxes varanes vologeses x Kie.'93 x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
Charaxes violetta maritima x Gra.'84<br />
Charaxes zoolina zoolina x Kie.'93 x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
Euptera kinugnana x Kie.'93<br />
Euptera pluto kinugnana x Gra.'84<br />
Euphaedra neophron neophron x Gra.'84<br />
Euryphura achylus achylus x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
Hamanumida daedalus x Kie.'93 x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
Aterica galene theophanes x Kie.'93 x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 x Kie.'93<br />
Pseudacraea boisduvali crimenti x Gra.'84<br />
Pseudacraea boisduvali trimeni x Kie.'93<br />
Pseudacraea lucretia expanca x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
Neptis goochi x Kie.'93<br />
Neptis kiriakofi x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
Neptis laeta x Gra.'84<br />
Neptis nina x Gra.'84<br />
Neptis rogersi x Gra.'84<br />
Neptis saelava marpessa x Gra.'84<br />
Neptis serena x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
Neptis trigonophora Gra.'84 x O'Har<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
115<br />
Family Genus species Ruvu South Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande Game<br />
FR Reference Reference FR Reference Reserve Reference<br />
Nymphalidae Neptis trigonophora<br />
x Gra.'84<br />
trigonophora<br />
Cyrestis camillus sublineata x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 x O'Har<br />
Byblia anvatara acheloya x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
Byblia ilithya x Gra.'84<br />
Neptidopsis fulgurata platyptera x Gra.'84<br />
Neptidopsis ophione velleda x Kie.'93 x Gra.'84<br />
Eurythela dryope angulata x Kie.'93 x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 x O'Har<br />
Hypolimnas deceptor deceptor x Gra.'84<br />
Hypolimnas dubius<br />
Gra.'84 x O'Har<br />
dubius/drucei<br />
Hypolimnas dubius wahlbergi x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
Hypolimnas misippus x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93,<br />
O'Har<br />
Hypolimnas usambara x Gra.'84<br />
Salamis anacardii x Gra.'84<br />
Salamis parhassus x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 x O'Har<br />
Junonia artaxia x Gra.'84<br />
Junonia hierta cebrene x Gra.'84<br />
Junonia natalica natalica x Gra.'84<br />
Junonia oenone oenone x Gra.'84<br />
Junonia orithya<br />
x Gra.'84<br />
madagascariensis<br />
Junonia terea elgiva x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
Precis actia x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
Sallya boisduvali<br />
x Gra.'84<br />
boisduvali<br />
Sallya moranti x Gra.'84<br />
Sallya natalensis x Gra.'84<br />
Hachnoptera iole ayresi x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
Phalanta eurytis columbina x Gra.'84<br />
Phalanta eurytis eurytis x Kie.'93<br />
Phalanta phalantha x Kie.'93 x Kie.'93<br />
Phalanta phalantha aethiopia x Gra.'84<br />
Hanma theobene blassi x Gra.'84<br />
Bebaeria mardania oreintis x Gra.'84<br />
Vanessa cardui x Gra.'84<br />
Papilionidae Papilio angolensis x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
Papilio constantinus x Gra.'84<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
116<br />
Family Genus species Ruvu South Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande Game<br />
FR Reference Reference FR Reference Reserve Reference<br />
Papilionidae Papilio dardanus cenea x O'Har<br />
Papilio dardanus ochracea x O'Har<br />
Papilio dardanus tibullus x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
Papilio demodocus x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
Papilio f. hippocoonides Gra.'84<br />
Papilio nireus lyaeus x Kie.'93 x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
Graphium antheus x Gra.'84<br />
Graphium colonna x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
Graphium leonidas x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 x Kie.'93,<br />
O'Har<br />
Graphium ophidicephalus x Kie.'93 x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
Graphium philnonoe x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
Graphium polistratus x Kie.'93 x Gra.'84<br />
Graphium polycenes x Gra.'84<br />
Graphium porthaon x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
Pieridae Catopsilia florella x Kie.'93 x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
Anaphaeis creona x O'Har<br />
Eurema brigitta x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 x O'Har<br />
Eurema desjardinsi x Gra.'84<br />
Eurema florica nivea x Gra.'84<br />
Eurema hapale x Gra.'84<br />
Eurema hecabe solifera x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
Eurema senegalensis x Kie.'93<br />
Nepheronia argia mhondana x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 x O'Har<br />
Nepheronia buquetti x Gra.'84<br />
Nepheronia thalassina sinalata x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
Eronia cleodora dilatata x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
Eronia leda x Gra.'84<br />
Colotis amata calais x Kie.'93<br />
Colotis antevippe gavisa x Gra.'84<br />
Colotis euippe x O'Har<br />
Colotis evagore antigone x Gra.'84<br />
Colotis evenina evenina x O'Har<br />
Pieridae Colotis evenina sipylus x Gra.'84<br />
Colotis evigpe complexivus x O'Har<br />
Colotis evippe omphale x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
Colotis hetaera x Gra.'84<br />
Colotis incretus x Gra.'84<br />
Colotis ione x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
117<br />
Family Genus species Ruvu South Pugu FR Kazimzumbwi Pande Game<br />
FR Reference Reference FR Reference Reserve Reference<br />
Colotis regina x O'Har<br />
Colotis vest catachrysops x Gra.'84<br />
Belenois aurota aurota x Gra.'84<br />
Belenois creona severina x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 x Kie.'93,<br />
O'Har<br />
Belenois gidica x Gra.'84<br />
Belenois thysa thysa x Kie.'93 x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93 x O'Har<br />
Appias lasti lasti x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
Dixeia doxa costata x Gra.'84<br />
Dixeia orbona vidua x Gra.'84<br />
Dixeia pigea x Gra.'84<br />
Mylothis agathina x Gra.'84<br />
Leptosia alcesta inalcesta x Gra.'84<br />
Satyridae Melanitis leda x Kie.'93<br />
Melanitis leda helena x Gra.'84<br />
Gnophodes betsimena dicersa x Gra.'84<br />
Ypthima granulosa x Gra.'84<br />
Ypthima impura paupera x Gra.'84<br />
Bicyclus anynana x Gra.'84<br />
Bicyclus campinus<br />
x Gra.'84<br />
ocelligerus<br />
Bicyclus safitza x Gra.'84 x O'Har<br />
Henotesia persicua persicua x Gra.'84<br />
Physcaeneura jacksoni x Gra.'84 x Kie.'93<br />
Physcaeneura pione x O'Har<br />
No.of butterfly species (listed<br />
15 138 48 37<br />
here)<br />
No. of known butterfly species (Gra.'84) - 225 - -<br />
REFERENCES<br />
Abbreviation:<br />
Gra.'84 Grant T.A. (1984) Lowland Coastal Forest butterflies of <strong>Tanzania</strong>. AES Bulletin, 43, 163-167.<br />
Kie.'93 Kielland J. (1993) A report on a collection of butterflies from the Coastal Forests of <strong>Tanzania</strong>, collected by <strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
O'Har O'Hara T.J., Weale M.E. & Allen J.A.Butterflies of Pande and Kiono Coastal Forests (mainland <strong>Tanzania</strong>) and Kilindoni (Mafia Island), collected<br />
between July and October 1989. University of Southampton.<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
118<br />
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1. The Society for <strong>Environmental</strong> Exploration (1990) The feasibility of road improvement and construction<br />
within the southern sector of Mikumi National Park, Morogoro region, <strong>Tanzania</strong>. Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong><br />
Programme Technical Report No. 1. The Society for <strong>Environmental</strong> Exploration, London and University of<br />
Dar es Salaam.<br />
2. Sheil RD (1990) Preliminary results of biological surveys in Zaraninge (Kiono) and Kiwengoma (Matumbi<br />
Hills) Coastal Forests, <strong>Tanzania</strong>: January to March 1990. Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme Technical<br />
Report No. 2. The Society for <strong>Environmental</strong> Exploration, London and University of Dar es Salaam. ISBN 1<br />
873070 01 2. ISSN 0960 -2437.<br />
3. Burgess ND (1990) Preliminary results of biological surveys in seven coastal forests of <strong>Tanzania</strong>: July to<br />
September 1989. Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme Technical Report No. 3. The Society for <strong>Environmental</strong><br />
Exploration and University of Dar es Salaam.<br />
4. Kingdon J (1989) <strong>Frontier</strong> <strong>Tanzania</strong> Expedition 1989 - 1994: Matumbi Interim Report. Coastal Forest<br />
<strong>Research</strong> Programme Technical Report No. 4. The Society for <strong>Environmental</strong> Exploration, London and<br />
University of Dar es Salaam.<br />
6. Waters T and Burgess ND (1994) Preliminary results of biological surveys in Mchungu and Kiwengoma<br />
Coastal Forests, <strong>Tanzania</strong>, and notes on reconnaissance visits to five other forested areas; July to September<br />
1990. Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme Technical Report No. 6. The Society for <strong>Environmental</strong><br />
Exploration, London and the University of Dar es Salaam. ISSN 0960 - 2437.<br />
7. Burgess N and Dickinson A (1993) Site Description and evaluation: Kazimzumbwe Forest, Kisarawe<br />
District, <strong>Tanzania</strong>. Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme Technical Report No. 7. Unpublished report to the<br />
Society for <strong>Environmental</strong> Exploration, London and University of Dar es Salaam.<br />
8. Cockle A (1992) Site Description and Evaluation: Mkwaja Coastal Mosaic, Pangani District, <strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme Technical Report No. 8. The Society for <strong>Environmental</strong> Exploration,<br />
London and University of Dar es Salaam.<br />
9. Clarke GP and Matthews P (1991) Preliminary Results of Biological Surveys of Gendagenda Forest Reserves<br />
and three other Forests of Tanga Region <strong>Tanzania</strong>. Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme Technical Report No.<br />
9. The Society for <strong>Environmental</strong> Exploration, London and University of Dar es Salaam.<br />
10. Matthews P (1993) Medicinal plants of the <strong>Tanzania</strong>n Coastal Forests: a list of species with local names and<br />
applications. Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme Technical Report No. 10. The Society for <strong>Environmental</strong><br />
Exploration, London and University of Dar es Salaam. ISSN 0960 - 2347.<br />
11. Ansell C and Dickinson A (1994) Site description and conservation evaluation: Zaraninge Forest Reserve,<br />
Bagamoyo District, <strong>Tanzania</strong>. Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme Technical Report No. 11. The Society for<br />
<strong>Environmental</strong> Exploration, London and University of Dar es Salaam. ISSN 0960 - 2437<br />
12. Stubblefield L (1994) Management summaries for 25 coastal forests in <strong>Tanzania</strong>. Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong><br />
Programme Technical Report No. 12. The Society for <strong>Environmental</strong> Exploration, London and University of<br />
Dar es Salaam. ISSN 0960 - 2437<br />
14. Matthews P (1995) Site description and conservation evaluation: Amboni Caves and Mkulumuzi River valley,<br />
Tanga, <strong>Tanzania</strong> . Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme Technical Report No. 14. The Society for<br />
<strong>Environmental</strong> Exploration, London and University of Dar es Salaam. ISSN 0960 - 2437<br />
15. Clarke GP (1995) Checklist of the vascular plants of 13 Coastal Forests, <strong>Tanzania</strong>. Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong><br />
Programme Technical Report No. 15. The Society for <strong>Environmental</strong> Exploration, London and University of<br />
Dar es Salaam. ISSN 0960 - 2437.<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme
Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve<br />
119<br />
16. Clarke GP and Stubblefield L (1995) Status reports for 7 Coastal Forests in Tanga Region, <strong>Tanzania</strong>. Coastal<br />
Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme Technical Report No. 16. Society for <strong>Environmental</strong> Exploration, London and<br />
University of Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam. ISSN 0960 - 2437.<br />
17. Clarke GP and Dickinson A (1995) Status reports for 11 Coastal Forests in Coast Region, <strong>Tanzania</strong>. Coastal<br />
Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme Technical Report No. 17. Society for <strong>Environmental</strong> Exploration, London and<br />
University of Dar es Salaam. ISSN 0960 - 2437<br />
18. Clarke GP (1995) Status reports for 6 Coastal Forests in Lindi Region, <strong>Tanzania</strong>. Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong><br />
Programme Technical Report No. 18. The Society for <strong>Environmental</strong> Exploration, London and University of<br />
Dar es Salaam. ISSN 0960 - 2437.<br />
19. Clarke GP (1991) Management Plan for the Genda Genda Forest Reserves Handeni District <strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme Technical Report No. 19. The Society for <strong>Environmental</strong> Exploration,<br />
London and University of Dar es Salaam.<br />
20. Lowe AJ and Ponder KL (1992) Results of biological surveys in Namakutwa/Nyamuete Forest Reserve, July-<br />
September 1992. Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme Technical Report No. 20. The Society for<br />
<strong>Environmental</strong> Exploration, London and University of Dar es Salaam.<br />
21. Stubblefield L, Matthews P and Brewin MS (1992) Preliminary results of biological surveys of Tong'omba<br />
Forest Reserve, <strong>Tanzania</strong>. Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme Technical Report No. 21. The Society for<br />
<strong>Environmental</strong> Exploration, London and the University of Dar es Salaam.<br />
22. Stubblefield L and Bayliss J (1993) Preliminary results of a biological survey of Chumbe Island- Zanzibar.<br />
Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme Technical Report No. 22. The Society for <strong>Environmental</strong> Exploration,<br />
London and the University of Dar es Salaam.<br />
23. Bayliss JL (1993) Preliminary biological investigation into the forests of the inland plateau, Lindi District;<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong>. (Incorporating Litipo, Rondo Chitoa Matapwa, Ruvuma, Ruawa and Ngarama Forest Reserves).<br />
Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme Technical Report No. 23. The Society fo r <strong>Environmental</strong> Exploration,<br />
London and the University of Dar es Salaam.<br />
24. Bayliss JL (1994) Results of biological investigations in the Kimboza forest, <strong>Tanzania</strong>. Coastal Forest<br />
<strong>Research</strong> Programme Technical Report No. 24. The Society for <strong>Environmental</strong> Exploration, London and<br />
University of Dar es Salaam.<br />
25. Burgess ND and Muir C (1994) Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa: biodiversity & conservation. Coastal<br />
Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme Technical Report No. 25. The Society for <strong>Environmental</strong> Exploration/ Royal<br />
Society for the Protection of Birds, UK.<br />
26. Hall SM, Staddon SC, Howell KM & Fanning (2002) Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve: a biodiversity survey.<br />
Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme Technical Report No. 26. The Society for <strong>Environmental</strong> Exploration,<br />
London and the University of Dar es Salaam.<br />
27 Staddon SC, Howell KM & Fanning (2002) Ruvu South Forest Reserve: a biodiversity survey. Coastal Forest<br />
<strong>Research</strong> Programme Technical Report No. 27. The Society for <strong>Environmental</strong> Exploration, London and the<br />
University of Dar es Salaam.<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong>-<strong>Tanzania</strong>Coastal Forest <strong>Research</strong> Programme