Tests of propagation of Pseudospondias microcarpa A. Rich. under the climatic conditions of Franceville in the southeastern of Gabon

International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR) 

ISSN: 2223-7054 (Print) 2225-3610 (Online) 

http://www.innspub.net 

Vol. 3, No. 9, p. 1-11, 2013 

RESEARCH PAPER 

OPEN ACCESS 

Tests of propagation of Pseudospondias microcarpa A. Rich. 

under the climatic conditions of Franceville in the southeastern 

of Gabon 

Pamphile Nguema Ndoutoumou * , Paul Ondo Ovono, Alain Serges Ondo-Azi, Audrey 

Wilson Ignanga Ignanga, Antoine Mitte Mbeang Beyeme 

Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku. Institut National Supérieur d’Agronomie et de 

Biotechnologies. B.P. 99 Poto-Poto Franceville, Gabon 

Article published on September 22, 2013 

Key words: Seeds, cuttings, layering, plant growth, roots, Pseudospondias microcarpa A. Rich. 

Abstract 

Pseudospondias microcarpa A. Rich is a tropical tree species, which is not domesticated despite its food and 

pharmacological potentials. This study aims at introducing its domestication using two types of substrate. The 

first substrate (S1) is a mixture of compost and local soil while the second substrate (S2) is only made of local soil. 

The goal is to determine the best method of propagating P. microcarpa, among the following three techniques: 

direct sowing of seeds, cutting and layering. For the direct sowing, seeds germinated in 41.67 % and 29.16 %, 

respectively in the substrates S1 and S2. Besides, the axillary and foliar growth of the plantlets was identical in 

both substrates. These results are due to the composition of the substrates and to the phenological stage 

occurring at the end of the observations. Out of the 55 % of cuttings which recovered, all the plantlets withered 

then dried out. The insufficiency of the photosynthetic reserves and the lack of formation of calluses introducing 

the roots formation explain these phenomena. About 83 % of marcotts formed adventitious roots regardless the 

substrate, which explains a predisposition of the substrates in the induction of the roots formation. Of the three 

techniques tested, layering was found to be the best method of propagation of P. microcarpa. 

* Corresponding Author: Pamphile Nguema Ndoutoumou pamphilen@hotmail.com 

Ndoutoumou et al. Page 1

Introduction 

The tropical forests are very rich and useful 

ecosystems. They play an important role in the 

regulation of the greenhouse gas emission, the 

establishment of climatic great balances, and they 

constitute an important biodiversity reservoir for the 

planet (Tchatat and Ndoye, 2006). The flora provides 

food products, construction materials, fuel, and drugs 

to rural populations. According to many authors 

(Breteler, 1990; Bourobou and Posso, 1995), Gabon 

possesses one of the richest forests in the Congo 

basin. However forest trees in Gabon, like in many 

African countries, remain unexploited to their full 

potential beside other non-timber forest products (de 

Jong et al., 2000; Ndoye and Ruiz-Pérez, 2004). In 

addition to the resources it offers, forest cover 

regulates local microclimate, prevents soil erosion, 

and safeguards soil fertility according to Simons et al. 

(2000) and Verheij (2005). 

The woody species found in the humid tropical 

regions meet most of the needs of the local 

populations (Doucet, 2003; Biloso and Lejoly, 2006; 

Loubelo, 2012). But this anthropic action contributes 

to exhaust resources because of the increasing 

demand of the arable lands. This phenomenon can be 

evidenced by a pronounced deforestation, an 

excessive overgrazing and collection of firewood. 

Moreover, species biodiversity continues to shrink 

and the genetic base of the tropical forest erodes 

including resources which are essential for the 

survival of the populations (Russell and Franzel, 

2004; Belcher, 2005). 

It becomes thus necessary to nurture forest species 

whose products have a high value added to 

populations (Simons 1996 &1997; Simons and 

Leakey, 2004; Tchoundjeu et al., 2004). It is an 

artificial selection process leading to the preservation 

of interesting characters and to the diminution of 

others, undesired and present in wild plants. The 

tropical fruit trees are species which play an essential 

role in the diversification of farming programs and 

agroforestry systems (Ndoye and Tieguhong, 2004; 

Russell and Franzel, 2004). 

Many of these species, of which some are very well 

known, produce edible products and traditional 

medicines. Common examples are Gambeya 

lacourtiana De Wild and Picralima nitida Durand, 

according to several authors (Nguenang et al., 2010; 

Moupela et al., 2011). Other fruit tree species remain 

unknown although they have been proven to be useful 

in local communities (Priso et al., 2011). Actually 

seeds of woodland species take a longer time to 

germinate and therefore to mature (Gordon and 

Rowe, 1982; Cuisance, 1984; Bourobou, 1994; 

Tchoundjeu et al., 1998; Jaenicke and Beniest, 2003), 

which makes farmers hesitate to grow them. 

The vegetative propagation refers to the techniques of 

regeneration of plant materials using fragments or 

plant parts. According to Verheij (2005), various 

parts of a plant (such as leave, stem and root) can be 

used to regenerate a new individual. The propagation 

by cutting is carried out by planting a suitable part of 

the tree, shrub or creeper. For species which cannot 

be reproduce by cutting due to an inability to develop 

roots it is sometime necessary to circumvent this 

difficulty using layering. Indeed layering technique 

eases the growth of adventitious on the mother tree 

(Tchoundjeu et al., 1997; Schroth et al., 2004). 

Currently, exotic fruit trees are grown along villages. 

In fact farmers tend to cultivate wild fruit trees due to 

a lack of knowledge about their floral biology and 

proper techniques of growing them (Bourobou, 1994). 

This situation explains the interest of Tchoundjeu et 

al. (1997; 2004) in this field, which ultimately aims at 

improving the living conditions of farmers without 

endangering the environment. 

Pseudospondias microcarpa A. Rich. is poorly known 

of the public, thus the motivation of this study. One 

expected benefit of this research is the curbing of the 

duration of production of this species in order to 

integrate this practice into our cultural and 

agroforestry systems. It becomes therefore necessary 

to first identify the best way of propagating P. 

microcarpa among the techniques described earlier, 

that is, generative technique (seed sowing) and 


vegetative techniques (cutting and layering) using two 

different types of substrates. More specially, this 

study assesses the impact of substrates on the 

germination and growth in seedbed during the direct 

sowing, on the one hand, and performing the same 

assessment for the cutting and layering approaches, 

on the other hand. 

Materials and methods 

Study site 

The study was carried out on the experimentation 

platform of Institut National Supérieur d’Agronomie 

et de Biotechnologies (INSAB), in Franceville, 

southeastern of Gabon. The geographic coordinates of 

this site are 13°34'23'' S and 13°34'23'' E, and the 

average altitude is 458 meters. The climate, of 

equatorial type, is characterized by four seasons. The 

average rainfall during the study was 32.3mm, the 

average temperatures was 23.8°C and the maximum 

relative moisture was 98%. 

Substrates 

Two types of substrates were used: substrate S1 was a 

mixture of soil collected onsite (66%) and a fraction of 

compost (34%) while substrate S2 contained only soil. 

Soil used as substrate was treated with fungicide 

(Préfongil) and the insecticide (Bofur 5GR) in the 

following densities: 2 l/ha for the fungicide and 12 

kg/ha for the insecticide. Table 1 shows the 

physicochemical characteristics of the substrates used 

for the realization of this test. 

Plant material 

The plant material came from the species P. 

microcarpa A. Rich. Seeds to be planted were sorted 

prior to sowing while branches were used as basic 

plant materials for the vegetative propagation. 

Seeds: The pulped fruits were dried for one day, seeds 

collected from these fruits (Figure 1) were immersed 

in water, and a final sorting of seeds was completed. 

This mixture was stirred up every 15 minutes under a 

laminar flow hood in order to monitor the digestion 

of the tegument (Roussel, 1984; Danthu et al., 1992; 

1996; 2003; Barnes, 2001) and to avoid 

contaminations. We sowed one seed per bag. 

Table 1. Physicochemical characteristics of the two 

substrates. 

Characteristics 

Substrate 

n°1 (S1) 

Substrate 

n°2 (S2) 

pHwater 5,3 4,4 

pHKCl 5,0 3,6 

Coarse silt (CS) 31,49 14,04 

Fine silt (FS) 11,35 18,55 

Clay (%) 16,90 22,70 

Sand fine (SF) 15,32 15,34 

Coarse sand (SC) 24,94 29,40 

Table 2. Morphological characteristics of fruits and 

seeds. 

Characteristics Fruits Seeds 

Length (cm) 3,1 (±0,28) 2,9 (±0,28) 

Width (cm) 2,2 (±0,24) 1,0 (±0,11) 

Mass (g) 10,3 (±1,26) 0,7 (±0,08) 

Number: n=20 : Average ± standard 

deviation. 

Cuttings: The cuttings originated from orthotropic 

branches with variable diameters ranging between 1.4 

and 2.5 cm. They were 15 cm long with 3 to 4 nodes, 

and they were clothed in order to minimize their 

dryness. The collect of cuttings was done early in the 

morning in order to minimize sweating as much as 

possible. Usually, the upper part of the cuttings is cut 

in bevel while the lower cut is done at the base of a 

node. The cuttings, thereafter, are placed in the 

substrates within polyethylene bags. Transplanting is 

done in such a way that 2/3 of the cutting is buried 

underground while ensuring that more than a node 

remain above the substrate. 

Marcotts: The layering was carried out on branches 

with ripened wood, from a vertical to a subvertical 

position, with diameter ranging between 1.7 and 3.6 

cm. The successive stages of the layering include the 


circular cut in the bark of branch (using a knife on 10 

cm in length), the treatment of cambium by a light 

scraping, the filling of transparent polyethylene bags 

with substrate, and the final coverage of the resulting 

marcott with another black-colored bag protecting the 

substrate from solar radiation. 

Experimental device 

The experimental device is completely randomized for 

each test. The experimental variables are the 

substrate (S1 and S2) and the plant materials (seeds, 

cuttings and marcotts) depending on the mode of 

propagation. For the propagation by seeds, the 

number of repetitions was 20 for each one of 

combinations “S1 X Seeds” and “S2 X Seeds”. For the 

propagation by cutting, the number of repetitions for 

each combination was also 20. Finally, for the 

layering, the number of repetitions was of six (06) for 

each combination. A total of 120 experimental units 

were completed for this test. 

Testing method and observations 

The maintenance of seedlings in seedbed (watering 

and control of weeds) was regular and the daily 

observations continued over three months. In the 

case of layering, marcotts were wetted with 20 ml of 

water per week using a syringe. The observations took 

place before each watering in order to check for the 

occurrence of adventitious roots. 

where 

G is the number of germinated seeds and N is the 

total number of seeds sown. 

The parameters of growth, which are the size of the 

seedling (cm) and the length and the width of leaves 

(cm) were also taken into account. 

For the propagation by cuttings, the response 

variables are the time of occurrence of the buds 

(days), the recovery rate of cuttings (%) and the 

lifetime after the recovery (days). 

Finally, for the propagation by layering, the time of 

occurrence of the roots evaluated in weeks was the 

expected response. The rate of success of layering is 

the ratio of the number of rooted marcotts over the 

number of marcotts carried out. 

Result analysis 

The data collected at the time of the observations was 

analyzed using the software XL.STAT. The test of 

Student was performed to compare means and the 

Chi-Square test was used to analyze simple 

correlations. When the p-value and the correlations of 

Pearson between the treatments were found 

significant with a 5% threshold, we concluded that 

parameters were different. 

The parameters observed take into account the mode 

of propagation (sowing, cutting, and layering) and the 

type of substrate. They relate to the vegetative growth 

of the seedling. For the propagation by seed sowing, 

the sizes considered and measured were the time of 

germination, the duration of germination, the rate of 

germination and the rate of survival. 

The germination time or waiting period (in days) is 

the time spent from the sowing to the first 

germination. The duration of germination or 

staggering (in days) expresses the gap between the 

first and the last germination. The rate of germination 

(T) can be obtained using the following formula: 

Results and discussion 

Generative propagation 

Parameters of germination 

Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the emergence of the species 

P. microcarpa in substrate S2, as well as the seedlings 

in substrate S1. The germination of P. microcarpa is 

aboveground with the first two dentale and opposite 

leaves simple. The (simple or compound) leaves, 

formed after the first ones, are opposite alternate. 

They are formed between the fourth and the fifth 

position. 

The rates of germination and survival of seeds, which 

have not been treated with sulfuric acid were 

respectively 41.67% and 90% for S1, and 29.16% and 


100% for S2. As Danthu et al. (1992 & 1996) observed 

on Acacia sp. seeds, the germination of seeds was 

irregular. It expanded over a period from 20 to 66 

days whatever the substrate used. This irregularity is 

related to the fact that the pollination is open for P. 

microcarpa, which is a dioecious species. It is thus 

possible to have crossed pollinations between the 

tree-mother and other neighboring plant species. This 

situation would lead to obtaining hybrid individuals 

which could express sterility in the resulting 

generations. The seeds treated with the sulfuric acid 

did not germinate. This result is identical with the one 

that Jaouadi et al. (2000) obtained while they 

submitted Acacia tortilis on different abiotic 

constraints. Tables 2 and 3 respectively present the 

morphological characteristics of the fruits and seeds, 

and the parameters of germination of seeds of P. 

microcarpa. The weight of 1000 seeds was 700 

grams. 

Table 3. Parameters of seeds germination. 

Parameters S1 S2 

Duration of 

20-66 20-66 

germination (days) 

Rate of germination (%) 41,67 29,16 

Taux of survival (%) 90 100 

Number : n=20. 

Table 4 summarizes the trend of parameters observed 

(size of the stem, length and width of the leaves) and 

the comparison of means between the substrates for 

these various parameters of growth. During the trial 

period, substrate S1 produced a longitudinal growth 

higher than substrate S2 (Table 4). The statistical 

analysis helped compare and identify differences in 

the growth, on both types of substrates. Meanwhile 

the maximum length of leaves was reached at the end 

of the second week for substrate S1 whereas this time 

was three weeks for substrate S2. 

The leaves had a better expression of growth in width 

in substrate S2. Just like for the growth in length of 

leaves, the maximum width of leaves was reached 

after two weeks in substrate S1, and after three weeks 

in the substrate S2. 

Whatever the parameter of growth considered, the 

comparison of the means during the first five weeks of 

growth (Table 4) indicates that the effect of the 

substrate is statistically non-significant at a 5% 

threshold. 

The absence of germination of seeds treated with the 

sulfuric acid can be explained by the duration of the 

treatment. Indeed, according to Verheij (2005) and 

Danthu et al. (2003), deepening seeds into 

concentrate acid solution causes a swelling of seeds, 

which lead to a tearing of teguments, a scrubbing of 

substances, and therefore a delay of germination. 

Indeed, acid is very abrasive, and for these reason it 

causes seeds to become much permeable to the 

chemical, which ultimately damages the embryo and 

its teguments. It’s about a mechanical dormancy, 

which is characterized by permeability to water 

although the envelope of seed is thick and hard. The 

ending of dormancy is then inhibited, even when 

water manages to infiltrate. Our results agree with 

those of Gordons and Rowe (1982) who worked on 

Vibumum species, as well as Schroth et al. (2004) 

who worked on Astrocaryum tucuma seeds and 

Tchoundjeu et al. (2002a) who observed the 

vegetative propagation of Prunus africana. 

The composition of the two substrates used has a 

known effect on the germination rates of untreated 

seeds. Indeed, the mixture soil-compost (S1) is richer 

in coarse silts compared to substrate S2, which was 

made up of soil only. In a general, the silts have the 

ability of preserving soil humidity as they also offer a 

better permeability of substrates (Danthu et al., 1996; 

Jaenicke and Beniest, 2003). A poor substrate 

enhances the deformation of roots, contamination by 

pathogen and growth delay, according to Schiffers et 

al. (2007). 

The lack of statistically significant difference between 

the means of the three parameters of growth 

considered in this study implies that the increase in 

dry matter is identical during the first five weeks in all 

seedlings, for both substrates S1 and S2. Therefore, 

the quantity of compost associated with the local soil 


did not have an impact on the increase in dry matter. 

The granulometric and physicochemical 

characteristics (pH) explain this indifference (Table 

1). 

Table 4. Evolution of morphometric parameters in the two substrates. 

Parameters Time of observation Substrates 

S1 

S2 

Height of the seedlings D7 7,88 (±1,52) 6,60 (±2,15) 

D14 8,83 (±1,70) 7,91 (±1,79) 

D21 10,01 (±2,11) 8,90 (±1,81) 

D28 11,51 (±2,41) 9,59 (±2,02) 

D35 12,23 (±2,59) 10,93 (±2,25) 

Length of leaves D7 4,64 (±1,01) 5,23 (±0,74) 

D14 5,56 (±1,25) 6,17 (±0,68) 

D21 5,61 (±1,28) 6,56 (±1,01) 

D28 5,61 (±1,28) 6,58 (±1,05) 

D35 5,61 (±1,28) 6,58 (±1,05) 

Width of leaves D7 2,82 (±0,87) 3,16 (±0,54) 

Number : n=20 ; 

D14 3,50 (±0,85) 3,72 (±0,68) 

D21 3,55 (±0,85) 4,10 (±0,92) 

D28 3,60 (±0,86) 4,12 (±0,95) 

D35 3,60 (±0,86) 4,12 (±0,95) 

: Average ± standard deviation. 

In addition, although it did not enhance a better 

growth on one of the substrates, the sexual 

reproduction has the advantage of producing healthy 

individuals by limiting the propagation of parasites at 

the seed level. This is the reason why Jaouadi et al. 

(2010) promote this method of plant regeneration. 

Moreover, several genetic variations exist in dioecious 

plants, which is the case for P. microcarpa. Indeed, 

this dioecy implies a recombination of genes involving 

different genetic bases in seeds. It is thus possible to 

have plants which are phenotypically identical but 

with different genome. 

The initiation of the buds precedes the recovery of 

cuttings characterized by the occurrence of compound 

leaves. In general, all aboveground nodes develop 

depending on the cutting’s ability to regenerate new 

individuals. 

No matter the substrate used, the recovery rate of the 

cuttings was 55%. The average survival times of buds 

were 33 days for substrate S1 and 41 days for 

substrate S2. The axillary growth was slow as the first 

days, followed by a drying up of the buds resulting in 

the death of seedlings. 

Vegetative regeneration 

Propagation by cutting: Table 5 and figures 3 and 4 

represent on one hand the main parameters of 

propagation by cutting using the two substrates, and 

on the other hand, the recovery of cuttings in P. 

microcarpa. 

The buds gave rise to compound leaves; however, the 

regenerated cutting lived only during a limited time. 

The coefficient of correlation observed revealed the 

existence of a very weak bond between the various 

parameters considered, no matter the substrate. 

However, according to the table of distribution of 


Student, the t-value computed from the coefficients of 

correlation compared to the table value of t led to a 

rejection of the dependence between variables. 

Indeed, according to the results of analysis, the 

variations of recovery times and diameters are neither 

dependent between themselves nor with the 

substrate. 

The results of this study, with respect to the 

propagation by cutting of P. microcarpa using 15 cm 

long plant materials, agree with Bourobou (1994), 

who used macrocuttings of Pseudospondias 

longifolia. Both studies highlight the difficulty in 

inducing the root formation during the propagation 

by cutting in these two species. 

Table 5. Parameters of resumption of the cuttings. 

Parameters 

Substrates 

S1 S2 

Time of appearance of the buds 12 12 

(days) 

Duration of appearance of the buds 9-13 9-15 

(days) 

Rate of resumption of the cuttings 60 55 

(%) 

Rate of survival (%) 0 0 

Duration of the life (days) 33 41 

Number: n=20 

Table 6. Parameters of resumption of the layers. 

Parameters 

Substrates 

S1 S2 

Time of appearance of roots 11,2 12,4 

(days) 

Duration of appearance of 9-13 9-15 

roots (days) 

Rate of resumption (%) 83 83 

Rate of survival (%) 0 0 

Duration of life (dyas) 33 41 

Number: n=20 

More than 50% of the cuttings, planted in the 

substrates S1 and S2 resumed their growth but they 

desiccated thereafter. The absence of regeneration of 

certain cuttings is due to an early drying out of the 

cutting under the effect of the weather after the 

cutting’s detachment from the mother tree, as Simons 

and Leakey (2004) recorded. 

According to Kengué (2002), the formation of 

vegetative axes having persisted for a relatively long 

period of time before withering and desiccating is due 

to a small quantity of photosynthetic products in the 

stems. The growth happened thanks to the food 

reserves inside the cutting while the withering was 

caused by the depletion of these reserves due to the 

absence of a root system that could take over. Indeed, 

when a branch is separated from the mother plant, it 

becomes autonomous from a nutritive standpoint 

must first stimulate the formation of a scar callus, 

which induces the growth of the roots. Surely, the 

vegetative axes (leaves and buds) in growth have a 

stimulating effect on the root formation, but this 

phenomenon depends enormously first on the 

initiation of the callus. 

Layering: Table 6 and Fig. 5 and 6 present on one 

hand the characteristic parameters of the recovery of 

marcotts, and on the other hand, the rooting of a 

marcott and the aspect of two weaned marcotts. 

The first roots were observed within nine weeks, 

while the last ones occurred in 15 weeks. The rate of 

success of the layering was 83% in the two substrates. 

Only two marcotts could not root up. 

The two media of rooting appeared to be adequate for 

the root formation of P. microcarpa in spite of the 

differences observed in terms of occurrence of roots 

relative to the diameter of marcott and the nature of 

the substrates. 

The matrices of correlation between the diameter of 

the marcott and the time of occurrence of the roots in 

the substrates S1 (- 0.262) and S2 (- 0.594) reveal 

that this time is independent of the diameter of the 

branch regardless the substrate used. Indeed, the 


coefficients of correlation are by far lower than the 

value read on the table of distribution of Student. 

The layering thus seems to be a success overall. This 

fact corroborates with the assertions in connection 

with the insufficiency of reserves contained in the 

stems of the tree for a total recovery during cutting. 

Indeed, Tchoundjeu et al. (2002a), then Jaenicke and 

Beniest (2003) and Schippers et al. (2007) assert that 

there is, at the time of the layering, an accumulation 

of photosynthetic products (such as carbohydrates 

and auxins) in the upper part of the annealing. 

Therefore, the auxins activate the root formation in 

the presence of a wet substrate. 

According to Tchoungdjeu et al. (1997) then Jaenicke 

and Beniest (2003), the clones resulting from the 

vegetative multiplication have an accelerated 

development and an early entry in production 

without young fragile stages. In addition, they present 

homogeneity by preserving the genetic constitution of 

the mother plant. 

The above authors highlighted that the importance of 

choosing the vegetative technique in the 

domestication of woody species is linked to the 

evaluation of the potential of certain trees and to the 

reactions producing fruits of higher quality. It allows 

checking the existing reaction bond between the tree 

and its environment or management. In agreement 

with the above-cited authors, this study indicates that 


the vegetative technique is more adequate for 

propagating dioecious tree species and for producing 

fruits of great value. 

Conclusion 

The domestication program of P. microcarpa A. Rich. 

requires the knowledge of the floral biology of this 

species and the identification of the best method of its 

propagation, between the generative and the 

vegetative technique. 

This study shows that the treatment of the seeds of P. 

microcarpa with sulfuric acid for four hours 

deteriorates the seeds and reduces their germination 

ability. Moreover, the evaluation of the increase in dry 

matter of seedlings, during the first five weeks of 

growth in the two substrates (soil only and soilcompost 

mixture) does not present a significant 

difference because of the similarities observed in their 

respective composition. While the cuttings of the 

species P. microcarpa present a potential for 

recovery, they wither and desiccate thereafter due to a 

deficiency of photosynthetic products and the lack of 

a callus formation. The layering, however, seems to be 

a better alternative for propagation for regenerating 

P. microcarpa because it allows an easy occurrence of 

adventitious roots on the marcotts. This technique 

remains the method most advisable for propagating 

the species P. microcarpa. 

Following this study, which represents an initial step 

for domesticating P. microcarpa, further 

investigations need to be done notably by focusing 

more on the possibilities of its propagation. This 

dynamics could be articulated around the 

development of a better technique for treating seeds 

before sowing and the test of micropropagation of the 

species for the procurement in great quantity and in a 

short period of time very healthy plant materials. 

Finally, it is important to continue the observations 

after the weaning of the marcotts in order to evaluate 

and quantify the parameters of growth following the 

replanting of marcotts. 

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