ironical Vesetables by GJA Terra Publishnd by: Institute Available from

A project of Volunteers in Asia 

ironical Vesetables 

by G.J.A. Terra 

Publishnd by: 

The Royal Tropical Institute 

Amsterdam 

THE NETHERLANDS 

Available from: 

Swiss Center for Appropriate Technology (SKAT) 

Varnbuelstrasse 14 

CH-(3000 St. Gall 

SWITZERLAND 

Reproduced by permission. 

Reproduction of this microfiche document in any 

form is subject to the same restrictions as those 

of the original document.

T ICA EGETA 

VEGETABLE GROWING IN THE 

TROPTCS AND SUBTROPICS 

ESPECIALLY OF INDIGENOUS VEGETABLES 

PROF. IR. G. J. A. TERRA 

DIRECTOR NEDERF 

COMMUNICATION No. 54e 

OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH 

PUBLISHED JOINTLY WITH THE FOUNDATION 

“NETHERLANDS ORGANIZATION FOR INTERNATIONAL ASSIFi-ANCE” 

(NO\ LB) 

KONINKLIJK INSTITUUT VOOR DE TROPEN, AMSTdRDAM

Q u66 Koninkfijk Mituar voor de Tropen, Amsterdam 

No part of this book may be reprnluced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other mrans 

without written permission from the publisher 

Second i%iion 1973 

Index udded 

Prinred in the Netherhds 

Sel in Monotype Spectrum 

Printed by Koninkl$e drukkerij v. d. Garde NV., Zaltbommel

Foreword 

I. Introduction 

CONTENTS 

II. The culture 

A. Commercial cultures and separate cultures for home con- 

sumption 

Choice of site 

Tillage and manuring 

Seedbeds 

Maintenance 

Choice of plants 

B. Mixed gardens or compounds or hcme gardens 

III. Enumeration of vegetables 18 

A. The principal cultivated or much used tropical vegetables 18 

B. Other plants producing edible young leaves or shoots 

86 

C. Palms for palm cabbages 

101 

D. Ferns and related plants 

103 

References 

105 

VII 

I 

5 

7 

8 

9 

12 

r3 

If 

I4

I. ,QR fnwsclrrrs mmihat Med. 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

2, Aiacusia niacrorrhizu Schott., Xmthownu violarem Schott., 

escrrlentuSchott., Colocasia &untea Hooh. f. (tubers). 

3. Alocasla macrorrhm Schott., Xunthasoriiu violucem Schott., 

escirlenta S.:hott. Colocasiu gigunttu Hook. f., (leaves). 

4. Arwunthrrs hybridus L. 

5. hsellu rlrbta ‘,. 

0. Corchorru oiitorius L. 

7. Eqhorbia p&herrimr; Willd. 

8. C;r‘etrrm gnemon L. 

g. Mibiscus esculenttls L. 

10. Ip3riaeu repms Poir. 

II. Leucuenu gluucu Benth. 

12. Munihot rrtilissimu Pohl. 

13. Momordicu churuntia L. 

14, Moringa oleifku Lam. 

15. Psopbocurpus tetrupolobus A. DC 

16. Suurqm androgynlrs Merr. 

17. Sechium edde SW. 

18. Tulinum triungu~ure Willd. 

rg. Viflnu unguiculutu Walp. 

page 

I7 

Colocasia 21 

Colocasia 

The numbers I, 5,7, 8, g are from OCHSE, J. J.: Indische Groenten; 4, IO, II, 

12, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 from OCHSE, J. J.: Tropische Groenten; z and 3 from 

SOEP.,RM!., S. : Indonesische Groenten; 6 from Bars, D. : Les plantes alimen- 

taires chez tous lrs peuples; Ig from HE RKLOTS, C. A. C. : Vegetable culti- 

vation in Hongkong. 

NOTE: Nomenclature is used to the best of our knowledge withont 

extensive botanical verification. 

VI 

22 

24 

28 

40 

47 

48 

51 

53 

55 

58 

60 

62 

69 

?2 

74 

78 

81

FGREWORD 

It gives me great pieasure to introduce our communication no. 54e on 

tropical vegetables, which is published by the Department of Agricultural 

Research of the Royal Tropical Institute jointly with the Foundation 

“Netherlands Organization for International Assistance” (NOVIB). This 

co-operation is d natural one: both our organizations have a common 

interest in the contents of this volume, which indicates a practical remedy 

against a dangerous situation existing in many tropical countries, a situ- 

ation which too often is not yet understood by the local population. itself. 

The volume does this by presenting numerous data on locally available’ 

sources for improving the diet and by recommending and describing 

methods that are not beyond the capacity of the rural population. 

This publication in English will be followed by a French (and possibly 

also a Spanish) version. 

The importance of green vegetables in the diet for vitamin supply, 

especially of vitamin A, is well-known, particularly for the arid regions. 

Nowadays, their imrsrtance for improving the protein content of the diet 

also deserves great consideration. 

In most publications of this type the imported temperate vegetables 

dominate. Here, on the contrary, it is tried to stress information on original 

vegetables of equatorial and subtropical regions. These are more adapted 

to local soil and climate: leached soils, humidity, temperature, daylength, 

etc., and therefore they can be grown more eas,lv and more cheaply. 

Moreover, propagation is fairly easy. They offer vast resources for further 

selection, which has been insufficient until ROW. Many of tbem are only 

found in the wild or half-wild state. They are only locally grown or even 

locally known as vegetables, and sources of information are few and far 

t *:*ween. 

The author, Professor Ir. G. J. A. TERRA, is an expert in tropical horti- 

culture. After twenty years of experience as a Head of Horticulture in pre- 

war Indonesia he gathered data and experience in several other tropical 

regions, lately as the Director of the “Netherlands Foundation for de- 

signing and executing the Home Gardens Project” (NEDERF), operating 

VII

in Western Africa and fostered by NOVIB aiid FAO/Freedom from Hunger 

Campaign. 

It stands to reason that this volume is not meant to serve as reading 

matter for entertainment. But it does furnish much valuable information 

ni a concise and surveyable way, thus al1o-A ‘::& for quick application. It is 

an example of what was meant in the introduction to one of our former 

publications by pointing out that not only ultra-modern sophisticated 

western scientific methods and equipment would have the monopoly for 

solving the problems at hand: “A wealth of experience, both old and new, 

is readily available for application in vast areas which both figuratively and 

literally still lie fallow”. 

We assume that this publication will be a valuable guide to extension 

workers in the field of practical horticulture and nutrition, and in this way 

play its modest role in tackling the urgent task of our present days: Narrow- 

ing the existing gap between knowledge and its application in developing 

countries. 

Amsterdam, October 1966 

VIII 

DR. R. BRINK 

Director, 

Department of Agricultural Research, 

Royal Tropical Institute

I. INTRODUCTION 

Vegetables and fruits are those fresh and juicy parts of plants, which are 

eaten as a supplementary food, as a side dish or simply by themselves. 

Fruits may be distinguished, since they are real botanical fruits, eaten as 

such, as well as prepared and preserved, mostly in their mature stage, for 

their agreeable, sweet, acid or aromatic flavour. They may include various 

nuts, which are not juicy. Vegetables are the other components of this 

group, mostly eaten prepared in some way or other, but sometimes used 

as such in the fresh, raw state, particularly leaves. 

Vegetables are specially important as a supplementary nutrition, in 

addition to the main food. The latter, which usually consists of cereals, 

farinaceous foods or tubers, must furnish the necessary energy (calories) 

and also the proteins, inasmuch as these are not obtained from meat, 

fish, eggs, milk or cheese. The vegetables then supply a large part of the 

necessary vitamins and minerals and often supplementary proteins as 

well. Usually, the vitamins and minerals are the most important contri- 

bution from the vegetables, but where the main food has a poor protein 

content e.g. if it consists of tubers without meat, fish etc., the protein 

supply from vegetables can be considerable. In regions, where the principal 

food consists of cereals, the protein content of the vegetables may be less 

important. 

There is no general agreement as to what is meant by vegetables. We 

may distinguish: 

I. Leaf vegetables e.g. spinach, cabbage, corchorus, purslane. 

2. Pulse vegetables such as young pulses of beans and other leguminous 

plants. 

3. Fruit vegetables, young or ripe fruits such as pumpkin, gourd and egg 

plant. 

4. Seed vegetables such as young seeds of peas, beans etc. 

5. Tuber vegetables e.g. roots, tubers and rhizomes of carrots, sweet 

potato, beet, radish, turnips, ginger etc. 

6. Other vegetables e.g. young flowers, stalks etc. of cauliflower, asparagus, 

onion and other bulbs. 

Vegetables, especially the leaf an d pulse varieties, are particulariy im- 

I

portbnt for the s*upply of vitamins. A’bove all, they furnish vitamin C and 

carotene (provitamin A), as well as considerable quantities of the various 

B vitamins and minerals. 

On the whole we may say: 

a. Fresh vegetables, fruits and tubers supply vitamin C and minerals. 

Vitamin C is not proof against long boiling, i.e. against high tempera- 

tures. It is soluble in water. A shortage of it is noxious for everybody 

(scurvy). 

b. Greens, especially leaf and pulse vegetables, supply important quantities 

of carotene (provitamin A). Often yellow, orange- and red-coloured 

vegetables, tubers and fruits contain important quantities of it, but a 

red or blue colour (as in beet, red cabbage) need not indicate carotene. 

Blanched vegetables always contain less carotene than green ones. 

Carotene can stand high temperatures reasonably well, vitamin A 

cannot. Both are soiuble in fat (red palm oil e.g.). A shortage of this 

vitamin may cause night-blindness and, particularly in children, 

blindness (xerophtalmy, keratomalacy). 

c. Vegetables, especially those of the pulse, leaf and

seeds iiac;o for our diet than any other vegetabieq, tubers and fruits, is 

given by the follo\j.ing table. All data refer to 101, grams of fresh weight. 

Vegetables Cal. Protein Vitamin \‘ltamin Vitamin Nia-in Vitamin 

in g A In 1U HI in mg BZ in mg in mg C in mg 

l.tflWS 

Cassava leaf 

Tropical spinach 

Kankong * 

Green vegetables (av.) 

Yellow vegetables (av.) 

Pods and seeds 

Beans ipods) 

Asparagus bean (pods) 

Peas (seeds) 

Young fruits 

Cucumber 

Okra or go-nbo 

Tomato 

Tubers 

Cassava (fresh) 

Sweet potato (fresh) 

Coca-yam (fresh) 

Fruits 

Banana 

Papaw 

Orange 

Mango 

Water melon 

Avocado 

5.3 7 

44 4 

17 3 

22 2.4 

18 1.5 

33 2.2 

18 2 

48 3.4 

10 .6 

29 1.8 

18 1 

131 .7 

121 1.5-2 

88 1.5-2 

103 1 

38 .6 

43 .8 

;: :: 

210 2 

lU,OOO 

13,000 

4,000 

5,000 

500 

200 

1,200 

1,500 

200 

1,000 

1,200 

0 

O-5000 

40 

100-350 

2,500 

250 

1,000 

500 

200 

.14 .26 

.15 .25 

.1.5 .2 

.07 .15 

.04 .06 

.08 .lO 

.lO .lO 

.28 .12 

.04 .05 

.? .l 

:, ‘5 .04 

-02 .l 

.l .06 

.05 .06 

.05 .06 

-02 .02 

.08 .03 

.06 .05 

.05 .07 

.l .15 

Especially dark green tropical vegetables are rich in proteins and vitamins, 

also the young pulses and seeds. Fruit vegetables, tubers and fruits are 

much less important in this respect. The avocado is also rich in vitamins, 

but when these contents are calculated per IOO calories, they will be seen 

not to exceed those of other fruits. 

An adult person needs tooo to 3000 calories a day. If one gets these from 

cheap food, rich in calories but poor in proteins etc., then the supplemen- 

tary food must consist of products, rich in protein and vitamins e.g. meat 

and fish. Now this purpose may also be served by those parts of plants 

which are rich in protein and vitamins, as calculated per IOO calories, e.g. 

beans and greens. This supplementary food is particularly important for 

the young and the sick, who cannot ingest large quantities of food. Of 

course, the need for vegetables depends on the composition of the staple 

food. If this contains suffici.ent proteins, the quantities of fresh green 

vegetables needed per capita may be put at a minimum of 0.1 kg per day, 

because then the total supply of vitamin C and carotene can be considered 

safe. Should the vegetables have to take over part of the protein supply, 

* = Ipomoea reptans = I. aquatica (swamp cabbage or water spinach) 

1.5 300 

.85 100 

1.6 140 

.6 55 

.13 31 

.6 13 

1.1 20 

2.0 10 

.I6 10 

.7 25 

.7 25 

.6 30 

.7 20 

.4 6 

.5 

.l tci 

.2 25 

.2 30 

.05 6 

.l 20 

3

then a quantity up to 0.5 kg may be desirable *. These quantities are not 

excessive, for them a&e regions where more than 0.5 kg of vegetables a day 

are eaten. 

Calculated per annum, this need for vegetables amounts to respectively 

40 and 200 kg per head, which means 200 or 1000 kg a year per family. As we 

shall see later, from I to 5 ares will have to be planted for this purpose f#>r 

each family. 

Mefhds ofpreparation. Though this is not the place to enter into the exact 

preparation of vegetables, a general description may be very useful. 

In Indonesia and also in other tropical countries, it is still customary 

to collect various wild growing vegetables (young leaves, shoots) and to 

eat them raw, sometimes with a sauce. This so-called “lalab” can also be 

used after having been dipped into boiling water for 5-10 minutes. In this 

manner, the vegetables become softer without losing their consistency. 

They are then often eaten with a I;eanut sauce (gado-gado or petjel, 

Indonesia) or with coconut milk. h/lastly people use locally grown vegetables: 

cabbage, swamp cabbage or water spinach, bean sprouts, asparagus 

bean, four-angled bean, etc. 

In western. countries as well, some vegetables are eaten raw, sometimes 

with a sauce: lettuce, endive, cabbage, radish, cucumber, tomato. Sometimes 

boiling water is first poured over them (cabbage) for softening. 

in primitive regions vegetables are wrapped in banana leaves etc. and 

baked in hot ashes or between hot stones (Polynesia, New Guinea). 

The normal western manner is + .ti x boil vegetables in water; often thei 

are then further stewed with fat, milk, flour etc.; mostly they lose their 

consistency and often also some of their flavour. 

The Chinese kitchen stews or fries vegetables with fat; they keep their 

consistency and are not boiled out. 

In Africa vegetables often are stewed with palmoil, e.g. young cassavp 

leaves, and used after passing through a sieve, as infant food. 

In many countries vegetables are mixed with the main food and boiled 

together; hotchpotch, rice with vegetables (riz a la creole), Irish stew etc. 

Also thick vegetable soups are much in use; they are eaten separately 

(minestrone e.g.) or with the main dish (sayor in Indonesia and Thailand) 

rumasava (Madagascar), the sauce eaten with the couscous (North-Africa). 

Sometimes a thick soup with rice is used as infant food (nasi tim, Indonesia). 

In Africa, especially along the Guinea Coast, it is customary to cook 

* In general, proteins of vegetable origin contain less of the important, sulphur 

containing rmino acids cystine and methioni:e than animal proteins. Moreover, 

methionine can be transformed by the human body into cystine but not the reverse. 

Therefore, each time a vegetable is known to have a higher content of methionine 

than normal, this will be indicated in the text, according to the data contained in the 

work of BUSSON and in FAO “Amino acid content of foods”. This applies to contents 

above z g of methionine per 16 g N (which corresponds with IOO g protein). The standard 

FAO content is 2.2 g per 16 g N. 

4

vegetables a long time into a thick, sticky sauce: palaver sauce, eaten with 

the main dish fufu. The sauce should be thick, viscous and slimy, since the 

fufu is dipped into it; normally, it is bitter, salty or hot (chillies). Often 

people use a powder obtained from dried leaves. 

Another way of preparing vegetables is to boil or stew them with chillies 

(sambalan, Indonesia) or curry (India). Sometimes the vegetables are 

snredded and fried (India). 

Generally, boiling for a long time diminishes the vitamin C content; the 

influence on the vitamin A and carotene contents is still somewhat un- 

certain; on the other hand, it may destroy poisonous substances. It is a fact 

that by boiling in much water and throwing away the superfluous water, 

part of the water-soluble vitamins (e.g. B and C) disappear. How digest- 

ibility is affected by eating vegetables raw or boiled for a short time, is not 

certain. In general the digestibility of young leaves is estimated at about 

80%. 

Drying in the sun and above a fire impairs vitamin C and Ba contents. 

More serious is the fact that the proteins and their digestibility may be 

atfected. This may depend for a large part on the temperature during the 

drying process, which should not be higher than 6o’C. The situation is not 

clear: proteins may be affected chemically, the process may have to do 

with sugar caramelization u hich starts above 60% and which could 

promote the formation of inactive protein compounds, or irreversible 

drying out of the vegetable matter could affect digestibility. 

It should be stressed that many tropical vegetables cannot be eaten raw, 

since they ar e then irritatine or even poisonous e.g. leaves of Poinsettia 

(E II ph OT b’ la p II I1 c rerrinra), young leives and shoots of maniac (Manihot utilissima). 

II. THE CULTURE 

Vegetables may be grown for the market or for home consumption. When 

the 1 r are grown for home consumption, this may still be done in any of 

three different ways, viz. planted in well cared-for and manured beds, as 

is usual for the commercial cultures, or as an intercrop between agricultural 

crops, or seemingly running wild around the house, without much care 

or manure. Which manner of growing should be preferred, depends on 

the circumstances. 

z. Ve~etabies &r the market. These are often grown in accordance with the 

demand from the well-to-do public for European vegetables such a: 

cauliflower, beans, lettuce and radishes, which do not grow naturally in 

the tropics. Therefore, they need very intensive care but, owing to the high 

prices they can command, the culture is still paying. Most of the time they 

are too expensive for ordinary people. Moreover, the seed of many of them 

cannot be grown in the tropics. 

5

Commercial growing of real tropical vegetables is very rare outside India 

and Sout-East-Asia. ‘They are then found in special small farms or in crop 

rotation with agricultural plants, mcxtly for the city markets. 

2. Mensive crrltfrre of vefletablP5 fir hnrrfe conslrn@on. ‘This t:.pc of cL\ltivation, e.g. 

on beds, is still rather rare. The ideal p:.tLe (!\I- Lhem is near the house 

where it is possible to give them the rrgu!x care vegetables need. In this 

case, one should choose the tropi4 kinds as they are better adapted to 

the climate and soil and therefore easier to grow. 

In regions with long dry periods w-here vegetables can only be grown 

without special measures in the rainy season, cultivation on beds is often 

even the only way to have fresh VegetaiJkS available for daily use all the 

year round. The choice of the site for the small gardens depends on the 

presence of water. Sometimes there are gardens in the river valley for the 

dly periods and others at a higher level for the rainy season. Furthermore, 

during the drv periods people are often reduced to eating lea\-es and shoots 

of trees and shrubs. Often the local trees and shrubs make a new flush in 

the dry season. 

3. V~fletablesfor home c~nsrrnrptianplunl~d hetafeeft tlr~~jeki CTI)~JS, especially in regions 

with shifting cultivation. In this case vegetables are available’ during the 

rainy season, but in the long dry periods without cultures the necessary 

veg-tables are absent from the diet. Often this means that little attention 

is paid to vegetables and their scarcity. If at the same time an insufficient 

quantity of other vitamin A containing foodstuffs is used (e.g. animal fat 

in the form of meat, fish, eggs, milk or cheese. or vegetabie fats with carotene 

such as red palmoil), blindness often occurs in young children. 

Vegetables from trees and shrubs and the gathering of wild plants will 

then take on greater importance. In regions with permanent agriculture, 

where vegetables aI-1 Intercropped, the same holds good generally but for 

the fact that sometimes irrigation makes vegetable growing possible even 

in the dry periods. In some regions the vegetables arc intercropped on the 

fields near home so that they can be collected on the way back from the 

farthest fields. 

4. Mixed gardening in lrome gardens is a very special form of vegetable growing: 

the combined, seemingly wild growth of vegetables, fruit trees etc. on the 

compounds near the houses, as is usual in several regions of South-East- 

Asia. Prerequisites for a favourable production are: a climate with plentiful 

rain without long dry periods, individual houses with enough space around 

them and an altitude of less than soo m above sea-level. Only then a sufficiently 

varied assortment of vegetables which regenerate naturally and 

produce the whole year round is possible. Besides these, vegetables are often 

periodically grown between the normal food crops (egg plant, red pepper 

or chillies, young maize). 

6

From commercial cultures and from intensive vegetable growing for 

home consumption on moderately good soils, which are continually 

under cultivation, a harvest of 10,000 kg a year of the finer varieties may be 

expected; uf the coarser kinds 15,000 kg. On good soils in a rainy climate 

this may even amount to 15,000 or 25,000 to 30,000 respectively. If the dry 

periods are of long duration and the soils not so good, the first mentioned 

figures are to be halved, because a lesser number of harvests is possible. 

The output of mixed cultures between the normal food crops is difficult 

to assess. 

On well planted compounds one may expect from 3,000 to 5,000 kg per 

ha or even more but the presence of a relatively large number of fruit trees 

and other plants may reduce the harvest to 500-1000 kg a year, especially 

in the case of long dry periods. 

An enumeration and description of the most frequently grown vegetables 

will be found in chapter IIIA, but we should bear in mind that high 

belts occur in the tropics (Cameroons, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Andes, 

Ethiopia) where the plants of tropical lowlands do not grow any more, 

nor those European varieties which need both summer and winter or long 

days. 

Chapters IIIB, C and D contain an enumeration of those vegetables which 

are generally gathered and of occasional vegetables. 

A. COMMERCIAL CULTURES .4ND SEPARATE CULTURES FOR HOME 

CONSUMPTION 

Growing plants, and vegetables in particular, need water and air in the 

soil, for the roots must take up water and also nutrients so they have to 

be able to breathe. 

A soil which contains much clay, as most of the heavy soils do, can keep 

a lot of water and nutrients as a reserve for the plants. On the other hand, 

the water does not sink easily through it, so that when it rains, all inter- 

stices are rapidly filled with water and all the air is driven out. It will be 

necessary to drain off the superfluous rain water by making ditches etc. 

A sandy soil or a red lateritic soil can only keep available little water and 

a small amount of nutrients as a reserve for the plants. Moreover, the water 

sinks rapidly through it, so after rain or irrigation this type of soil will soon 

be too dry. Soils containing much organic matter and humus, i.e. decom- 

posed waste matter from plants and suchlike, have special properties. 

The humus etc. can hold a large quantity of water and nutrients for the 

plants. It cements the loose sand particles and the fine lateritic particles 

together, so that crumbs are formed which leave some room for air when 

it rains. 

The humus also gets between the fine clay particles; this breaks up their 

strong cohesion and here too, crumbs may be formed by tillage. The soil 

becomes looser and contains more air spaces. This explains the favourable 

results with waste matter from plants (green manuring, farmyard manure, 

7

compost etc.). Moreover this kind of manure brings nutrients for the 

plants into the soil. 

Choice of site 

For commercial cultures and cultures for home consumption on beds 

or on the crop fields, it is desirable to have flat or gently sloping plots, if 

possible crop fields already in use, or those with benign weeds, or under 

young or old forest. Plots with noxious grasses having rhizomes such as 

Irrlper& (lalang, cogon) or having small tubers such as C~/~erxs are less well 

suited because they are difficult to clear and to keep clean. 

If there are dry periods, $qatt-xr has to be present to allow a continuous 

cultivation. It she-uld be easy to direct this to the plot and irrigation is 

greatly helped by a gentle slope. Where irrigation possibilities are lacking 

we need water in the immediate vicinity in rivers, ponds, wells or springs. 

In the absence of such lvater, we have to confine the culture to the rainy 

season and be content with trees and shrubs in the dry period. 

During the wet monsoon, the plot should not sufl& from a surplus of 

water; sometimes draining ditches xvi11 have to be dug for directing the 

water to lower terrain. Moreover. in case of irrigation in a climate with 

little rain, the surplus irrigation urater will have to be drained off in the 

same manner, to avoid saiinization of the soil. 

Should a steeply sloping plot have to be used, this must be terraced to 

avoid erosion. In such a case, care must be taken that the topsoil, which is 

usually much more fertile than the deeper layers, stays on top. First, the 

topsoil is scooped off and put on the higher and lower parts in the vicinity, 

then the underground is terraced and the topsoii put back. 

Plots with a steep slope usually have a very low fertility, because erosion 

is strong and the good topsoil is quickly carried off. When they have to be 

used, much manure is needed or green manures have to be sown, but even 

so good terracing from the start is much better. 

No hard layers (hardpan, alios, padas) may occur at a depth of less than 

40-50 cm and no clay layer either in a sandy soil, because these layers are 

not permeable; during the rain the topsoil will be too wet and airless. 

On the other hand, no specially permeable layers should occur at 

this depth either, because the water would sink too rapidly through 

them and the natural ascension of sufficient water for the roots becomes 

impossible. 

In both cases, the contact with the underground is lost and the roots 

are often unable to cross these layers. The conclusion is that the soil must 

be I) neither too loose, sandy and permeable so that it contains insufficient 

water and nutrients nor 2) too heavy and loamy. 

All soils can be improved by heavy manuring with dung, compost, 

organic waste matter from the village or from the market. Ideal soils are 

crumbly, reasonably permeable and water retaining. 

In dry periods, the topsoil often gets too dry and hot through the fierce 

8

sun; in this case mulching (ccvermg the soil with straw, dry grass etc.) 

between the plants becomes desirable. 

However, one should never manure by digging in such dry material 

as straw, without its being decomposed, because the decomposition requires 

the nutrients in the soil, which are then unavailable for the plants. 

It may take half a year or more before the nutrients are again available. 

Suitable soils are usually: 

I. young forest soils, rich in humus, but taking a lot of work for clearing; 

2. soils in riv?er valleys where finer materials have been deposited gradually, 

on condition that they are not too sandy or stony and without 

sudden inundations during the time of growing: 

i. SOirS .I iii * 2 depression or subsidence of the ground, where eroded material 

and humus have been deposited, on condition that there is no surplus 

of water and no impervious layers. 

Which plants can be grown, depends in the first place on the climate. 

The height above sea-level (which determines the temperature) is the 

factor which decides whether European vegetables can be grown such as 

cauliflower, leek, beans, peas etc. Nowadays new varieties are introduced 

in increasing numbers, e.g. of cauliflower for the low plains, but growing 

them still meets with special difficulties. Success in growing vegetables 

depends also on daylength. The really tropical vegetables are adapted to 

the high temperature and humidity of the tropical lowlands and the short 

days as well as to the relatively poor soils. Therefore, they are by far the 

easiest to grow in all seasons, if only there is water. 

As we have mentioned before, insufficient rainfall or too long dry 

periods can be compensated by a good water supply, especially by irri- 

gation. Even if the average rainfall during the whole of the year is sufficient, 

a sound irrigation offers a great advantage in that it makes the grower less 

dependent on the weather. Without rainfall, at least one liter of water 

per ha per second will have to be provided. 

In very permeable, light soils (sand or deep red laterites) with long dry 

periods, a satisfactory irrigation is difficult. The water sinks too rapidly 

through the soil and the plant nutrients are washed away. In these cases, 

very heavy manuring with organic matter is necessary, as well as very 

much water. So it is better to look for less permeable soils, if possible with 

a higher water retention. For commercial cultures sprinkling is feasible, 

but it requires great capital investments (of the order off. 200.--.-. per ha) 

and the yearly costs are at least from f. IO.-.-. to f. 20.-,-. per ha. 

But then, less water is lost in sprinkling than in irrigation, where more 

water sinks into the soil on the field and where more water evaporates 

from, and seeps through the irrigation ditches. 

TilIuge and manuring 

Intensive soil cultivation is always highly recommended in vegetable 

9

gardening, at least in temperate climates, as this promotes good soil 

structure and healthy growth. However, regular exposure of most tropical 

soils to the combined influences of sun, air and a humid environment 

leads to a very rapid deterioration of humus and other organic matter, 

resulting in soils without the capacity to keep nutrients and water available 

for the plants. Only young volcanic soils and some heavy clays in which 

the clay minerals take over the function of humus, can stand regular 

cultivation and even so, this may damage the structure of the clay soils. 

Therefore, cultivation should always be combined with the application of 

decomposed organic matter (compost, stable manure etc.). For the break- 

ing of crusts, e.g. after watering, or for weeding, very shallow cultivation 

with a hoe or scuffle is advisable. 

Except after clearing a soil under forest (which has already a good struc- 

ture), the first tilling has to be two spits deep with a spade or hoe, i.e. to a 

depth of at least 30 cm. The bottom spit should remain under the upper 

spit, which is turned over on top of it. 

In digging with a shovel or spade an open furrow is used; the bottom spit 

is turned and then the upper one from the next furrow put on top of it. 

In tilling with a hae an open furrow is also used; first the top layer of a 

narrow strip is put away, then the second layer is hoed, after which the 

upper layer of the next strip is hoed over on the first strip etc. 

The spade tills the soil better than the hoe, but it takes more time. 

Moreover, in the tropics the spade is often unknown; only the hoe is 

in use for this type of w$.,rk. 

For normal upkeep one spade deep digging is suflicient. It may be done 

with a furrow, especially when there is much weed or when manure has 

to be worked in; in this case the sod is first cut and turned over in the open 

furrow. On clean ground this is not necessary. 

Digging while standing on the as yet untilled part of the ground and 

working backwards is less laborious. This is to he preferred to hoeing 

because one does not trample the tilled part and because it is a less rough 

method, but hoeing is quicker. 

Repeating the trenching (two spades deep) e.g. once every four years, 

may be desirable but this depends on the soil structure. 

Workability of the soil is influenced to a great extent by the weather. 

Light, sandy soils are always workable, whether dry or wet. Heavy soils 

may not be worked during abundant rains, else they become compacted 

and, on drying, fall apart into hard clods which are unsuitable for culti- 

vation. 

Therefore, most soils are tilled when they are half-wet, either because 

they have dried sufficiently after the last rains or because the rains set in 

slowly and have wetted them sufficiently. 

Very heavy soils are sometimes broken up by means of a crowbar before 

the wet monsoon; the clods fall slowly apart through the action of the 

rains. Usually, if the soil is tilled under the right conditions, the clods and 

IO

crumbs come apart quite easily through the rain or, in the case of seedbeds, 

through sprinkling. 

If the water supply is well regulated, one may always keep the soil 

workable in the dry season. 

Normally vegetables are planted on beds, especially the finer varieties. 

These beds usually have a width of at least I m for vegetables or I& m for 

nurseries, so that the middle may easily be reached from both sides. 

The paths between the beds are made as narrow as possible, after the 

whole of the plot has been tilled. 

Usually the beds are rectangualr. On the short side at the back they are 

bounded by ditches leading to the main drainage of rain water, and on 

the short front side by wider paths, the main paths which are parallel 

to the ditches. Especially during the rainy season the ditches and narrow 

paths are iimportant for rapid draining. If the water flows too rapidby, sma!l 

dams are made in the paths and ditches by means of piled up stones or of 

sticks rammed into the ground. 

If the soil is not too easily eroded, the paths are deepened in the rainy 

season; if necessary, the sides of the beds may be protected against erosion 

by bamboo mattings. During the dry season the ditches may sometimes be 

used for the water supply, but more often the paths are used. Mostly 

special supply lines are necessary along the main paths. For an efficient 

irrigation without too great losses of water about 30 1 of water at least 

should be led per second through a primary ditch. When there is little or 

no rainfall, the beds are made as low as possible and the ditches filled up 

with mulch, prunings etc. in order to limit the evaporation. 

Water should never stand for days at a time in the paths and ditches, 

because the roots might rot. 

Usually applying the manure is combined with tilling; the manure is 

then put into furrows and the upper soil layer shoveled or hoed over it. 

In soils that have a!ready been used and are going to be replanted, the manure 

may be raked in; in this case it has to be finely distributed. 

The best fertilizer is farmyard manure; if this is not available, at least 

not in sufficient quantities, village or market refuse and compost may be 

used instead. 

For effective use vegetables need from 50,000 to IOO,OOO kg a year per ha. 

Usually such quantities will not be available; village refuse and compost 

can serve as a supp!ement. 

Chemical fertilizers too should be used, e.g. nitrogen fertilizers such as 

ammonium sulphate, but this must be done on an organic-manure basis 

because otherwise the soil will often hold the chemical fertilizer insufficiently, 

so that it is washed away by the rains. 

Concerning chemical fertilizers the local agricultural extension officer 

should be consulted. All plants need N (nitrogen), P (phosphor) and K 

(potassium). 

It should be noted, howcvcr, that the manure quantities stated above 

II

are only indispensable for the cultivation of the finer kinds of vegetables 

such as lettuce, carrots, beet, endive, celerjr, tomatoes etc. For the others, 

much less will usually suffice. Normally a good growth requires extra 

nitrogen (liquid manure, ammonium sulphate) but the soil may also need 

phosphor and potassium. 

Compost can be made in a simple manner as follovvs: all kinds of waste 

matter such as leaves * , grass, garden and kitchen refuse, are piled up in 

20 to 30 cm thick layers, which are covered with I to 2 cm thick layers of 

earth. This is best done in shallow pits, covered by a pentroof against the 

rain and surrounded by a low earth wall against inundation. Generally, 

wooden parts and dry material should be avoided. 

If part of the material is dry, it should be wetted with water. The whole 

has to be well tamped. The heap is once turned over and well mixed. 

Wetting it at the same time is useful. After six months or more, decom- 

position is complete. A disadvantage is that insects (flies etc.) may multiply 

in the compost. Sick plants should be burned. 

A better though more laborious method is to pile the material up in the 

pit as described dbovc and then to wet it with stale or other nitrogen 

fertilizers and tamp it firmly. The addition of nitrogen in the form of stale, 

farmyard manure, ammonium sulphate or ureum and suchlike is necessary 

when straw and/or other material with low N content is used. Dry material 

has to be wetted, but not so heavily that it drips. 

The heap gets heated and this kills all animal life inside it. After a month 

the heap is turned over, mixed with the earth formerly used as a cover and 

again lightly wetted with stale or ammonium sulphate diluted with water. 

After another month this procedure is repeated; the result is a crumbly 

mass, which is as effective as half that quantity of farmyard manure. 

The application of chemical fertilizers should be restricted to 50 g per 

square metre wheil tilling, and to 5 g per plant as a top dressing, otherwise 

there is a chance that the plants are damaged. 

Seedbeds 

The seed is sometimes sown on seedbeds for later transplanting either 

directly to the perfecting ground or first to other beds called nursery-beds. 

Seedbeds ought to be carefully dug and no coarse manure applied on them. 

The soil becomes friable by systematic watering, combined with the ad- 

dition of a mixture of e.g. cow manure and water. Hard clods are disposed 

of b:J raking and picking off. After sowing, the beds are lightly watered. 

As a protection against both too strong evaporation and heavy showers, 

a pentroof of grass, palm leaves etc. is fastened over the beds. Both before 

and after sprouting, the pentroof is taken dway in favourable weather 

(moderate sunshine and morning sun). It serves only during heavy 

showers once the seedlings are well developed (from 2 to 4 fully grown 

leaves); they get more and more sunshine as they grolv. 

* Water hyacinth is an excellent plant for cornposting. 

I2

In case of damping off of young seedlings it is useful to cover the seedbed 

with a thin layer of clean sand. When seeds are carried off by ants, 

sprinkling the seedbeds with sand mixed with kerosene is usually very 

helpful. During drj weather systematic watering is needed; this is done in 

the morning or in the evening, certainly not ir,! fierce sunshine.Should 

the latter he unavoidable, then the ground between the plants should be 

watered, otherwise the plants may get burned. 

On seedbeds are sown the fine seeds, the see dlings of which may be 

transplanted, such as lettuce, celery, tropical spinach (Attraranthus), cabbage, 

tomatoes, Chinese cabbage varieties, but generally not root vegetables 

such as beet, carrot, radish, Chinese radish, nor plants with big seeds such 

as beans, peas, cllcumber and pumpkin. 

From the seedbeds many plants go to the nursery-beds before they are 

transplanted to the field, e.g. tomatoes and cabbage. The nursery-beds too 

should be well dug and manured. 

Each time when it is possible transplanting must be done with the ball 

of earth; this is made possible by light watering before taking up the plants. 

Compressing the ball of earth to avoid losing part of it, is a wrong 

practice, because it is detrimental to the growth of the roots. 

Plalnting distances are given in this book, but they vary much according 

to soil and climate or to the number of seeds per plant hole. 

Maintztzance 

The most important maintenance tasks are: weeding, irrigation or watering, 

keeping the soil open and guarding against pests and diseases, sometimes 

top dressing. Of course, these operations apply particularly to 

commercial cultures; for home use it is better to choose those plants 

which need little care and are relatively free from pests and diseases. 

Weed control and loosening the topsoil are combined in the form of 

shallow scuffling and hoeing. ‘The hard layer that may be formed after 

watering has constantly to be broken up. This should be done to a very 

shallow depth because otherwise the roots get damaged and premature 

flowering will often result. 

Pests and diseases occur so frequently and in such a wide range, that no 

information on them can be given in a nutshell. The principal pesticides 

(giving protection against damage done by insects) are parathion, dieldrin, 

aldrin (all of them very poisonous) and DDT, lindane and malathion 

(moderately poisonous) and pyrethrum powder etc. 

Against diseases caused by fungi and bacteria are used e.g. copper, zinc 

and sulphur compounds, captan (poisonous except sulphur) and many 

others. 

Especially in Africa, nematode damages are very serious; they are as yet 

difficult to control; this holds also for many fungi. In these cases crop 

rotation becomes necessarl’. &, , p!anting of kindred plants such as tomatoes, 

red peppers, potatoes and egg plants soon after each other is to be avoided. 

13

Planting Tagetes may destroy the nematodes, just like various chemicals. 

For maintenance work we need various tools: spades, hoes, rakes, 

buckets, watering cans and drums or barrels for preparing liquid manure. 

Garden trowels for pricking out plants that have to be transplanted as 

well as seed boxes to be used instead of seed-beds, are desirable. 

For controlling diseases and pests we need a.o. a good syringe for liquid 

dressings and bellows for applying powders. 

Choice ofplants 

This depends, as stated above, on the climate, especially on the temperature 

(height above sea-level) and the duration of day light, on the quality of the 

soil, the damage done by diseases and r&UC n~=+s and on the know-how of the 

man in charge. 

Some vegetables such as headed cabbages (white, red and savoy), cabbages 

propagated by cuttings, borecole, New Zealand spinach, witloof 

chicory, celery, leek, chives, garlic, beans, peas, chocho, cauliflower, 

carrots, kohl rabi and potatoes are generally to be raised only with a fair 

chance of success at rather high altitudes (600 to IZOO m above sea-level), 

although some sorts of cabbage, beet, carrot and chocho can be cultivated 

also in the lowlands e.g. at IOO m above sea-level if conditions are otherwise 

favourable. Cropping real spinach in the tropics is practically impossible. 

On the other hand, there are vegetables such as lettuce, Chinese cabbage 

varieties, purslane, endive, Indian spinach, Ceylon spinach or Surinam 

purslane, leaves of sweet potatoes, jute, cassava shoots, tropical spinach, 

kangkong, celery, leaves of taro or cocoyam, pods of cowpea, mung bean, 

sword bean, hyacinth bean; young fruits such as cucumber, loofah, bitter 

cucumber, various pumpkins and gourds, okra or gombo, tomatoes, egg 

plant, red peppers, melons and watermelons, shallots, Chinese radish and 

beet, which may be successfully grown in the lowlands too. 

If sufficient water is available, almost all vegetables suitable for the 

altitude given may be grown with the exception of those which cannot 

stand abundant rains and so have to be cultivated during the dry season, 

such as headed cabbages (white, red and savoy), melons, watermelons and, 

in a lesser degree, cucumber. If the water supply is scant in the dry season, 

one has to rely on vegetables needing little water; these are usually of a 

somewhat inferior quality e.g. leaves of sweet potatoes, cassava shoots, 

pumpkins and gourds. Also okra, sword bean and hyacinth bean can do 

with less water than normal. 

B. MIXED GARDENS OR COMPOUNDS OR HOME GARDENS 

The situation is not always favourable for a separate vegetable culture. 

Often the women have to do agricultural work at a great distance from 

the house and to prepare meals on coming home or they take care of the 

sale of products. This leaves them no time for intensive vegetable growing. 

In those cases - and this is easiest in regions with much rainfall without 

I4

long dry periods-one may plant around the house a mixed assortment 

of indigenous vegetables and fruits, herbaceous plants a.s well as shrubs and 

trees which are well adapted to the soil and so require lir tle care. They may 

even run almost wild and the herbs can disseminate themselves. 

The advantages attendant on this procedure are numerous. The soil 

around the house is often fertile, because all sweepings and refuse from the 

household collect there. It is shaded against direct sunlight, remains cooler 

and more humid and retains more organic matter. Moreover, the deeper 

roots may bring up sub-soil anorganic matter and the soil will be covered 

by leaves etc. It is possible to plant trees and shrubs near and in between 

the plants that grow in hedges or climb in trees and those that only cover 

+I ,,:e ground and often stand shadow quite well. 

For this purpose we may choose some sorts of tropical spinach (Amarantb~rs, 

Cclosia, Talinum etc.), purslane, cassava or maniac (for the leaves), 

red peppers, egg plant, black nightshade and suchlike (Salanum n&urn, S. 

tio~fiflowm, S. escule~4t44m), okra or gombo, gedi (Hibiscus nranihot), climbers like 

pumpkins, gourds etc., oyster nut and fluted gourd (Telfairea), Indian 

spinach (Bus&z), bitter cucumber (Monrorliica), snake gourd (Trichosanthes) 

and chocho (Sechiurrr) for the leaves and fruits, as well as trees and shrubs 

such as papaw, joint fir (Gneturtt), drumstick tree (Moringa) and Sesbania for 

the leaves; also beans such as cowpea, hyacinth bean, goa bean, sword bean 

and suchlike, of which the peas, young pulses and leaves may be eaten. 

For particulars see chapter IIIa, e.g. Manihot (cassava for the leaves), where 

the suitability for compound culture of many sorts of plants is given. 

If the mixed planting has been done in the right way, there i? every day 

something to be harvested for soup, sauce or sayor (a sauce containing 

vegetables, eaten with the rice). The women can pick vegetables or potherbs 

while cooking without walking for long distances to the often remote 

fields. Such a compound crop takes little time and care. For a compound 

no more than 3 to 5 days a year need to be taken out, mainly for digging a 

plot for a new planting, which in its turn may be allowed to run wild. 

As a supplement, the leaves of many already harvested crops may be 

eaten, e.g. cassava, sweet potatoes, cowpea, hyacinth bean, goa bean, red 

peppers. However, these old leaves often must be boiled for a long time 

(cassava for I to z hours). They are also dried and ground to powder. 

On the compounds of tropical lowlands all sorts of fruit trees may also 

be planted. There is a wider range of possibilities for wet regions without 

long dry periods (less than 3 months with a mean rainfall of less than 

60 mm per month) than for the drier ones. 

Wet regions or regions with a high Dry regions 

groundwater table 

Achrus supo~a (c hico) Annum squamosa (custard apple) 

Ammus comosus (pine-apple) Anacardium occidentale (cashew)

Annona muricata (soursop) *Averrhou bilimbi (cucumber tree) 

Annana reticulara (bullock’s heart) *Aver&a carambola (carambola) 

Artacarpus communis (breadfruit) Citrus reticulata (mandarin) 

*Artucarpus inteRra (jack fruit) Citrus sineusis (orange) 

*Caricil papaya (papaw) Mummea americana (mammey) 

Citrus aurantijdia (lime) Man&ru indica (mango) 

*Citrus maxima (shaddock) *Psidium guujava (guava) 

*Citrus paradisi (grapefruit) 

Cocos nucifera (cocos) 

Coulu eduh (attia) 

Durio zibethinus (durian) 

EuSenia (Syzy@um) aquea (jambu) 

EuSenia (SyzySium) javanica (wax jambu) 

Eugenia (Syzyg~um) rnalaccensis (malay 

apple) 

Garcinia rnatt@ana (mangosteen) 

Lansirrm hmesticrrm (duku) 

Muss acrrtrrinata (mostly banana) 

Punica pmatum (pomegranate) 

*M44sa balbisiana (mostly plantain) 

Nepheliuur kzypaceum (rambutan) 

*Perseu dratissima (avocado) 

Spondias cytherea (hogplum) 

Salacca edulis (salak) 

Treculia africana (African breadnut) 

Some of these come practically true from seed: many Java mangoes, 

avocado idjo pandjang of Java, papaw semangka of Java, Garcinia nranpstana, 

Lansiuur domesticurn, Salacca edulis. 

Others vary only slightly: Annor~a nurricatu, Annana reticulata, Aunorta squamosa, 

Coula edulis, Artucarpus comruuuis, Artucarpus integra, Drrria zibetkinrrs, Treculia qfiicana, 

Citrus nurantifolia. 

Again, others give only a small number of deviating seedlings which 

are sometimes easy to weed out: Citrus reticuluta, Citrus sinensis, Eugenia nralaccensis. 

These are eminently suitable for distribution in gardens and compounds 

through school ardens because from the seeds taken home and planted 

there, useful tre I! s may grow. 

Well planted, mixed gardens with fruit and other trees, palms and vegetables 

requiring little care, have a special advantage for people in their old 

age, as they provide them with a basis of livelihood and some independence. 

This is another reason why their extension should be promoted. 

* also suitable for the other group. 

16

. Abeihxchus munihot Med.

III. ENUMERATION OF VEGETABLES 

A. THE PRINCIPAL CULTIVATED OR MUCH USED TROPICAL VEGETABLES 

Tropical and sub-tropic-1 vegetables may be distinguished as follows: 

A. Leaf vegetables for trL oical lowlands. 

a. Leaf vegetables for the .-&-tropics and higher belts in the tropics. 

B. Pulses or their seeds for .ropical lowlands. 

b. Pulses or their seeds for the subtropics and higher belts in the tropics. 

C. Young fruits, seeds, bulbs, flowers and shoots for the tropical low- 

lands. 

C. Young fruits, seeds, bulbs, flowers and shoots for the subtropics and 

higher belts in the tropics. 

D. Tubers and suchlike for the tropical lowlands. 

d. Tubers and suchlike for the subtropics and the higher belts in the 

tropics. 

cult. = cultivated plant. 

numbers between brackets = protein content in percentages of fresh 

weight if not otherwise indicated. 

A cult. ABelmoschs manihot Med. (Malvaceae). See Hibiscus manihot. 

A cult. Aculypha species (Euphorbiaceae) such as A. wilkesiana Muell. Arg. (6-7X), 

A. caturus Bl., A. Boehmeroides Miq., all of them shrubs, and A. indict L. (6,7%) 

and A. paniculata Miq., herbs, of which the young leaves and shoots are 

eaten. 

A. wilkesiana is a much grown ornamental plant with brownish to mutticoloured 

leaves. All are suitable for mixed gardening. 

A cult. Achras supotu L. (Sapotaceae); Chico, Naseberry ; Sapotillier (Fr.); Chico (Sp.). 

Pantropical fruit tree with milky juice, of which the young leaves and 

shoots may be eaten. Suitable for compounds. 

A cult. Acroceras ampIectans Stapf (Gramineae). 

Grass grown and sold as a vegetable in Gambia. 

AC cult. Adunscmia di$ata L. (Bombacaceae); Baobab. 

The baobab is a tree of dry regions; the young leaves as well as the pulp 

18

of the young fruits are eaten. Protein content of the young leaves 4-6% 

(rather rich in methionine). Suitable for largish conlpoutlds, perhaps to be 

tried as hedges. Also mentioned (for the leaves) are: A. za Bail]., A. pndidieri 

Baill. and A. madqpmiense Baill., all of them from Madagascar. The 

young tuber of A. za is also eaten. 

AedIe rnarn~elos L. (Rutaceae); Bael fruit. A cult. 

Primitive fruit tree of India and Indonesia of which also the young leaves 

and shoots can be eaten. Suitable for compounds. 

Aeolanthus pubescens Benth. (Labiatae). 

Herb grown in Africa (Calabar) and eaten as a salad. Ae. helitropioides Chev. 

is used in the same manner and as a flavouring, just like Ae.frutescem. 

A cult. 

Apve cantala Roxb. (Amaryllidaceae). 

Perennial herb (fiber plant) of which the young heart can be eaten, like 

that of A. sisalamz Perr. 

c cult. 

Allueanthus luzunicus F. Vill. (Moraceae). 

Tree of the Philippines of which the young leaves and shoots (5.1%) and the 

A cult. 

young flower catkins (7-8.3%) are eaten. Grown near the houses and 

suitable for the compounds. The wild A. glabra Warb. is used in the same 

manner. 

Allium spp. (Liliaceae). 

All have very fine seeds, that cannot be kept for long: 

Aflium ascalmicum L.; Shallot; Echalotte (Fr.); Chalote (Sp.). AC cult. 

Important bulbous plant with hollow leaves; propagation not from seeds 

but through planting young small bulbs .formed by the old bulb. Either 

the leaves are cut for consumption or the bulbs are left to grow until 

they are used instead of real onions. They need much water because the 

leaf tips wither easily, especially in case of insect damage e.g. thrips. 

Requires well manured, moisture holding soil. Plant sets 15-zo cm apart 

all ways. Needs 1500-3000 kg of sets per ha. Also suitable for lowlands if 

the soil is good. Protein content of the leaf 1.8%~ of the bulb I.~M%. 

Allium cepn L.; Onion; Oignon (Fr.); Cebolla (Sp.). AC cult. 

Important bulbous plant with hollow leaves, propagated from seed, 

grown for the young plants (spring onions) or for the bulbs. Most of the 

varieties are unsuited fc,r the tropics, because bulb formation requires a 

daylength of 1.1 to 16 hours. Therefore, it is difficult if not impossible to 

grow seed. Suitable for the tropics are: Red Kano, Red Creole, Bermuda, 

Early Grano, Granex, Texas Grano, Crystal Wax, Early Yellow Cape Flat. 

The time of planting (preferably increasing daylength) may be important 

too. Sowing can be done on the spot, mostly in rows, or the seedlings are 

transplanted from seedbeds in rows zo cm apart, with 18 cm between them. 

Per ha it takes 5 to IO kg seed; when transplanting is done, 2 kg. Suitable for 

fertile, moisture holding and well drained soil. Much water is required, 

as with shallots (thrips). The culture is possible in the lowlands, but is 

usually more successful at greater heights. Protein content of the leaf 

1.2-295, of the bulb 1.3% up to 4%. 

I9

a curt. 

a cult. 

a cd. 

a cult. 

AD cult. 

A cult. 

A cult. 

AIliumfitulosum L.; Welsh onion; Ciboule (Fr.); Cebolleta (Sp.). 

Plant resembling leek but with hollow leaves, always propagated by 

dividing. The culture is very easy; planting 20 cm apart all ways. The 

growth is best at altitudes of more than IOOO m. Seed growing is difficult. 

The whole is eaten as a vegetable, just like leek. Protein content of the leaf 

1.2~I.g%, of the thickened stem 1.2%. 

Album prum L. ; Lee? : Poireau (Fr.); Puerro (Sp.). 

Plant resembling onions, but without bulbs and with flat leaves; always 

propagated from seed. The whole plant serves as a vegetable. The culture 

is like that of onions and requires also fertile soils, but planting is done at 

distances of IS cm both ways. Seed requirements like those of onions. 

European varieties are suitable for altitudes of more than IOOO m. For the 

lowlands there are only a few suitable varieties, used in India, e.g. American 

Flag. Seed growing is possible but difficult. The seed has to mature in the 

dry season. Protein content of the leaf I+2.5%, 

together 1.8-2.0%. 

Other onions are also grown for the leaves e.g.: 

of the leaves and stems 

Allium odorum L.; Chinese chives (2.5-4%) and A. schaenaprasum L. (I.I-2.8%); 

Chives; Ciboulette, Civette (Fr.); Cebollino (Sp.). 

Both are exclusively used for seasoning. 

A. angolense Baker (Congo) and A. tuberosum Roth (China, India) are also 

known, just like A. ampef~prusum L., A. n@itanum A. Chev. (Central Africa), 

A. roseurn L. (flowers) and A. criquetrum L. (North Africa). 

Allium sativum L. Garlic; Ail (Fr.); Ajo (Sp.). 

Bulbous plant growing only at rather high altitudes, also used as a seasoning. 

Protein content of the bulb 5-7%, of the leaf 2-2.5%. 

Afocasia mucrorrhiza Schntt. (Araceae). 

Not so important herbaceous plant, eaten only in an emergency, containing 

a thick milky juice, with big sagittate leaves without a marginal vein, 

with a black rhizome above ground, which is sometimes eaten. The wild 

variety has a pungent taste caused by oxalate crystals; it causes the mouth 

to itch, but there are some cultivated forms without this property; the 

leaves and stalks of these are eaten (India). Protein content of the rhizome 

0.6%, protein content of the leaf unknown. Also the smaller A. indicu Schott 

is known. 

Alpinia galqa SW. (Zingiberaceae); Greater galangal. 

Perennial herb of which not only the spicy rhizomes are eaten but also 

the young shoots, the flower buds and the flowers. Protein content of the 

shoots 0.~1%. 

Alpinia &in&urn Hance is the real “galanga” from China. 

Altenranthera species (Amhranthaceae) such as A. jcoides R.Br. var. (= A. 

amuena Voss) (4.1%), A. maritima St. Hil., A. wfifl;ra R.Br., A. philoxeroides Gris., 

A. se&s R.Br., A. triarufra Lam. (2.g%), A. versich L. (2.3-2.7%). 

Herbaceous weeds suitable as a vegetable (young foliage). Easy to propagate 

20

2. TUBERS 

Above: Alocasiu macrorrhiza Schott. ; Xantkosoma violaceum Schott. 

Below: Colocasia edtilta Schott.; Cohxsia gigantea Hook.f. 

21

Above: Ahmia manmhiza Schott.; 

3. LEAVES 

Xanthosma viafaceum Schott. 

Below: Colocasia esculenta Schott.; Cducaia gipntea Hook.f. 

22

y cuttings. Especially the green forms of A. amoena are used. Protein 

content of the leaf 5%. 

Amaranthus species and varieties (Amaranthaceae) such as A. blitum L., A. A cult. 

caudatus L., A, chlorostuchys Miq., A. dubius Thill., A. fiumentaceits L., A. gangeticus 

L., A. pcdis Desf., A. hybridus L., A. lividus L., A. melancholicus L., A. mangostunus 

L., A. putulus Bertol., A. polygamus L., A. oleraceus L., A. paniculutus L., A. poiygonoides 

L., A. spinosus L., A. sylvestris Desf., A. thunbergii Miq., A. tricolor L., 

A. tristis L., A. viridis L. and others, among them many weeds. Probably 

many hybrids have been named as separate species; Amaranth, 

spinach-: Amarante, Tampala (Fr.); Bledo (Sp.). 

Chinese 

Important annual herbs with erect stems and flowers in spikes, grown for 

the tops and leaves, used like spinach, often especially for infants. The fine 

seed is sown densely in order to harvest the young leaves just like spinach. 

Seed required per ha: 40 kg, or 15 when thinned out and transplanted, or 

it is sown in rows 20 cm apart or transplanted spaced at 20 to 40 by 50 to 

75 cm; in that case they are repeatedly cut back or plucked for the young 

tops until the plant runs to seed, which happens easily in drought. Varieties 

with big leaves e.g. bajem kebo (Indonesia) are much in demand. The first 

harvest comes 4 to 6 weeks after transplantation. For seedbeds 5 to IO g of 

seed. is pPPl-iPri _----.a FL’ n-r s 

‘i 

llrl*P U-IL . I-nPYl-P ..L...b. .-C&U smwl 6 lowing is very . . . =a~~. .-.-a..* Both seed and 

seedlings suitable for the compounds where the plant can regenerate naturally. 

Protein content 2.5-6%, of the seeds 13% (A. caudatus), rather rich in 

methionine. Well known commercial variety: Tampala (A. ganaeticus L.). 

Amomum maximum Roxb. (Zingiberaceae), 

Willd. 

A. citrutum Pers., A. cardamomurn A cult. 

The young shoots of these perennial herbs are eaten, but of A. cardamomurn 

only the dry rhizomes (10%). 

Anrorphophallus campanulatus Bl. (Araceae); Elephant foot. AD cult. 

Not so important herb which forms tubers and bulbils; it has big tripartite 

blades, each part being subdivided into numerous lobes; the flowers 

resemble arum; the big, somewhat flattened dXrS are eaten (I-)%), at 

least those of the cultivated varieties (not with rough but with almost 

smooth leaf stalks); the young shoots are eaten too. Well-known is also: 

A. rivieri var. konjac Engl. (= A. kon,iac Koch). 

It is used for making flour. The wild forms have a sharp taste and cause the 

mouth to itch (oxalate crystals). Both stand shade and are suitable for the 

A cult. 

compoundx Grown like Colocasin. Propagation: both the bulbils from the 

leaves and parts of tuber peel with one or more eyes may be planted. 

Protein content of the tuber I%, of the leaf unknown. 

A. schweinjiathii N.E. Br. are also eaten (Sudan). 

The young leaves of 

Anacardium occidentde L. (Anacardiaceae); Cashew; Cajou (Fr.). 

Pantropical fruit tree, of which the young leaves and shoots are eaten (3.8- 

5.2%). Suitable for the compounds. 

A cub. 

Ananas comosus Merr. (Bromeliaceae); Pineapple; Ananas (Fr.); Pifia (Sp.). 

Pantropical, perennial herb, of which the young heart can be eaten. 

A cult. 

23

24 

4. Amaranthus hybridus L.

An&urn grnveolens L. (Umbelliferae); Dill; Aneth (Fr.); Eneldo (Sp.). 

A cult. 

Herb used as a condiment (seeds), of which the young leaves are eaten 

(3%) like those of A. sowa from India (3.4%). Partly also called Perrcedanurn. 

Annona muricuta L. (Annonaceae); Soursop; Corossol (Fr.). 

Pantropical fruit tree, of which also the young fruits (Java) and the young 

leaves and shoots can be eaten. Suitable for the compound. 

Of A. senedalensis Pers. the young flowerbuds are eaten. 

A cult. 

Antidesmu bunius Spreng. (Euphorbiaceae). 

Fruit tree from South-East-Asia, of which the acid young leaves are eaten, 

Rike those of A. ghaesenrbilu Gaertn. Also A. diandru Roxb. (India) is eaten 

(7.2%). 

A cult 

Anthrisa:s cerefilium Hoffm. (Euphorbiaceae); Chervil. 

Annual herb of which the leaves (3.4%) are ustsd as a condiment (= Scandix 

cerefilium L.). 

0 cult. 

Apium draveolens L. (Umbelliferae); 

Apio (Sp.). 

Celery, Celeriac; Celeri, Celeri rave (Fr.); AD cult. 

Perennial, herbaceous plant, grown for the green leaves as a condiment, 

for the full-grown, blanched leaves and leaf stalks as a vegetable, or for 

the tubers as a vegetable (Celeriac, CCleri rave; Apia). The leaves contain 

~~-2.3% protein (when blanched o.po.g%), the tubers 1.5-K 

As a condiment; it is easily grown in the low!and.s, but the b!anched !eaves 

and the tubers need rather higher elevations and very good soils. As permination 

is slow, the best thing to do is to sow on beds and transplant. For 

the leaf one may sow in rows 20 to 30 cm apart and then thin out till there 

is a space of IO to 15 cm between the plants. Leaf celery may also be grown 

at lesser altitudes, but in that case it should be sown on shaded beds. For 

bla,,rhed celery: furrows 60 to go cm apart, each furrow being 45 cm wide 

and 30 cm deep, spaced at 25 to 30 cm. Earthing up is done gradually. For 

celeriac the same holds good; it can be grown on the flat, but in case 

furrows are used, these should be 45 cm deep too. Seed requirements: 

1.5 kg to L kg per ha; when transplanting is to be done, only 0.5 kg. 

In China a special type is known: Chinese celery. 

Aruchis hypogaea L. (Leguminosae); Peanut; Arachide (Fr.); Alcahuete, Mani AB cult. 

(SP.). 

The leaves of this well-known agricultural crop are sometimes eaten but 

generally they are only used as fodder. They contain 5.6% protein, the fresh 

seeds 13%, the dry, ripe seeds 26%. 

Aralia cordutu Thunb. (Araliaceae); Udo (Japan). 

Perennial, herbaceous plant from Japan, the blanched leaf stalks of which 

are eaten. Only suitable for the mountains. 

a cult. 

Arecu catechu Merr. (Palmae); Betel nut; Artquier (Fr.). 

A cult. 

Of this much grown feather palm the palm cabbage is eaten (2.3~3.3%), like 

that of the related A. borneensis Becc. Often on compounds. 

Arenga pinnata Merr. (Palmae); Sugar palm. 

Of this much planted feather palm too the palm cabbage (1.3%) is eaten. 

A cult. 

25

It is also known as A. sacchuriferu. Of the related A. artrbq the cabbage is 

eaten too, like that of A. eryleri Becc. (Formosa). Suitable for the compound. 

d cult. -4rmoracia lapathifolia Gilig. (Cruciferae); Horse radish; Raifort (Fr.); Rabano 

rusticano (Sp.). 

Perennial herb of which the roots (2.7-3.1%) are eaten as a condiment. 

d cult. Arrucuciu xunthorrizu Bancr. (Umbelliferae) (- A. esculerrtu DC); Peruvian 

parsnip; Pomme de terre cCleri (Fr.); Apio, Arracacha (Sp.). 

As a tuber suitable only for very high altitudes, where it is a staple food 

(Andes). M a y a 1 SC serve as a supplement in sauces etc. because of its light 

celery flavour. Protein content 0.7~1.2%. Propagated by runners (offshoots). 

A cult. Artemisiu vdpris L. (Compositae); Mugwort; Armoise (Fr.). 

Perennial herb, in Indonesia sometimes grown for the leaves. It is related 

to: 

A. drucmules L. ; Tarragon; Estragon (Fr.); Estrag6n (Sp.). 

A condiment. 

BC c~rlt. Artocurpus cotrtmnis G. Forst. = A. ultilis Fosb. = A. incisu L.f. (Moraceae); 

Breadfruit; Arbre Zt pain (Fr.j; Arbol de1 pan, Fruta de pan (Sp.). 

Important tree which contains a milky juice, has shining, green, rough 

!eaves and spherical fruits with sharp prickles; the young (spurious) 

fiiiiiS are eaten in all kinds of fas’nions e.g. cooked in soups and sauces 

and fried, whereas both young and ripe seeds are also steamed, cooked, 

roasted or fried. A fermented paste, which can be stored, is made from 

boiled or fresh fruit flesh (Polynesia). Suitable for the compounds. 

There are two forms: one, breadnut, with seeds, from which it is raised, 

and one, breadfruit, without seeds, which is propagated by planting wristthick 

offshoots. Protein content of the young fruit I-z.z%, of the ripe seeds 

5.5%. 

ABC cult. Artocarpus integru Merr. = A. integrifoliu L.f. = A. heterophyllrrs Lam. (Moraceae); 

Jack tree; Jacquier (Fr.); Jaca (Sp.). 

Important tree which contains a milky juice, has rough, leathery leaves 

which are glabrous when full-grown, and cauliflore, very big (spurious) 

fruits with conical prickles. The young fruits, ripe fruits (as fruit) and young 

seeds are eaten. The tree can stand drought but not water logging. 

Propagation by seed. The young fruits are eaten in soups and sauces, as 

well as the young leaf shoots and young flowers (inflorescences). The 

seeds are often cooked, roasted or grilled. Suitable for the compounds. The 

young fruits contain 1.5~2.6% protein, the ripe ones 2% and the protein 

content in the seed varies from 2.5% (young) to 8% (ripe). 

Other kinds that are eaten: 

B cult. Artocarpus nobiIis Thunb., A cumunsi Blanco, A. chumpeden Spreng., A. lukoochu 

(India), A. odorutissitnu Blanc0 (1.3%) and A. ri$du Blume. 

Of these the young seeds are eaten. Those of A. cumunsi contain I.6-2.5% 

protein. Suitable for the compounds. 

c cult. Asparagus ojicinulis L. (Liliaceae); Asparagus; Asperge (Fr.); Espsrrago (Sp.). 

Perennial herb with very fine, linear leaves; the young Shoots are eaten 

26

(1.4-2.2%), either green or blanched (by earthing up). Only suitable for 

altitudes of more than IOOO m. Several wild species are eaten in North- 

Africa. 

Asytusiu gutqeticu T. And. (Acanthaceae) = ,4. co:omundefinu Barth. 

A cult. 

The leaves of this ornamental plant are eaten as spinach (3.7X), just like 

those of A. schimperi T. And. and A. vo#iunu Ness. 

Atriplex hortensis L. (Chenopodiaceae); 

dame (Fr.); Armuelle (Sp.). 

Orach, Salt bush; Arroche, Belle a cult. 

Temperate herb, grown in India as a winter vegetable (4.5%). A. crussfoliu 

C. A. Mey is also eaten, while A. repens Roth is gathered in Ceylon and A. 

hulimrrsh in the Sahara. 

Averrhou bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae); Bilimbi, Cucumber tree. 

Drought resistant tree, the cucumber-like fruits of which are used for 

souring dishes; the same is true of A. curumbolu L. 

Avicznrliu o&?&s L. (Verbenaceae). 

AC 

Mangrove tree, of which the young leaves (5.8%) and the seeds (4%) can be 

eaten, the latter only after a special preparation (soaking in water etc.). 

Of A. rlitidu the young sprouted seeds are eaten. 

i4zudiruchte indicu Juss. (Meliaceae) = MeIiu azudiruchtu = Analueu uzudiruchtu; A cult. 

Neem. 

Drought resistant tree from India5 but now pantropical, of which the very 

bitter young leaves (11.6%) and the older ones (7.2%) can be eaten (India, 

Africa). Much smaller figures for protein are sometimes given. Also on 

the comporrnd. 

c cult. 

Balunites uedyptiuca Del. (Simarubaceae); Desert date; Dattier du dCsert (Fr.). A cult. 

Cultivated tree from Egypt; the young leaves and the flowers are eaten. It 

is drought resistant and common in the Sahel. 

Bumbusu spp. and others e.g. Dendroculumus, Giguntochlou, Phyllostuchys, Schizustuchy- c cult. 

urn, Oxytenuntheru (Gramineae); Bamboo; Bambou (Fr.); Bambu (Sp.). 

Perennial, grasslike plants with thick, woody culms; the young shoots of, 

a.o., B. urundinuceu Willd., B. utru Stapf., B. bumbos Backer, B. multiplex Baensch, 

B. spinosa Bl., B. vu&is Schrad., DendrocuIamus humiltonii Nees et Ern., Giduntochlou 

verticillutu and Schizostuchyum bruchycladum Kurz. are eaten. The protein 

content varies from 2 to 4%. Suitable for the compounds. 

Barburea vernu Asch. (Cruciferae) = B.pruecox R.Br.; Upland cress; Cresson c cult. 

de terre (Fr.); Yerba Santa Barbara (Sp.). 

Vegetables with small leaves which are eaten raw. Needs much water and 

shade. For small areas. 

Busella species (Basellaceae), known as B. utba L., B. rubra L. (= B. cordifofiu); A cult. 

Ceylon spinach, Indian spinach, Vine spinach, Malabar nightshade; Brtde 

de Malabar (Fr.); Espinaca de Malabar (Sp.). 

Important perennial, herbaceous climber with thick fleshy leaves and pink 

or white flowers in short spikes, Sown (30 g per are) on seedbeds and 

transplanted at 40 to 50 cm against stakes, hedges, fences etc. However, 

27

28 

5. Batellu rubru L.

propagation by cuttings is more usual. Grown for the young shoots and 

especially the leaves, which are somewhat slimy. After sowing, one has to 

wait for six weeks before harvesting, after planting of cuttings less. It requires 

a fair amount of water, but grows well on rather poor soils. Seed growing 

is very easy. Suitable for compounds. Protein content of the leaf I-LB%. 

Buuhiniu species (Leguminosae) such as B. muluburicu Roxb., B. purpureu L. A 

(= B. triandru Ro?sb.), B. reticulara DC (= B. thonnin@i Schum.), B. tomentosu L., 

P. vuriegatu L. 

Small trees or shrubs of which the sour-tasting young leaves and shoots 

are eaten. Protein contents: B. muluburicu z-2.659, B. reticulutu 3.8% and B. 

purpureu 3.6%. The young pods of B. esculenta and B. reticulara are also eaten. 

Some species are also known as Peliostigmu. 

Begonia poggei Warb. (Bagoniaceae). A cult. 

Herb from the Congo, with sour, edible leaves. Many other Begonia species 

are also eaten (Andes, India, Formosa, Java) e.g. B. kotoensis Hay (Formosa), 

B. hirtellu Link., B. sirwxlatu (Gabon) and B. tuberosa Lan. 

Benincusu hispidu Cogn. (Cucurbitaceae) (= B. cerifera Savi); Ash pumpkin, AC crrlt. 

Wax gourd, 

China (Sp.). 

White gourd; Calebassier, Courge cireuse (Fr.); Calabaza 

important annual climber with tendrils, malodorous leaves and yellow 

flowers; it has fruits which are white inside and covered with a white, waxy 

bloom. The young leaves and young fruits are eaten. The half-ripe fruits 

are sometimes candied or prepared in a similar manner. Protein content 

of the fruit 0.7%. Robust climber, spaced at 2 m, against fences, trees, 

buildings etc. Very suitable for the compounds. Harvest after 3 to 4 months. 

Beta vulgaris L. forma ciclu (Chenopodiaceae); 

PoirCe (Fr.); Acelga (Sp.). 

Spinach beet, Swiss chard; A cult. 

Kind of beet, congenial to the garden beet, grown for the young leaves, 

which are regularly cut and eaten in the same manner as spinach. More 

suitable for higher altitudes than for tropical lowlands. Sown in rows 60 

to go cm apart, thinned out to 25 cm. First harvest 50 to 80 days later and 

then regularly during a long time, at least if well manured. Seedgrowing 

at low altitudes very difficult. 

content I.F3.4%. 

Seed required: 8 to IO kg per ha. Protein 

The leaves of ordinary beets and sugarbeets are sometimes eaten (1.7~3&). 

Beta vulgaris L. forma rubru (Chenopodiaceae); Garden beet, Beetroot; Betterave 

potagere, Betterave B salade (Fr.); Remolacha (Sp.). 

Herb which forms root tubers; the leaves are red or green and red; small 

D cult. 

flowers in inflorescences formed by spurious spikes; the red tubers are 

eaten. Seed growing at relatively low altitudes impossible. Seed required 

per ha: 5 to IO kg. Propagated by sowing either in batches of 2 seeds, spaced 

at 15 to 20 cm by 20 cm or in rows at 30 cm; in both cases thinning out is 

necessary. Transplanting gives less handsome tubers, but the best choice 

for it would be forms with round tubers such as Egyptian Flat or Sutton 

Globe. Protein content of the tuber I.pz.g%. 

29

A Bidens species (Compositae) such as B. chinensis Willd., B. pilosu L. (= B. mqnij&a 

Scheff.), B. &ipenauQ L. 

Herbaceous weeds with square stems and yellow flowers; the tops are 

eaten in South-East-Asia and West-Africa (Sierra Leone). The young 

shoots of B. leucunthu Willd. are eaten. 

c cult. Blighia supidu Koenig (Sapindaceae). 

Tree with bursting fruits; the aril, strikingly white around the black seeds, 

is eaten raw or fried in fat. Unripe and overripe fruits (windfall) are dangerous. 

A Blumeu species (Compositae) such as B. chinensis A.DC., B. luceru A.DC, B. 

buZsum$eru DC and B. myriucephulu DC. 

Herbaceous weeds with yellowish flowers; the juicy tops are eaten. B. 

myriucephulu is grown in Indochina for seasoning fish. 

A cult. Boehmeriu niveu Gaud. (Urticaceae); Ramie. 

Half-shrub (fibre crop) of which the young leaves (3.3%) can be eaten, like 

those of B. plutyphylh D. Don from Africa. Suitable for the compounds. 

A Boerhuviu species (Nyctaginaceae) such as B. repens L., B. di$irsu L. and B. plumbugineu 

(= Commicurpus plumbuginea Standl.). 

Herbaceous weeds with thick leaves and small, stalked, pink, axillary 

flowers; the young tops are eaten. Protein content B. repens. 6.1%. 

A Bombux species (Bombacaceae). 

Drought resistant trees, somewhat resembling capok: the leaves and seeds 

of B. ungulicurpum Ulbr. and the flowers of B. buonopozense P. Beauv. are eaten. 

Also the leaves and flowers of B. muluburicu DC (1.5%). 

A cult. Borassus u&opium Mart. (Palmae); Palmyra palm; Rondier (Fr.). 

Fan-leaved palm from Africa of which the palm cabbage is eaten. The 

swollen trunk distinguishes it from B. flabe[Iifr L. from India and the Far 

East (Syn. B. sunduica Becc.), which is used for tapping sugar but its cabbage 

(2.7%) and its young and sprouted seeds are eaten. 

A cult. Bouea mucrophyllu Griff. (Anacardiaceae). 

Fruit tree of the wet tropics of South-East-Asia; the young leaves can be 

eaten. Suitable for the compourrds. 

a cult. Brussicu &a Boiss. (Cruciferae). 

See Sinupis ulbu. 

A cult. Brussica chinenris L. (= B. aupus L. var. chinenris O.K. Schultz) (Cruciferae); 

Chinese cabbage, Petsai, Shantung cabbage; Chou de Chine (Fr.); Co1 

China (Sp.). 

Important for commerce. Annual herb; most varieties are headed; the 

flowers are a bright yellow. Sown on seedbeds, generally by the end of the 

rainy season or in the dry season (I to 1.5 kg of seed per ha of plantation) 

and transplanted at interspaces of 30-40 by 30-50 cm. The plants require a 

very good soil and much care. Seed growing is very difficult, because it is 

a long-day plant, which blossoms very rarely in the tropics. The leaves are 

a light, yellowish green with white heavy veins; they are eaten as a vege-

table, preferably not cooked but stewed in a little fat, so that they do not 

lose their consistency, Protein content r-2%. 

Brussica inte@jXu Schultz, var. chevalieri Port. (= B. jucceu Coss.). A cuk 

Unheaded cabbage variety cultivated in the African tropical-forest region 

(Gabon). It resembles the perennial variety curinatu Schultz from India, 

grown in Ethiopia, reaching heights of 1.5-2 m. Related is also the Loffo 

cabbage from Sierra Leone, grown from cuttings. 

Brussicu junceu Coss. (Cruciferae); Chinese mustard, Indian mustard; Moutarde 

de Chine (Fr.); Mostaza de la tierra (Sp.). 

A cult. 

Important for commerce; annual herb; some varieties are headed, with 

bright, yellow flowers. Sown like Chinese cabbage and transplanted at 

20-25 cm (5 kg per ha). Usually the younger plants are eaten completely; 

in this case, it is sown very densely. The wilder forms disseminate themselves 

on the compounds and their 

~-3%. It is a congener of: 

requirements are less. Protein content 

Brussica campestris L. in many forms a.o. var. surm Prain (4%) 

Watt (5%), both from India. 

and var. dichotoma 

The headed form (B. rupsu Prain) is grown most often; it requires a good 

soil and care. Seed growing is easy. The leaves are a dark green, sometimes 

(at least the young ones) a little hairy and reddish tinged. The lower 

leaves are not or scarcely divided. Mention is also made of B. schi;nperi 

Boiss. and B. tuurnejrtii Gonan, both from Africa, the latter also from India. 

Brussica nupus L. (Cruciferae) = B. mps L. var. nupobrussicu Peterm.; Swede, 

Rutabaga; Chou navet (Fr.); Nabo de invierno, Rutabaga (Sp.). 

Herbs forming root tubers; the leaves are covered with a waxy bloom and 

glabrous; the flowers are a bright yellow; the tubers which are yellow or 

d&t. 

white inside, are eaten. They are sown in rows thinned out at 30-40 cm 

both ways. After 3 to 4 months the plants may lx harvested. Seed required 

per ha: 2-2.5 kg. Most suitable for the dry season, preferably at altitudes of 

more than 1000 m; even so, one should choose varieties with round tubers. 

The forms with white flesh are more drought resistant than the others. 

Protein content of the tubers IA--I$& of the leaves 2.5~2.9%. 

Brussica nip Koch (Cruciferae); True mustard, Black mustard. a cult. 

Of this oilseed plant the leaves are eaten in India. 

Brussica oleruceu L. (Cruciferae). 

Stalk forming cabbages. Usually, seed growing is impossible in the tropics 

because flowering requires a cool resting period. Seed cannot be stored 

for long. Seed required per ha: 2-2.5 kg, if transplanted 0.5-1 kg. Protein 

content of the leaves r-2%, those of I: r-4.5%. Important for the market. 

The seedlings are sometimes very much damaged by click beetles, which 

eat small holes into the leaves. 

I. var. ace&&a DC. 

i. forma subeka L.; Borecole, Curly greens, Kale; Chou frisk (Fr.); Berza 

(SP.1. 

Herb with erect, robust and sometimes high stems and crispy, deeply cut 

a cult. 

31

leaves. The seed has to be imported. Principally suitable for belts higher 

than IOOO m, but may be grown successfully at lesser altitudes. Requires a 

very good soil. Has to be sown and transplanted. Protein content 2-4.5X 

The relation with B. campestris and B. integrifolia is not clear. 

acult. ii. forma viridis DC; Collards; Chou vert, Chou drageons (Fr.); Berza 

comun (Sp.). 

Herb with flat, deeply cut leaves and erect, robust stem varying from low 

to high growing, which gives a lot of lateral shoots after the leaves have 

been harvested. It can only be propagated by cuttings of these lateral 

shoots; time of growth up to 8 months. Also suitable for the full rainy 

season. Suitable variety: Argalingga (Java). Protein content a.~-4.5%. Some 

of its types may form ‘heads at higher altitudes. 

c cult. II. var. botrytis L.; Cauliflower; Choufleur (,Fr.); Coliflor (Sp.). 

Sort of cabbage, of wl.ich the thick-set inflorescences are eaten There 

are perhaps a few kinds which may occasionally be grown in the tropical 

lowlands e.g. Early Patna and Early Market (from India). Most of the 

European kinds will grow well only at certain heights above sea-level: 

1000-2000 m. ,4 suitable kind for high belts is Lecerf. To be treated like 

drumhead cabbages (vide IV). Seed growing is di,%cult but possible in the 

dry season at high altitudes, e.g. under a small glass cover. Protein content 

~~2.8%; that of the young leaves, which are often eaten, is up to 5.9%. Those 

types which yield only after a not too cold winter period, are called broccoli 

in all languages. They are unsuitable for the tropical lowlands. Their 

leaves and shoots and even young plants are often eaten (4%). 

III. var. bulluta DC. 

u cult. i. forma ~emmiferu DC; Brussels sprouts; Chou de Bruxelles (Fr.).; Co1 de 

Bruselas (Sp.). 

Herb with a very long, erect stem; the lateral buds form small heads 

which are eaten. Except e.g. Express (India), they are suitable only for the 

mountain belts at more than IOOO m; even there the culture is not always 

srlccessful. The seed has to be imported. To be sown on seedbeds and 

transplanted. Protein content 3.~5.2%. Requires a good soil. 

u cult. ii. forma subada L.; Savoy cabbage; Chou milan (Fr.); Berza enana, Berza 

de Milan (Sp.). 

This is sometimes attributed to the following group, but the stem is longer 

and the head more loose. Herb with erect stem and lumpy leaves forming 

a rather loose head. The seed has to be imported, but some kinds are easy 

to propagate by cuttings. When it is sown, it has to be transplanted. As cuttings 

are used the shoots which come from the stump after harvesting. 

Also the stump itself may form a new cabbage. Suitable for mountainous 

regions, where this cabbage is planted, even in the midst of the rainy 

season, at distances of 60 cm. Harvest after 2 or 3 months. Protein content 

1.7-3x 

A cult. IV. var. cap&a L.; Drum(head) cabbage; Chou pornme, cabus (Fr.); Re- 

pollo, co1 (Sp.). 

P

Herb with short, erect stem and smooth leaves forming a firm head. Suitable 

for the good soils of the mountainous regions; also possible on very 

good soils with sufficient water in the lowlands. If need be, cuttings may 

be used in the cool, wet regions but normal propagation is from imported 

seed. IJnsuitable for the real rainy season, because it rots easily and 

caterpillars are difficult to fight off. 

Duration of growth: 3 to 4 months. Seed requirements: 3 to 4 g per square 

metre of seedbed, transplanted to one arti. Plant spacing: 5060 cm. Approved 

white kinds: Glory of Enkhuizen, Golden acre; red kinds: Niggerhead, 

Zenith. Protein content I.I-2.2%. In many parts of the tropics, headed 

cabbages are very popular vegetables, suitable for soups, sauces and raw 

or half-raw consumption. The yield per ha to be obtained after 3 to 4 

months is very high: 20,090 kg and more. The product is easy to store and 

transport. In the mountainous regions, at mean temperatures of less than 

15’C, a sauerkraut of good keeping qualities may be turned out; in hotter 

regions this is also possible if done in a cool place, but then the product 

cannot be stored. 

V. var. gongyludes L. = var. cauhapa DC; Knol-kohl, 

(Fr.); Folinabo (Sp.). 

Kohlrabi; Chou-rave c cult. 

Herbs forming stem tubers; the glabrous leaves are covered with a waxy 

bloom; the flowers are a light yellow; the white, greenish or blueish stem 

tubers, which are white inside, are eaten. Raised from seed that has to be 

imported; transplanted at distances of 30-40 cm by 40 cm. Seed required per 

are: 20 g. Has to be transplanted. Usually suitable only for higher belts, but 

also for the lowlands, if the beds are well manured and the water supply is 

sufficient. Protein content of the tubers I-2%, of the young leaves 3.5%. 

Brassice rupa L. (Cruciferae); Turnip; 

ed as B. campestris, var. rupa. 

Navet (Fr.); Nabo (Sp.). Also mention- d cult. 

Herb forming root tubers; the flowers are a pale yellow; the leaves somewhat 

hairy without wax; the tubers, with their reddish, blueish or blackish 

tinged topsides, are white inside; these are eaten and sometimes also the 

young leaves. Also suitable for the lowlanls. Seed (to be imported) required 

per ha: 1.5-2.5 kg. Protein content of the tubers 0.5~I%, of the young 

leaves I+5%. Preferably round or flat kinds are sown: either very densely 

for the leaves or in rows 40 cm apart for the tubers; in the latter case they 

are thinned out to IO cm. In the lowlands they should always be grown in 

the shade. First harvest after 2 months. Not so suitable for the dry season, 

because one gets few or no tubers; they don’t resist heavy rains either, 

Brosimum alicastrum SW. (Moraceae); Breadnuttree. A cult. 

Drought resistant fruit tree of Central America, of which also the young 

leaves and shoots are eaten (3.2%). Suitable for compuundr. 

Brmsmtia papyrifra Vent. (Moraceae); Polynesian mulberry. 

Tree of which the young leaves may be eaten. Planted near the houses 

A cult. 

(wmP~r)* 

Bruguieru 8ymtlorhizu Lam. (Rhizophoraceae). A 

33

The young leaves of this mangrove tree may be eaten; also the young 

sprouted seeds (especially their marrow) of B. caryaphyllaides Bl., B. eriopetulu 

W. et A. (= B. sexangulu Pers.) and B. parviflora W. et A. 

AB cult. Cajunus cajun Millsp. (Leguminosae) = C. indicus Spreng.; Pigeon pea, Angola 

pea, Congo pea, Red gram; Ambrivade, Pois d’Angole, Pois pigeon (Fr.); 

Guandu, Gandul, Guisante de paloma (Sp.). 

Important, annual or perennial, herbaceous shrub with yellow or yellowish-red 

flowers; the pods are short and beaked; the seeds have a sunken 

hilum with two protruding ridges; the young leaves, shoots and pods 

are eaten, as are also the young and ripe seeds. It is rather drought 

resistant. Propagation : sown in in the rainy season in batches of 2 or 3 

seeds at distances of 1-1.5 by 1.5-2 m and later thinned out. It takes about 

IO kg of seed per ha. The plant flowers after 3 months; the first young 

pods come after 5 months, after which small quantities may be harvested 

for months. The ripe seeds may be used for making taogC (= bean 

sprouts). The plant is suitable for the compounds. Protein content of the 

leaves g%, of the young pods ~-IO%, 

seeds ro-22%. 

of the young seeds 7%, of the ripe 

D cult. Calothea ahia Lindl. (Marantaceae); Lleren (Sp.). 

A iulr. 

This plant resembles Canna and has small edible root tubers; Caribbean 

region; propagation by division. 

Caluthea macrosepala K. Schum. (Marantaceae); Calathea. 

The young shoots of this herb (1.8%) are eaten. 

A ClJh. Culadilrrrr bicalor Vent. (Araceae). 

Pantropical herb, of which the leaves may be eaten. The leaves have a 

marginal vein. 

A ark Calopodonirrtrr narcunoidees Desv. (Leguminosae). 

Green manure, cultivated throughout 

shoots can be eaten. 

the tropics; the young leaves and 

AB CfJh. Camzvalia etlsifarmis DC. (Leguminosae); Jack bean, Sword bean; Haricot 

sabre, Pois sabre (Fr.); Haba blanca, Haba de burro, Judia sable (Sp.). 

Important herb, sometimes climbing; the pink flowers change to violet; 

the pods are long and sword-shaped with two longitudinal ridges; the 

seed is often white and has a hilum, which only takes up I/T to I/IO of the 

seed’s circumference. Grown for the leaves and topshoots, young pods, 

both young and ripe seeds. Even when using the ripe, white seeds, it is 

advisable to renemr the cooking water once, while with coloured seeds 

even more care should be taken. The plant is drought resistant and suitahle 

for the c~rrlppolmcls. Seed required par ha: IOO kg. The bushy form is grown 

spaced at 1-1.5 m by I m. After 3 to 4 months the first young pods may be 

harvested. The leaves and young pods contain ~-7% protein, the ripe seeds 

22%. 

? he congenial climber Carruvalia @diata DC has white flowers 

pink; the hilum takes up 1/4 to I/J of the seed’s circumference 

changing to 

; most seeds

are coloured. The ripe beans may only be eaten after all sorts of preparations: 

boiling, rinsing in running water, fermentation. 

It appears that also parts of C. muritimu Piper (C. obtusij’diu DC) or C. mea DC 

are eaten (Japan). However, it seems that the young pods are poisonous 

for many persons; they should be boiled for a long time in much water, 

which is to be renewed. 

Cunna edulis Ker. (Cannaceae); Purple arrowroot; 

Queensland (Fr.); Archira platanillo (Sp.). 

Balisier, Arrowroot du D cult. 

Perennial plant with rhizomes, big leaves with parallel lateral veins and 

red flowers; the rhizomes are eaten. Propagation: the tips of the rhizomes 

are planted out at I m both ways. It can stand some shade. Suitable for the 

compounds. Protein content of the tubers 195. 

Cannabis sutiva L. (Moraceae); Hemp; Chanvre (Fr.). 

The flowered tops are eaten. 

a cult. 

Cupparis corymb,osu Lam. (Capparidaceae). 

Shrub grown in Africa, for its leaves which are rather rich in methionine. 

The young fruits of C. horridu L. are eaten. 

Sometimes the leaves of C. deciduu Edgew. too. 

The same is true of the flower buds of C. rupestris Sibth. et Sm. 

A cult. 

Capsicum species (Solanaceae); Chillies, 

Pimiento (Sp.). 

Red pepper; Piment (Fr.); Aji, ACcult. 

Important plant with annual forms (mostly with hanging, not very 

pungent fruits, which are sometimes very big): C. un~m L.; and perennial 

forms (C.fmtescenr L.) with mostly very pungent, small, upright fruits used 

as a seasoning. Both forms are rich in vitamin C. The young tops and leaves 

are also eaten. They contain about 8% protein, the fruits I-& Suitable for 

moderately fertile soils. The annual forms are sown and, after a month, 

transplanted, spaced from 40 by 40 cm to 60 by 90 cm; this is preferably 

done by the end of the heavy rains, so that the fruits ripen in the dryer 

season. Harvesting begins 2 to 4 months after sowing. The forms with big 

fruits are sometimes seriously damaged by fruit flies. Seed required per 

ha: 2.5-5 kg; when transplanting takes place: r/4 to I/Z kg. The perennial 

forms are planted with more space, especially on the compounds. 

Cureyu urboreu Roxb. (Myrtaceae). 

The young shoots of this tree from Thailand are eaten. In Indochina the 

A cult. 

leaves of the related C. sphaerica Roxb. are eaten. 

C&a pupuyu L. (Caricaceae); Papaw; Papayer (fr.); Mamao, Fruta bomba, AC cult. 

Papaya (Sp.). 

Important, monoecious or dioecious arborescent herb containing a milky 

juice; big, sinuate leaves; small, white flowers in long racemes (male 

plants) or in the leaf axils (female and monoecious plants); the fruits are 

hollow and contain many seeds; inside, they are yellow or orange to red; 

when ripe, they are eaten as fruits, when unripe they serve as a vegetable just 

like the young leaves and tops. Sometim,, a= L even the swolien roots are eaten. 

The ieaves are bitter. The protein content of the young leaves is 2.5-d%, 

35

of the young fruits I-2.5%. Suitable for the corrrparrrrds. From the normal forms 

whose seed yields male and female trees, some forms have been selected, 

all seeds of which yield monoecious trees e.g. papaya semangka (Java). 

When sowing the normal forms, about 3 seeds are put into each plant hole 

(spaced at 2.5-3 m) and as soon as the flowers appear, they are thinned out; 

the most vigorous of the plants are kept and at least 10% of them should be 

male. The seedlings of monoecious plants can be transplanted: I seed per 

hole. During the rains or with the help of irrigation the tree yields con- 

A cult. 

tinuously. For forms with big fruits, one fruit a week can be counted upon, 

for the others more. The plant cannot stand ivater logging at all and it 

reacts very favourably to heavy manuring. 

Carpolobia lutea Don (Polygalaceae). 

Herb grown for the leaves in the Congo. 

The leaves of the wild C. alba Don are cl.1~0 eaten. 

a cult. Carthumus tinctorius L. (Compositae); Safflower, Kardi; Safran bitard (Fr.). 

Salt resistant, oilseeds producing herb, of which the young leaves are 

eaten (2.5~3.5%). Subtropics. 

A cult. Carunr involucrutmn Baill. (Umbelliferae); Caraway; Carvi (Fr.). 

Herb of which the seeds are used as a condiment and the leaves are eaten 

AB 

(2.gW). Suitable for th e cornpam& The real caraway is C. carvi L. of Europe. 

Its leaves are eaten too. 

Cussia species (Leguminosae) such as C. auriclrlatu L., C. gurrettiana Craib, C. 

Iuevi@u Willd., C. obtusifolia L., C. occident&s L., C. sieberiana DC, C. sin$ana 

Del., C. toru L., C. tomentosa L., C. mimosaides L.. S. suratterrsis Burm. f., C. sophera L. 

Herbaceous shrubs, of which the young tops and leaves (mostly sourish) 

can be eaten, sometimes also the young pods (C. occident&), seeds (most 

C. spp.) and flowers (e.g. C. siameu). Protein content of the leaves 36.2% 

(C. toru or foetid cassia). ‘The latter and C. accident& are rich in methionine. 

Sometimes on the contpou;lris. The leaves of C. toru are maladorous, those of 

C. siameu Lam. are said to be poisonous. In Thailand they are eaten, but they 

are boiled for one or two hours and the water is thrown 

leaves of C. alutu L. are eaten, but they act as a purgative. 

away. Also the 

A cult. Ceibu pentundra G aertn. (Bombacaceae); Capok tree. 

The young leaves and pods may be eaten. 

A cult. Cehia species (Amaranthaceae) such as C. argentea L., C. cristuta L., C. bonnivairi 

Schinz., C. leptostuchia Benth., C. Iuxa Schum. et Thonn., 

Cock’s comb; Crete de coq (Fr.); Mirabel (Sp.). 

C. trigyna L., 

Important plant, resemoling Amaranthus also as regards the manner of 

raising them. The young inflorescences are also eaten. Forms easily much 

seed. Also suitable for the compounds. The leaves (2-4%) are eaten like those 

AC cult. 

oh Amaranths, but they are somewhat slimier (C. urgentea 2%). 

Cerutotheca sesamioides Endl. (Pedaliaceae). 

Herb, cultivated for its leaves (5.8%) 

leaves are rather rich in methionine. 

and for the seeds. The very slimy 

ad cult. Chaerophyllum bulbosum L. (Umbelliferae); Chervil; Cerfeuil tubereux (Fr.). 

36

Perennial, tuberous herb, of which the leaves are used as a condiment and 

the tuber is eaten. 

Chenopodilrmalbum L. (Chenopodiaceae); Pigweed; Chenopode commun (Fr.); 

Quenopodio (Sp.). 

Herb grown in India for the leaves (2.1~-1.7%). ’ 1 Also __ used are: Ch. anrarunticolor 

Coste et Reyn. from Madagascar, Ch. ambrosioides L. (3.5%) from the Philippines, 

Ch. berlundieri Miq. from Mexico, Ch. murale L. from Africa, Ch. nuttulliae 

Saff. from South-America. Most of them are only grown in the subtropics 

or at higher altitudes. Ch. quinua Willd. and Ch. pallidicaule Aillen are grown 

a cult. 

for the seeds (IO-22% and 15%) in the Higher Andes; the leaves of Ch. quinoa 

are also eaten. Ch. rubrum L. too is eaten. Varieties of Ch. nuttualliae, which is 

specially used as a spinach for high regions, have been selected. 

Chrysanthemum coronarium L. (Compositae). 

Herb, of which the leaves (1.2-2.7%) are eaten in the Near-East, Malaya and 

a cult. 

Indochina, like those of the wild Ch. qetum L. (1.2%) 

Ch. indicum L. (2%). 

and in India those of 

Cicer arietinum L. (Leguminosae); Chick pea; Pois chiche (Fr.); Garbanzo ab cult. 

(SPJ- 

Annual herb with whitish pink to lilac flowers; the young leaves, shoots 

and pods are sometimes eaten, but mainly the ripe seeds. Protein content 

of the leaves 4-8%, of the seeds 20%. Only suitable for the subtropics, or 

perhaps for the very high belts in the tropics. 

Cicharium e&via L. (Compositae); Endive; ChicorCe endive scarole ou frisee 

(FT.); Escarola (Sp.). 

Herbaceous plant which forms heads; the flowers are blue; both smooth- 

Aa cult. 

leaved and curly-leaved forms are known. The curiy leaves rot easily, 

especially when they are bound up for blanching. From the seedbed it 

is transplanted 30 to 40 cm asunder. Seed growing is possible. Seed required 

per ha: 5 to 6 kg; if transplanted: 0.5 kg. Protein content 1.2-z%. 

Cichorium intybus L. (Compositae); 

Achicoria de Bruselas (Sp.). 

Brussels chicory; Chicon, Witloof (Fr.); a cujl. 

Herb which forms root tubers; blue flowers; the young, somewhat bitter, 

blanched leaves are eaten. The young heads are formed by stripping the 

tubers of the leaves and burying them, after which they are covered by 

sand or bamboo cylinders. Suitable only for rather high altitudes. Seed 

required per ha: 5-6 kg. Protein content 1.7%. 

Citruh vulgaris Schrad. ex Eckl. et Zeyh. = C lunarus Mansf. (Cucurbitaceae); ABC cult. 

Water melon ; Pasteyue (Fr.); Scandia, Melon de agua (Sp.). 

Important annual climber with tendrils and deeply incised leaves; the 

flowers are yellow and the fruits roundish, yellow or red inside; these are 

only eaten when ripe; the seeds and sometimes the very young leaves are 

also eaten. Protein content of the fruits 0.545%~ 

seeds are rich in methionine. 

of the seeds 25-32%. The 

This plant is mostly grown creeping; batches of 2 or 3 seeds are put at 

distances of I.5 to 2 m. Suitable mainly for the dry season; therefore, sowing 

37

A cult. 

takes place by the end of the rainy season, preferably on good, rnoisture 

containing, rich soils. In dry seasons they are often grown in the dry river 

beds. Harvesting starts after 3 months and continues for 1 months. Seed 

required per ha: 1.5 to 2.5 kg. Suitable varieties: Congo, Tom Watson. 

CIuoxyIon longifohrrr Miq. (Euphorbiaceae). 

Shrub or small tree of South-East-Asia, grown in Malaya for the leaves 

and shoots (5.4%). Propagated by cuttings. Also known for their leaves are 

a cult. 

C. p&t Merr. (= C. iadicrrnr Hassk.), a tree from South-East-Asia, and C. 

aleruceum 0. Prain, a tree cultivated in the Congo (= C. ufricamrm p.p.). 

Cluytonia perfbliata Donn. ex Willd. = Muntia perfoliutu How. (Portulacaceae); 

Winter purslane. 

Vegetable resembling purslane. Related is C. exipa Torr. et Gray from 

Chile. 

A Cleonre species (Capparidaceae) such as C. r~~onophyllu L., C. ciliata Schum. et 

Tbonn., C. icumdra L., C. stripsa Oliver, C. uiscosu L., C. hirta Oliver. 

Herbaceous weeds, the bitter tops and leaves of which are eaten. C. speciosa 

DC, an ornamental, is also eaten. Protein content of C. viscosa (= Polunisiu 

viscosa) 5.6%, of C. 8ynarrdru 3.5-6%; the latter is cultivated as a vegetable in 

A cult. 

Malaya. Also on the coarpounds. ’ 

CIeonie gymmfru L. (= Cynundropsis gynundru Briq. = G. pentuphyllu A.DC). 

An ornamental plant with big, lilac or white flowers; also the young 

A cult. 

pods are eaten. The leaves are rich in methionine. 

Clitoris terneutu L. (Leguminosae). 

Green manure plant of which the young leaves and shoots can be eaten 

(3.8%). 

AC cult. Caccinia cordifolia Cogn. = C. inJica W. et A. (Cucurbitaceae) = Cephalundru 

indicu Naud.; Ivy gourd, Small gourd. 

Perennial climber with tendrils, of which the young leaves and shoots and 

also the young fruits (1.2%) are eaten. The fruits of the wild forms are often 

very bitter, but in South-India many good commercial fcrms with long, 

less bitter fruits, are to be found. Propagated by cuttings. Suitable for the 

compounds. Another name is C. flrundis j. clr. Voigt. The leaves of C. rehmannii 

Don are eaten too. 

AC cult. Cocos nuciferu L. (Palmae); Coconut palm; Cocotier (Fr.); Cocotera (Sp.). 

Very important palm with the well-known fruits, the fresh flesh of which 

is eaten; the flesh is also grated and pressed and the coconut milk, which 

is obtained in this way, is used in many dishes and sauces. The palm cabbage 

is edible (1.7%) and also the young flowers. The fruit flesh contains 4% 

protein, the “milk” 3%, the water 0.3%. 

The palm cabbage (the vegetation point with the surrounding leaf initials) 

serves as a vegetable. Suitable for the compounds. The protein of the fruit 

flesh is usually lost when only the milk is used. It is better to cook the 

grated matter along with the various dishes. 

A cult. Codiaeum varieptum Bl. (Euphorbiaceae); Croton. 

Shrub or arborescent shrub with shining, multi-coloured leaves, the colour 

38

anging from green to yellowish red; the top shoots are eaten. Protein 

content 5%. Propagated by cuttings. Often on the campounds. 

Coleus amboinicus Lour. (Labiatae). AD cult. 

The leaves of C. atnboinicus (= C. aromaticus Benth.) (o.g%), are eaten just like 

those of C. tuberosus Benth. Also the tubers of C. roturufifolius Chev. et Perr. 

(= C. dysentericus Bak. = Plectranthrrs tuberosus Blume = P. rotundifolius Spreng.), 

also known as C. rotundifolius J. K. Morton (tuber r.3%), of C. escufentus Chev. 

(= P. jhibundus Rob. et Lebrun) and of C. dam Chev. (= C. escrhtus (N. E. 

Brown) G. Tayl.) now also known as P. escrrlentus N. E. Brown. 

Important is: 

C. tuberosus Benth. 

Ascending herb forming root tubers; rhe stems are square and the flowers 

dark red. The black root tubers are eaten, and sometimes also the leaves. 

Propagated by cuttings of IO to zo cm or by the young tubers, which are 

planted out at 30 to 50 cm; earthing up follows. Protein content o.5-1.9%. 

Especially in Africa many other C&s species are known. 

D cult. 

C&casia esculento Schott. = C. antiquorum Schott. (Araceae); Cocoyam, AD cult. 

Dasheen, Taro; Arouille, Colocase, Taro (Fr.); Malanga, Nampi, Bore (Sp.). 

A very important plant with peltate leaves without a marginal vein; it 

form3 stem tubers and contains a watery-milky juice. The big stem tuber, 

the often small lateral tubers formed on the runners, and the young 

leaves and leaf stalks are eaten. The leaves may be eaten like those of 

Amaranth, but they are somewhat slimy. Propagation takes place by the 

use of small tubers or, if these have not been formed, by the top parts of 

the big tubers. They are planted out at distances of 60-90 cm by do-100 cm. 

It runs seldom to seed. In many regions the big stem tubers are the 

staple food but they may also be used as a supplement when cooked or 

fried, in soups and sauces. 

The plant can stand both water logging and shadow; therefore, it is 

suitable for the compounds. Protein content of the leaves 3.~7% of the stalks 

0.3-1.5%~ of the tubers I.H%. 

Furthermore, we have C. @guntea Hook. f. (India), containing a white, AD 

milky juice; it is rarely eaten because of its content of oxalate crystals, but 

it seems there are some varieties of which the peeled stalks are eaten, 

either raw or cooked (0.4%). Next, there is the wild C. indica Hassk. 

Cotchorus species (Tiliaceae) such as C. acutun$us Lam., C. cupsuIaris L., C. C cult. 

ofitorilcs L., C. tridens L., C. triioculuris L.; Jute; Jute (Fr.); Yute (Sp.). 

These names apply particularly to C. ohrius and C. capsularis. The vegetable 

is called Jute mallow or Tew’s mallow (French: Corette potaghre), which 

names apply particularly to C. ohrius. 

Important annual plants with erect stems and yellow flowers. They resist 

rain and water logging and are sown at the beginning and the end of the 

rainy season. They are sown densely (for the young plants) or they are 

thinned out on beds at 15 cm or transplanted at 45 cm. The young leaves 

and stem tops are eaten in the same way as Amaranth, but they are slimy 

39

40 

6. Corchrrrs ohrim L.

and therefore very suitable for certain thick sauces. Seed growing is easy. 

Also suitable for the compounds. Protein content of the very young leaves 

1.5%, of the older ones 5-d%. Protein content of C. ucutungulus 6.1%, of C. 

capsularis 5.1%. 

Cordiu species (Boraginaceae) such as C. myxa L. (4.7%), 

C.ftuncisci Ten., C. obfiqquu Willd. 

C. ofitoriu Blanco, u cult. 

The young leaves of these trees are eaten e.g. in the Near-East. The fruits 

of C. re@osu Forst. (= C. udunsonii Olw.) are eaten roasted. 

Cordylu pinnatu Milne Redhead (Leguminosae). 

African tree of which the young fruits are eaten, boiled or fried, in the 

couscous; the ripe fruits are eaten as such. 

Co@ line frhxsu A. C hev. ( = C. tomentosu) (Liliaceae). A cult. 

Shrub of which the young leaves, still furled, are eaten. Suitable for the 

compounds. 

Curia&urn sutivum L. (Umbelliferae‘); Coriander; Coriandre (Fr.); Coriandro A cult. 

(SP,). 

Aromatic herb, of which also the leaves are used as a seasoning (3.3%). 

Suitable for the compourufs. 

Cosmos species (Compositae) such as C. cuudutus H.B.K. and C. sulyhureus Cav. 

Herbaceous weeds with pink (C. cuudutus) or yellow (C. suiphureus) flowers; 

the leaves (2.9%) are eaten raw or cooked, especially those of the firstmentioned 

species. 

A cult. 

Crumbe cordifoliu Steven (Cruciferae). a cult. 

Perennial herb from thle highlands of Asia Minor, India and Ethiopia, 

grown for the young leaves. Known is also C. tuturicu Jacq. 

Crumbe muritimu L. (Cruciferae); Sea kale; Chou marin (Fr.); Co1 de mar (Sp.). a cult. 

Perennial herb, grown along the Atlantic and Mediterranean 

coasts, for the young leaves (23.5%). 

European 

Crussocephulum biqfiue S. Moore (also mentioned as Gynura and Senecio) (Cornpositae). 

Herb from West-Africa of which several forms are known e.g. low and 

A cult. 

high growing ones. Also grown and eaten are the leaves of C. crepidioides 

S Moore, C. vitellinum 5. Moore and of C. rubens S. Moore (= Cynuru cernuu 

Benth.). The leaf is rich in methionine. 

Crotualuriu species (Leguminosae) such as C. Iongirostrutu Hook. et Arn. and 

also C. ushrek Forst., C. $zucu Willd., C. junceu L., C. retusu DC and sometimes 

C. intermedia. 

A cuff. 

Herb of which the young tops, pods and leaves (7% in the case of C. 2on@rostrutu) 

are eaten cooked. Usually only the flowers are eaten of C. intermedia. 

The seeds are poisonous. With most of the Crotuluriu species care should be 

taken, because they have toxic properties. The flowers of C. junceu have 

4.8% protein and they are eaten. Some Crotuluriu species are used to elimnate 

nematodes by field rotation. 

Cirbiliu bluncoi Bl. (Sapindaceae). A cult.

B cult. 

c cult. 

Fruit tree of the Philippines, of which, besides the nuts, also the young 

leaves and shoots can be eaten. 

Cucumerupsis species (Cucurbitaceae) such as C. nrunnii Naudin = C. edulis 

Cogn. and C. metu!Iijrmis E. Mey. 

Annual, creeping plant with deeply incised leaves and almost spherical 

fruits. The seeds are rich in protein and they are eaten in all kinds of dishes. 

Grown against fences and suchIike, but also creeping. Suitable for the 

cornpods. 

Cucumis unguriu L. (Cucurbitaceae); Anguria cucumber, West-Indian gherkin; 

Concombre des Antilles, Concombre cornichon (Fr.); Pepino, Pepinito 

@Pa). 

Important annual climber with tendrils, incise leaves, yellow flowers and 

oval, warty or spiny, white-fleshed, long-stalked fruits which are eaten 

when unripe (1.4%). Grown like C. sutivus especially in the Caribbean region. 

BC cult. Cucumis me/o L. (Cucurbitaceae); 

Mel6n (Sp.). 

Cantaloupe, Musk melon; Melon (Fr.); 

Important annual climber with tendrils, yellow flowers and big, roundish 

fruits which are a light green or yellowish red inside. It is rather a fruit than 

a vegetable. Only the ripe fruits are eaten (0.64%) and in Africa also the 

seeds which are probably rich in protein. This plant is usually grown 

AC cult. 

creeping. Just like C. sutivus it does not stand rain well. Batches of 2 or 3 

seeds are sown at distances of 1-2 m in a row, the rows being 2-3 m apart; 

or one plants at I m. Sowing preferably to be done on rich soils, which 

hold the moisture well. Seed required per ha: 1.5-2.5 kg, if transplanted, 

otherwise z-4 kg. 

Cucumis sutivus L. (Cucurbitaceae); Cucumber, Gherkin; Concombre, Cornichon 

(Fr.); Cohombro, Pepino (Sp.). 

Important annual climber with tendrils and yellow flowers; the fruits 

are mostly oblong, warty and somewhat prickly when unripe, greenish 

white inside. Usually the unripe fruits are eaten, but also the leaves and 

stem tops. Protein content of the leaves about 2-3.5%, of the young fruit 

0.3-0.7%. 

The forms with small fruits are always grown creeping. Batches of 2 or 3 

seeds are put 40-60 cm by 1.5-z m apart. Sowing is done by the end of the rainy 

season, because, again, rain is not well tolerated by most of the forms. Seed 

required per ha: z-2.5 kg. The forms with big, oblong fruits are sometimes 

grown against trellises. In India mention is made of C. madurusputumus and 

C. utilissimus. In Africa the leaves of C. africanus Lindl., C. ugrestis Creb., C. 

dipruceus Spach, C. &j&us A. Rich., C. hirsutus Sond. and C. prupheturum L. are 

eaten. 

c cult. Cucurbitu moschotu Duch. ex Poir. (Cucurbitaceae), C. muximu Duch. and C. 

peps L.; Chinese pumpkin, Gourd, Pumpkin, Squash, Vegetable marrow; 

Courge (musquCe), Citrouille, Potiron (Fr.); Calabaza (Sp.). 

Important annual climber with tendrils, yellow flowers and multiform, 

mostly ribbed, flat or round fruits, which are greenish to orange-yellow 

42

inside. The leaves are either deeply lobed (C. pepo), not lobed at all (C, 

maxima) or in between (C. moschutu). The young tops and leaves are eaten, 

as well as the unripe or half-ripe fruits and sometimes the flowers and the 

ripe seeds. Suitable for moderately fertile soils. Grown creeping (in this 

case batches of seeds are put at distances of 2.5 m) or climbing against trees, 

fences, barns etc. (in this manner they are suitable for the compowads). 

Suitable for the somewhat moisture holding soils in the dry season, but 

it can also stand some rain. Seed required per ha: 2.5-3.5 kg. Protein con- 

tent of the leaves 2-6%, of the flowers 2.2%, of the young fruits 0.3-1.7%~ of 

the ripe ones 0.5-1.5%, of the seeds 26-30%. The seeds of C. pepo are rich in 

methionine. Cucurbitu melo-pepo L., a.o. Zucchini, a form of C. pepo, has 

deeply lobed leaves. 

Crrrclrnlu uuruntiucu van Zijp (Zingiberaceae). 

A 

Perennial herb used as a condiment 

umadu js also used as a condiment. 

and as a vegetable (leaf sprouts). C. 

Clrrcumu lortgu Auct. (Zingiberaceae) = C. damesticu Val.; Turmeric. 

A cult. 

Perennial herb of \vhich the orange-coloured rhizomes are used as a 

seasoning; the spicy young tops of the rhizomes and the young shoots are 

also eaten. Protein content of the young rhizomes: 2-4%. 

Cwcwtru mung~u Val. et van Zijp (Zingiberaceae). 

Perennial herb of which the spicy young rhizome tops and the young 

shoots are eaten. 

A cult. 

Curcunru xunthorrhizu Roxb. (Zingiberaceae). 

Perennial herb; the young tops of the rhizomes, the inflorescences and the 

heart of the spurious stems are eaten; the rhizomes are normally used for 

medicinal purposes, but occasionally for making flour. 

A cult. 

Curcrmru zedouriu Rose. (Zingiberaceae). 

The heart of the spurious stems of this perennial herb is eaten. 

A cult. 

Cyumopsis @r&ides DC (= C. tetqonolobus Taub.) (Leguminosae); 

bean, Guar; Cyamopse,a quatre ailes (Fr.). 

Cluster B cub. 

High growing, annual or perennial legume with violet-white flowers and 

racemes of hairy pods. The young leaves, the young pods and the ripe 

seeds (with a very small, concave hilum) are eaten. Sown at 30-45 cm; 

2 kg per ha. The leaves and the young pods contain 3-4% protein, the ripe 

seeds 30%. Suitable for the compounds. Sometimes the leaves of C. senegulensis 

Cyr. et Peir, are eaten. 

Cychtheru pedutu Schrad. (Cucurbieaceae). 

Climber, grown for the young fruits (0.6%) and shoots in Mexico. 

A cult. 

Cynuru species (Compositae) such as C. curduncufus L. and C. scolymus L.; a cult. 

Cardoon, Artichoke; Cardon, Artichaut (Fr.); Cardo, Alcochofa (Sp.). 

High growing herbs. Of the first-mentioned the thickened young leaf 

nerve (0.5%) and of the second the inflorescence with bracts (1.5-q%) 

eaten. Suitable only for the high belts or for the subtropics. 

are 

Cymbopqon citrutus Stapf. (Gramineae). 

Perennial grass, used for seasoning. 

A cult. 

43

D cult. Cypetus esculentus L. (Cyperaceae); Tiger nut; Souchet comestible (Fr.). 

Sedge grass with small stem tubers (3-4.5%), which are eaten just like those 

of various troublesome grass weeds: C. rotundus L., C. difusus Vahl., C. urticulutus 

etc. 

A cult. Cyphomundru betuceu Sendt. (Solanaceae); Tree tomato. 

Half-shrub; the content of the berries is eaten, mostly prepared like a kind 

of apple-sauce. Rather a fruit than a vegetable. Preferably at higher altitudes. 

Very superficially rooted, it does not stand hoeing for weeding. 

D cult. Cyrtospermu chumissonis Merr. (Araceae). 

High growing plants with sagittate leaves and big, slowly growing tubers 

(Polynesia); the tubers are poor in protein (OJ-1.4%) and usually flour is 

made of them. It can stand much water and shadow. The protein of 

C. merkusii Schott. amounts to o&1.4% (tuber), 2.4% (flower) and 5% (leaf 

without stalk or central nerve). The leaves of C. senegulense Engl. are also 

used in sauces (Gabon, Sierra Leone’). 

AD ark Duucus curotu L. (Umbelliferae); Carrot; Carotte (Fr.); Zanahoria (Sp.). 

Herb with finely divided leaves and yellow or orange-red taproots, which 

are eaten as vegetables. Protein content I%. The culture is also possible in 

the lowlands on moderately fertile soils. Shade may be desirable. Seed 

required per ha: 5-10 kg, broadcast or in rows at 30 cm, not to be transplant- 

A cult. 

ed. Sometimes the leaves (5.1%) are also eaten (India). 

Desrrrodium cinereum DC (Leguminosae); Trebol, Hierba de1 angel (Sp.). 

Green-manure plant, of which the young leaves and shoots can be eaten 

(3.8%) like those of D. umbeIIutum DC, a shrub from Indonesia. D. cinereum is 

grown as a vegetable in South-America. 

D cult. Dioscoreu species (Dioscoreaceae) such as D. ulutu L., 0. cuyenensis Lam. = 

D. rotmdrltu Poir., D. escrdentu Burk., D. trijdu L.f., D. pentuphyh L.; Elephant 

yam; Igname (Fr.); Name (Sp.). 

Very important climbers with curved, parallel nerves and with heartshaped 

or compound leaves (D. trijdu, D. pentuphylh, D. hispidu). The root 

tubers and the bulbils are eaten, but never leaves nor shoots. Suitable for 

the corrrporrnils. Most often the tubers are used as a staple food but they may 

serve as a supplement, when cooked or fried, in soups and sauces. Some 

species have toxic properties (D. hispidu). Propagation by means of the 

tuber tops (up to WOO kg per ha) or shoots with bulbils or the bulbils themselves. 

Protein content 1.3~4.5%. 

All crrh. Ddichos lablab L. (Leguminosae) = Lablab vd,guris Medic.; Bonavist bean, 

Hyacinth bean; Antaque, Dolique d’Egypte (Fr.); (Dolicho) lablab (Sp.). 

Important, annual or perennial, climber. The flowers are white or vary 

from pink to violet; the pods are glabrous, somewhat curved, mostly flat 

and beaked; the seeds have a hilum covered by a protruding white ridge. 

The young shoots and leaves, the young pods and the ripe seeds are eaten. 

Seed required per ha: 20-60 kg, sown at 30-150 cm. Also suitable for the 

corrrpa~u~d~ Protein content of the leaves is 3% and of the young pods 2.~ 

44

3.4%, of the young seeds 8.3% ,md of the ripe seeds about 25%. The flowers 

of D. buchananii Harms are eaten and so are the tubers of D. esculentus de Wild. 

Dolichos bracteatus Baker (Leguminos:&e). AB cult. 

Climbing kind of beans with purple flowers; the young pods are eaten 

(India). Aiso bushy forms occur. The climbing form is grown on stakes 

spaced at 60-80 cm or against fences etc., but also creeping. Seed required 

per ha: 25-50 kg. The plant is somewhat drought resistant and suitable for 

the compounds. The young seeds of D. sphaerospertnus are eaten. 

Dracaena species (Liliaceae) such as D. mannii Baker, D. angustifoliu Lam., 

D. rejexu L., D. thuIioides Ch. Morren. 

The very young leaves are eaten in parts of Africa. 

Cc&. 

Durio zibethinus Murr. (Bombacaceae); Durian; Durian (Fr.). 

Very high fruit tree from the wetter parts of South-East-Asia; the young 

leaves and shoots are sometimes eaten too. Suitable for large compounds. 

A cult. 

E/Uris auineensis Jacq. (Palmae); Oil palm; Palmier d’huile (Fr.); Palma de C ctrlt. 

aceite (Sp.). 

Very important palm with racemes of yellowish black fruits, the outer 

layer of which yields oil. The oil is used for the preparation of all kinds 

of dishes; the !ocally processed oil is usually orange-red, and in that case 

very rich in carotene (provitamin 

Suitable for the campaunds. 

A). The palm cabbage is also edible. 

Eleusitre corucana Gaertn. (Gramineae); Finger millet, African millet. 

A millet of which the young plants are often eaten, preferably raw. Also 

the young plants of E. indico Gaertn. are eaten, either raw or cooked. 

AD cult. 

Emiliu species (Compositae) such as E. sugittuta DC = E. coccinea G. Don = A 

E. jhmeu Cass. and E. sonchifalia A.DC. 

Herbaceous weeds with light-red flowers; often eaten as a whole. Runs 

often wild in the compounds. The first-mentioned 

nine. 

species is rich in methio- 

Erechtites species (Compositae) such as E. hieracifofiu Rafin, ex DC, E. valeriunae- A 

j&u A.DC. 

Herbaceous weeds with light-yellow flowers for the first-mentioned 

species and light-violet ones for the other; the tops are eaten raw or cooked 

(2%). Runs often wild on the compound. 

Eruca sutiva Mill. (Cruciferae); Roquette, Garden Rocket. a cult. 

Subtropical herb, eaten as a vegetable (3-493, in the Near-East, with a 

pungent taste. Grown like turnips and mustard. 

Eryngium foetidum L. (Umbelliferae). 

Of this pantropical herb the young leaves (2.3%) are eaten, like those of 

E. firidanum c oult. (2.3%) from Central America and E. creticum Lam. (2.3%) 

from the Near-East. 

A cult. 

ErytI~rinu species (Leguminosae) such as E. berteroanu Urb., E. subumbrans Merr., 

E. variedafa L., E.fiscu Lour., E. lithosperma Miq. 

A cult. 

Small trees; the young tops and leaves (and even the practically full- 

45

grown leaves of E. variegate var. orient&s = E. indicu Lam.) are eaten. Protein 

content 4-5% (E. berteroanu). Suitable for the compounds. 

d cult. Escobedia scubrifoliu R. et P. (Serophulariaceae). 

Roots are used as spice and as colouring matter (Peru). 

A cult. Eugeniu (‘Syzygium) muluccensis L. (Myrtaceae); Malay apple; Poire de Malaque 

(Fr.). 

Of this fruit tree the young leaves and shoots can be eaten, like those of 

E. polycephulu Miq., a fruit tree, and those of E. line&z Duthie, E. duthieurra 

King (1.9%) and E. polyanthu Wight, the latter dried as a condiment. Nowadays, 

they are all known 

Suitable for the conrpo~~nds. 

as Syzydium. The leaves have a marginal vein. 

A Euphorbia heterophylfn L. (Euphorbiaceae). 

Herbaceous weed with hollow stems, which contain a milky juice; 

the tops of the flowering shoots have red or yellow leaves. The young tops 

and leaves are eaten cooked and probably they are rich in protein. Runs 

often wild, also on compounds. 

Euphorbia edulis Lour. is grown in Indochina for the leaves, as is E. hirtu 

(4.7%) in India. E. ner$liu L. is eaten as a sweetmeat in Malaya, after preparation 

of the leaves, just like E. tridynu Haw. and E. antiquorum L. by the Chinese 

of Java, 

A cult. Euphorbiu puIcherrima Willd. (Euphorbiaceae); 

(Fr.); Flor de pascua (Sp.). 

Poinsettia; Euphorbe &arlate 

Shrub containing a milky juice, with yellow or red upper leaves (when 

flowering); easy to propagate by means of cuttings. Planted some metres 

asunder, alone or in hedges and fences. Suitable for the compounds. Drought 

resistant. The young tops, leaves and inflorescences are eaten, but not the 

fruits; the leaves etc. should not be eaten raw. Their protein content is 

6-759. 

a cult. Fugopyrum tuturicrrm Gaertn. (Polygonaceae); Buckwheat. 

The leaves of this temperate crcp are eaten in India, like those of E. cymosum 

Meissn. 

A Ficus species (Moraceae) such as F. olbu Reinw., F. unnulutu Bl., F. cupensis 

Thunb., F. conoru King, F. dumnraropsis Diels, F. elusticu Thunb., F.fistirlosu Reinw., 

F. glubellu Bl., F. glomerutu Roxb., F. glunrosu Del., F. gnuphulucurpa Steud., F. hirtu 

Vahl, F. infctoria Roxb., F. ingens Miq., F. Iepicurpu Bl., F. mucosu Welw., F. politu 

Vahl, F. quercifaliu Roxb., F. rumphii Bl., F. superba Miq., F. variegutu Bl. 

Fig trees; all of them contain a milky juice; the leaves, tops and young 

fruits are eaten as vegetables. Of F. elastica only the young tops. A protein 

content of 6.1% is given for the leaves of one of the species. 

A cult. Flacourtia rukum Zoll. et Mor. (Flacourtiaceae). 

Of this fruit tree and some of its congeners in Indonesia and India, e.g. F. 

jangumas Baeusch, the young leaves and shoots are eaten. 

A cult. Foeniculum dulce (Umbelliferae) 

Hinojo (Sp.). 

= F. vulgare Mill.; Fennel; Fenouil (Fr.);

7. Euphorbiu pulcherrimu Willd. 

47

48 

8. Gnefum gnemon L.

Herb of which the spicy leaf (2.8-o%) and especially the thickened base 

of the rosette (1.1%) are used as vegetables, mostly raw. 

Gurciniu species (Guttiferae). 

Of G. atrovitidis Griff. in Malaya, the young shoots (1.8%) can be eaten, 

A cult. 

but mostly the young fruits. Also young leaves and shoots of G. microstigma 

Kurz. (Burma), G. dioicu Bl. (South-East-Asia), G. cowu Roxb. (India, Thailand), 

G. umboinensis Spreng. (= G. cochinchinensis Choisy) (South-East-Asia) 

and G. sizygifaliu Pierre (South-East-Asia). Suitable for compounds. 

GIochidion bluncci Lowe (Euphorbiaceae). 

Tree, cultivated in the Far-East and in the Philippines for the young leaves 

and shoots; also often used as a flavouring. The same is true of the leaves 

and young shoots of G. borneense Boerl. and G. rubrum Bl., both of them trees 

from South-East-Asia. 

A cult. 

Glycine mux Merr. (Leguminosae); Soybean; Soya (Fr., Sp.). 

AB cult. 

Very important, annual, creeping herb with small, insignificant, white or 

lilac flowers; the pods are hairy and slightly curved; the seeds have a flat, 

elliptical hilum; the young pods and the ripe seeds are eaten, sometimes 

also the young leaves. Batches of 2 or 3 seeds are sown 15-30 cm apart. The 

leaves contain 6% protein, the young seeds 942% and the ripe seeds 38%. 

The ripe seeds are also suitable for making taog6 (bean sprouts); the 

protein content of these sprouts is 2.39%. Moreover, the leaves of G. 

juponicum L. and G. fuurentii de Wild. too are eaten. 

Gnctum gnemon L. (Gnetaceae); Joint fir. ABC cult. 

Important, usually low growing tree, which resists a drought of three 

months; the young shoots, the young leaves, the young inflorescences 

resembling bunches of grapes, especially with the young fruits on them 

and the unripe and ripe fruits and seeds are eaten. The trees are male or 

female. The seeds are often hard-coated, they germinate only after six 

months; therefore, they have to be filed before germination. The trees are 

spaced at 6 m. They blossom the whole year round. They can stand 

shadow and so are suitable for the compounds. The protein content of the 

leaves is d-6%, of the flowers 5%. The ripe fruits are flattened and fried in oil. 

African edible Gnetum species are: G. ufiicunum Welw., of which the leaves 

and seeds are eaten (Ubangi, Gabon, Congo, Angola) and G. blrchhofziunum 

Engl.; both are lianes. Moreover, G. tisseruntii (Gabon) and G. i&cum Merr. 

(= G. la@lium Blume p.p.) are eaten and, as far as we know, only the seeds 

of G. gnemonoides Brongn. 

Gompfuenu g&bosu L. (Amaranthaceae). 

The leaves of this ornamental herb are eaten. Often wild on the cuqou&. 

A cult. 

Gundefiu tounrefortii L. (Compositae). 

Herb grown in the Near-East, of which the leaves are eaten (LX%). 

c cult. 

Gynema syriqefifium Boerl. (Asclepidiaceae). 

This climber is cultivated in Malaya for the young leaves and shoots (3%). 

A cult. 

49

A cult. 

A cult. 

In Africa the leaves of G. sylvestre R.Br. are eaten; they are said to destroy the 

taste of sugar for one day (Congo). 

Gyandropsis gynandra Briq. See Cleonte gynandra L. 

Gynura cernua Benth. (Compositae). See also Crassocephalunr rrrbens S. Moore. 

Herb cultivated in parts of West-Africa for the leaves. Also eaten are: 

G. procumbens Backer and G. sarmentosa DC, both herbs from Indonesia. 

D Halope@a blumei K. Schum. (Marantaceae). 

Herb with small, edible tubers. 

D cult. Helencharis dulcis Trin. (Cyperaceae); Water chestnut. 

Sedge growing in water and forming small tubers, which are eaten cooked 

or fried. Protein content 1.4-2.6x. 

D cult. Helianthus tuberosus L. (Compositae); 

(Fr.); hlcachofa de Jerusalem (Sp.). 

Jerusalem artichoke; Topinambour 

Perennial plant with yellow flowers and thick rhizomes, which may serve 

as a supplementary 

rhizome 1.4-2X%. 

food in soups and sauces. Protein content of the 

D ffeliconia brevispatha Hook. (Musaceae); Bird of Paradise. 

Herb with tubers (4%). 

A cult. Hibiscus abelmoschus L. (Malvaceae) = Abelmoschus moschatus Medic.; Musk 

mallow; Ambrette (Fr.); Ambarina (Sp.). 

Young tops and leaves are harvested from this annual plant (South-East- 

Asia, West-Africa), as well as from many other species such as: H. acetosella 

Fit., H. articulatrrs A. Rich., H. asper Hook. f., H. cannabinus L., I-L jiculneus L., 

H. jiurcatus Willd. (= H. h is p-d- 1 n&nrrs . Griff.), H. gilleti de Wild, H. intermedius 

A. Rich., H. lancibracteatus de Wild et Th. Dur., If. physaloides Guill. et Perr., 

H. radiatus Cav., H. rosa-sinensis L. (1.2X9, H. roselloides L., H. rostellatus Guill. et 

A cult. 

i’err., H. surattensis L. The tubers of I-I. cancellatus Roxb. (1.9%) are eaten in 

India. 

Hibiscus eetveldianus de Wild. et Th. Dur. (Malvaceae). 

Annual shrub with wine-red flowers, propagated from seed and cuttings. 

The young tops and leaves are sour; so they are eaten like sorrel, also 

mixed with other vegetables. Suitable for the compounds. 

AC cult. Hibiscus esculentus L. (= Abelnroschus esculentus) (Malvaceae); Gombo, Lady 

fingers, Okra; Gombo (Fr.); Quingombo (Sp.). 

Very important annual herb with light-green leaves, which may be hairy 

or glabrous; the yellow flowers have red hearts; the fruits are ribbed. The 

pointed young fruits and sometimes also the leaves, shoots and flowers 

are eaten. Also suitable for the compounds. 

Suitable for all fertile and moderately fertile soils. Seed required per ha: 

S-IO kg. Planted preferably in the rainy season; spacing varies from 0.6 x 

I m to 1.2 x 1.5 m. Either sown in batches of 4 or 5 seeds or transplanted 

(30 to 60 cm). After z-3 months harvesting begins and continues for 3-4 

months or even longer. The young fruits are slimy. They are suitable for 

consumption as long as they are easily broken off. The mucosity dis- 

50

g. Hibiscus esufentus L.

appears through frying in fat or oil. If the fruits are left on the plant to 

ripen, further fruiting stops. Protein content of the leaves 2.7-3%, of the 

yOUIlg fruits 1.6-2.2%. 

A cult. Hibiscus manihot L. (Malvaceae) = Abelnloschus nlatrihot Med.: Sunset hibiscus; 

Gedi (Indonesia). 

Annual or perennial half-shrub having sulphur-yellow, sometimes white 

flowers with dark-red hearts. There are various varieties, which differ 

strongly in the form of the leaves. In the tropics it rarely flowers; it is then 

perennial. Propagated from cuttings. The slimy leaves as well as the young 

tops are eaten raw or cooked. The plant is suitable for compounds and fences. 

The protein content is 2.7%. 

A cult. Hibiscus sabdarifi L. (Malvaceae); Roselle; Oseille de GuinCe (Fr.); Sereni 

(SP.). 

Annual, erect herb with yellow flowers and sour leaves. The young tops, 

the leaves (1.7-3.2%) and the sour, white or red calix (1.6%) are eaten. Propagated 

from seed and planted at 1.5 m. First harvest after 3-4 months. 

A cult. Hydrocotyle asiatica L. (Umbelliferae), also called Centella. 

Perennial, creeping weed, grown for the leaves and runners, which are 

eaten raw (2-2.3%); in Malaya grown on moist soil. Also eaten are the raw 

leaves of: H.javanica Thunb. (1.2%) in Java and H. sibthorpioides Lam. in South- 

East-Asia. H. javanica is said to be somewhat poisonous; the seeds should 

not be eaten. 

A cult. Hyptis spicidera Lam. (Labiatae). 

Cultivated as a potherb in Africa. Also used are: H. brevipes Poir. and H. 

suaveolens Poir. from India, Thailand and Indochina, and H. pectinata Port. 

from Afl

10. Zptmea reptam Poir. 

53

grow very well on dry land; they are raised on beds, spaced at 40 cm. After 

6 weeks, the harvest may begin and, with sufficient water, it may continue 

for the whole year. Propagated by means of top cuttings of 25-40 cm or 

from seed. Protein content r.g-4.6%. Suitable for the compounds. When grown 

in water, the yield may amount to as much as 60,000 kg per ha. There are 

also wild forms with narrow leaves. 

A cult. I. involltcrata Beauv. is another edible Iporrroea. Also eaten are: I. alba L.f. (= 

Calonyction aculeatum C hoisy) (1 eaves and calix), I. biloba Forsk., I. bona-nox Boj. 

(= Calonyction bona-nox = C. rnrrricatu~n), 1. cairica Sweet (= I. palnlata), I. cordofana 

Choisy, I. srpiaria (= I. maxima) (India) with 1.3% protein (also flowers) 

and I. digilata L. with 4% protein. Mention is also made of: 1. eriocarpa R.Br. 

(= I. hispida), I. I ‘II 11s t ns P rain, 1. hgardi N.E.Br. and 1. u$Jra Roem. et Schult., 

all of them from India. 

A cult. Jarropha l;rens L. (~Euphorbiaceae). 

Shrub grown for the leaves (Phiiippincs), propagated from cuttings. The 

leaves and young shoots ofj. curcas L. are eaten too, like those of]. aconitifijia 

(6.2%) = C ni d OSLII . / OS aconiti’fia, and]. mrrltifida L. 

A cult. Justicia insularis T. And. (Acanthaceae). - 

Herb, cultivated in West-Africa for the leaves. Eaten are also :.I. frava Vahl., 

J. daleapsis T. And., J. dlabra Koen. ex Roxb., /. tnelampyrutn S. Moore, 1. pectoralis 

Jacq. = Dianthera pectoralis (3.9%) and 1. rostelIaria Lindau, all of them 

herbs from Africa, except the second (South-East-Asia) and the last but 

one (also Mexico). In India are eaten : /. procumbens L. and /. quinque-aqularis 

Koenig. 

AD cult. Kaempferia galarya L. (Zingiberaceae). 

The rhizomes and leaves of this low-growing, perennial herb are eaten. 

AD ctl!.t. Knrrzp,Grir! par&rata Roxb. (Zingiberaceae), sometimes known as Gastrochilus 

panduratus Ridl. 

Perennial herb, of which the young roots, leaves and shoots are used as a 

seasoning. This is also true of K. rotunda L. Protein content of the shoots I%. 

A cult. Lactuca indica L. (Compositae). 

Erect, annual herb, containing a milky juice; the flowers are a bright 

yellow; the leaves are eaten as a salad; raised on beds 75-100 cm apart, or 

running wild in the compounds. Sometimes, they are planted on vegetable 

beds for the shade they give. Propagation from seed, which is easy to groti’. 

Indonesia, Philippines. 

A cult. hctuca sativa L. (Compositae); Lettuce; Laitue (Fr.); Lechuga (Sp.). 

Important annual herb, which forms a head. The flowers are yellow. The 

leaves are mostly eaten raw. To be sown broadcast on beds for leaf 

lettuce (3-4 kg per ha) or to be planted out 2s cm asunder for the heads. 

When transplanting is practised, IO g seed is required per are. Seed growing 

is possible. Heads may be formed at low altitudes, but it is easier at greater 

54

II. ~eucam $m~ca Benth. 

55

elevations. In times of drought heavy watering is necessary; the plant does 

not resist pelting rain. Suitable headed varieties : Attractie, Meikoningin 

(soft-leaved), Mignonette, Iceberg (hard-leaved). Some varieties are grown 

for the loose leaves e.g. Cos lettuce. Protein content OA-2.1%. There are also 

wild forms e.g. L. taracifolia Sch. et Thon. (also cultivated) from Nigeria, 

L. tuberosa (Near-East) with 1.4% protein and L. capensis Thunb. 

AC cult. Lagenaria lerrcantha Rusby (Cucurbitaceae) = L. siceraria Standley; Bottle 

gourd; Calebassier, Courge bouteille (Fr.); Cojombro, Guiro amargo (Sp.). 

Important annual, robust climbers with tendrils, white flowers and bottleshaped 

fruits. The young tops and leaves and the young fruits are eaten, 

whereas the ripe fruit flesh is sometimes prepared. Protein content of the 

fruit about o.z-o.%, of the leaves 2.3-&j%. Mostly raised as climbers spaced 

at 2 m or at I.ZO-2.40 m (India). Suitable for the contpounds. Sown at the beginning 

or at the end of the rainy season. After z months harvesting begins 

and it continues for 3 or 4 months. Seed required per ha: 4 to 2 kg. 

A cult. Lonnea grandis Engl. (Anasardiaceae) = 5. coromaddina Merr. 

A 

Very drought resistant tree, the young tops and leaves of which can be 

eaten. Can grow on very heavy soils. Suitable for compods, also for border 

planting. A congener is: 

Lannea acidu A. Rich. 

Tree of which the young leaves are eaten (Guinea Coast) just like those of 

L. oleosu A. Chev. (Dahomey). 

abd cult. Ldyrus sativus L. (Leguminosae); Chickling 

(Fr.); Almorta (Sp.). 

vetch, Grasspea; Gesse blanche 

A cult. 

PL subtropical plant, grown mostly for the seeds; protein content of the 

leaves 6%, of the seeds 2%. 

Lepidium sutivulrl L. (Cruciferae); Garden cress; Cresson alCnois (Fr.); Lepidio 

(SPJ 

Smaii-ieaved herb, the leaves (,4&G) of which are eaten raw as a salad. 

ABC cult. 

Needs relativeiy little water. For small surfaces. A congener, L. meyenii, is 

grown for its tubers in the Peruvian highlands. Also eaten are the leaves of 

L. africanurn DC (= L. cupeme), L. druba L. (India), L. myriocurputn Lond. and L. 

chilense Kunze. 

Leucaetru gluuca Benth. (Leguminosae); Horse tamarind, Lead tree. 

Drought resistant tree, of which the young tops and flower buds, the 

white flowers, the leaves and the pods are eaten cooked. The half-ripe 

seeds are also eaten cooked. The ripe seeds are sometimes used for making 

taogC (bean sprouts) or they are roasted and pounded before consumption. 

Probably the ingestion of raw material causes the hair to fall out, at least 

in the case of non-ruminants. Suitable for the con~po~m.ds. Protein content of 

the leaves ~-IO%, of the young pods 4% and of the flowers 4-7.3%. The 

young pods of L. esculenta (Mexico) are eaten too. In India L. cephalotes 

A cult. 

Spreng., L. clurkii Hook. f., L. lanaia Benth., L. murtinicemis R.Br., L. mollissimu 

Wall. and L. zeylunicu R.Br. are used as potherbs. 

Limmchris~ava Buch. (Butomaceae). 

56

Aquatic herb, grown in Java; the young leaves (r-1.6%), petioles and flower 

buds are eaten in Java and Malaya. Also known is L. Ioungensis, an aquatic 

plant from Africa. 

lippiu adoensis Hochst. (Verbenaceae). 

Herb, cultivated as a potherb in Congo, Eaten is also L. nudifloru Michx. 

(Ceylon). 

A cult. 

Lotus edulis L. (Leguminosae) = L. tetraganolobus L.; Asparagus pea, Winged 

pea; Lotier rouge (Fr.); Loto cultivado (Sp.). 

Annual of which the young pods are eaten. 

b cult. 

Lufi ucutun~ulu Roxb. = L. uegyptiacu Mill. and L. cylindricu M. Roem. (Cucurbitaceae); 

Angled gourd, Ridged gourd, Loofah, Sponge gourd; Courge 

torchon (Fr.). 

AC cub. 

Important annual climber with tendrils; when rubbed, it smells bad; the 

flowers are yellow and the oblong fruits ribbed or smooth. The often 

bitter young leaves and fruits are eaten. Protein content of the fruits 0.5- 

3.4%, of the young leaves I%. Grown creeping or climbing, preferably in 

the dry season; when creeping, it is spaced at 60 cm both ways; when 

climbing, with irrigation on beds at 1.20 by 2.40 m (India). After IO weeks 

harvesting may begin and it continues for the whole of the dry period. 

Seed required per ha: 5 kg. 

Lupine uIVLSS L. (Leguminosae); Lupin; Lupin (Fr.); Altramuz, Lupino (Sp.). B cult. 

Annual herb of which the ripe seeds, which are very bitter, are eaten 

(after extraction with water), generally raw and with some salt. Unsuitable 

for the tropics, but it may still grow in the warm subtropics, Protein 

content of the ripe seeds 40%. The related L. termis Forsk. is bitter and slightly 

poisonous and is only eaten after having been soaked in water for a long 

time. In the Andes L. mutubilis Sweet is grown for the seeds (17%). 

Lycium chinense Mill. (Solanaceae). 

Thorny shrub from China, grown for the leaves (3.3~4.3%). In Java, here 

and there in the mountains. 

u cult. 

Lycopersicm esculentm Mill., see: Solanum lycopersicum L. A cult. 

Muha purvifloru L. (Malvaceae). a 

Annual, eaten as a potherb (4.49, just like M. sylvestris L., M. verticilIata L., 

M. rotundifolia L. and M. niuceensis All., all of them from India and the Near- 

East. 

In Africa M. capitata Don is eaten. 

Mungiferu indicu L. (Anacardiaceae); Mango: Mangue (Fr.); Mango (Sp.). 

Pantropical fruit tree, of which the young leaves and shoots may be eaten 

A cult. 

(3-4%) and the young fruits (0.7-I%), just like the leaves and shoots of 

M. caesiu Jacq. (4%). Suitable for the compounds. 

Manihot utilissimu Pohl (Euphorbiaceae) = M. esculenta Crantz.; 

Maniac, Tapioca; Maniac (Fr.); Yuca (Sp.). 

Cassava, AD cult. 

Important shrub, containing a milky juice, with insignificant flowers; in 

the tropics, however, it rarely blossoms. Usually, it is grown for the root 

57

58 

12. Munihot utilissinm Pohl.

tubers, which serve either as a staple food or as a supplement in sauces and 

soups; however, the young tops and leaves are also eaten. The plant 

contains cyanide (the sweet tubers less than the bitter ones); therefore, 

the leaves cannot be eaten raw; the sweet ones have to be boiled for 5 

minutes, the bitter ones, as a precaution, longer, perhaps for 15 minutes. 

Propagated by cuttings. Protein content of the old leaves about 4%, of the 

young leaves 640% (rather rich in methionine), of the tubers about 0.8-r%. 

Suitable for the compounds and fences. 

On the compounds short cuttings with two eyes are put horizontally into 

the ground, spaced at 30 cm, so that a close planting is obtained, which 

can be harvested regularly. One should not start too early, nor pluck the 

young plants too intensively. The yield may amount to as much as 20,000 

kg per ha a year, or even more. For leaf production, virus resistant varieties 

should be chosen (mosaic disease), because topping the plant spreads the 

virus rapidly over the whole planting. 

When harvesting the tubers, the leaves may be plucked at the same time. 

These older leaves contain about 4% protein, but have to be boiled for a 

long time, if they are to become soft. Sometimes they are dried and ground; 

in the dry period, the powder is used in soups and sauces. 

Murantu unmdinucpu L. (Marantaceae); Bermuda arrowroot; 

la Barbado (Fr.); Sagu (Sp.). 

Arrowroot de D cult. 

Perennial herb with big leaves and small, white flowers; the subterranean, 

fleshy, thickened rhizomes are cooked in soups and sauces or used for 

making flour. Protein content of the tubers can be very low: 0.~1.7%. 

Medicago sutivu L. (Leguminosae); Alfalfa, Lucerne; Lucerne (Fr.); Alfalfa a cult. 

(Sp. i. 

Perennial, subtropical herb, well-known fodder crop, of which the young 

leaves and shoots (6%, rather rich in methionine) are eaten (India), just like 

those of the wild M. denriculutu Willd. (= M. hispida Gaertn.). 

MeIiu excelsa Jack. (Meliaceae). 

Tree grown in Malaya for the leaves and shoots (6.2%). The leaves of M. 

imficu Brand. are also eaten. 

A cult. 

Menthujavanicu Bl. (Labiataej; Mint; Menthe (Fr.); Menta (Sp.). 

Aromatic herb, of which the leaves are eaten, just like those of M. merdinn 

Backer (Indonesia), M. piper& L., M. spicutu L. (4.8%) and M. umbellata Hall. f. 

A curt. 

from India and the Sudan. Also known is M. viridis L. (x7-4%). All are 

suitable for the compound. M. urvensis L. (2.6%) is not tropical. 

Mesernbryunthemum qu~utum Thunb. (Aizoaceae); Marygold. 

Annual from South-Africa, grown as spinach in the Congo, propagated 

from seeds. Known also in India just like M. crystullinum L. (0.7%). M. cordi- 

$&urn L.f. is used in South-Africa. 

A cult. 

Metroxylon sugu Rottb. (Palmae). c curt. 

The sago palm of which also the palm cabbage can be eaten. 

Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) = M. muricata Willd.; Bitter cucumber; 

Margose (Fr.); Cundiamor (Sp.). 

AC cult. 

59

60 

13. Momdica charantia L.

Important annual climber with tendrils and deeply lobed leaves; when 

rubbed, it smells bad; the flowers are small and yellow; the warty, ribbed, 

oblong fruits burst open, when they are ripe; they are bloodred inside. 

It is grown for the bitter young tops, leaves and fruits. They are planted 

against stakes, spaced at 50 cm both ways, or at 30 by 60 cm, or against 

fences etc. on the compounds. Seed required per ha: 2 kg. Protein content of 

the leaves 4.5-6%, of the fruits 0.~2.1%. 

M. cachinchinensis Spreng., M. dioica Roxb., M. cissoides Pl. and M. ,fietidd Sch. AC cult. 

et Th. are used in the same manner, just like M. balsamina L. (young fruits, 

in India), M. sirbangulata Bl. (Indonesia) and M. tuberosa Cogn.; or for the 

young, tender fruits only (with 0.6-1.3x for M. cochinchinensis and 3.1% for 

M. d&a). The fruits of M. tuberosa are also eaten. 

Morida citrifolia L. (Rubiaceae); Mora de la India (Sp.). AC cult. 

Low, arborescent shrub with small, white flowers in spherical capitula, 

which can easily stand a drought of several months; the young fruits, but 

especially the young leaves are eaten. The ripe fruits are very bad-smelling 

and unpalatable. Protein content of the leaves z.t+.g%. M. elliptica Ridl. is 

also eaten. 

Moringa oIeifera Lam. (Moringaceae); Drumstick tree, Horseradish tree; AC cd. 

Ben ail& Neverdie, Pois quenique (Fr.); Paraiso fiances (Sp.j. 

Important, low growing, tenuous tree with small, yellowish white flowers 

in panicles and fernlike divided leaves. The young tops and leaves, the very 

young, long, pulse-shaped fruits and the young seeds are eaten. The tree 

resists a drought of several months, but it needs well-drained soils. It is also 

used for shading vegetable beds. In India, a variety is reported with very 

tender fruits (Jaffna region). In India it is grown in hedges and regularly 

pruned for the young leaves. Suitable for the compounds. 

Propagation preferably by planting out cuttings of 1-1.5 m spaced at 4 m 

both ways, or more densely in hedges. Some forms blossom richly; theqe 

are grown for the fruits; othei-s yield more leaves, Protein content of the 

leaves 540% (rather rich in methionine), of the young fruits o.g+& of 

the young seeds 3.6%. 

Moms albn L. (Moraceae); Mulberry; Miarier (Fr.); Moral (Sp.). A cult. 

Small tree, of which the young leaves and tops are eaten; the ripe, black 

fruits are used as fruit. Propagated by cuttings. Suitable for the tompounds. 

Better suited to the higher belts than to the tropical lowlands. In Africa 

other Morus species are mentioned of which the leaves are eaten, 

Mucuna utilis Wall ex Wight (Leguminosae) = Stizolobium utile Pip. et Fr.; AB cult. 

Velvet bean, Mauritius bean; Pois mascate (Fr.). 

Drought resistant genus of beans; the young leaves, the young and ripe 

seeds (24%) and also the young pods are edible. Care should be taken, because 

there are poisonous forms and forms with itchy hairs, Especially the wild 

species M. prurient is notorious. 

Nowadays Stizolobium is distinguished: annuals with a hilum of H of the 

seed’s circumference, while Mucuna is perennial and has a longer hilum. 

61 

I

62 

14. Morinp ofeifera Lam.

Murruyu koenidii Spreng. (Rutaceae); Curry leaf. A cult. 

Tree of which the leaves (6.1%) 

Suitable for the compowd. 

are used as a seasoning (India) in curries. 

Muss ocuminatu Colla and M. balbisiana Colla (Musaceae); Banana, Plantain; 

Bananier, Plantain (Fr.); Camburo, Platano (Sp.). 

C cult. 

Very important plants for the fertile soils of the warm, humid tropics. 

Both these ancestral species of the very important, edible Musae and their 

hybrids are high growing, herbaceous plants with a spurious stem. 

One group (M. acuminatu) yields mostly bananas which are eaten when ripe. 

As long as these fruits are unripe, they are astringent and sour, even after 

cooking. Raw or fried, they serve as a supplement in the diet. The second 

group (M. balbi-ciana) yields mostly plantains, which are grilled or cooked 

as the main food when unripe (they are then not sour). 

The protein content of the fruits is r-z%. The young tops of inflorescences 

are also eaten (0.5~1.9%). This is also true for M. enzete Gmel. (= Ensete edule 

Cheesman) in Ethiopia. The spurious stem serves as fodder for pigs. The 

rhizome contains 0.4% of protein. From the leaf sheaths and stalks of M. 

ensete a paste is made, which is then baked as a kind of bread. Suitable for 

the compounds. Propagation by offshoots or part of the root tuber. Other 

parts, that are eaten: the young fruits and spadix of M. brachycatpe Backer; 

the spadix of M. gIauca Roxb., M. saluccensis Zoll. and M. zebrina van Houtte; 

the young lateral shoots of M. zebrina. Generally speaking, the M. acuminutu 

types need more water and better drainage than M. balbisiana forms. 

Nasturtium ojicide L. (Cruciferae) = Roripa nasturtium Rusby; Watercress; A cult. 

Cresson de fontaine (Fr.); Berro (Sp.). 

Small-leaved herb, the leaves (I--2.8%) of which are eaten raw as a salad. 

Propagated from seed or cuttings. Suitable vegetable for the dry period, 

but it needs much water. To be grown on small surfaces, next to wells etc. 

Protein content rag%. 

N. heteropbyllum Bl. = N. indicum DC (= Rorippa 

Asia. 

indict Hiem.) of South-East-, A 

A leafy weed, which is very popular in Java (about 5%). Other species are: 

N. barbariuefolium Baker and N. fuuiatile = R. jluuiutilis R. A. Dyer from Africa. 

Nelumbium nelumbo Druce = N. nuciferum Gaertn. = N. speciosum Willd. = N. AC cult. 

i&x Pers. (Nymphaeaceae); Lotus; Lotier (Fr.). 

Perennial, aquatic plant, of which, beside the raw or cooked fruits, also the 

young rhizomes (L-3.&), the young stalks and the young leaves and 

flowerbuds are eaten, just like the young and ripe seeds (2~17%). 

Nothopanux species (Araliaceae) such as N. scuteflarium Merr., N.fruticosum Miy., 

N. pitlnatum Miq., also known as Polyscius e.g. P.fruticosa Harms. 

Shrubs, of which the young tops and leaves are eaten; those of the firstmentioned 

species as a vegetable, those of the others mostly as a seasoning. 

Propagation by cuttings. Often used on compounds for hedges and fences, 

A cult. 

63

ACD cult. 

A cult. 

A cult. 

Rd cult. 

just like their congeners: Schefleru and Trevesia species. Protein content of 

X. fruticosutn 2.6~~8%~ of N. scutellarium 3.3%. 

Nymphaea lotus L. (Nymphaeaceae); Waterlily. 

Aquatic plant of which the rhizomes (3.4%), the flowers and receptacles 

(~.a%), the fruit, the young seeds and the mature seeds (8.3%) are eaten. 

The seeds are rich in methionine, other parts are rather rich in it. Also 

eaten is N. eledam Hook (rhizomes 7.9%). 

Ocimum bus&cum L. (Labiatae); Sweet basil; Basilic commun (Fr.). 

Annual seasoning herb, of which the leaves are eaten raw and boiled (3.3- 

3.8%). Related and also eaten are: 0. canum Sims., 0. sanctum L. and the 

perennial 0. arborescens Bl. from Congo, and further 0. americanurn L. and 

0. viride Willd. All of them are suitable for the compounds when grown for 

the leaves. 

Oenanthe javanica Aug. DC (Umbelliferae) = 0. stolonifera Wall. 

Hollow-stemmed, perennial, aquatic plant with a carrot-like smell, eaten 

in Java and Malaya as a vegetable, raw or boiled (I.[-2.4%). Propagated by 

division and cuttings. Related is 0. luciniatu Toll. from Hawai, eaten and 

cultivated in the same manner. 

Ox& tuberosa Molina (Oxalidaceae) = 0. crenatu Jack.; Oka (Andes). 

Small plant of the higher mountain belts (Andes), with small tubers 

(1.x-I.g%), which are eaten. The leaves too are consumed (I%), like those 

of 0. comiculata L., 0 cemua, 0. corymbosa A. DC (0. escuIenta?), 0. deppei Ledd., 

0. repens Thunb., 0. tetraphylta Cav. 

D cult. Puchyrrhizw erosus Urb. (Leguminosae) = P. blllbosus Kurz, P. angulutus Rich. ex 

A.DC; Yam bean, Potato bean; Dolique bulbeux (Fr.); Jicama de agua (Sp.). 

The tubers of thus climber (with poisonous seeds) are usually eaten raw, in 

Java often in “rudjak” i.e. a pungent, sweet sauce, containing a.o. brown 

sugar and chillies. Protein content oh-1.6%. According to some, the young 

pods are also eaten (Indo-China). Sometimes I’. tuberosus Spreng. is mentioned 

separately (called Jicama); the young pods (2.6%) and seeds are said to 

AB cult. 

be eaten too. Probably it is only a different variety. Known is also P. ah@ 

Parodi, a root tuber from the lower Andes. 

Parr$um edule Reinw. ex Bl. (Fiacourtiaceae). 

Tree with large leaves; the old leaves are eaten cooked; they contain much 

cyanide, but, it is said, less than the young ones. The seeds too are eaten, 

but rinsed and fermented. Occurs also on the compounds. 

R cult. Purkia speciosa Hort. ex Hassk. (Leguminosae). 

Tree of South-East-Asia; the (young) seeds are eaten (25% for the old seeds) 

and the young leaves too. Moreover, the seeds of P. intermedia Hassk. and 

P. @&ccl Merr. The African Parkiae: P. africana R.Br. (= P. cjappertoniana 

Keay), P. bialobosu Benth., P. jficoidea Welw. and P. bicolor A. Chev. yield seeds 

and fruit pulp for consumption, but P. africama only seeds; these are fer- 

64

mented. The young leaves of P. ciuppertuniana 

too. 

(= P. olivieri) seem to be eaten 

Pastinaca s&vu L. (Umbelliferae). d cult. 

Herb with thickened root (I-I.&), 

belts. 

suitable only for the high mountain 

Pennisetum purpureum Schum. et Thonn. (Gramineae); Elephant grass; Herbe 

elephant (I?.); Pasto elefante (Sp.). 

The young flower panicles still enclosed in the bracts are sometimes eaten. 

Protein content 3.6%. Also P. benthamii St. is eaten. 

C cult. 

Pentdethru mucrophylla Benth. (Leguminosae). C 

African tree, of which the seeds are used. They are very rich in fats and 

protein. 

Pentaphragma begoniaefolium Wall. (Campanulaceae). 

Fleshy herb, grown as a vegetable in Malaya (r.&). 

A cult. 

Peperomia pellucida H.B.K. (Piperaceae). 

Herb, of which the leaves are eaten as a potherb. Pantropical, 

A cuk 

Peril/u frutescens Britt. (Labiatae); Perilla. 

The leaves (4%) of this oilseed are sometimes eaten. 

Au cult. 

Petroselimum vu&e Hill (Umbelliferae); Parsley; Persil (Fr.). A cult. 

Plant resembling celery; the fragrant leaf (3.2~5.9%) is used as a seasoning. 

Usually it is rather densely transplanted in rows 15: cm asunder. The seed 

germinates very slowly. Seed required per ha: 3-4 kg. The form with curly 

leaves is called P. crispurn. 

Phueomeriu urrqurpureu Schum. (Zingiberaceae). A 

High growing, perennial herb, of which the young shoots, the young 

inflorescences and the half-ripe fruits are eaten. 

Phuedmeriu speciosu Kds. (Zingiberaceae). A 

High growing, perennial herb, of which the young shoots, the inflorescences 

(1.4%) and the half-ripe fruits are eaten. 

Pbmeolus angularis W. B. Wight (Leguminosae); Adzuki bean; Haricot adz&i 

(Fr.); Frijol adzuki (Sp.). 

Erect herb with yellow flowers; the cylindrical, smooth pods have seeds 

Bb cult. 

(beans) with a hilum with a protruding ridge on the long sides. The young 

pods and the ripe seeds are eaten. Probably better suited to the high belts 

than to the tropical lowlands, though it is grown there for the young 

pods. Sown in batches of 3 or 4 seeds, spaced at 25 cm. Seed required per 

ha: 25 kg. The protein content of the young pods is unknown, 

ripe seeds is 25%. 

that of the 

Pheseolus uureus Roxb. = Phase&s rudiutus L. (Leguminosae); Golden gram, AB cult. 

green gram; Amberique (Fr.); Judia de mungo (Sp.). 

Important, erect herb with yellow or yellowish green Qowers and thin, 

cylindrical, almost glabrous pods; the seeds (beans) are small and often 

almost spherical and they have a flat hilum, covered with a wkte, rough 

layer; the ripe seeds but also the young leaves and the young pods are 

eaten. The ripe seeds, harvested after 5 to 8 weeks, are used as beans, in 

65

soups and especially for making taogC (bean sprouts). Sowing should 

preferably be done by the end of the rainy season, in batches of 2 or 3, or 

even 5 to 7 seeds, spaced at 50-60 cm, or less at 20-30 cm. The young leaves 

contain 8% of protein, the cI ripe seeds about 24% the taogi 2-6%. 

Phaseolus calcarutus Roxb. (Leguminosae); Rice bean; Haricot riz (Fr.); Frijol 

arroz (Sp.). 

Important, twining, slightly hairy herb with yellow flowers and cylindrical, 

often curved poc’t.; the seeds (beans) are rounded on both sides and in 

shape they resemble rice grains; they have a hilum with protruding ridges 

on the long sides; the young pods and the ripe seeds are eaten as well as 

the young foliage. The seeds may be used for making taoge (bean sprouts). 

The young seeds contain 2% protein, the ripe seeds 20-22%. 

AB cult. Phase&u Iunatus L. (Lcguminosae); Lima bean, Sieva bean; Haricot de Lima, 

Pois du Cap (Fr.); Judia de Lima, Judia de Sieva (Sp.). 

Important, perennial climber with greenish violet flowers and flat, curved, 

sometimes beaked pods; the seeds are flat and radially veined (from the 

hilum) and have a small, almost round hilum (resembling that of Phaseolus 

vulgaris). They are grown for the young pods, the young and the ripe seeds. 

Sometimes, the young leaves too are eaten. The ripe seeds of those varieties 

which are not guaranteed to be free of poison (cyanide), have to be i--“.ed 

several times, while the cooking water has to be renewed. White-seeded 

forms are usually non-toxic after cooking. Batches of two or three seeds are 

planted at 30-50 cm by so-80 cm. For bushy forms so to roe kg ofseed is required 

per ha, for the climbing beans 25 to 60 kg. Harvesting may begin after 4 to 6 

weeks. The plant is not exacting. As a climber, it is also suitable for the 

compounds. The leaf contains ~-7.5% protein, the young pods 2.~3%~ the ripe 

seeds ZO%, the young seeds 6.5-10.5%. The seeds are sometimes used for making 

taogt (bean sprouts), which are eaten cooked. They are then nontoxic. 

b cult. Phnsedus nrultijlorus L. = Ph. coccineus L. (Leguminosae); Scarlet runner; 

Haricot d’bspagne (FT.); Judia escarlata (Sp.). 

Always climbing herb with a somewhat thickened root, red or red-spotted 

flowers and rough, coarse pods containing very big seeds; however, these 

are difficult to distinguish from the previous species in other respects. 

This bean grows only in the higher belts. Protein content of the young 

beans 7.5%. 

AB cult. Phase&s mung L. (Leguminosae); Mung bean, Black gram; Haricot velu 

(Fr.); Frijol mungo (Sp.). 

Important plant, resembling P. aureus, but somewhat more hairy; the white 

hilum protrudes somewhat from the see d, but in the middle it is concave, 

so that it seems to have two protruding ridges. 

AB cult. Phuseofw vulguris L. (Leguminosae); French bean, Kidney bean; Haricot 

commun (Fr.); Judia, Frijol corn& (Sp.). 

Important, annual, climbing or erect herb, flowers white to purple, pods 

smooth; the seeds (beans) have a small, elliptical hilum; like all Phase&s 

AB cult. 

66

species, they have two small lumps on one side of the hilum, a small hole 

on the other. The young pods and ripe seeds are eaten, and sometimes 

the young leaves. Usually the European forms are suitable only for the 

higher elevations (above 600 m); they don’t resist attacks by the bean seed 

fly (Agrmnyzu), which tunnels into the stem. But other forms (Brasil) are 

successfully grown in the lowlands. The bushy forms are planted in batches 

of 3 or 4 seeds, spaced at 40 cm; the climbing ones at 75 cm ,\gainst stakes etc. 

Seed required per ha: 60-120 kg; for climbing beans 25-60 kg. Protein content 

of the young pods r-4%, of the ripe seeds 22%. Related is Ph. multiforus. 

P/ioenix species (Palmae). 

a cult. 

The young shoot or terminal bud (p a 1 m cabbage) of Ph. ductyliferu L. is 

eaten; the same is true for Ph. reclinutu Jacq. 

Phylhnthus nttrblicu L. (Euphorbiaceae). 

A cult. 

Of this minor fruit tree the acid fruits (0.3%), restrnbling gherkins, are 

eaten, as are the young acid leaves. For the same purpose the young fruits 

(0.5%) and the young leaves of Ph. ucidus Skeels are used. 

Physulis peruviana L. (Solanaceae); Cape gooseberry, Ground tomato, Husk c cult. 

tomato, Peruvian cherry. 

Herb, of lvhich the leaves, the young and the ripe fruits (1.4%) are eaten. 

Of some others, e.g.: 

Physulis minima L., Ph. att@rtus L., the leaves are also eaten. 

A 

Ph. pbescens is mentioned for the fruits. 

Pisoniu albu Span. (Nyctaginaceae). 

A cult. 

The cultivated form of a wild tree: P. sylvestris Teysm. et Binnend., of which 

the leaves are eaten as a vegetable (India, Java). Protein content of the young 

leaf 3.6%, of the older 5.1%. Suitable for the compounds. 

Pisum sutivrrm L. incl. P. urvense L. (Leguminosae); Pea, Field pea; Pois, Pois gris ub cult. 

(Fr.); Guisante, Arveja gris, Guisante gris (Sp.). 

Herbaceous plant with white flowers; sometimes the young pods and the 

young leaves are eaten, but always the young and the ripe seeds. Usually 

the culture is not very successful at lower altitudes, though I have seen 

dwarf-forms at sea-ievei (Victoria, Cameroons). Perhaps the time of 

sowing (increasing daylength) is important. They are more suitable for 

elevations of more than IOOO metres, and even so usually only the redwhite 

or red flowering forms (P. urvense) with brown seeds succeed. 

Bushy forms are sown in clumps spaced at 20 by 45 cm, climbing ones 

against poles, spaced at 45 by 4 cm. Seed required per ha: 60-100 kg. Protein 

content of the young pods 2.6~).I%, of the young peas 3.1-7.2%, of the ripe 

ones 2-75. 

Pithecolohiw~ lobutunr Benth. (Leguminosae) (= Pithecellobium). 

Tree with twisted pods; the young, chestnut-shaped seeds are eaten; 

though people like them, they may cause haematuria. The young leaves 

of P. kunstleri Prain are eaten (Sumatra). 

Phntuga major L. var. usiutica (Plantaginaccae). 

Perennial herb, grown as a vegetable (2.5%) in Southern China and eaten 

67 

B cult. 

A cult.

also in Indo-China and Java as well as Madagascar (Plarrtago or CornuP:!s L.). 

A cult. Pleomele atyustifolia N. E. Brown (Liliaceae). 

A cult. 

Arhorescent shrub, of which the young, still furled leaves are eaten. The 

same is true for P. elliptica N. E. Brown. 

Pluchea indica Less. (Compositae). 

Drought resistant shrub of which the young, bitter tops, flowers and 

leaves are eaten. Grows also on heavy soils. Often on compounds as a hedge. 

Protein content of the leaves zag%. 

c cult. Polakuwskia tacaco Pitt. (Cucurbitaceae); Tacaco. 

A cult. 

The pulp of the fruit is eaten as a vegetable in Costa-Rica. 

Polyflonum odoratum Lour. (Polygoqaceae). 

Aromatic herb (4.6%), grown in South-Vietnam. Eaten are aiso, either as 

a salad, a potherb or condiment: P. hydropiper L. (3.9X), of which P. ht=atum 

is considered a variety, P, minus Huds. (2.8x), P.perfoliatum L. (all of them from 

South-East-Asia), P. plebeium R.Br. (3.2%) from India, P. sencgalense Meisn., P. 

serrulatum Lag. from Congo and P. salicifiliunl Brouss., P. burbatum L., P. cuspi- 

A cult. 

datum Sieb. et Zucc., P. glabrum Willd. (= P. serrulutum), P. orientale L., P. pubestens 

Blume, P. guineense Sch. er Th. (= P. subpeltatum) and P. tomentosum from 

Africa and Madagscar. 

Polysciafruticasa Harms. 

See Nothopartax juticosum Miq. 

A cult. Portulaca species (Portulacaceae) such as P. oleracea L., P. quadrijdu L., P. pilosa L., 

P. tuberosa Roxb., P. qfra Jacq. (South-Africa); 

Verdolaga (Sp.). 

I’urslane; Pourpier (Fr.); 

Creeping herb with fleshy leaves and yellow flowers; the young tops and 

leaves are eaten. Both yellow and green forms occur, the yellow one being 

preferred. From 5 to IO g of the fine seed is required per square m. When 

it gets insufficient water, it begins to flower. Seed growing is easy. When 

running wild, it is suitable for the compounds. Protein content 2-2.5%. 

a cult. Praboscidea jussieui Steud. (Martyniaceae) = Martynia proboscidea Glox. 

C 

Herb, of which the young fruits are eaten as a vegetable in California. 

Mentioned is also P.fragrans Linal. Annual, sometimes with a large tuberous 

root; the young fruits are pickled in vinegar. 

Prosopis africana Taub. (Leguminosae). 

African tree, of which the seeds are fermented, like those of Pa&a. Very 

rich in methionine. 

AB cult. Psophpcarpus tetragonolobus A.DC. (Leguminosae); Goa bean, Four-angled bean, 

Winged bean; Pois carre (Fr.); Caiamismis, Sesquidillas (Sp.). 

Important perennial (but usually grown as an annual), climbing herb 

with light-blue, sometimes white flowers, a thickened root (sometimes 

eaten), tetragonally winged pods and big seeds, which have an oval, flat 

hilum with a somewhat protruding white or yellowish ridge along both 

sides. The young leaves and pods are eaten, and sometimes the ripe seeds. 

To be sown, several seeds together, at I m by 1.5 m at the beginning of the 

rainy season. Harvesting begins after 4 months and continues for at least 

68

15. Psophocarpus tetragorwlobus A. DC 

69

one year. In Java it is often grown, like cow peas, on the small dikes between 

the rice fields. Also suitable for the compounds. Protein content of the young 

pods 2-4%%, of the leaves 3-559, of the ripe seeds 33-40%. Other known species: 

P. palustris, of which the young pods and the roots are eaten, and P. lot@pedunculatus 

Hassk. 

A cult. Pterucoccus cornuculatus Pax. et Hoffm. (Euphorbiaceae) = Pluketretia panicrrlata 

Smith. 

Climber from Malaya, which is woody at the base. It is propagated by 

cuttings, which must have leaves and are planted in a sandy soil in the 

shade, spaced at 30 by 75 cm, against poles. It is eaten like spinach and has 

a sweetish taste. Protein content 5.3%. 

ad cult. Pueraria thrrnber@la Benth. (Leguminosae) (= P. lobatu); Kudzu. 

Subtropical green-manure and soil-cover plant, of which the young leaves 

and shoots can be eaten, and also the tubers (1.3-z.%). Propagated by 

cuttings. Also on the colrlppoutrds. 

A cult. Quisquolis indica L. (Combretaceae). 

Ornamental climber, of which the young leaves and shoots can be eaten. 

AD cult. Ru~hanus sativtrs L. var. hortensis Backer (Cruciferae) = var. raphartistroides = 

var. pinnati’da = var. longipinnatus; Chinese radish; Daikon, Radis japonais 

(Fr.); Rabano blanco (Sp.). 

Important herb with deeply incised leaves and white or pale-lilac flowers; 

the thickened roots are long or oblong and white inside. The tubers, 

which are much bigger than radishes, are eaten. Moreover, the young 

leaves and young plants are eaten as spinach. Seed required per ha: I-IO kg. 

To be sown in or just after the rainy season in rows 30 cm apart, after which 

it is thinned out to 5-8 cm. Seed growing is possible. After only three weeks 

harvesting may begin. 

The ordinary radish (R. sativus), grown for the small tubers, has leaves 

incised up to the middle nerve and these, as also the young fruits, are often 

eaten in the Middle East, but in the tropics it is not so popular. Seed required 

per ha: 40 kg. The seedlings are often attacked by leaf fleas, just like 

cabbages. Protein content of the leaves 2-q%, of the roots 0.6-I.&%, of the 

young pods 2.1%. 

a cult. Rheum hybridum L. = Rh. rhabarbarurn L. x Rh. raponticum L. (Polygonaceae); 

Rhubarb; Rhubarbe (Fr.); Ruibarbo (Sp.). 

Big-leaved, perennial herb, of which the sour leaf stalks are eaten (o&0.7%). 

Only for the mountains. 

A cult. Ricinus cummunis L. (Euphorbiaceae); Castor oil plant. 

Half-shrub, of which the young leaves and shoots and especially the young 

flowers are eaten, but never the poisonous young or old seeds. Also on the 

wmp&inds. 

A cult. Rosa species (Rosaceae); Rose; Rose (Fr.); Rosa (Sp.). 

70

The leaves of various roses: R. dumascenu Mill.; R. moschata Mill. and R. tnulti- 

@u Thunb. are eaten in Java. 

Rumex ubyssinicrrs Jacq. (Polygonaceae); Sorrel; Oseille pahouine, 

sango (Fr.); Acedera (Sp.). 

Oseille A cult. 

A kind of sorrel, which is frequently found in Gabon and the Congo. The 

leaves are eaten. Suitable for the compauds. The European species R. ucetosu 

L. and R. putientiu L. are not so suitable for the tropical lowlands unlike 

R. umbiguus Gren. (2%), R. umbi~rrra L., R. crispus L. (1.5%), R. dentutus L. (3X), 

R. nepalensis Spreng., R. sagitt&Thunb. and R. vesicarius L. (1.6%), which may 

be grown there or in India and the Near-East, especially the first two. 

Sacchurum edule Hassk. (Gramineat). 

Perennial grass, of which the young, thick-set inflorescence is eaten, when 

it is still covered by the sheath. Propagation by cuttings and division. 

Protein content of the inflorescence 4.6-6%. 

c cult. 

Succhurrrrn sporrtunenm L. is often used for the same purpose. The young shoots 

are also eaten. 

C 

Sngittirfia sa@tti@lia (Alismataceae); Arrowhead. 

Aquatic plant, grown in China for the edible tubers (0.5%). Also eaten in 

the Philippines. 

D cult. 

Sakersiu luurenti Cogn. (Melastomataceae). 

Cultivated for the leaves in the Congo. 

A cult. 

Suluccu edulis Reinw. (Palmae). 

Stemless, pinnate, leaved palm of which, besides the ripe fruits, also the 

cabbage is eaten. 

A cult. 

Suuropus uncirogynus Merr. (Euphorbiaceae). 

A cult. 

Important, low growing shrub with small, red flowers. Propagation by 

cuttings planted on beds, spaced at 60 by IO cm, or in hedges on the campounds, 

or on vegetable beds where shade is needed. It reacts very favourably 

to mulching. After 4 months harvesting may begin. The top parts, young 

leaves and fruits are eaten very frequently, 

Protein content m-9.7%. 

the leaves sometimes raw. 

Scbefiera uramatica Harms (Araliaceae). 

A cult. 

Shrubby tree, of which the young, spicy leaves are eaten in Java. Propagated 

by cuttings. Suitable for compounds. 

,Scolymrrs hispanicus L. (Compositae); Spanish oyster plant. 

Herbaceous plant with a thickened root, which is eaten. Suitable only for 

the mountains. 

d cult. 

Scorzoneru hispanica L. (Compositae); 

nero, Escorsonera (Sp.). 

Beach salsify; Scorsonere (Fr.); Salsifi d cult. 

Herb of which the thickened roots are eaten. Suitable only for mountainous 

regions. The young leaves of S. alexmfrina are eaten. 

Sechium edule. SW. (Cucurbitaceae); 

Chayote (Sp.). 

Balsam pear, Chocho; Choyote (Fr.); ACD cult. 

Important, perennial climber with tendrils, thickened root and yellowish- 

71

72 

16. Sawopus androgytw Merr.

greenish-white flowers; the pear-shaped fruits have some prickly warts 

when young, three grooves and one big seed. The young tops, leaves and 

fruits are eaten, sometimes also the young seeds and the thickened roots. 

Grown on the compounds, preferably on a trellis. The plant can stand shade 

very well and even seems to need it in the lowlands. The first fruits come 

after 3-4 months. Propagation from seed or cuttings spaced at I m. Protein 

content of the leaves 4X, of the young fruits 0.4-I%, of the rti>t 2%. 

Sesamum orientale (= S. i&cum L.) (Pedaliaceae); Gimgelly, Sesame; Sesame 

(Fr.). 

A cult. 

Important herbaceous plant yielding oil seeds; the young tops and leaves 

are eaten; this is also true of: 

S. ulutun~ Thonn., S. radiatum Schum. et Thonn. and S. un~ustifolium Engl., S. 

angolense Welw., S. calicyftum Welw. 

A 

Sesbunia (Agati) ~rundijura Pers. (Leguminosae); 

Galleto (Sp.). 

Fayotier, Sesbanie (Fr.); AB cult. 

Small tree with large yellowish-white or red flowers; the young leaves, 

the young pods and t.-e flowers are eaten. It requires rather much water. 

Propagation from seed. It often serves to shade vegetable beds. Suitable for 

the compuunds. Protein content of the young leaves 3-g%, of the pods 4%, of 

the flowers I-1.8%. Also eaten are the flowers, young pods and leaves of 

S. aegyptiaca Pers. = S. sesban Merr. (I%), a green manure, and of S. ietmpteru 

Hoechst and the leaves and flowers of S. roxburghii Merr. (India). 

Sicuna odorifera Naud. (Cucurbitaceae) (= S. blumei); Melocoton. 

Perennial climber from Central America with big fruits resembling cucumber; 

they are eaten both ripe and unripe. 

A cult. 

Sida rhombifoliu L. (Malvaceae); Escobilla (Sp.). 

Perennial, r.s-2.5 m high, grown for the young leaves and shoots in Central 

A cult. 

and South America (7.4%). Planted at distances of 1.20 m. Sidu humilis Welld. 

var. rnorifora is also mentioned as a vegetable. 

Sinapsis alba L. (Cruciferae); White mustard. 

Herb from India, grown for the seeds; the leaves are also eaten. 

a cult. 

Solunum aethiopicum L. (Solanaceae). 

A cult. 

Important herb with large, glabrous leaves (5.1%~ rather rich in methionine) 

and small, bitter fruits which are eaten cooked. Besides S. melongena var., S. 

macrocarpun, S. niqrm and S. nodifrorum (see there) other leaf producing Solanum 

species are: S. bansuense Damm., S. dewevrei Damm., S. d&chum Thonn., S. 

duplosinuatum Kiomch (= S. dazyphyllum Sch. et Th., cult.), S. erythracanthum 

Dun., S. @or@ de Wild., S. incunum L. (wild form of S. melqena), S. lescrauwaerti 

de Wild., S. olivure Baill. et Buiss., S. subsessilis de Wild., S. terminale and S. wildemunnii 

Damm., all of them from Africa, and S. blumei Nees, S. i&cum L. and 

S. xanthuca~um from Indonesia and India. The young fruits of S. duplosinuatum, 

S. i&&m, S. xanthucarpum and some others are also eaten. 

Solanum ljcopersicum L. = Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (Solanaceae); Tomato; 

Tomate (Fr.); Tomate (Sp.). 

Important, annual, bad smelling, erect herb with yellow flowers and round 

c cult. 

73

74 

17. Sechium edule SW,

fruits, which are red when ripe. Normally, only the ripe or almost ripe 

fruits, but sometimes also the leaves are eaten. Plant for fertile and well-. 

manured soils. The best growth and yield require much water, much 

sunshine and low nocturnal temperatures. Usually, it is sown, pricked out 

and then transplanted at 75 to IOO cm. In this manner 0.5 kg seed is required 

per ha. The seed germinates slowly: I to 3 weeks. Crop rotation is necessary. 

In order to promote early bearing, the plants are often topped and the 

axillary shoots are cut out. There are also forms which just do not grow 

higher than the fourth raceme. Suitable varieties: Indian river, Marglobe, 

Urbana, Ponderosa. Local, small-fruited varieties are common in the 

tropics. Good seed should be chosen. Chlorotic or curly plants and those 

with leaf-curl disease must be thrown out immediately. Protein content 

of the fruits: I% when ripe, 2% when unripe. 

Salunfrrrr macrocarpon L. (Solanaceae). AC cult. 

Perennial, glabrous, shrublike herb without prickles, rich in forms; the 

flowers vary from pinkish white to violet; the leaves (4.7%) and the young 

fruits (1.4%) are eaten, often raw. The variety planted is var. culvum Bitter. 

Important vegetable of the Guinea coast. Sl:;table for the compounds. 

S~lanrhn rtlelotlgerta L. (Solanaceae) = S. escrrlentum Dunal = S. incamrm L. (Wild 

form); Egg plant; Aubergine, Bringelle (Fr.); Berenjera (Sp.). 

C cult. 

Important, annual, shrubby herb with or without prickles; the leaves are 

a downy greyish green and the flowers violet; the oblong, smooth fruits 

are eaten when half-ripe to almost ripe. To be sown and transplanted at 

40-50 by 60-70 cm. Seed required per ha: 0.5-1 kg. The seed germinates 

slowly. Suitable for fertile, preferably rather light soils. The first fruits come 

after three months. .41so suitable for the rainy season. Protein content of 

the fruit ~1.4%. 

Another form is var. inerme Dunal with large, smooth, glaringly green 

leaves and pale-violet flowers, without prickles; the leaves (4.7%) and 

young fruits (1.4-2.0%) are eaten. Suitable for the compounds. 

Sohwrn mrricatm Ait. (Solanaceae); Peruvian pepeno, Melon pear. d cult. 

Half-shrub of which the ripe, blueish-white, hollow fruits are eaten. They 

are seedless and the plant is propagated from cuttings (Peru). It appears to 

be regarded more as a fruit than as a vegetable, as ti is mostly eaten raw as 

such. 

Solunmr niyum L. (Solanaceae) (= S. aleruceum Dum.); Black nightshade, A(C) cult. 

Wonderberry; Morelle noire (Fr.); Yerba mora (Sp.). 

Important, very variable herb with white or blueish-violet flowers; the 

leaves are eaten and, in some regions e.g. Indonesia, Trinidad, also the 

unripe or ripe fruits, which are considered poisonous in Europe. Probably, 

there are in reality different varieties. Suitable for the compounds. Protein 

content of the leaves 44% (rich in methionine), 

is sometimes considered to be the same as: 

of the young fruits 2%. It 

Sohum nxhjbrum jacq. (Solanaceae); Herbe 2 calalou (Fr.1,. 

Herb with large leaves and white and violet flowers, gro$“r ;or the leaves, 

AC cult. 

75

c cult. 

which are bitter, just like the fruits. Suitable for the compounds. Protein 

content of the leaves 1.5-4.8%. 

Salunum quitaense Lam. (Solanaceae). 

Half-shrub of which the acid, yellow fruits are cooked as a sauce or compote. 

S. pi&urn Benth. from Mexico is of the same type. 

S&mum torvum SW. (Solanaceae). 

Prickly shrub with grey, tomentose leaves and twigs, white or yellowishwhite 

flowers and round fruits; only the young fruits are eaten. Cultivated 

like the previous species, but spaced at 1.5-2 m. Also suitable for the 

compor~nds. Protein content of the fruits 2%. In the same manner the fruits 

of S. unomulum Thonn. (ripe red berries), S. ugratium Sendt., S. diversifolium 

d cult. 

Schlecht, S.ferox L. are used, and also those of S. $0 Raddi (South America) 

S. involucrutum Bl. and S. prestum Dunal, but raw, while the young fruits of 

S. uculeutissimum Jacq. are roasted on a skewer. The fruits of S. pierreunum 

Boiss., S. i&cum L., S. olivure Baill. et Boiss. and S. riparo Dun. arrb also eaten. 

Salunum tuberosum L. (Solanaceae); Irish potato; Pomme de terre (Fr.); Papa 

(SP.). 

Important, tuber bearing plants with white to lilac flowers; only the 

tubers (2%) are eaten, usually as a staple food, but also as a supplement in 

A cult. 

soups and sauces, or fried. Suitable only for rather high altitudes. In Java 

and India the leaves too are eaten (4.4%). 

Solenasteman tnonostuchyus Briq. (Labiatae) (= S. ocymoides Sch. et Thonn.). 

Old-fashioned potherb in Africa; the leaves are eaten, but it is slowly going 

out of use. 

A cult. Sanchus species (Compositae) such as: S. urvensis L., S. asper Hill, S. bipontini 

Arch., S. oleruceus L. (= S. luevis Vill.), S. exuuricrrlutus 0. Hoffm. 

Herbaceous weeds, containing a milky juice; the stems are hollow and the 

flowers a light yellow, sometimes tinged red at the base; the young tops 

and leaves are eaten (2.4%). Especially the wild forms are bitter, more 

particularly S. arvensis. They are often found wild and on the compounds. 

D cult. Sphenostylis cotrgensis (Leguminosae). 

Tuber forming herb from the Congo. 

BD Sphenostylis species (Leguminosae) such as: S. stetrocurpu Harms, S. briurti Bak. 

f., S. erertu Hutch., S. schweirtfurthii Harms. 

Climbing beans, of which the subterranean stem tuber with 3.6% protein 

A cult. 

(S. stenacurpu) and the young pods and seeds are eaten. The leaves of S. stenocurpu 

and S. erectu are eaten too. 

Spilunthrs species (Composiiae) such as: S. uctnella Merr. (now split up into 

S. jubodicensis H. H. Moore and S. puniculatu Wall.) r. ocymifoliu A. H. Moore, 

S. olerucea Jacq. (syn. of S. ucmellu var. oleruceu). 

II cult. 

Herbaceous weeds of which the young tops and leaves are eaten. S. acme&a 

is sometimes cultivated (Para cress). Protein content of S. ocymi’liu 2%. 

Spinuciu aleruceu L. (Chenopodiaceae); Spinach; Epinards (Fr.); Espinaca (Sp.). 

The real spinach, of which the tops and leaves (2-2x%) are eaten. In the 

76

tropics, however, it thrives only at low temperatures, i.e. at high altitudes. 

Seed required per ha: 15-20 kg. Rather rich in methionine. 

Spundias cythereo Sonn. (Anacardiacea,‘, = S. d&is Forst.; Otaheite apple; 

Pomme cythere (Fr.); Caja mange (Sp.j. 

Of this fruit tree, the young leaves and shoots and the young fruits are 

eaten, just like those of S. pinnuta Kurz. and S. purpureu L. (4.3%). Suitable for 

the compounds. 

Stuchys tuberiferu Naudin (Labiatae). 

Herbaceous plants with stem tubers, from China, suitable only for the 

mountains. 

Strelitziu reginue Banks (Musaceae). 

Tuber (3%) from the Philippines. 

Strychnos spinosu Lam. (Loganiaceae). 

An African fruit tree of which also the leaves are eaten. 

7’uccu ieontopetaloides O.K. (Taccaceae) = T. pinnut$do Forster ; Polynesian D 

arrowroot; Arrowroot de Tahiti (Fr.). 

Tuber bearing plant with incise leaves; the tubers (1.5%) are sometimes 

eaten in an emergency; however, the very bitter tubers are ready for consumption 

only after washing and extracting with water. Usually meal is 

made of them. It is related to the African T. involucrutu Schum. et Thonn., 

which has pungent and bitter tubers, as big as a fist. 

Tadetes putulu L. (Compositdej. 

Herb of which the leaves are used for seasoning in the Congo. It can be 

A cult. 

used for eliminating nematodes through field rotation. 

Talinum tiiongulure Willd. (Portulacaceae); Ceylon spinach, Philippine spinach, 

Water leaf; Grass6 (Fr.); Espinaca de Filipinas, Verdolaga franc& 

A cult. 

(S!?*)* 

Important, perennial herb with spatulate, fleshy leaves and pink or red 

flowers; the slightly sourish tops and leaves are eaten. Grows in all seasons 

and even rather satisfactorily on infertile soils. Propagated from seed (0.5 g 

per m2j but mostly by cuttings (top parts) of 15-20 cm, planted out at 20 

cm both ways. Very suitable for the compounds. Protein content 1.3~5.8%. 

Other species of which the leaves are eaten: T. urnottii Hook.f., 7’. cc@um 

Eck. et Zeyh., T. portulucifolium Asch. et Schweinf. and ‘F. patens Willd. from 

South-America. 

Tamarindus indicu L. (Leguminosae); Tamarind; Tamarinier (Fr.). 

Drought resistant tree with finely pinnate leaves, yellowish capitula and 

c cult. 

brown pods, the black seeds of which are surrounded by a brown pulp 

(3%). This pulp is used for souring dishes, for pastry etc, Sometimes the 

young leaves (3-4 are eaten, d are the young pods (3.9%). 

Taraxucum u#cinaZe Weber (Compositae); Dandelion; Pissenlit (Fr.). 

a cult. 

Perennial herb, of which the young, bitter leaves (2.+-2.7%), often bleached 

by covering with soil, are eaten. 

Telfairea occident& Hook.f. (Cucurbitaceae); Fluted gourd. 

AB cult. 

77 

AC cult. 

d cult. 

D 

A cult.

IS. Tuhrm triunghre Willd.

Important climber with very big, ribbed, cucumber-like fruits with edible 

seeds; however, in contradistinction with T. pedutu Hook, it is grown not 

so much for the seeds as for the top shoots and young leaves. Suitable for 

the compounds, against fences and buildings. Protein content of the young 

leaves unknown, of the seeds 30%. 

Tephrosia vqelii Hook (Leguminosae). 

The young leaves and shoots of this green manure and of T. purpurea Pers. 

may be eaten. T. eleguns Schum. is also used in Africa. The leaves of T. linearis 

Pers. and of T. purpureu are used as a flavouring. 

A cult. 

Tetrucurpidium commophorum Hutch. et Dalz. (Euphorbiaceae). 

Fruit tree from the Congo and Sierra Leone, grown for the walnut-like 

fruits and for the young leaves and shoots. 

A cult. 

Tetrugoniu expunsu Miers (Aizoaceae); New Zealand spinach; Tetragone (Fr.); 

Espinaca extranjera de Nueva Zelandia (Sp.). 

Au cult. 

Important, perennial, branched herb with insignificant, yellow flowers; 

the fleshy leaves and the tops are eaten as spinach. It often grows less well 

at sea-level than at higher altitudes. It is usually raised on beds, either 

from seed (IWO kg per ha) or from cuttings. Protein content 1.5-459. 

Tbymus vulgaris L. (Labiatae). 

Sometimes grown in the tropics as a condiment. 

a cult. 

Trqopqon porrifalius L. (Compositae); Salsify. 

Herbaceous plant, the thickened root of which is eaten (1.4-3.$&g). Only for 

the mountains. The young shoots and roots of T. protensis L. are eaten in 

d cult. 

the Near-East. 

Trupu bicornis Osbeek (Hydrocaryaceae). 

Aquatic plant of which the seeds are eaten, just like those of the wild 

B cutt. 

T. quadrispinosa Roxb. 

Treculia africana Dec. (Moraceae); African breadfruit; Arbre a pain (Fr.). c cult. 

Tree containing a milky juice, with big round fruits, which have conical 

prickles; the small seeds are eaten cooked, grilled or -fried; meal is also 

made of them. Suitable for the compouttts. 

Trevku sunduica Miq. (Araliaceae). 

Shrubby tree, of which the flower buds and the young shoots and leaves 

are eaten, always boiled, in Java. Propagated from cuttings. Suitable for 

the compounds. 

A cult. 

Triuntftema species (Aizoaceae) such as : T. pentutadru L., T. portuhstrum !.. (= T. 

muruJ#lla L.). 

Herbaceous weeds with thick leaves and small, sessile, white flowers in the 

leaf ax&; the young tops and leaves are eaten. Protein content a-3.3% (T. 

portulacastrum). 

A 

Trichosuntbes attguina L. (Cucurbitaceae); Snake gourd; Courge-serpent, AC cult. 

Serpent vCgCta1 (Fr.); Cohombre vibora (Sp.). 

Important climber with tendrils; it smells bad and has small, white flowers; 

the very long fruits are laten when young, as are also the young leaves and 

shoots. The plants are spaced at 1.5-2 m, or at 0.5 against fences etc. but 

79

a cult. 

d 

A cult. 

d cult. 

A cult. 

a cult. 

D 

A ah. 

A cult. 

b cult. 

preferably they should be trained over a horizontal trellis (4 seeds per pole 

at 3 m). Seed required per ha: 2 kg. Also suitable for the compounds. Harvesting 

starts after 6 weeks and continues for I to 2 months. Protein content 

of the fruits 0.5-o.@& of the leaf 5.4% and of the young fruits 2% (T. 

dioica Roxb.). T. cucrtmerinu L., T. avigera Bl. and T. paltnatu Roxb. are used in 

the same manner or, perhaps, they are even identical. Known are also: 

T. disecu (India) and T. celebica Cogn. (Indonesia). 

Trigonellu faenum-gruecuttr L. (Leguminosae); Fenugreek; FCnugrec (Fr.). 

Herb of which the leaves are used as a vegetable (4.4~4.9%) in India, just 

like those of T. carnicuhtu L. and T. polycerutu L. and those of T. occulta Del. in 

Africa. 

TrupaeoIum tuberosum R. et P. (Geraniaceae); Cubios (Sp.). 

Herb with small tubers (I+I.&), which are sometimes eaten (High Andes). 

The leaves and flowers of T. muius L. are also used. 

Typhonicum trilobatum Schott. (Araceae); Yam. 

Tuber (1.4%) f orming herb, eaten in India; in Ceylon its leaves are also used. 

Ullucus tuberosus Cald. (Chenopodiaceae); Ulluco. 

Small,plant from the High Andes; it has small tubers (I%), which are eaten, 

also the leaves are edible. Propagation from tubers and cuttings. 

Urmu lobutu L. (Malvaceae). 

Half-shrub, of which the young leaves (3.1%) can be eaten. Suitable for the 

wtnpound. 

Vuleriawllu olitoria Poll. (Valerianaceae); Corn salad; M&he (Fr.). 

Herbaceous plant, the leaves of which are eaten, mostly fresh. Only for 

mcuntainous regions. Very rich in methionine. 

Vulheria @dantea Graebn. (Hydrocharitaceae). 

Water plant from the Philippines, forming tubers (1.5%). 

Vetnonia species (Compositae) such as V. cinera Less., V. uppendiculutu Less., 

V. biufue Oliv. et Hiern., V. calvou~ Hook.f., V. chinensis Less., V. colorutu 

Drake, V.fastigiatu Oliv. et Hiern., V. perrottetii Sch. Sip., V. senedalensis L. 

Herbaceous weeds, of which the leaves (V. cineru 2.7%) are eaten half-raw, 

or cooked because of the slightly bitter taste. Related is a small, shrub-like 

tree from Africa; 

Vetnofiiu amygdafina Dal. (Compositae); Bitter leaf. 

The very bitter leaves of this small are very popular in Africa, mostly used 

in sauces. 

Viciafaba L. (Leguminosae); Broad bean; F&e, F&e de marais (Fr.).; Haba 

(SPJ 

Herbaceous plant with white, black-spotted flowers and swollen pods; 

the leaves, the young and the ripe seeds are eaten. Only suitable for the 

elevated regions of the tropics. Spaced at 15 to 40 cm. Protein content of 

the ripe beans 23%, of the young beans 2.3-$3%, of the leaves (SOnhIIWS 

eaten) 5.6%. Of V. abyssinicu Steud. the young leaves are eaten in Malawi.

lg. lf’igna frngrricrrlatu Walp. 

81

AB CfJk. Vignu lrnglriclrlata Walp. (Leguminosaej = V. sirrensis Savi ex Hassk.; Cowpea; 

Dolique mongette, Haricot dolique, Dolique de Chine, NiCbC, Pois de 

BrCsil (Fr.); Frijol de ojo negro (Sp.). 

Very important, annual herb with both climbing and bushy forms; the 

flowers are twhite, yellow or blue; the pods long and flaccid or still’; the 

seeds (be,ms) have a somewhat triangular hilum, which is somewhat 

sunken at the broader end; the young leaves and pods and the ripe see& 

are eaten. Some climbing forms are exclusively grown for the very young, 

long pods (Yardlong bean ; Dolique asperge (Fr.); Judia asparaga (Sp.)). 

Also called V. sesqfripedalis Fruw. In Java they ai-e often grown on the small 

dikes between the rice fields; batches of 3 to 6 seeds are spaced at 60 cm. 

Known as asparagus bean. Most of the forms are sensitive in regard to daylength, 

some are not. Those with long, young pods are suitable for the 

cunlpollnds, where they grow against poles and hedges. The protein content 

of the leaves is 2-5.3%, of the young pods z-4.3%, of the old pods up to g%, 

A 

of the young seeds 4.5-s%. of the ripe seeds 24% and of the taogC (bean 

sprouts) 5%. Seed required per ha: 25-50 kg. Also eaten are the leaves of 

V. marina Merr., V. rnar$nata Benth., V. phasehides Baker, V. reticlrlata Hook.f. 

and V. t&ha Walp. (Cult.). 

Vitex species (Verbenaceae) such as V. cierrkolklski Kotsch et Peyr. and V. 

doniana Sweet. 

Trees of which the leaves are eaten. Both are rather rich in methionine. 

a ClJlt. Vitis vitiifera L. (Vitaceae); Wine grape; Vigne (Fr.); Vid, Uva (Sp.). 

Climbing shrub of which, especially in the Near-East, the young, slightly 

acid leaves are eaten (3%), mostly wrapped around other dishes. Related 

are V. lalxeolaria Wall, of which the leaves are eaten and also the various 

Cissus species mentioned under MB. 

c Cult. Voallilreia slibterranea Thouars (Leguminosae); Bambara groundnut; 

zou (Fr.). 

The young pods of this pulse are sometimes eaten. 

Vouand- 

AC cdt. 

Xarhsar~ra viofacewrr Schott (Araceae) (= X. sa@ttifolilrnl Schott), X. brasiliense 

Engl., X. majzfa Schott, X. caraca, X. albertii, X. jacqrrirli Schott; Tania, Yautia; 

Chou cara’ibe, Tanier (Fr.); Yautia (Sp.). 

The first-mentioned plant is important; it has a thick, milky juice and 

tubers with offshoots; the leaves are sagittate, green or blueish-violet and 

have a marginal vein; the inflorescences resemble arum; the thickened 

lateral tubers and the long stolons are eaten, but also the leaves and leaf 

stalks. It may be propagated by planting out the longest stolons, but 

usually the old plants are dug up, the old rhizomes are cut off, the leaves 

shortened and the remainder is planted again in well-loosened soil at 80- 

IOO cm. Plant material required per ha: 10,000~15,000 tops. Protein content 

of the young leaves x2-4.1%, of the tuber 1.1-r.?%. The other Xanthosonra 

plants are narrowly related species or forms. 

82

Zea rnays L. var. rrrdosa (Gramineae); Sweet corn, Maize; Mais (Fr.); Maiz Cc&. 

(Spa). 

Annual cereal with female flowers in spikes, which in time become spadices 

(cobs): the young cobs or the young seeds are eaten as a vegetable, 

e.g. Golden B antam. They are spaced at 40-50 by 80-100 cm, or in rows at 

30 with 60-90 cm between the rows, in batches of 2. Seed required per ha: 

10-15 kg. Protein content of the young seeds 4-4.7%, of the young spadix 

with the very young seeds r.g-3.5%. This is a special variety of Zea rnawys used 

for this purpose, but the spadices and the seeds of the usual kinds of maize 

may also be eaten. Golden Bantam is very dependent on daylength. The 

tender young leaves are also eaten (Madagascar). 

Zingiber arrraricans Bl. (Zingiberaceae). 

Perennial herb of which the rhizomes and inflorescences are eaten. 

AD 

Z@ber odorifirm Bl. (Zingiberaceae). 

Perennial herb of which the flower buds and the heart of the spurious 

stem are eaten. 

A 

Ziyilwr ofisirrlrle Rsc. (Zingiberaceae); Ginger; Gingembre (Fr.). A cult. 

Perennial herb of u,hich the y’uung rhizomes (LI-2.3%) 

eaten, just like those of: 

and shoots are 

Zir@ber zerrmbet E.Sm. (Zingiberacrae); Zeodary. 

Zinnia elegax Jacq. (Compositae). A cult. 

Ornamental herb of which the leaves and young shoots may be eaten 

(o.s-2.1%). 

Zizania latijdia 

rice. 

Turcz. (= 2. apatica L.) (Gramineae); Water bamboo, Wild C cult. 

Grass of which the fleshy y’oung shoots (~~-2.5%) 

nam, Singapore, China, iiongkong). 

are eaten (Tonkin, An- 

Ziaiplals marrritarriti Lam. (Rhamnaceae). 

The young leaves of this tree are eaten in couscous. 

A cult. 

83

ENUMERATION OF VEGETABLES (Continued) 

On the following pages the reader will find the sub-chapters: 

B. OTHER PLANTS PRODUCING EDIBLE YOUNG LEAVES OR SHOOTS 

C. PALMS FOR PALM CABBAGES. 

D. FERNS AND RELATED PLANTS. (Many ferns are eaten, especially 

the young fronds, which are collected from plants growing wild. As far 

as we know, they do not provide vitamin 81.) 

These lists have to be read as follows: 

First comes the botanical name; next one or more of the following 

indications (when known): 

! P oisonous 

a tree 

h aquatic plant 

i mangrove tree 

b shrub j marsh fern 

c climber k earth fern 

d herb 

1 epiphytic fern 

e edulcorant 

m tree fern 

f flavouring n climbing fern 

g spice 

These indications are followed by abbreviations of geographical names: 

A Asia Ce Ceylon 

Af Africa Ch China 

Am America EAf East Africa 

An Angola ENi East Nigeria 

B Burma Et Ethiopia 

Bo Borneo FE Far East 

C Congo Fi Fiji Islands 

Ca California Fo Formosa (Taiwan) 

CAf Central Africa Ga Gabon 

CAm Central America GC Guinea Coast 

Cb Celebes Gh Ghana 

84

Gu 

I 

IC 

1Ch 

IO 

Ja 

L 

LY 

M 

Me 

Mg 

MO 

Mw 

NAf 

NAm 

NE 

NG 

Guiana 

India 

Ivory Coast 

Indo-China 

Indonesia 

%:a 

Libya 

Malaya 

Mexico 

Madagascar 

Moluccas 

Malawi 

North Africa 

North America 

Near East 

New Guinea 

Ni 

P 

Pa 

Ph 

PO 

R 

RC 

SAf 

SAm 

SEA 

SL 

Sm 

so 

su 

T 

WAf 

Nigeria 

Pantropical 

Pacific Islands 

Philippines 

Polynesia 

Rhodesia 

Reunion 

South Africa 

South America 

South East Asia 

Sierra Leone 

Sumatra 

Somali 

Sudan 

Thailand (Siam) 

West Africa 

When known, the protein contents are given between brackets and 

miscellaneous information is contained in the following notes: 

I) also young pods 2) flowers 3) heart 4) acid leaves 5) flowers only 6) leaf 

bases 7) inflorescences 8) rather rich in methionine 9) young fruits IO) only 

with kola II) unripe fruits 12) highlands 13) flower buds 14) young tops 

15) stolon, petioles 16) cabbage 17) young plants 18) sprouts 19) young 

shoots 20) terminal bud ZI) shoots 22) stems 23) also young fruits 24) 

young pods 25) very bitter 26) also marrow 27) also juice 28) also young 

leaves 29) also plantlets 30) also pollen 31) also flowers.

IIIB 

Abnrs yrecaturius L. (Leguminosae) a e P 

Abutilon cabrae de Wild. et Th. Dur. (Malvaceae) b C 

Acacia urubica Willd. (Leguminosae) b Af 

Acucia concinnu DC (Leguminosae) b I Ph (6.7%j 

Acacia inswvis Lace (Leguminosae) c T 

Acacia tnucruthyrsu Harms (Leguminosae) b Mw 

Acacia nilatica Del. var. tarrrentosu A. F. Hill (= A. urubica) (Leguminosae) b 

WAf I) 

Acacia socotrunu Balf. f. (Leguminosae) b So 

Acacia zygia L. (Leguminosae) b Af 

Acanthus montunrrs T. Ana. (Acanthaceae) C 

Achyrunthes usperu L. (Amaranthaceae) d P (6.4%) 

Acnidu cuspiduru Bert. (= A. currnubinu L.) (Amaranthaceae) d Am 

Acronychiu paniculutu Miq. (Rutaceae) a SEA 

Adeniu cissutnpeloides Harms (Passifloraceae) c Af 

Adeniu venenutu Forsk. (Passifloraceae) c CAf 

AdenocuIymnu ulliucerun Miers (Bignoniaceae) g SAm 

Az@cerus cornicrrlutrrm Blanc0 (Myrsinaceae) b IO 

Aervujuvunicu Juss. (= A. tumentasu) (Amaranthaceae) d WAf I 

Aervu lunutu Juss. (Amaranthaceae) d Ce WAf EAf 

Aervu tumentosu Forsk. (Amaranthaceae) d Af 

Ajuggle puniculutum Engl. (Rutaceae) a Af 

Afromomum grunum-par&i K. Schum. (= Amomum gr.) (Zingiberaceae) d Af 

Aframomum @anteurn K. Schum. (= Anromum &.) (Zingiberaceae) d Af 

Afromenhncie @lgiunu Lind. (Acanthaceae) C 

Afieliu uficunu Smith (Leguminosae) a Af 

Afreliu quunzensis Welw. (Leguminosae) a Af 

Apwsmu murginutu G. Don (Apocynaceae) c T 

Afiehreu hirsutu de Wild. (Connaraceae) C 

Aghsnemu pi~hrm Ktmth (Araceae) d M 

Aiwun cunuriense L. (Aizoaceae) d Af 

Ala& lucidu Stapf. (Apocynaceae) c C 

Abizziu gemmiferu C. A. Smith (Leguminosae) a Af 

86

Albizziu proceru Benth. (Leguminosae) a SEA 

AIhizziu z@ J. F. Mackr. (Leguminosae) a Af 

Alepi‘feu spp. (Umbelliferaej Af 

Allnruniu ulbiifu R.Br. (Amaranthaceae) d SEA 

AIbruniu rrodifloru R. Br. (Amaranthaceae) d Ce Ph (1.1%) 

.4 Ilophyhrs olnifolirrs Radlk. (Sapindaceae) Af 

Ah bunrnii Engl. et Gilg. (Liliaceae) d .4n 2) 

Alar suponuriu Haw. (Liliaceaej d Af 

Ajoe w~rrrb~ Dec. et Forsk. (Liliaceae) d r) 

Altin@u escrlsu Nor. (Hamamelidaceae) a SEA 

Arrluruliu culicynu K. Schum. (Rubiaceae) C 

Advasiu rnuritirnu L. (Compositaej f C 

A@ribleaalu aill‘l~marrirrrrr Cop. (Melastomataceae) C 

Arnsinckiu Iyopsinid~s Lehm. (Boraginaceae) d Ca 

Anuhnhm~~ nr~ntunnrn Schott. ( Araceae) d M 

Atlurroclrillls spp. (Orchidaceae) d M 

Aneilenru dre~~unrrrrr Kunth. (Commelinaceae) d Af 

Aneilrrrru rnuluburicrnn Merr. (Commelinaceae) d SEA 

Aurilrmu nudiflorrrm R. Br. (Commelinaceaej d M 

Aneilernu spirutnrn R. Br. (Commelinaceae) d SEA 

Aniseiu nmrtinicensis Choisy (Convolvulaceae) c M 

Annesorhizu flqellifer Berth. L)avy (Umbelliferae) Af 

Anobis hirsntu Miq. (Rubiaceae) d SEA 

Anthericnrn srrbpetiulutwn Baker (Liliaceae) d Af 

Aporosu muinguyi Hook. f. (Euphorbiaceae) a M 

Ardisiu crispu A. DC (Myrsinaceae) b M 

Ardisiu lueti~utu Bl. (Myrsinaceaej b 10 

Ardisiu littoralis Andi. (Myrsinaceae) b M 

Arbisiu solunuceu Roxb. (= A. hwnilis Vahl) (Myrsinaceae) b I 

Argenione rnexicunu L. (Papaveraceae) d Af 

Argyreiu popuIr@iu Choisy (Convolvulaceae) d Ce I 

Aristidu drucilior Pilq. (Gramineae) Af 

Aristidu plumosu L. (Gramineae) Af 

Aristidu stipoides Lam. (Gramineae) Af 

Artunentu ungnstifolinm Benth. (Scrophulariaceae) d Af 

Arthrucnernnnr indicnrn Moq.? Del. (Chenopodiaceae) I 

Arthrocnemnm puchystuchyum Bunge (Chenopodiaceae) I 

Arthrosolen spp. (Thymelaeaceae) Af 

Asclepius u$nis de Wild. (Asclepidiaceae) Af 

Asphodelns tenuijlius Cav. (Liliaceae) NAf 

Aster umelIns L. (Compositae) d NE (3%) 

Asterucunthu lqifoliu Nees. (= Hygrophilu spinosu) (Acanthaceae) I (3%) 

Astrugulns ubyssinicus A. Rich. (Leguminosae) Af 

Astramiu pupeturiu Blume (Melastomataceae) a PO IO 4) 

Atructylis dummijbu L. (Compositae) NAf 

87

Burleriu opucu Nees. (Acanthaceae) b Af 

Burleriu tulbotii S. Moore (= B. bruwnei S. Moore) (Acanthaceae) b Af 

Burrin@niu ucutun@u Gaertn. (Lecythidaceae) a SEA (2.2%) 

Burrin~toniu usiuticu Kurz. (Lecythidaceae) a T 

Barringtoniu fisiformis King (Lecythidaceae) a M 

Burrin$oniu ins&is Miq. (Lecythidaceae) a SEA 

Burrin@niu rucemusu Roxb. (Lecythidaceae) a M 

Burrin@niu spicatu Bl. (Lecytl,idaceae) a SEA (2.6%) 

Bussiu futifaliu Roxb. (Sapotaceae) a 5) 

Bussiu lon&dia L. (= Marihucu) (Sapotdceae) a 5) 

Baerlugiodendron pulmutum Harms (Araliaceae) b IO 

Borreriu hispidu K. Schum. Cf. Spermucosc hispidu 

Bosciu ungustifo/iu A. Rich. (Capparidaceae) b Af 

Bosciu sulicifoliu Oliv. (Capparidaceae) a Af 

Bosciu senegulensis Lam. (Capparidaceae) a Af 

Baucerosiu uucheriunu Decne (Asclepidiaceae) c I 

Bougainvillea spp. (Nyctaginaceae) c WAf 

Boussuinguultiu buselIoirles HBK (Chenopodiaceae) d Ce 

Breyniu discigeru Muell. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) a M 

Breyniu recIinutu Hook. f. (Euphorbiaceae) b M 

Brideliu scleronerrru Muell. Agr. (Euphorbiaceae) a Af 

Brilluntuisiu ulutu Anders. (Acanthaceae) d C 

Brorneliu karatus L. (Bromeliaceae) d CAm (1.2%) 6) 

Brorne~iu pingrrin L. (Bromeliaceae) d CAm (0.9%) 6, 7) 

Bryunopsis luciniosu Naud. (= Bryoniu I.) (Cucurbitaceae) d I 

Cu~ubufarinasu Forsk. (Capparidaceae) (= C. indicu Lam.) b Su (7.5%) 8) 

Culundrinu nricrunthu Schlecht. (Portulacaceae) d Me (2.2%) 

Culufheu mucrosepulu K. Schum. (Marantaceae) d CAm (1.8%) 

Culli~onrrrn polygondes L. (Convolvulaceae) b 5) 

Cdonyction uculeutnm House (- Ipmoeu ulbu) (Convolvulaceae) c P 

Culonyctiorr bona-nox Boj. (= Iponroeu bona-nox) (Convolvulaceae) c I 

Culonyction nnrricutrrnr G. Don (Convolvulaceae) d I (1.3%) 

Currthinm spp. (= Plectroniu) (Rubiaceae) Af 

Cupsella bursu-pastoris Medik. (Cruciferae) d NAf NE (4.5%) 

Curulhrrnu dulsiclii N. E. Brown (Asclepidiaceae) WAf 

Curulhrmu enropeu N. E. Brown (Asclepidiaceae) NAf 

Curulhrmu knobelii Phill. (Asclepidiaceae) SAf 

Curulhrmu morrreti A. Chev. (Asclepidiaceae) (= C. ednlis) Af 

Curdamine hirsntu L. (Cruciferae) d I 

Cur&sperrmrm ~rundij7orrrm Swartz (Sapindaceae) d Af 

Curdiospermrrm hulicucuburn L. (Sapindaceae) c I (4.7%) 

Cedrelu sinensis Juss. (Meliaceae) SEA (5.4%) 

Celtis integrifalirl I.Jm. (Ulmaccae) a NAm ,4f 

Centurrreu pallessens Del. (Compositae) d NE (1.4%) 

88

Cent& usiuticu Urb. (Umbelliferae) d SEA Cf: Hydrocotyle usiuticu 

Centropoqon strrinumensis Presl. (Campanulaceae) b SAm Af 

Cephuluruhu quinqrrelobu Schrad. (= Cocriniu quinquelobu) (Cucurbitaceae) d Af 

Cerutorr;u sihqnu L. (Leguminosae) a NAf 

Cerberu munqhus L. (Apocynaceae) a PO 10 

Ceropegiu pupilIutu N. E. Brown (Asclepidiaceae) Af 

Ceropegiu stenunthu K. Schum (Asclepidiaceae) Af 

Cestrum !utijufoIium Lam. (Solanaceae) b SAm 

Chumpereyu dri$thii Hook. f. (Santalaceae) b SEA (7%) 

Chilocurpus denu&tes Bl. (Apocynaceae) d 10 

Chlorocodu whitei Hook. (Asclepidiaceae) C 

Chlorophoru excelsa Benth. (Moraceae) a Af 

Cissus burteri Bl. (Vitaceae) c C 

Cissus dinklugei (Vitaceae) Ga 

Cissus discolor Bl. (Vitaceae) c SEA 

Cissns petiofutu Hcok. (Vitaceae) C 

Cissns popuineu Guill. et Perr. (= Vitis p&da) (Vitaceae) WAf (1.3%) g) 

Cissus producta Afzel. (= Vitis prolluctu) (Vitaceae) c Ga 

Cissrrs pseudocuesiu Gild. et Br. (Vitaceae) c Af 

Cissns quadrungrrluris L. (Vitaceae) c Af I 

Cissw repens Lam. (Vitaceae) c SEA (1.8%) 

Cistunche philipeu P. Cont. (= C. hrteu) (Orobanchaceae) d Af 

CIeistunthus heterophyllus Hook. f. (Euphorbiaceae) b M 

CIeistopholis putens Engl. et Prantl. (Annonaceae) Af IO) 

Clerodendron minuhussue T. et B. (Verbenaceae) b 10 

CIerodendron serrutrrm Spreng. (Verbenaceae) b SEA 

Clerodendron spp. (Verbenaceae) b WAf 

Cochlospermum tinctorium A. Rich. (Bixaceae) Af II) 

Cogniuuxiu podoluenu Baill. (Cucurbitaceae) d Af 

CoinochIumis ungolunu Moore (Loganiaceae) C 

Cuhrbrinu usiuticu Brongn. (Rhamnaceae) b M IO 

Combretnm micrunthum G. Don (Combretaceae) (= C. dtum Guill.) Ga 

Combreturn mooreunum Exell. (Combretaceae) a Af 

Corn&return panic&turn Vent. (Combretaceae) a Af 

Combretnm pktyphyllum Hutch. et Dalz. (Combretaceae) Af 

Combreturn rucemusum F. Beauv. (Combretaceae) g Af 

Commelinu benghulensis L. (Commelinaceae) d SEA (2.1%) 

Commelinu cluessensii de Wild (Commelinaceae) d C 

Comm&nu rluvutu C. B. Clarke (Commelinaceae) d Ce 

Connnelinuforskulei Vahl (Commelinaceae) d Af 

CommeIinu lutijdiu Hochst. (Commelinaceae) d Af 

Commelinu nudifloru L. (Commelinaceae) d SEA (1.7%) 

Commelinu abliquu Ham. (Commelinaceae) cl SEA 

Comnrelinu zumbezicu DC (Commelinaceae) d Af 

Commiphoru sufcutu Chiov. (Bgrseraceae) d Af 

89

Conyza uqyptiucu Ait. (Compositae) d C 

Corullocarpus sphuerocurpus Ait. (Cucurbitaceae) Af 

Coronoprrs squumutrrs Asch. (Cruciferae) (= Serrebicru coronapus Poir.) d NE (c&l) 

Costus phyllocephalus K. Schum. (Zingiberaceae) d C 

Costus speciosus Smith (Zingiberaceae) d SE,4 

Crutuevu adansonii DC (Capparidaceae) (= C. reli@osa) a SEA (5.1%) 

Crutuevu mucrocurpu Kurz (Capparidaceae) b ICh 

Crutuevu nnrvulu Buch.-Ham. (Capparidaceae) a I B 

Cratoxylon polyunthum Korth. (Hypericineae) a T ’ 

Crepis usperu L. (Compositae) d NE (1.9%) 

Crepis renteriuna Boiss. et Heldr. (Compositae) d NE (1.3%) 

Croton mubun~e Muell. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) g C 

Crotonodyne pogBei Pax (Euphorbiaceae) C 

Crypteroniu punicrrlufu Bl. (Crypteroniaceae) a SEA 

Cryptolepis ni~rituns Cf: Ectudiopsis 

Cryptotueniu curmdensis A. DC (Umbelliferae) d P 

Cucrtmellu robecchii Chiov. (Cucurbitaceae) d Af 

Cudranio juverrsis Tree. (Moraceae) b 10 

Cuvicru ungolensis Walw. (Rubiaceae) C 

Cyunotis cristutu G. Don (Commelinaceae) d SEA 

Cysnotis nodifora Kunth. (Commelinaceae) d Af 

Cyuth~rlu prostrata BI. (Amaranthaceae) d C 

Cycus circinulis L. (Cycadaceae) a ! SEA Ph 

Cycus rlrrnphii Miq. (Cycadaceae) a ! SEA 

Cymboseris yulestinue Boiss. (Compositae) d NE (1.2%) 

Cynunchum ovul$lirrm Wight (Asclepidiaceae) d IO 

Cynanchum puuci’orunr R. Br. (Asclepidiaceae) Ce 

Cynunchum schistodkossum Schlccht. (Asclepidiaceae) Af 

Cynunchnrn vitens Steud. (Asclepidiaceae) SAf 

Cynometru reniflorrl L. (Leguminosle) a T 

cynomirriom coccinerrm L. (Balanophoraceae) Af 

Cyrtundru decurrens de Vr. (Pedaliaceae) d 10 

Cyrtunthus &color R. A. Dyer (Amaryllidaceae) d Af 

Lbmuzropsis kingiunu Warb. (Moraceae) PO (2.4-j%) 

Duniellu olivieri Hutch. et Dalz. (Leguminosae) a Af 

Decuspermum fruticosum Forst. (Myrtac;?ae) b SEA 

Deerin@ umaranthoides Merr. (Amaranthaceae) c SEA 

Delonix ulutu Gamble (Leguminosae) a I (7.7%) 

Dentella repens Forst. (Rubiaceae) d SEA I (1.9%) 

Des&&urn spp. (Asclepidiaceae) c PO 

Dewevreu bilubiutu M. Micheli (Leguminosae) C 

Dicellundru burteri Hook. (Melastomataceae) C 

3ichupefulum spp. ( = Chuilletiu (Chailletiaceae))! Ug. 

Diclipteru chinensis Juss. (Acanthaceae) d SEA

Diclipteru pupnunu Warb. (Acanthaceae) d NC 12) 

Diciipteru tunbeilutu Juss. (Acanthaceae) Af 

Digera urvensis Forsk. (Amaranthaceae) (D. nnrricutu = D. ulternifaliu) d I Af 

Di@turiu guyunu A. Chev. (Gramineae) d Af 

Dinophotu sprnneroides Be&. (Melastomataceae) Ga 

Diplotuxis drrveyrierunu Ctiss. (Cruciferae) d Af 

Diplotuxis penddu DC (Cruciferae) d Af 

Dipterucunthus lon&Xu Hochs (Acanthaceae) (= Rnellu longifoliu) 

Dissotis decnrnbens Triana (Melastomataceae) d C 

Dissotis hussii Cogn. (Melastomataceae) d C 

Dissotis nmltifloru Triana (Melastomataceae) d SEA 

Dissotis prosrrutu Triana (Melastomataceae) (= D. rotnndifaliu) d SEA Af 

Dissoris rotnndjfoliu (Melastomataceae) d Ga 

l?issotis sylvestris J. Felix (Melastomataceae) d SEA Af 

Dob~ru roxbnrghii Planch. (Salvadotaceze) (= D. glubru A, DC) Af 

Dorstmiu spp. (Urticaceaej d Af 

Dregiu vobrbilis Benth. ( Asclepidiaceac) d Ce 

Duvalia polita N. E. Rrown (Asclepidiaceae) SAf 

Dysosylrrrn enphlebinrn Merr. (Leguminosae) c g 10 

Echinochlou crns-gal/i Beauv. (Gramineae) d IO 

Ecliptu &a Hassk. (Compositae) (= E. prostrata L.) d I SEA (2.3%) 

Ectudiopsis obIongifoliu Schlecht. (Asclepidiaceae) (= Cryptolepis nigrifuns) Af 

Ehretiu orbicnkuris Hutch. et Bruce (Boraginaceae) Af 

Eichhorniu crussipes Solme (Pontederiaceae) h P (1.3%) 

Elutostenmu spp. (Urticaceae) d Ph 

Embeliu philippinensis A. DC (Myrsinaceae) c Ph 

Embeliu ribes Burm. f. (Myrsinaceae) c SEA 

Emex spinosns Camyd. (Polygalaceae) L 

Enhydru jhrctuuns Lou,. r (Compositae) h SEA (3.5%) 

En&u phuselioides Merr. (Leguminosae) c 10 

Entudu scandens Benth. (Leguminosae) a C 

EriJeron sumutrensis Rrtz. (Compositae) d M 

EriogIossnm rubiginosum Bl. (Rutaceae) b SEA 

Erodium mos;hutnn: !‘HCr. (Geraniaceae) d NE (2.5%) 

LthuIiu conyroides L. (Compositae) d EAf 

Euudeniu trifofiutu Benth. et Hook. (Capparidaceae) b Af 8) 

Evodiu Iucidu Miq. (Rutaceae) b 10 

Fudo@u cienkowskii Schweinf. (Rubiaceae) Af GC 

FuBuru Ieprieurii Engl. (Rutaceae) (= F. ungolensis = F. nitens = Zunthoxyhm?) a Af 

Fupru ohoriu Engl. (Rutaceae) a Af 

Fediu cornucopiue Gaertn. (Valerianaceae) d Af 

Fernuldiu pundurutu R. E. Woodson (Apocynaceae) Am (2.6%) 2) 

FinIuysoniu muritimu Backer (Asclepidiaceae) c IO 

91

Finluysuniu obovutu Wall. (Asclepidiaccae) c 10 

Flemingiu mucrop6yIIu Kuntze (Leguminosae) b I I) 

Flrurya uestuuns Gaud. (Urticaceae) d C 8) 

Fleuryu ovulifaliu Dandy (Urticaceae) d Af 

Fleuryu podocurpe Wedd. (Urticaceae) d C 

F~oscopu schweinfurthii G. B. Cl. (Commelinaceae) d GC 

Forrestiu glubrutu Hassk. (Commelinaceae) d SEA 

Forrestiu murginutu Hassk. (Commelinaceae) d SEA 

Forrestiu moflissimu Kds (Commelinaceaej d SEA 

Gulinsogu purvifloru Cav. (Compositae) d P (3.2%) 

Geophilu o6vulhztc T. Didr. (Rubiaceae) Af 

Gisekiu phurmuceoides L. (Phytolaccaceae) d C 

Glinus lotoides Loefl. (Aizoazeae) (= MoIlir~o hirtu) d Af 

Gliricidia muculatu HBK (Leguminosae) a P 

Gliricidiu sepium Steud. (Leguminosae) a P 

Gloriosu vircscens Lindl. (Liliaceae) c C 

Glossocurdiu bosvullia DC (Compositae) (= G. cinurijliu Cass.) d I 

Glossonemu boveunum Decne (Asclepidiaceae) (= G. nubiarm) d Af 

Glossor.emu vuriuns Benth. (Asclepidiaceae) I 

Glyphueu luteriforu Monach. (Tiliaceae) b Af 13) 

Gomphrocurpus ulbens Decne (Asclepidiaceae) Af 

Gonocryptu gruevei Beill. (Asclepidiaceae) Mg 

Grewia curpinifoliu Juss. (Tiliaceae) a Af 

Grerqiu corylifoliu A. Rich. (Tiliaceae) a Af 

Grewiu mollis JUSS. (Tiliaceae) a Af 

Grewiu retusu Chiov. (Tiliaceae) a Af 

Grewiu villosu Willd. (Tiliaceae) a Af 

GrumiIeu ungoniensis K. Schum. et Krause (Rubiaceae) Af 

Guieru senedulensis J. F. Gmel. (Combretaceae) a Af 

Hubpnuriu spp. (Orchidaceae) d 10 

Huusmuniustrum lilucinum J. K. Morton (Labiatae) (= Acrocephulus lil.) d Af 

Heckeriu peltutu Kunth. (Piperaceae) b P 

Heckeriu umbellutu Kunth. (Piperaceae) b SEA 

Hedyotis uuriculuriu L. (Rubiaceae) d M Ce 

Hedyotis scandens Roxb. (Rubiaceae) Cf Oldenlundiu scundens 

I?cu’;~~is puljt;itirpku DC (Compositae) Af 

Heinsiu crinitu G. Tayl. (Rubiaceae) a Af 

Heinsiu pulchefla K. Schum. (Rubiaceae) a ENI ‘iL 

Heliciu juvunicu Bl. (Proteaceae) a SEA 

Heliciu serrutu Bl. (Proteaceae) a SEA 

Heritieru minor L. (Stercuhaceae) (= T-r ,I;mes) a I 

Heteruntheru reniformis RuIz et Pav. (Pontederiaceae) d CAm (o.gW) 

Hoglundiu oppositifoliu Vahl (Labiatae) d C 

92

Ifo1ostemnu annuluris K. Schum. (Asclepidiaceae) c I 

Houttrryniu cordutu Thunb. (Piperaceae) d I (4.1%) 

Hydreflu spp. (Hydrocharitaceae) h I (4.3%) 

Hydrochuris dubia Backer (Hydrocharitaceae) d SEA 

Hydrocotyle (= Centella) usiuticu L. (Umbelliferae) d SEA (1.3-2.3X) 

Hydrocotylo juvunicu Thunb. (Umbelliferae) ! d SEA (1.2%) 

Hydrocoty!e sibthorpioides Lam. (Umbelliferae) d SEA 

Hydroleu zeylunicu Vahl (Hydrophyllaceae) h SEA 

Hydroleu spp. (Hydrophyllaceae) h I (6.5%) 

Hydrophilu uuriculutu Heyne (Acanthaceae) d Af 

Hy8rophilu qmdrirnlvis Nees (Acanthaceae) d M 

Hygrophilu sukifoliu Nees (Acarthaceae) d I 

Hygrophilu serpyhm T. And. (Acanthaceae) d I 

HySrophilu thOflri~~i de Wild (Acanthaceae) d C 

Hymenocurdiu ucidu ?‘ul. (Euphorbiaceae) b C 

Hymenocur&u tr6noides Oliv. (Euphorbiaceae) b C 

Hyoseris rudiutu L. (Compositae) L 

Hypurrhenia spp, (Gramineae) (= Atulropogon spp.) Af 

Hypoestos verticilluris R. Br. (Acanthaceae) Af 

Imp&ens bu!surriinu L. (Geraniaceae) d IO 

lmpatiens dichrou Hook. f. (Geraniaceae) d C 

Imputiensflaccidu Am. (Geraniaceae) d Ce 

Inulu crithmoides L. (Compositae) d NE (o.gW) 

lnversodicrueu minu!i,+Ioru H. Perrier (Podestemonaceae) C 

Inversodicrueu schlechteri Engl. (Podestemonaceae) h C 

Isuchne ulbens Trin. (Gramineae) d SEA 14) 

Isuchne globosu 0. Ktze (Gramineae) d SEA 14) 

Isonemu smeuthmunnii Roem. et Schult. (Apocynaceae) b Af SL 

Jucquemontiu tunnij!iu Gris. (Convolvulaceae) (= I. cupitutu G. Don) d Am Af 

]ussieuu ubyssinica Dandy et Bren. (Onagraceae) d Af 

]ussieuu repens L. (Onagraceae) d P (2.5%) 

Kfeinhoviu hospitu L. (Sterculiaceae) a Ph Cb 

KIu$u notoniunu A. DC (Gesneriaceae) SEA 

Koelpiniu lineuris Pallas (Compositae) Af 

Lagerstroemiu mucrocurpu Wall. (Lythraceae) (= L. speciosu Pers.) a T 

Laggera &a Sch. Rip. (Compositae) C WAf 

Iunduus spp. (= Alpiniu) (Zingiberaceae) d M 

I.un&esrp-its barteri Hook. f. (Acanthaceae) C 

Lantuna camura L (Verbenaceae) b P 

hntanu sufvifolia Jacq. (Verbenaccae) b C 

@ortea terminalis Wight (Urticaceae) b I 

93

iusia spinosr Thw. (kraceae) h SEA (2.1%) 

Latitlea tmc &i.c Hook. f. (Cc>mpositae) d NE 

Leea edgeworthii 5.:. (Vitace..;, (- L. asperu M. Lawson) c I 

Leeu @tEensis (Vitacexe) a WAf 

Lecu nracroyhyIlu Ro~J. (Vita--e&e) c I 

Lenrnu minor L. (Lemnaceae) h P (2.1%) 

Leptudeniu hastutu Decne (P,sclepidiaceae) (= L. lancifoliu Decne) c Af (4.4%) 

Leptudenia pyrotechnica Decne (== L. spurtm Wight) (Asclepidiaceae) Af I 

Leptuderriu reticrrlutu Wight et Arn. (Asclepi&acL*e) c I 

Letiwniu elfipticu Wight Cf Argyreiu popmln$liu 

Leuczs luuundifoIiu Smith (Labiatae) d g 10 

Leucus zeyfurrica R. Br. (Labiatae) d g Ce 

Limuciopsis loungensir Engl. (Menispermaceae) Af 

Limnunrhernum indicutn Thw. (Gentianaceae) d I IS) 

Limncphi!u aromatica Meir. (Scrophulariaceae) h SEA (1.5%) 

Limnophilu canjvtu Benth. (Scrophulariaceae) h I 

Limnophilu erecta Benth. (Scrophulariaceae) h SEA 

Limnophilu indica Druce (Scrophulariaceae) h I 

Limnophilu roxbqhii G. Don (Scrophulariaceae) h Ph 

Lirrrnophilu rugosa Merr. (Scrophulariaceae) h SEA 

Lobelia ulsirwid,-s Lam. (Campanulaceae) (= L. tetrqanu) d I 

Lobeliufervens Thunb. (Campanulaceae) d Af 

Lobelia jliformis Lam. (Campanulaceae) d Af 

Lobelia succdentu Bl. (Campanulaceae) d SEA 

Luchneru pdlu K. Schum. (Apocynaceae) d I 

Lochneru roseu L. f. (Apocynaceae) d C 

Loranthus spp. (Loranthaceae) Af 

Ludwigiu repens L. (Onagraceae) d Af ICh 

Lumnitzeru rucetnosu Willd. (Combretaceae) a SEA PO (1.7%) 

Mueruu mplensis DC (Capparidaceae) a Ni 

Mueruu crussifolia Forsk. (Capparidaceae) Af 

Muesu blumei Alph. DC (Myrsinaceae) b SEA 

Muesu chistu D. Don (Myrsinaceae) a I 

Muesu indicu Wall. (Myrsinaceae) a I 

Muesobotryu bertrumiunu Buttn. (Euphorbiaceae) C 

Muesobotryujloribundu Benth, (Euphorbiaceae) Af 

Muesobotryu hirtella Pax (Euphorbiaceae) Af 

Muprouneu ufricunu Muell. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) C 

Muprounea membrunuceu Pax et Hoffm. (Euphorbiaceae) C 

Murumiu m~lsco~u Bl. (Melastomataceae) c SEA 

Me&nil/u hasseIdii Bl. (Melastomataceae) b SEA 

Medini2lu rubicunda Bl. (Melastomataceae) b I 

Meluleucu leucudendrun E. (Myrtaceae) a T 

Melustomu mulubuthricum L. (Melastomataceae) b SEA 

94

Melustomu spp. (Meiastomataceae) Af 

Meliun;hrt smvis Pierre (Olacinaceae) !! b T 

Meliosrtru pirrnutti Rex!:. jsabiaceae) a I 

Mefxh corcfwifiliu L. (Sterculiaceae) d I .4f 

Melothn,z heterophylyllu Cogn. (Cucurbitaceae) c I 

Mwecylorr coeruleum Jack. (Melastomataceae) b I 

Merrerniu emurginutu Hall. f. (Convolvulaceae) d I 

Merrerrriu rhyncorhizu Hall. f. (Convolvulaceae) d I 

Merremiu wrrbellutu Hall. (Convolvulaceae) d IO 

Micrococcu mercurialis Benth. (Euphorbiaceae) C 

Microdesmis pentundra Hook. f. (Euphorbiaceae) C 

Microdesmis puhernlu Hook. f. (Euphorbiaceae) a C 

Microdesmis zenkeri Pax (Eup horbiaceae) C 

Microgglossu ufzelii 9. Hoffm. (Compositae) d f? SL 

A4ikuniu cordutu B.L. Robinson (Cornpositae) d Af 

Mikuniu scundens Willd. (Compositae) d C 

Miflettiu sericeu W. et A. (Leguminosae) c SEA 

Mischocurprrs sunduicus Blume (Sapindaceae) (= Crrpuniu lessertiunu) a I 

Modiolu curoliniunu G. Don (Malvaceae) Am (2.2%) 

Mohluna lotifoliu Miq. (Phytolaccaceae) C 

Mollrr~o nudicuulis Lam. (Aizoaceae) d C 

Molhr~o opposi:ijliu L. (Aizoaceae) d SEA (3.4~3.9%) 

Molhgo pentuphyllu L. (Aizoaceae) d SEA 

Monochoriu hustuefoliu Presl. (Pontederiaceae) h Ce Ph 

Monochoriu hustuta Solms (Pontederiaceae) h SEA (0.5-1.429 

Monochoriu vugmulis Presl. (Pontederiaceae) h SEA 

Muscuri comosnm Mill. (Liliaceae) d L 

Mussuendu urcuutu Poir. (Rubiaceae) b Af 

Mussuendu frondosu L. (Rubiaceae) c SEA 

Mussuendu &bra Vahl. (Rubiaceae) b M 

Mussuendu roxburghii Hook. f. (Rubiaceae) b I 

Mussuendu sterrocurpu Hiern. (Rubiaseae) b C 

Myricctis tvullichii L. (Compositae) d I 

Myriunthus urboreus P. Beauv. (Moraceae) a WAf 

Myriunthns libericus Rendle (Moraceae) b WAf 

Myrtillocuctus geometricurn Cons. (Cactaceae) b Am 2) 

Nuucleu lutifoliu Sm. (Rubiaceae) Cf: Surcocep!!n!:rs 

Nelsoniu brunelloides O.K. (Acanthaceae) C 

Neptuniu oleruceu Lour. (Leguminosae) h T 

Neptnniu prostrata Baill. (Leguminosae) h Af A (3.5%) 

Nesueu spp. (Lythraceae) Af 

Nidorellu mucrocephulu Steetz. (Compositae) Af 

Nopuleu coccinellifru Solms-Dyck (Cactaceae) b Am (1.3%) 

95

Ocuthocharis borneensis Blcne (Melastomataceae) b M IO 

Olux scandens Roxb. (Olaciaeae) a g SEA (4%) 

QIdenlunc!;u hzncifoliu Schw. (Rubiaceae) d Af 

OIdenlundiu mucrophyllu DC (Rubiaceae) d Gh 

Oldenlundia scandens K. Schum. (Rubiaceae) c I 

Operculinu turpethum S. Ma.nso (Convolvulaceae) d Ph (3.9%) 

Opuntiu subulutu Engelm. (Cactaceae) b .4m 

Opnntiu SIP. (Cactaceae) b An-i (1.1%) 

0rmocu:pum spp. (Leguminosae) Af 

Ornopodon spp. (Compositae) Af 

Oroxylum i&cum Vent. (Bignoniaceae) a SEA 

Otteliu ulismoides Pers. (Hydrochat !taceae) h Ph 

Ouruteu urnoldiunu de Wild. et Th. Dur. (Ochnaceac) C 

Ouruteu leptonenru Gilq. (0ch:laceae) (= Gomphiu) Af 

Onruteu spp. (Ochnaceae) Af 

Oxyaonum utriplicifolium Mart. var. sinnutum (Polygonaceae) d Af 

Puconrinu edulis Aubl. (Compositae) h Gu 

Puederin faetidu L. (Rubiaceae) c SEA 

Puederia verticiIlutu DC (Rubiareae) c SEA 

Puncrutinm triunthum Herb. (Amaryllidaceae) d Af 

Pundunus lut$rIius (Pandanaceae) b f Ce 

Pundunus odorus Ridley (Pandanaceae) b f M 

Pundunus polycephulus Lam. (Pandanaceae) b MO 

Pundunus rectorins L. (Pandaxaceae) b IO PO 16) 

Pungium edule Reinw. (Flacourtiaceae) ! a SEA 

Punicum burbutum Lam. (Gramineae) d SEA 17, 18) 

Punicum chumuoruphioides Hack. (Gramineae) d SEA Is) 

Punicum &unum L. (Gramineae) d SEA 17) 

Punicum crus-gulli L. (Gramineae) d SEA 18) 

Punicum pulmifolium Koenig (Gramineae) (= Seluriu) d SEA 18) 

Pupuver zyriucum Boiss. et Blanch. (Papaveraceae) (= P. rhoem?) d NE (3.9%) 

PussiJoru fietidu L. (Passifloraceae) c P 

Pussijbru lunutu Willd. (Passifioraceae) c P 

Puulliniu pinnutu L. (Sapindaceae) (= p. uficunu Don) ! C 

Puvettu crussipes K. Schum. (Rubiaceae) b Af 

- P”.!“H” YLC.III ,,,lenru nrrst de Wild. (Rubiaceae) C 

Pedulium murex L. (Pedaliaceae) Af 

Peireskiu ucuIeutu Plum, (Cactaceae) c P 

Peireskiu bleo DC (Catcaceae) c P 

Peireskiu punumuensis Seem. (Cactaceae) c CAm 

Pemphis acid& Forst. (Lythraceae) a 10 PO 

Pentunisia schweinfirthii Hiern. (Rubiaceae) Af 

Pentuphru~mu begoniuefolium Wall. (Campanulaceae) d SEA (1.9%) 

Penturrhinum insipidum E. Mey (Asclepidiaceae) SAf 

96

PerguInria u/iicana N. E. Br. (Asclepidiaceae) C 

Pergularia duemia Chiov. (Asclepidiaceae) SAf 

Peqularia extensrx N. E. br. (Asclepidiaceae) WAE 

Periploca aphylfa Decne (Asclepidiaceae) c Af 13) 

Pet&es japonicus F. Schmidt (Compositae) d Ja 

Petzsites palmntus Ase Gray (Compositae) d Cr:. 

Petmites spp. (Compositae) d Pa 

Pet’etuqa rr~icrosarpa DC (Rubiaceae) b 10 

Peuce&anunt apeme Sond. (Umbelliferae) d Af Cf: Opium 

Phaeone run ~!icellatdroide.c Gilg. (Melastomataceae) C 

Phrynium conferturrr K. Schum. (Marantaceae) d C 

Phytoluccir abyssinica Hoffm. (Phytolaccaceae) ! d EAf 

Phytolacca acitlosa Roxb. (Phytolaccaceae) ! d I 

Phytolacca decadra L. (Phytolaccaceae) ! d NAm 

Pf~yrofazca dadecar:dra 1’HCr. (Phytolaccaceae) ! d GC 

Phyrrlacca esculentu van Home (Phytolaccaceae) ! 

Phyrolacca octadra L. (Phytolaccaceae) (= Ph. americanaj ! d P 

Phyt&zcca rivinoides Kunth et Bouch6 (Phytolaccaceae) ! d SAm Af 

Piha gluberrima L. (Urticaceae) d SEA 

Yilecz me’lastomoides Bl. (Urticaceae) (= P. trinerwis Wight) d SEA 

Piliostigmn rmzhbaricum Benth. (Leguminosae) b T 

Piliostidma reticulaturn Hochst. Cf: Bauhinia reticu!atu 

Pirnenta acris Kostel (Myrtaceae) a ,4f 

Pimenta dioica Merr. (Myrtaceae) a g C Am SAm 

Pistia strutiotsj (Araceae) h Su Ch 

Plunchonia qrandis Ridl. (Lecythidaceae) a M 

PIanchorzia valida Bl. (Lecythidaceae) a SEA 

Playstoma africanurn P. Beauv. (Labiatae) d C 

Podustemon minutijforus Benth. et Hook. (Podostemonaceae) Af 

Polakuwskia tawco Pitt. (Cucurbitaceae) d SAm 

P&nisiu hirta Pax (Capparidaceae) d C 

Polanisia viscosa L. (Capparidaceae) (= Cfeome vircosa) d 

Pouzolzia guirreensis Benth. (Urticaceae) C 

Poudziu zeylunica Benn. (Urticaceae) M 

Premna divuricatu Wall. (Verbenaceae) b M 

Premna integr$fia L. (Verbenaceae) b 10 T 

1 rcianii u&lG;G El’-‘” /lT. L--, --- -1 ’ 

L”.” id&tJ ( v CTUClldiCdCj (= F. ph?scem Sk) a g #I (5.3%) 

Protiumjavanicum Burm. f. (Burseraceae) a 10 

Pseuderunthemum bicofor Radlk. (Acanthaceae) b Ph (3.4%) 

Pseuderanthemum racemosum Radlk. (Acanthaceae) b SEA (3.5%~ 

Pseuderanthemum reticufatum Radlk. (Acanthaceae) b Ph 

Pseud&pondias microcarpum Engl. (Anacardiaceaej a C 

Psorospermun tenu$fium DC (Hypericaceae) C 

Psychutriu kisuntuensis de Wild. (Rubiaceae) C 

Pterocarpus erimzceus Poir. (Leguminosae) aAf 

97

Pterocarpus fucens Lepr. (Legl?minosaej a Af 

Pterucurpus suntufuides 1’HCr. (Leguminosae) a Af 9) 

Ptyciropetafum affiaceum de Wild. (Olacaceaej C 

Pycvtibatrya nitida Benth. (Apocynaceae) C 

Quarnocfit pimratu Boyer (Convolvulaceae) (= lpomoea quamocfit) c P 

Radermachera fimbriata (Bignoniaceae) (= Stereospermum DC) a T 

Ran& uctumeru Benth. et Hook. (Rubiaceae) a C 

Ranuncufus muftijidus Forsk. (Ranunculaceae) d Af 

Rapistrum ruysum All. (Cruciferae) d NE (4.1%) 

Ravenafa madqascariensis Sonn. (Musaceae) a Mg 16) 

Ravenia robustior Jum. et Perr. (Rubiaceae) Af 20) 

Renantheru mofuccana Bl. (Orchidaceaej d 10 

Rhaphiduphora fobbii Schott. (Araceae) c M 

Rhaponticum acaufe DC (Compositae) (= Centuweu chamaerhupunticum) d Ly 7) 

Rhinacanthus cafcuratus Nees. (Acanthaceae) B 

Rhizopbru mucronuta Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) i P 

Rhynchefythrum reperas C. E. Hubb. (Gramineac) d Af 

Richardsonia brasifiensis Gomez (Rubiaceae) Am 10 

l\lvea otnatu Choisy (Convolvulaceae) d 5) 

Rorippa spp. Cf: Nasturtium 

Rubia cordifafia L. (Rubiaceae) c SEA 

Rubus rosa@fius Sm. (Rosaceae) c SEA 

Rungia grandis T. And. (Acanthaceaey C 

Run@ kfossii S. Moore (Acanthaceae) d NG 12) 

Sufucia pynaertii de Wild. (Celastrinaceae) Af 

Suficonria arabica L. (Salicorniaceae) d NAf 

Suficorniu perrieri A. Chev. (Salicorniaceae) d NAE 

Salvadora persica L. (Salvadoraceae) a Af I 

Safvia verbenuca L. (Labiatae) d Af 

Saraca i&co L. (Leguminosae) (= S. b+ga Prain) a T 

Surcocephafus exufeltus Afzel. (Rubiaceae) a ,If 2) 

Surcocephafus orientafis Merr. (Rubiaceae) a SEA 

Sarcocephafus russeggeri Kotschy (Rubiaceac) a Af 2) 

Surcucephaius u&iutus Miq. (Rubiaceae) a SEA 

Sarcophrynium arnufdianum de Wild. (Marantaceae) d C 

Sarcostemna viminafe R. Br. (Asciepidiaceaej Af 21, 22) 

.%uvqesia erecta L. (Ochnaceae) d C 

Scaxfix ibericti Biel. (Umbelliferae) d NE (1.2%) 

Schej’feru awmatica Harms (Arahiceae) b g SEA 

Schismatogfottis cufyptrutc Zoll. et Mor. (Araceae) d SEA 

Schfeicheru obsa Merr. (Sapindaceae) a SEA 

Schwenkia americana L. (Solanaceae) d Af 

98 

__ _ _.. _ --

Scferia tesreffata Willd. (Cyperaceae) d SEA 17) 

Sc!odaqxs botreensis Becc. (O!acaceae) a f M 

Secamorle spp, (Asclepidiaceae) ! d Af 

Securiduca fon@peduncufuta Fruw. (Polygaleae) a Et 

Semecarpiti cvsuvium Roxb. (A nacardiaceae) a IO 

Senebiera coronopus Poir. (Cruciferae) d P 

Senebiern fepidiaides Coss. et Dur. (Cruciferae) d NAf 

Senebiera pinnatijide DC (Cruciferae) Ca 

Senecio biaftie Olw. et Hiern. (compositde) Cf: Crassocephafum biufrae 

Senecio congofensis de Wild. (Compositae) d C 

Senecio gabonensis (Compositae) d Ga 

Sericostuchys scandens Gilq. et Lepr. (Amaranthaceae) d C 

Sesuvium portufgcustrum L. (Aizoaceae) d P (2.1%) 

Seturia pafmifofia (Gramineae) d NG 12) 

Sifcne aedyptiaca L. (Caryophyllaceae) d NE 

Sifybum marianum Gaertn. (Compositae) d NAf 

Smifax feucophyffa Blume (Liliaceae) c M 

Smithia effiotti Bak. f. (Leguminosae) b Af 

Smithia sensitiva Ait. (Leguminosae) d M 

Scfenosremon ocymoides Schum. (Labiatae) d GC 

Smrneratia acida L. f. (Sonneratiaceae) a SEA 

Sonneratia afba Smith (Sonneratiaceae) a SEA 

Sparganophora vaiffantii Gaertn. C’: Struchium spargurmphoru 

Sputiphyffum commctutum Schott. (Araceae) d SEA 

Sputiphyffumphryn~fium Schott. (Araceae) d SAm (6.3%) 

Spermacbce hispida L. (Rubiaceae) (= Borrcria hispida) d SEA 

Sphaerosicyos sphericw Hook. f. (Cucurbitaceae) d At‘ 

Sphaerothyfax heteromorphe Baill. (Podestemonaceae) h C 

Sphenocfea zeyfanica Gaertn. (Campanulaceae) d SEA 

Stachytarphetu indica Vahl (Verbenaceae) d P 

Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Vahl (Veybenaceae) d SAm 

Stachytarphetu spp. (Verbenaceae) d Af 

Stapefia kwebensis N. E. Br. (Asclepidiaceae) SAf 

Stutice thonini Viv. (Plumbaginaceae) d L 

Staurqyne e&ngatu 0. Ktze (Acanthaceae) d SEA 

Steflaria oquatica Cyr. (Caryophyllaceae) d I 

Stelfuria media Cyr. (Caryophyllaceae) d NE (I.%) 

Stedia ;ipperxficuliita Engi. (Sterculiaceae) a Af 

Stercuiiu trqacanthu L. (Sterculiaceae) a WAf 

Stereospermumfimbriotum DC (= Radermacherafimbriata) a T 

Stridn mucranth Benth. (Scrophulariaceae) d SL 

Strontbosiajavunicu Bl. (Olacaceae) a 10 

Struchium spurgmphru 0. Ktze (Compositae) (= Spqanophorus vaiffuntii) d Af 

Strychtros spinosu Lam. (Loganiaceae) a Af 

Styfochiron hypqfeum Lepr. (Araceae) d Af 

99

Styfochiton warneckii Engl. (Araceae) d Af 

Suuedu maritirnu Dumort. (Chenopodiaceae) d P (1.8%) 

Suuedu nudijforu Moq. (Chenopodiaceae) d I (2.0%) 

Sympfacas adorutissimu Choisy (Symplocaceae) a SEA 

Synedreffu nodiforu Gaertn. (Compositae) d IO 

Tefosmu cordutu Merr. (Asclepidiaceaej c M 23) 

Tefosmu minor Craib (Asclepidiaceae) T 2) 

Terunrnus fubiufis Spreng. (Leguminosae) c d SEA 

Tetrupfeuru tetruptera Taub. (Leguminosae) (= T. thonnigii) a Af 24) 

Tetrustigmu hermandii Pl. (Vitaceae) c Ph 

Tetrastigmu foheri cagnep. (Vitaceae) c Ph 

Thafictrum minus L. (Ranunculaceae) d SAf 

Themedu@8unteu Hack. (Gramineae) d SEA 16) 

I’hespesia popufneu Soland. (Malvaceae) a SEA 

Thunber@u bogoriensis de Wild. (Acanthaceae) C 

Tbunber~ia funcifafiu T. And. (Acanthaceae) Af 

Thunbergia obfonflifofiu Olw. (Acacthaceae) Af 

Torenia purvijforu Benth. (Serophulariaceae) d C 

Tournejrtia ardenteu L. f. (Boraginaceae) a SEA 

Tremu guineensic Ficalho (Ulmaceae) a Af 

Trema orientufis Bl. (Ulmaceae) a SEA 

Tribufuc terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae) ! d I EAf (7.2%) 

Trichodesmu ceyfunicum R. Br. (Boraginaceae) Af 

Tripfochiton scferoxyfon K. Schum. (Malvaceae) a Af 

Tristemnu grundifirum de Wild. (Melastomataceae) C 

Triuntfetta unnua L. (Tiliaceae) d Af 

Triurn&tu burtrumiu L. (Tiliaceae) d M 

Triumfettu cordijofiu A. Rich. (Tiliaceae) a Af 8) 

Triumfettu rhomboideu Jacq. (Tiliaceae) d P 8) 

Tufbughia cumerooni Baker (Liliaceae) d Mn 

Turrueu vagefii Hook. f. (Meliaceae) a C 

Tyfosmufasso$erzsis Torre et Hell. (Leguminosae) (= Buuhiniu) a Af 24) 

7”hu ungustijofiu (Typhaceae) d Af 

Typha cupensis Roxb. (Typhaceae) d Af 7) 

Typhu efejkrtina Roxb. (Typhaceae) d Af 

Ururiu crinitu Desv. (Leguminosae) d M Sm 

Ureru cameroonensis Benth. et Hook. f. (Urticaceae) c Af 

Ureru muntiii Werld. (Urticaceae) c Af 

Ureru obowtu Benth. (Urticaceae) c Af 

Urospermumpicroides F. W. Schmidt (Compositae) d NE (1.6%) 

Urticu urens L. (Urticaceae) d SAf 

Urticu spp. (Urticaceae) d I 

Vuccinium vurin~iuefofium Miq. (Ericaceae) b 10 

Vuffuris heynii Spreng. (Apocynaceae) b T 

100

Vqueria yinosa Roxb. (Rubiaceae) (= Meyna kjlura) c I (4.0%) 

Villebruneu rrrbescens Bl. (Urticaceae) a SEA 

Vi& ubyssinica Oliv. (Violaceae) d Af 

Virectu prucumbens Sm. (Leguminosae) C 

Wedelia bifiru DC (Compositae) ci SEA PO (3%) 

Wftitfordiobrdron utroprqweum Donn. (Leguminosae) a T B 

WormskjoeMiu 

bn~Q~&~~rlutu Mast. (Turneraceae) Af 

Ximeniu untericunu L. (Olacaceae j b IO 

Xy,-mnlobiw.1 !Imbeflutum Ait. (Asclepidiaceae) SAf 

Yucca ur lifoliu L. (Liliaceae) d CAm 

Yucca elefantopes Hort. (Liliaceae) d CAm (1.2%) 

Zuntedeschiu uethiupicn Spreng. (Araceae) (= Richurdia africana) d Af 

Zomiu diphyllu Pers. (Leguminosae) Af 

Zomiu spp. (Leguminosae) Af 

IIIC 

Acunthophoenix rubru Wendl. Re 

Acrocomiu mexicunu Karw. Me (2.4%) 

Ancistrophoenix crinutu Wendl. RC 

Ancistrophyllum secundi&um Wendl. Af 

Ancistruphyllum spp. Af 

Arecu bomeensis Becc. SEA 

Arecu cutechu L. SEA (2.6-3.3%) 25) 

Arengu ambong Becc. Ph 

Arenga engleri Becc. Fo 

Arengu pinnutu Merr. (= A. sacchuriferu) SEA (1.3%) 26, 27) 

Arengu undulurifoliu Becc. 10 26) 

Borussw uethiopium Mart. (= B. flabellifr var. uerhiopum) Af 28, 29) 

Borussus 

lljc 

sunduicu Becc. (= B. flab e I er var. sunduicum) SEA 1 (2.7%) 23, 27) 

Cu&mus burckiunus Becc. c SEA 

Culumus deerrutus Mann. et Wendl. SL 

Culamus tenuis Roxb. c IO 

Curyotu nitis Lour. SEA 26) 

Curyotu rumphiunu Mart. SEA 26) 

Chumuedureu pucuyu Oerst. SAm 

Chumuedorea spp. CAm (4%) 

Chumuerups humilis L. NAf 

Chrysulidocurpus unkuizinensis Jum. Mg 

Chrysalidocurpus uuriculutus Jum. Mg 

101

Chrysulidocurpus buronii Bert. Mg 

Chrysuliducurpus decipiens Becc. hlg 

Chrysulidocurpus jbrusus Jum. Mg 

Chrysuliducurpus mununjurensis Jum. et Perr.’ Mg 

Cbrysulidocurpus oleruceus Jum. et Perr. Mg 

Cbrysufidocurpus puucifoIius Jum. Mg 

Cows nuciferu L. P 27) 

Coryphu utun Lam. (= C. ulutu Roxb. = C. gebundu Blume = C. sylvestris Mart.) 

SEA 27, 23, 26) 

Duemonorops culuppurius Bl. c IO 

Duemonorops longipes Mart. c 10 

Duemonorops melunocbuetes Bl. c IO 

DuemJnorops oblnps Bl. c IO 

Duemunorops pulembunicus Bl. c IO 23) 

Duemonorops periucuntbrts Miq. c IO 

Due.monorops rt4ber Bl. c IO 23) 

Dictyospermu album Wendl. RC 

Didymospermu porpbyrocurpum Wendl. et Drude 10 

Drymophloeus sex&is Mart. SAm 

Dypsis grucifis Bory Af 

EIueis guir,eensis Jacq. P 27) 

Eudeissorra insiflnis Becc. IO 26) 

Eudeisscmu utibs Becc. IO 26, 30) 

Euterpe IongepetioIutu Oerst. SAm (2.2%) 

Eulerpe oferuceu Mart. SAm 

Geonoma edulis H. Wendl. SAm (3.2%) 

Grorrophyllum micrucurpum Scheff. 10 

Guilielmu gusipues Bailey SAm 

ffeterosputhe elutu Scheff. Ph I 

ffeterosputhe spp. Ph 

Hyphuene schutun Boj. NAf 

Hypbuene thebnicu Mart. NAf 

lYyphuene ventricosu Kirk. NAf 

Licuulu spp. M 

Livistunu uustrulis Mart. I 

Livistonu roturrdifoIiu Mart. Ph 

Livistonn saribus Merr. Ph 

Ldoiceu cullipyge Comm. (= L. sechellurum) Af 

Muximifiunu muripu Drude. SAm 

Metroxybm sudu Rottb. SEA 26) 

I02

jua” a 

Neodypsis hnronii 

om. et Perr. Mg 

Neodypsis busilog~~ J et Perr. Mg 

Neodypsis tunalen+ JUm* 

art. SAm 

Oemcurp5 buccutrfl M 

Bl. SEA 31) 

Oncospermu jlumef@“” 

scheff. SEA 

Oncosper mu h9rri&fl 

Oncospermu tigillarilit 11 Rid]. (= 0. fihentosrrrrr) M 

Phoenix dactyli& L. p* Af 

Phoenix reclinufa jacq* SEA 

Pinungu plmiceu flefr, 

&fart. c SEA 

Plectoconriu el0flgata 

p, Beauv. Af 28) 

Ruphin pdJldU~U 

o, F. Cook (= Oreodoxu oleruceu) P 

Roystoniu o!eruceb 

F, Cook (= Oreodoxu rediu) P 

Roysfoniu regiu 0. 

Vonitru rttilis Juti- Af 

IIID 

1, (Polypodiaceae) j SEA 

Acrostychurn urrre/~“~ 

sm. (Cydxaceae) m SEA (2.1%) 

A lsophilu glu14cu J, 

s;5 de ‘Vr. (Marattiaceae) m IO 

Angiopteris umboifJefi 

1 p d’ 

Aspidilrm repundlrtn 

pofypodiaceae) 1 P 

Aspleniunr midus 1. ( 

Polypodiaceae) SEA Pa 

Athyrilrm urnottii ( 

odidceae) M 

Blechnum orient& (PolYP 

Blechnum spp. (T@Podiaceae) Mg 

WiIId. (P 0 y 0 laceae) (= Tecturia crenutu Chev.) k SEA 

wall. (Ceratopteridaceae) M 

Curdiopteris lobufa 

Curdiopteris molu@ 

nunr Blume (Ceratopteridaceae) MO 

Curdiopteris thuliCl~rO 

ides Brongn. (Ceratopteridaceae) (= Cerutopteris thulichroides 

Brongn. (C~rat~~~~~~~~~~~a~m~~ 

Cibotium burunetf I* * 

iflaa Diels (Hymrrlophyilacrae) Fi 

Conio~rumme jju;I 

tics (Aspicliaceae) Pa 

Cyclosorus cyuthf@l 

Chinq. (Aspidiaceae) Fi 

Cyclosorus dentuffl 

Mett. (Polypodiaceae) M C Mg 

DuvuZliu denticulrrfu 

l0,;5 Presl. (Polypodiaceae) k SEA 

Dicfyopteris irre# 

~1. (Polypodiaceae) (= Athyrium usperum) k SEA 

Dip&urn usperufl 

103

Dip!aatium esculentum SW. (Polypodiaceae) (= Athyrium esculetrtum) j I SEA PO 

(I&3.7%) 

I?iplazium proliferum Thonars (Polypodiaceae) (= Asplenium prolijirurn) k SEA 

Ml3 

Drynaria sparsisora Moore (Polypodiaceae) k 110 

Dryopteris leucopteris Baker Fo 

Helmintostachys zeylanica Hook. f. (Ophioglossaceae) k SEA (3.0~3.5%) 

Hemitelia latebrosa Mett. (Cyatheaceae) m SEA 

Histiopteris sinuata J. Sm. (Polypodiaceae) Fi 

Lysodium pedatum SW. (Schizaeaceae) (= L. circi,;atum) n SEA 

Lyaodium scandens SW. (Schizaeaceae) n SEA 

Marsilea crenata Prssl. (Marsileaceae) SEA 

.Marsilea minuta L. (Marsileaceae) I Ce (3.3%) 

lMarsi6ea quarlrifolia L. (Marsileaceae) I Ce (3.7%) 

Nephroolepis bisenata Schott. (Polypodinceae) k 1 SEA 

Nephrolepis hirsutula Presl. (Polypodiaceae) k SEA 

Ophioglossum ovatum Bory (Ophioglossaceae) Mg 

Ophioalossum reticulatum L. (Ophioglossaceae) k SEA 

Ophioglossum sarcophylIum Desv. (Ophioglossaceae) R 

Osmurufa reaaIis (Osmundaceae) NE 

Pleopeltis longistema Moore (Polypodiaceae) j SEA 

Plecpeftis nigrescens Carr. (Polypodiaceae) Bo 

PoIypodium quercifolium L. (Polypodiaceae) j I Ph 

Pteridium aquilinum Kuhn (Tolypodiaceae) Mg SL 

Pteris ensijvmis Burm. f. (Polypodiaceae) SEA 

Selaainello caudata Spreng. (Selaginelaceae) SEA 

Selaainella fimbriata Spreng. (Selaginellaceae) SEA 

SefagineIla willdenowii Baker,(Selaginellaceae) n SEA 

Stenochlaena palustris Bedd. (Polypodiaceae) n SEA Ph (2.4%) 

Stenochlaena tenuijidia F. Didr. (Polypodiaceae) Af 

Tectaria crenata Cav. (Aspidiaceae) Cf: Aspidium repatium 

Tectaria degeneri Copel. (Aspidiaceae) Fi 

Tectaria latifolia Copel. (Aspidiaceae) Fi 

104

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INDEX 

Akee apple: BJi$ia sapida 

Alfalfa = Lucerne: Medicago sativa 

Apple (Akee): BJi&ia sapida 

Apple (Malay): JZugenia malaccensis = Syrygium malnccensis 

Apple (Otaheite): Spandias cytherea = Spondias drrJcis 

Arrowhead: Sogittaria sa@tifoJia 

Arrowroot (Bermuda): Maranra arundinacea 

Arrowroot (Purple): Canma edulis 

Artichoke = Cardoon: Cynara spp. 

Artichoke (Jerusalem): Helianthus tuberosus 

Ash pumpkin - White gourd = Wax gourd: Benincasa hispida = Benincasa cerifera 

Bambara groundnut: Vo~ndzeia subterranea 

damboo: Bambusa spp., Dendrocalamus spp., Gigantochloa spp., PhyJJostachyum spp., Schizostachyum 

spp., Oxytenanthera spp. 

Bamboo (Water) = Wild rice: Zitania JatifoJia 

Banana = Plantain: Musa acuminata, M. balbisrana 

Basil (Sweet): Ocimum basilicurn 

Beal fruit: AegJe marmelus 

Bean (Adzuki): Phaseolus angularis 

Bean (Bonavist) = Hyacinth bean: Dolichos JabJab = LabJab vulgoris 

Bean (Broad): Vicia jaba 

Bean (Cluster) = Guar : Cyamopsis psoraloides = C. tetragonolobus 

Bean (Four-angled) = Goa bean = Winged bean: Psophocarpus tetragonolobus 

Bean (French) = Kidney bean: Phaseolus vulgaris 

Bean (Goa) = Four-angled bean = Winged bean: Psophocarpus terrogonobbus 

Bean (Hyacinth) = Bonavist bean: Dolichos JabJab = LnbJab vuJdaris 

Bean ,Jack) = Sword bean: Cunawulia cnsiformis 

Bean (Kidney) = French bean: Phaseolus vulgaris 

Bean (Lima) = Sieva bean:‘PhaseoJus Junatvs 

Bean (Mauritius) = Velvet bean: Mucuna utilis = Stizolobium utile 

Bean (Mung) = Black gram: Phaseolus mungo 

Bean (Potato) = Yam bean: Pachyrrhizus erosus = P. bulbosus, P. angulatus 

Bean (Rice): PhaseoJus’caJcaratus 

Bean (Sieva) = Lima bean: Phaseolus Junatus 

Bean (Sword) = Jack bean : Canuyaliu ensiformis 

Bean (Velvet) = Mauritius bean: Mucuna utilis = Stizolobium utile 

Bean (Winged) = Goa bean = Four-angled bean: Psophocarpus tetragonolobus 

Bean (Yam) = Potato bean: Puchyrrhizus erosus = P. bulbosus, P. angularus 

Beet (Garden) = Eeetroot : Beta vuJgaris forma rubru 

Beet (Spinach) = Swiss chard : Beta vulgaris forma cicJa 

Beetroot = Garden beet. Beta vulgaris forma rubra 

Betel nut: Areca catechu 

Bird of paradise: Heliconia brevispatha 

Bitter leaf: Venwnia amy$aJina 

Borecole = Curly greens = Kale: Brassica oleraceo var. acephalu forma sabeJJica 

Breadfruit: Afracarpus communis = A. altilis = A. incisa 

BreadfruIt (African): TrewJia africana 

108

Breadnuttree: Brosimum alicastrum 

Brussels sprouts: Brassica oleracea var. bullurn forma gemmijra 

Buckweat : Fagopyrum talaricam 

Cablage (Chinese, Shantung) = Petsai: Bras&a chinensis = B. napus var. chinensis 

Cabbage (Drumhead, Drum): Brassica oleracea var. capitata 

Cabbage (Savoy): Brassica oleracea var. buJJara forma sabauda 

Cabbage (Shantung, Chinese) = Petsai: Brassica chinensis = B. nupus var. chinensis 

Cabbage (Swamp) = Water spinach: Ipomwa repruns 

Calathea: Culathea macrosepala 

Cantaloupe = Musk melon : Cucumis melo 

Caraway: Carum inwolucratum 

Cardoon = Artichoke: Cynara spp. 

Carrot: Daltcus carota 

Cashew : Anacardium occidentaJe 

Cassava = Maniac = Tapioca: Manihot utilissima = M. esculenra 

Castor oil plant: Ricinus cornmums 

Cherry (Peruvian) = Husk tomato = Ground tomato = Cape Gooseberry: Physalis 

peruviana 

Chocho = balsam pear: Sechrum eduJe 

Cock’s comb: CeJosia spp. 

Cocoyam = Dasheen = Taru: CoJocasla esculenra = C. antiquorum 

Collards: Brassica oleracea var. arephala forma viridis 

Coriander: Coriandrum sat&urn 

Corn (Sweet) = Maize: Zea mays var. rqosa 

Cowpea: Vigna unguiculara = V. smensis 

Cress (Garden): Lepidium salivum 

Cress (Upland): Barbarea werna = B. praecox 

Croton : Codicieum wariegafum 

Cucumber = Gherkin: Cucumis s&us 

Cucumber (Anguria) = West Indian Gherkin: Cucumis anguria 

Cucumber (Bitter): Momordica charantia 

Cucumber tree: Averrhoa bilimbi 

Curly greens = Borecole = Kale: Brassica oleraceo var. acephala forma subellica 

Curry: Murraya kwnigii 

Dandelion : Taruxacum ojicinale 

Dasheeu = Cocoyam = Taro: Colocasia esculenta = C. antiquorum 

Date (Desert): BaJumtes aegypGca 

Dill : Anerhum gruveoiens 

Drumstick tree = Horseradish tree : Moringa oleifera 

Durian : Durro zibethinus 

Egg plant: Solonurn mefongena = S. esculenfum = S. incanum 

Elephant foot: AmorphophaJJus campanulatus 

Elephant grass : Pennisetum purpureum 

Elephant yam : Dioscorea spp. 

Endive: Cichorium endiwia 

Fennel: Foemculum dulce = F. wulgare 

Fenugreek : Tr@meJJa fwnum-graecum 

Fir (Joint): Gnetum gnemon 

Galangal (Greater): AJpinia galanga 

Garlic: AJJium salkurn 

Gherkin = Cucumber: Cucumis sutivus 

Gherkin (West Indian) = Anguria cucumber: Cucumis anguria 

Gimgelly = Sesame: Sesamum orientale = S. indicum 

Ginger: Zingiber ojicinale 

Gombo = Lady Fingers = Okra: Hibiscus esculentus = Abelmoschus esculealus 

Gooseberry (Cape) = Ground tomato = Husk tomato = Peruvian cherry: Physulis peruviana

Gourd = Pumpkin = Squash = Vegetable marrow = Chinese pumpkin: Cucurbita moschuta, 

C. maxima, C. pepo 

Gourd (Bottle): Logenuria Jeucantha = L. siceraria 

Gourd (Fluted): Telfairia occidentalis 

Gourd (Ivy) = Small gourd: Coccinia cordifilia = C. indica = Cephalandra indica 

Gourd (Ridged) = Loofah = Sponge gourd: kffi acutangula = L. aegyptiaca, L. cylindrica 

Gourd (Small): Ivy gourd: Coccinia cordifilio = C. indica = Cephalandra indica 

Gourd (Snake): Trichosantes aguina 

Gourd (Sponge) = Ridged gourd = Loofah: Luff a acutangula = L. aegyptiaca, L. cylindrica 

Gourd (Wash, White) = Ash pumpkin: Benincasa hispida = B. cerifera 

Gram (Black) = Mung bean : Phaseolus mungo 

Gram (Go!den) = Green gram: PhaseoJus uureus = Ph. radiatus 

Gram (Red) = Pigeon pea = Angola pea = Congo pea: Cajanus cqjan = C. indicus 

Grape (Wine): Vim vinijku 

Grass (Elephant): Pennisetum purpureum 

Grass pea = Chickling vetch: Lnthyrus sativus 

Groundnut (Bambara): Voandzeiu subterranea 

Guar = Cluster bean: Cyamopsis psoraloides = C. tetragonolobus 

Hemp : Cannabis sativa 

Hibiscus (Sunset). Hibiscus manihot = Abelmoschus manihot 

Horse radish: Armoracia Japathifilia 

Horseradish tree = Drumstick tree: Moringa oleifira 

Horse tamarind = Lead tree: Leucaena glauca 

Jack tree: Atrocurpus integra = A. integrifolia = A. heterophylla 

Joint fir: Gnetum gemon 

Jute: Corchorus spp. (mainly C. capsularis) 

Kale = Borecole = Curly greens: Brassica oferacea var. acephala forma sabellica 

Kale (Sea): Grambe maritima 

Kapok tree : Ceiba pentandra 

Kardi = Safflower: Carthamus tinctorius 

Kholrabi = Knol-Knol : Brassica olerucea var. gongyloides et var. caulorapa 

Kudzu: Pueraria thunbergianl = P. Jobara 

Lady fingers = Gombo = Okra: Hibiscus esculentus = Abelmoschus esculentus 

Lead tree = Horse tamarind: Loucaena gJauca 

Leaf (Bitter): Vernonia amygdalina 

Leaf (Water) = Philippine spinach = Ceylon spinach: TaJinum triangulare 

Leek : A JJium porrum 

Lettuce: Lncruca satiwa 

Loofah = Ridged gourd = Sponge gourd: Luffa acutangula = L. aegyptiaca, J.. cylindrica 

Lotus: JVeJumbo nelumbo = N. nuci@um = N. speciosum = N. indrca 

Lucerne = Alfalfa: Medicago sativa 

Lupin: Lupinus albus 

Maize = Sweet corn: Zea mays var: rugosa 

Mallow (Egyptian): MaJwa parvigorum 

Mallow (Musk): Hibiscrcs abelmoschus = Abelmoschus moschaks 

Mango : Mangifera indica 

Maniac = Cassavk = Tapioca: Manihor utilissima = M. esculenta 

Marrow (Vegetable) = Gourd = Pumpkin = Squash = Chinese pumpkin: Cucurbita 

moschata, C. maxima, C. pep0 

Marygold : Mesembryanthemum angulatum 

Melon (Musk) = Cantaloupe: Cucumis meJo 

Melon (Water): CitruJJus vulgaris = C. Janatus 

Millet (African) = Finger millet: 

Mint : Mentha javanica 

Mugwort : Artemisia vulgaris 

EJeusine coracana 

Mulberry: Motes alba 

Mulberry (Polynesian): Broussonetia papyrifera 

II0

Musk melon = Cantaloupe: Cucumis melo 

Mustard (Black) = True Mustard: Brassica nigra 

Mustard (Chinese) = Indian mustard: Brassicalunrea 

Mustard (Indian) = Chinese mustard : Brassica juncea 

Mustard (True) = Black mustard: Brassica n&a 

Mustard (White): SinapsIs alba 

Naseberry = Chico: Achras sapota 

Neem: Azadirachta indica = MeJia azadirachta = AnteJia azadirachta 

Nightshade (Black) = Wonderberry: Solanum nigrum 

Nightshade (Malabar) = Ceylon spinach = Indian spinach =Vine spinach: BaseJJa alba, 

B. rubra = B. cordtilia 

Nut (Tiger): Cyperus esculentus 

Okra =Gombo = Lady fingers: Hibiscus esculentus = Abelmoschus esculrntus 

Onion : AJJium cepa 

Onion (Welsh): AJJiumfistuJosum 

Oyster plant (Spanish) = Golden thistle: Scolymus hispanicus 

Ozach = Salt bush : ArripJex horlensis 

Paim (Coconut): Cocos nucijku 

Palm (Oil): EJaeis gurneensis 

Palm (Palmyra): Borassus aethiopium 

Palm (Sugar): Arenga pinnata 

Palmyra palm: Borassus aethiopium 

Papaw: Carica papaya 

Parsley : Petroselimum vulgare 

Parsnip (Peruvian): Arracacia xanthorriza = A. esculenla 

Pea = Field pea: Pisum sativum, P. arvense 

Pea (Angola) = Pigeon pea = Congo pea = Red gram: Cujanus cajun = C. indicus 

Pea (Asparagus) = Winged pea: Lotus edulis = L. tetragonolobus 

Pea (Chick): Cicer arietinum 

Pea(Congo) = Pingeon pea = Angola pea = Red gram: Cujanus cajun = C. i&us 

Pea (Field) = Pea: Pisum saliwm, P. arvense 

Pea (Pigeon) = Angola pea = Congo pea = Red gram: Cujanus cajun, C. indicus 

Pea (Winged) = Asparagus pea: Lotus edulis = L. JetrugonoJcbus 

Peanut: Arachis hypogaea 

Pear (Balsam) = Chocho: Sechium edule 

Pear (Melon) = Peruvian pepeno: SoJanum muricarum 

Pepper (Red) = Chill&: Capsicum spp. 

Perilla : PeriJJa /rutescens 

Petsai = Chinese cabbage = Shantung cabbage: Brassica chinensis = B. napus var. chinensis 

PIgweed : Chenopodium album . 

Pine-apple: Ananas comosus 

Plantain = Banana: Muss acuminata, M. boibisiana 

Poinsettia: Euphorbia pulcherrima 

Potato (Irish): SoJanum tuberosum 

Potato (Sweet): Ipomoea baratas 

Pumpkin = Gourd = Squash = Vegetable marrow = Chinese pumpkin: Cucurbita moschata, 

C. maxima, C. pepo 

Purslane: PorluJaca spp. 

Purslane (Winter): CJaytonia perfiliata = Montia perfoliata 

Radish (Chinese): Raphunus sutivus var. hotiensis = Rh. raphanistroides var. pinnat$& = Rh. 

raphanistroides var. Jongipinnatus 

Radish (Horse): Armoracia JapathifiJia 

Ramie : Boehmeria nivea 

Rhubarb: Rheum hybridum = Rh. rhabarbarum x Rh. raponticum 

Rice (Wild) = Water bamboo: Zizania Jat@Jia 

Rocket (Garden): Erucir sariva 

Rose: Rosa spp. 

Roselle: Jfibiscus sabdizrifi 

III

Runner (Scarlet): Phaseolus mulrijorus = Ph. coccineus 

Rutabaga = Swede: Brassica napus = B. napus var. napobrassica 

Safflower = Kardi: Carrhamus tractorius 

Sago : Merroxylmr sagu 

Salad (Corn): VaJerianeJlo olitoria 

Salsify : Trugopogon porrij2Jtis 

Salsify (Beach): Scorzonera hispanica 

Salt bush = Oaach: Atriplex hortensis 

Sesame = Gimgelly : Sesamum orientale = 5. i&cum 

Shallot: AJJium ascalonicum 

Sorrel : Rumex abyssinicus 

Soursop: Annon~ muricata 

Soybean: GJycine max 

Spinach : Spinacia oleracea 

Spinach (Ceylon) = Philippine spinach = Water leaf: TaJinum IrianguJare 

Spinach (Ceylonj = Indian spinach = Vine spinach = Malabar nightshade: BaseJJa alba, 

8. rubra = B. cordifolia 

Spinach (mdian) = Vine spinach = Ceylon spinach = Malabar nightshade: BuseJJa alba, 

B. rubra = B. cordtilia 

Spinach (New Zealand): Tetragonia expansa 

Spinach (Philippine = Ceylon spinach = Water leaf: TaJinum lrianguhre 

Spinach (Vine) = Ceylon spinach = Indian spinach = Malabar nightshade: BaseJJa albu. 

B. rubya = B. rard$Jia 

Spinach (Water) = Swamp cabbage: @moea reptans 

Sprouts (Brussels): Brassica oleracea var. bullara forma gemmifera 

Squash = Gourd I- Pumpkin = Vegetable marrow = Chinese pumpkin: Cucurbita moschata. 

C. maxima, C. pep0 

Swede = Rutabaga: Brussica napus = B. naps var. napobrassica 

Tacaco : PoJuhskia tacaco 

Tamarind : Tamarindus indica 

Tamarind (Horse) = Lead Tree: Leucaetra gJauca 

Tania = Yautia: Xanhosoma vioheum = X. SagittifoJium, X. brasiliense, X. mafifi, X. caraca, 

X. olbertii, X. jacquinii 

Tapioca = Cassava = Maniac: Manihot utilissima = M. esculenta 

Taro = Cocoyam = Dasheen: Colocasia escuienta = C. antiquorum 

Tarragon: Artemisia dracunculus 

ThJstle (Golden) = Spanish oyster plant: Scolymus hisponicus 

Thyme: Tkymus dgaris 

Tiger nut: Cyperus esculentus 

Tomato : SoJanum Jycopersicum = Lycopersicon esculentum 

Tomato (Husk) = Ground tomato = Cape gooseberry = Peruvian cherry: Physalis 

p!fUViana 

Tomato (Tree): Cyphomandru betacea 

Tree tomato: Cyphomandra betacea 

Turmeric: Curcuma Jurylo = C. domestica 

Turnip: Brassica rap = B. campestris var. rapa 

Vetch (Chickhng) = Grass pea: Lathyrus sativus 

Watercress: Nustirfium o@inaJe = Roripa aasturtium 

Water melon: CiJruJJus vulgaris = C. JUMIUS 

Water leaf = Philippine spinach = Ceylon spinach : TaJinum trianguJare 

Waterlily : Nymphuea Jotus 

Wonderberry = Black nightshade: SoJanum n&urn 

Yam (Elephant): Dioscorea spp. 

Yautia = Tania: Xanthosoma violnceum = X. SagiltifiJium, X. brasiliense, X. nu#fi, 

X. aJberfii. X. jucquinii 

X. caruca, 

Zeodary: Zin&+r serumbet 

II2

ironical Vesetables by GJA Terra Publishnd by: Institute Available from

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