OCCASIONAL PAPERS - Hawaii Biological Survey - Bishop Museum
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OCCASIONAL PAPERS - Hawaii Biological Survey - Bishop Museum
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NUMBER 113, 102 pages 22 June 2012<br />
BISHOP MUSEUM<br />
<strong>OCCASIONAL</strong> <strong>PAPERS</strong><br />
RECORDS OF THE<br />
HAWAII BIOLOGICAL<br />
SURVEY FOR 2011<br />
PART II: PLANTS<br />
NEAL L. EVENHUIS<br />
AND<br />
LUCIUS G. ELDREDGE, EDITORS<br />
BISHOP MUSEUM PRESS<br />
HONOLULU
Cover photo: Hibiscadelphus woodii Lorence & W.L. Wagner, one of eleven new plant extinctions reported for the<br />
<strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands. See page 91 for more details. Photo: K.R. Wood.<br />
RESEARCH<br />
PUBLICATIONS OF<br />
BISHOP MUSEUM<br />
ISSN 0893-1348<br />
Copyright © 2012 by <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong><br />
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BISHOP MUSEUM<br />
The State <strong>Museum</strong> of Natural and Cultural History<br />
1525 Bernice Street<br />
Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96817-2704, USA
Records of the <strong>Hawaii</strong> <strong>Biological</strong> <strong>Survey</strong> for 2011. Edited by<br />
Neal L. Evenhuis & Lucius G. Eldredge. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong><br />
Occasional Papers 113: 1–6 (2012)<br />
New records of Gamochaeta (Asteraceae) in the<br />
<strong>Hawaii</strong>an Archipelago<br />
Mac H. alford<br />
Herbarium USMS, Department of <strong>Biological</strong> Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, 118<br />
College Drive #5018, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-0001, USA; e-mail: mac.alford@usm.edu<br />
Specimens of Gamochaeta (asteraceae/compositae) in the Herbarium Pacificum (BISH) of<br />
the <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> were examined in July 2011, and three previously overlooked species<br />
and one species commonly subsumed in a broader circumscription were observed.<br />
additional specimens were observed at Mo, PTBG, and Uc by electronic correspondence<br />
and photos, and duplicates were inferred at US via an internet database (Wagner et al., 2005<br />
onwards).<br />
Gamochaeta is a genus of about 50–80 species that are native primarily to South<br />
america, but several species are naturalized weeds in North america, Europe, australia,<br />
New Zealand, and elsewhere (Nesom, 2004b, 2006). once placed in a broadly circumscribed<br />
Gnaphalium, Gamochaeta is most easily differentiated by having heads arranged in<br />
spiciform arrays and pappus that is deciduous as a single unit due to the fusion of bristles<br />
into a basal ring (Nesom, 2006).<br />
The Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai‘i (Wagner et al., 1999) included one<br />
species, Gnaphalium purpureum l., that is currently recognized in the genus Gamochaeta.<br />
This taxonomic change to Gamochaeta was noted by Wagner et al. (1997), and a key was<br />
provided to all of the taxa formerly placed in Gnaphalium. Wagner et al. (1999) included<br />
Gnaphalium peregrinum fernald [= Gamochaeta pensylvanica (Willd.) cabrera] in synonymy,<br />
considering it conspecific with Gnaphalium purpureum, as did many older treatments<br />
(e.g., Gleason & cronquist, 1991). More recently, the narrower circumscriptions of<br />
Nesom (2006) have been followed and are followed here, especially because the species are<br />
delimited by unique combinations of putatively non-linked morphological characters (e.g.,<br />
features of vestiture, leaf shape, phyllary shape and color, and cypselae). Nesom’s (2006)<br />
treatment was followed by preliminary genetic work, and all six of the tested species have<br />
unique genetic markers (cameron, 2010; alford & cameron, unpubl. data).<br />
five species of Gamochaeta are recognized for the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an archipelago: G. americana,<br />
G. argyrinea, G. pensylvanica, G. purpurea, and G. simplicicaulis. Two species, G.<br />
purpurea and G. pensylvanica, have been present for more than 100 years. They occur on<br />
several islands and in a wide variety of habitats. Gamochaeta argyrinea was first collected<br />
after World War II but now occurs on three islands. The other two species, G. americana and<br />
G. simplicicaulis, are known from only one collection each, both collected in the last 30<br />
years.<br />
only seven specimens collected after 1991 were observed. continued accession of<br />
specimens and additional collecting is likely to augment these records. In addition to the<br />
species reported below, one specimen was observed which could not be identified with certainty<br />
due to size and immaturity of the inflorescence (MaUI: lihau, 9 Jul 1991, Welton &<br />
Haus 897 [BISH]).
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BISHOP MUSEUM <strong>OCCASIONAL</strong> <strong>PAPERS</strong>: No. 113, 2012<br />
Asteraceae<br />
Gamochaeta purpurea (l.) cabrera New circumscription<br />
Gamochaeta purpurea is found on the islands of Hawai‘i, Maui, Mokapu Islet (Moloka‘i),<br />
Moloka‘i, and o‘ahu. Habitats include dry, disturbed forest, dry shrubland, pasture, grasslands,<br />
and lava flows at elevations of (65–)465–2440 m. The species is presumably native<br />
to North america but is also known from central and South america and the West Indies<br />
(Nesom, 2006). Hillebrand (1888: 201) reports this species from near diamond Hill, o‘ahu,<br />
as early as 1871, but specimens at BISH date only from 1920. although Hillebrand (1888)<br />
could have been referring to any of the species reported here, his detailed description clearly<br />
matches G. purpurea. a diagnostic feature of G. purpurea is the presence of glass-like (or<br />
sand-like or cystolith-like) trichome base remnants on the adaxial surface of the leaves. This<br />
feature is rather obvious in well-pressed, clean plants, but may be obscured in specimens<br />
with dirty leaves (i.e., where sand and trichome bases could be confused) or poorly pressed<br />
leaves where the adaxial surface is neither flat nor easy to examine. Gamochaeta purpurea<br />
was reported for lehua Islet, Ni‘ihau (Wood & le Grande, 2006), but that collection is here<br />
circumscribed under G. pensylvanica. The illustration labeled as Gnaphalium purpureum in<br />
Wagner et al. (1999: Plate 27) actually represents G. pensylvanica.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: Ka‘ū, Hilini Pali, 9 May 1966, Degener & Degener 31589<br />
(BISH, Mo [photo]). Kohala Mountains, trail from Waimea to Upper Hamakua ditch, 3 Sep 1933,<br />
Fosberg 10198 (BISH). Ka‘ū, Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park, along Hwy 11, 58 km from Hilo<br />
towards Kona, 20 Jun 1974, Herat et al. 670 (BISH). Humu‘ula Sheep Station, 13 Jun 1938, Hosaka<br />
2320 (BISH). Kīlauea crater, May 1932, Meebold s.n. (BISH). Humu‘ula, lava flow at base of Pu‘u<br />
Huluhulu, 6 aug 1935, Neal & Hartt 674a (BISH). ¼ mile east of Humu‘ula, 7 aug 1935, Neal &<br />
Hartt 709 (BISH). Kīlauea Volcano, aug 1928, Neal s.n. (BISH). Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park,<br />
200 m on Hilina Pali road from chain of craters road, 15 aug 1966, Newell 407 and 409 (BISH).<br />
Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park, 1.5 miles on Hilina Pali Switchback Trail from end of Hilina Pali<br />
road, 18 aug 1966, Newell 427 (BISH); 22 Jun 1967, Newell 953 (BISH). Hawai‘i Volcanoes<br />
National Park, 200 m west of rain shelter at end of Hilina Pali road, 22 Jun 1967, Newell 959 and<br />
962 (BISH). Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park, near roadside on Mauna loa Strip road, about 3<br />
miles from intersection with Kona-Hilo highway, 23 Jun 1967, Newell 972 (BISH). Hawai‘i National<br />
Park, on the floor of Kīlauea crater, not far from steam crack, 18 Jul 1931, von Loben Sels 596 (Uc).<br />
MAUI: Near Ko‘olau Gap, Haleakalā, 27 Jun 1927, Degener 27272 (BISH). olowalu Valley, 10 May<br />
1920, Forbes 2298M (BISH). Waihoi [sic, perhaps Waihou] Valley, 28 Sep 1972, Harrison 35<br />
(BISH). Ko‘olau forest reserve, along rim of Haleakalā crater, 9 Nov 1973, Harrison 518 (BISH).<br />
Hana, Nu’u, Haleakalā National Park, Kaupo Gap, 27 May 1980, Higashino & Holt 9014 (BISH).<br />
Hana, Kahikinui, south slope of Haleakalā, north of Manawainui Gulch, 19 Jun 1980, Higashino &<br />
Holt 9220 (BISH). Wailuku, east slope of Hana‘ula, near pu‘u, north of Pohakea Gulch, 6 Mar 2001,<br />
Oppenheimer H30108 (BISH). MOKAPU ISLET: occasional along northeast section, coastal dry<br />
shrubland, 8 Mar 2000, Wood et al. 8323 (PTBG). MOLOKA‘I: Upper Maunahui camp, 7 oct<br />
1938, Cranwell et al. 2551 (BISH). overlooking Waikolu Valley, 8 apr 1928, Degener 18452 (BISH,<br />
Mo [photo]). Peninsula east of Wailau Valley, 4 Jul 1933, Fosberg 9647 (BISH). O‘AHU: Near<br />
Koko Head, along crest of Mauna o ahi ridge, 20 Jun 1937, Egler 37-39 (BISH, US [not seen]).<br />
Honouliuli, Wai‘anae Mountains near summit of Palikea, 30 Jun 1935, Fosberg & Dunn 10948<br />
(BISH). Kanehoa subpeak, 12 May 1946, Kondo s.n. (BISH). Mokulē‘ia, 22 Jun 1954, Pearsall s.n.<br />
(BISH). Honolulu, apr 1909, Rock 927 (BISH).<br />
Gamochaeta americana (Mill.) Weddell New naturalized record<br />
Gamochaeta americana is known from a single collection from Maui along a streambed<br />
at 1340 m. The species can be recognized by having subclasping to decurrent lower to<br />
mid-cauline leaves, a glabrous to glabrate adaxial leaf surface, and shiny, brownish,
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 3<br />
glabrous involucres (Nesom, 2004a). Gamochaeta americana is probably native to<br />
Mexico to South america and the West Indies (Nesom, 2004a).<br />
Material examined. MAUI: Kīpahulu Valley, Haleakalā National Park, along Koukouai [sic,<br />
Kaukauai] streambed, 10 Jul 1983, Medeiros 462 (BISH).<br />
Gamochaeta argyrinea G.l.Nesom New naturalized record<br />
Gamochaeta argyrinea is found on the islands of Hawai‘i, Maui, and o‘ahu. Habitats<br />
include grassy slopes, dry ridges, and dry Sophora chrysophylla woodland over ash at<br />
760–2410 m. Gamochaeta argyrinea is perhaps native to the eastern United States and was<br />
first collected in the Hawai‘ian archipelago, based on these specimens, in 1948. This<br />
species can be recognized by its small involucres (3.0–3.5 mm high) and persistent basal<br />
rosette of leaves that are yellowish-green and sparsely pubescent adaxially.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: Pu‘u la‘au, near hunter’s cabin, 18 Jan 1975, Herbst 5186<br />
(BISH). Hāmākua, Ka‘ohe, western slope of Mauna Kea, north of ahumoa, Pu‘u ‘Ula‘ula, Pu‘u<br />
Manao, 21 Jan 1981, Warshauer & McEldowney 3142 (BISH). MAUI: Hana, Kahikinui, south slope<br />
of Haleakalā, trail 0.5 km south of Skyline drive, 19 Jun 1980, Warshauer & McEldowney 2669<br />
(BISH). rim of Ukumehame, 25 aug 1991, Wood & Periman 1174 (Mo [photo], PTBG [not seen]).<br />
O‘AHU: Wai‘anae Mountains, east facing knoll on Kamaileuna [?] ridge, 16 apr 1972, Gagne 623<br />
(BISH). Wai‘anae range, South Kaaikukai Gulch, 26 Mar 1948, Wilbur 536 (BISH).<br />
Gamochaeta pensylvanica (Willd.) cabrera New naturalized record<br />
[syn. Gnaphalium peregrinum fernald]<br />
Gamochaeta pensylvanica is found on the islands of Hawai‘i, Kaho‘olawe, Kaua‘i,<br />
lāna‘i, lehua Islet (Ni‘ihau), Maui, Mokapu Islet (Moloka‘i), Moloka‘i, Molokini Islet<br />
(Maui), and o‘ahu. Habitats include gardens, pasture, roadsides, along railroad tracks, and<br />
dry scrub at sea level to 1190(–1710) m. Gamochaeta pensylvanica is possibly native to<br />
South america but is found as a weed in many parts of the world (Nesom, 2004b). It was<br />
first collected in the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an archipelago, based on these specimens, in 1895.<br />
Gamochaeta pensylvanica can be distinguished from the other species by its leaves,<br />
which are softly pubescent on both surfaces and are usually obovate to spathulate. Harold<br />
St. John recognized the presence of this species in the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an archipelago in 1983 and<br />
annotated a number of specimens as Gnaphalium pensylvanicum (some with H.St.J. and<br />
others with no name but identical handwriting), but his identification/circumscription was<br />
not adopted by Wagner et al. (1999). The illustration in Wagner et al. (1999: Plate 27)<br />
actually represents G. pensylvanica, although it is labeled G. purpurea.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: Hawai‘i National Park, ccc camp, 2 Nov 1942, Fagerlund &<br />
Mitchell 73 (BISH). South Kohala district, east of Queen Ka‘ahumanu Highway between Mauna<br />
lani drive and Puako turn-off, 4 feb 1991, Funk s.n. (BISH). Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a, base of cliffs below<br />
Pu‘u Huluhulu, 2 May 1975, Herbst 5295 (BISH). By visitor center and main ruins of Pu‘uhonua o<br />
Hōnaunau National Historical Park, 8 apr 1984, Higashino et al. 10326 (BISH). Pu‘u Papapa paddock,<br />
Waiki‘i, South Kohala, 24 May 1938, Hosaka 2080 (BISH). North Kohala, below Kohala<br />
ranch house, 11 Jun 1929, Hosaka 2301 (BISH). Kaluamakani, slopes of Mauna Kea, 1 Jul 1909,<br />
Rock 3133 (BISH). Paauhau 3, Parker ranch, 6 Jul 1909, Rock 4619 (BISH). Holokaiea Gulch, 9 Jul<br />
1909, Rock 4621 (BISH). South Kona, Kealakekua, Tr 60(35), western slopes of Mauna loa, 3-4 km<br />
south of Kipuka Mamani and Waiio Kipuka, 4 aug 1978, Warshauer & McEldowney 2052 (BISH).<br />
KAHO‘OLAWE: Grassland on way to Moa‘ula, 21 Nov 1978, Char 78.015 (BISH). along the coast<br />
from Maka‘alae to Honoko‘a Bay, 21 apr 1980, Clarke & Corn 366 (BISH). Northwestern part of<br />
island above Maka‘alae Point, 21 apr 1980, Cuddihy & Char 326 (BISH). lua ‘o Kealialalo, 22 apr<br />
1980, Cuddihy & Char 353 (BISH) and 355 (BISH, 2). KAUA‘I: Nā Pali coast, along trail between
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BISHOP MUSEUM <strong>OCCASIONAL</strong> <strong>PAPERS</strong>: No. 113, 2012<br />
Kalalau and Hanakoa Valleys, 9 apr 1980, Corn ESP 177 (BISH). Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden,<br />
limahuli Valley, 12 Mar 1984, Flynn 791 (BISH). limahuli Garden, 0.4 mi from end of Hwy 56, 21<br />
dec 1983, Wagner et al. 5157 (BISH). LĀNA‘I: lāna‘i city, 21 aug 1963, Degener & Degener<br />
28408 (BISH). Kiei Islet on north slope, 6 apr 2006, Starr 060406-15 (BISH). LEHUA ISLET:<br />
Weathered cinder cone, common herb, 10 Jan 1992, Flynn et al. 4852 (BISH [not seen], PTBG).<br />
MAUI: ‘Ulupalakua, 13 apr 1937, Hosaka 1797 (BISH). lāhainā district, olowalu, 21 Jan 2002,<br />
Oppenheimer et al. H10211 (BISH). MOKAPU ISLET: North side of islet in open, sunny areas,<br />
locally common, 3 apr 2009, Oppenheimer & Penniman H40918 (PTBG). MOLOKA‘I: Kualapu‘u,<br />
22 feb 1948, Fosberg 29561 (BISH). Mauna loa, Pu‘u Nana, 16 apr 1937, Hosaka 1847 (BISH).<br />
MOLOKINI ISLET: 14 feb 1982, Hobdy 1239 (BISH). Molokini, center of the islet, 5 apr 2006,<br />
Starr 060405-09 (BISH). O‘AHU: Honolulu, University of Hawai‘i campus, 21 Mar 1927, Degener<br />
18446 (BISH, US [not seen]). Puuiki, locally common along railroad tracks, 24 Mar 1937, Degener<br />
& Topping 11119 (Uc, US [not seen]). Honolulu, Kaimukī, Wilhelmina rise, and Waialae ave, 24<br />
Mar 1937, Egler 37-55 (BISH). round Top on Tantalus road, 7 apr 1937, Egler 37-241 (BISH).<br />
Honouliuli, Wai‘anae Mountains, Pohakea Pass, 12 May 1933, Fosberg 9475 (BISH). Mokapu<br />
Peninsula, Pyramid rock, Hesia flats, Heleloa, 25 Mar 1933, Fosberg 10562 (BISH). Kailua,<br />
Mokulua, north islet, 16 feb 1936, Fosberg 12939 (BISH). at the base of Punchbowl, 25 Mar 1895,<br />
Heller 2002 (Uc, US [not seen]). along Punahou Street, 7 apr 1975, Herbst & Ishikawa 5269<br />
(BISH). Koko crater, Maunalua, 28 feb 1930, St. John 10406 (BISH). Honolulu, University of<br />
Hawai‘i, Mānoa campus, 4 Jan 1976, Swarbrick H-17 (BISH). Honolulu, Kaimukī, Mar 1925,<br />
Topping 3071 (Uc, US [not seen]). Unclear locality: (Mau‘i or Hawai‘i) Hosaka s.n. (BISH). 9 Mar<br />
1945, Van Zwaluenburg s.n. (BISH). [Scribble] annotated as “c.N. forbes’s handwriting, before<br />
1920” (BISH 75342).<br />
Gamochaeta simplicicaulis (Willd. ex Spreng.) cabrera New naturalized record<br />
Gamochaeta simplicicaulis is known from a single collection from Moloka‘i. It was collected<br />
on a weedy, windswept slope at 300 m. Gamochaeta simplicicaulis is native to<br />
South america, but it has naturalized in the eastern United States, australia, New Zealand,<br />
and Java (Nesom, 2004b, 2006) Based on this collection, it was first collected in the<br />
Hawai‘ian archipelago in 1987. Gamochaeta simplicicaulis can be distinguished from the<br />
other species by its large size and basal leaves; it is typically 50-85 cm tall and the basal<br />
and proximal leaves are withered at anthesis.<br />
Material examined. MOLOKA‘I: Manuahi ridge west and above Pelekunu Valley on windward<br />
side, 2 aug 1987, Wagner & Lorence 5754 (BISH, US [not seen]).<br />
Key to the Species of Gamochaeta in the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Archipelago<br />
1. leaves weakly bicolored, both surfaces pubescent and grayish-green, the abaxial surface only<br />
weakly or moderately more pubescent and grayer, obovate to spathulate; proximal bracts of the inflorescence<br />
axis extending beyond the heads, also typically obovate to spathulate; cypselae smooth with<br />
scattered papillate hairs (visible at 40×) ….. G. pensylvanica<br />
1. leaves strongly bicolored, the adaxial surface conspicuously greener than the abaxial surface, adaxial<br />
surface grayish-green, green, or yellowish-green, sparsely arachnose to glabrous, abaxial surface<br />
gray or white, pannose; proximal bracts of the inflorescence axis extending beyond the heads or not,<br />
linear-lanceolate to oblanceolate-obovate (infrequently spathulate); cypselae with alveolate (honey -<br />
combed) surface, also with scattered papillate hairs (visible at 40×)<br />
2. Plants (30–)50–85 cm tall; clusters of small leaves present in the lower leaf axils; inner<br />
phyllaries linear or narrowly oblong; apices of inner phyllaries acute-acuminate …. G.<br />
simplicicaulis
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 5<br />
2. Plants 10–50 cm tall; clusters of small leaves absent in the leaf axils; inner phyllaries<br />
narrowly elliptic to oblong; apices of inner phyllaries acute, obtuse, or rounded, often<br />
apiculate<br />
3. Basal leaves (rosette) usually persistent and healthy at anthesis; involucres<br />
3.0–3.5 mm high …. G. argyrinea<br />
3. Basal leaves often withered at anthesis, rosette sometimes not obvious;<br />
involucres 4.0–4.5 mm tall<br />
4. lower and midcauline leaves subclasping or decurrent; adaxial<br />
surface of the leaves usually glabrous to glabrate, lacking bumpy<br />
remnants of trichome bases …. G. americana<br />
4. leaves not subclasping or decurrent; adaxial surface of the leaves<br />
grayish-green, with remnants of trichome bases that resemble cystoliths,<br />
small pieces of sand, or glassy bumps …. G. purpurea<br />
Acknowledgments<br />
Many thanks to Guy l. Nesom for ongoing discussions about the taxonomy of Gamo chaeta,<br />
for first suggesting G. americana and G. simplicicaulis based on specimen photos, for<br />
retrieving information from the Uc herbarium, and for providing feedback on a draft of this<br />
paper. Thanks also to the staff at BISH, especially amanda Napua Harbottle and clyde<br />
Imada, who showed warm hospitality and made my quickly arranged visit useful, to John<br />
Pruski for providing photos and comments about the specimens in the Missouri Botanical<br />
Garden (Mo) herbarium, to Tim flynn for providing photos of specimens at PTBG, to Peter<br />
fraissinet (BH) and Nancy Kahn (US)for providing help with the literature, and to carl E.<br />
lewis (fTG) and the fairchild Tropical Botanical Garden, without whom the serendipitous<br />
visit to the <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> would not have been possible.<br />
Literature Cited<br />
Cameron, K. 2010. dNa evidence for the recognition of several species of cudweeds<br />
(Gamochaeta, asteraceae) in the eastern United States. Undergraduate Honors<br />
Thesis, University of Southern Mississippi. 25 pp.<br />
Gleason, H.A. & Cronquist, A. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United<br />
States and adjacent Canada. 2nd ed. New York Botanical Garden Press, New York.<br />
910 pp.<br />
Hillebrand, W. 1888. Flora of the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands: a description of their phanerogams<br />
and vascular cryptogams. Williams & Norgate, london. 673 pp.<br />
Nesom, G.L. 2004a. New species of Gamochaeta (asteraceae: Gnaphalieae) from the<br />
eastern United States and comments on similar species. Sida 21(2): 717–741.<br />
———. 2004b. New distribution records for Gamochaeta (asteraceae: Gnaphalieae) in<br />
the United States. Sida 21(2): 1175-1185.<br />
———. 2006. Gamochaeta. Pp. 431-438 IN: flora of North america Editorial<br />
committee. Flora of North America. Vol. 19: Magnoliophyta: asteridae, part 6:<br />
asteraceae, part 1. oxford University Press, New York.<br />
Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R. & Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of<br />
Hawai‘i. revised edition. 2 vols. University of Hawai‘i Press & <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong><br />
Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp.<br />
———., Herbst, D.R. & Lorence, D.H. 2005 onwards. flora of the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands<br />
website. http://botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflora/index.htm [ac -<br />
cessed 15 November 2011]
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BISHOP MUSEUM <strong>OCCASIONAL</strong> <strong>PAPERS</strong>: No. 113, 2012<br />
———., Shannon, R. & Herbst, D.R. 1997. contributions to the flora of Hawai‘i. VI.<br />
<strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 48: 51–65.<br />
Wood, K.R. & LeGrande, M. 2006. an annotated checklist and new island records of<br />
flowering plants from lehua Islet, Ni‘ihau, Hawai‘i. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional<br />
Papers 87: 19–29.
Records of the <strong>Hawaii</strong> <strong>Biological</strong> <strong>Survey</strong> for 2011. Edited by<br />
Neal L. Evenhuis & Lucius G. Eldredge. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong><br />
Occasional Papers 113: 7–26 (2012)<br />
New plant records from O‘ahu for 2009 1<br />
alEx laU 2 & daNIEllE froHlIcH 2<br />
O‘ahu Early Detection, <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong>, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96817-2704;<br />
emails: alex.lau@bishopmuseum.org; danielle.frohlich@bishopmuseum.org<br />
o‘ahu Early detection here documents 31 new naturalized records, 6 new state records,<br />
and 12 new island records. In addition to our own collections, we report on records of naturalization<br />
noted by other agencies during 2009. a total of 34 plant families are discussed.<br />
The majority of these records are the result of surveys of public roadside areas and therefore<br />
often document naturalization of ornamental plants escaping cultivation. Several others<br />
however are collections made by natural resource management agencies doing surveys<br />
well away from general cultivation, and represent escapes from plant introductions for the<br />
purposes of forestry as well as escaped ornamentals. a few accidental introductions are<br />
also noted.<br />
Information regarding the formerly known distribution of flowering plants is based on<br />
the Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai‘i (Wagner et al. 1999) and information subsequently<br />
published in the Records of the <strong>Hawaii</strong> <strong>Biological</strong> <strong>Survey</strong>. Voucher specimens are<br />
deposited at <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong>’s Herbarium Pacificum (BISH), Honolulu, Hawai‘i.<br />
Apocynaceae<br />
Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) a. dc. New naturalized record<br />
Carissa macrocarpa, a commonly cultivated plant in Hawai‘i first collected in the early<br />
1990s, is a multiple-stemmed shrub from 3–18 ft tall with y-shaped thorns, leaf petioles<br />
0.25–0.38 cm long; blades broadly to narrowly ovate or subcircular, 2.54–7.00 cm by<br />
1.65–5.08 cm, thick, shiny, and glabrous. Inflorescence is one to few-flowered; flowers<br />
are jasmine-scented, sepals triangular, corolla white, with pinwheel-shaped limb. fruit is<br />
ellipsoid and red (Staples & Herbst 2005). one individual of this species was found in a<br />
Leucaena-dominated coastal habitat, having possibly spread from a nearby neighborhood.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Marine corps Base Hawai‘i. dry coastal zone habitat. 4 ft tall<br />
sprawling sapling in dense Leucaena overstory; no flowers or fruits seen - one individual. This species<br />
is common in cultivation and produces viable seed, 5 aug 2009, OED 2009080502.<br />
Stemmadenia litoralis (Kunth) l. allorge New naturalized record<br />
also known as lechoso, this species is native from Mexico to colombia and is occasional<br />
to common in cultivation in Hawai‘i. first collected in Hawai‘i in 1940, introduced as<br />
an ornamental shade and street tree, it is a small tree to 20 ft tall with usually glabrous,<br />
elliptic, 2.0–10.5" by 0.8–4.5" leaves; 1–10-flowered inflorescences; fragrant white flowers<br />
to about 3" with a yellow throat. The fruit is a paired, curved-ellipsoid, thick walled,<br />
orange to yellow capsule containing seeds which are embedded in a pulpy red aril. It is<br />
usually propagated by seed (Staples & Herbst 2005). This species is not well documented<br />
as naturalized anywhere else in the world but here was noted naturalizing in roadside<br />
1. contribution No. 2012-010 to the <strong>Hawaii</strong> <strong>Biological</strong> <strong>Survey</strong>.<br />
2. research associate, department of Natural Sciences, <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong>, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawai‘i<br />
96817-2704, USa.<br />
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mesic secondary forest in the Tantalus area of o‘ahu, where individuals of all size classes<br />
were scattered in a somewhat localized area, growing in shady understory as well as<br />
more exposed roadside locations, spreading by apparently bird dispersed seed. It is<br />
unclear whether it had originally been planted in the area or if it had spread from cultivated<br />
trees in home gardens downslope from the naturalization site. Parker & Parsons<br />
(this volume) report this species as naturalized on Hawai‘i Island.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Tantalus (UTM 2359020, 622051). Tree about 8 ft tall with milky<br />
white sap, no flowers; fruit orange, dehiscent, seeds covered in red aril. one mature, many smaller<br />
individuals of varying sizes in the understory, 8 Jan 2009, OED 2009010802.<br />
Araliaceae<br />
Tetrapanax papyrifer (Hook.) K. Koch New naturalized record<br />
rice-paper plant is native to Taiwan and possibly china, though it is widely cultivated<br />
throughout asia both for its white stem pith to produce such things as artificial flowers<br />
and for its ornamental value. first collected in Hawai‘i in 1927, this species is a clumpforming<br />
shrub with upright stems to 20 ft tall arising from rhizomes. The large, 5–11<br />
lobed, petiolate, soft leaves are dull green above and whitish hairy below, the central lobe<br />
and midvein Y-forked at the apex. The brownish hairy inflorescences are 3–4 branched<br />
with small umbels of 4- or 5-parted flowers (Staples & Herbst 2005). Tetrapanax papyri -<br />
fer was observed occasionally in the Tantalus area of o‘ahu near trailheads, roadside locations,<br />
home gardens with mixed ornamentals and naturalized secondary forest species,<br />
and as very small individuals sprouting out of gravel driveways. Parker & Parsons (this<br />
volume) report this species as naturalized on Hawai‘i Island.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Tantalus on round Top drive (UTM 2358758, 622883). Wet lowland<br />
residential area, 0.4 m tall sapling, producing suckers at base. No flowers or fruit. Several<br />
saplings growing out of gravel driveway, as well as across the street along roadside. occasional in<br />
neighborhood, 9 Jan 2009, OED 2009010901.<br />
Arecaceae<br />
Licuala spinosa Wurmb New naturalized record<br />
This species, native to Indonesia, is a clump-forming fan palm to 10 feet tall with fronds<br />
more or less circular in outline. It looks similar to the more common Licuala grandis but<br />
differs in having its fronds divided nearly to the base. This species was first collected in<br />
Hawai‘i from foster Botanical Garden in 1949. It was noted here very sparingly naturalized<br />
sprouting from a hedged row of adventive and naturalized Tabebuia heterophylla<br />
saplings, as well as other naturalized species and garden escapes near foster Botanical<br />
Garden (Henderson 2009; Hodel 2009).<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Vineyard Blvd, across from foster Garden. Growing in mixed<br />
Tabebuia hedge in lowland urban setting. Juvenile about 2 ft tall, no flowers or fruit, 8 aug 2008,<br />
OED 2008080801.<br />
Asclepiadaceae<br />
Cryptostegia grandiflora roxb. ex r. Br. New naturalized record<br />
This species is endemic to the dry southwestern portion of Madagascar and was first collected<br />
in Hawai‘i in 1930. a related species more common in cultivation in Hawai‘i,<br />
Cryptostegia madagascariensis, had long been misidentified in Hawai‘i as C. grandiflora.<br />
True C. grandiflora differs in having smaller, more numerous lenticels, larger corollas<br />
from 2.0–2.5" long, distinctive 2 lobed corona filaments, and larger fruit from 4.00–6.25"
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 9<br />
long (Staples & Herbst 2005). This species is rarely cultivated on o‘ahu. It is considered<br />
one of australia’s worst weeds and invades native ecosystems, riparian areas and pastures,<br />
forming impenetrable thickets and smothering vegetation. It was noted as well distributed<br />
and established in dry lowland kiawe forest and shrubland in Kalaeloa, o‘ahu. Its seeds<br />
are easily wind and water-dispersed in riparian areas.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Kalaeloa (UTM 0596880, 2355735), dry coastal mixed alien<br />
shrubland. Vine, sprawling over Leucaena up to 12 ft tall. corollas whitish pink inside, striated medium<br />
lavender outside, corona filaments bilobed. No scent. Seen naturalized widely in area, 16 Jun<br />
2009, OED 2009061601.<br />
Asteraceae<br />
Centratherum punctatum cass.<br />
subsp. punctatum New island record<br />
This garden escape has been collected on most of the main islands, including Kaua‘i,<br />
Moloka‘i, lāna‘i, Maui, Hawai‘i, and now o‘ahu. It was found growing between cracks<br />
in a sidewalk in a well-populated urban setting. due to its ornamental nature, this species<br />
likely is more commonly naturalized and tolerated where it spreads.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Wai‘alae Iki, lowland residential area. one individual growing<br />
out of crack in sidewalk. Semi-woody herb about 0.5 m tall with bright purple flowers. Many fruiting<br />
heads seen, with small, dark brown achenes, 19 Mar 2009, OED 2009031901.<br />
Delairea odorata lem. New island record<br />
Delairea odorata is a popular ornamental vine native to South america which has escaped<br />
cultivation in many parts of the world, including california, New Zealand, australia, and<br />
Hawai‘i. In the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands, it was previously collected on Maui, lāna‘i, and Hawai‘i.<br />
It was recently found on o‘ahu spreading down a residential road in the understory of a<br />
dense lowland secondary forest. Efforts to control this population are underway.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Pālehua, UTM 2365720, 593333. climbing up nearby shrub in<br />
mixed naturalized Plectranthus verticillatus groundcover. Vine patch 10 × 10 ft. flowers yellow, in<br />
axillary and terminal cymes. copious seeds, 12 May 2009, OED 2009051206.<br />
Vernonia elliptica dc. New naturalized record<br />
Vernonia elliptica, a vining plant native to India, Myanmar, and Thailand, is occasionally<br />
cultivated in Hawai‘i. although a local newspaper article in the 1970s suggested this plant<br />
be cultivated along roads and highways as a privacy screen, it is unclear how many plantings<br />
of this species occurred here as a result (Staples & Herbst 2005). This species can be<br />
distinguished by its straggling, vining habit, silvery leaves, and axillary clusters of sweetly<br />
scented discoid flower heads (Peng 2004; Staples & Herbst 2005). It was found spreading<br />
from its original planting on a side road close to a main highway.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Keolu, UTM 2363599, 631210. climbing over Leucaena in lowland<br />
residential setting. Vine 10 × 20 ft, numerous small achenes, 6 May 2009, OED 2009050605.<br />
Bignoniaceae<br />
Catalpa longissima (Jacq.) dum. cours. New naturalized record<br />
The species’ ease of cultivation, fast growth, and adaptability make it a popular species in<br />
many parts of the world, including Hawai‘i (Staples & Herbst 2005). This is the first naturalized<br />
collection of this species in the state, where it was found sparingly naturalized in<br />
roadside areas, having spread from abundant street tree plantings in the area. dis -
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tinguishing features of Catalpa longissima include elliptic-lanceolate leaves arranged<br />
opposite each other or in whorls of three and few-flowered inflorescences with bellshaped,<br />
inch long flowers with yellow and sometimes purple markings in the throat.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Kaimukī neighborhood, near 12th and Harding avenue, UTM<br />
2353760, 624445. dry lowland residential area. Growing under a water heater within a narrow<br />
fenced area near restaurant. Tree about 6 m tall, flowers white with purple streaks in inner corolla,<br />
petals ruffled. fruit about 12 in long, tapered at tip. This species is used as a street tree in the neighborhood<br />
and is occasionally seen naturalized here, 5 Mar 2009, OED 2009030501.<br />
Mansoa hymenaea (dc.) a.H. Gentry New naturalized record<br />
Mansoa hymenaea, a plant native to central and South america, is a moderately popular<br />
species in cultivation in Hawai‘i (first collected in 1938). This plant can be distinguished<br />
by its strong garlic odor (which gives it the common name “Garlic vine”), compound<br />
leaves with two leaflets, three-forked tendrils, and lavender to magenta corollas (Staples<br />
& Herbst 2005). Several seedlings were found naturalized near an abandoned homesite.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: ‘Ewa Beach, UTM 2359503, 599362. In weedy abandoned field<br />
with Spathodea, Mangifera, Bouganvillea. Seedling about 0.5 m tall. flowers magenta, bell-shaped,<br />
terminal. No fruits. Several scattered seedlings, one medium-sized individual in area, 19 Jun 2009,<br />
OED 2009061901.<br />
Blechnaceae<br />
Blechnum orientale l. New state record<br />
This fern, which is native to tropical asia, australia, and some Pacific Islands, was found<br />
in two separate locations on the island of o‘ahu. This species was previously unknown<br />
from Hawai‘i, either naturalized or in cultivation. It is unclear how it may have arrived<br />
here, although some gardening sites have mentioned its cultivation in the Philippines and<br />
other tropical locales (dave’s Garden 2005; carter 2010). It is documented here as sparingly<br />
naturalized in mostly open but also partially shaded areas of a lowland mesic windward<br />
o‘ahu ridge in mixed native and nonnative vegetation. The description of this<br />
species, taken from the Flora of Taiwan:<br />
“caudex short, erect, densely covered with linear-lanceolate, dark brown scales. Stipes<br />
tufted, shorter than laminae, 30–60 cm long, scaly at base when young; fronds pinnate;<br />
pinnae linear-lanceolate, wide spreading, glabrous; median pinnae 10 to 40 cm long, to 1.8<br />
cm wide, base of pinnae adnate on lower side, free on upper side; veins free, parallel, simple<br />
or forking from near costa. Sori costal, linear, reaching from base nearly to apex; indusia<br />
very narrow”(Peng 2004).<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Kahalu‘u-‘Āhuimanu dividing ridge. along ridge crest trail about<br />
50 ft above a dilapidated hogwire fence. The surrounding vegetation: Sphenomeris chinensis, Wik -<br />
stroemia oahuensis, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, and Psidium cattleianum, 1 Jan 2009, K. Kawelo<br />
USArmy 104.<br />
Boraginaceae<br />
Cordia alliodora (ruiz & Pav.) oken New naturalized record<br />
Cordia alliodora, a plant native to central america, is valued as a tree crop in many areas<br />
for its dark, easy-to-work wood (Burns & Honkala 1990). However, on many of the<br />
Pacific islands where this species was introduced, it has become a serious invasive pest<br />
(Bakeo & Qarani 2003). as their report from Vanuatu stated:
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 11<br />
“The introduction of this central american tree is a classic example of an aid programme<br />
gone wrong, especially now that there is no lucrative market to sell the 800 hectares of<br />
stock planted. Cordia alliodora was introduced with the best intentions, but failed to live<br />
up to expectations for various reasons, probably linked to climatic differences between<br />
central america and Vanuatu. It is becoming a nuisance as it slowly penetrates natural<br />
forests. It is a species that is multiplying at a faster rate than it is being harvested.<br />
communities on a number of islands, particularly, Eromango and Maewo, have made formal<br />
complaints. Cordia alliodora is widely distributed, meaning that if unchecked it could<br />
trigger an immense biodiversity problem” (Bakeo & Qarani 2003).<br />
This collection of Cordia alliodora represents the first record of naturalization for this<br />
species in the state. It is unclear how the species was introduced to the area. It was locally<br />
common within a 200 m radius. Individuals of varying sizes were seen, many established<br />
in deep shade, growing in riparian areas including in the bed of a seasonal stream,<br />
valley floors and slopes, as well as seedlings and saplings growing among the stones of a<br />
maintained heiau. It is also reported to be naturalized in Waimea Botanical Garden.<br />
Cordia alliodora can be distinguished by its oblong or lanceolate to elliptic leaf blades,<br />
10–20 × 3–8 cm, stellate-pilose or glabrate on both surfaces; loosely-branched inflorescences,<br />
10–30 cm across; cylindric, densely stellate-tomentose calyx, 4–6 mm long with<br />
10 prominent ribs; white (drying to brown and persisting) corolla with lobes 5–7 mm<br />
long; and cylindrical fruit about 5 mm long, enveloped by the persistent corolla and calyx<br />
tube (Smith 1991).<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Mākaha Valley, along road to Kāne‘ākī Heiau, UTM 584242,<br />
2376748. Mesic lowland secondary forest. Tree about 15 ft tall, branch nodes swollen and hollow,<br />
ant domatia. fruits within a dry, persistent corolla which is both wind dispersed and buoyant. Species<br />
is very common within about 200 m radius, there may be more further up the valley. Individuals of<br />
various sizes seen; grows to a height of 50–70 ft. Has been planted as a forestry species in Hawai‘i<br />
(from Skolman.), 10 feb 2009, OED 2009021001.<br />
Bromeliaceae<br />
Werauhia sanguinolenta (cogn. & Marchal) J.r. Grant New state record<br />
Werauhia sanguinolenta (a name which is sometimes considered to be a synonym of<br />
Vriesea sanguinolenta cogn. & Marchal) grows from around sea level to 1200 m in its<br />
native range, which extends from costa rica to Ecuador and the Greater antilles. one<br />
individual of this epiphytic species, which has never been collected (either naturalized or<br />
cultivated) in the state, was found growing in a Citharexylum caudatum thicket several<br />
hundred meters from the nearest home site. In addition, several individuals (2–5 matures,<br />
and 6–10 immature) were found apparently reproducing and spreading in a yard down the<br />
road from the naturalization site. The description for this species, from flora Neotropica,<br />
is as follows:<br />
“Plant flowering 1–2 m high. leaves about 10 in a dense rosette, suberect, 6–7 dm long,<br />
green, usually with large irregular spots of deep red especially near the base, obscurely<br />
punctulate-lepidote; sheaths ovate-elliptic, the same color as the blades but slightly broader;<br />
blades ligulate, acute or subrounded with a long apiculus, 8–10 cm wide. Scape erect,<br />
greatly exceeding the leaves, well over 1 cm in diameter at the summit, glabrous; scapebracts<br />
erect, imbricate, very broadly ovate, acute or the lower ones triangular-laminate,<br />
glabrous, even, thick, coriaceous. Inflorescence simple or few-branched, to 4 dm long; primary<br />
bracts suberect, like the upper scape-bracts, covering only the sterile bases of the<br />
branches; branches suberect, secundly 11–15-flowered, the lateral ones 25 cm long with 1<br />
or 2 sterile bracts at the base, the terminal one nearly 4 dm long with a sterile base as long
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as the fertile part and appearing like a continuation of the scape; rhachis to 10 mm in diameter,<br />
flexuous, strongly 4-angled, glabrous, dark, its internodes narrowly obconical. floral<br />
bracts becoming secund with the flowers, broadly elliptic to suborbicular, abruptly acute,<br />
to 5 cm long, some and usually all more than twice as long as the internodes, glabrous,<br />
even, rigid, coriaceous, green, drying to light brown, incurved and carinate toward apex;<br />
flowers spreading and downwardly secund; pedicels very stout, to 12 mm long. Sepals<br />
very broadly elliptic or ovate, obtuse or broadly acute, 30–45 mm long, rigid, coriaceous,<br />
even and glabrous outside, striate and punctulate-lepidote within; petals white, slightly<br />
exceeding the stamens, bearing 2 scales at base”(Smith & downs 1977).<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Ka‘alaea Valley, left side. Mesic streamside. Primary vegetation:<br />
Citharexylum caudatum and Hibiscus tiliaceus. Epiphytic bromeliad growing on Citharexylum caudatum<br />
about 5 ft from ground level. rosette about 1.5 m across and tall. Blades burgundy red, becoming<br />
greenish at ligulate base. apex apiculate, the tip curling to form a “spine.” Single individual in<br />
this area, among a dense Citharexylum caudatum thicket, several hundred m from nearest house. This<br />
species was also seen reproducing/spreading (2–5 matures, 6–10 immatures) in a yard at the end of<br />
Kamakoi road, where it may have been originally planted, 17 Jul 2009, OED s.n. (BISH 741558).<br />
Campanulaceae<br />
Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) a. dc. New naturalized record<br />
Platycodon grandiflorus, a native of northeastern asia, has been a popular ornamental<br />
since its introduction to horticulture in the late 1700s (Staples & Herbst 2005). despite its<br />
long-time cultivation elsewhere, the first collection of this species from Hawai‘i was in<br />
1951. distinguishing features for this species include thick, fleshy rhizomes, erect solitary<br />
flowers on long stalks with greatly inflated purple, blue, pink, or white buds (lending this<br />
species its common name of “Balloon flower”) and capsule fruit which opens at the apex<br />
by 5 valves (Staples & Herbst 2005).<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Mānoa, UTM 2357198, 622786. Growing with Vinca out of rock<br />
wall near drainage pipe. Herb about 25 cm tall. flowers campanulate, open, bright purple, fruit a<br />
beaked capsule, 31 oct 2008, OED 2008103101.<br />
Capparaceae<br />
Capparis mollicella Standl. New naturalized record<br />
Capparis mollicella, an attractive tree native to Mexico and central america (Zamora et<br />
al. 2000), is known to have been planted at two sites on o‘ahu- at Schofield Barracks,<br />
between buildings 672 and 673 (Staples & Ching 1179, 15 apr 1999, BISH) and at the<br />
foot of diamond Head, near Kapi‘olani Park (Neal 1239, 7 aug 1947, BISH). This collection<br />
was from a sparingly naturalized population of around 18 individuals of various<br />
size classes found outside the fence bordering Wheeler air force Base. Capparis mollicella<br />
is a tree species that reaches 5–8 m high. Branches are glabrous; leaves are simple,<br />
alternate, and glabrous, usually rounded-ovate, (6–) 12–30 by (2.5–) 5.5–27.5 cm, leaf<br />
apices are acute to apiculate, bases are cordate, truncate or obtuse, and petioles vary in<br />
size from 1 to 25 cm long. Terminal inflorescences are corymbose, with 12 to 20 flowers.<br />
flowers are pink to purple, large, on pedicels from 7.0–10.5 cm long, stamens numerous.<br />
fruits are a pendulous berry, from 4 to 12 cm long (Zamora et al. 2000).<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Kunia rd, UTM 2357198, 622786. Growing in weedy hillside<br />
along outside of Wheeler afB fence. Tree about 18 ft tall. flowers with thick white petals, lavender<br />
in center, citrusy scent. fruits seemingly immature, smell like body odor. Several individuals (about<br />
19) of varying size classes in localized area, 1 oct 2009, OED 2009100101.
HBS Records for 2009–2010 — Part II: Plants 13<br />
Chrysobalanaceae<br />
Chrysobalanus icaco l. New naturalized record<br />
Chrysobalanus icaco, or coco-plum, is native to coastal areas of southern florida and the<br />
Bahamas throughout the caribbean, as well as Mexico, central america, and northern<br />
South america (francis 2011). It has become a serious invader in the Seychelles, where<br />
it was planted for erosion control (Meyer 2000). It is reported to form dense thickets that<br />
prevent native plant regeneration (Smith 1991). It is unclear how popular this plant is in<br />
cultivation in Hawai‘i, but its further use in horticulture should be discouraged. dis -<br />
tinguishing characters for this species include alternate leaves, inflorescences in a panicle<br />
with 5-parted flowers, with a basal style. The fruit is a fleshy drupe with a hard pit.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: lower lā‘ie falls Trail, on eroded slope mauka of Casuarina<br />
forestry planting. dry lowland eroded red dirt slope, nonnative secondary forest. Shrub about a meter<br />
tall. fruits round, green, maturing from white to bluish pink. Sparingly naturalized in area, spreading<br />
downslope in wash areas from presumed erosion control plantings. about 50 individuals of various<br />
sizes in area, 15 dec 2009, OED 2009121501.<br />
Convolvulaceae<br />
Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Bojer New island record<br />
This expansive vining climber, with its distinctive densely pubescent leaves, is occasional<br />
in cultivation in Hawai‘i. It has been previously collected as naturalized on both Kaua‘i and<br />
Maui. on o‘ahu, it was found along a roadside in the understory of a mixed nonnative forest<br />
in a residential area. This species is often seen growing along roadsides where its planting<br />
status is unclear, so the extent of its naturalized range on o‘ahu is also unclear.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Keolu, UTM 2363799, 630103. lowland mixed forest. Vine<br />
seedling about 0.25 m tall, no flowers or fruit, 6 May 2009, OED 2009050603.<br />
Ipomoea carnea Jacq. subsp. fistulosa<br />
(Mart. ex choisy) d.f. austin New naturalized record<br />
This shrubby member of the Morning glory family, popular in cultivation worldwide for its<br />
large, showy flowers and ease of cultivation (Staples & Herbst 2005), has become a problem<br />
species in many places it has been introduced. In India it has become a pest of littoral<br />
areas, ponds, and other aquatic sites (chaudhurp et al. 1994). Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa<br />
is adaptable to a variety of soil types and is resistant to neglect and drought (Staples and<br />
Herbst 2005). all plant parts have been observed to be poisonous to livestock (de Balogh et<br />
al. 1999; Staples & Herbst 2005). distinguishing features of this subspecies include its<br />
shrubby habit, hollow, erect stems, and deep pink to rose purple, funnel-shaped corollas<br />
(Herbst et al. 2004). It was found naturalizing in several locations in a dry lowland residential<br />
area on o‘ahu and collected growing out of a crack in a sidewalk.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Kaimukī, UTM 2353659, 623809. dry lowland residential area.<br />
Growing out of crack in driveway- repeatedly cut back to base. Shrub about a meter tall, sparingly<br />
branched, corollas lavender, darker towards the center. Species is occasional in the neighborhood,<br />
presumably both cultivated and naturalized, 6 Mar 2009, OED 2009030601.<br />
Crassulaceae<br />
Crassula multicava lem. New island record<br />
Crassula multicava, an attractive plant used as a groundcover, grows better in Hawai‘i at<br />
higher elevations. It was first collected as cultivated in Hawai‘i in 1940 and was first
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found naturalizing in Waimea canyon State Park on Kaua‘i in 1994. on o‘ahu, it was<br />
found spreading down a road in the understory of an upcountry residential area.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Pālehua road, 2400 ft. Primary groundcover in Eucalyptus forest.<br />
low-growing herb, about 10–20 cm, immature flowers with pink buds. fruits not yet present.<br />
Potential escaped yard plant across the road from cabin, 16 Mar 2009, J. Beachy US Army 134.<br />
Kalanchoe beharensis drake New naturalized record<br />
Kalanchoe beharensis, which is grown as a specimen plant for its unusual, felt-like<br />
wooly-hairy foliage and long-lasting flowers (Staples & Herbst 2005) does not appear to<br />
have been collected as naturalized anywhere else in the world (randall 2007).<br />
Nonetheless, this species is easily propagated by cuttings, and fallen leaves root easily<br />
(Staples & Herbst 2005). It is very likely this collection of a naturalized individual came<br />
from discarded yard clippings tossed onto a dry hillside. Several individuals of varying<br />
size classes were seen. distinguishing characteristics of this species include wooly leaves,<br />
knobby trunk, and triangular, strongly concave leaves.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Pālolo Valley, near intersection of Ka‘au St and Mokuna Pl.<br />
lowland mesic/dry residential setting. 1.5 m shrub, no flowers or fruit on specimen. Several individuals<br />
growing on dry, rocky slope, 3 oct 2008, D. Frohlich and A. Lau OED 2008100301.<br />
Cupressaceae<br />
Callitris endlicheri (Parl.) f.M. Bailey New naturalized record<br />
Callitris endlicheri, or Black cypress, a gymnosperm that grows widely in shallow soils<br />
on rocky sites in its native range of southeastern australia (Mccarthy 1998), has begun to<br />
spread in central o‘ahu. Though it was planted on Kaua‘i, Maui, and Hawai‘i Island for<br />
forestry, there are no records of o‘ahu plantings of this species between 1910 and 1960<br />
(Skolmen 1980). Callitris endlicheri has been collected from large monotypic patches in<br />
the Schofield Barracks West range; one collection came from the south ridge of<br />
Mohiākea Gulch and the other from near a firebreak in the vicinity of the gulch (collected<br />
in January 2012 and not accessioned.) distinguishing features for this tree include<br />
strongly keeled leaves and female cones with a small dorsal point near the apex<br />
(Mccarthy 1998).<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Schofield Barracks West range, South ridge of Mohiākea.<br />
Mixed alien koa forest. Evergreen tree about 10 m tall. actively spreading in the area, forming dense<br />
patches and excluding other species. New naturalized record, 28 Jan 2009, J. Rohrer US Army 107.<br />
Fabaceae<br />
Albizia niopoides (Benth.) Burkart New naturalized record<br />
Albizia niopoides is a rarely planted, introduced species in Hawai‘i, known only from two<br />
locations on o‘ahu. It was first collected in 1999 from Schofield Barracks, although the<br />
tree height at the time was estimated to be 80 ft, so the date of introduction would have<br />
been much earlier. It is also known from Makiki Heights, perhaps originally planted and<br />
now spreading, forming a dense thicket under the largest tree where saplings grow in<br />
dense shade. Smaller trees were also located in the area. It may grow to a large size (30<br />
m), often with very light grey bark. It is further characterized by bipinnately compound<br />
leaves with 6 or more pairs of pinnae. The leaflets are closely spaced, 7–9 mm long by 1<br />
(up to 2) mm wide. The leaf rachis is channeled, with a nectary at the distal end. Stipules<br />
are 6–7 mm long, setiform, and deciduous. Young twigs are greenish or yellowish with<br />
sparse lenticels (flores 2002).
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 15<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Makiki Heights on left side of road heading up to dofaW baseyard.<br />
lowland mesic secondary forest, growing with forestry species. 12–14 m tall tree. Hundreds of<br />
saplings growing in dense shade, forming a dense thicket, 25 aug 2009, OED 2000082501.<br />
Albizia saponaria (lour.) Blume ex Miq. New island record<br />
Albizia saponaria is a rarely cultivated tree, first collected in Hawai‘i in 1915, grown primarily<br />
on large estates in Honolulu. It was also planted in the Waimānalo forest reserve<br />
on o‘ahu (Skolmen 1980). It has been collected as naturalized on Kaua‘i in one location,<br />
where about 100 plants were found spread over several acres (lorence & Wagner 1995).<br />
on o‘ahu, a population covering a 30 × 50 m area was found in Schofield Barracks.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Schofield Barracks East range at Pineapple Gate, north side of<br />
gate. Tree about 5–7 m tall. Whitish truck about 15 cm dia. root suckers forming as a result of weed<br />
whacker damage. about 50 × 30 m infestation, 26 May 2009, J. Beachy & K. Kawelo US Army 157.<br />
Erythrina crista-galli l. New naturalized record<br />
a native of South america, Erythrina crista-galli has been widely planted throughout the<br />
tropics and subtropics worldwide, often as a shade or street tree. It was introduced to<br />
Hawai‘i by 1913, and is now a commonly planted tree on o‘ahu. It can be distinguished<br />
from other Erythrina species in Hawai‘i by its glabrous leaves with usually spiny petioles,<br />
its terminal, drooping inflorescences that appear with the leaves, and dark red corollas<br />
(Staples & Herbst 2005). It is commonly cultivated and is becoming widely naturalized in<br />
riparian areas in New South Wales (Harden 1991). It was found very sparingly naturalized<br />
in a dry lowland gulch in Wai‘alae Iki. Because this tree is so common in cultivation, it<br />
should be monitored for signs of further spread, particularly into natural areas. in this<br />
Parker & Parsons (this volume) report this species as naturalized on Hawai‘i Island.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Wai‘alae Iki, UTM 628569, 2353925, 2.5 m tall sapling growing<br />
in a dry stream bed just before a concrete drainage ditch. Seen this species in several roadside growing<br />
situations where planting status unclear. 19 Mar 2009, OED 2009031903.<br />
Glycine microphylla Tindale New state record<br />
This species is native to australia, where it is has been given the appropriate common<br />
name Small-leaf glycine. It can be distinguished from other species of Glycine in Hawai‘i,<br />
as well as many other vining members of the fabaceae family in Hawai‘i, by the following<br />
characters: “a scrambling habit; stems stoloniferous, ± glabrous or hairy with weak<br />
white or light brown hairs; leaves weakly pinnately 3-foliate, leaflets of upper leaves narrow-lanceolate<br />
to lanceolate, 1.5–5.0 cm long, 1–6 mm wide; leaflets of lower leaves ±<br />
obovate to ± elliptic, 0.4–5.0 cm long, mostly 2–9 mm wide; hairy with short, white,<br />
appressed hairs; stipels present on terminal petiolule; racemes 5–13-flowered, 2.0–2.5<br />
times as long as leaves; calyx glabrous or sparsely hairy, 3 lower sepals shorter than the<br />
tube; standard 4.5–8.0 mm long, usually pinkish to purple; pod straight, ± linear, 1.5–2.7<br />
cm long, 2.5–3.5 mm wide, without purple flecks, sparsely strigose; seeds 3–6" (Harden<br />
1992). Plants in the field were particularly small statured, climbing no higher than a half<br />
meter, and usually forming mats along the ground in partially shaded areas. However, floras<br />
do not describe the variability in height or stem length.<br />
Small-leaf glycine does not appear to have been purposefully or even accidentally<br />
introduced anywhere outside its native range prior to the collection referred to here. It was<br />
found sparingly naturalized, forming a small patch at the revegetated site at castle<br />
Junction near Kailua, o‘ahu. The most likely means of introduction seems to be acciden-
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BISHOP MUSEUM <strong>OCCASIONAL</strong> <strong>PAPERS</strong>: No. 113, 2012<br />
tal, where seeds of this species got into shipments of hydromulch (sourced from australia)<br />
used for revegetating the slope.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: castle Junction along Kalaniana‘ole Hwy, on east side of revegetated<br />
hill. Mesic lowland roadside. open, revegetated area. Prostrate vine with trifoliate leaves. This<br />
possibly arrived as hydromulch contaminant when area was recently landscaped/revegetated. Seed<br />
mix came from australia, 7 Nov 2008, B. Azama s.n (BISH 736233).<br />
Kummerowia striata (Thunb.) Schindl. New island record<br />
This species from china, a low growing (up to 18") herb, was first collected on the Big<br />
Island in a Parker ranch pasture in 1923. It escaped notice, or at least collection, until<br />
being found again on Maui in 2000 (oppenheimer 2003). It is documented here as sparingly<br />
naturalized in a roadside lawn area on Schofield Barracks, o‘ahu.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Schofield Barracks, herb about 6 in tall. flower standard pink,<br />
striated, keel white with pink tip. Pods about 2 mm long, with one seed, 25 aug 2009, OED<br />
2009082501.<br />
Piscidia piscipula (l.) Sarg. New naturalized record<br />
This tree is native to parts of central america and the caribbean, where its bark has traditionally<br />
been used to stun fish, earning it the common name fish-poison tree. It was first<br />
collected in Hawai‘i in 1918, in Honolulu, where it is occasional to rare in cultivation. a<br />
total of 83 have been planted in the Waimānalo forest reserve (Skolmen 1980). It can be<br />
distinguished from other papilionoid trees in Hawai‘i by its 7–9 odd-pinnately-compound<br />
leaflets, with lavender-white to reddish tinged, 0.5" long corollas combined with pale<br />
green, 0.75–3.50" long pods that have 4 large, lengthwise papery wings (Staples & Herbst<br />
2005). This species was found sparingly naturalized in dry lowland scrub near the base of<br />
Koko crater, probably spreading from nearby plantings.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: along road on side of Koko crater, UTM 635685, 2353749. dry<br />
lowland scrub dominated by Prosopis. Tree about 3 m tall. Keel pinkish, banner mostly white with<br />
green stripe running vertically down middle. Several individuals of various sizes seen, 9 apr 2009,<br />
OED 2009060904.<br />
Senna siamea (lam.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby New naturalized record<br />
also known as Kassod tree, this species from areas of Southeast asia has been introduced<br />
throughout the tropics worldwide for use as a reforestation tree, windbreak, shade tree for<br />
coffee, and as an ornamental. It has commonly become naturalized in areas where it has been<br />
introduced (Staples & Herbst 2005). It has been in Hawai‘i since the 1870s, and has been<br />
planted both for forestry and as a street tree. In total, 1,461 were planted in forest reserves<br />
throughout the state (Skolmen 1980). Senna siamea can be distinguished from other species<br />
of Senna in Hawai‘i by the following characters: tree growing to 60 ft with leaves to 1 ft long<br />
which lack petiolar glands; leaves symmetrical at base; inflorescences to about 1 ft long,<br />
racemose to pyramidal; and flattened fruits 8–12" long, with leathery valves. It fruits heavily<br />
in Hawai‘i, and fruits persist a long time on the tree (Staples & Herbst 2005).<br />
Senna siamea was seen sparingly naturalized on Wheeler air force Base, growing in<br />
small gulches of mixed nonnative secondary forest and scrub. It was a common street tree<br />
in the surrounding area, but not the immediate vicinity.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Wheeler afB, near corner of Wright ave and airdrome rd. 6 m<br />
tall tree, flowering profusely. commonly planted in Schofield/Wheeler roadside areas and sparingly<br />
naturalized on base, 4 Sep 2009, OED 2009090403.
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 17<br />
Senna spectabilis (dc.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby New naturalized record<br />
Senna spectabilis is a tropical american shrub or tree to 50 ft tall, which is rarely planted<br />
in Hawai‘i. It can be distinguished from other Senna in Hawai‘i by the combination of the<br />
following characters: leaves without petiolar glands, flowers irregularly symmetrical<br />
where 1 petal is folded in over the stamens, 7 stamens per flower, and more or less cylindrical<br />
fruits (Staples & Herbst 2005). It is documented here as sparingly naturalized,<br />
spreading from planting sites into mesic gulches and roadside residential areas at<br />
Schofield Barracks.<br />
Material examined: O‘AHU: Schofield Barracks, UTM 597310, 2377278. Seedlings of various<br />
sizes in Falcataria understory, sapling about 15 ft tall, no flowers seen. fruits cylindrical, 18 aug<br />
2009, OED 2009081801.<br />
Tamarindus indica l. New island record<br />
commonly cultivated worldwide, and long cultivated in Hawai‘i, Tamarind has been collected<br />
as naturalized in Kalaupapa, Moloka‘i, spreading from planted sites. It is documented<br />
here as sparingly naturalized on o‘ahu, in lualualei, also spreading from plantings.<br />
It has been noted occasionally spreading in other dry areas of the island as well.<br />
Material examined: O‘AHU: lualualei watershed, off Hakimo road. UTM 2366948, 588143.<br />
dry lowland residential/agricultural roadside. 8-ft tall tree with many fruits. This species is rarely to<br />
occasionally naturalized in the area spreading from cultivated trees which are common here, 17 feb<br />
2009, OED 2009021701.<br />
Flacourtiaceae<br />
Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. New naturalized record<br />
The taxonomy of Flacourtia indica, or Governor’s plum, is complex. Many sources des -<br />
cribe this species as a cultigen since its place of origin is unknown, and it is widely cultivated<br />
throughout the old World tropics and into Polynesia (Staples & Herbst 2005). This<br />
species is highly variable, broadly defined, and includes several synonymous names previously<br />
described as distinct taxa (Staples & Herbst 2005). Flacourtia indica thrives in seasonally<br />
dry, sunny areas, in all soil types. This species was found on o‘ahu in the understory<br />
of a Casuarina-dominated lowland secondary forest in sandy soil. The description for this<br />
species (taken from the flora of china) is as follows:<br />
“Shrubs or small trees, 2–4 m tall, deciduous; bark gray-yellow, fissured, flaky; old<br />
branches usually not spiny; young branches with axillary, simple spines; branchlets<br />
puberulous or subglabrous. Petiole red, short, 3–5 mm, puberulous; leaf blade greenish<br />
abaxially, deep green adaxially, rose red when young, obovate to oblong-obovate, 2–4 ×<br />
1.5–3 cm, thickly papery, abaxially glabrous or sparsely pubescent, hairs spreading and<br />
short, adaxially glabrous, midvein raised abaxially, flat adaxially, lateral veins 5–7 pairs,<br />
reticulate veins conspicuous, base mostly acute to obtuse, margin serrulate above middle,<br />
apex rounded, sometimes retuse. Inflorescences axillary or terminating short lateral twigs,<br />
racemose, short; rachis 0.5–2 cm, puberulous. Pedicels 3–5 mm, puberulous, hairs spreading.<br />
Sepals 5 or 6, ovate, ca. 1.5 mm, outside glabrous or with a few scattered short hairs,<br />
inside sparsely to densely pubescent, margin white ciliate in dried material, apex obtuse.<br />
Staminate flowers: stamen filaments 2–2.5 mm, pubescent or less often glabrous. Pistillate<br />
flowers: ovary globose, placentas 5 or 6; styles 5 or 6, united only at base, radiating, 1–2<br />
mm, slender. fruit dull to blackish red, globose, 8–10 mm in diam., longitudinally 5- or<br />
6-angled, styles persistent. Seeds 5 or 6” (Yang & Zmarzty 2007).<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Bellows afB, around campsite near golf area, mauka side of<br />
Tinker road. UTM 2363960, 633402. 15 or more individuals scattered in coastal lowland secondary
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forest dominated by casuarina. 2-m tall shrub with reddish-brown lenticillate bark. New leaves pinktinged,<br />
new stems reddish. older plants with few noticeable spines, younger plants spiny. fruits<br />
ripening red, 24 Sep 2009, OED 2009092401.<br />
Lamiaceae<br />
Plectranthus neochilus Schltr. New naturalized record<br />
Plectranthus neochilus, a plant native to southern africa, is occasionally planted as an<br />
ornamental, both for its attractiveness and for its purported ability to repel deer, snakes,<br />
and dogs (owing to its unpleasant odor). This description of the species comes from the<br />
Flora of New South Wales:<br />
“Unpleasantly aromatic, decumbent to erect, perennial herb 12–50 cm high; branches succulent,<br />
finely and minutely hairy, or sparsely to densely covered with short and long hairs<br />
and scattered orange-red sessile glands. leaves with lamina succulent, viscid, obovate to<br />
elliptic-ovate, 2–5 cm long, 1.5–3.5 cm wide; apex obtuse to rounded; base cuneate to<br />
attenuate; margins obscurely crenate with 4–6 pairs of teeth; both surfaces sparsely to<br />
densely hairy with shortly appressed hairs, especially on veins below, with orange sessile<br />
glands below; petiole 0.5–1.5 cm long. calyx c. 3 mm long, to 6 mm long in fruit. corolla<br />
12–20 mm long, mauve-purple, rarely whitish, the upper lip paler and bluish, slightly<br />
hairy; tube slightly decurved; lobes with scattered sessile glands” (Harden 1992).<br />
This species has spread from planted areas in other regions and is documented here<br />
as very sparingly naturalized in a lowland residential roadside area of o‘ahu, also spreading<br />
from planted individuals.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Keolu, on Uluhaku rd. In roadside lawn habitat, growing against<br />
utility pole. Herb about 40 cm tall, flowers purple, zygomorphic. Malodorous, sometimes used to<br />
repel dogs, 6 May 2009, OED 2009050602.<br />
Liliaceae<br />
Dianella caerulea Sims New naturalized record<br />
This species of Dianella is cultivated occasionally as an ornamental and is a native of<br />
australia. The species D. caerula was first collected on o‘ahu from Wahiawā Botanical<br />
Garden in 1986. This collection documented here is from the understory of a Psidium cattleianum<br />
and Acacia koa forest in Pālehua. The taxon collected here was identified as D.<br />
caerulea var. assera r.J.f. Hend. The description for this variety (taken from the Flora of<br />
Australia) is as follows:<br />
“Plant tufted, solitary, to 1.8 m tall. Stems elongating, with scales for most (sometimes all)<br />
of their length, touching or up to 30 cm apart, arching or ascending; extravaginal branching<br />
rapidly developing. leaf sheaths +/- completely occluded distally. Inflorescence from<br />
narrowly conical to narrowly cylindrical in outline, continuous or interrupted; cymules<br />
open or contracted, few-flowered. Perianth pale blue to mid-blue with green streaking<br />
externally” (Henderson 1987).<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Pālehua. In strawberry guava, Acacia koa understory. climbing herb,<br />
1.0–1.5 m tall. flowers small, purple, zygomorphic. fruits small, green (immature), 0.5 cm diameter.<br />
leaves with serrate margins, equitant on stems of varying heights, 13 May 2009, J. Beachy US<br />
Army 152.<br />
Melastomataceae<br />
Tibouchina granulosa (desr.) cogn. New naturalized record<br />
Tibouchina granulosa, a species not frequently cultivated as an ornamental in Hawai‘i and
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 19<br />
not previously collected as naturalized in the state, has now been spotted spreading 20–30<br />
m from a planted tree. The original planting had been uprooted, and then cut into logs,<br />
which were resprouting. Several saplings and seedlings of various sizes were seen growing<br />
uphill from the original planting. This species can be distinguished from other commonly<br />
seen Tibouchina species by its 4-winged branchlets, leathery, elliptic to ovatelanceolate<br />
leaves, evenly purple flowers, wooly filaments, and floral bracts and calyx<br />
lobes with broad, smooth marginal bands (Staples & Herbst 2005)<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Mānoa Valley, mauka of currently managed portions of lyon<br />
arboretum. UTM 623840, 2359941. 1 m tall sapling, no fruits or flowers seen. Sapling was found<br />
about 50 m from an uprooted, resprouting tree that had apparently been cut into pieces, which were<br />
also sprouting. Seedlings of this species less than 20 cm tall were found on a ridge nearby, about<br />
20–30 m from original tree. 2 Sep 2008, OED 2008090201; Mānoa Valley, mauka of currently managed<br />
portions of lyon arboretum. UTM 623840, 2359941. lowland mesic secondary forest, 20 cm<br />
tall seedlings. This species widely believed not to reproduce by seedlings in Hawai‘i. four other naturalized<br />
saplings and small trees noted in the area, about 40 m from the original planted area, 5 Nov<br />
2008, OED 2008110501.<br />
Meliaceae<br />
Azadirachta indica a. Juss. New naturalized record<br />
Azadirachta indica, or Neem, has been promoted as an ornamental and as a source for<br />
Neem oil for <strong>Hawaii</strong>an gardens for several years (Staples & Herbst 2005). Neem is an<br />
evergreen tree from 30 to 50 feet tall that has odd-pinnately compound leaves with 9–18<br />
narrowly ovate, curved, toothed leaflets. fruits are a yellow drupe with thin flesh. This<br />
species is easily propagated by cuttings or by seed (Staples & Herbst 2005) and was found<br />
sparingly naturalized over a large area in Mā‘ili, on the leeward coast of o‘ahu.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Mā‘ili, off Kulaaupuni St. UTM 2369684, 585396. dry lowland<br />
residential roadside area. 8 ft tall sapling, no flowers or fruit present. Spreading from apparently<br />
planted individuals in area. This species is occasionally noted naturalizing in roadside areas and large<br />
gardens, 13 feb 2009, OED 2009021302.<br />
Moraceae<br />
Artocarpus heterophyllus lam. New naturalized record<br />
Artocarpus heterophyllus, or Jackfruit, is occasional in cultivation in Hawai‘i, where it<br />
produces very large (12–40 in long) fruits with large, 1.25 in long seeds. characteristics<br />
that distinguish it from other Artocarpus species grown in Hawai‘i include simple adult<br />
leaves and cauliflorous inflorescences (Staples & Herbst 2005). It was noted as very sparingly<br />
naturalized in Mānoa Valley, where four seedlings were noted scattered along a trail<br />
in dense shade. No mature trees were seen in the vicinity. Parker & Parsons (this volume)<br />
report this species as naturalized on Hawai‘i Island.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Mānoa Valley, Waiakeakua. Wet secondary forest. 1.5 m tall,<br />
sparingly branched sapling with whit viscous sap, thickened taproot about 30 cm long. No flowers or<br />
fruit, not a root sucker. four small seedlings noted along trail, no matures seen, 4 Nov 2008, A. Lau<br />
2008110401.<br />
Orchidaceae<br />
Habenaria rodeiensis Barb. rodr. New island record<br />
Habenaria rodeiensis, an orchid previously only known from West and East Maui (Wag -<br />
ner et al. 1999; oppenheimer 2006), was collected on o‘ahu along the Mānana Trail,
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located in the Ko‘olau Mountain range. This geophytic orchid does not appear to be common<br />
in general cultivation, and it is unclear how it was introduced to Hawai‘i. cultivation<br />
of this species in Hawai‘i is unadvisable.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Mānana Trail, just on north side of trail UTM 611039, 2370601.<br />
Trailside, growing with Psidium, Eucalyptus, and Psydrax odorata. Herbaceous, erect ground orchid,<br />
24 dec 2009, K. Kawelo & J. Rohrer US Army 102.<br />
Podocarpaceae<br />
Podocarpus elatus r. Br. ex Endl. New naturalized record<br />
This species is commonly planted in Hawai‘i, usually as an ornamental tree, which can<br />
grow to a very large size (up to 125 ft). It is native to australia and is widely cultivated<br />
throughout the rest of the tropics and subtropics (Staples & Herbst 2005). This species can<br />
be distinguished from other Podocarpus in Hawai‘i by its leaf apices usually having a<br />
small, spine-tipped mucro, leaf margins usually not revolute, and pollen cones less than 2<br />
mm wide (de laubenfels 1985). Material in BISH is variable in these characters, and<br />
species documented here may easily be confused. This species is documented here as naturalized<br />
in usually open areas of windward lowland ridges of o‘ahu, occasionally forming<br />
dense stands. This species has a fleshy receptacle associated with the seed, an adaptation<br />
to dispersal by birds (Staples et al. 2000). It is likely naturalized in other areas as well,<br />
and further work could be done to document the extent of the naturalized range of this<br />
species on o‘ahu. It occurs on a ridge that is nearby a population of Podocarpus macrophyllus<br />
in ‘Āhuimanu (see below).<br />
Material examined: O‘AHU: ridge north of Ioleka‘a. along and off trail, females with many<br />
seedlings in several groups, with Ardisia, guava, Rhodomyrtus, Schefflera, silver oak, and hala.<br />
female plant, tallest c. 18 ft tall, naturalized, 9 feb 2000, B. Waters s.n. (BISH 662413, 662414);<br />
Kahalu‘u and ‘Āhuimanu ridge. Trees to 40 ft tall, many keiki under mother plant. also growing in<br />
uluhe and pala‘ā, 23 apr 2008, K. Metzler 20080423Podocar.<br />
Podocarpus macrophyllus (Thunb.) Sweet New naturalized record<br />
also known as Kusa-maki, this species is probably native to from southern Japan, though<br />
also known from Southern china to Taiwan where it is possibly an escape from cultivation<br />
(Staples & Herbst 2005). It is at least occasional in cultivation in Hawai‘i where it us<br />
grown as a street tree, specimen, or hedge plant. It can be distinguished from other<br />
Podocarpus in Hawai‘i by its linear leaves with usually revolute margins, the apices variable<br />
but usually lacking a sharp mucro, the leaves more than 6 mm wide, and less than 10<br />
times as long as wide, and pollen cones usually greater than 2.5 mm in width (de<br />
laubenfels 1985). It is documented here naturalized along a trail in the ‘Āhuimanu area,<br />
nearby a ridge where there is a population of Podocarpus elatus.<br />
Material examined: O‘AHU: ‘Āhuimanu valley. along trailside, in uluhe. Tree, 4–5 m. UTM<br />
620226, 2370343, 27 Jan 2007, K. Kawelo US Army 37.<br />
Polygonaceae<br />
Triplaris weigeltiana (rchb.) Kuntze New naturalized record<br />
This species is from central and South america, where it (and other species in the genus)<br />
are known by the common name Hormigo, probably in reference to the trees ability to harbor<br />
stinging and biting ants in its hollow stems (“hormiga” means “ant” in Spanish). They
HBS Records for 2009–2010 — Part II: Plants 21<br />
are rarely cultivated as ornamental street and shade trees, or in botanical gardens. The<br />
species was first collected in Hawai‘i in 1945 and is rare in cultivation, at least on o‘ahu.<br />
It is distinguished from other Polygonaceae in Hawai‘i primarily by its habit as a large<br />
tree, and also by peeling bark forming patchy, multicolored trunks, and its fruits enclosed<br />
in a papery perianth, with 3 white to scarlet, winglike, extended lobes (Staples & Herbst<br />
2005). This species is dioecious and may be planted in pairs to encourage the ornamental,<br />
wind dispersed fruits to be formed. It is listed as moderately invasive in Tahiti (Meyer<br />
2000). It is here documented as naturalized in Hawai‘i, on o‘ahu spreading locally from<br />
a planting of a male and a female tree in Makiki, makai of the dofaW o‘ahu branch<br />
baseyard. Naturalized plants were scattered sparingly across several acres, the saplings<br />
occasionally growing in dense shade.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Makiki valley, past first two gates on road to dofaW baseyard<br />
(UTM 2357461, 621473) Wet/mesic lowland secondary roadside forest. 3 m tall sparingly branched<br />
sapling with peeling grey/tan bark. Growing in shaded understory, 12 Jan 2009, OED 2209011203.<br />
Polypodiaceae<br />
Pyrrosia piloselloides (l.) M.G. Price New state record<br />
Native from northeastern India east to Hainan, china, and throughout Malesia, this<br />
species has not been previously documented in Hawai‘i, although it is reported to be<br />
grown in a botanical garden in Waimea, o‘ahu. In its native range it grows epiphytically<br />
and is common to very common where found, in primary and secondary forest, from sea<br />
level to 1000 m. It is one of the most common epiphytes in the lowlands of Malesia, and<br />
is capable of smothering entire trees, sometimes causing tree death (Hovencamp et al.<br />
1998). It was found in an upper residential area of Mānoa Valley, growing to the tops of<br />
several species of trees, occasional to common within an area of about 2 to 3 acres, with<br />
some small outlier plants, apparently spreading both vegetatively and by spores. This<br />
species may best be distinguished from other ferns in Hawai‘i by its rhizomatous, colony<br />
forming habit, dimorphic fronds where the sterile fronds are entire, succulent, and 1–7 ×<br />
1–2 cm, at the collection site noted as circular in shape; fertile fronds linear, 4–16 ×<br />
0.3–1.5 cm. It also has spreading, peltate scales on the rhizome. The sori are apical or<br />
extending to the base of the frond submarginally (de Wilde et al. 1998).<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Mānoa Valley, at the end of Woodlawn Terrace Place. UTM<br />
624810, 2357826; lowland mesic cultivated setting. Epiphytic succulent fern, entirely covering<br />
trunk and branches of large tree and surrounding vegetation. origin is SE asia. according to dr.<br />
Smith, this species is “very likely to further escape and spread in Hawai‘i”, 17 oct 2008, OED<br />
2008101703.<br />
Pteridaceae<br />
Adiantum ‘Edwinii’ New island record<br />
Adiantum ‘Edwinii’ is probably a cultivar of A. raddianum, or possibly a hybrid or cultivar<br />
of A. concinnum. It was first collected on Maui in 1981, and known from lāna‘i, and<br />
now from o‘ahu, where it was found on a slope of Palikea Gulch. This plant can be distinguished<br />
from other Adiantum seen in Hawai‘i by its U-shaped sori, fronds up to 100 cm<br />
long and 60 cm wide, and the pinnules closest to the rachis overlapping the rachis on the<br />
side toward the frond tip (Palmer 2003).<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Palikea Gulch, 1000 ft. on a lower slope in closed canopy.<br />
Smaller than one meter, but veins end in small marginal sinuses, 7 Jan 2009, J. Gustine US Army 105.
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BISHOP MUSEUM <strong>OCCASIONAL</strong> <strong>PAPERS</strong>: No. 113, 2012<br />
Rutaceae<br />
Triphasia trifolia (Burm. f.) P. Wilson New naturalized record<br />
Probably native to the Malay Peninsula, and also known as limeberry, this species has been<br />
introduced in many tropical areas as an ornamental hedge plant, potted plant, or bonsai<br />
species. It was first collected in Hawai‘i in 1926, although it does not seem to be widely used<br />
at least on o‘ahu. It can be distinguished from other nonnative rutaceae in Hawai‘i by its<br />
shrubby habit, trifoliate leaves with paired axillary spines, and fleshy, dull red, single seeded<br />
fruits containing sweet, edible, mucilaginous sap (Staples & Herbst 2005). limeberry has<br />
escaped cultivation and become naturalized in many areas where it has been introduced,<br />
occasionally forming thickets in understory, especially on limestone soils in coastal areas of<br />
Pacific islands. It was collected as naturalized on o‘ahu in that habitat, locally and sparingly<br />
naturalized in the understory of Prosopis pallida near the coast. It is likely to continue<br />
spreading and may become more abundant without intervention.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Kāne‘ohe McBH, next to Zombie’s beach. dry coastal zone habitat.<br />
4 ft tall shrub, leaves glossy green above, pale below. fruit green ripening red, skin thin, containing<br />
clear, mucilaginous citrus smelling pulp. Single seed very sticky. about 21 plants of various<br />
sizes (from about 2–8 ft tall) seen in dense shade of Prosopis pallida understory, 5 aug 2009, OED<br />
2009080501.<br />
Scrophulariaceae<br />
Veronica serpyllifolia l. New island record<br />
This nonnative herbaceous species has been collected previously on Kaua‘i, Moloka‘i,<br />
lāna‘i, Maui, and Hawai‘i islands, but this is its first report for o‘ahu. although it may<br />
be tolerated where it grows, it does not appear to be intentionally cultivated in Hawai‘i. It<br />
was found spreading in mesic forest in the northern Wai‘anae range. This genus is filed<br />
under Scrophulariaceae at BISH, although many specialists now include the genus in<br />
Plantaginaceae.<br />
Material examined: O‘AHU: Kapuna Gulch, Pahole Natural area reserve, along Mokulē‘ia<br />
trail, 31 Mar 2009, M. Elmore US Army 139.<br />
Sterculiaceae<br />
Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) H. Karst. New island record<br />
a large specimen tree growing to 30 m, this species was first collected in Hawai‘i in 1915.<br />
a particularly large tree planted at Queen’s Hospital may have been planted by dr. W.<br />
Hillebrand around 1851 (Staples & Herbst 2005). Previously documented as naturalized,<br />
spreading from a planted specimen on Maui, this rarely planted tree was found spreading<br />
locally near Queen’s Hospital, where scattered saplings were found growing in dense<br />
shade. a medium-sized but mature tree of questionable planting status also occurs on the<br />
hospital grounds. This species’ further spread from this location has probably been limited<br />
by intensive landscape maintenance; however, long distance dispersal may be aided by<br />
its fruits with large seeds overhanging busy roadways.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Near Beretania and Punchbowl streets (UTM 618693, 2356737).<br />
lowland urban landscaped area. 0.5 m tall sapling. Several naturalized saplings in the area, 4 feb<br />
2009, OED 2009020401.<br />
Tiliaceae<br />
Grewia micrantha Bojer New state record<br />
This species from tropical africa does not appear to have been introduced into general
HBS Records for 2009–2010 — Part II: Plants 23<br />
cultivation very widely, if at all. In its native range it grows in an ecotype characterized<br />
in part by an extended dry season as well as dominance by species of Brachystegia<br />
(fabaceae), or in mixed shrubland. a description from Flora Zambesiaca reads:<br />
“Shrub or small tree up to 8 m. tall; young branchlets ferruginously tomentose, becoming<br />
grey or brownish with paler lenticels. leaf-lamina 2.5–9 × 1.2–4.8 cm., ovate-oblong or<br />
elliptic, apex rounded or acute, margins serrate, rounded or asymmetrically cordate at the<br />
base, sparsely stellate-pubescent above or glabrous, finely reticulate-rugose…closely<br />
appressed-whitish-tomentose between the nerves below… petiole up to 7 mm long, ferruginously<br />
pubescent; stipules c. 5 mm. long.... Inflorescences all axillary…pedicels normally<br />
3 per peduncle… coarsely brown-hairy…Sepals up to 0.8 cm. long, linear-oblong,<br />
coarsely stellately hairy outside, yellow and glabrous within. Petals yellow, about half the<br />
length of the sepals, oblong to obovate, often 2-dentate at the apex, basal claw either with<br />
circumvillous nectary within, or often absent and replaced by a small tuft of hairs at the<br />
cuneate petal base...style c. 5 mm. long, glabrous; stigma with about 4 broad lobes. fruit<br />
yellowish, deeply 2-lobed or 1-lobed by abortion, each lobe c. 7 mm. in diam., pubescent”<br />
(royal Botanic Gardens- Kew 2011).<br />
No prior collections of this species have been made in the state. It is possible this species<br />
was intentionally introduced near the collection site as an ornamental. It was seen here<br />
scattered in a dry lowland area dominated by Prosopis pallida and nonnative grasses, scattered<br />
locally with an abundance of approximately 10 or 12 plants of multiple size classes.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: along road to Koko crater trail (UTM 635687, 2353745). dry<br />
lowland area dominated by Prosopis. Tree about 2.5 m tall. No flowers. fruits small, fuzzy, green,<br />
drying to brown, 9 apr 2009, OED 2009040903; along road to Koko crater trail (UTM 635687,<br />
2353745) dry lowland area, near baseball diamond. Sprawling shrub about 5 m dia, 3 m tall. flowers<br />
bright yellow with lobed stigmas. New growth reddish. Several individuals of various sizes in area,<br />
30 Jun 2009, OED 2009063001.<br />
Verbenaceae<br />
Vitex trifolia l. New island record<br />
This species is very commonly planted in Hawai‘i as a hedge plant, wind break, and ornamental.<br />
It has been documented as naturalized in Kalaupapa, Moloka‘i, spreading into dry<br />
rocky areas. It was found sparingly naturalized in Kalaeloa, o‘ahu in dry, mixed alien<br />
scrubland along a road. Because of the adaptability of this species to dry lowland areas<br />
with poor soils (Staples & Herbst 2005) it likely persists at sites of former cultivation,<br />
making planting status of populations near roadsides in natural areas unclear. Because of<br />
this its naturalized status on o‘ahu may well be much more extensive than the population<br />
documented here.<br />
Material examined: O‘AHU: Kalaeloa. Mixed alien scrubland, growing against a telephone<br />
pole. Shrub about 1 m, cut back, 18 Jun 2009, OED 2009061802.<br />
Vitaceae<br />
Cissus repens lam. New state record<br />
This species, which is native to asia and australia, has been collected from two locations<br />
in the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands; at the “Makiki forestry Nursery” in 1978, and in Mākaha Valley,<br />
along the road to Kāne‘aki Heiau. Both locales are on o‘ahu. It is uncertain why this<br />
species was brought to Hawai‘i, since there is no clear evidence of it being used in horticulture<br />
(chimera 2010). In any case, the use of this species in cultivation should be discouraged,<br />
as it is a shade-tolerant, bird-dispersed, smothering vine. The description of this<br />
species, taken from the Flora of China, is as follows:
24<br />
BISHOP MUSEUM <strong>OCCASIONAL</strong> <strong>PAPERS</strong>: No. 113, 2012<br />
“Vines, herbaceous. Branchlets terete, with longitudinal ridges, usually glaucous,<br />
glabrous; tendrils bifurcate. leaves simple; stipules brownish, oblong, 5–6 × 2–3 mm,<br />
membranous, glabrous; petiole 2.5–7 cm, glabrous; leaf blade cordate-oval, 5–13 × 4–9<br />
cm, glabrous, basal veins 3–5, lateral veins 3 or 4 pairs, veinlets inconspicuous, base cordate,<br />
margin with 9–12 sharp teeth on each side, apex acute or acuminate. Inflorescence<br />
umbelliform, terminal or leaf-opposed; peduncle 1–3 cm, glabrous. Pedicel 2–4 mm, nearly<br />
glabrous. Buds oval, ca. 4 mm, apex obtuse. calyx entire or undulate. Petals triangularovate,<br />
ca. 3 mm, glabrous. anthers ovoid-elliptic. lower part of ovary adnate to disk; style<br />
conical; stigma slightly expanded. Berry 0.8–1.2 cm × 4–8 mm, 1-seeded. Seed surface<br />
smooth, with sparse ribs.”(ren & Jun 2007)<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Mākaha Valley, along road to Kāne‘aki Heiau, UTM 584134,<br />
2376668, 600 ft. Mesic lowland secondary forest. Vine with long stems to several meters, fruits<br />
ripening black, soft, fleshy. 2 individuals noted in the area. long-time land manager unaware of its<br />
origin, 10 feb 2009, OED 2009021002.<br />
Zygophyllaceae<br />
Guaiacum officinale l. New naturalized record<br />
lignum-vitae is native to tropical america and the caribbean, where it typically grows in<br />
dry habitats. It has been introduced as an ornamental throughout the tropics, and is occasional<br />
in cultivation in Hawai‘i where it was first collected in 1909. It can be distinguished<br />
by the following description: Tree to 25 ft tall, leaves 2–5 in long with 4 (–6) broadly obovate<br />
to orbicular leaflets, which are rounded at the apex; petals blue purple to nearly white,<br />
the upper surface hairy; fruits showy, obcordate, the lobes yellowish, splitting at maturity;<br />
seeds are brownish, enclosed in a showy reddish aril (Staples & Herbst 2005). despite being<br />
planted in so many other places, it has apparently not been clearly documented as naturalized<br />
elsewhere. Though not thoroughly established, it is documented here as very sparingly<br />
naturalized along a roadside in dry open grassland in Kalaeloa, presumably having spread<br />
from a planted individual though none were seen in the immediate area. It has also been<br />
noted in West loch, similarly growing along a roadside in dry kiawe forest.<br />
Material examined: O‘AHU: Kalaeloa, UTM 595313, 2358058. dry lowland weedy shrubland.<br />
Sapling about 3 ft tall, corolla lobes persistent as young fruits develop, 12 Jun 2009, OED<br />
2009061201.<br />
Acknowledgments<br />
We thank clyde Imada for help with plant identification, support, and document editing.<br />
also, many thanks to the staff and volunteers at BISH, especially amanda Harbottle and<br />
Barbara Kennedy. Thanks to everyone at oISc and US army oahu Natural resource<br />
Program for field collections and support. Thanks to Marine corps Base <strong>Hawaii</strong> for access<br />
to their lands and survey support. Thanks to Becky azama and derek arakaki with<br />
<strong>Hawaii</strong> department of agriculture for their work in the field and cooperation and support.<br />
also, thanks to Jeff Preble, Joel lau, and Kenji Suzuki for their report of Crysobalanus<br />
icaco in lā‘ie, and to Tony rodd for identifying Callitris endlicheri.<br />
Literature Cited<br />
Bakeo, R. & Qarani, F. 2003. country report on the forestry invasive species situation<br />
in Vanuatu, pp. 130–136. In: McKenzie, P., Brown, P.c., Sun J.-h. & Wu J., eds., The<br />
Unwelcome Guests: Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Forest Invasive Species<br />
Conference. Kunming, Yunnan Province, china.
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 25<br />
Burns, R.M. & Honkala, B.H. 1990. Silvics of North america. 2 vols. United States<br />
Depart ment of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 654, 877 pp.<br />
Carter, K. 2010. list of ornamental plants found in the Philippines. http://www.gardenguides.com/89456-list-ornamental-plants-found-philippines.html.<br />
Chaudhurp, H., T. Ramaprabhu, T. & Ramachandran, V. 1994. Ipomoea carnea Jacq.<br />
a new aquatic weed problem in India. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management 32:<br />
37–38.<br />
Chimera, C. 2010. HPWra: Cissus repens. http://www.hear.org/pier/wra/pacific/cissus_repens_htmlwra.htm<br />
Dave’s Garden. 2005. Blechnum orientale. http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/95825/<br />
de Balogh, K.K., Dimande, A.P., van der Lugt, J.J., Molyneaux, R.J., Naudé, T.W&<br />
Welman, W.G. 1999. a lysosomal storage disease induced by Ipomoea car nea in<br />
goats in Mozambique. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investi gation 11: 266–273.<br />
De Laubenfels, D.J. 1985. a taxonomic revision of the genus Podocarpus. Blumea 30(2):<br />
251–278.<br />
Hovencamp, P.H., Bosman, M.T.M., Hennipman, E., Nooteboom, H.P., Rödl-<br />
Linder, G. & Roos, M. 1998. Polypodiaceae, pp. 1–234. In: Flora Malesiana.<br />
Series II. fern and fern allies. Volume 3. rijksherbarium/Hortus botanicus, leiden.<br />
Flores, E.M. 2002. Albizia niopoides (Spruce ex. Benth.) Burkart, pp. 277–279. In:<br />
Vozzo, J.a. (ed.), Tropical tree seed manual. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agric -<br />
ulture Handbook 721, 899 pp.<br />
Francis, J.K. 2011. Chrysobalanus icaco l. U.S. department of agriculture- forest Serv -<br />
ice. San Juan Pr International Institute of Tropical forestry, Jardín Botánico Sur.<br />
Harden, G.J., editor. 1991. Flora of New South Wales. Vol. 2. New South Wales Uni -<br />
versity Press, Kensington, NSW, australia. 574 pp.<br />
———. editor. 1992. Flora of New South Wales. Vol. 3. royal Botanic Gardens, Ken -<br />
sing ton, NSW, australia. 717 pp.<br />
Henderson, A. 2009. Palms of southern Asia. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New<br />
Jersey. 199 pp.<br />
Henderson, R.J.F. 1987. Dianella. Flora of Australia 45: 194–225.<br />
Herbst, D.R., Staples, G.W. & Imada, C.T. 2004. New <strong>Hawaii</strong>an plant records for<br />
2002–2003. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 58: 12–36.<br />
Hill, K.D. 1998. Callitris. Flora of Australia 48: 576–588.<br />
Lorence, D. & Wagner, W.L. 1995. contributions to the flora of Hawai‘i. III. <strong>Bishop</strong><br />
<strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 41: 19–58.<br />
Meyer, J.-Y. 2000. Preliminary review of the invasive plants in the Pacific islands<br />
(SPrEP Member countries) , pp. 85–114. In: G. Sherley, (ed.), Invasive species in<br />
the Pacific: A technical review and draft regional strategy. South Pacific regional<br />
Environment Programme, apia. 190 pp.<br />
Oppenheimer, H.L. 2003. New plant records from Maui and Hawai‘i counties. <strong>Bishop</strong><br />
<strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 73: 3–30.<br />
———. 2006. New Hawai‘i plant records for 2004. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers<br />
88: 10–15.<br />
Palmer, D.D. 2003. Hawai‘i’s ferns and fern allies. Honolulu, University of Hawai’i<br />
Press. 336 pp.<br />
Peng, C.-I. 2004. digital flora of Taiwan. http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?<br />
flora_id=100
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Randall, R. 2007. Global compendium of Weeds database. http://www.hear.org/gcw/.<br />
Ren, H. & Jun, W. 2007. Cissus linnaeus, pp. 184–188. In: Wu Z.-y., raven, P.H. &<br />
Hong d.-y. (eds.), Flora of China. Vol. 12 (Hippocastanaceae through Theaceae).<br />
Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. louis.<br />
Royal Botanic Gardens- Kew 2011. flora Zambesiaca online. http://apps.kew.org/efloras/search.do<br />
Skolmen, R.G. 1980. Plantings on the forest reserves of <strong>Hawaii</strong> 1910–1960. Honolulu,<br />
Institute of Pacific Islands forestry, U.S. forest Service. 481 pp.<br />
Smith, A.C. 1991. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. Vol. 5. National Tropical Bo -<br />
tanical Garden, lawai, Kaua‘i. 626 pp.<br />
Smith, L.B. & Downs, R.J. 1977. Tillandsioideae (Bromeliaceae). Flora Neotropica Mon -<br />
o graph 14(2):. 663–1492.<br />
Staples, G. W. & D. R. Herbst, D.R. 2005. A tropical garden flora. Honolulu, <strong>Bishop</strong><br />
<strong>Museum</strong> Press. xxiv + 908 pp.<br />
———., Herbst, D.R. & Imada, C.T. 2000. <strong>Survey</strong> of invasive or potentially invasive<br />
cultivated plants in Hawai’i. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 65: 1–35.<br />
Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R. & Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of<br />
Hawai‘i. revised edition. 2 vols. University of Hawai‘i Press and <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong><br />
Press, Honolulu.<br />
Yang, Q. & Zmarzty, S. 2007. Flacourtia commerson ex l’Héritier, pp. 118–120. In: Wu<br />
Z.-y., raven, P.H. & Hong d.-y. (eds.), Flora of China. Vol. 13 (Clusiaceae through<br />
Araliaceae). Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. louis.<br />
Zamora V., N., Jiménez, Q. & Poveda A., L. 2000. Arboles de Costa Rica (Trees of<br />
Costa Rica). Vol. II. Istituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, INBio. 374 pp.
Records of the <strong>Hawaii</strong> <strong>Biological</strong> <strong>Survey</strong> for 2011. Edited by<br />
Neal L. Evenhuis & Lucius G. Eldredge. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong><br />
Occasional Papers 113: 27–54 (2012)<br />
New plant records for the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands 2010–2011 1<br />
daNIEllE froHlIcH 2 & alEx laU 2<br />
O‘ahu Early Detection, <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong>, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96817-2704;<br />
emails: oed@bishopmuseum.org; alex.lau@bishopmuseum.org<br />
o‘ahu Early detection here documents 26 new naturalized records, 8 new state records,<br />
31 new island records, 1 range extension, and 2 corrections found by us and other individuals<br />
and agencies. In addition, several species showing signs of naturalization are mentioned.<br />
a total of 42 plant families are discussed.<br />
Information regarding the formerly known distribution of flowering plants is based on<br />
the Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai‘i (Wagner et al. 1999) and information subsequently<br />
published in the Records of the Hawai‘i <strong>Biological</strong> <strong>Survey</strong>. Voucher specimens are<br />
deposited at <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong>’s Herbarium Pacificum (BISH), Honolulu, Hawai‘i.<br />
Acanthaceae<br />
Megaskepasma erythroclamys lindau New island record<br />
This species, which was previously found naturalizing on o‘ahu, can be distinguished by<br />
its 1–2" long showy burgundy bracts and white, tubular, 2-lipped corollas with 2 fertile<br />
stamens (Staples & Herbst 2005). Parker & Parsons (this volume) report this species as<br />
naturalized on Hawai‘i Island.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Hā‘ena, in neighborhood makai of highway, near Tunnels Beach,<br />
UTM 442390, 2457621. coastal residential setting; sparingly-branched shrub to 6 ft tall, growing out<br />
of a hedge. Inflorescence bracts magenta. Species is planted as an ornamental and sparingly naturalized<br />
in the area, 9 Mar 2010, OED 2010030904.<br />
Aizoaceae<br />
Sesuvium verrucosum raf. New state record<br />
Sesuvium verrucosum is native to North and South america, and prefers coastal habitats<br />
as well as reservoir margins and ephemeral desert ponds (ferren 2003). This species was<br />
first collected on Maui, in Kīhei. It had been misidentified as S. portulacastrum. The<br />
species was then collected in a dry limestone coastal flat just above the intertidal zone at<br />
Maunalua Bay, o‘ahu. This species has also been reported from o‘ahu (but so far not collected)<br />
from Kalaeloa to Pearl Harbor. It was then collected from Moloka‘i, in a residential<br />
coastal area. It is variable in its native range, and it is unclear whether or not it is<br />
hybridizing with the native S. portulacastrum where these species co-occur in Hawai‘i.<br />
description of this species from Flora of North America:<br />
“Plants perennial, papillate with crystalline globules abundant, glabrous. Stems prostrate,<br />
to 1 m, forming mats to 2 m diam., branched from base, finely verrucose; not rooting at<br />
nodes. leaves: blade linear to widely spatulate, to 4 cm, base tapered or flared and clasping.<br />
Inflorescences: flowers solitary; pedicel absent or to 2 mm. flowers: calyx lobes rose<br />
or orange adaxially, ovate-lanceolate, 2–10 mm, margins scarious, apex hooded or<br />
beaked, papillate abaxially; stamens 30; filaments connate in proximal 1/2, reddish; pistil<br />
5-carpellate; ovary 5-loculed; styles 5. capsules ovoid-globose, 4–5 mm. Seeds 20–40,<br />
dark brown to black, 0.8–1 mm, shiny, smooth” (ferren 2003).<br />
1. contribution No. 2012-011 to the <strong>Hawaii</strong> <strong>Biological</strong> <strong>Survey</strong>.<br />
2. research associate, department of Natural Sciences, <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong>, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawai‘i<br />
96817-2704, USa.<br />
27
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BISHOP MUSEUM <strong>OCCASIONAL</strong> <strong>PAPERS</strong>: No. 113, 2012<br />
It is unclear whether this species was intentionally or accidentally introduced, although it<br />
does not appear to be widely cultivated.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Shoreline of Maunalua Bay. dry rocky (limestone) setting near<br />
the intertidal zone. low groundcover. Stems creeping along ground with stems upright to about 20<br />
cm off the ground. No rooting at nodes seen. leaves glaucous, flowers magenta above, stamens<br />
many, pistils usually five. only 2 plants seen in immediate area, but has been seen by collectors elsewhere<br />
on o‘ahu, 16 apr 2009, OED 2009041601. MOLOKA‘I: Pu‘uhala, Kanoa Pond. 21.069°, -<br />
156.964°. Mat-forming herb, no rooting at nodes. corollas pink. New island record, 13 Jun 2011, A.<br />
Dibben-Young s.n. 748342. MAUI: East Maui, Kīhei (Waiohuli), makai side of South Kīhei rd, 200<br />
m N of Mcdonalds. roadside, crawling on Bassia hyssopifolia, plant not abundant, 22 aug 1999, F.<br />
Starr & K. Martz 990822-2.<br />
Araliaceae<br />
Schefflera arboricola (Hayata) Merr. New island record<br />
This species has previously been collected as naturalized on Maui and o‘ahu (where it has<br />
subsequently been seen naturalizing widely throughout a forest bordering a botanical garden.)<br />
on Kaua‘i, it was seen naturalizing along the roadside and into pastures in a residential<br />
neighborhood. Elsewhere in this issue, Parker & Parsons report this species as naturalized<br />
on Hawai‘i island.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Kapahi. 21°56'16.4"N, 159°31'07.1"W. large shrub of 7 m, up<br />
to 20 cm basal dia. fruiting profusely, fruit orange turning dark red when ripe. Naturalizing in pastures<br />
and hedgerows along road, 11 oct 2008, C.Trauernicht & T. Portner 582.<br />
Schefflera heptaphylla (l.) frodin Correction and new naturalized<br />
record<br />
This species is very rarely grown on o‘ahu, perhaps only occurring in botanical gardens. It<br />
was first collected in 1992 at Ho‘omaluhia Botanical Garden by derral Herbst who at that<br />
time noted it “escapes all over the garden and is becoming weedy.” This species is capable<br />
of establishing in dense shade as well as open areas. The currently-known distribution is in<br />
or near the garden, so it may be a good candidate for garden staff to control where found.<br />
additionally, a specimen collected as “showing signs of naturalization” at lyon arboretum<br />
in 2005 and identified as Schefflera taiwaniana by daehler & Baker (2006) more closely fits<br />
the species concept of S. heptaphylla. consequently, Schefflera taiwaniana should not currently<br />
be considered a naturalized or adventive species in the state. description of this<br />
species from Flora of China (xiang & lowry 2007):<br />
“Trees, to 15 m tall, andromonoecious. Petiole (5–)10–30 cm; petiolules 1.5–5 cm; leaf -<br />
lets 6–9(–11), elliptic to oblong-elliptic or obovate-elliptic, 7–18 × 3–5 cm, papery to<br />
leathery, densely stellate pubescent when young, glabrescent except on midvein and in<br />
axils of veins, secondary veins 7–10 pairs, tertiary veins inconspicuous, base attenuate or<br />
cuneate to obtuse or rounded, margin entire, often serrate or pinnately lobed on young<br />
plants, apex abruptly acute to acuminate. Inflorescence a terminal panicle of umbels,<br />
densely stellate tomentose, glabrescent; primary axis to 35 cm; secondary axes 25(–35)<br />
cm, with a terminal umbel of bisexual flowers and several to many lateral umbels of<br />
bisexual or more often male flowers, usually also with 1 to several bisexual flowers borne<br />
just below apical umbel; pedicels 4–5 mm. calyx pubescent at first, entire or 5- or 6toothed.<br />
ovary 5–9(or 10)-carpellate; styles united into a thick column less than 1.5 mm.<br />
fruit globose, ca. 5 mm in diam., inconspicuously angled when dry; styles persistent, to<br />
ca. 1.5 mm.”
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 29<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Kāne‘ohe, Ho‘omaluhia Botanical Garden, 21.53°N, 157.48°W. This<br />
species escapes all over the garden and is becoming weedy. Malaysian Section. Tree: 40' tall with 10"<br />
diameter d.b.h. Trees just flowering; petals greenish white. 27 dec 1992. D. Herbst 9604; lyon<br />
arboretum. Naturalized sapling 1.5 m tall growing in thicket at edge of main road leading to the waterfall,<br />
24 May 2005, C. Daehler 1202; Kāne‘ohe, near Ho‘omaluhia Botanical Garden. 21.387575°N,<br />
157.811049°W, 240 ft. This species is established over at least several acres, with 10–20 matures and<br />
100+ saplings over 1 m tall. UTM 623251, 2365509. Tree about 12 m tall w/straight bole growing at a<br />
slight angle. Younger infl somewhat contained within leaves at end of branch. lflt margins undulate.<br />
leaves of saplings pinnately lobed and variable, with purple midvein and fewer stellate hairs on the axils.<br />
lowland mesic to wet secondary forest, growing with Hibicus tiliaceus, Schefflera actinophylla, 27 oct<br />
2011 OED 2011102701<br />
Schefflera insularum (Seem.) Harms New naturalized record<br />
This Schefflera species, which is native to the Philippines (Seemann 1865: 80) and is<br />
extremely rare in cultivation in Hawai‘i and elsewhere, was seen naturalizing in scattered<br />
localities within Ho‘omaluhia Botanical Garden in Kāne‘ohe. description of this species<br />
(translated from latin): “leaflets 5–7, elliptical pointed teeth; tufted tomentum caducous;<br />
petals linear, free; stamens 7; 7-locular ovary.” (Seemann 1865).<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Kāne‘ohe, adjacent to main road at Ho‘omaluhia Botanical<br />
Garden. 21.3885962°N, 157.809835°W, 240 ft. Sparingly naturalized in this location. Species is scattered<br />
elsewhere in the garden as well. UTM 623376, 2365623. Scrambling shrubby habit, up to 8 ft<br />
tall. leaves glossy green. Infl on short side branches. lowland mesic to wet secondary forest, growing<br />
among Bridelia insulana, Clerodendrum chinense, 10 oct 2011, OED 2011101001.<br />
Arecaceae<br />
Coccothrinax barbadensis<br />
(lodd. ex Mart.) Becc. New naturalized record<br />
Silver thatch palm is native to the caribbean and was first collected in Hawai‘i in 1961,<br />
though it was likely grown here before that time. It is a solitary-trunked fan palm ranging<br />
from 16–50 ft in height, distinguished by the woven, burlap-like fibers surrounding the<br />
upper trunk, petioles which are biconvex in cross section, triangular hastulas surrounded<br />
by a yellow halo, and fronds which are glossy green above and silvery below (Staples &<br />
Herbst 2005). This species is occasional to common in cultivation in Hawai‘i. on o‘ahu,<br />
it was noted occasionally naturalized and well-distributed in a dry lowland residential<br />
area. on Kaua‘i, a sparingly naturalized population was found in a less densely-populated<br />
dryland area, growing in the shaded understory of Leucaena leucocephala.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Kailua, lanikai (UTM 633696, 2365199). Growing in mock<br />
orange hedge, palm about 3 m tall. 2 individuals naturalized next to fence in yard, species is occasionally<br />
seen spreading in neighborhood. d. Hodel says Id likely, but this species also has a propensity<br />
to hybridize, 4 Jun 2009, OED 2009040602. KAUA‘I: Niumalu off Hulemalu rd UTM 462212,<br />
2427083. lowland dry to mesic secondary forest, growing with Leucaena lecocephala. Palm about<br />
3.5 m tall. fruits mostly unhealthy, old, dry. Sparingly naturalized population; smaller plants growing<br />
in understory of Leucaena. See BISH #583884, 22 apr 2010, OED 2010042201.<br />
Asclepiadaceae<br />
Cynanchum gerardii (Harv.) liede New naturalized record<br />
Cynanchum gerardii, a plant native to Ethiopia, South africa, Madagascar, the comores,<br />
Saudi arabia, and Yemen, and only known to be cultivated on o‘ahu at Koko crater
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Botanical Garden, was found in two separate locations. The first sighting was by a member<br />
of the oISc field crew, who found a small patch climbing up the side of Koko crater above<br />
the botanical garden’s Erythrina grove. The second location for this species was along the<br />
Koko Head Trail, a popular hiking trail that follows the rim of the expired volcano. The population<br />
covered approximately 15 square ft, smothering a Leucaena leucocephala patch (J.<br />
atwood 2011, pers. comm.). The description of this species from Flora of Somalia:<br />
“climber, 0.5–3 m high; stems semisucculent, finely striate, obscurely glaucous, glabrescent,<br />
basally corky, with thin, yellowish bark. leaves scale-like, often not exactly opposite,<br />
0.8–1.2 × 0.5–0.8 mm, acute. Inflorescences 4–7-flowered; peduncle 0–2.5 mm long;<br />
pedicels 2–4.5 mm long. flowers sweetly scented; corolla-lobes c. 3 × 1–1.5 mm,<br />
deflexed, ovate, acuminate, green to greenish white. corona white, cup-shaped, c. 1.5 mm<br />
long, slightly exceeding the gynostegium, tube more than 3/4 of corona length, staminal<br />
parts triangular, apically erect to inflexed, with straight margins, connate to the filament.<br />
Gynostegium sessile, 1.5 × 1.2 mm; anther wings 0.4 mm long; connective appendages<br />
0.4 × 0.5 mm, ovate to triangular, narrower than the anthers, strongly inflexed; stigmatic<br />
head white, 0.8 × 0.2, flat to depressed-conical. follicles 1(–2) per flower, 8–12 cm long,<br />
with shortly beaked tip. Seeds 5–6 × 2–3 mm, pear-shaped, densely pubescent, not<br />
winged, with tuft of c. 2 cm long hairs.” (liede-Schumann 2006)<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Koko crater Botanical Garden, UTM 636719, 2354330. New naturalized<br />
record. climbing up side of crater above Erythrina grove in mixed alien vegetation. also found<br />
growing thickly in a 5 meter × 5 m area along the Koko Head trail in a Leucaena leucocephala/<br />
Hylocereus undatus thicket. Sprawling leafless vine. flowers minute, fruits a dehiscent pod, 4 apr<br />
2011, OISC 2011040401.<br />
Asteraceae<br />
Chromolaena odorata (l.) r.M. King & H. rob. New state record<br />
Chromolaena odorata, a sprawling shrub native to central and South america, was recently<br />
found by o‘ahu army Natural resource Program field crew members on an annual road<br />
survey of army training grounds in Kahuku. This species was not previously known to be<br />
in the state, but has proven itself to be a serious weed in many parts of the world, including<br />
australia, South africa, India, Philippines, Micronesia, Palau, and Guam (Mcfadyen &<br />
Skarratt 1996). It received a score of 28 on the Hawai‘i-Pacific Weed risk assessment<br />
(<strong>Hawaii</strong> Pacific Weed risk assessment 2011), which suggests that it has a high potential to<br />
be invasive in Hawai‘i. While C. odorata thrives in open, sunny areas, it also can grow in<br />
shade, and at Kahuku has been observed growing beneath Casuarina sp. stands (oaNrP<br />
Staff december 2011). This species’ ability to tolerate drought and fire, reproduce rapidly<br />
and prolifically both from seed and vegetatively, and to produce compounds toxic to grazing<br />
animals as well as humans, makes it a species of utmost priority for removal from the<br />
area (<strong>Hawaii</strong> Pacific Weed risk assessment 2011). Unfortunately, the infestation area is<br />
heavily used for military training during the week and for motocross on the weekends,<br />
which makes the likelihood of this species spreading to other parts of the island quite high.<br />
The currently-known occupied range covers over 3,390,000 square meters, and 1500 plants<br />
in total (immature and mature) have been counted so far. Several organizations on the island<br />
are involved in the control of this species, including the o‘ahu Invasive Species committee,<br />
the Hawai‘i department of agriculture, o‘ahu Early detection, Marine corps Base Hawai‘i,<br />
department of fish and Wildlife, the fish and Wildlife Service, and the Hawai‘i<br />
Motorsports association (oaNrP Staff december 2011).<br />
description of Chromolaena odorata from Flora of North America:
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 31<br />
“Perennials or subshrubs, mostly 80–250 cm. Stems erect or sprawling to subscandent,<br />
hispidulous to coarsely short-pilose. Petioles 5–20 mm. leaf blades (3-nerved) narrowly<br />
lanceolate to deltate-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 3–10 × 1–4 cm, margins coarsely dentate<br />
to subentire. Heads usually 5–50+ in (terminal or lateral) corymbiform arrays.<br />
Involucres cylindric, (7–)8–10 mm. Phyllaries in 4–6(–8) series, apices of the inner<br />
appressed, rounded to truncate (sometimes slightly white-petaloid or expanded). corollas<br />
purplish to light blue to nearly white or slightly pinkish.” (Nesom 2006)<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Kahuku Training area off Bravo rd, near opana radar tracking<br />
station. found on an oaNrP road survey. further surveys revealed a mostly scattered, occasional<br />
population over many acres, with one particularly dense infestation in a nearby small gulch. Species<br />
appears to be growing with and occasionally outcompeting Psidium. Sprawling, climbing vine to 2.5<br />
m high in S. terebinthifolius thicket. flowers white to pale lavender. achenes brown-grey, 3–4 ridged<br />
with pappus of equal length. dry to mesic lowland flattened ridge top, secondary forest growing<br />
among Schinus terebinthifolius, 11 Jan 2011, H. Pali USARMY 199.<br />
Bignoniaceae<br />
Podranea ricasoliana (Tanfani) Sprague New island record<br />
This attractive vining species which has previously been described as naturalized on<br />
Maui, was found on Kaua‘i spreading into a roadside secondary forest. Parker & Parsons<br />
(this volume) report this species as naturalized on Hawai‘i Island.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Kōloa distr, Kalāheo. Weedy wet secondary forest. collected<br />
along upper end of Pu‘uwai rd. liana; flowers large, delicate with whitish pink corolla. Growing<br />
thickly throughout tree canopies. Naturalized, 15 oct 2007, C. Trauernicht & M. Clark 206.<br />
Pyrostegia venusta (Ker Gawl.) Miers New naturalized record<br />
Pyrostegia venusta, or orange trumpet vine, a colorful, often expansive vine native to<br />
Brazil and Paraguay and frequently cultivated worldwide (Staples & Herbst 2005), was<br />
found naturalizing along a streamside in Kaua‘i, thickly covering nearby trees and ground<br />
over a 100 × 50 ft area. on o‘ahu, it was seen smothering a grove of trees on a military<br />
base, away from landscaped areas. although fruit is seldom produced, this species is occasionally<br />
found growing well beyond planted sites. The description of this species from A<br />
Tropical Garden Flora is as follows:<br />
“Vine. leaflets usually two, ovate, 1.5–2.5 inches long, base rounded, apex acute; tendril<br />
sometimes present, 3-forked. Inflorescence a more or less dense terminal panicle. flower<br />
calyx cup-shaped, margin densely ciliate; corolla red-orange with narrow, valvate, conspicuously<br />
whitish-margined lobes, stamens projecting. fruit linear, strongly compressed,<br />
8–12 inches long.” (Staples & Herbst 2005)<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Schofield Barracks off Beaver road, across from range control.<br />
1000 ft. Growing amongst Schinus terebinthifolius, Urochloa maxima. Woody vine; very long, rambling,<br />
up to 40 ft into trees. large orange tubular flowers, 26 Jan 2010, US Army 179. KAUA‘I:<br />
along Kaumauli‘i Highway, over Wahiawā Stream, UTM 443526, 2424257. lowland roadside area.<br />
large vine blanketing canopy of nearby treesor sprawling along ground over an area of maybe 100<br />
× 50 ft. flowering heavily, corollas bright orange. No fruits seen. Perhaps originally planted in the<br />
area, this species has now spread significantly beyond its planting site in at least this area of the<br />
island. It is believed to fruit only rarely in Hawai‘i, but occasionally is found growing well beyond<br />
planting sites, 18 feb 2010, OED 2010021801.<br />
Tabebuia pallida (lindl.) Miers New naturalized record<br />
Tabebuia pallida can be found in dry and wet forests in its native range of central and<br />
South america and the caribbean. It has shown to be invasive in the Seychelles, where it
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establishes in disturbed sites, forming dense thickets that shade out more desirable native<br />
plants (Weber 2003). Individuals of this species were found spreading from cultivation on<br />
both o‘ahu and Kaua‘i. This plant has been treated as a synonym of T. heterophylla (dc.)<br />
Britton (Missouri Botanical Garden 2011), with which it is said to differ primarily by<br />
number of leaflets. Populations of the species on Kaua‘i were seen with a range of leaflets<br />
spanning the variability of both species. The taxonomic boundaries of these species need<br />
further study; the <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> currently recognizes both species as distinct. The de -<br />
scription of this species from Weber (2003):<br />
“a tree of 5–35 m height with a grayish deeply fissured bark. leaves are 8–15 cm long<br />
and palmately compound with 3–5 spreading leaflets. Petioles are 5–25 cm long. The<br />
leaflets are broadly elliptic, 5–22 cm long and 2-11 cm wide. Inflorescences are terminal<br />
panicles and consist of many pink rose or white flowers with corollas of 5–7 cm length.<br />
fruits are cylindrical and dehiscent capsules of 10–20 cm length and c. 15 mm width, containing<br />
numerous winged seeds.”<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Hālawa Valley, mauka portion of H3 access road. lowland mesic<br />
roadside. Growing on rock/concrete embankment with mixed alien species. Sapling 2 m tall, branches<br />
upright; leaves glossy to flat green, leaves all simple, aside from one very shallowly-lobed leaf.<br />
flower bud yellowish green. There were several individuals of this species of various size classes<br />
growing on the same embankment. There were no simple-leaved parent trees in the immediate area,<br />
though this species is efficiently wind-dispersed, 29 Sep 2009, OED 2009092902. KAUA‘I: Po‘ipū,<br />
lukika Pl. Growing in hibiscus hedge. Tree about 2.5 m tall, almost all leaves simple, flowers pink.<br />
New island record- occasionally naturalized in neighborhood, 14 May 2010, OED 2010051401.<br />
Caryophyllaceae<br />
Petrorhagia velutina (Guss.) P.W. Ball<br />
& Heywood New island record<br />
This slender herbaceous plant, previously collected from Maui and Hawai‘i (Wagner et al.<br />
1999), was found on o‘ahu in a mowed field in Schofield Barracks.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Schofield Barracks West range; area x, dragon x landing zone.<br />
Herbaceous plant growing in a large mowed field. from 10 to 25 cm tall, often single inflorescence<br />
(but occasionally branched.) Pink, distinctive 2-lobed petals; fruits a papery husk. Perhaps reached<br />
o‘ahu from military vehicles, 15 apr 2010, US Army 184.<br />
Celastraceae<br />
Catha edulis (Vahl) Endl. New naturalized record<br />
Catha edulis, or Khat, as it is known in East african countries where it is consumed as a<br />
stimulant, is not known to be cultivated in Hawai‘i outside of botanical gardens. on<br />
o‘ahu, it was found very sparingly naturalized, spreading to a dry plateau overlooking<br />
Waimea Botanical Garden. The description for this species from Flora of China:<br />
“Evergreen shrubs, 1–5 m tall; young branches with white, fine lenticels. Petiole 3–8 mm;<br />
leaf blade elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 4–7 × 2–4 cm, leathery, base narrowly attenuate,<br />
slightly decurrent, margin obtusely serrate, apex obtusely shortly acuminate. cymes single,<br />
small, 1.5–2 × as wide; peduncle 5–10 mm, 2–4-branched, branches short, less than<br />
3 mm; pedicel 1–3 mm, up to 5 mm in fruit. flowers 3–5 mm in diam.; sepals 5, triangular-ovate,<br />
ca. 1 mm; petals 5, white, narrowly ovate or narrowly oblong. Stamens 5, filamentous,<br />
shorter than corolla. ovary free, surrounded by disk; stigma 3-lobed. capsule<br />
orange-red, cylindric, ca. 8 × 3–4 mm, dehiscing from above, loculicidally in 3 valves,<br />
usually only 1 seed maturing per valve. Seeds black-brown, narrowly ovoid, 3–4 mm,<br />
with membranous basal wing.” (Ma & funston 2008)
HBS Records for 2009–2010 — Part II: Plants 33<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Elehāhā drainage, upper Waimea, 700 ft. Small tree ca. 2 m tall.<br />
roadside vegetation, 9 dec 2003, K. Kawelo s.n. (BISH #704780).<br />
Clethraceae<br />
Clethra lanata M. Martens & Galeotti New naturalized record<br />
Clethra lanata, or Nance macho, as it is sometimes called in its native range of central<br />
america, is only known to be grown in botanical gardens in Hawai‘i. It was seen very<br />
sparingly naturalized, spreading outside the boundaries of the National Tropical Botanical<br />
Garden on Kaua‘i. description of this species from Flora of Panama:<br />
“Trees or sometimes shrubby, 2–30 m tall, sometimes buttressed at base; young branches,<br />
petioles, and bases of peduncles densely rusty-brown lanate. leaves grouped toward<br />
the tips of branchlets with smaller young leaves at the apices; blades of mature leaves obovate,<br />
elliptic-obovate or oblong-obovate, 7–18 cm long, 3–9 cm wide, chartaceous to subcoriaceous,<br />
obtuse or acute at apex, narrowed at the base, the margin entire to slightly denticulate<br />
due to the emergence of the veins from the leaf blade, the midrib prominent<br />
below, scattered stellate or simple pubescence above, denser in vein furrows, below somewhat<br />
paler with two! types of pubescence, one short, stellate, and forming a layer covering<br />
entire lower surface, the other long, simple or stellate, and confined to the veins and<br />
veinlets, either layer may be absent on some individuals; petioles stout, up to 2 cm long.<br />
Inflorescences many flowered, 4–10 simple or branched fasiculate racemes, 8–26 cm<br />
long, the upper part of peduncle and pedicels pale, densely tomentose, the pedicels 2.5–7<br />
mm long. flowers white, very sweetly aromatic; sepals 5, ovate, 3-5 mm long, puberulent-tomentose<br />
within, tomentose without; petals 5, obovate, short-fimbricate, slightly<br />
longer than the sepals, pilose within, glabrous without; stamens 5, filaments subulate,<br />
glabrous, the anthers sagittate; ovary transversely-elliptic, densely pilose, the style<br />
1.5–2.5 mm long, the stigma 3-lobed, lobes spreading. capsule transversely-elliptic,<br />
pilose to tomentose, to 6 mm in diam; seeds 3, compressed.” (robertson 1967)<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Upper limahuli Valley. Meterosideros/Dicranopteris disturbed<br />
ridgetop with large Andropogon and Clidemia patches. collected just off the ridge from the Wainiha<br />
Pali to the top of limahuli falls, future site of fenceline. Tree just N of the ridge about 10 ft down<br />
steep waterfall side. With Syzygium sandwicensis, Psychotria mariniana, Ilex anomala, Bobea,<br />
Alyxia. Small tree, sterile, w/one old empty peduncle up high. Tree about 12 ft tall. leaf abaxially w/<br />
brown pubescence and raised veins, dark green adaxially w/ impressed veins. Petioles pubescent, 6<br />
Jan 2009, N. Tangalin & E. Griffin-Noyes 1876.<br />
Commelinaceae<br />
Tradescantia spathacea Sw. New island record<br />
Tradescantia spathacea, or oyster plant, a sturdy plant commonly seen grown as a groundcover,<br />
was first collected as naturalized on o‘ahu. on Kaua‘i, several populations were seen<br />
growing out of a fallen log and scattered in the understory of a Casuarina grove.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Kalāheo, on Papalina rd near Pālama St. lowland dry/mesic roadside<br />
area, growing on fallen log. Herb with purple undersides to leaves. No planted individuals in area.<br />
Scattered populations along road in dense Casuarina stand, 19 feb 2010, OED 2010021906.<br />
Costaceae<br />
Costus scaber ruiz & Pav. New naturalized record<br />
This species, native to Mexico, the West Indies, central america, and tropical South<br />
america (Staples & Herbst 2005), was found on Kaua‘i in a pasture off Kahuna rd in<br />
Kapa‘a. Costus scaber can be distinguished by a line of short hairs along the midrib of the
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upper surface of the leaves, ovoid to cylindrical inflorescences 1.4–4.0" long that are terminal<br />
on leafy stems. Inflorescences have red-orange bracts with shredded, fibrous margins.<br />
calyxes are up to 0.25" long, and the red-orange inch-long stamens are about as long or<br />
longer than the yellow labellum (Staples & Herbst 2005).<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Kapa‘a Homesteads, off Kahuna rd. UTM 462427, 2444371. In<br />
pasture near fence with Sphagneticola trilobata, Macroptilium atropurpureum, 31 Mar 2010, OED<br />
2010033102.<br />
Crassulaceae<br />
Bryophyllum laxiflorum (Baker) Govaerts New naturalized record<br />
This succulent decumbent herb, which has only two specimens in the Herbarium<br />
Pacificum and is not known to be a popular ornamental in Hawai‘i, was found spreading<br />
locally down a dry, rocky slope within a 40 × 8 ft area. It was colonizing small patches of<br />
soil between rocks, a niche also being occupied by native Peperomia species.<br />
distinguishing features of this species include decumbent stems with pale green leaves<br />
more or less evenly spaced on the stem; circular or ovate to oblong leaf blades with blunt<br />
teeth along the margin, leaf bases truncate with very small to large upturned auricles. The<br />
inflorescence is a small, loose corymb, flowers are few, pendent; calyx tube 1.2–1.3 cm,<br />
lobes 6.0–6.5 × 4.5 mm. anther and styles project from the corolla tube; filaments are<br />
fused for 6.0–9.5 mm ( European Garden flora Editorial committee 1995)<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Ko‘olau Mountains on Mau‘umae Trail, lower portion. UTM<br />
626174, 2355842. dry lowland ridge, growing among rocky dry cliffs and along trail in small rock<br />
cracks. low-growing succulent herb with erect stems. Stems, leaves, and inflorescence with pink<br />
cast. leaves otherwise glaucous green with scalloped margins, the lower portion/lobes of larger<br />
leaves upturned. flowers pendulous, corolla lobes reddish. locally abundant naturalized herb growing<br />
among native Peperomia spp. in the same niche habitat, 2 Nov 2010, OED 2010110201.<br />
Cupressaceae<br />
Callitris columellaris f. Muell. New island record<br />
Some 407 individuals of this species were planted in forest reserves on o‘ahu between<br />
1910 and 1960 (Skolmen 1980), which may help to explain its spread. This gymnosperm,<br />
previously found naturalizing on Maui, was collected on o‘ahu in a couple of lowland<br />
roadside areas in Schofield Barracks. Many individuals of varying size were seen.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Schofield Barracks East range in area along Higgins rd. In vegetation<br />
off-road around buildings and in forested areas. Guava and Eucalyptus-dominated forest.<br />
Individuals of varying size (3–7 m) in area. cones round, split open when dry, 2–3 cm across. New<br />
island record, 26 May 2009, J. Beachy & K. Kawelo US Army 158; Schofield Barracks East range<br />
along centerline road. Mesic lowland roadside area. Tree about 5 m tall. Male and female cones<br />
present; seed cones open in star shape. lots of plants in the general area of various sizes; seedlings<br />
and immatures present and common. Naturalizing, 7 Jan 2010, US Army 176.<br />
Cupressus lusitanica Mill. New naturalized record<br />
Cupressus lusitanica, a tree native from Mexico to central america, has been planted<br />
widely in Hawai‘i, both as a forestry species (939 individuals were planted on o‘ahu<br />
alone[Skolmen 1980]) and as an ornamental, particularly by early Portuguese settlers<br />
(Staples & Herbst 2005). distinguishing features of this species include sharply pointed<br />
leaves all the same shape and size, ovoid seed cones that are glaucous when young that<br />
open at maturity, and reddish-brown seeds (Staples & Herbst 2005).
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 35<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Kuaokalā road. Young fruits glaucous, seeds reddish-brown,<br />
thin. New naturalized record, 19 Jan 2009, K. Kawelo US Army 115; Schofield Barracks East range,<br />
at fill disposal site off centerline rd, 920 ft. disturbed dry/mesic lowland area. Growing with mixed<br />
alien vegetation. approximately 4 m tall tree with branches low to ground, bushy habit. Male “cones”<br />
yellow, at tips of branches. female cones on lower branches, young ones glaucous. Not many small<br />
trees seen, but many trees on area, and do not look planted, 7 Jan 2010, US Army 177.<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Euphorbia lactea Haw. New naturalized record<br />
although this species is not known to flower in cultivation, it has been reported as naturalized<br />
from the caribbean and florida. Naturalization events must therefore occur vegetatively<br />
(Staples & Herbst 2005). on o‘ahu, Euphorbia lactea was collected spreading in<br />
dry roadside alien scrub vegetation. Individuals of varying size classes were seen. The<br />
population on Kaua‘i was spreading by vegetative means along a streamside cliff.<br />
Euphorbia lactea is a candelabra-shaped succulent shrub 10–25 ft tall, with dense stems,<br />
3- or 4-angled dark green with mottled white branches, paired spines to 0.2" long, grayish,<br />
straight. The leaves are quickly deciduous, leaf blades are ovate, spatulate to rounded,<br />
and 0.25–0.50" long. flowers are unknown (Staples & Herbst 2005).<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Koko crater, near road to Hanauma Bay. UTM 635595, 2353210.<br />
Mixed alien scrub, several individuals of varying sizes in area. Spiny shrub about 2 m tall. No fruits<br />
or flowers. 30 Jun 2009, OED 2009063002; KAUA‘I: Hanapēpē, along Hanapēpē Stream, growing<br />
on cliff sides. dry lowland rocky cliffs. cactus-like Euphorbia with shrubby habit, to about 2 m tall.<br />
Stems green on edges/outside half, with white coloration near middle. No flowers or fruit present.<br />
Spreading by vegetative means along cliff sides, 22 Jun 2010, OED 2010062201.<br />
Euphorbia leucocephala lotsy New naturalized record<br />
Euphorbia leucocephala, or Puno-puno, an attractive shrub commonly seen grown as a<br />
hedge or specimen plants in Hawai‘i gardens, was found on Kaua‘i growing out of a<br />
Eugenia uniflora hedge in a lowland residential area. It was also seen in non-cultivated<br />
situations in other parts of the same neighborhood. description of this species from A<br />
Tropical Garden Flora is as follows:<br />
“Evergreen shrub 4–8 feet tall, crown rounded; branches green tinged reddish. leaves<br />
whorled, 4 to 12 per node; petioles 0.25 to 1.25 inches long; blades more or less elliptic,<br />
1 to 2.5 inch long by 0.25 to 1 inch wide, dull to dark green, underside paler, apex with<br />
tiny mucro. Inflorescence in showy panicles; blades oblanceolate to spatula-shaped. 0.5<br />
to 0.75 inches by 0.15 to 0.2 inches, white with green veins. cyathea inconspicuous,<br />
whitish, glands pale green. fruit not seen.” (Staples & Herbst 2005)<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: līhu‘e. Small individual poking out of dense Eugenia uniflora<br />
hedge. No mature individuals seen in local vicinity. Shrub about 2.5 ft tall, 2 apr 2010, OED<br />
2010040201.<br />
Homalanthus populneus (Geiseler) Pax New naturalized record<br />
Homalanthus populneus, a species known in Hawai‘i from one specimen taken from<br />
Ho‘omaluhia Botanical Garden, was found spreading near an untended side road close to<br />
the garden. The description of this species taken from H-J Esser’s “revision of<br />
Omalanthus (Euphorbiaceae) in Malesia” (now Homalanthus nom. cons.):<br />
“Tree up to 10 meters tall, dbh 18 cm, with slender, terete, crooked to straight trunk,<br />
numerous spreading, flexible branches, and a flattish but spreading crown; without but-
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BISHOP MUSEUM <strong>OCCASIONAL</strong> <strong>PAPERS</strong>: No. 113, 2012<br />
tresses. Glabrous. Bark pale brown to grey, non-fissured but lenticelled and mottled with<br />
pale patches, with greyish lenticels, yellow on the inside, very thin, soft.... Stipules 0.8 to<br />
2 cm long. leaves: petiole 1 to 15 cm long, glandless; lamina orbiculate to ovate to lanceolate,<br />
3 to 22 by 1.5 to 20 cm, base rounded to slightly emarginate to, rarely, cuneate, not<br />
or indistinctly (up to 1 mm) peltate, very base often attenuate, apex acuminate, lower surface<br />
usually whitish with larger veins of different color, rarely not whitish at all, side veins<br />
in 9 to 15 pairs below the apex, angle of divergence 50 to 60 (up to 80) degrees, partially<br />
to completely joined towards the margin, tertiary veins percurrent, quaternary veins<br />
reticulate and usually indistinct, adaxially without any prominent gland, but often with 2<br />
glandular auricles up to 0.6 mm long, abaxially with 1 to 3 glands on each half of blade,<br />
0.2 to 0.5 mm in diameter, and close to the margin, basal ones sometimes enlarged, and<br />
close to or touching the midvein if not absent. Infloresecences 3 to 30 cm long, usually<br />
bisexual, occasionally wholly staminate, staminate part 6 to 9 mm in diameter. Bracts of<br />
staminate cymules 0.75 to 1.5 mm long, with a pair of large undivided glands 0.5 to 1.5<br />
mm long and only slightly (0.2 to 0.3 mm) overtopped by the bract. Staminate flowers<br />
(1–) 3 per cymule; pedicel 0.6 to 3 mm long; sepals 2, about 0.6 mm long; stamens (6–)<br />
8 to 10 per flower with filaments about 0.4 mm long and anthers about 0.3 mm long.<br />
Pistillate flowers 0 to 4 (–21) per thyrse; pedicel 3 to 12 mm long; sepals 2, soon<br />
caducous; ovary about 2 mm long, bicarpellate, papillate, style about 0.6 to 1.5 mm long,<br />
stigma 1.5 to 3 (–6) by 0.6 to 0.7 mm, apically undivided to slightly emarginate to shortly<br />
divided, glandular over its whole length or only the apical or basal 0.5 mm glandless.<br />
fruits 2 to 4 (–8) per infructescence; bract persistent; pedicel sulcate, not carinate, style<br />
0.3 to 1 mm long, the stigma 1.5 to 3 by 0.6 mm; regularly opened fruits not uncommon,<br />
opening primarily loculicidally, pericarp about 0.2 to 0.3 mm thick, remaining columella<br />
slightly alate.” (Esser 1997)<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: on road towards Board of Water Supply building,<br />
21.3886709221213, -157.810172089729. Shrub/tree with spreading crown. ~7 ft tall, leaning over.<br />
flowers minute, with basal glands. In mixed alien botanical garden setting. associated vegetation:<br />
Clerodendrum chinense, Falcataria, Bridelia insularum, 20 oct 2011, OED 2011102001.<br />
Manihot esculenta crantz New naturalized record<br />
Manihot esculenta, or Tapioca, is a prominent crop worldwide and a popular source of<br />
starch for many cultures in Hawai‘i. It was found naturalized in two separate locations on<br />
Kaua‘i, and along the Hālawa access road on o‘ahu. M. esculenta can be either a shrub<br />
or an herb 3–10 ft tall, with brittle, knobby stems and swollen, elongate roots. leaf petioles<br />
are 2–7 in long and can be green or reddish; leaf blades are usually divided, or the<br />
upper portion can occasionally be entire. leaves have 3–7 lobes which are narrowly elliptic<br />
to narrowly oblanceolate, 4–8 in × 0.66–1.50 in, undersides are white and margins are<br />
smooth. Inflorescences are axillary, flowers are green or yellowish, more or less flushed<br />
red, 0.33–0.50 in long. fruit is 0.50–0.75 in long and often winged. Seeds are oblong and<br />
mottled tan to brown (Staples & Herbst 2005).<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: H3 Hālawa- UTM 2367484, 617550. New naturalized record.<br />
Semiwoody tree with brittle stems, petioles crimson. No flowers or fruit seen. Patch of 6–10 plants<br />
growing in thick Guinea grass understory, 15 oct 2009, OED 2009101501. KAUA‘I: UTM 464691,<br />
2443006. lowland mesic residential setting. Sprawling shrub/thicket about 8-10 feet tall, occasionally<br />
climbing trees to 20 ft high. large naturalized patch covering about 0.25 acres, forming a monoculture/thicket.<br />
downslope from a cultivated patch. 10 Mar 2010, OED 2010031001; Hoary Head<br />
range, E of omoe, 210 m. appears naturalized, but fairly local. along cane road. Shrub ca 2.5 m tall.<br />
6 apr 1988, W. L. Wagner & C. Imada 6005.
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 37<br />
Pedilanthus tithymaloides (l.) Poit. subsp.<br />
padifolius (l.) dressler New naturalized record<br />
This easily-cultivated species which is used as an ornamental as well as a medicinal plant in<br />
many tropical regions of the world (Staples & Herbst 2005), has escaped cultivation on o‘ahu.<br />
Pedilanthus tithymaloides subsp. padifolius is a distinctive shrub 1–10 ft tall, with succulent<br />
branches, and inflorescences in flat-topped clusters. The cyathia involucres are slipper-shaped<br />
and tubular with a basal spur protruding from the back; the subspecies is characterized by its<br />
obovate or elliptic leaves that are widest above the middle (Staples & Herbst 2005).<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Kamilo Iki. UTM 634558, 2355049. 200 ft. Growing with<br />
Leucaena in rocky hillside near residential lawn area. Herb about 0.5 m tall. flowers crimson, slipper-shaped.<br />
fruits numerous. See also <strong>Bishop</strong> coll #726000. 3 apr 2009, OED 2009040301; Waipi‘o<br />
Peninsula, within area controlled by Navy, along coastal road, UTM 605651, 2361445, 15 ft. Small,<br />
localized, naturalized population with unknown initial introduction history. Somewhat commonly<br />
cultivated on island but no obvious cultivation near collection site. Succulent shrub to 2 ft. lowland<br />
coastal non-native vegetation dominated by Prosopis pallida and Cenchrus ciliaris, 9 dec 2010,<br />
OED 2010120901.<br />
Fabaceae<br />
Acacia mangium Willd. New island record<br />
Acacia mangium, an easy-to-grow forestry species that was widely planted in the Pacific<br />
and elsewhere as a forestry tree, frequently naturalizes where grown and is known to<br />
spread from plantings. It tolerates degraded areas and seems to prefer moist to wet sites.<br />
It has been previously collected as naturalized on o‘ahu, and was found on Kaua‘i growing<br />
out of a pile of debris in a pasture in lumaha‘i Valley, and also spreading fairly extensively<br />
from a forestry planting in Wailua. Parker & Parsons (this volume) report this<br />
species as naturalized on Hawai‘i Island.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: lower lumaha‘i Valley, in pasture near highway, UTM 445357,<br />
2456701. coastal mesic pasture. Sapling/tree to 8 ft tall, no flowers or fruit present. 2 naturalized<br />
individuals growing in rockpile in middle of an Ageratum conyzoides-dominated portion of a pasture.<br />
This species was also noted as naturalized in upper Wailua on loop rd, probably spreading from<br />
experimental tree planting sites, 11 Mar 2010, OED 2010031101.<br />
Bauhinia glauca (Benth.) Benth. subsp.<br />
tenuiflora (c.B. clarke) K. larsen &<br />
S.S. larsen New naturalized record<br />
Bauhinia glauca, a species native to Southeast asia and India (chen et al. 2010), but not<br />
known to be cultivated in Hawai‘i outside botanical gardens, was found on o‘ahu, smothering<br />
the canopy of Aleurites moluccana. description of the species (with subspecies<br />
characters in brackets):<br />
“climbers, with tendrils. Young branches reddish pubescent, later glabrous. Stipules linear,<br />
ca. 4 mm; petiole sparsely pubescent, [1–2(–3) cm; leaves relatively large, 7–9 cm,<br />
primary veins 9–11, apex bifid to only 1/5], …tip of lobes rounded. flowers in short dense<br />
corymbs; bracts linear, ca. 5 mm; bracteoles similar, inserted near middle of pedicel.<br />
Pedicel slender, 10–20 mm. flower buds ovoid, [hairy]. receptacle striate, tubular,<br />
[receptacle 25–30 mm (longer than pedicel)], subglabrous. calyx splitting into 2 or 3<br />
reflexed segments. Petals white, subequal, broadly obovate, 8–12 mm including claw 2–3<br />
mm. fertile stamens 3; filaments glabrous, ca. as long as petals; anthers red, ellipsoid, ca.<br />
2 mm. Stami nodes 7, 2 in between stamens, ca. 3 mm, 5 short, subulate, connate at base.
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ovary ca. 8 mm, glabrous, shortly stalked; style very short; stigma obliquely peltate.<br />
legume flat, 18–25 × 3–5 cm, thinly valved, indehiscent. Seeds flat, ovoid, 5–8 mm.”<br />
(chen et al. 2010b)<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Ho‘omaluhia Botanical Garden, near BWS pumping station<br />
fence. UTM 623222, 2365401. Sprawling over Aleurites moluccana in mixed alien lowland forest.<br />
large, extensively sprawling vine with trunk ~7 in dia at base. covering large area, dense blanketing<br />
growth in parts. flowers white, about 1 in across. Pods dark brown, flat. New naturalized record, 21<br />
oct 2011, OED 2011102102.<br />
Calliandra houstoniana (Mill.) Standl.<br />
var. calothyrsa (Meisn.) Barneby New island record<br />
Calliandra houstoniana var. calothyrsa, a nitrogen-fixing species native to central<br />
america and northern South america, is frequently cultivated in asia as a forestry species<br />
(caB International 2005). It has been collected as naturalized on Maui and lāna‘i, and<br />
now on Kaua‘i, where a small population was spotted spreading along a roadside and into<br />
a nearby field. Parker & Parsons (this volume) report this species as naturalized on<br />
Hawai‘i Island.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Kaumuali‘i Hwy near Halfway Bridge UTM 453515, 2428694.<br />
lowland mesic roadside area. Tree/shrub about 15 ft tall. Probably planted somewhere in the general<br />
area, but now spreading to at least roadside and open areas, 7 Jun 2010, OED 2010060702.<br />
Desmodium cajanifolium (Kunth) dc. New island record<br />
Desmodium cajanifolium, a weedy species previously found naturalized along roadsides<br />
and in open forests on the Big Island, was seen on Kaua‘i growing in Leucaena-dominated<br />
secondary vegetation.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Kōloa, road to Kāhili Mt. Park, 0.4 mi from Hwy 50, at 720'.<br />
8–10' herb; spindly, sparingly branched; leaves matte green olive green above, below paler, dull,<br />
raised yellow green veins; standard and keel pale lilac, wings darker pink. Secondary vegetation;<br />
Panicum maximum, Leucaena, 18 Nov 2004, T. Flynn 7159.<br />
Peltophorum pterocarpum (dc.) K. Heyne New naturalized record<br />
Peltophorum pterocarpum, or Yellow poinciana, a native to Southeast asia and northern<br />
australia, is occasionally planted as a street tree in the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands. This species is<br />
easily cultivated from seed, which it produces in abundance. It was found on Kaua‘i scattered<br />
throughout a residential area. The description for this species from Flora of China<br />
is as follows:<br />
“Trees, 4–15 m tall. Young shoots, petioles, and inflorescences ferruginous hairy; old<br />
branches with yellowish, small lenticels. leaves 30–42 cm; petiole robust; rachis 25–35<br />
cm; pinnae 7–15 pairs, opposite, 8–12 cm; leaflets (7–)10–21 pairs, crowded together,<br />
oblong-obovate, 1.2–1.7 cm × 5–7 mm, leathery, abaxially pale green, adaxially deep<br />
green, base oblique, margin entire, apex rounded, mucronate. Panicles terminal or axillary,<br />
densely ferruginous puberulent; bracts caducous, 5–8 mm. Pedicels ca. 5 mm, ca. as<br />
long as flower buds, 5–7 mm from one another. flower buds globose, 5–8 mm in diam.<br />
Sepals ovate, 5–8 × 4–7 mm, outside ferruginous tomentose. Petals obovate, 1.5–1.7 cm<br />
× 8–10 mm, densely ferruginous pubescent at middle of both surfaces, long clawed.<br />
filaments ca. 1.2 cm, hirsute at base; anthers ca. 3 mm, sagittate at base. ovary stalked,<br />
hairy, 3- or 4-ovuled; style filiform, much longer than ovary, smooth; stigma discoid, 3lobed.<br />
legume winged, compressed, fusiform, narrowed to both ends, longitudinally<br />
veined at middle part; wings 4–5 mm wide. Seeds 2–4.” (chen et al. 2010a)
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 39<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Kapa‘a, Kaehulua rd, near intersection with Ka‘apuni rd. UTM<br />
465781, 2441964. lowland residential and secondary vegetation. Tree about 10 ft tall, pods brown.<br />
Scattered individuals throughout this neighborhood, 10 Mar 2010, OED 2010031003.<br />
Pueraria montana (lour.) Merr. var. lobata<br />
(Willd.) Sanjappa & Pradeep New island record<br />
Kudzu, a vining species notorious in many tropical and subtropical areas for its ability to<br />
smother surrounding vegetation, has been previously described as naturalized on o‘ahu,<br />
Maui, and the Big Island. on Kaua‘i, it was collected in the Hanalei National Wildlife<br />
refuge, growing along a streambank.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Hanalei NWr, valley along river 10'. liana; leaves dull medium<br />
green, raised white veins above, greenish gray, pale green rained veins below; calyx lobes pale yellow;<br />
standard purple, basal pale yellow green spot; wings purple, keel slightly paler, 8 oct 1991, T.<br />
Flynn 4748.<br />
Stylosanthes scabra Vogel New island record<br />
This species, occasionally used as a marginal forage for livestock (Skerman et al. 1988),<br />
has been found naturalizing on the islands of o‘ahu, Moloka‘i, lāna‘i, Maui, and Ha -<br />
wai‘i. It was recently collected from a pastured area on Kaua‘i.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Kōloa district, ala Kalanikaumaka rd. ca 100 m from junction<br />
with Koloa rd, 21.54°N, 159.28°W , 73 m. locally common. Woody herb to 3 ft; leaves red-green<br />
above, grey-green below; corolla: keel yellow, standard yellow fading white. ruderal vegetation with<br />
Desmodium, Panicum, Chamaecrista and Stylosanthes, 26 Mar 2009, T. Flynn 7438.<br />
Vigna luteola (Jacq.) Benth. New island record<br />
Vigna luteola, a forage species naturalized throughout the tropics and subtropics and previously<br />
collected as naturalized on o‘ahu, was found on Kaua‘i growing in a coastal<br />
species restoration site. It is unclear how this species came to be growing in that location.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Kōloa district, lāwai Bay, 21°53'22"N, 159°30'12"W, 3 m. Vine<br />
twining in and around Scaevola; stems pale green, leaves dark glossy green above w/ obvious reticulate<br />
venation, below glossy, paler w/ obvious venation; peduncle erect, pale green; calyx pale green;<br />
standard greenish yellow w/in, yellow green w/out. coastal, growing in “Native coastal restoration”<br />
site fronting allerton Estate. Scaevola, Wedelia, Vigna spp., Stenotaphrum, Ipomoea, 6 oct 2008, T.<br />
Flynn 7401.<br />
Iridaceae<br />
Dietes iridioides (l.) Sweet New naturalized record<br />
Dietes iridioides, a species used often as an accent plant in landscaping, has been found<br />
naturalizing on a ridgetop on o‘ahu. The description of this species from A Tropical<br />
Garden Flora:<br />
“Plant 1 to 2 feet tall; leaf blades linear to sword-shaped, 10 to 16 inches by 0.25 to 0.6<br />
inches, veins not obvious. Inflorescence scape bracts not obviously paired, 1 to 1.25 inches<br />
long, brownish. flowers 1.5 to 2 (–4) inches, white with yellow blotch and beard on<br />
outer tepal, inner tepal white, tepal claws often orange-dotted; style branches bluish. fruit<br />
ovoid-cylindrical, 0.8 to 1.2 inches long, rough-walled, furrowed, apex beaked.” (Staples<br />
& Herbst 2005)<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Wai‘anae Mountains, Manuwai along eastern fenceline of Manuwai<br />
fence, 2100 ft. Naturalized, forming a patch. Plant was sterile at field collection site- collected and grown
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until flowering at residence in Kahalu‘u. clumping herb, leaves less than 0.5 m long. outer tepals white<br />
with yellow-brown markings, inner tepals purple. Growing with Metro sideros polymorpha, Grevillea<br />
robusta, Dodonaea viscosa, Clidemia hirta, 15 Jun 2011, J. Beachy US Army 214.<br />
Juncaceae<br />
Juncus effusus l. New island record<br />
Juncus effusus, which has the common name Japanese mat rush, is believed to have been<br />
brought to Hawai‘i in the early 1900s to be used as a source of matting material (Wagner<br />
et al. 1999). It is widely naturalized on the islands of o‘ahu, Moloka‘i, Maui, and Ha -<br />
wai‘i, and now on Kaua‘i, where it was collected in Kōke‘e State Park.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Kōke‘e State Park, between Pihea trail and Pihea peak.<br />
Metrosideros-dominated wet forest with Cheirodendron, Vaccinium, Sadleria, and Clermontia. Erect<br />
herb; stems glossy green, whitish green at base; spikelets whitish. Pith appears to be solid, 21 May<br />
2008, T. Flynn 7395.<br />
Lamiaceae<br />
Ocimum basilicum l. New island record<br />
Ocimum basilicum, or Sweet basil, is widely cultivated and naturalized in Hawai‘i and<br />
worldwide. It has been previously collected on Ni‘ihau, o‘ahu, Moloka‘i, lāna‘i, Maui,<br />
and Hawai‘i. on Kaua‘i, it was found sparingly naturalized on a residential roadside bordering<br />
pastureland.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Mauka of Kapa‘a town on Hau‘iki rd, UTM 462767, 2442577.<br />
lowland roadside area. Herb to 1 ft tall. Very sparingly naturalized in roadside area with pastureland<br />
on one side and residences on the other, 31 Mar 2010, OED 2010033104.<br />
Myricaceae<br />
Morella cerifera (l.) Small New island record<br />
This species has previously been documented as naturalized on Maui. It is documented<br />
here as established on Hawai‘i Island, where two populations are known in the Hilo area,<br />
along Mohouli St and along Stainback Hwy near Pana‘ewa Zoo. It was known to exist on<br />
the island in the literature (Kurten et al. 2008), but apparently not citing an herbarium<br />
specimen. This species is not listed as planted on Big Island forest reserves in Skolmen<br />
(1980), although it may have been planted there at some point. The Mohouli Street population<br />
is an extensive, dense thicket, and significant control work has been performed in<br />
that area (J. Parker 2011, pers. comm.). This species is also documented here as at least<br />
adventive on Kaua‘i, where it was seen in a coastal residential area spreading significantly<br />
throughout one resident’s yard, perhaps only by root suckers. It is unclear whether it<br />
was originally planted in this location.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Hā‘ena, on Hā‘ena Place. coastal residential setting. 2–3 m tall shrub.<br />
adventively spreading locally. only male plants noted, though only a few individuals were inspected, 9<br />
Mar 2010, A. Lau & D. Frohlich 2010030902. HAWAI‘I: Sunrise ridge subdivision on Mohouli St extension<br />
between Komohana St and Kaumana dr. Growing with Melastoma septemnervium, Melochia, other<br />
weedy species on thin soil on roadside. distribution of the plant in the area is unknown but it is common<br />
just above Komohana St for about 1 km on Mohouli St. appears to occupy at least 70 acres, 19 Mar 2003,<br />
s.n.; Several large trees 7–8 m tall and a few (not many) apparent seedlings along Stainback Hwy between<br />
Pana‘ewa Zoo and <strong>Hawaii</strong> Belt Hwy, 26 apr 1985, R.L.Stemmermann 6936.
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 41<br />
Myrsinaceae<br />
Ardisia crenata Sims New island record<br />
Known in Hawai‘i as Hilo holly, this ornamental plant has escaped cultivation to become an<br />
occasional to common element of mesic and wet lowland forests, where it commonly grows<br />
in densely shady understory. It has been documented as naturalized on o‘ahu, Maui, and<br />
Hawai‘i islands. It is documented here as very sparingly naturalized along a roadside on<br />
Kaua‘i. It is not unlikely that this species is also established in forested areas of Kaua‘i,<br />
although surveys of these areas have not been done by the collectors mentioned here.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: lāwa‘i, off Piko rd. 1 m tall columnar shrub. No flowers seen;<br />
fruits abundant, red. Single naturalized plant coming out of cultivated hedge. Very sparingly naturalized<br />
in immediate area, 24 feb 2010, D. Frohlich & A. Lau 2010022401.<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
Pimenta dioica (l.) Merr. New island record<br />
also known as allspice, this species has previously been collected as naturalized on<br />
Kaua‘i and Maui. The collection below is from a population on o‘ahu, in Makiki, known<br />
to the authors to extend above Maunalaha Trail where it occupies more than an acre in<br />
various densities, occasionally forming dense thickets. Parker & Parsons (this volume)<br />
report this species as naturalized on Hawai‘i Island.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: E side of Maunalaha Trail, behind Hawai‘i Nature center,<br />
Makiki, Honolulu. about 200 m. Vegetation: mostly Eucalyptus with other alien species. Small tree<br />
2.5 m tall. flowers white, no fruit present. Many trees, most in bud, 16 Jul 2002, F. Kraus FK 06.<br />
Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) J.W. Moore New naturalized record<br />
also known as Bay rum tree, this native to the caribbean is somewhat rare in cultivation on<br />
o‘ahu. It can be distinguished the other species of Pimenta naturalized in Hawai‘i by more<br />
obtuse to subcircular leaves (vs. oblong-elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate in P. dioica), the apex<br />
usually rounded (vs. obtuse to acute), and by flowers with 5 sepals and 5 petals (vs. 4 sepals<br />
and 4 petals) (Staples & Herbst 2005). It is naturalized in Moanalua Valley on o‘ahu, probably<br />
as an escape from cultivation in the area. It is well scattered over many acres. No extensive<br />
dense stands were seen, but thorough surveys off-trail were not performed.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Moanalua Valley, along trail. lowland mesic, predominantly nonnative<br />
secondary forest, in valley floor. Probably planted in some areas but now naturalized and occasional<br />
to common along lower portion of trail. Usually scattered, but occasionally forming small<br />
dense patches (3 × 3 m), 26 May 2011, A. Lau 2011052601.<br />
Ochnaceae<br />
Ochna thomasiana Engl. & Gilg New island record<br />
This species has previously been documented as naturalized on o‘ahu, lāna‘i, and Maui.<br />
It is now known to be very sparingly naturalized on Kaua‘i as well, where it was seen<br />
escaping cultivation in a somewhat dry lowland residential area.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Kalāheo, off Pu‘u rd, on ai rd. dry/mesic lowland residential<br />
roadside area, in an herbicided field. Very sparingly naturalized in the area. cultivated elsewhere on<br />
island, 19 feb 2010, A. Lau & D. Frohlich 2010021902.<br />
Orchidaceae<br />
Dendrobium mirbelianum Gaudich. New state record<br />
This species is native to the Moluccas, New Guinea, the Bismarck archipelago, northeastern<br />
australia, and the Solomon Islands, where it grows as an epiphyte in mangroves
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and forests more or less near sea level. It is known to have populations with cleistogamous<br />
flowers, which means that it can produce self-pollinating flowers that remain closed. It is<br />
reported to be commonly cultivated in some regions and to form natural hybrids (cribb<br />
1986). although this species had not been collected from cultivation, it is most likely an<br />
escape from a garden or nursery. It appears established as naturalized, occurring in scattered<br />
localities along the Schofield-Waikāne trail. Sterile individuals closely resembling<br />
the vouchered material were also noted in Kahana Valley by the collectors, as low as about<br />
300 m. This Dendrobium belongs to section Spatulata (cribb 1986), and can be distinguished<br />
from other members of this section primarily by floral characters, which include:<br />
flowers greenish yellow to olive brown, veined with purple brown on the lip; callus white,<br />
marked with purple or violet; petals spathulate, acute to subacute, not twisted; lip 3-lobed,<br />
side lobes elliptic, mid-lobe recurved, ovate, acute, margins erose and undulate; callus of<br />
five erose ridges, the central one longest and slightly dilated towards apex at middle of<br />
mid-lobe (cribb 1986).<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Schofield-Waikāne trail, 2000 ft. Epiphyte. Naturalized in area,<br />
13 May 2009, K. Kawelo s.n. (BISH# 736798); Waikāne trail, near summit ridge, growing near trail<br />
about 0.15 mi from Pu‘uka‘aumakua. 1800 ft. Native ‘ōhi‘a forest, epiphytic on Metrosideros polymorpha.<br />
Plant was sterile but was grown till flowering at a residence in Kahalu‘u, 31 dec 2010, J.<br />
Rohrer US Army 202.<br />
Dendrobium rhombeum lindl. New state record<br />
This species is endemic to the Phillipines, and although it is listed as a synonym of D. heterocarpum<br />
Wall. ex lindl. by some sources, it is believed to be a distinct taxon and a valid<br />
name by a taxonomic expert of the region (J. cootes 2011, pers. comm.). It was seen forming<br />
a small, locally naturalized population in ‘ōhi‘a/uluhe forest in the central Ko‘olaus<br />
of o‘ahu. It is likely an escape from cultivation, though no previous vouchers of this<br />
species in Hawai‘i have been deposited at BISH. This species flowered when leafless, on<br />
a very short (1.0–1.5 cm) peduncle. It is differentiated from the related D. heterocarpum<br />
in labellum characters including overall shape, as well as arrangement of labellum hairs<br />
(J. cootes 2011, pers. comm.). In our specimen the labellum apex is somewhat acute, and<br />
hairs are somewhat whitish.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Ko‘olau Mountains, Kīpapa trail. Epiphytic on Psychotria marin -<br />
iana. a few stems from base, up to 30 cm tall. corolla lobes cream colored, throat yellow with<br />
maroon markings. collected in wild and grown to maturity at Mānoa residence, 12 oct 2010, J. Lau<br />
s.n. (BISH# 749851).<br />
Epidendrum nocturnum Jacq. New state record<br />
This species is native to florida, the West Indies, and central and South america. one listed<br />
common name is Night-smelling epidendrum, which refers to its flowers which are fragrant<br />
at night. E. nocturnum is known to have cleistogamous flowers (Hágsater 2002).<br />
This ability to self pollinate may aid in its ability to spread outside its native range. This<br />
species was found very sparingly naturalized in the Wai‘anae Mountain range near Pu‘u<br />
Kaua, perhaps an escape from cultivation somewhere on island. It can be distinguished<br />
from other species of Epidendrum by its cespitose habit; relatively short (3 cm) inflorescence<br />
rachis; long (6 cm), linear-lanceolate, yellowish sepals and petals; and ellipsoid, 3<br />
cm long capsules. a full description of the species can be found in the Flora of North<br />
America, which is currently available online (Flora of North America website 2011).<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: ‘Ēkahanui, near Pu‘u Kaua, ca 3000 ft elevation. Epiphyte, 1 Nov<br />
2009, K. Kawelo US Army 172.
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 43<br />
Phytolacaceae<br />
Phytolacca dioica l. New naturalized record<br />
This species is native to tropical South america, where it has been planted as a shade tree<br />
and given the common name Bella Sombra. It is capable of storing large quantities of<br />
water, and therefore is resistant to drought and fire (Staples & Herbst 2005). It is a fastgrowing<br />
tree which can grow in nutrient-poor soils, thriving in dry, hot conditions (Staples<br />
& Herbst 2005). It is dioecious, and can be distinguished from other species of Phytolacca<br />
in Hawai‘i by its tree habit. although usually encountered in Hawai‘i as a smaller tree, it<br />
may grow up to 18–20 m, and has a thickened trunk which may fan out at the base. The<br />
leaves are elliptic to ovate, more or less fleshy; the inflorescences are pendant racemes.<br />
flowers of both male and female plants are greenish white (Staples & Herbst 2005). It was<br />
seen spreading locally and sparingly naturalized in lualualei, where it was escaping from<br />
experimental planting sites nearby. Individuals of all size classes were seen.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: lualualei NavMag, 580 ft. dry lowland valley floor, nonnative<br />
scrubland dominated by Leucaena leucocephala and Cenchrus ciliaris. female and male trees to 20<br />
ft tall, both collected from a small naturalized population, 8 dec 2010, A. Lau, D. Frohlich & A.<br />
Hebshi 2010120801.<br />
Pinaceae<br />
Pinus elliottii Engelm. New island record<br />
This species has previously been documented as naturalized on Moloka‘i. It was extensively<br />
planted in forestry plots in the Pu‘u Ka Pele forest reserve on Kaua‘i and is now<br />
firmly established as naturalized, spreading from these plantings. a sparingly naturalized<br />
population is also now known from o‘ahu, on Mau‘umae ridge.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Waimea, Kōke‘e, Mākaha ridge rd, 1.75 mi W of Hwy 550. 12<br />
m × 25 cm tree; canopy broadly conical; leaves in fascicles of 2; young female cones glaucous green,<br />
purple scale tips. abundantly naturalized along road and ridge top, 28 apr 2006, D. Lorence & T.<br />
Flynn 9515; Kōke‘e, along contour road between Kauhao and Kā‘aweiki ridges. 3200 ft. Mesic secondary<br />
forest. Species was heavily planted in the area and has also thoroughly established naturalized<br />
populations surrounding and at significant distances from planted sites, 23 Jun 2010, A. Lau &<br />
D. Frohlich 2010062301. O‘AHU: Mau‘umae trail, at ca 1300 ft growing among uluhe, koa, and ‘iliahi.<br />
This species is occasional along a section of this trail, 12 Jun 2008, A. Lau 2008061201.<br />
Pittosporaceae<br />
Pittosporum pentandrum (Blanco) Merr. New island record<br />
This species has previously been documented as naturalized on o‘ahu and Hawai‘i is -<br />
lands, where it escapes from planted sites. It is documented here as spreading on Kaua‘i<br />
as well, also escaping cultivation to become sparingly naturalized.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Princeville area, near mauka intersection of Kapi‘olani lp and<br />
Kamāmalu lp. lowland residential setting. 10 ft tall tree. Sparingly naturalized in the area. also<br />
noted as sparingly naturalized in Wailua residential roadside areas, 11 Mar 2010, D. Frohlich & A.<br />
Lau 2010031103.<br />
Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims New island record<br />
This species has previously been documented as naturalized on lāna‘i, Maui, and Hawai‘i<br />
islands. It is documented here naturalized on o‘ahu as well, where it was spreading from<br />
planted individuals in Kāne‘ohe. one other BISH specimen indicates spread and naturalization<br />
as well; a single, apparently naturalized tree in Waimānalo near a trail. The material
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from Kāne‘ohe was cultivated and naturalized, and was introduced under the name P. ripicolum,<br />
which is currently considered a synonym of P. viridiflorum. Interestingly, plants of<br />
these populations displayed consistently undulate leaf margins, while the vast majority of<br />
specimens were flat margined. This character may well fit within the current concept of P.<br />
viridiflorum, which is stated to be a highly variable plant (Staples & Herbst 2005).<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Ho‘omaluhia BG, near african section lawn. Growing in unmanaged<br />
area, among Citharexylum caudatum, Ardisia elliptica, and Medinilla cumingii. Species is<br />
spreading through other unmanaged areas as well. Tree about 10 ft tall, 7 apr 2011, D. Frohlich &<br />
A. Lau 2011040701.<br />
Plumbaginaceae<br />
Plumbago auriculata lam. New island record<br />
also known as Blue plumbago, this species has previously been documented as naturalized<br />
on Maui. It is documented here as sparingly naturalized on both Kaua‘i and o‘ahu<br />
islands, where it was spreading from cultivation in dry sites. The o‘ahu population was<br />
on the dry rocky slopes of Punchbowl crater, among Cenchrus ciliaris, Hylocereus undatus,<br />
and other secondary vegetation. Because of the attractive and vigorous nature of this<br />
ornamental hedge plant (Staples & Herbst 2005) it is likely this species escapes often in<br />
lowland residential areas, only to be tolerated and maintained.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Po‘ipū. In mixed alien lowland vegetation. Shrub about 3 ft tall,<br />
flowers lavender, 17 May 2010, OED 2010051701. O‘AHU: Punchbowl area, on Prospect St. Vining<br />
shrub to about 1.5 m, flowers lavender. at least locally naturalized on Punchbowl slope, growing<br />
along road cut area as well as through a Hylocereus thicket above road cut, across road from the probable<br />
planting site. 21 aug 2008, D. Frohlich & A. Lau 2008082101.<br />
Poaceae<br />
Entolasia marginata (r. Br.) Hughes New island record<br />
This australian species has previously been collected as naturalized on Hawai‘i Island. It<br />
is now known from o‘ahu as well, where it was found naturalized in mesic, mostly nonnative<br />
forest in Pālehua. More information including keys and full descriptions can be<br />
found in the Flora of New South Wales (Harden 1990). The information in this flora is currently<br />
available online as part of the New South Wales flora online project (The royal<br />
Botanic Gardens and domain Trust).<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Pālehua, Upper gulch off road by HUa 13 & 14. Elepaio territory.<br />
2000 ft. Weedy forestry plants with remnant native stands, 10 oct 2011, K. Kawelo US Army 233.<br />
Leptochloa panicea (retz.) ohwi subsp.<br />
brachiata (Steud.) N. Snow New state record<br />
This species has a very broad natural distribution. Within the species, there are 3 subspecies<br />
recognized, and so far all material seen has been identified as L.p. subsp. brachiata.<br />
This subspecies is native to the tropical and subtropical regions of the americas. It is<br />
regarded as a weed in its native range, as it grows successfully in agricultural areas, warranting<br />
control work (Harris 2010). It has also naturalized in australia (Snow 2004). It is<br />
documented here as sparingly naturalized in Waimānalo, at a large nursery, where it was<br />
growing along margins of maintained areas as well as coming up in potted plants. It is<br />
likely this plant arrived as an accidental introduction, perhaps as seed in ordered nursery<br />
stock or materials. It can be distinguished from other species of Leptochloa by its race-
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 45<br />
mose panicle branches, erose to ciliate ligules, and hairy sheaths. a full description of the<br />
species can be found in the Flora of North America (Snow 2003).<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Waimānalo, leilani nursery. rural nursery lowland nursery setting.<br />
40–50 plants total, most growing out of pots. Grass about 1 m tall, 24 aug 2011, J. Ho 20110801.<br />
Miscanthus floridulus (labill.) Warb.<br />
ex K. Schum. & lauterb. New state record<br />
This species is native to temperate and tropical regions, in china, Japan, and some Pacific<br />
islands. It has become naturalized on Guam (Space & falanruw 2000). In both its native and<br />
naturalized range it commonly forms thickets, and this species is adapted to and resprouts<br />
readily from fire (Bassler & aguon 2006). It is documented here as sparingly naturalized,<br />
where it was seen as only a few well scattered mature individuals in a dry lowland military<br />
training area. It is possible it arrived here as an accidental introduction through military training<br />
activities. due to its limited known population size and the likelihood of it expanding its<br />
range and contributing to fire hazard, it is likely this population will receive control work, in<br />
an effort to remove it from the island. The genus is closely related to Saccharum, from which<br />
it can be differentiated by its spikelet pairs being unequally pedicillate (as opposed to sessilepedicillate<br />
pairs in both Saccharum as well as most other andropogonoid grasses), as well as<br />
having non-disarticulating inflorescence branches (Wagner & lorence 2002). The plant is a<br />
large, clump-forming grass, its culms growing from 1.5–4.0 m. The leaves are cauline, blades<br />
with a prominent midrib, the blade margins scabrous; the inflorescence is oblong elliptic in<br />
outline, the main axis 25–45 cm; racemes are numerous, 10–30 cm long, and are appressed<br />
to ascending; the spikelets are awned, with white, spreading callus hairs which are 4–6 mm<br />
long (chen & renvoize 2006).<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Northern Ko‘olau range, Kahuku training area, near Pahi -<br />
pahi‘ālua gulch. dry to mesic lowland slope. Mixed forestry trees with Osteomeles understory, 2-3<br />
m tall bunchgrass, about 2.5 m in diameter. Single naturalized individual, but others scattered in the<br />
area, 14 Mar 2011, A. Lau 2011031401.<br />
Schizachyrium condensatum (Kunth) Nees New island record<br />
This commonly misidentified species has previously been documented from Hawai‘i<br />
Island, where it is an invasive species and fire threat, particularly in Hawai‘i Volcanoes<br />
National Park (Stone et al. 1992). It is documented here as well-established on Kaua‘i as<br />
well, where it was seen forming thickets or mixed in with other vegetation in pastures,<br />
along roadsides and in other open areas, primarily in the Kōloa and līhu‘e districts.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: lāwa‘i, off lauoho rd. Mesic lowland secondary vegetation,<br />
on slope near property. clump forming grass to about 1.5 m, sending up many upright culms.<br />
Inflorescences bushy topped. Naturalized. Seen occasional to common in roadsides and pastures in<br />
the area, 17 feb 2010, A. Lau & D. Frohlich 2010021701.<br />
Rubiaceae<br />
Galium aparine l. Correction and new island record<br />
The specimen cited below had previously been reported as a new island record for<br />
Moloka‘i, under the name Sherardia arvensis l. (oppenheimer 2008). It was incorrectly<br />
identified, and has been determined as Galium aparine l. This represents a new island<br />
record for G. aparine on Moloka‘i. This species has been found to be capable of autogamy,<br />
which means it is capable of self fertilization (chen & Ehrendorfer 2011). It has
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previously been documented from Maui (Starr & Starr 2011). although there are currently<br />
no specimens at BISH to document the presence of S. arvensis on Moloka‘i, it may<br />
occur there. Galium can be distinguished from Sherardia by the following characters:<br />
well-developed calyx, capitate inflorescences (Sherardia), vs. indistinct calyx, lax inflorescences<br />
(Galium). Galium aparine can be distinguished from other Galium species currently<br />
documented in Hawai‘i by its longer, wider leaves (10–60 mm long × 3–10 mm<br />
wide) (chen & Ehrendorfer 2011; Wagner et al. 1999). a full description of the species<br />
can be found in the flora of china (chen & Ehrendorfer 2011).<br />
Material examined. MOLOKA‘I: Kawela, Pu‘u Kolekole cabin, naturalized sprawling herbs<br />
around cabin in wet forest, 1200 m, 4 apr 2007, Oppenheimer, Perlman & Tangalin H30706.<br />
Rutaceae<br />
Melicope elleryana (f. Muell.) T.G. Hartley New naturalized record<br />
also known sometimes as Pink Euodia, this species from australia is occasionally cultivated<br />
elsewhere. It is rare in cultivation in Hawai‘i. It is documented here as sparingly naturalized<br />
where two large trees of this bird-dispersed plant were seen at long distances<br />
from the assumed parent plant, spreading into non-native dominated wet secondary forest,<br />
as well as ‘ōhi‘a/uluhe forest in windward o‘ahu. This species, with pellucid glands<br />
noticeable with a hand lens, can be distinguished from other rutaceae in Hawai‘i by the<br />
following combination of characters: larger tree to 25 m tall, leaves opposite, trifoliate;<br />
leaflets elliptic, ovate, or obovate, 5.5–20.0 cm long; inflorescences usually ramiflorous,<br />
the axis to 5 cm long, showy; petals pink (The royal Botanic Gardens and domain Trust<br />
2011). No evidence of natural hybridization in this species has been found by weed risk<br />
assessment specialists (<strong>Hawaii</strong> Pacific Weed risk assessment 2011) so it is unclear<br />
whether this species represents a hybridization threat to native species of Melicope.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Kāne’ohe, near likeke Trail, mauka of H3 fwy. lowland mesic<br />
to wet secondary forest, growing with Arthrostemma ciliatum, Psidium guajava. about a 12 m tall<br />
tree, lower branches horizontal. Infructescences ramiflorous, immature fruits green. at least sparingly<br />
naturalized in the area, 27 oct 2011, D. Frohlich & A. Lau 2011102702.<br />
Murraya paniculata (l.) Jack New island record<br />
also known in Hawai‘i as Mock orange, this species was seen spreading from planted<br />
individuals along Pu‘u road in the Kalāheo area of Kaua‘i. It has previously been documented<br />
as naturalized on o‘ahu and Maui.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Kalāheo, on Pu‘u rd. UTM 444804, 2423874. Mesic lowland<br />
roadside, mixed alien vegetation. Upright shrub to about 8 ft, growing among Schinus terebinthifolius.<br />
one of many scattered naturalized individuals of this species in the area. also commonly<br />
planted in the area, 19 feb 2010, D. Frohlich & A. Lau 2010021903.<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Filicium decipiens (Wight & arn.) Thwaites New island record<br />
also known as fern tree, this species has been previously documented as naturalized on<br />
o‘ahu, Maui, and Hawai‘i islands. It was seen sparingly naturalized in a residential area<br />
of Kapa‘a, apparently spreading from planted trees in the area.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Kapa‘a, in ditch along Kawaihau rd near Bettencourt ln. Mesic<br />
lowland residential and agricultural area. Sapling about 10 ft tall, one of several in the area, 29 Mar<br />
2010, D. Frohlich & A. Lau 2010032901.
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 47<br />
Schizaeaceae<br />
Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. Range extension<br />
Lygodium japonicum is a vining fern species known to be particularly problematic in<br />
florida, where it infests both intact native ecosystems and disturbed sites (center for<br />
aquatic and Invasive Plants 2011). It was previously found on o‘ahu in grassy hills above<br />
He‘eia State Park, and is now known to be growing in Nu‘uanu, Kāne‘ohe, and in Hālawa<br />
in a native plant restoration site.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Hālawa Valley, in restoration area along access road at 840 ft.<br />
Vine-like fern in a 2 × 2 ft patch. Native/mixed alien restoration area along the H3 Hwy. June 2011,<br />
A. Beebe OISC 20110601.<br />
Simaroubaceae<br />
Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle New state record<br />
also known as Tree of Heaven and native to asia, this species has become a notorious invasive<br />
species in many areas of the continental U.S. (as well as elsewhere worldwide) following<br />
its introduction in 1784 as a medicinal and ornamental tree (Invasive Species Specialist<br />
Group 2011). a small population was found within a 1 acre residence in Kōke‘e, Kaua‘i.<br />
Because this species is able to produce very long underground runners, it is unclear just how<br />
many individuals make up this population. at this point it is uncertain whether any seedlings<br />
were ever found at the site. a control program was immediately initiated after the population<br />
was found. The field crew located and controlled 4 mature individuals, and pulled at<br />
least 57 smaller, sapling-sized plants, which may have all been root suckers. The population<br />
continues to re-sprout, but the numbers are decreasing with each visit, and it currently seems<br />
likely the population will be eradicated from the site. This species is recorded as planted in<br />
some of <strong>Hawaii</strong>’s state forest reserves (Skolmen 1980), and therefore should be searched for<br />
as it represents a threat to <strong>Hawaii</strong>’s agriculture and native ecosystems. It can be distinguished<br />
from other members of the order Sapindales in Hawai‘i by its pubescent, pinnately-compound<br />
leaves, the leaflets with at least one glandular tooth at the base, the crushed<br />
leaves with a moderate to strong odor (described by the collectors as a “burnt peanut” smell<br />
at time of collection), and fruits being samaras (Peng & Thomas 2008). further information<br />
about its identification can be found in the Flora of China (Peng & Thomas 2008). Much<br />
more information about its invasiveness is available online.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Kōke‘e, along residential side road, about 1 km makai of Kōke‘e<br />
lodge. rural residential setting among mixed secondary and native mesic forest. Small tree/sapling<br />
about 6 ft tall, new growth often reddish. leaves smelling musty, like burnt peanut butter, not necessary<br />
to crush leaves to get strong odor, 25 Jun 2010, A. Lau & D. Frohlich 2010062501.<br />
Solanaceae<br />
Solanum melongena l. New naturalized record<br />
also known as Eggplant, this species is very common in cultivation in Hawai‘i as well as<br />
other tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Many cultivars of this plant exist, which<br />
display variation in fruit size, shape, and color. domesticated forms often lack spines<br />
(Staples & Herbst 2005). a small naturalized population was seen in windward o‘ahu, where<br />
individuals of this species with occasional spines were seen scattered in a pasture area.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Mālaekahana, in pasture with Solanum torvum. Shrub about 0.5<br />
m tall. fruits bright orange-yellow, pulp white. flowers lavender. Some spines, but not particularly
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spiny. Several individuals scattered in pasture, 5 Nov 2009, D. Frohlich & A. Lau 2009110501;<br />
Ko‘olauloa, Mālaekahana. 40 ft elev. In pasture. 60–100 cm tall, spininess and flowers like S. linneanum;<br />
fruits golden yellow 4–5 cm diam. leaves with shape and pubescence like S. torvum (common<br />
nearby), 16 apr 2005, R.W. Hobdy 4201.<br />
Solanum torvum Sw. New island record<br />
This weedy, bird-dispersed shrub is established as naturalized in some lowland areas of<br />
Kaua‘i, particularly in agricultural areas, occasionally forming thickets. It had previously<br />
been documented from o‘ahu, Maui, and Hawai‘i islands.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Wailua, on Koki rd. lowland disturbed roadside area. 8 ft tall<br />
shrub, flowers white, fruits green ripening to black. locally naturalized along road and in adjacent<br />
pastures, 5 apr 2010, D. Frohlich & A. Lau 2010040502.<br />
Sterculiaceae<br />
Melochia umbellata (Houtt.) Stapf New island record<br />
Previously documented as naturalized on Hawai‘i, Maui, and o‘ahu islands, this species<br />
is also naturalized on Kaua‘i, at least in the Kalāheo area and apparently also in Nu‘alolo<br />
Valley. The population in Kalāheo was not extensive, where several mature trees were<br />
seen scattered along a short section of road, in mesic secondary forest.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Kalāheo, on Pu‘u road, makai of Kukuiolono Park. UTM<br />
444965, 2423067. Sparingly branched tree to about 20 ft tall, copious immature fruit developing. one<br />
of about 4 individuals in the area, growing in different size classes, 19 feb 2010, A. Lau & D.<br />
Frohlich 2010021901; Nu‘alolo ‘Āina Valley, Na Pali coast. Growing near stream bed in area dominated<br />
by exotic plant species. Small shrubby tree. No flowers or fruit present, 18 Jul 1979, G. Clarke,<br />
L.W. Cuddihy, L. Yoshida & C. Corn ESP 340.<br />
Verbenaceae<br />
Clerodendrum glabrum E. Mey. New naturalized record<br />
a plant with medicinal uses (Staples & Herbst 2005), this species has been known to grow<br />
in natural areas in the Kē‘ē area, where it is believed it is persisting from planted trees. a<br />
small naturalized population was noted along a roadside area in Hā‘ena, consisting of a<br />
few mature trees and several saplings. This population was growing in dense shade, in wet<br />
to mesic lowland secondary vegetation. It can be distinguished from other Clerodendrum<br />
in Hawai‘i by its habit being a small tree or shrub, whorled or opposite leaves, relatively<br />
short corolla tubes, and corollas being white or yellowish (Staples & Herbst 2005).<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Hā‘ena, along highway just west of Hā‘ena beach park. lowland<br />
wet to mesic secondary forest and roadside vegetation with some nearby residential areas. Tree to<br />
about 10 ft tall, sparsely branched, fruiting. Though believed to be intentionally introduced to the<br />
Kē‘ē area, reproducing by seed in this area at significant distance from Kē‘ē, 9 Mar 2010, D. Frohlich<br />
& A. Lau 2010030903.<br />
Vitaceae<br />
Cissus verticillata (l.) Nicolson & c.E. Jarvis New naturalized record<br />
also known as Princess vine, this species, which is native to tropical america, the<br />
caribbean, the Galapagos, and africa, was first collected in Hawai‘i in 1973. The label<br />
data for this first collection suggests it had already naturalized at that time. It has been collected<br />
several times since then in clearly naturalized situations but was never written up<br />
in the HBS Records. It is occasional to rare in cultivation here. This species is now thor-
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 49<br />
oughly established on o‘ahu in lowland roadsides and secondary forest including the<br />
Makiki-Tantalus area, Waimānalo, and Waimea. It has also established populations in the<br />
Kōloa distr of Kaua‘i. The Kaua‘i populations may still be possible to remove, although<br />
this will require significant work. This invasive, bird-dispersed vine can blanket tree<br />
canopies and may form masses of long hanging aerial roots. It can be distinguished from<br />
other Cissus in Hawai‘i by its simple, fleshy, acute-apexed leaves, forked tendrils, and<br />
more or less flat-topped, yellow-green inflorescence branches. The fruits ripen to black<br />
(Staples & Herbst 2005).<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Vine growing on Leucaena shrubs near junction of round Top dr<br />
and Maunalaha rd. also found with Amaranthus, grasses. leaves simple. fruit black, 9 oct 1973, S.<br />
Ishikawa 310; Hale‘iwa, Waimea audubon center. Garden planting, accession # 86c244. Planting<br />
removed from collection, but become widely naturalized in the area, oct 2005, D. Orr s.n (BISH#<br />
726216); Waimānalo, Waikupanaha St along side of road, growing over Haole koa, lowland mesic<br />
forest, agricultural land. Vine, up to canopy at about 7 m. Inconspicuous white flowers, fruits black<br />
berries. Many individuals with copious fruit, covering large area along side of road, 10 aug 2006, D.<br />
Frohlich, A. Lau, K. Starr & F. Starr 0608101. KAUA‘I: Kōloa distr, Kōloa. Weedy roadside scrub<br />
of mostly Haole koa on Hapa rd. Vine, yellow inflorescence, tendrils. 10 oct 2007, C. Trauernicht<br />
& M. Clark 192; lāwa‘i, on lauoho rd just west of lāwa‘i cannery. UTM 447537, 2423734.<br />
Smothering vine up to 40 ft in trees, 23 feb 2010, A. Lau & D. Frohlich 2010022305.<br />
Tetrastigma pubinerve Merr. & chun New island record<br />
This species is somewhat rare in cultivation in Hawai‘i. It was previously documented as<br />
naturalized on Maui, where a particular infestation was noted to occur over about 4 acres<br />
(oppenheimer & Bartlett 2000). It was noted along a dry to mesic roadside area on<br />
Kaua‘i, thickly covering the canopy of small trees for a stretch of about 80 yards.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Vine sprawling over 80-yd long area. Growing over Leucaena<br />
leucocephala. Kapa‘a. UTM 465656, 2442097, 31 Mar 2010, D. Frohlich & A. Lau 2010033101.<br />
Species showing signs of naturalization<br />
Aizoaceae<br />
Aptenia cordifolia (l. f.) Schwantes<br />
Aptenia cordifolia, or “Hearts and flowers” as it is commonly called in the nursery trade,<br />
is a species frequently used in Hawai‘i as a groundcover, bedding plant, or potted specimen.<br />
It is easily grown by rooting tip cuttings and is salt and drought-tolerant. It has<br />
recently begun to spread into natural areas in central and Southern california, overwhelming<br />
surrounding vegetation (cal-IPc 2011). on Kaua‘i, this species was found persisting<br />
in a yard waste dumpsite over a lithified dune ecosystem.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: līhu‘e, Māhā‘ulepū, 21°53'78"N, 159°24'342"W 130 ft. creeping<br />
herb; succulent leaves pale green tinged pink, glaucous below with pinkish midvein; young stems succulent<br />
reddish; tepals numerous, cream to pale yellow green, more yellow at base; filament s reddish. In<br />
dump over lithified dunes; Leucaena, Prosopis, Bontia, Sida, 8 oct 2002, T. Flynn & R. Culbertson 7110.<br />
Apocynaceae<br />
Allamanda schottii Pohl<br />
Allamanda schottii, an ornamental species used frequently in landscaping in Hawai‘i, was<br />
found spreading locally on on a roadside survey of Kaua‘i. The description of this species<br />
from A tropical garden flora:
50<br />
BISHOP MUSEUM <strong>OCCASIONAL</strong> <strong>PAPERS</strong>: No. 113, 2012<br />
“Shrub 5 to 8 feet high; branchlets glabrous; sap slightly milky and later clear. leaves in<br />
whorls of 3 to 5, petioles 0.1 to 0.25 inches long. blades obovate to narrowly elliptic, 2.6<br />
to 5.25 inches by 0.65 to 1.4 inches, underside shortly pilose on midvein. flower sepals<br />
narrowly elliptic, 0.4 to 0.5 inches by 0.1 to 0.15 inches; corolla narrowly funnel-shaped<br />
to more or less cylindrical, 1.5 to 2 inches long, limb to 2.2 inches, yellow, throat inside<br />
red-lined, outside streaked lengthwise. fruit formed but often aborted.” (Staples & Herbst<br />
2005).<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Kapahi. 21°5'21"N, 159°19'9"W. collected on roadbank. Growing<br />
beneath christmasberry, haole koa, and Bougainvillea. Vine spreading across roadbank. Yellow bellshaped<br />
flower. appears to be naturalizing along bank, 25 oct 2007, C. Trauernicht& M. Clark 222.<br />
Araliaceae<br />
Polyscias filicifolia (c. Moore ex E. fourn.) l.H. Bailey<br />
Polyscias filicifolia, a cultigen (a plant whose origin is primarily due to intentional human<br />
activity) (Spencer & cross 2007) or series of cultigens that probably originated in Malesia<br />
or the western Pacific and is believed to have abortive seeds in Hawai‘i, was observed by a<br />
local ecologist and gardener popping up from seed near a fence in an urban community garden<br />
plot on o‘ahu.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: ala Wai community Garden, Honolulu. landscaped urban corridor<br />
along path at stream. 1 m tall and 0.5 m wide shrub- not planted. collector observed plant growing<br />
over 2 years. flowered and grew after recent rain. Jan 2011, P. Clifford s.n. (BISH# 747744).<br />
Bromeliaceae<br />
Werauhia gladioliflora (H. Wendl.) J.r. Grant<br />
Both a terrestrial and epiphytic bromeliad in its home range from southern Mexico to french<br />
Guiana, Werauhia gladioliflora [a name sometimes considered to be a synonym of Vriesea<br />
gladioliflora (H. Wendl.) antoine] is able to grow at elevations extending from sea level up<br />
to 1300 m. on o‘ahu, it has begun to colonize localized areas around a botanical garden.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: lyon arboretum, Economic Section H33. UTM 623946,<br />
2359844. In lowland wet/mesic secondary forest. Growing in Dimocarpus longan tree, forming<br />
dense covering over trunk/branches in more or less dense shade. Epiphyte to about 0.5 m tall; leaves<br />
purple on underside, green above; fruiting bracts dried brown on live plants; seeds with silky hairs,<br />
many per capsule. Spreading adventively by seed about 30 ft away from planted individuals, 16 april<br />
2010, OED 2010041601.<br />
Moraceae<br />
Ficus pumila l.<br />
also known as creeping fig, this species is a very commonly cultivated climbing vine in<br />
Hawai‘i. It has not previously been documented to spread and become naturalized either by<br />
seed dispersal or vegetative means in Hawai‘i. Here we document the finding of a 10 × 10<br />
m patch found off trail in mixed native/nonnative mesic forest on o‘ahu, in Honouliuli,<br />
where it was seen trailing across the ground as well as climbing trees. It is unclear how this<br />
plant came to be here, though it is possible it spread here by vegetative means. To our knowledge<br />
is the only known plant/population seen outside of cultivation. This species’ figs should<br />
be monitored for the presence of a pollinating wasp and/or viable seeds.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Honouliuli Preserve, ‘Ēkahanui gulch. UTM 593810, 2372094.<br />
Scrambling, climbing vine established in varying densities over about a 10 × 10 m footprint. Estab -<br />
lished in the area, at a significant distance from a trail, 25 May 2010, K. Kawelo US Army 188.
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 51<br />
Maclura tinctoria (l.) d. don ex Steud.<br />
This species was seen spreading at least adventively in a lowland dry roadside area on<br />
o‘ahu, adjacent to both residential and agricultural areas. Its planting statrus is unclear at the<br />
site, and further surveys could possibly reveal that it is part of a naturalized population.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Waimalu, end of Kilinoe St, adjacent to Waimalu Str. 4 to 5 m tall<br />
trees with milky sap, both male and female trees present. Thorns variable in size or non-existent.<br />
adventive or perhaps naturalized in the area. Multiple size classes in immediate area, 3 Sep 2010, D.<br />
Frohlich & A. Lau 2010090301.<br />
Pinaceae<br />
Pinus taeda l.<br />
This species has previously been documented as naturalized on lāna‘i. It was collected<br />
on Kaua‘i near where it was planted, where label data suggests it is at least adventive, but<br />
may very well have become naturalized. further surveys or follow up may reveal a naturalized<br />
population here. Parker & Parsons (this volume) report this species as naturalized<br />
on Hawai‘i Island.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Nā Pali-Kona forest reserve, Mākaha Valley N of Mākaha<br />
ridge rd and Kokio-ke‘oke‘o picnic area. Planted on ridgetop, becoming naturalized locally. Mixed<br />
mesophytic forest with Acacia koa dominant, also Metrosideros, Pelea, Antidesma, Nestegis, and<br />
Hedyotis, 15 May 1987, D. Lorence, T.Flynn & R.DeLappe 5219.<br />
Solanaceae<br />
Solanum mammosum l.<br />
Three individuals of this species were seen in a parking lot area in lowland windward<br />
o‘ahu with unclear planting status, though appearing naturalized. This species is rare to<br />
occasional in cultivation here, usually found in garden collections rather than as part of a<br />
landscape plan for shopping center parking lots.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Kāne‘ohe, shopping center parking lot near long’s, near Ha‘ikū<br />
rd and Kamehameha Hwy. lowland semi-landscaped area. Shrub, multistemmed from base, stms<br />
more or less brittle. Pruned back, but about 4 ft tall. fruit immature. Patch of 3 individuals, apparently<br />
naturalized, 22 Mar 2010, D. Frohlich & A. Lau 2010032201.<br />
Verbenaceae<br />
Clerodendrum myricoides (Hochst.) Vatke<br />
This species is occasionally grown in Hawai‘i and was noted in a pasture area on Kaua‘i<br />
where several individuals appeared naturalized along a fenceline. This species apparently<br />
forms fruit in Hawai‘i (Staples 2005) and is likely dispersed by birds. It is very likely this<br />
population represents a sparingly naturalized one, though this status was not clearly stated<br />
by the collectors.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Kōloa distr, Kalāheo. collected at pasture edge on Po‘ohiwi rd.<br />
Small, purple, butterfly shaped flowers. Several individuals appeared to be naturalized along pasture<br />
fenceline, 15 oct 2007, C. Trauernicht & M. Clark 207.<br />
Vitaceae<br />
Vitis vinifera l.<br />
Specimens of this species have been collected on Hawai‘i island which mention adventive<br />
status or growing in areas well away from cultivation. a specimen identified as either<br />
V. vinifera or a hybrid involving that species (as V. vinifera vel. aff.) was also found growing<br />
along a roadside, well away from cultivated settings, in Kōke‘e, Kaua‘i.
52<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: along Halemanu stream, near Waipo‘o falls trail. Sprawling to<br />
15 ft over top of Corynocarpus laevigatus in mixed alien roadside vegetation. fruits immature, 25<br />
Jun 2010, D. Frohlich & A. Lau 2010062503. HAWAI‘I: Kona–Ka‘ū Boundary, adventive at roadside,<br />
25 Jul 1926, O. Degener 30,255; Kīlauea Iki trail. a grape-like vine growing near the bottom<br />
east side, Kīlauea Iki. 3 aug 1943, A.L.M. Mitchell 704.<br />
Acknowledgments<br />
The authors thank Tim flynn, david lorence, Natalia Tangalin, and clay Trauernicht at<br />
NTBG for their collection work on Kaua‘i, Keren Gundersen and KISc for the opportunity<br />
to survey Kaua‘i, Katie cassel of KrcP, and John chapman and Jin-Wah lau for<br />
assistance in the field (Kaua‘i). Thank you to clyde Imada for help with plant identification,<br />
support, and document editing. We also thank Jane Beachy, Kapua Kawelo, the<br />
oaNrP staff, and oISc for their ongoing collections and support; aaron Hebshi for help<br />
with access to Navy land, and Hanna Morgonska (orchidaceae), donald davis (Ailanthus<br />
altissima), James ackerman (orchidaceae), Servando carvajal (Maclura tinctoria), roy<br />
Tokunaga (orchidaceae), Neil Snow (Leptochloa panicea), and donald Mcclelland (Sol -<br />
anaceae) for help with plant identifications.<br />
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http://botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/marquesasflora/ index.htm. last accessed:<br />
November 2011.<br />
Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental<br />
weeds. caBI Publishing, Wallingford, UK. 560 pp.<br />
Xiang, Q. & Lowry, P.P., II. 2007. Schefflera J. r. forster & G. forster, pp. 454–463. In:<br />
Wu, Z.-y., raven, P.H. & Hong, d.-y. (eds.), Flora of China. Vol. 13 (clusiaceae through<br />
araliaceae). Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. louis.
Records of the <strong>Hawaii</strong> <strong>Biological</strong> <strong>Survey</strong> for 2011. Edited by<br />
Neal L. Evenhuis & Lucius G. Eldredge. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong><br />
Occasional Papers 113: 55–63 (2012)<br />
New plant records from the Big Island for 2009<br />
JaMES l. ParKEr & BoBBY ParSoNS<br />
Big Island Invasive Species Committee, 23 E. Kawili St, Hilo, Hawai‘i 96720; emails:<br />
jameslp@hawaii.edu; rparsons@hawaii.edu<br />
The Big Island Invasive Species committee (BIISc) implemented its Early detection program<br />
in May of 2008. roadside <strong>Survey</strong>s were conducted on major, secondary, tertiary,<br />
and residential roads in the Ka‘ū, South Kona, North Kona, South Kohala, and Puna<br />
districts. Here, BIISc Early detection documents 17 new naturalized records and 14 new<br />
island records.<br />
a total of 20 plant families are discussed. Information regarding the formerly known<br />
distribution of flowering plants is based on the Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai‘i<br />
(Wagner et al. 1999), A tropical garden flora (Staples & Herbst 2005) and information subsequently<br />
published in the Records of the <strong>Hawaii</strong> <strong>Biological</strong> <strong>Survey</strong>. Voucher specimens are<br />
deposited at <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong>’s Herbarium Pacificum (BISH), Honolulu, Hawai‘i.<br />
Acanthaceae<br />
Megaskepasma erythrochlamys lindau New island record<br />
first collected as naturalized on o‘ahu in 2008 (frohlich & lau 2010: 3), this popular<br />
ornamental has been seen successfully naturalizing at several locations throughout the dry<br />
side of the island. at this location, a large population dominated the understory on both<br />
sides of the highway with plants spreading over 100 m above the highway. This species<br />
is also reported naturalizing on Kaua‘i (frohlich & lau this volume).<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: South Kona distr. Hwy 11, mile marker 104, captain cook,<br />
2150821N, 197526E. Inflorescence a red spike with white flowers, up to 10 ft tall. Spreading on both<br />
sides of highway under avocado and african tulip, 29 Sep 2008, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED40.<br />
Sanchezia parvibracteata Sprague & Hutch. New naturalized record<br />
This popular hedge plant is common throughout the island, especially the wet side, and is<br />
often seen spreading from cultivation. This specimen was naturalizing in a drainage area off<br />
the highway under avocado and african tulip trees. Two Sanchezia species are grown in<br />
Hawai‘i, S. speciosa and S. parvibracteata (Staples & Herbst 2005). Sanchezia parvibracteata<br />
differs in having a yellow midvein and joined bracts that are shorter than the calyx.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: South Hilo distr. Hwy 19, mile marker 6, Pauka‘a. red spikes with<br />
yellow flowers and prominent pale yellow midvein, 10 Nov 2008, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED47.<br />
Apocynaceae<br />
Nerium oleander l. New naturalized record<br />
This plant was found naturalizing between Pāhala and Nā‘ālehu on Ka‘alāiki rd in the Ka‘ū<br />
distr. This 9-ft tall, single specimen was growing on a hillside overgrown with tall Guinea<br />
grass. This species is popular in highway plantings (Staples & Herbst 2005) but that does<br />
not explain how this plant arrived as it was around 20 m off of a rural road that would not<br />
warrant highway plantings. Since identification, this specimen has been removed by an<br />
unknown entity. This is the only time this species was seen so obviously naturalized.<br />
55
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Material examined. HAWAI‘I: Ka‘ū distr. Ka‘alāiki rd, 2110174N, 228036E. Growing uphill<br />
20 m off of road. There were no homes or other oleanders in the area; this specimen was 3 m tall with<br />
pink flowers, 18 aug 2008, J. Parker & R. McGuire BIED23.<br />
Stemmadenia litoralis (Kunth) l. allorge New naturalized record<br />
This popular ornamental shade and street tree is rarely seen spreading from cultivation on<br />
the island. However, this large population was dominated by a 10-m tall heavily fruiting<br />
tree with around 50 saplings growing underneath the canopy, many of them flowering and<br />
fruiting. This spread is unlikely to be attributed to root suckers as saplings were spreading<br />
a short way downhill into a coffee plantation. only in a few other locations in the<br />
Kona districts was this success observed. Most other trees occurred in well-groomed<br />
properties, where seedling growth is most likely discouraged. This species is also reported<br />
naturalizing on o‘ahu (frohlich & lau this volume).<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: South Kona distr. St. John’s rd, Kealakekua, 2159078N,<br />
194079E. Heavily flowering 10m tall tree near coffee farm, with over 50 seedlings and saplings surrounding,<br />
many saplings going to fruit. White, fragrant flowers with milky latex; bright orange follicles.<br />
ants seen visiting flowers and possibly building nests on leaves, 20 aug 2008, J. Parker & R.<br />
McGuire BIED27.<br />
Araliaceae<br />
Schefflera arboricola (Hayata) Merr. New island record<br />
This plant is popular in cultivation in all areas of the island and large, dense hedges are<br />
frequently seen flowering and fruiting. This specimen was seen growing epiphytically in<br />
the crotch of an ‘ōhi‘a tree near Glenwood, representing the first naturalized specimen of<br />
this species on the Big Island. large, heavily fruiting populations have been observed in<br />
the Kohala Mountains near Hāwī. This species has previously been recorded as naturalized<br />
on o‘ahu and Maui (frohlich & lau 2010: 4; Starr et al. 2003: 24), and on Kaua‘i<br />
(frohlich & lau this volume).<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: Puna distr. Eden roc subdivision, 2153406N, 280313E.<br />
flowering specimen rooted halfway up an ‘ōhi‘a tree 5 ft off the ground, roots extending down the<br />
trunk to ground, possibly strangling ‘ōhi‘a, 1 dec 2008, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED51.<br />
Tetrapanax papyrifer (Hook.) K. Koch New naturalized record<br />
rice-paper plant is widely grown in warm-temperate and tropical montane regions and sparingly<br />
naturalized elsewhere. This clump-forming, evergreen shrub may reach 20’ in height;<br />
each erect stem arises from the underground rhizome and possesses a terminal cluster of<br />
palmately 5–11-lobed, softly textured leaves with dull green upper sides and whitish-hairy<br />
undersides (Staples & Herbst 2005). Seen here naturalizing in a high elevation site in North<br />
Kona. Many seedlings were found along roadside apparently spreading from several large,<br />
flowering and fruiting cultivated plants. This species also successfully naturalizes at sea<br />
level, as in Ke‘anae, Maui (Starr: Plants of <strong>Hawaii</strong> photos/correspondence). This species is<br />
also reported naturalizing on o‘ahu (lau & frohlich this volume).<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: North Kona distr. Kaloko Mauka, 2182287N, 190707E. largeleaved<br />
tree found naturalized near cultivated specimens, many keiki along roadside, none flowering,<br />
23 Mar 2009, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED80.<br />
Asclepiadaceae<br />
Calotropis procera (aiton) W.T. aiton New island record<br />
Small crownflower differs from its more abundant relative C. gigantea in being a smaller<br />
shrub (up to 8 ft tall), having smaller flowers and larger fruit. It also readily sets fruit, and
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 57<br />
with its seeds easily dispersed by their silky parachutes, this species has the potential to<br />
become a noxious weed in Hawai‘i, as it has elsewhere (Staples & Herbst 2005). Previously<br />
reported from lehua, Kaua‘i, and lāna‘i (Wood & leGrande 2006: 19; Wood 2006: 15;<br />
oppenheimer 2008: 23), and reported from East Maui, West Maui, and Kaho‘olawe (Starr<br />
& Starr this volume), this species readily naturalizes on the dry side of the Big Island and<br />
its use for landscape plantings should be discouraged. It also has been suggested as a possible<br />
hydrocarbon source for biofuels (Mabberley 2008).<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: North Kona distr. Kona acres subdivision, 2182317N,<br />
185805E. flowering specimen around 4 ft tall found growing in vacant lot. flowers with white corolla,<br />
purple center, 12 aug 2009, J. Parker & R. Parsons, J. Franklin BIED97.<br />
Cryptostegia madagascariensis Bojer ex decne. New island record<br />
Previously reported from o‘ahu and Moloka‘i (frohlich & lau 2008: 3; Staples et al.<br />
2006: 6), on the Big Island this plant was first found naturalizing between Pāhala and<br />
Nā‘ālehu on Highway 11 in the Ka‘ū district. It is cultivated throughout the dry side of<br />
the island and sparingly naturalized from Ho‘okena Beach to Kawaihae. This species is<br />
being recommended for control and some control efforts have already taken place in<br />
Kekaha Kai State Park and around Kailua-Kona.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: Ka‘ū distr. Hwy 11, near Whittington’s Beach Park, 2112776N,<br />
231810E. found overgrown on rusty, abandoned building on the mauka side of the highway. Milky,<br />
free-flowing latex; pink-purple flower, 5 aug 2008, J. Parker & R. McGuire BIED21.<br />
Stapelia gigantea N.E. Br. New island record<br />
Seldom cultivated on the island of Hawai‘i, this plant is well suited to the dry climate of<br />
the Kona side and has been observed naturalizing a handful of times. The wind-dispersed<br />
seeds and ease of vegetative spread make S. gigantea a potentially invasive weed (Staples<br />
& Herbst 2005). The species was previously reported as naturalized on o‘ahu, Moloka‘i,<br />
West Maui, and East Maui (Wagner et al. 1999: 241; Wysong et al. 2007: 2; oppenheimer<br />
et al. 1999: 7; oppenheimer 2010: 33).<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: North Kona distr. Sea View Estates, 2171084N, 188894E.<br />
large population on corner of vacant lot. Stems 6-12in high, large flowers smelling of carrion with<br />
maggots inside, 16 Jun 2009, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED84.<br />
Asteraceae<br />
Pseudogynoxys chenopodioides (Kunth) cabrera New naturalized record<br />
Mexican flame vine has long been known as Senecio confusus in the horticultural literature,<br />
even though the name P. chenopodioides has been applied to this species since 1950<br />
(Staples & Herbst 2005). With its orange to red ray flowers, this attractive vine often<br />
escapes cultivation and spreads extensively over all vegetation, thriving in full sun and<br />
dry climates. This specimen was growing in a hedge of Thevetia peruviana. on our surveys<br />
this plant was seen naturalized more often than cultivated.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: North Kona distr. Kaloko Mauka, 2180451N 188663E. orangered<br />
ray flowers with yellow-orange disc flowers 6cm in diameter. climber with semi-woody stems, 4<br />
feb 2009, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED71.<br />
Bignoniaceae<br />
Podranea ricasoliana (Tanfani) Sprague New island record<br />
Pink trumpet vine has been previously recorded as naturalized on Maui (Starr et al. 2004:<br />
21). This species is reported as naturalizing on Kaua‘i (frohlich & lau this volume). on<br />
the Big Island, this species is not common in cultivation but is naturalized throughout<br />
many parts of the island.
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Material examined. HAWAI‘I: Hāmākua distr. Mānienie Gulch rd, Pa‘auilo. Pink-flowered<br />
vine growing in gulch over Eriobotrya japonica, 7 Nov 2008, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED46.<br />
Boraginaceae<br />
Cordia lutea lam. New island record<br />
The yellow-flowered Geiger tree is not well known from the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands but reportedly<br />
grows in the living collections at the Koko crater Botanical Garden on o‘ahu and<br />
the National Tropical Botanical Garden on Kaua‘i (c. Imada, pers. comm.). on the Big<br />
Island, this shrub was found naturalizing in a new subdivision on a hill in lava rock substrate.<br />
This species has only been observed once in our surveys and was found heavily<br />
fruiting and naturalizing downslope from a planting. This species is likely to gain in popularity<br />
with its ever-blooming habit and sandpapery leaves.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: North Kona distr. Hualālai rd, 2173109N 189218E. Shrub<br />
with yellow flowers and scabrous leaves. fruit a white, fleshy drupe. Growing on a rocky hillside, 27<br />
May 2009, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED82.<br />
Combretaceae<br />
Conocarpus erectus l. New island record<br />
Button mangrove is very popular as a street and shade tree on the island, but we rarely see<br />
it naturalizing in cultivation as male trees are preferred in large plantings because they<br />
generate less litter than female trees (Staples & Herbst 2005). This specimen was brought<br />
to our attention by J.B. friday and his son Nathan friday who collected it on a shoreline<br />
in Keaukaha. The plant was a resprout from a large stump and had no flowers or fruit, but<br />
it was positively identified by <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong>. This is the first record of this species naturalizing<br />
on the island. It was previously known from Kaua‘i (lorence & flynn 1997: 10),<br />
o‘ahu, lāna‘i, and Maui (Wagner et al. 1999: 547).<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: South Hilo distr. 4 mile beach, Keaukaha. located adjacent to<br />
shoreline. No fruit or flowers. Growing next to Casuarina trees. collection is a resprout, 1.5 m tall,<br />
from a trunk 8 cm in dia, 5 Jul 2009, N. Friday BIED92.<br />
Terminalia melanocarpa f. Muell. New naturalized record<br />
This large flowering tree was found growing with two younger flowering trees adjacent to<br />
an overgrown macadamia nut orchard. also suitable for coastal gardens exposed to salt<br />
spray and trade winds (Staples & Herbst 2005), this tree was found thriving at ca 900 ft.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: North Kona distr. Makalani subdivision off Walua rd,<br />
2169211N, 190358E. flowering tree on edge of macadamia nut orchard, approximately 20 ft tall.<br />
large, spreading crown. leaves with entire margins, no smell, no sap, 19 May 2009, J. Parker & R.<br />
Parsons BIED81.<br />
Convolvulaceae<br />
Poranopsis paniculata (roxb.) roberty New island record<br />
Bridal veil creeper is rarely cultivated on the island of Hawai‘i, but several naturalized<br />
populations have been found. This species has been previously recorded as naturalized<br />
from Maui (Starr et al. 2004: 21). It has been noted that fruit is not produced in Hawai‘i<br />
(Staples & Herbst 2005), but further study into this is warranted based primarily on the<br />
large scale of these localized infestations.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: South Kona distr. Hwy 11, Kealakekua, 2146988N, 197626E.<br />
White-flowered vine with heart-shaped leaves with silky, pale-white undersides. large population<br />
covering approx. 3 acres. could have spread from cultivation at abandoned homesite, 23 Sep 2008,<br />
J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED36.
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 59<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Euphorbia tirucalli l. New island record<br />
Previously documented as naturalized on Kaua‘i (lorence et al. 1995: 35), pencil tree is<br />
widely cultivated in Hawai‘i and this specimen represents a new island record. This dense<br />
flowering population is located right off of ali‘i dr just south of Kailua and represents a<br />
hazard to pedestrians. due to the ease of vegetative spread and poisonous nature of this<br />
plant, its use as a landscape tree should be discouraged.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: North Kona distr. ali‘i dr, 2168362N, 188405E. large, flowering<br />
population with trunks up to 10 in dia and 15–20 ft tall trees. Milky latex abundant, 17 Jun<br />
2009, J. Parker & R. Parsons, J. Franklin BIED86.<br />
Jatropha curcas l. New island record<br />
Physic nut has a long history of naturalizing in tropical regions and has already been documented<br />
as naturalized on Maui (Wagner et al. 1999: 623). Its use as a biofuel is being<br />
heavily promoted by private and government entities. This specimen was located within<br />
a large naturalized population in scrubland dominated by Leucaena leucocephala.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: North Kona distr. Queen Ka‘ahumanu Hwy, near mile marker<br />
121, Kailua, 2173695N 187698E. Many naturalized shrubs up to 13ft tall. Sap sticky, clear-white,<br />
cloudy. fruits globose, green, 1in diameter, 6 aug 2009, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED94.<br />
Jatropha multifida l. New naturalized record<br />
coral plant is sparingly cultivated throughout the island and was observed naturalizing at<br />
only one location in our surveys. This small population of seedlings was growing in the<br />
proximity of a larger stump with suckering J. multifida sprouts. The seedlings were sufficiently<br />
spread out so as to suggest they sprouted from seed rather than suckering from roots.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: North Kona distr. Kealakehe, 2178897N, 187119E. Natur -<br />
alized specimen found growing near large stump of possibly cultivated tree with many other keiki.<br />
No flowering specimens but clearly naturalizing, 6 aug 2009, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED96.<br />
Jatropha podagrica Hook. New naturalized record<br />
Gout stalk is a commonly cultivated caudiciform and has been observed spreading from<br />
cultivation more often than not. This population of mature plants was growing in vacant<br />
land of poor, degraded rocky substrate across the street from cultivated specimens. This<br />
species is most often seen laden with fruit and it is recommended that the seeds be collected<br />
prior to maturation due to its seed viability and effective seed dispersal. a diplochorous<br />
dispersal system, in which autochory (ballistic discharge of seeds from explosively<br />
dehiscent capsules) is followed by myrmecochory (transport by ants), is a common<br />
feature in many euphorbs, particularly among Neotropical species (leal, Wirth et al.<br />
2007).<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: North Kona dist. Kona Heights, 2174279N, 187933E. Several<br />
plants growing in vacant lot in subdivision. collection with fruit and flowers, 27 May 2009, J. Parker<br />
& R. Parsons BIED83.<br />
Phyllanthus acidus (l.) Skeels New naturalized record<br />
This small fruiting tree is often cultivated by filipinos and Southeast asians, who use the<br />
tart fruit in cooking (Staples & Herbst 2005). This specimen was found on the roadside in<br />
an area unlikely to be planted. after speaking with the neighbors, it was confirmed that<br />
this tree spread from a larger planting in a private property across the street. The tree was<br />
around 15 ft tall and heavily fruiting.
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Material examined. HAWAI‘I: South Kona distr. Hwy 11 and onouli rd, Kealakekua,<br />
2159435N, 193467E. compound, alternate leaflets with pale yellow, 6–8 ridged berries growing<br />
from main stems and trunk. Tree was 20 ft tall, in between road and fence on easement, 22 oct 2008,<br />
J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED44.<br />
Fabaceae<br />
Derris elliptica (Wall.) Benth. New naturalized record<br />
Poison-vine is infrequently cultivated and sparingly naturalized on the dry side of the<br />
island (much more frequent in the vicinity of Hilo). Perhaps cultivated for its use in supplying<br />
the compound rotenone, which acts as insecticide or fish poison, poison-vine tends<br />
to become naturalized wherever it is planted (Staples & Herbst 2005). This specimen was<br />
growing in an abandoned property over tall mango and jackfruit trees flowering heavily<br />
in february and March. No fruit was found though the population was visited numerous<br />
times.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: South Kona distr. Hwy 11, mile marker 108, 2155655N,<br />
196581E. Thick liana with compound leaves and leafless shoots 1–2 m long. climbing over coffee<br />
and avocado trees. Inflorescence of large purple pea-like flowers. fuzzy golden-brown hairs over<br />
buds and keel of flowers, 20 oct 2008, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED42.<br />
Grossulariaceae<br />
Escallonia rubra (ruiz & Pav.) Pers.<br />
var. macrantha (Hook. & arn.) reiche New naturalized record<br />
This species is a 4–10 ft tall shrub with hairy, glandular shoots and inflorescence axes;<br />
broadly elliptic to obovate leaves 1–3 in long and up to 1.75 in wide, the margins serrate,<br />
the upper side glossy green, the underside gland-dotted; and racemes or panicles of bright<br />
rose red flowers 0.63" dia (Staples & Herbst 2005). a good indicator for this species is the<br />
persistent style. Escallonia is a garden escapee in New Zealand and is known to successfully<br />
colonize coastal cliffs (c. Buddenhagen, pers. comm.). In Hawai‘i, escallonias thrive only<br />
at elevations above 2500 ft (Staples & Herbst 2005). references indicate that hummingbirds<br />
are its primary pollinator. Therefore, seed set in cultivation may be limited unless our native<br />
and/or introduced birds are visiting and pollinating it (c. chimera, pers. comm.).<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: Puna distr. road a, Volcano Village, 2152012N, 265559E.<br />
Sprawling, stiff-serrate leaf shrub covering shrubs and trees up to 20 ft. climbing on top of uluhe fern<br />
in vacant lot. Pink flower with persistent style, 17 dec 2008, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED64.<br />
Lythraceae<br />
Cuphea subuligera Kochne New naturalized record<br />
This represents the fourth species of Cuphea naturalized in the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands. This<br />
species is rare in cultivation and sparingly naturalized in the Volcano area. Its tubular, pale<br />
purple flowers are borne on terminal racemes and its leaves have a purple midvein extending<br />
most of the way through the leaf.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: Puna district. Jungle King rd, fern forest subdivision,<br />
2153217N, 279751E. Tubular, pale purple flower borne on terminal racemes. Purple midvein extending<br />
most of the way through leaf, juvenile leaves have hairs on margins, 10 dec 2008, J. Parker &<br />
R. Parsons BIED59.<br />
Papaveraceae<br />
Hunnemania fumariifolia Sweet New island record<br />
Previously recorded as naturalized only on Maui (Wagner et al. 1999: 1007), this naturalized<br />
population was colonizing a disturbed roadside area in the dry southern portion of the<br />
island near Manukā State Park.
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 61<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: South Kona distr. Southbound road near Manukā State Park,<br />
2121915N, 198762E. Growing on both sides of the road near Macadamia nut orchard in rocky substrate,<br />
19 oct 2009, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED100.<br />
Rosaceae<br />
Rosa laevigata Michx. New island record<br />
cherokee rose is a rampant climber with canes many yards in length, bearing stout, hooked<br />
prickles and leaves with 3 leaflets and sharp-serrate margins (Staples & Herbst 2005).<br />
Previously recorded as naturalized on lāna‘i (Nagata 1995: 12), this population was one of<br />
several naturalizing in the Glenwood/Volcano area, climbing over uluhe and ‘ōhi‘a trees.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: Puna distr. fern forest subdivision, 2154739N, 275399E.<br />
Thick vine, armed with recurved spines, bearing fragrant white flowers with bristly hypanthium.<br />
Spreading ca 20 m off of captain’s dr over uluhe and ‘ōhi‘a trees, 10 dec 2008, J. Parker & R.<br />
Parsons BIED58.<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Majidea zanquebarica J. Kirk ex oliv. New naturalized record<br />
Mgambo, or velvet-seed, is a small, fast-growing tree that is cultivated sparingly on the<br />
Big Island for its attractive black, velvety seeds. This specimen was naturalizing in the<br />
Kealakehe area, near Kailua-Kona. Several seedlings and saplings, many flowering, were<br />
sprouting up near a large, fruiting cultivated tree.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: North Kona distr. Kealakehe, 2178898N, 187120E. Natur alized<br />
specimen found growing near large cultivated tree with many other keiki across a fence. This flowering<br />
specimen was approximately 4 ft tall, 6 aug 2009, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED95.<br />
Scrophulariaceae<br />
Otacanthus azureus (linden) ronse New naturalized record<br />
This attractive goundcover, amazon blue, is popular in the Volcano vicinity, and has<br />
become naturalized in the Puna district. With its rapid growth, tiny seeds, and ease of vegetative<br />
propagation, we expect this species to successfully colonize the ample suitable<br />
habitat in the district.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: Puna distr. Eden roc subdivision, 2157595N, 279148E. Bluepurple<br />
flower, across road from cultivated specimen, 4 dec 2008, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED51.<br />
Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. New naturalized record<br />
This well-known invasive tree is sometimes grown for its lightweight timber in the<br />
<strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands. Plantations of Paulownia have been observed on the north shores of<br />
o‘ahu and Kaua‘i, though it is not known exactly which species was being grown (a. lau,<br />
pers. comm.). Similar plantings have not been observed on the Big Island, and this specimen<br />
was the first and only time this tree was observed on our surveys. It has since been<br />
removed with approval by the landowner.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: South Kohala distr. Mānā rd, Kamuela, 2215918N, 225864E.<br />
observed 10 trees naturalizing in open pasture. landowner planted 3 trees years ago. Whitish-purple<br />
flower with purple dots inside and large fruit with many windborne seeds, 1 dec 2009, J. Parker &<br />
R. Parsons BIED107.<br />
Solanaceae<br />
Streptosolen jamesonii (Benth.) Miers New island record<br />
Marmalade bush is sparingly cultivated in the Volcano area and was recently found naturalizing<br />
there. This species has previously been documented as naturalized on Kaua‘i<br />
(lorence & flynn 1997:12).
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Material examined. HAWAI‘I: Puna distr. royal <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Estates, 2150530N, 269948E.<br />
Yellow, orange and red flowers. found across road from cultivated specimen, 29 Jan 2009, J. Parker<br />
& R. Parsons BIED69.<br />
Urticaceae<br />
Boehmeria nivea (l.) Gaudich. New naturalized record<br />
This species is the source of the stem fiber called ramie, used in clothing and other fabrics.<br />
ramie was attempted in Hawai‘i as a commercial crop, but it proved to be economically<br />
unfeasible (Staples & Herbst 2005). a couple of populations in the same area in<br />
North Kona were found naturalizing between coffee plantations. Though the plant has<br />
economic uses, these populations did not appear to be part of any formal planting.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: North Kona distr. Hōlualoa rd, 2168619N, 190970E.<br />
Scalloped margins, white undersides. Growing near coffee farm, 20–30 m off road. fruits numerous<br />
small balls with many brown seeds, 2 Mar 2009, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED78.<br />
Vitaceae<br />
Cissus rotundifolia (forssk.) Vahl New island record<br />
Previously reported as naturalized on Kaua‘i, o‘ahu, and East Maui (lorence & flynn<br />
1997: 12; Herbst 1998: 4; Starr et al. 2002: 26), this Cissus is ideally suited to the dry,<br />
sun-drenched leeward sides of our islands (Staples & Herbst 2005). This large population<br />
was climbing over Leucaena leucocephala in a dry, disturbed vacant lot in Kailua-Kona.<br />
The bird-dispersed seeds could easily be spread to the ample suitable habitat in the region.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: North Kona distr. He‘enalu dr off ali‘i dr, 2170735N,<br />
187896E. Succulent vine with serrated margins. Inflorescence an umbel with green, fleshy fruit, 25<br />
Jun 2009, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED89.<br />
Acknowledgments<br />
We thank the <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Herbarium Pacificum staff, along with alex lau and<br />
danielle frohlich for assisting us with plant identification and specimen cataloging.<br />
Thanks to clyde Imada for his helpful “Native and Naturalized” plants list. a big thanks<br />
to the indispensable “Plants of Hawai‘i” website hosted by forest and Kim Starr. This survey<br />
was made possible thanks to financial support from the U.S. forest Service and the<br />
<strong>Hawaii</strong> department of land and Natural resources.<br />
Literature Cited<br />
Frohlich, D. & Lau, A. 2008. New plant records from o‘ahu for 2007. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong><br />
Occasional Papers 100: 3–12.<br />
———. & Lau, A. 2010. New plant records from o‘ahu for 2008. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong><br />
Occasional Papers 107: 3–18.<br />
Herbst, D. 1998. New records for <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Plants. I. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers<br />
56: 2–4.<br />
Leal, I., Wirth, R. & Tabarelli, M. 2007. Seed dispersal by ants in the semi-arid<br />
caatinga of North-east Brazil. Annals of Botany 99(5): 885–894.<br />
Lorence, D.H., Flynn, T.W. & Wagner, W.L. 1995. contributions to the flora of<br />
Hawai‘i. III. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers. 41: 19–58.<br />
———. & Flynn, T.W. 1997. New naturalized plant records for Kaua‘i. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong><br />
Occasional Papers 49: 9–13.<br />
Mabberley, D.J. 2008. Mabberley’s plant-book. 3rd Edition. cambridge University<br />
Press, cambridge, UK. 1040 pp.
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 63<br />
Nagata, K. 1995. New <strong>Hawaii</strong>an plant records. IV. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers<br />
42: 10–13.<br />
Oppenheimer, H. 2008. New <strong>Hawaii</strong>an plant records for 2007. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occa -<br />
sional Papers 100: 22–38<br />
———. 2010. New <strong>Hawaii</strong>an plant records from Maui county for 2008. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong><br />
Occasional Papers 107: 33–43.<br />
———., Meidell, J.S. & Bartlett, R.T. 1999. New plant records for Maui and Moloka‘i.<br />
<strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 59: 7–11.<br />
Staples, G.W. & Herbst, D.R. 2005. A tropical garden flora. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Press,<br />
Honolulu. 908 pp.<br />
———., Herbst, D.R. & Imada, C.T. 2000. <strong>Survey</strong> of invasive or potentially invasive<br />
cultivated plants in Hawai’i. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 65: 1–35.<br />
———., Herbst, D.R. & Imada, C.T. 2006. New <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Plant records for 2004.<br />
<strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 88: 6–9.<br />
Starr, F., Martz, K. & Loope, L.L. 2002. New plant records from the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an<br />
archipelago. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 69: 16–27.<br />
———., Martz, K. & Loope, L.L. 2003. New plant records from the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an archi -<br />
pelago. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 74: 23–34.<br />
———., Martz, K. & Loope, L.L. 2004. New plant records from the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an archi -<br />
pelago. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 79: 20–30.<br />
———. & Starr, K. Plants of <strong>Hawaii</strong>. HEar. http://www.hear.org/starr/images/<br />
?o=plants. last accessed: 5 March 2012.<br />
Wagner, W. L., Herbst, D. R. & Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of<br />
Hawai‘i. revised edition. 2 vols. University of Hawai’i Press and <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong><br />
Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp.<br />
Wood, K.R. 2006. New plant records and rediscoveries within the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands.<br />
<strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 88: 10-15<br />
Wood, K.R. & LeGrande, M. 2006. an annotated checklist and new island records of<br />
flowering plants from lehua Islet, Ni‘ihau, Hawai‘i. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional<br />
Papers 87: 19-29<br />
Wysong, M., Hughes G. & Wood, K.R. 2007. New <strong>Hawaii</strong>an plant records for the Island<br />
of Moloka‘i. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers. 96: 1-8
64<br />
BISHOP MUSEUM <strong>OCCASIONAL</strong> <strong>PAPERS</strong>: No. 113, 2012
Records of the <strong>Hawaii</strong> <strong>Biological</strong> <strong>Survey</strong> for 2011. Edited by<br />
Neal L. Evenhuis & Lucius G. Eldredge. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong><br />
Occasional Papers 113: 65–74 (2012)<br />
New Plant Records from the Big Island for 2010–2011<br />
JaMES l. ParKEr & BoBBY ParSoNS<br />
Big Island Invasive Species Committee, 23 E. Kawili St, Hilo, Hwai‘i 96720; emails:<br />
jameslp@hawaii.edu; rparsons@hawaii.edu<br />
The Big Island Invasive Species committee (BIISc) implemented its Early detection program<br />
in May of 2008. roadside <strong>Survey</strong>s were conducted on major, secondary, tertiary,<br />
and residential roads in the Puna, South Hilo, North Hilo, Hāmākua, and North Kohala<br />
districts. Here, BIISc Early detection documents 1 new state record, 11 new naturalized<br />
records, 1 potential naturalization, and 17 new island records.<br />
Plants from 16 plant families are discussed. Information regarding the formerly<br />
known distribution of flowering plants is based on the Manual of the flowering plants of<br />
Hawai‘i (Wagner et al. 1999), A tropical garden flora (Staples & Herbst 2005) and information<br />
subsequently published in the Records of the <strong>Hawaii</strong> <strong>Biological</strong> <strong>Survey</strong>. Voucher<br />
specimens are deposited at <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong>’s Herbarium Pacificum (BISH), Honolulu.<br />
Acanthaceae<br />
Justicia carnea lindl. New island record<br />
This popular ornamental from Brazil has previously been collected as naturalized from<br />
Maui (oppenheimer 2004: 8). This collection was from the Mountain View area at an elevation<br />
of 1600 ft. Naturalized populations of this plant have also been observed in the<br />
North Kohala district near Kapa‘au.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: Puna distr. Hwy 11, Mountain View, 2162719N, 278357E. 6 ft<br />
tall shrub found on roadside with large simple leaves with purple undersides and bright pink inflorescence,<br />
11 oct 2010, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED143.<br />
Sanchezia speciosa leonard New island record<br />
This commonly cultivated hedge plant has been seen naturalizing in a few locations<br />
around the island. It has previously been recorded as naturalized from Kaua‘i (lorence et<br />
al. 1995: 20).<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: North Hilo distr. laupāhoehoe Point, 2211916N, 265217E.<br />
Growing on disturbed roadside in large thicket, 24 aug 2010, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED134.<br />
Apocynaceae<br />
Beaumontia multiflora Teijsm. & Binn. Potential naturalization<br />
Easter-lily vine, native to Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, and Bali, is a large climber with 20 ft<br />
long stems and heavy foliage, which requires a spacious garden and sunny, well-watered<br />
location; “… in the wild, it produces paired, cucumber shaped pods containing 100–250<br />
wind-dispersed seeds … but does not set fruit or seed in Hawai‘i” (Staples & Herbst<br />
2005). No fruit was observed at this location but the Early detection team will continue<br />
to monitor this population for seed set.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: North Kohala distr. akoni Pule Hwy, 2238538N, 210823E.<br />
Vine with large leaves and milky latex climbing 30 ft high over avocado, banyan, and mango trees.<br />
large, white, showy flower with sweet, spicy fragrance, petals fused with pink-white calyx, 9 feb<br />
2010, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED110.<br />
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Arecaceae<br />
Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr. New naturalized record<br />
Sugar palm is a popular ornamental in the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands and in its home range the<br />
male spadices are tapped for their sugary syrup which is made into a palm wine upon distillation<br />
(Mabberley 2008). This species has spread from 100+ year-old plantings in the<br />
Bond Historic distr into the lower section of Waianaia Gulch, where mature flowering<br />
and fruiting trees were observed with many saplings. Naturalized specimens of this plant<br />
have been collected on o‘ahu (daehler & Baker 2006: 5).<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: North Kohala distr. Bond Historic distr, Waianaia Gulch,<br />
2236772N, 207675E. large palm with fronds up to 9 m found in gulch in ‘Iole ahupua‘a. large,<br />
flowering and fruiting population with black hairs and long spines on trunks, 6 apr 2010, J. Parker<br />
& R. Parsons BIED115.<br />
Pinanga coronata (Blume ex Mart.) Blume New island record<br />
This palm, native to Java and Sumatra, is popular in cultivation for its distinct inflorescence.<br />
It was previously collected as naturalized from the area around lyon arboretum on<br />
o‘ahu (daehler & Baker 2006: 5). a dense fruiting population was observed on a hillside<br />
in o‘ōkala Gulch.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: North Hilo distr. o‘ōkala Gulch, 2214514N, 260809E. Tall<br />
clumping palms naturalizing on hillside of deep gulch. flowers white, fruits white turning black at<br />
maturity, stems of inflorescence bright red, 31 aug 2010, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED136.<br />
Bignoniaceae<br />
Tabebuia heterophylla (dc.) Britton New island record<br />
Pink trumpet tree is widely cultivated around the island and has previously been recorded<br />
as naturalized from Maui and o‘ahu (oppenheimer 2003: 8; 2004: 10). at this location,<br />
there are numerous, mature, naturalized trees spread around Kīlau Gulch.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: North Hilo distr. Hwy 19, laupāhoehoe, 2211534N 265485E.<br />
Pink-flowered trees naturalizing in Kīlau Gulch near cultivated specimens. flowers visited by bees,<br />
23 Sep 2010, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED139.<br />
Cactaceae<br />
Pereskia aculeata Mill. New naturalized record<br />
Barbados gooseberry is a leafy cactus with a vining habit that is native to the caribbean<br />
and South america. Popular in botanical gardens as a specimen planting of a primitive<br />
cactus. It is also cultivated for its edible fruit and use as a living fence for cattle in South<br />
africa. It was declared a noxious weed in South africa in 1979 (Morton, 1987) and is<br />
capable of invading intact native forest there (I. Paterson, pers. comm.). an apparently<br />
naturalizing sterile specimen strongly resembling Pereskia aculeata was collected from<br />
Hālawa Valley on Moloka‘i (T. Lau s.n., 28 Sep 2001, BISH #683117). a fertile specimen<br />
needs to be collected from that population to confirm its identity. P. aculeata is described<br />
as a shrub or vine, clambering, 3–10 m. Stems to 3 cm dia, spiny; areoles to 15 mm dia,<br />
largest on basal portion of stem. leaves lanceolate to ovate or oblong, 4.5–11.0 × 1.5–5.0<br />
cm. Spines of 2 kinds; primary spines 2 per areole, recurved, clawlike, 4–8mm long; secondary<br />
spines to 25 per older areole, straight, 10–35 mm long. flowers to 70 in terminal<br />
or lateral inflorescences, fragrant, 3.0 × 2.5–5.0 cm; pedicels 5–15 mm long; tepals perigynous;<br />
scales and areoles on prominent to inconspicuous tubercules; perianth whitish to<br />
light pink. fruits yellow to orange, spheric, not angled, 40 × 15–25 mm, never proliferating.<br />
Seeds lenticular, 4.5–5.0 mm dia, glossy (Hawkes 2003). This species was recommended<br />
for control to the BIISc plant crew, and initial control has begun.
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 67<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: North Kohala distr. akoni Pule Hwy, Hawi, 2240213N,<br />
205473E. Two small populations of vining cactus near elementary school. Stipular, paired, recurved<br />
thorns with fleshy leaves lacking venation. flowers and fruit observed, 2 feb 2010, J. Parker & R.<br />
Parsons BIED109;<br />
Elaeocarpaceae<br />
Elaeocarpus angustifolius Blume New island record<br />
Blue-marble tree ranges widely from India throughout Southeast asia, Indonesia, and<br />
Melanesia to tropical australia. The species often grows along riverbanks or in seasonally<br />
flooded watercourses in the wild (Staples & Herbst 2005). It was previously collected as naturalized<br />
from the area around lyon arboretum on o‘ahu (daehler & Baker 2006: 7).<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: North Kohala distr. Bond Historic distr, Waianaia Gulch,<br />
2238675N, 208575E. Extensive population of tall, stately trees with hundreds of seeds and saplings<br />
throughout gulch on riverbanks and growing directly out of the water, 30 Mar 2010, J. Parker & R.<br />
Parsons BIED113.<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Breynia disticha J.r. forst. & G. forst. New island record<br />
This species is very popular in cultivation and has been found naturalizing near old homesites<br />
in Pololū Valley. It has previously been collected as naturalized from Maui (lorence<br />
et al. 1995: 35).<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: North Kohala distr. Pololū Valley, 2236127N, 214288E. large,<br />
naturalized population with small green axillary flowers, 27 apr 2010, J. Parker & R. Parsons<br />
BIED119.<br />
Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. New naturalized record<br />
This species has a large native range from Tropical and South africa to India, china, SE<br />
asia, Indonesia, and Malesia. It is described as usually a much-branched semi-scandent<br />
shrub, rarely a small tree. leaves ovate-oblong to elliptic, produced on short lateral<br />
branchlets, giving the impression of compound leaves. flowers in clusters on short axillary<br />
branchlets, small, yellowish, sexes separate on the same plant, flowering before or<br />
with the new leaves. The flowering shoots and pedicels are covered in short, velvety hairs.<br />
fruit berry-like, blackish when ripe (Pickering & roe 2009). The plants in Nīnole were<br />
thorny to the touch, most likely due to the stipules which become hard-spiny when dry<br />
and brown (li & Gilbert 2008). The flowers emit a distinct smell that has been described<br />
as mashed potatoes in africa, but likened more to soy sauce by people living near the<br />
Nīnole population, and may be responsible for the local legend that a Shoyu delivery truck<br />
crashed on the sharp turn near the population.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: North Hilo distr. South of Maulua Gulch, Nīnole, 2207931N,<br />
270676E. large population of thorny sprawling shrubs with small, pink, drooping flowers, 23 Sep<br />
2010, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED141; Maulua Gulch, Nīnole. a shrub about 6 ft high, leafy<br />
branches in 1 plane. It could be an escape from cultivation, No date, A. Kawasaki s.n. (BISH #50402).<br />
Fabaceae<br />
Acacia mangium Willd. New island record<br />
Native to Queensland, australia, the Molucca islands and Papua New Guinea, A. mangium<br />
has been planted around the island for hardwood and biomass potential. Now spreading in<br />
‘Uma‘uma, Pepe‘ekeo, <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Paradise Park, <strong>Hawaii</strong>an acres, and <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Beaches<br />
subdivisions. It has previously been collected as naturalized on o‘ahu (frohlich & lau
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2008:6). This species is reported as naturalizing on Kaua‘i (frohlich & lau this volume).<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: North Hilo distr. Uma‘uma, 2201741N 273807E.<br />
Naturalized trees in eucalyptus grove mauka Hwy 19 and spreading downhill along<br />
Kama‘e‘e Homesteads rd, 13 Sep 2010, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED137.<br />
Calliandra houstoniana (Mill.) Standl.<br />
var. calothyrsa (Meisn.)Barneby New island record<br />
Planted around the island as forage and firewood, this species has been seen spreading<br />
from cultivation frequently, and this collection was from grazed pastureland alongside<br />
Gliricidia sepium. Previously collected as naturalized from lāna‘i and Maui (Imada et al.<br />
2008: 13; Starr et al. 2010: 64). This species is reported as naturalizing on Kaua‘i<br />
(frohlich & lau this volume).<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: Hāmākua distr. Pa‘auilo Makai, 2219437N, 249863E. large<br />
shrubs with bipinnately compound leaves with red, terminal inflorescences, and numerous dry seedpods<br />
which split open when mature, 14 Jun 2010, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED125.<br />
Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb. New naturalized record<br />
Earpod tree is native to central america and Northern South america and is described by<br />
Wagner as often cultivated and may be adventive (Wagner et al. 1999: 630). Seedlings<br />
observed on roadside and large trees naturalized in gulch probably spread from the small<br />
planting in o‘ōkala town near the old cane overpass. The species is described as a largetrunked<br />
tree
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 69<br />
Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) Merr. New naturalized record<br />
Flemingia macrophylla is native to tropical and subtropical asia and Indonesia. It is<br />
described as a perennial, deep-rooting, leafy shrub, up to 3 m high. Growth habit ranges<br />
from prostrate to erect with numerous stems arising from the base. leaves digitately trifoliolate,<br />
leaflets elliptic-lanceolate and 5–15 cm long, 2–8 cm wide, silky or hairless,<br />
papery when old. Inflorescences mostly axillary, in dense racemes, 5–30 cm long, with<br />
15–40 papilionoid flowers. calyx densely silky, 6–13 mm long with 5 lanceolate lobes;<br />
greenish standard with distinct red blotches or stripes and purple apex. Pods oblong,<br />
11–15 mm long, 5–7 mm wide, dark brown and slightly silky, dehiscent, 2-seeded. Seeds<br />
globular, mottled brown or shiny black, 2–3 mm dia (Verdcourt 1979). found naturalizing<br />
near agricultural land, it most likely spread from a planting for some agricultural use,<br />
such as a cover crop for nitrogen-enrichment. It has also been seen naturalizing in a vacant<br />
lot in Hakalau, and cultivated at a botanical garden in ‘Uma‘uma, but it is unknown how<br />
frequently this plant is cultivated.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: North Hilo district. Nīnole, 2207000N, 270347E. 8ft tall herbaceous<br />
shrub with winged petioles and spikes of pink leguminous flowers. fruit an inflated pod that<br />
pops open at maturity. found growing on upper edge of gulch, 30 aug 2010, J. Parker & R. Parsons<br />
BIED135.<br />
Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. New naturalized record<br />
Madre de cacao trees, in their native range of Mexico and central america, are planted to<br />
shelter young coffee and cacao plantations (Staples & Herbst 2005). This species was seen<br />
rarely in surveys but sometimes in massive plantings of over 100 trees. These naturalized<br />
plants were most likely spread from an agricultural planting.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: Hāmākua district. Pa‘auilo, 2219436N 249862E. 15ft tall<br />
woody shrub seen naturalizing in pasture land. flowering and fruiting when leafless. long panicles<br />
of pink-lavender flowers and long, fleshy seedpods, 14 Jun 2010, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED125.<br />
Inga feuilleei dc. New naturalized record<br />
This commonly cultivated tree has been seen naturalizing successfully on the windward<br />
side of the island. Ice-cream bean tree, or pacay, is native to Peru and Bolivia and is<br />
described as having 1×-pinnately compound leaves with 3–4 pairs of leathery, taperingelliptic<br />
leaflets arranged oppositely along a winged axis (central stem). The white,<br />
mimosa-type, 1.25–1.50 in long flowers are borne in heads at the apexes of brownishfuzzy<br />
stalks. The green pods are flattened, 8–24 in long and 2–3 in wide, and 4-angled by<br />
virtue of their distinctly raised margins (Staples & Herbst 2005).<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: North Hilo distr. Hwy 19, o‘ōkala, 2214290N 261272E. Group<br />
of small trees, ~20 ft tall, naturalized in pasture with Panicum maximum. White mimosoid flowers<br />
with 4-angled, thick, green pods. compound dark-green leaves with winged petioles, 24 aug 2010,<br />
J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED133.<br />
Senna alata (l.) roxb. New island record<br />
candle bush is frequently cultivated and readily naturalizes where planted. It is previously<br />
recorded as naturalized from all of the major <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands exept Ni‘ihau and<br />
Kaho‘olawe.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: South Hilo distr. Hakalau, 2201461N, 277313E. large naturalized<br />
population in vacant lot in residential area. Bright yellow flowers with large, dark-brown<br />
pods, 28 Sep 2010, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED142.
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Magnoliaceae<br />
Liriodendron tulipifera l. New naturalized record<br />
Valued for its economically important timber in its native range of eastern North america,<br />
a large planting of tulip poplar was observed spreading on Tree Planting rd off the<br />
Stainback Hwy. rare in Hawai‘i, this tree may be encountered at higher elevations on the<br />
Big Island and Maui (Staples & Herbst 2005). This was the only instance this tree was<br />
encountered and when assessed it scored a 2 (Evaluate) on the Hawai‘i Weed risk<br />
assessment, however with its wind-dispersed seeds and persistent seed bank (Hicks<br />
1998), cultivated specimens of tulip poplar should be watched for signs of naturalization.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: South Hilo distr. Tree Planting rd off Stainback Hwy,<br />
2169329N, 266686E. large, naturalizing population, possibly from planting. Most trees 80 ft tall<br />
with many naturalized saplings, 26 oct 2010, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED144.<br />
Moraceae<br />
Artocarpus heterophyllus lam. New naturalized record<br />
Jackfruit is cultivated in most parts of the island for its abundant edible fruit and it was<br />
found naturalizing in the fertile valleys of the Bond Historic district in North Kohala. This<br />
species is reported as naturalizing on o‘ahu (frohlich & lau this volume).<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: North Kohala distr. Bond Historic district, Waianaia Gulch,<br />
2236905N, 207666E. 8-10 large fruiting adults with many saplings throughout gulch with large<br />
leaves with scabrous undersides and milky latex, 6 apr 2010, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED116.<br />
Ficus religiosa l. New island record<br />
Bodhi tree is popular in cultivation around the island and has previously been collected as<br />
naturalized on o‘ahu (frohlich & lau 2008: 7). due to its specific pollinator fig wasp,<br />
Blastophaga quadraticeps Mayr, being present in Hawai‘i, it is likely that this tree will<br />
continue to naturalize across the islands.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: Hāmākua distr. Hwy 19, mile marker 31, 2214536N, 259750E.<br />
Growing out of concrete supports on Kupapaulua Bridge. one 2.5ft tall sapling observed, 9 aug<br />
2010, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED129.<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
Eugenia brasiliensis lam. New island record<br />
Brazilian cherry can be found in cultivation over many parts of the island, especially from<br />
Hilo to Waimea. It has previously been recorded as naturalized from Maui (Starr et al.<br />
2011: 29). although not often seen spreading from cultivation, this shrub was seen colonizing<br />
the side of a gulch in the Bond Historic district in North Kohala.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: North Kohala distr. Bond Historic distr, Waianaia Gulch,<br />
2236888N, 207681E. Small population of naturalized shrubs observed on hillside. orange, flaky<br />
bark, with whorled leaves and white 4-petal flowers with persistent bracts, 22 Mar 2010, J. Parker<br />
& R. Parsons BIED111.<br />
Pimenta dioica (l.) Merr. New island record<br />
allspice is commonly cultivated around the island and has previously been collected as<br />
naturalized from Kaua‘i and Maui (lorence et al., 1995; Starr et al. 2003: 28). This tree<br />
has appeared naturalized numerous times, and was collected here from North Kohala.<br />
This species is reported as naturalizing on o‘ahu (frohlich & lau this volume).<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: North Kohala distr. Honomaka‘u rd, Hāwī, 2240118N,<br />
205543E. one large 15ft tall tree seen naturalized and flowering on roadside, 22 Mar 2010, J. Parker<br />
& R. Parsons BIED117.
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 71<br />
Oleaceae<br />
Jasminum multiflorum (Burm. f.) andrews New naturalized record<br />
Star jasmine is native to tropical asia and has been prized and cultivated in India and<br />
southern china for centuries. Its flowers are used for the extraction of jasmine scent and,<br />
like J. sambac, are dried for scenting tea (Staples & Herbst 2005). It is described as an<br />
evergreen scrambler or weak climber, pubescent. leaves opposite, simple; petiole to 0.3<br />
in long; blades broadly ovate, usually 1.4–2.0 in × 1.0–1.4 in, underside without small pits<br />
in axils of secondary veins and midvein, base truncate to cordate. Inflorescence terminal<br />
on branch tip sand axils of upper leaves, more or less umbellate or clustered, 9 to many<br />
flowered. flowers 1.0–1.8 in long, white fragrant or odorless; calyx lobes threadlike,<br />
0.3–0.5 in long, pubescent; corolla tube 0.5–1.0 in long, lobes usually 7 or 8 (6–9), elliptic.<br />
fruit rarely produced (Staples & Herbst 2005). one of the more common jasmines in<br />
cultivation, this collection represents the third species of jasmine to be found naturalized<br />
in Hawai‘i.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: Hāmākua distr. Haina, Honoka‘a, 2223213N, 242008E. large<br />
vining jasmine seen naturalized in invaded area near perimeter of county park. flowers without scent<br />
and opposite leaves, 18 May 2010, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED124.<br />
Pinaceae<br />
Pinus taeda l. New island record<br />
loblolly pine, native to the eastern and southern United States, has been found naturalizing<br />
at this high elevation site (7100 ft) on the slopes of Mauna Kea, where it was planted.<br />
It has previously been collected as naturalized on lāna‘i (oppenheimer 2008: 31) and is<br />
recorded as potentially naturalizing on Kaua‘i (frohlich & lau this volume). loblolly<br />
pine is fairly common throughout the island and has been seen possibly naturalizing in<br />
other higher elevation areas, i.e. Glenwood and Volcano.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: North Hilo distr. Mauna Kea access road, 2181881N, 243646E.<br />
60–80 ft tall grove of trees with cones strongly attached to stem, spreading from a planting, 18 aug<br />
2010, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED132.<br />
Piperaceae<br />
Piper auritum Kunth New island record<br />
false ‘awa has previously been collected as naturalized on the islands of Kaua‘i and o‘ahu<br />
(Staples et al. 2006: 8), and East Maui (Starr & Starr 2011: 29). This shrub is native to tropical<br />
america and is used as a spice there. In Hawai‘i, it is grown for its use as a spice and<br />
because it is falsely believed to be true ‘awa, Piper methysticum. This collection was from<br />
a large, mature population covering about half an acre of land on one side of a gulch near<br />
Hilo. The shrubs were approximately 10 ft high.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: South Hilo distr. Wainaku, 2183465N, 280644E. large naturalized<br />
population on side of gulch. large leaves with licorice scent and uneven leaf bases. White<br />
inflorescence, 2 feb 2011, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED151.<br />
Polygonaceae<br />
Emex australis Steinh. New state record<br />
Emex australis, or three-corner jack, is native to South africa and was first collected from<br />
the island of Hawai‘i in 1931 in Makahālau on Parker ranch lands. It is known to occur<br />
from west Kamuela down to the Saddle road junction, and Saddle road up to 6400 ft elevation.<br />
We have also seen it naturalized on roadsides up to the scenic overlook on Kohala<br />
Mountain road. This plant had been misidentified as E. spinosa in collections until 2006,<br />
when the expert Karen l. Wilson of the National Herbarium of New South Wales (NSW)
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BISHOP MUSEUM <strong>OCCASIONAL</strong> <strong>PAPERS</strong>: No. 113, 2012<br />
reidentified the BISH specimens. Emex spinosa is now known to occur only on o‘ahu,<br />
Moloka‘i, and East Maui, while E. australis is known only from the Big Island. Emex australis<br />
can be differentiated from E. spinosa because it is more prostrate (average 56 cm<br />
vs. 80 cm tall), has fewer seeds per rosette (average 4.7 vs. 8.8), per node (average 2.2 vs.<br />
6.2), and per plant (average 346 vs. 987) and the achenes are longer (average 8 mm vs.<br />
5.5 mm) and wider (average 9.5 mm vs. 5.2 mm) than E. spinosa (Weiss and Julien,<br />
1975). This collection was from the recently constructed bypass road in Kamuela, which<br />
we inspected after a partner got numerous calls about a weed popping bicycle tires. Both<br />
species of Emex are on the USda/aPHIS federal Noxious Weed list, and E. australis<br />
appears to be a more serious threat to agriculture and livestock production than E. spinosa,<br />
based on experience in other parts of the world (freeman 2005). Both species of<br />
Emex were targets for successful biocontrol releases between 1950 and 1966, where one<br />
species of weevil, Perapion antiquum successfully established on Maui and Hawai‘i, but<br />
failed to establish on Moloka‘i. Two other weevils, P. neofallax and P. violaceum were<br />
also released but did not establish (P. conant, pers. comm.).<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: South Kohala distr. New bypass road, Kamuela, 2215327N,<br />
221036E. Sprawling, prostrate herb with spiny 3-spiked fruit and large taproot, 30 Nov 2010, J. Parker<br />
& R. Parsons BIED148; Makahālau, Parker ranch. Weed, oct 1931, R.A. Goff s.n. (BISH #63678); 6<br />
mi W of Pōhakuloa Park Stn, along Saddle rd ~6400 ft roadside with Chenopodium. decumbent, prostrate<br />
herb. Stems red or streaked with red. leaves and petioles green. Tepals green, anther cream. fruit<br />
green, tips of spines purple. Monoecious, 4 Mar 1979, H. Kennedy & S. Ishikawa 3910.<br />
Rosaceae<br />
Cotoneaster pannosus franch. New island record<br />
Previously documented as naturalized on Kaua‘i and Maui (lorence et al. 1995: 49;<br />
Herbarium Pacificum Staff 1999: 8), Cotoneaster pannosus grows vigorously at high elevation<br />
sites. a large naturalized population has been found near ‘Umikoa Village in the<br />
Hāmākua distr.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: Hāmākua distr. ‘Umikoa Village rd, 2211318N, 252407E.<br />
densely clustered shrubs with alternate, silvery leaves, white flowers and orange berries, no thorns.<br />
Spreading from gulch, 22 Jun 2010, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED127.<br />
Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) lindl. New island record<br />
loquat has previously been documented as naturalized on Kaua‘i, o‘ahu, lāna‘i, and<br />
Maui (lorence et al. 1995: 49; Herbarium Pacificum Staff 1999: 8; oppenheimer 2007:<br />
31; frohlich & lau 2008: 8) and is a common, weedy shrub across the island.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: South Hilo distr. Hwy 19, Pepe‘ekeo, 2198851N, 279188E.<br />
Small tree naturalized on roadside. White flowers on hairy brown inflorescence with yellow fruit.<br />
Green serrate leaves with white hairy undersides, 27 oct 2010, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED146.<br />
Rubus sieboldii Blume New island record<br />
Molucca raspberry is native to Japan, southern china, and okinawa and was previously<br />
known from large infestations on Kaua‘i (Wagner, Herbst et al.1999). Three small naturalized<br />
populations of this species were found within a half-mile of each other in<br />
Mountain View near Pszyk rd. This species is on the State of <strong>Hawaii</strong> Noxious Weed list<br />
and will be recommended to the BIISc plant crew for control.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: Puna distr. Pszyk rd, Mountain View, 2162495N, 278628E.<br />
large, stiff-leaved, thorny sprawler with white flowers. No fruit observed, naturalized near small<br />
drainage, 31 Jan 2011, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED152.
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 73<br />
Acknowledgments<br />
We thank the <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Herbarium Pacificum staff, along with alex lau and<br />
danielle frohlich for assisting us with plant identification and specimen cataloging.<br />
Thanks to clyde Imada for his helpful “Native and Naturalized” plants list. a big thanks<br />
to the indispensable “Plants of Hawai‘i” website hosted by forest and Kim Starr. Thank<br />
you to the New Moon foundation for access to the beautiful and botanically diverse lands<br />
of the ‘Iole ahupua‘a.This survey was made possible thanks to financial support from the<br />
U.S. forest Service and the <strong>Hawaii</strong> department of land and Natural resources.<br />
Literature Cited<br />
Daehler, C.C. & Baker, R.F. 2006. New records of naturalized and naturalizing plants<br />
around lyon arboretum, Manoa Valley, o‘ahu. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers<br />
87: 3–18.<br />
Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. flora of North america<br />
North of Mexico. 16+ vols. New York and oxford.<br />
Freeman, C.C. 2005. Emex Necker ex campderá, pp. 487–488. In: flora of North<br />
america Editorial committee (eds.), Flora of North America, vol. 5, Magnoliophyta:<br />
Caryophyllidae, part 2. oxford University Press, New York, xxii + 656 pp.<br />
Frohlich, D. & Lau, A. 2008. New plant records from o‘ahu for 2007. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong><br />
Occasional Papers 100: 3–12.<br />
Hawkes, M.W. 2003. Pereskia Miller, pp. 100–101. In: flora of North america Editorial<br />
committee (eds.), Flora of North America, vol. 4, Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae,<br />
part 1. oxford University Press, New York. xxiv + 559 pp.<br />
Herbarium Pacificum Staff. 1999. New <strong>Hawaii</strong>an plant records for 1998. <strong>Bishop</strong><br />
<strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 58: 3–11.<br />
Hicks, R.R. 1998. Ecology and management of central hardwood forests. John Wiley and<br />
Sons, New York.<br />
Howard, R.A. 1988. flora of the lesser antilles: leeward and Windward Islands. Vol. 4<br />
dicotyledoneae-Part 1 arnold arboretum, Harvard University. 673 pp.<br />
Imada, C. T., James, S.A. & Kennedy, B.H. 2008. New <strong>Hawaii</strong>an plant records from<br />
Herbarium Pacificum for 2007. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 100: 12–16.<br />
Li, B. & Gilbert, M.G. 2008. Phyllanthus linnaeus, pp. 180–190. In: Wu, Z.Y., P.H.<br />
raven & d.Y. Hong (eds.). Flora of China, vol. 11 (Oxalidaceae through Acer -<br />
aceae). Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. louis. 553<br />
pp.<br />
Lorence, D.H., Flynn, T.W. & Wagner, W.L. 1995. contributions to the flora of<br />
Hawai‘i. III. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers. 41: 19–58.<br />
Mabberley, D.J. 2008. Mabberley’s plant-book. 3rd Edition. cambridge University<br />
Press, cambridge, UK. 1,040 pp.<br />
Morton, J. 1987. Barbados Gooseberry, pp. 349–351. In: fruits of warm climates. J.f.<br />
Morton, Miami.<br />
Oppenheimer, H. 2003. New Plant records from Maui and Hawai‘i counties. <strong>Bishop</strong><br />
<strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 73: 3–30.<br />
———. 2004. New <strong>Hawaii</strong>an plant records for 2003. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers<br />
79: 8–20.<br />
———. 2007. New <strong>Hawaii</strong>an plant records for 2006. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers<br />
96: 17–34.
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———. 2008. New <strong>Hawaii</strong>an plant records for 2007. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers<br />
100: 22–38.<br />
Pickering, H. & Roe, E. 2009. Wild flowers of the Victoria Falls area. Helen Pickering,<br />
london. 128 pp.<br />
Staples, G.W. & Herbst, D.R. 2005. A tropical garden flora. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Press,<br />
Honolulu. 908 pp.<br />
———., Herbst, D.R. & Imada, C.T. 2006. New <strong>Hawaii</strong>an plant records for 2004.<br />
<strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 88: 6–9.<br />
Starr, F., Martz K. & Loope L.L. 2003. New plant records from the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an archi -<br />
pelago. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 74: 23–34.<br />
———. & Starr, K. 2011. New plant records from Midway atoll, Maui, and Ka -<br />
ho‘olawe. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 110: 23–35.<br />
———., Starr, K. & Loope L.L. 2010. New plant records from the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an archi -<br />
pelago. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 107: 61–68.<br />
Verdcourt, B. 1979. A manual of New Guinea legumes. Botany Bulletin No. 11, office<br />
of forests, division of Botany, lae. 645 pp.<br />
Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R. & Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of<br />
Hawai‘i. revised edition. 2 vols. University of Hawai‘i Press and <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong><br />
Press, Honolulu. 1,919 p.<br />
Weiss P.W. & Julien M.H. 1975. a comparison of two species of spiny emex (Emex australis<br />
and E. spinosa) in northwestern Victoria. Journal of the Australian Institute of<br />
Agricultural Science 41(3): 211–213.
Records of the <strong>Hawaii</strong> <strong>Biological</strong> <strong>Survey</strong> for 2011. Edited by<br />
Neal L. Evenhuis & Lucius G. Eldredge. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong><br />
Occasional Papers 113: 75–80 (2012)<br />
New Plant Records from Hawai‘i Island<br />
lINda W. PraTT<br />
U.S. Geological <strong>Survey</strong>, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, P. O. Box 44, Hawai‘i<br />
National Park,Hawai‘i 96718; email: lpratt@usgs.gov<br />
KEalI‘I f. BIo<br />
Hawai‘i Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai‘i at Hilo, Hilo, Hawai‘i 96720<br />
The following plant records from the island of Hawai‘i include 2 new state records, 6 new<br />
island records, 3 new records of naturalized species previously known to be present on the<br />
island, and 1 range extension of an orchid recently reported as naturalized. all cited<br />
voucher specimens are deposited at BISH.<br />
Asteraceae<br />
Leucanthemum ×superbum (Bergmans ex J.W. Ingram) New naturalized record<br />
d.H. Kent<br />
Leucanthemum ×superbum (Shasta daisy) is a cultivated plant of hybrid origin from two<br />
European species (Staples & Herbst 2005). although not currently recognized as naturalized<br />
in the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands (Wagner et al. 1999), this hybrid plant has apparently persisted<br />
more than 50 years without cultivation in Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park since<br />
the 1940s, when it was reported as “escaping from gardens into the forest near the Park<br />
residential area” (fagerlund 1947). The following specimen is the first record of the<br />
species in a disjunct location and indicates that the Shasta daisy is now becoming naturalized<br />
on Hawai‘i Island.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park, crater rim rd between<br />
entrance and Headquarters, Ka‘ū distr, elevation ca 1200 m, in disturbed area near road through<br />
developed area, 23 Jul 2001, L.W. Pratt & K. Bio 3259; Hawai‘i National Park residence area, 22<br />
September 1942, G.O. Fagerlund & A.L. Mitchell 94.<br />
Cornaeae<br />
Cornus kousa f. Buerger ex Hance New state record<br />
an ornamental tree, Cornus kousa (Japanese dogwood, kousa dogwood), was not previously<br />
known to be present in the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands, either as a naturalized plant (Wagner et al.<br />
1999) or a cultivated species (Staples & Herbst 2005). There are no other vouchers of this<br />
species in the <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Herbarium Pacificum. In 2011, Mark Wasser of the Natural<br />
resources Management division of Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park collected a flowering<br />
specimen of this species from a group of young trees established near the western boundary<br />
of the Park’s Kahuku Unit, where they had probably originated from a forestry planting in<br />
an exclosure downslope within sight of the boundary fence. Cornus kousa is native to mountains<br />
of Japan, Korea, and china (ohwi 1965). The tree is considered a desirable ornamental<br />
in mainland North america, and it produces a red fruit, edible to humans and attractive<br />
to birds (Gilman & Watson 1993). The species is apparently naturalized in New York State<br />
(U.S. department of agriculture 2011a). The following specimen documents the Japanese<br />
or kousa dogwood as a naturalized species on Hawai‘i Island.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park, Kahuku Unit just above<br />
75
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boundary in northwest corner, Ka‘ū distr, elevation ca 2175 m, four trees spreading into Park from<br />
planted exclosure below boundary, in Sophora/Myoporum woodland with grass, small tree ca. 3 m<br />
tall, flower bracts cream tinged with red, 27 Jul 2011, M. Wasser 107.<br />
Fabaceae<br />
Crotalaria sagittalis l. New state record<br />
Crotalaria sagittalis (arrowhead rattlebox) is native to the eastern and central United<br />
States, where it is found in 31 states (U.S. department of agriculture 2011b). an annual<br />
or perennial subshrub, this rattlebox is covered with golden hairs and has the following<br />
characteristics: simple ovate leaves, prominent stipules that are decurrent on the stem and<br />
arrowhead-shaped above, flowers pale yellow and less than 1.2 cm long, and glabrous,<br />
inflated fruits, black at maturity and up to 2.5 cm long (Britton & Brown 1970). This<br />
species was not recognized as part of the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an flora by Wagner et al. (1990, 1999).<br />
Crotalaria sagittalis is now documented from a single site in Hawai‘i Volcanoes National<br />
Park, along a boundary fence adjacent to Kapāpala ranch, where it was found in 1994.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park, Ka‘ū district, along fenceline<br />
with Kapāpala ranch near Halfway House in native shrubland with scattered Metrosideros polymorpha<br />
trees, elevation ca 885 m, 31 May 1994, L.W. Pratt 2779.<br />
Lathyrus latifolius l. New island record<br />
The vine Lathyrus latifolius (everlasting sweet pea) was first collected as a naturalized<br />
component of the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an flora at olinda on East Maui in 1985 (Wagner et al. 1999).<br />
Subsequently, the species was collected at an additional site near Kula on Maui (Starr et<br />
al. 2002). It is now known to occur on Hawai‘i Island within Hawai‘i Volcanoes National<br />
Park at ‘Āinahou, a former ranch. The vine has persisted in this place since 1984, when a<br />
collection was made at the same locality (Dina Kageler 1984-48, January 1984, Hawai‘i<br />
Volcanoes National Park Natural History collection). Both L. latifolius and L. odoratus<br />
l. are cultivated in cool regions of Hawai‘i, Maui, and Kaua‘i (Staples & Herbst 2005).<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park, ‘Āinahou ranch house, near<br />
abandoned nursery south of house, elevation 913 m, one or few vines in grassy area near old plant<br />
nursery, climbing vine with rose-pink flowers, no pods, 8 apr 2011, L.W. Pratt 3749.<br />
Lupinus angustifolius l. New naturalized record<br />
only one Lupinus was previously known to be naturalized in the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands; this<br />
was Lupinus hybridus collected once at Volcano on Hawai‘i Island (Wagner et al. 1999).<br />
Lupinus angustifolius (narrowleaf lupine, blue lupine) is an annual herb native to the<br />
Mediterranean region that is rarely cultivated at higher elevations in the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands<br />
(Staples & Herbst 2005). This lupine is now naturalized in Hawai‘i Volcanoes National<br />
Park, where it was collected in 2005 growing along a jeep road following a powerline near<br />
the boundary with Kapāpala ranch. Herbarium Pacificum contains one other specimen<br />
annotated as “Lupinus probably angustifolius” by S.M. Saufferer in 1996. This was collected<br />
by E.Y. Hosaka in 1939 on Kapāpala ranch at slightly lower elevation than the site<br />
of the 2005 naturalized collection. This lupine species appears to have moved into the<br />
Park from the adjacent ranch where it was present, perhaps introduced as a forage plant,<br />
more than 70 years ago.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park, Mauna loa Powerline rd,<br />
near boundary of Park and Kapāpala ranch, Ka‘ū distr, elevation ca 1370 m, on side of jeep road<br />
through Acacia koa forest with alien grasses, herb with hairy leaves, ca 1 m tall, flowers blue and<br />
white, fruit green and yellow, 15 dec 2005, J. Makaike & P. Keliihoomalu s.n.; Ka‘ū, ‘Ōhaikea,<br />
Kapāpala, elevation [1220 m], a local patch, flowers blue, 18 apr 1939, E.Y. Hosaka 2484.
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 77<br />
Sophora tomentosa l. New naturalized record<br />
Sophora tomentosa (yellow necklacepod, silverbush) is a pantropical strand plant (rau -<br />
lerson & rinehart 1991), which is widespread in the Pacific (fosberg et al. 1979). The<br />
shrubby legume is also native to North america, where it is distributed on the shores of<br />
Texas and florida (U.S. department of agriculture 2011c). This species appears to be naturalized<br />
on Hawai‘i Island on the coastline between Nīnole and Punalu‘u, Ka‘ū district.<br />
Sophora tomentosa was recently (2011) collected growing in thick coastal shrubland of<br />
Scaevola taccada in the same area that otto and Isa degener collected the plant in 1983.<br />
The site of the 2011 collection is far from any residences or landscaped areas of the<br />
Punalu‘u Beach Park. The invasive potential of this Sophora is likely low in Hawai‘i; the<br />
species is not recognized as invasive in the Hawai‘i Weed risk assessment, which rated<br />
it as -3, a low value (daehler & denslow 2011).<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: coastline between Punalu‘u and Nīnole, Ka‘ū distr, near sea<br />
level, 3 shrubs mixed with thick Scaevola taccada about 10 m from the rocky shore, low shrub 1.5<br />
m tall with green and brown legumes, 8 May 2011, D. Foote s.n.; Punalu‘u, Ka‘ū, Hawai‘i in black<br />
lava sand near beach, 9 apr 1983, O. Degener & I. Degener 35,763.<br />
Stylosanthes viscosa Sw. New island record<br />
This species, an introduced pasture legume, is known to be naturalized on both o‘ahu and<br />
West Maui (Herbst et al. 2004), but it has not been previously collected on Hawai‘i Island<br />
(Imada 2008). recently (2011), this small shrubby legume was observed at one site on the<br />
side of the crater rim rd in Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. another Stylosanthes, S.<br />
scabra Vogel, was previously documented from the Park (Kennedy et al. 2010). The two<br />
species may be distinguished by the length and shape of the beak on the fruit, but specimens<br />
without fruiting material cannot be identified (Herbst et al. 2004). It is likely that<br />
both Stylosanthes species now known from Hawai‘i Island spread into Hawai‘i Volcanoes<br />
National Park from adjacent ranchlands.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park, crater rim rd between<br />
Keanakāko‘i and chain of craters rd intersection, Ka‘ū distr, elevation ca 1120 m, disturbed area<br />
on roadside through montane wet Metrosideros polymorpha forest, low shrub with red-streaked flowers<br />
and tiny fruit, 18 May 2011, L.W. Pratt & J. Seide 3766.<br />
Vigna hosei (craib) Backer New island record<br />
a vine cultivated in tropical countries, Vigna hosei was first reported naturalized in the<br />
<strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands on o‘ahu, in a pineapple field near Poamoho Experiment farm (Staples<br />
et al. 2006). The species also occurs on Hawai‘i Island, where the following specimen was<br />
collected in a Hilo field in 2006.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: Hilo, in field at low elevation (below 150 m), growing in disturbed<br />
area of field, thin vine with grayish green foliage and pale yellow flowers, 19 Jun 2006, L.<br />
Yoshida s.n.<br />
Onagraceae<br />
Oenothera biennis l. New island record<br />
a biennial herb native to North america and canada, Oenothera biennis (common<br />
evening primrose) was recently documented as a naturalized species on East Maui, where<br />
it was found growing on a roadside in Kula (Starr et al. 2008). The species has now been<br />
collected on Hawai‘i Island, where it was established on a roadside in Volcano Golf<br />
course Subdivision in a patch measuring 5 × 10 m with plants of different sizes. Plants<br />
have persisted in this roadside site for more than 3 years, and the species appears to be<br />
naturalized in Volcano.
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BISHOP MUSEUM <strong>OCCASIONAL</strong> <strong>PAPERS</strong>: No. 113, 2012<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: Volcano Golf course Subdivision adjacent to Hawai‘i<br />
Volcanoes National Park, on side of Pukeawe circle, Ka‘ū distr, elevation ca. 1200 m, disturbed area<br />
on side of road, patch has persisted in place for more than 3 years, herb with bright yellow flowers,<br />
stem with red pustular hairs, plants of different sizes seen in patch 5 × 10 m, 11 May 2011, L.W. Pratt<br />
& T.K. Pratt 3756.<br />
Orchidaceae<br />
Cymbidium dayanum rchb. f. Range extension<br />
recently, ackerman et al. (2011) published a new record of the widespread asian orchid<br />
Cymbidium dayanum as a naturalized species on Hawai‘i Island; they collected the orchid<br />
at Kalopā State recreation area near Honoka‘a in Hāmākua distr, where it was growing<br />
on Eucalyptus trees and logs. We found this orchid also naturalized at several sites in Ka‘ū<br />
district, where the following specimens were collected. The orchid is established in<br />
Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park near Kīpuka Nēnē, where it grows as an epiphyte on<br />
dead Metrosideros polymorpha trees in open Metrosideros woodland. Cymbidium<br />
dayanum has also been collected on Keauhou ranch east and north of the Park. The elevations<br />
of these two collections range from 850 to 1400 m. The speed with which this<br />
orchid has established on the island and the wide range of habitats occupied indicate that<br />
the species may have invasive tendencies.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park near Kīpuka Nēnē, ca. 1 km<br />
from Hilina road, Ka‘ū distr, elevation ca 850 m, common on dead trees in Metrosideros polymorpha<br />
woodland near fuel break/jeep road, epiphytic orchid with flowers white and purple striped and<br />
fruits green, 11 aug 2011, L.W. Pratt & C.M. D’Antonio 3779; Keauhou ranch east and north of<br />
Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park, Ka‘ū district, elevation ca 1400 m, rare in pasture with scattered<br />
Acacia koa and Metrosideros polymorpha trees, epiphytic on dead koa tree, apparently naturalized,<br />
flowers white with red-purple stripes, 12 Nov 2008, A. Christie 20081.<br />
Rosaceae<br />
Pyracantha angustifolia (franch.) c.K. Schneid. New island record<br />
When Wagner et al. (1990) published the Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai‘i,<br />
Pyracantha angustifolia (firethorn) was listed as naturalized on both Kaua‘i and Hawai‘i,<br />
where it was said to be present near the Volcano dump. Subsequently, it was realized that<br />
there were actually three species of Pyracantha present in the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands, and P.<br />
angustifolia was thought to be limited to Kaua‘i (Herbarium Pacificum Staff 1999). a<br />
new island record of P. angustifolia for Maui was reported by Starr et al. (2008) on East<br />
Maui, where the shrub was scattered in a pasture in Kula. Now this species of firethorn<br />
has also been collected on Hawai‘i Island along Hwy 11 not far from Volcano Village.<br />
With the collection of the following specimen, there are now three species of Pyracantha<br />
known from Hawai‘i Island: P. angustifolia, P. crenatoserrata, and P. koidzumii. Based on<br />
recent weed surveys (l. Pratt, pers. observ.), P. crenatoserrata appears to be the most<br />
common Pyracantha species in the Volcano area and within Hawai‘i Volcanoes National<br />
Park. Pyracantha angustifolia may have invasive potential on the island; the Hawai‘i<br />
Weed risk assessment rated the species as 13 H, likely to be invasive in Hawai‘i (daehler<br />
& denslow 2011). Several Pyracantha species are frequently cultivated in Hawai‘i and<br />
may become weeds because of their bird-dispersed fruit (Staples & Herbst 2005).<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: Hwy 11 near Volcano Village, mile marker 27, east of Hawai‘i<br />
Volcanoes National Park, Puna distr, elevation ca 1120 m, rare on side of road in disturbed vegetation,<br />
thorny shrub with orange berries, 9 Sep 2005, L.W. Pratt & K. Bio 3520.
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 79<br />
Rubiaceae<br />
Richardia scabra l. New island record<br />
Richardia scabra, a weedy herb with no common name, was first reported as a new state<br />
record in 1995 from collections made on the island of Kaua‘i (lorence et al. 1995).<br />
Subsequently, the species was documented from Maui (oppenheimer 2003). after review<br />
of specimens identified as R. brasiliensis in the <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Herbarium Pacificum,<br />
several vouchered specimens were reassigned to R. scabra (Imada et al. 2008), and<br />
Richardia scabra was recognized as present on o‘ahu and Moloka‘i, as well as Kaua‘i<br />
and Maui. The species is now known also from Hawai‘i Island, where the following specimen<br />
was collected in a disturbed area near buildings at the Kahuku Unit of Hawai‘i<br />
Volcanoes National Park in 2005.<br />
Material examined. HAWAI‘I: Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park, Kahuku Unit, in grounds of<br />
ranch house, Ka‘ū distr, elevation ca 700 m, uncommon between house and jeep road, prostrate<br />
weed, 11 oct 2005, L.W. Pratt 3556.<br />
Acknowledgments<br />
Several of the specimens were collected during field work of projects funded by the National<br />
Park Services Pacific area Network Inventory and Monitoring Program and by the U.S.<br />
Geological <strong>Survey</strong>’s Invasive Species Program and the Wildlife – Terrestrial and<br />
Endangered Species Program. administrative support was through the Hawai‘i cooperative<br />
Studies Unit of the University of Hawai‘i and the U.S. Geological <strong>Survey</strong>’s Pacific Island<br />
Ecosystems research center. We thank field collectors Jon Makaike, Paul Keliihoomalu,<br />
Johannes Seide, and Mark Wasser of the National Park Service, Hawai‘i Volcanoes National<br />
Park; andrew christie of the Three Mountain alliance; carla d’antonio of the University<br />
of california, Santa Barbara; david foote and Thane Pratt (retired) of the U.S. Geological<br />
<strong>Survey</strong>, Pacific Island Ecosystems research center; and layne Yoshida of Hilo. We also<br />
thank clyde Imada of the <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> for facilitating our use of the Herbarium<br />
Pacificum. a draft of this paper was reviewed by art Medeiros and Jim Jacobi of the U.S.<br />
Geological <strong>Survey</strong>, Pacific Island Ecosystems research center and by clyde Imada of the<br />
<strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong>. We are grateful for their comments and corrections.<br />
Literature Cited<br />
Ackerman, J.D., Falcón, W. & Recart, W. 2011. New records of naturalized orchids for<br />
the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 110:1–4.<br />
Britton, N.L. & Brown, A. 1970. An illustrated flora of the northern United States and<br />
Canada. Second edition. Volume II. dover Publications, New York. 735 pp.<br />
Daehler, C. & Denslow, J. 2011. Weed risk assessments for <strong>Hawaii</strong> and Pacific Islands.<br />
available at: http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/daehler/Wra/full_table.asp<br />
(accessed 29 November 2011).<br />
Fagerlund, G.O. 1947. The exotic plants of <strong>Hawaii</strong> National Park. Natural History<br />
Bulletin No. 10. <strong>Hawaii</strong> National Park, U.S. department of the Interior, National<br />
Park Service. 62 pp. available in library at Hawa‘i Volcanoes National Park.<br />
Fosberg, F.R.,Sachet, M.-H. & Oliver, R. 1979. a geographical checklist of the<br />
Micronesian dicotyledonae. Micronesica 15: 41–295.<br />
Gilman, E.F. & Watson, D.G. 1993. Cornus kousa, Kousa dogwood. fact Sheet ST-191.<br />
Environmental Horticulture department, florida cooperative Extension Service,<br />
Institute of food and agricultural Science, University of florida.<br />
Herbarium Pacificum Staff. 1999. New <strong>Hawaii</strong>an plant records for 1998. <strong>Bishop</strong><br />
<strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 58: 3–11.
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Herbst, D.R., Staples, G.W. & Imada, C.T. 2004. New <strong>Hawaii</strong>an plant records for<br />
2002–2003. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 78: 3–12.<br />
Imada, C.T. 2008. Native and naturalized flowering plants of <strong>Hawaii</strong> – main <strong>Hawaii</strong>an<br />
Islands. available at: http://www.bishopmuseum.org/research/natsci/botany/dbandkeys/Main%20Islands%20<br />
report.pdf (accessed November 15, 2011).<br />
———., James, S.A. & Kennedy, B.H. 2008. New <strong>Hawaii</strong>an plant records from<br />
Herbarium Pacificum for 2007. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 100: 12–16.<br />
Kennedy, B.H., James, S.A. & Imada, C.T. 2010. New <strong>Hawaii</strong>an plant records from<br />
Herbarium Pacificum for 2008. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 107: 19–26.<br />
Lorence, D.H., Flynn, T.W. & Wagner, W.L. 1995. contributions to the flora of Ha -<br />
wai‘i. III. New additions, range extensions, and rediscoveries of flowering plants.<br />
<strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 41: 19–58.<br />
Ohwi, J. 1965. Flora of Japan (in English). Smithsonian Institution, Washington, d.c.<br />
1,067 pp.<br />
Oppenheimer, H.L. 2003. New plant records from Maui and Hawai‘i counties. <strong>Bishop</strong><br />
<strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 73: 3–30.<br />
Raulerson, L. & Rinehart, A. 1991. Trees and shrubs of the Northern Mariana Islands.<br />
coastal resources Management, office of the Governor, commonwealth of the<br />
Northern Mariana Islands, Saipan. 120 pp.<br />
Staples, G.W. & Herbst, D.R. 2005. A tropical garden flora; plants cultivated in the<br />
<strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands and other tropical places. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Press, Honolulu. 908 p.<br />
———., Herbst, D.R. & Imada, C.T. 2006. New <strong>Hawaii</strong>an plant records for 2004.<br />
<strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 88: 6–9.<br />
———., Martz, K. & Loope, L.L. 2002. New plant records from the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an<br />
archipelago. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 69: 16–27.<br />
———., Starr, K. & Loope, L.L. 2008. New plant records from the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an<br />
archipelago. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 100: 44–49.<br />
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011a.<br />
PlaNTS profile for Cornus kousa (kousa dogwood). available at: http://plants.usda.<br />
gov/java/profile?symbol=coKo2 (accessed 1 November 2011).<br />
———. 2011b. PlaNTS profile for Crotalaria sagittalis (arrowhead rattlebox).<br />
available at: http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=crSa4 (accessed 17 oct -<br />
ober 2011).<br />
———. 2011c. PlaNTS profile for Sophora tomentosa (yellow necklacepod). available<br />
at: http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SoTo3 (accessed November 1,<br />
2011).<br />
Wagner, W.L.,Herbst, D.R. & Sohmer, S.H. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of<br />
Hawai‘i. 2 vols. University of Hawai‘i Press & <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Press, Honolulu.<br />
1853 pp.<br />
———. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai‘i. revised edition. 2 vols.<br />
University of Hawai‘i Press & <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Press, Honolulu. 1918 pp.
Records of the <strong>Hawaii</strong> <strong>Biological</strong> <strong>Survey</strong> for 2011. Edited by<br />
Neal L. Evenhuis & Lucius G. Eldredge. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong><br />
Occasional Papers 113: 81–85 (2012)<br />
Freshwater algae associated with taro cultivation<br />
in the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands 1<br />
alISoN r. SHErWood 2 , aMY l. carlIlE 3 , & JESSIca M. NEUMaNN<br />
Botany Department, 3190 Maile Way, University of Hawaiʻi, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96822, USA;<br />
emails: asherwoo@hawaii.edu, acarlile@hawaii.edu, jmneum@hawaii.edu<br />
as part of the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an freshwater algae Biodiversity <strong>Survey</strong> (2009-2012) we have been<br />
documenting algae (with a focus on macroalgae) associated with taro fields on the accessible<br />
main <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands. Taro fields provide a very different environment from<br />
streams, where most of our other collections originate, in that they have much lower (or<br />
absent) water flow and temperatures that can be substantially higher (measured as high as<br />
37.0 °c in our field sites). This paper provides an updated taxonomic checklist for taro<br />
field-associated algae in Hawaiʻi and compares our identifications to historical literature<br />
records for this interesting habitat.<br />
although several past authors have recorded collections of freshwater algae from<br />
taro fields, the only researchers to explicitly discuss algae collecting in these fields were<br />
Tilden (1901, 1902) and Maccaughey (1917, 1918a, b). Josephine E. Tilden spent several<br />
months collecting algae from almost every conceivable habitat in Hawaiʻi in the year<br />
1900. In an informal account of her expedition to the islands of oʻahu, Hawaiʻi and<br />
Kauaʻi (Tilden 1901) she mentions the following collections from Hawaiʻi: “In a taro<br />
patch was found Anabaena variabilis, some Chara and diatoms” (Tilden 1901: 168).<br />
Maccaughey made extensive collections from taro fields on a number of islands and compiled<br />
these records in his summary manuscripts (Maccaughey 1917, 1918a, b). abbott<br />
(1992) noted that limu were sometimes gathered from upland loʻi, and aiona (2003) documented<br />
names of limu from taro fields along with their latin names (limu kala wai –<br />
Spirogyra spp.; lī pālāwai – Pithophora sp., Stigeoclonium amoenum, Hydrodictyon reticulatum<br />
and Spirogyra spp.; hulu ʻilio – S. amoenum; limu nehe – Spirogyra spp.) based<br />
on ethnobotanical interviews with native <strong>Hawaii</strong>an peoples. Given that <strong>Hawaii</strong>an names<br />
exist for some species of freshwater algae and the recorded history of these algae being<br />
collected from taro fields, the freshwater algae of taro fields must have also played a role<br />
in the diet of some native <strong>Hawaii</strong>ans, either directly or indirectly.<br />
collections for this study were made by the authors and other members of the freshwater algal<br />
Biodiversity group (dr. rex lowe, Bowling Green State University; dr. Pat Kociolek and carrie<br />
Graeff, University of colorado; dr. Jeff Johansen and Melissa Vaccarino, John carroll University)<br />
between July 2009 and January 2011, with several additional collections made by the senior author<br />
dating back to 2001. Samples were collected from the sediment surface, free-floating, or attached in<br />
taro fields on the islands of Kauaʻi, oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Maui and Hawaiʻi. Identifications were made<br />
using taxonomic literature sources most pertinent for each lineage (see Sherwood 2006 for taxonomic<br />
references). catalog numbers are <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> (BISH) Herbarium Pacificum numbers<br />
for representative microscope slides deposited of each taxon. Sherwood lab accession numbers<br />
(arS) are also given to enable supplementary data for each sample to be accessed via the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an<br />
freshwater algae database (http://algae.manoa.hawaii.edu/hfwadb/).<br />
1. contribution no. 2012-012 to the <strong>Hawaii</strong> <strong>Biological</strong> <strong>Survey</strong>.<br />
2. research associate, department of Natural Sciences, <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong>, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawai‘i<br />
96817-2704, USa.<br />
3. Present address: department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, 300 Boston Post<br />
road, West Haven, cT 06516 U.S.a.; email: acarlile@newhaven.edu<br />
81
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BISHOP MUSEUM <strong>OCCASIONAL</strong> <strong>PAPERS</strong>: No. 113, 2012<br />
Table 1. Checklist of freshwater algae associated with taro fields in the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands.<br />
Algal taxon Source Representative accession<br />
Cyanobacteria<br />
Anabaena confervoides reinsch Tilden (1902), Maccaughey (1918b)<br />
Anabaena sp. Maccaughey (1918a), this study BISH 749534; (arS 07431-00002)<br />
Aphanothece stagnina (Sprengel)<br />
a.Braun Maccaughey (1918b)<br />
Aphanothece sp. Maccaughey (1918a)<br />
Calothrix fusca (Kützing) Bornet<br />
& flahault Maccaughey (1918b)<br />
Calothrix sp. Maccaughey (1918a), this study BISH 749535; (arS 04236-00001)<br />
Chamaesiphon confervicola<br />
a.Braun Maccaughey (1918b)<br />
C. elongatus (Nortdstedt) Kann Maccaughey (1918b)<br />
Chamaesiphon sp. Maccaughey (1918a)<br />
Chroococcus sp. Maccaughey (1918a)<br />
Cylindrospermum muscicola<br />
Kützing ex Bornet & flahault this study BISH 749536; (arS 04236-00002)<br />
Cylindrospermum sp. this study BISH 749668; (arS 07513-00005)<br />
Gloeocapsa sp. Maccaughey (1918a)<br />
Gloeothece fusco-lutea Nägeli Maccaughey (1918b)<br />
Gloeothece sp. Maccaughey (1918a)<br />
Gloeotrichia natans (Hedwig)<br />
rabenhorst ex Bornet & flahault Maccaughey (1918b)<br />
Leptolyngbya rivulariarum<br />
(Gomont) anagnostidis & Komárek Maccaughey (1918b)<br />
Lyngbya aestuarii (Mertens)<br />
liebman ex Gomont Maccaughey (1918b)<br />
L. aestuarii f. natans Gomont Maccaughey (1918b)<br />
Lyngbya sp. Maccaughey (1918a), this study BISH 749669; (arS 07032-00001)<br />
Merismopedia glauca (Ehrenberg)<br />
Kützing Maccaughey (1918b)<br />
Merismopedia sp. Maccaughey (1918a)<br />
Nostoc linckia (roth) Bornet<br />
ex Bornet & flahault Maccaughey (1918b)<br />
N. piscinale Kützing ex Bornet<br />
& flahault Maccaughey (1918b)<br />
N. punctiforme (Kützing) Hariot Maccaughey (1918b)<br />
N. spongiaeforme c.agardh<br />
ex Bornet & flahault Maccaughey (1918b)<br />
Nostoc sp. Maccaughey (1918a)<br />
Nostochopsis sp. this study BISH 749670; (arS 04320-00003)<br />
Oscillatoria aeruginosa c.agardh<br />
ex Gomont Maccaughey (1918b)<br />
O. princeps Vaucher ex Gomont this study BISH 749671; (arS 07509-00002)<br />
Oscillatoria sp. this study BISH 749672; (arS 06981-00001)<br />
Phormidium retzii (c.agardh)<br />
Kützing ex Gomont this study BISH 749673; (arS 04149-00001)<br />
Rivularia sp. Maccaughey (1918a)<br />
Scytonema crispum (c.agardh)<br />
Bornet Maccaughey (1918b)<br />
Scytonema sp. Maccaughey (1918a), this study BISH 749674; (arS 04320-00004)<br />
Stigonema sp. Maccaughey (1918a)<br />
Trichormus catenula (Kützing ex<br />
Bornet & flahault) Komárek<br />
& anagnostidis Maccaughey (1918b)<br />
T. variabilis (Kützing ex Bornet<br />
& flahault) Komárek &<br />
anagnostidis Tilden (1901), Maccaughey (1918b)
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 83<br />
Table 1. (continued)<br />
Algal taxon Source Representative accession<br />
Cyanobacteria (continued)<br />
Xenotholos kerneri (Hansgirg)<br />
M.Gold-Morgan, G.Montejano<br />
& J.Komárek Maccaughey (1918b)<br />
Xenococcus sp. Maccaughey (1918a)<br />
Chlorophyta<br />
Ankistrodesmus sp. this study BISH 749675; (arS 06762-00002)<br />
Bulbochaete sp. Maccaughey (1918a)<br />
Chara braunii c.c.Gmelin this study BISH 749677; (arS 07513-00001)<br />
Chara sp. Tilden (1901), Maccaughey (1918a)<br />
Cladophora glomerata (linneaus)<br />
Kützing this study BISH 749678; (arS 04135-00001)<br />
C. lehmanniana (lindenberg)<br />
Kützing Maccaughey (1918b)<br />
Cloniophora spicata (Schmidle)<br />
Islam this study BISH 749676, 749679; (arS 06769-00001)<br />
Coleochaete sp. Maccaughey (1918a)<br />
Conferva sp. Maccaughey (1918a)<br />
Cosmarium sp. this study BISH 749680; (arS 06764-00008)<br />
Desmidium sp. this study BISH 749681; (arS 06756-00001)<br />
Draparnaldia sp. Maccaughey (1918a)<br />
Gonium sp. Maccaughey (1918a)<br />
Hyalotheca dissiliens Brébisson<br />
ex ralfs this study BISH749682; (arS 07514-00003)<br />
Hydrodictyon reticulatum<br />
(linnaeus) Bory de Saint-Vincent Maccaughey (1918b), this study BISH 749683; (arS 07444-00001)<br />
Hydrodictyon sp. Maccaughey (1918a)<br />
Klebsormidium subtile (Kützing)<br />
Tracanna ex Tell Maccaughey (1918b)<br />
Mougeotia sp. Maccaughey (1918a), this study BISH 749684; (arS 06652-00002)<br />
Netrium sp. this study BISH 749685; (arS 06733-00002)<br />
Nitella sp. Maccaughey (1918a), this study BISH 749686; (arS 07510-00001)<br />
Oedogonium sp. Maccaughey (1918a), this study BISH 749687; (arS 07028-00005)<br />
Pithophora sp. this study BISH 749688; (arS 07024-00001)<br />
Raphidium sp. Maccaughey (1918a)<br />
Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum<br />
(c.agardh) Kützing this study BISH 749689; (arS 07511-00004)<br />
Rhizoclonium sp. this study BISH 749690; (arS 07025-00002)<br />
Scenedesmus sp. Maccaughey (1918a), this study BISH 749691; (arS 06733-00004)<br />
Sirogonium sp. this study BISH 749692; (arS 07516-00001)<br />
Spirogyra spp. Maccaughey (1918a), this study BISH 749693; (arS 06988-00001)<br />
Stigeoclonium sp. this study BISH 749694; (arS 06753-00011)<br />
Tetrabaena socialis (dujardin)<br />
H.Nozaki & M.Itoh Maccaughey (1918b)<br />
Ulothrix minulata Kützing Maccaughey (1918b)<br />
Ulothrix sp. Maccaughey (1918a)<br />
Zygnema spontaneum Nordstedt Maccaughey (1918b)<br />
Zygnema sp. Maccaughey (1918a), this study BISH 749695; (arS 06760-00002)<br />
Rhodophyta<br />
Chantransia sp. this study BISH 749696; (arS 06986-00001)<br />
Compsopogon caeruleus (Balbis<br />
ex c. agardh) Montagne this study BISH 749697; (arS 06757-00001)
84<br />
Table 1. (continued)<br />
BISHOP MUSEUM <strong>OCCASIONAL</strong> <strong>PAPERS</strong>: No. 113, 2012<br />
Algal taxon Source Representative accession<br />
Chrysophyceae<br />
Dinobryon sertularia Ehrenberg Maccaughey (1918b)<br />
Tribophyceae<br />
Vaucheria sp. this study BISH 749698; (arS 06760-00004)<br />
Bacillariophyceae<br />
Hydrosera sp. this study BISH 749699; (arS 07449-00003)<br />
Pleurosira laevis (Ehrenberg)<br />
compère this study BISH 749700; (arS 07443-00002)<br />
Euglenophyta<br />
Euglena sp. this study BISH 749701; (arS 04141-00002)<br />
Lepocinclis spirogyroides Marin<br />
& Melkonian Maccaughey (1918b)<br />
Monomorphina pyrum (Ehrenberg)<br />
Mereschkowski Maccaughey (1918b)<br />
Phacus pleuronectes (o.f.Müller)<br />
Nitzsch ex dujardin Maccaughey (1918b)<br />
Salpingoeca pyxidium Kent Maccaughey (1918b)<br />
Trachelomonas hispida (Perty)<br />
f.Stein Maccaughey (1918b)<br />
T. oblonga var. truncata<br />
lemmermann Maccaughey (1918b)<br />
T. volvocina var. minuta<br />
lemmermann Maccaughey (1918b)<br />
all the major taxonomic groups of freshwater macroalgae found in the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an<br />
Islands are represented in taro fields (e.g. cyanobacteria, red and green algae, diatoms,<br />
yellow-green algae), but some taxa differ in their degree of specialization to the taro field<br />
habitat. for example, some genotypes of Spirogyra (which likely represent distinct<br />
species) are known exclusively from taro fields, while others are found in multiple habitat<br />
types (Neumann 2011; Neumann & Sherwood, in prep.). forty cyanobacteria, 34 green<br />
algae, two red algae, one chrysophyte, one tribophyte, eight euglenoids, and two diatoms<br />
are reported in total (Table 1); these 88 taxonomic records include those from our own collections<br />
and others from the literature. records from only the literature comprised 58% of<br />
the total, while 28% were from our collections only, and 14% were shared.<br />
freshwater algae have been a component of <strong>Hawaii</strong>an taro fields for hundreds of<br />
years, and those species specialized to this habitat may have been introduced with taro<br />
plants or soil from other tropical Pacific regions. future research into the freshwater algal<br />
community composition of taro fields in other regions of the Pacific, especially those with<br />
documented human migrations to the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands, will allow further insights into the<br />
biogeographic origins and degree of endemism of the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an taro field algal flora.<br />
Acknowledgments<br />
We thank liloa dunn, Skippy Hau, Paul and charley rappun, anakala Pilipio Solatorio,<br />
Kawika Winter, the staff of the <strong>Hawaii</strong> Nature center and the Waipa foundation, the Kanu<br />
o ka ʻaina charter School and the taro-farming residents of Keanae and Wailua, Maui for<br />
access to taro fields around the Main <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands and for their enthusiasm for this
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 85<br />
work. We also thank our freshwater algal colleagues for their field assistance, intellectual<br />
stimulation and algal expertise. Noel afalava and Mailie Ngiriou assisted with some fieldwork.<br />
This research was supported by a grant from the National Science foundation<br />
(dEB-0841734). any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in<br />
this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the<br />
National Science foundation.<br />
Literature Cited<br />
Abbott, I.A. 1992. La‘au Hawai‘i: Traditional <strong>Hawaii</strong>an uses of plants. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong><br />
Press, Honolulu, 163 pp.<br />
Aiona, K. 2003. Ike kuuna limu: learning about <strong>Hawaii</strong>’s limu. MS Thesis, Botany<br />
department, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu. 66 pp.<br />
MacCaughey, V. 1917. The phytogeography of Manoa Valley, <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands. Amer -<br />
ican Journal of Botany 4: 561–603.<br />
———. 1918a. algae of the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an archipelago I. Botanical Gazette 65: 42–57.<br />
———. 1918b. algae of the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an archipelago II. Botanical Gazette 65: 121–149.<br />
Neumann, J.M. 2011. Biodiversity of Spirogyra and Sirogonium in the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Is -<br />
lands: Molecular insights into two morphologically similar macroalgal genera. MS<br />
Thesis, Botany department, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, 88 pp.<br />
Sherwood, A.R. 2006. Stream macroalgae of the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands: a floristic survey.<br />
Pacific Science 60: 191–205.<br />
Tilden, J.E. 1901. algae collecting in the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands. Postelsia 1: 135–175.<br />
———. 1902. collection of algae from the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands. <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Annual 1902:<br />
106–113.
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Records of the <strong>Hawaii</strong> <strong>Biological</strong> <strong>Survey</strong> for 2011. Edited by<br />
Neal L. Evenhuis & Lucius G. Eldredge. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong><br />
Occasional Papers 113: 87–90 (2012)<br />
New Plant Records from Maui and Kaho‘olawe 1<br />
forEST STarr 2 & KIM STarr 2<br />
University of Hawai‘i, Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, 149 Hawea Pl., Makawao,<br />
Maui, Hawai‘i 96768, USA; email: fstarr@hawaii.edu<br />
The following contributions include new naturalized, island, and range extension records<br />
from Maui and Kaho‘olawe. all records are for nonindigenous species. Images of most of<br />
the material examined can be seen at . Voucher specimens and collections<br />
mentioned in the text are housed in <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong>’s Herbarium Pacificum<br />
(BISH), Honolulu, Hawai‘i.<br />
Apiaceae<br />
Torilis arvensis (Huds.) link New island record<br />
Previously collected on the Kalalau Trail on Kaua‘i in 1989 (Staples et al. 2002: 5), Torilis<br />
arvensis (spreading hedge parsley) is now known from Maui, where it was found on the<br />
summit of Haleakalā.<br />
Material examined: MAUI: E. Maui, Haleakalā National Park, HVc (Haleakalā Visitor center)<br />
parking lot, growing in crack in sidewalk, in association with Dubautia menziesii and Plantago<br />
lanceolata, 9750 ft [2971 m], 18 oct 2011, Starr 111018-1.<br />
Asclepiadaceae<br />
Calotropis procera (aiton) W.T. aiton New island records and correction<br />
Calotropis procera (purple crown flower) was previously reported from Kaua‘i, lāna‘i,<br />
and Hawai‘i (Wagner et al. 1999: 238; Wood & leGrande 2006: 19; Wood 2006: 15;<br />
oppenheimer 2008: 23), and is here reported from Kaho‘olawe where this garden escape<br />
with wind dispersed seeds has become established and is spreading near the summit, and<br />
from Maui where it was collected by the authors and others in dry lowland areas of East<br />
and West Maui. Parker & Parson (this volume) report this species from the Big Island.<br />
Before the distinction between C. procera and C. gigantea was known to <strong>Hawaii</strong>an<br />
botanists, specimens of C. procera were identified as C. gigantea. revisiting the collections<br />
reveals two specimens from Maui (Starr & Martz 010503-2; Starr & Martz 010701-<br />
1) and one from Kaua‘i (Starr & Starr 020226-3) to be C. procera, resulting in C. gigantea<br />
no longer documented as naturalized on Kaua‘i or West Maui, and C. procera now<br />
documented as naturalized on Maui.<br />
Material examined: KAHO‘OLAWE: Pu‘u Mōiwi, along the main road (K1), in association<br />
with Heteropogon contortus and Cenchrus ciliaris, scattered plants in area, collected with James<br />
Bruch (KIrc), 1115 ft [340 m], 28 dec 2010, Starr 101228-1. Kanapou Headwaters, growing in bare<br />
hard pan, in association with Heteropogon contortus, Cenchrus ciliaris, and Prosopis pallida, dozens<br />
of plants, collected with James Bruch (KIrc), 1246 ft [380 m], 29 dec 2010, Starr 101229-1.<br />
MAUI: E. Maui, Kīhei, just mauka of the Maui research and Technology Park, on mauka side of<br />
gate, coming up in pasture area recently disturbed to install a culvert, 250 ft [75 m], 3 May 2001,<br />
Starr & Martz 010503-2. W. Maui, Kahului, in abandoned sugar cane field, 100 ft [30 m], Starr &<br />
Martz 010701-1. W. Maui, Kahului, west of Kuihelani Hwy, between mile markers 3 & 5, in sandy<br />
soil, 120 ft [37 m], 19 aug 2004, H. oppenheimer & G. Hansen H80405. KAUA‘I: Kekaha, Kekaha<br />
Beach Park, on sand near coast, 10 ft [3 m], 26 feb 2002, Starr & Starr 020226-3.<br />
1. contribution no. 2012-013 to the <strong>Hawaii</strong> <strong>Biological</strong> <strong>Survey</strong>.<br />
2. research associate, department of Natural Sciences, <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong>, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawai‘i<br />
96817-2704, USa.<br />
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Asteraceae<br />
Senecio madagascariensis Poir. Range extension<br />
documented from all the main <strong>Hawaii</strong>an island except Ni‘ihau and Moloka‘i (lorence et<br />
al. 1995: 24; Starr et al. 1999: 11; oppenheimer & Bartlett 2002: 4; Herbst et al. 2004: 4;<br />
Starr et al. 2006: 33), and previously collected at an elevation of 4800 ft (1463 m) in<br />
Kohala, Hawai‘i (Flynn 4302; Wagner 4780), this prolific yellow flowered plant is here<br />
reported from an elevation of 10,000 ft (3048 m), where it is sparingly found in bare cinders<br />
on the summit of Haleakalā on East Maui.<br />
Material examined: MAUI: E. Maui, Pu‘u Kolekole, Haleakalā observatories Science city,<br />
one plant in bare cinders near faulkes Telescope, in association with Erodium cicutarium, Plantago<br />
lanceolata, and Tetramolopium humile, 10,000 ft [3048 m], 12 apr 2011, Starr 110412-1.<br />
Caryophyllaceae<br />
Silene armeria l. New state record<br />
Not previously reported from the state, Silene armeria (Sweet William catchfly) was<br />
found on the side of a gravel road in olinda, Maui. Native to Europe (Jepson Herbarium<br />
2011), and naturalized over much of North america (USda 2011), this catchfly can be<br />
distinguished from other Silene in Hawai‘i by the annual / biennial habit, glabrous foliage<br />
and flowers, and pink to purple flowers.<br />
Material examined: MAUI: E. Maui, olinda, Hawea Pl, side of gravel road in unmaintained<br />
area. Erect, glabrous, pink flowers. Growing with Conyza bonariensis and Pennisetum clandestinum,<br />
2700 ft [822 m], 20 Jun 2011, Starr 110620-1.<br />
Chenopodiaceae<br />
Salsola tragus l. Range extension<br />
Known from all the main <strong>Hawaii</strong>an islands except Ni‘ihau, Kaua‘i, and lāna‘i (Wagner<br />
et al. 1999: 540; Wagner et al. 1997: 55; Herbst & Wagner 1999: 19; oppenheimer &<br />
Bartlett 2002: 5; Herbst et al. 2004: 5; Starr et al. 2006: 34), Salsola tragus (tumbleweed)<br />
was previously known from East Maui, where it is well established from Pāi‘a to Kēōkea,<br />
and is now known from Kahana on West Maui. an attempt is being made to eradicate this<br />
isolated population, but a persistent seedbank remains.<br />
Material examined: MAUI: W. Maui, Kahana, side of dirt road in abandoned pineapple fields.<br />
Hundreds of plants of all life stages. Growing with Amaranthus spinosus and Urochloa maxima, 120<br />
ft [37 m], 12 apr 2011, Starr 110412-1.<br />
Clusiaceae<br />
Hypericum mutilum l. subsp. mutilum Range extension<br />
Previously known from Kaua‘i, Moloka‘i, Hawai‘i and East Maui (Wagner et al. 1999:<br />
544; lorence et al. 1995: 32; Wagner & Herbst 1995: 18), Hypericum mutilum (dwarf St.<br />
John’s wort) has been collected multiple times since 1981 in moist areas near the Hāna<br />
Hwy on East Maui, and is now known from West Maui, where it grows in waterlogged<br />
trailsides in Waihe‘e ridge and Hana‘ula.<br />
Material examined: MAUI: W. Maui, Waihe‘e ridge Trail, lining side of trail, growing in<br />
waterlogged mud with Tibouchina herbacea and Paspalum conjugatum, 2150 ft [655 m], 27 aug<br />
2011, Starr 110827-1. Hana‘ula, side of trail, small patches growing in waterlogged mud with<br />
Cibotium, Melicope, and Myrsine, 4000 ft [1219 m], 28 Sep 2011, Starr 110928-1.
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 89<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
Melaleuca armillaris (Sol. ex Gaertn.) Sm. New naturalized record<br />
reported as used in forestry plantings but apparently not naturalized (Wagner et al. 1999:<br />
964), Melaleuca armillaris (bracelet honey myrtle) is here reported as naturalized, where<br />
it was filling light gaps and spreading from abandoned plantings in Kula, Maui.<br />
Material examined: MAUI: E. Maui, Kula, abandoned farm off crater rd.. old plantings, some<br />
of which have fallen over, with seedlings filling the light gaps and spreading to nearby areas.<br />
Growing in association with Acacia mearnsii and Sicyos, 3500 ft [1066 m], 31 Mar 2011, Starr<br />
110331-2.<br />
Onagraceae<br />
Oenothera laciniata Hill Range extension<br />
Known from Maui and Hawai‘i (Wagner et al. 1999: 1000), and collected at elevations up<br />
to 4500 ft (1371 m) (Nagata 3544), Oenothera laciniata (cutleaved evening primrose) is<br />
now documented from 9725 ft (2964 m) on East Maui, where it was collected in the<br />
Haleakalā Summit Visitor center parking lot.<br />
Material examined: MAUI: E. Maui, Haleakalā National Park, HVc Parking lot, dozens of<br />
plants in a patch near the Sliding Sands Trailhead, in association with Erodium cicutarium,<br />
Deschampsia nubigena, and Dubautia menziesii, 9725 ft [2964 m], 12 apr 2011, Starr 110412-1.<br />
Acknowledgments<br />
We thank Paul Higashino and James Bruch for support on Kaho‘olawe; Huang-chi Kuo<br />
(University of Hawai‘i, Botany) for identification of Torilis arvensis; Tony rodd (royal<br />
Botanic Gardens, Sydney) for identification of Melaleuca armillaris; aaron Woods<br />
(European botanist) for identification of Silene armeria; and the <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> staff and<br />
volunteers for their assistance with curation of specimens and publishing new records.<br />
Literature Cited<br />
Herbst, D.R., Staples, G.W. & Imada, C.T. 2004. New <strong>Hawaii</strong>an plant records for<br />
2002-2003. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 78(1): 3–12.<br />
———. & Wagner, W.L. 1999. contributions to the flora of Hawai‘i. VII. <strong>Bishop</strong><br />
<strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 58(1): 12–36.<br />
Jepson Herbarium. 2011. Jepson eflora. regents of the University of california.<br />
(accessed: Nov. 8,<br />
2011).<br />
Lorence, D.H., Flynn, T.W. & Wagner, W.L. 1995. contributions to the flora of<br />
Hawai‘i. III. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 41: 19–58.<br />
Oppenheimer, H.L. & Bartlett, R.T. 2002. New plant records from the main <strong>Hawaii</strong>an<br />
Islands. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 69(2): 1–14.<br />
———. 2008. New <strong>Hawaii</strong>an plant records for 2007. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers<br />
100: 22–38.<br />
Staples, G.W., Imada, C.T., & Herbst, D.R. 2002. New <strong>Hawaii</strong>an plant records for<br />
2000. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 68(1): 3–18.<br />
Starr, F., Martz, K. & Loope, L.L. 1999. New plant records from East Maui for 1998.<br />
<strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 59(2): 11–15.<br />
———. 2006. New plant records for the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an archipelago. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Oc -<br />
casional Papers 87(1): 31-43.
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USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). 2011. Plants database. USda<br />
Natural resources conservation Service. <br />
(accessed: Nov. 8, 2011).<br />
Wagner, W.L. & Herbst, D.R. 1995. contributions to the flora of Hawai‘i. IV. New<br />
records and name changes. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 42(2): 13–27.<br />
———., Herbst, D.R. & Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai‘i.<br />
2 vols. revised edition. University of Hawai‘i Press and <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Press,<br />
Honolulu. 1,919 pp.<br />
———., Shannon, R.K. & Herbst, D.R. 1997. contributions to the flora of Hawai‘i. VI.<br />
<strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 48(1): 51–65.<br />
Wood, K.R. 2006. New plant records and rediscoveries within the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands.<br />
<strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 88(2): 15–19.<br />
———. & LeGrande, M. 2006. an annotated checklist and new island records of flowering<br />
plants from lehua Islet. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong> Occasional Papers 87(1): 19–29.
Records of the <strong>Hawaii</strong> <strong>Biological</strong> <strong>Survey</strong> for 2011. Edited by<br />
Neal L. Evenhuis & Lucius G. Eldredge. <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong><br />
Occasional Papers 113: 91–102 (2012)<br />
Possible Extinctions, Rediscoveries, and New Plant Records<br />
within the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands 1<br />
KENNETH r. Wood 2<br />
National Tropical Botanical Garden, 3530 Papalina Road, Kalaheo,<br />
Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i 96741, USA; email: kwood@ntbg.org<br />
Eleven possible new extinctions are reported for the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an flora, in addition to 5 island<br />
records, 3 range rediscoveries, 1 rediscovery, and 1 new naturalized record. The remarkable<br />
range rediscoveries of Ctenitis squamigera (dryopteridaceae) and Lysimachia filifolia<br />
(Primulaceae) give hope toward their future conservation, as both are federally listed<br />
as endangered and were undocumented on Kaua‘i for ca 100 years. Yet there is great concern<br />
over numerous possible plant extinctions in Hawai‘i. Two extinctions were recently<br />
reported from Kaua‘i (i.e., Dubautia kenwoodii and Cyanea kuhihewa) (Wood 2007), and<br />
an additional 11 are now reported to have no known living individuals in the wild. Species<br />
abundance will naturally fluctuate, yet for very rare taxa there is little room for decline.<br />
The ongoing decline of native pollinators (Kearns et al. 1998) and seed dispersers (Mil -<br />
berg & Tyrberg 1993), in combination with other primary extrinsic factors such as invasive<br />
nonnative plants, predation by introduced vertebrates, loss and fragmentation of natural<br />
habitats, and devastation by severe storms, are leading to an increase in extinctions<br />
throughout the islands of oceania (Sakai et al. 2002; Wood 2007; Kingsford et al. 2009).<br />
The assertion of extinction is potentially fallible and can only be inferred from absence of<br />
sighting or collection records (Solow & roberts 2003). although extensive field surveys<br />
have failed to produce evidence that these possibly extinct taxa still occur in the wild,<br />
there is still suitable habitat and future field surveys are being planned and funded.<br />
Because of the enormity of Hawai‘i’s conservation dilemma, it is urgent that we have the<br />
most current information possible (Wagner et al. 1999). This paper is a call for biologists<br />
and conservation agencies to make concerted efforts to familiarize, re-find, and attempt to<br />
acquire conservation collections of these elusive species, many of which are hard to recognize,<br />
especially when they are not in flower or fruit.<br />
Campanulaceae<br />
Clermontia grandiflora Gaudich.<br />
subsp. maxima lammers Rediscovery<br />
lammers (1991) described Clermontia grandiflora subsp. maxima from a single collection<br />
made in 1973 on the windward slopes of Haleakalā in montane cloud forest (i.e.,<br />
Gagné & Montgomery 386), with no other collections reported since then. lammers notes<br />
the new taxon differs from all other specimens of C. grandiflora by its much larger flowers<br />
and he indicates that C. grandiflora has seldom been collected above 1275 m.<br />
collections that fit lammers diagnosis of C. grandiflora subsp. maxima, especially filaments<br />
8.0–8.6 cm long, were made at ca. 1700 m elev. in Hanawī, just west of the<br />
1. contribution no. 2012-014 to the <strong>Hawaii</strong> <strong>Biological</strong> <strong>Survey</strong>.<br />
2. research associate, department of Natural Sciences, <strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong>, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawai‘i<br />
96817-2704, USa.<br />
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Helele‘ike‘ōhā headwaters. Evidently trees of C. grandiflora in this region have various<br />
floral structures that range in their linear measurements to fit both C. grandiflora subsp.<br />
munroi and C. g. subsp. maxima, dependent on floral anthesis. further research is needed<br />
to better understand the quantitative differences that may separate these two taxa.<br />
Material examined. MAUI: East Maui, Hanawī, above State camp, just west of Helele‘ike‘ōhā<br />
headwaters, Metrosideros-Cheirodendron montane wet forest associated with Kadua axillaris,<br />
Broussaisia arguta, Melicope clusiifolia, rich in pteridophytes, 20+ trees along 1700 m (5600 ft) contour<br />
trail, 3 m tall, moderately branched, in flower and fruit, observed with C. arborescens and C.<br />
tuberculata, 4 oct 1997, Wood 6788 (PTBG, US); loc. cit., 5 oct 1997, Wood 6798 (PTBG); loc. cit.,<br />
5 oct 1997, Wood 6799 (NY, PTBG).<br />
Cyanea eleeleensis (H. St. John) lammers Possibly extinct<br />
Harold St. John (1987) originally described this species as a Delissea, and lammers<br />
(1992) subsequently transferred it over to Cyanea. Wagner et al. (1999) noted this species<br />
to be endangered and the USfWS (2010) has recently listed it as endangered. only known<br />
from Wainiha Valley, Kaua‘i, where charles christensen made the holotype collection, no<br />
living individuals of this species are currently known.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Wainiha Valley, on side of intermittent stream below Pali<br />
‘Ele‘ele, shaded gulch in wet forest, 700 ft elev., 19 Jul 1977, Christensen 261 (holotype, BISH).<br />
Cyanea kolekoleensis (H. St. John) lammers Possibly extinct and taxonomic note<br />
originally placed in Delissea by Harold St. John (1987), and later transferred to Cyanea<br />
by lammers (1992), Cyanea kolekoleensis has always been considered rare and restricted<br />
to the Wahiawa Mountains of southern Kaua‘i where biologists monitored four sites<br />
totaling less than ten individuals. last observed in a gulch to the northeast of Hulua peak<br />
in 1996, there are currently no living individuals known of this Kaua‘i endemic.<br />
Cyanea kolekoleensis was previously thought to be an unbranched shrub, and its<br />
berries and seeds were unknown. Three additional herbarium collections deposited at<br />
PTBG after lammers (1992) made the new combination allow for a more expanded circumscription.<br />
Seed size and non-rugose testa morphology support its placement within<br />
Cyanea.<br />
Cyanea kolekoleensis (H. St. John) lammers, Novon 2: 130. 1992. Basionym: Delissea kolekoleensis<br />
H. St. John, Phytologia 63: 344. 1987. TYPE: U. S. a. <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands. Kaua‘i: Wahiawa Valley,<br />
765 m, 23 Sep 1979, S. Perlman 498 (holotype, BISH; isotypes, BISH — 2 sheets).<br />
Shrub, single stemmed or few branched, 1.5–2 m tall, glabrous. lamina narrowly elliptic,<br />
15.5–30 cm long, 2.7–5.7 cm wide, upper surface green, glabrous, lower surface greenish white,<br />
glabrous or the midrib minutely and sparsely pubescent, margin minutely serrulate, apex acuminate,<br />
base cuneate, petiole terete, 3.5–10 cm long, 4 mm diam., glabrous. Inflorescence 4–8-flowered,<br />
glabrous, peduncle deflexed, 10.5–20 cm long, 2–4 mm diam., rachis 3–6.5 cm long, pedicels sharply<br />
recurved, 18–27 mm long, reduced in length toward apex of rachis; hypanthium obconic or obovoid,<br />
6–13 mm long, 6–11 mm diam., densely short-pubescent; calyx lobes narrowly triangular or deltoid,<br />
1.5–3 mm long, 1.5–3.5 mm wide, the apex acute; corolla bilabiate, white shading to purple on the<br />
lobes, 50–52 mm long, densely short-pubescent, tube curved, 30–39 mm long, 5.5–9 mm diam., cleft<br />
dorsally for ½ its length, dorsal lobes linear, 13–19 mm long, 1.5–3 mm wide, acute at apex; ventral<br />
lobes linear, 10–15 mm long, 1.5–3 mm wide, acute at apex; staminal column exserted; filaments<br />
3.7–4.9 cm long, purple, glabrous; anther tube dark purple, 9–11 mm long, 2.5–4.0 mm diam., the<br />
lower 2 anthers with tufts of white hairs at apex. Berry (slightly immature) globose, 7 mm long, yellow-green<br />
with persistent calyx lobes. Seeds (immature), testa tan-brown, striate-verruculate, 0.5–0.7<br />
mm long × 0.3–0.5 mm diam.
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 93<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Kōloa distr, līhu‘e-Kōloa forest reserve, northwest of Wahiawa<br />
Bog, along tributary of Wahiawa Stream, northwest of stream and southeast of Hulua, wet forest dominated<br />
by Metrosideros, Antidesma, Cyrtandra spp., and Athyrium, with Diplazium and Deparia, single<br />
stemmed shrub of 5 ft, along edge of stream, leaves dark, semi-glossy green above with whitish-green<br />
midrib, below silvery, whitish-green with yellow-green midrib, inflorescence pendulous, fruit erect,<br />
650–730 m elev., 7 dec 1988, Flynn & Wood 3229 (PTBG); Wahiawa, south of Kapalaoa, below and<br />
along west ridge, Metrosideros wet forest with Psychotria hexandra, Kadua affinis, Perrottetia sandwicensis,<br />
Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium glaucum, Diplazium sandwichianum, Diplopterygium, Psidium<br />
cattleianum, Rubus rosifolius, Pritchardia flynnii, Labordia lydgatei, Myrsine linearifolia, Dubautia<br />
imbricata, Cyrtandra pickeringii, Platydesma rostrata, 2 meter tall, branching 2–3 times, leaves dull<br />
green above, pale below, petiole and costa yellow-green, peduncle light green, corolla white with purple<br />
stripes, 805 m elev., 8 Sep 1998, Wood et al. 7470 (PTBG); Wahiawa drainage, side drainage below rope<br />
trail, Metrosideros-Dicranopteris lowland wet forest with Cheirodendron, Kadua affinis, Broussaisia,<br />
Ilex anomala, Pittosporum glabrum, wind swept forest and shrublands along upper ridges, threats<br />
include pigs, Rubus rosifolius, Psidium cattleianum, 3 clumps multi-trunked, up first side gulch north of<br />
main stream, east side of gulch. 760 m elev., 26 Mar 1993, Wood 2119 (PTBG); Wahiawa Mts., northeast<br />
of Hulua, near Waimea-Kōloa district boundary, Metrosideros-Cheirodendron spp. lowland wet<br />
forest with Broussaisia, Melicope, Kadua, Freycinetia, Pritchardia, Antidesma, Psychotria, Elapho -<br />
glossum, Viola helenae, Cyrtandra, Hesperomannia, Dubautia imbricata, Dicranopteris, 1 plant ob -<br />
served in gulch with 2 seedlings, plant 6 ft, with flowers, 2420 ft elev., 6 Sep 1991, Perlman et al. 12235<br />
(f, PTBG, US); Wahiawa Mts., Kapalaoa Peak, gulch south of peak, Metrosideros- Dicranopteris linearis<br />
wet forest with Cheirodendron, Broussaisia, Machaerina angustifolia, Dubautia laxa, Polyscias,<br />
Embelia, Myrsine, Scaevola, Psychotria, Labordia waialealae, Syzygium sandwicensis, Sadleria, Rubus<br />
rosifolius, Dubautia imbricata, Perrottetia, 2440 ft. elev., 4 oct 1996, Perlman et al. 15606 (PTBG).<br />
Convolvulaceae<br />
Merremia<br />
Two species of Merremia were recorded by Wagner et al. (1990: 563) as being naturalized<br />
in the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands, namely M. aegyptia (l.) Urb. and M. tuberosa (l.) rendle.<br />
Imada et al. (2000: 11) report a third species, M. umbellata (l.) Hallier f. as being fully<br />
naturalized on windward o‘ahu and Merremia peltata (l.) Merr. is now recorded for the<br />
first time as being naturalized in the archipelago. The four Merremia species in Hawai‘i<br />
can be separated by characters given in the following key.<br />
Key to Merremia in the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands<br />
1. leaves palmately lobed to palmately compound (2).<br />
1. leaves neither palmately lobed nor compound (3).<br />
2(1). leaves palmately compound; plants usually reddish hirsute … M. aegyptia<br />
2. leaves palmately lobed but not compound; plants glabrous … M. tuberosa<br />
3(1). leaves peltate (except rarely on distal leaves), rounded at base … M. peltata<br />
3. leaves not peltate, truncate to cordate or hastate at base … M. umbellata<br />
Merremia peltata (l.) Merr. New naturalized record<br />
This twining vine with broadly ovate-orbicular, peltately attached leaves has not been previously<br />
recorded as naturalized in the <strong>Hawaii</strong>an Islands. It is currently reported in two<br />
locations ½ mile apart in Wainiha Valley, Kaua‘i, where it is a rampant climber covering<br />
numerous acres and quickly smothering vegetation. fosberg & Sachet (1977) describe its<br />
distribution as Indo-Pacific, from africa to Tahiti [Society Islands]. My observation of<br />
this species in Micronesia leads me to believe that Merremia peltata is a very serious invasive<br />
species that should be closely watched and managed here in Hawai‘i.
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Material examined. KAUA‘I: Wainiha Valley, south side of river, between power house and<br />
Maunahina, sterile, 152 m elev., 27 oct 1999, Keith Robinson s.n. (BISH, PTBG).<br />
Dryopteridaceae<br />
Ctenitis squamigera (Hook. & arn.) copel. Range rediscovery<br />
Ctenitis squamigera was historically recorded from Kaua‘i, o‘ahu, Moloka‘i, lana‘i, and<br />
Maui (HBMP 2011), but considered possibly extinct on Kaua‘i (Palmer 2003: 102). amos<br />
Heller made the only collection on Kaua‘i in 1896 above Waimea at 2000 ft elev. He notes<br />
that the plant was on the face of a perpendicular rock in gulch and exposed directly to the<br />
afternoon sun. Heller also indicates that C. squamigera was not observed in other locations<br />
during his research on Kaua‘i (Heller 1897). after 115 years of not being observed<br />
on Kaua‘i, recent field research within mesophytic forests of Kōke‘e has unveiled two<br />
new locations for this federally listed endangered fern, namely Nu‘ololo and awa‘awapuhi<br />
Valleys. The following collections represent this exciting rediscovery.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Nu‘ololo, north facing slopes above drainage, Metrosideros-Acacia<br />
montane mesic forest, 70–80% canopy cover, ca. 80% understory, 35–40 degree slope, 40 degree north<br />
aspect, up to 20 m tall canopy, with Pouteria, Xylosma hawaiiensis, Claoxylon, Wikstroemia furcata,<br />
Dodonaea, Kadua affinis, Melicope ovata, Pleomele, Polyscias kavaiensis, Psychotria greenwelliae & P.<br />
mariniana, Zanthoxylum dipetalum, Nestegis, Diplazium, immediate area has 20% Myrsine lanaiensis,<br />
5% Pittosporum kauaiensis, some Alphitonia ponderosa, Carex meyenii, Dianella sandwicensis, threatened<br />
by deer, rats, 10% cover of Lantana camara, with Rubus argutus, Hedychium gardnerianum,<br />
Kalanchoë pinnata, Sphaeropteris cooperi, Adiantum hispidulum, Psidium cattleianum, rhizome terrestrial<br />
sub-erect with abundant stamineous scales which continue up stipe and rachis, 5 fronds, protected on<br />
steep slope with boulder outcrops, adjacent Dryopteris sandwicensis, Doodia, Microlepia strigosa, single<br />
plant, 1006 m (3300 ft),19 feb 2011, Wood & Query 14524 (BISH, PTBG); awa‘awapuhi, north facing<br />
slopes, Metrosideros-Acacia montane mesic forest, with Pouteria, Xylosma hawaiiensis, Antidesma,<br />
Diospyros sandwicensis, Wikstroemia furcata, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Kadua affinis, Melicope ovata,<br />
M. barbigera, Euphorbia atrococca, Pleomele, Polyscias kavaiensis, Psychotria greenwelliae,<br />
Zanthoxylum dipetalum, Nestegis, rhizome terrestrial, 4 cm wide × 7 cm long, 7 healthy fronds with skirt<br />
of old fronds, under 90% forest cover, with Microlepia strigosa, Hillebrandia sandwicensis, Lepidium<br />
serra, Melicope pallida, Remya kauaiensis, Pritchardia minor, 1 plant on steep rock outcrop with soil<br />
pockets, large 12 m tall Alphitonia ponderosa near-by, with adjacent Psychotria mariniana, Dodonaea viscosa,<br />
Myrsine lanaiensis, single plant, threatened by pig, deer, rats, Erigeron karvinskianus, Psidium cattleianum,<br />
Lantana camara, Rubus argutus, R. rosifolius, Adiantum hispidulum, Blechnum appendiculatum,<br />
Hedychium gardnerianum, Kalanchoë pinnata, Sphaeropteris cooperi, 951 m (3120 ft), 5 May 2011,<br />
Wood & Query 14639 (PTBG).<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Euphorbia prostrata aiton New island record<br />
Previously recorded on Midway, Kaua‘i, o‘ahu, Moloka‘i, lāna‘i, Maui, Kaho‘olawe,<br />
and the Big Island of Hawai‘i (Wagner, Herbst et al. 1999; Hughes 1995), the prostrate<br />
spurge is now documented on Ni‘ihau’s offshore islet of lehua.<br />
Material examined. NIIHAU: lehua Islet, West Horn, Sida fallax shrubland with Tribulus cistoides,<br />
Waltheria indica, Jacquemontia ovalifolia subsp. sandwicensis, several native grasses such as<br />
Panicum torridum, Panicum fauriei var. latius, and Panicum pellitum, relatively bare with ca 75% of<br />
the ground being exposed barren tuff along with many hundreds of naturally hallowed burrows,<br />
decumbent stems pink or green-purple, leaves green or green-red, cyathial gland white, uncommon,<br />
island record, 30 m elev., 2 May 2009, Wood 13714 (BISH, PTBG, US).
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 95<br />
Lamiaceae<br />
Phyllostegia knudsenii Hillebr. Possibly extinct<br />
Previously known only from the type collection made in the woods of Waimea (Knudsen<br />
190, B) and listed as extinct by Wagner et al. (1990: 819), Phyllostegia knudsenii was<br />
rediscovered May 1993 (lorence et al. 1995) in Koai‘e canyon and subsequently found<br />
in upper Kawai Iki Valley on 25 Sep 2001. Unfortunately, both wild populations have<br />
since died, and there are no cultivated plants of this Kaua‘i endemic mint.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Waimea distr, Koai‘e canyon, upper canyon, in forest 21 m (70<br />
ft) above stream, north-facing slope, 692 m (2270 ft) elev., 24 May 1993, Wood & Perlman 2583<br />
(PTBG); loc. cit., 31 aug 1994, Perlman & Wood 14365 (PTBG); Kawai Iki, upper drainage above<br />
twin falls of Koai‘e canyon, Metrosideros polymorpha mixed mesic forest with Gahnia beecheyi,<br />
Dianella sandwicensis, Dubautia laevigata, Kadua affinis, Cheirodendron trigynum, Psychotria<br />
mariniana, Poa sandwicensis, Bidens cosmoides, Peperomia membranacea, Peperomia latifolia, and<br />
Peperomia kokeana, threats include goats, pigs, rats, Rubus argutus, Kalanchoë pinnatum, Psidium<br />
cattleianum, Grevillea robusta, Myrica faya, Cyperus meyenianus, Passiflora mollissima, Lantana<br />
camara, and Setaria parviflora, shrub 1 m tall, young plant with old inflorescence, 4 immature plants<br />
observed in general area, 330 deg aspect, 20 deg slope, in side-gulch bottom near main drainage,<br />
1015 m elev. (3330 ft), 25 Sep 2001, Wood 9115 (PTBG).<br />
Lycopodiaceae<br />
Huperzia filiformis (Sw.) Holub New island record<br />
This delicately pendulous fern is considered indigenous to Hawai‘i and central and South<br />
america to Bolivia (Mickel & Smith 2004). In Hawai‘i Huperzia filiformis was previously<br />
thought to be restricted to o‘ahu, Moloka‘i, lāna‘i, Maui, and Hawai‘i (Palmer<br />
2003). further field research now indicates that H. filiformis is also present on Kaua‘i, yet<br />
quite rare, within the headwater drainages of Wainiha and Wailua.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Hanalei distr, headwaters of Wainiha river, northeast fork, just<br />
southwest of Mahinakehau ridge, lowland wet forest with Metrosideros polymorpha dominant, also<br />
Antidesma, Syzygium, Broussaisia, Boehmeria, & Perrottetia, with understory of pteridophytes,<br />
Cyrtandra, & Cyanea, epiphyte on Perrottetia tree 1.5 m above ground in moderate shade, stems<br />
pendulous, light green, very rare, a single plant seen at 825 m elev., 30 Jan 1993, Lorence et al. 7346<br />
(PTBG); Blue Hole, headwaters of Wailua river, below Wai‘ale‘ale and Kawaikini, near south facing<br />
cliffs below Blue Hole proper, ridge running 300 degrees down to stream, Metrosideros lowland<br />
wet forest with Psychotria mariniana, Antidesma platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, Dianella sandwicensis,<br />
Polyscias oahuensis, Freycinetia arborea, Diplazium sandwichianum, Microlepia strigosa,<br />
and Sadleria pallida, threatened by pigs, Rubus rosifolius, Psidium guajava, Paspalum urvillei, and<br />
Mariscus meyenianus, epiphytic rhizome on Melicope paniculata, stems pendulous, leaves medium<br />
green, sporangia yellow-white, rare, 610 m elev., 10 dec 1998, Wood 7631 (PTBG).<br />
Malvaceae<br />
Hibiscadelphus woodii lorence &<br />
W.l. Wagner (fig. 1) Possibly extinct<br />
four shrubs of Hibiscadelphus woodii were discovered in March 1991 clustered on a vertical<br />
cliff in Kalalau Valley, Kaua‘i, increasing the total number of species for the endemic<br />
Hibiscadelphus to seven (Wood 1992; lorence & Wagner 1995). Subsequent efforts to<br />
propagate H. woodii by air layering, cuttings, and grafting trials onto con-generic cultivated<br />
individuals had failed. Tests for H. woodii pollen viability proved negative, and<br />
cross pollination trials from H. distans showed no success. Micropropagation attempts at<br />
in vitro protocol development for apical and lateral meristem culture, callus culture uti-
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Figure 1. Hibiscedelphus woodii. Kalalau cliffs, Kaua‘i. Photo: K.r. Wood.<br />
lizing leaf and internode explants, and propagation by tip and stem cuttings had also<br />
failed. although no fruit set was ever observed, flowering was documented during the<br />
months of March, april, July, and September. flower visitations by birds include the<br />
native ‘amakihi (Hemignathus virens). Introduced Japanese white eye (Zosterops japonicus)<br />
regularly pierced the corollas of H. woodii above the calyx, presumably robbing nectar.<br />
Three individuals of H. woodii were apparently crushed by a large fallen boulder and<br />
died between 1995 and 1998. on 17 august 2011, the last remaining H. woodii was<br />
observed dead. Previously, the final wild H. hualalaiensis died on the Big Island in 1992<br />
(Wood & Perlman, pers. observ.). a total of six species of Hibiscadelphus are now extinct<br />
in the wild, two of which are maintained through cultivation (i.e., H. giffardianus and H.<br />
hualalaiensis). only one species of Hibiscadelphus still survives in the wild, being H. distans<br />
from the dry to mesic canyon cliffs of Koai‘e, Kaua‘i.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Hanalei distr, Kalalau rim, north of Kahuama‘a flat, lowland<br />
mesic cliffs, 990–1020 m, 3 March 1991, Wood, Query & Montgomery 629 (holotype, PTBG, a<br />
flower also in spirit collection; isotypes, BISH, K, Mo, NY, US).<br />
Piperaceae<br />
Peperomia subpetiolata Yunck. Possibly extinct<br />
Peperomia subpetiolata is an East Maui narrow endemic species known only from around<br />
the Kula Pipeline of lower Waikamoi (Yuncker 1933; Wagner et al. 1990). In the early<br />
1990s it was estimated that around 40 individuals occurred in that region, both above and<br />
below the road. a putative hybrid between P. subpetiolata and P. cookiana was also documented<br />
in that area. The dense invasion of Hedychium gardnerianum below a nonnative<br />
forest canopy of Eucalyptus has left little open soil for herbaceous terrestrial species such<br />
as P. subpetiolata to survive. recent field research has failed to locate any individuals of
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 97<br />
P. subpetiolata and only hybrid individuals were observed (Wood 2001, 2009a;<br />
oppenheimer & Perlman pers. observ.).<br />
Material examined. MAUI: East Maui, Kula pipeline, Waikamoi, 5–6 Sep 1919, Forbes 1283-<br />
M (holotype, BISH); Kula pipeline, woods, 4500 ft elev., 11 feb 1930, St. John 10299 (BISH).<br />
Poaceae<br />
Dichanthelium cynodon (reichardt) c.a.<br />
clark & Gould New island record<br />
Gon (1994) describes a true bog on o‘ahu where several island plant records were ob served<br />
(Kennedy et al. 2010: 21), including two endemic species of Dichanthelium, both of which<br />
were documented during the discovery of the bog in february 1993. Dichanthelium cynodon<br />
was previously recorded from Kaua‘i, Moloka‘i, and Maui (Wagner et al. 1990), and now<br />
reported on o‘ahu in association with D. hillebrandianum.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Ko‘olau Mountains, just below summit ridge, north of<br />
Pe‘ahināi‘a and south of castle Trail, Metrosideros-Rhynchospora lowland bog with Lobelia gaudichaudii<br />
subsp. koolauensis, Viola oahuensis, Dichanthelium hillebrandianum, D. koolauense,<br />
Vaccinium dentatum & V. reticulatum, Metrosideros rugosa, threatened by pigs, Clidemia hirta,<br />
Axonopus fissifolius, Pterolepis glomerata, Juncus planifolius, growing in tussocks within bog with<br />
D. hillebrandianum, common in bog, 25 feb 1993, Wood & Lau 2428 (PTBG, Mo).<br />
Dichanthelium hillebrandianum (Hitchc.)<br />
c.a. clark & Gould New island record<br />
Dichanthelium hillebrandianum was previously recorded from Kaua‘i, Moloka‘i, Maui,<br />
and Hawai‘i (Wagner et al. 1990) and is now documented on o‘ahu.<br />
Material examined. O‘AHU: Ko‘olau Mountains, just below summit ridge, north of Pe‘ahināi‘a<br />
and south of castle Trail, Metrosideros-Rhynchospora lowland bog with Dichanthelium hillebrandianum,<br />
growing in tussocks within bog, east aspect, common only in bog, 25 feb 1993, Wood & Lau<br />
2421 (PTBG, US).<br />
Primulaceae<br />
Lysimachia filifolia c.N. forbes & lydgate Range rediscovery<br />
Previously recorded on o‘ahu and Kaua‘i, yet not seen on Kaua‘i since 1912 when<br />
lydgate made the holotype collection in upper olokele below the Kawaikini summit<br />
(Wagner et al. 1990; Marr & Bohm 1997), Lysimachia filifolia was recently rediscovered<br />
below Kamanu ridge, eastern Kaua‘i, in the headwater region of Waikoko. Plants of this<br />
federally listed endangered species are being cultivated by the National Tropical Botanical<br />
Garden (NTBG). Wagner et al. (1990) report collections of L. filifolia from the Blue Hole<br />
region of Wailua, Kaua‘i, but these plants were subsequently described as a new species<br />
(i.e., L. pendens Marr). Lysimachia filifolia can be distinguished from L. pendens by its<br />
narrower leaves and non-tomentose stems, pedicels, and leaves (Marr & Bohm 1997). It<br />
is worth noting that plants of L. filifolia on Kaua‘i can be erect up to 1.5 m tall as compared<br />
to the o‘ahu plants which are smaller, more delicate, and only known to be pendulous.<br />
further studies are needed to better understand their relationship.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: upper olokele Valley, Jan 1912, Lydgate 2 (holotype, BISH);<br />
Waikoko headwaters, below Kamanu ridge, S of Wailua river and above Wailua ditch, associated<br />
with Cheirodendron, Pipturus spp., Dubautia, Cyrtandra, Kadua centranthoides, K. elatior, K. foggiana,<br />
Psychotria, Melicope, Machaerina, Isachne, with ferns of Microlepia, Asplenium, Cyclosorus,<br />
Deparia, terrestrial in Diplazium with Boehmeria grandis, 1.5 m tall with erect stems brown-red,<br />
pendent corolla light purple, terrestrial near land slide and on wet cliff, ca 30 plants, threats include<br />
pigs, landslides, Buddleia asiatica, Erigeron karvinskianus, 732 m elev., 12 Jan 2008, Wood 12774<br />
(BISH, PTBG).
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Lysimachia venosa (Wawra) H. St. John Possibly extinct<br />
Lysimachia venosa was originally discovered by Heinrich W. Wawra in 1870 on the summit<br />
of Mt Wai‘ale‘ale. This species was not observed again until 1911 when Joseph rock<br />
also made a collection around Mt. Wai‘ale‘ale summit. In 1991 a small branch representing<br />
this taxon was found after a storm at the bottom of a 1000 m tall cliff (i.e., Blue Hole,<br />
below Wai‘ale‘ale, at the headwaters of Wailua river), with no indication of where the living<br />
plant might be located. Lysimachia venosa is presently considered possibly extinct<br />
since no living individuals are known.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Summit of Mt Wai‘ale‘ale, 1600 m elev., Mar 1870, Wawra 2165<br />
(holotype, W; isotypes, W, BISH); Summit of Mt Wai‘ale‘ale, 1911, Rock 8881 (BISH, GH); Wailua<br />
headwaters, north fork, Blue Hole, small branch found after storm at bottom of 1000 m tall cliff, 600<br />
m elev., 7 May 1991, Wood 784 (PTBG).<br />
Rosaceae<br />
Acaena exigua a. Gray Possibly extinct<br />
after not being observed since 1957 a single plant of Acaena exigua was rediscovered in<br />
a West Maui bog in 1997 (Meidell et al. 1998; oppenheimer et al. 2002; Wood 2005).<br />
during the period of 1997 to 2000, attempts at propagation failed and in early 2000 the<br />
only known plant died. Historically, A. exigua occurred in bogs on West Maui where its<br />
<strong>Hawaii</strong>an name is liliwai, and also on the island of Kaua‘i where it was known as nani<br />
Wai‘ale‘ale. Numerous surveys have since been conducted around the West Maui bogs<br />
and throughout most of the summit bogs of alaka‘i and Nāmolokama, Kaua‘i, yet no<br />
other individuals of A. exigua have been documented (Wood 2006). Heinrich Wawra was<br />
the last one to observe it on Kaua‘i in 1870. The extremely small size of A. exigua, with<br />
stems 1–4 cm long (Wagner et al. 1990) make it extremely difficult to locate. although<br />
there is excellent bog habitat being protected on the summits of Kaua‘i and West Maui<br />
indicating that there could be more individuals waiting to be discovered, A. exigua is now<br />
considered possibly extinct with no known living plants extant.<br />
Material examined. MAUI: lahaina distr, Honokōhau, 1719 m elev., among bryophytes in<br />
mixed ‘ōhi‘a montane bog, 19 Mar 1997, Meidell & Oppenheimer 194 (BISH).<br />
Rubiaceae<br />
Kadua haupuensis lorence & W.l. Wagner Possibly extinct<br />
recently described and known only from a single location on the north side of Mt Ha‘upu,<br />
Kaua‘i, Kadua haupuensis was last observed in the wild when discovered in 1998<br />
(lorence et al. 2010). Plants from the holotype region of the mountain were evidently<br />
destroyed by a small rock slide and numerous attempts to locate additional plants of this<br />
species have failed. With no known wild individuals remaining, K. haupuensis is now<br />
considered possibly extinct. The quality of its habitat is rapidly declining due to animal<br />
disturbance such as rats, pigs, and goats, and invasive alien plant species including Cae -<br />
salpinia decapetala, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, and Passiflora laurifolia. at the time of discovery,<br />
seeds were collected and plants are being cultivated at the NTBG.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Kōloa distr, Ha‘upu range, north facing mesic forest, just below<br />
and along cliffs w of summit, 366 m, 23 Sep 1998, Wood 7492 (BISH, Mo, NY, PTBG, US).<br />
Rutaceae<br />
Melicope macropus (Hillebr.) T.G. Hartley<br />
& B.c. Stone Possibly extinct<br />
a Kaua‘i endemic, Melicope macropus was historically known from the Kahōluamano
HBS Records for 2011 — Part II: Plants 99<br />
region of Waimea where Heller made a collection in 1885 and faurie in 1910 (Stone 1969).<br />
Most recently it was observed in Kalalau in 1987, Honopū in 1991, and the upper Nu‘ololo<br />
stream region in 1995. This taxon is poorly understood (Wagner et al. 1990) and the type<br />
designated by Hillebrand (i.e., Knudsen 189) was destroyed in Berlin (Stone 1969). Wagner<br />
et al. (1990) considered M. macropus to be rare and related to M. kavaiensis from which it<br />
differs in its puberulent exocarp, less overall pubescence and predominantly smaller leaves<br />
(Stone 1969). No living individuals of this species are known at this time.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Hanalei distr, Nā Pali-Kōna forest reserve, Kalalau Valley,<br />
steep, southwest slope between Kalalau and Pu‘u o Kila lookouts, diverse forest of Metrosideros,<br />
Xylosma, Nestegis and Cryptocarya, elev. 3900–4100 ft, sprawling shrub of 4 ft, with Cibotium,<br />
Dubautia, and Rubus, 20 Mar 1987, Flynn et al. 2116 (PTBG); Hanalei district, Honopū, south of<br />
Kalalau lookout, by stream on west side of road, Metrosideros diverse montane mesic forest with<br />
Labordia, Dubautia, Kadua, Nothocestrum peltatum, and Myrsine, scandent shrub, in fruit, attractive<br />
and vigorous, threatened by pigs, Rubus rosifolius, Hedychium gardnerianum, 1200 m elev., 29 aug<br />
1991, Wood & Perlman 1182 (PTBG, US); Waimea distr, upper Nu‘ololo Stream, north branch,<br />
Acacia-Metrosideros montane mesic forest with Psychotria grandiflora, Xylosma crenatum, Poa<br />
siphonoglossa & P. sandvicensis, Myrsine knudsenii, Nothocestrum peltatum, Dubautia latifolia,<br />
Bobea brevipes, Melicope macropus, Lobelia yuccoides, Alyxia stellata, threats include pigs, deer,<br />
Rubus argutus, Hedychium gardnerianum, Kalanchoë pinnata, 3700–3800 ft, 1 m tall, diffusely<br />
branched shrub, sprawling stems 1 m long, stems dark-brown, petiole brown, leaves shiny, darkgreen<br />
above, paler below, peduncle yellow-green, immature flower brown-red, branches with tan or<br />
white pubescence at apical tips, det. W.l. Wagner, 23 Nov 1995, Wood & Davis 4806 (PTBG).<br />
Melicope nealae (B.c. Stone) T.G. Hartley<br />
& B.c. Stone Possibly extinct<br />
considered rare by Wagner et al. (1990), Melicope nealae was known from the<br />
Kahōluamano and Kumuwela regions of Kaua‘i. last observed in 1960 around<br />
Kumuwela, no living individuals are known of this taxon. Melicope nealae differs from<br />
M. puberula in its shrubby stature, glabrous endocarp, larger capsules, and predominantly<br />
obovate leaves (Stone 1969). Wagner et al. (1990) relate it to the M. kavaiensis complex,<br />
differing by its combination of puberulent exocarp, glabrous endocarp, and carpels<br />
connate ca. ½ their length.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Kahōluamano, behind Waimea, Sep 1909, Forbes 341 (BISH);<br />
Kōke‘e Plateau, level forested area north of Kumuwela lookout, under Psychotria, Zanthoxylum,<br />
and Platydesma, a subscandent low shrub with green pubescent capsules and pubescent leaves, elev.<br />
3500 ft, 12 apr 1960, B. C. Stone et al. 3359 (BISH, l, US).<br />
Melicope quadrangularis (H. St. John &<br />
E.P. Hume) T.G. Hartley & B.c. Stone Possibly extinct<br />
Melicope quadrangularis is a Kaua‘i endemic known from the holotype collection made<br />
in 1909, and rediscovered in the same general region of Wahiawa in May 1991 (lorence<br />
et al. 1995). The rediscovered population was subsequently destroyed by Hurricane Iniki<br />
in September 1992 (Wood 2009b, 2011). Melicope quadrangularis is easily distinguished<br />
on Kaua‘i by its large 12–14 mm long × 19–22 mm wide, cube-shaped capsules with central<br />
depression at apex. Numerous surveys in the Wahiawa region have failed to relocate<br />
any living individuals of this species.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Vicinity of Wahiawa Swamp, aug 1909, C. N. Forbes 273.K<br />
(holotype, BISH); līhu‘e distr, Wahiawa, drainage between Hulua and Kapalaoa, Metrosideros-<br />
Dicranopteris lowland wet forest with Syzygium, Polyscias oahuensis & P. waialealae, Labordia,<br />
Perrottetia, area rich with bryophytes, threats include severe storms, pigs, rats, Psidium cattleianum
100<br />
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& P. rosifolius, Melastoma candidum, 820 m, 2 m tall, branches ascending, collected below M. quadrangularis<br />
population of 9 trees, 4 trees in immediate area, 20 May 1991, Wood et al. 0859 (PTBG);<br />
loc. cit., with Broussaisia, Eurya, Cyanea coriacea, Labordia hirtella, Syzygium, 850 m, 4 m tall tree,<br />
single tree in fruit, 13 cm diameter at base, vigorous, east aspect, 20 May 1991, Wood et al. 0858<br />
(PTBG).<br />
Thelypteridaceae<br />
Cyclosorus pendens (d.d. Palmer) N. Snow<br />
[Syn. Pneumatopteris pendens d.d. Palmer] Range rediscovery<br />
recently described by Palmer (2005), yet historically known from the islands of Kaua‘i,<br />
o‘ahu, Moloka‘i, Maui, and Hawai‘i, Cyclosorus pendens has been taxonomically confused<br />
with C. sandwicensis by numerous collectors and botanists. The genus Pneu -<br />
matopteris was recently merged into Cyclosorus (Snow et al. 2011). collections date back<br />
to 1909 when it was first documented by c. N. forbes in olokele Valley, Kaua‘i. Palmer<br />
considered C. pendens to be extinct on Kaua‘i and only cited recent collections on o‘ahu,<br />
Moloka‘i, Maui, and Hawai‘i (Palmer 2005). The following collection made around the<br />
falls of Hanakāpī‘ai indicates that it is still extant on Kaua‘i.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Na Pali coast, Hanakāpī‘ai falls, base of wet cliff, to left of falls<br />
along narrow ledge, growing with Selaginella arbuscula, Deparia petersenii, Blechnum appendiculatum,<br />
very small plants of Tectaria gaudichaudii, also Christella cyatheoides and a native Deparia<br />
sp. in the area, det. a. Smith, 6 apr 2007, A. R. Smith 2918 (PTBG, Uc).<br />
Zingiberaceae<br />
Curcuma longa l. New island record<br />
an Indian perennial herb, semi-wild populations of turmeric (‘ōlena) have been previously<br />
recorded from Moloka‘i, Maui, and Hawai‘i (Wagner et al. 1990). recent research<br />
around the remote headwater region of Wainiha has documented Curcuma longa growing<br />
adjacent to ancient rock walls. rhizomes have been collected and are being cultivated at<br />
the NTBG.<br />
Material examined. KAUA‘I: Wainiha Valley, around confluence of upper east and west fork,<br />
Metrosideros 40-60% closed forest with 12–15 m tall canopy, understory of Perrottetia, Psychotria<br />
spp, Dubautia spp, Labordia spp, Polyscias kavaiensis, P. oahuensis, rich fern and bryophyte understory,<br />
472 m elev., 18 Jun 2008, Wood et al. 13135 (BISH, PTBG).<br />
Acknowledgments<br />
for their continued support I thank the staff at the National Tropical Botanical Garden; the<br />
<strong>Bishop</strong> <strong>Museum</strong>; the U.S. fish and Wildlife Service; the Hawai‘i State department of<br />
land and Natural resources; The Nature conservancy of Hawai‘i; the Smithsonian<br />
Institution; the Plant Extinction Prevention Program of Hawai‘i (PEPP); and the<br />
University Herbarium, Uc Berkeley. My respect and gratitude to those who have assisted<br />
in field research. Much appreciation is extended to clyde Imada who helped to<br />
improve this manuscript and to danielle frohlich and alex lau for sharing their knowledge<br />
of Merremia peltata.<br />
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