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Lycophytes 

Huperziaceae 

Huperzia appressa (Desv.) A. & D. 

Löve 

Huperzia appalachiana Beitel & Mickel; 

Huperzia selago (L.) Schrank & Mart. ssp. 

appressa (Desv.) D. Löve; Lycopodium selago 

L. var. appressum Desv.; Lycopodium selago L. 

ssp. appressum (Desv.) Hultén; Urostachys 

selago (L.) Herter var. appressus (Desv.) Herter 

Huperzia ×buttersii (Abbe) Kartesz 

Ness 

Huperzia lucidula × H. selago ; Lycopodium 

& Gandhi 

×buttersii Abbe 

Huperzia ×josephbeitelii A. Haines Huperzia appressa × H. selago ; Huperzia 

×beitelii A. Haines, not Øllgaard 

Huperzia lucidula (Michx.) Trevisan Lycopodium lucidulum Michx.; Urostachys 

lucidulus (Michx.) Ness. 

Huperzia ×protoporophila A. Haines Huperzia appressa × H. lucidula 

firmoss family 

mountain firmoss 

shining firmoss 

Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex 

Schrank & Mart. 

Isoetaceae 

Lycopodium selago L.; Lycopodium selago L. 

var. patens (Beauv.) Desv.; Plananthus 

selago (L.) Beauv.; Urostachys selago (L.) 

Herter 

northern firmoss 

quillwort family 

Isoetes acadiensis Kott 

Acadian quillwort 

Isoetes ×brittonii D.F. Brunton & Isoetes engelmannii × I. riparia 

W.C. Taylor 

Isoetes ×dodgei A.A. Eat. Isoetes echinospora × I. riparia 

Isoetes ×eatonii Dodge Isoetes echinospora × I. engelmannii 

Isoetes echinospora Durieu ssp. Isoetes braunii Durieu; Isoetes echinospora spiny-spored quillwort 

muricata (Durieu) A. & D. Löve var. braunii (Durieu) Engelm.; Isoetes muricata 

Durieu 

Isoetes ×echtuckerii D.F. Brunton & Isoetes echinospora × I. tuckermanii 

D.M. Britt. 

Isoetes engelmannii A. Braun 

Engelmann's quillwort 

Isoetes ×foveolata A.A. Eat. ex Isoetes engelmannii × I. tuckermanii 

Dodge 

Isoetes ×harveyi A.A. Eat. 

Isoetes lacustris × I. tuckermanii 

Isoetes hieroglyphica A.A. Eat. Isoetes lacustris forma hieroglyphica (A.A. carved quillwort 

Eat.) N.E. Pfeiff. 

Isoetes lacustris L. Isoetes macrospora Durieu lake quillwort 

Isoetes ×novae-angliae D.F. Brunton Isoetes canadensis × I. tuckermanii 

& D.M. Britt. 

Isoetes prototypus D.M. Britt. 

prototype quillwort 

Isoetes riparia Engelm. ex A. Braun Isoetes canadensis (Engelm.) A.A. Eat. ex Canada shore quillwort 

var. canadensis Engelm. ex N.E. Maxon, an illegitimate name 

Pfeiff. 

Isoetes tuckermanii A. Braun ex 

Tuckerman's quillwort 

Engelm. 

Lycopodiaceae 

clubmoss family

Dendrolycopodium dendroideum 

(Michx.) A. Haines 

Dendrolycopodium dendroidum × D. 

hickeyi 

Dendrolycopodium dendroidum × D. 

obscurum 

Dendrolycopodium hickeyi (W.H. 

Wagner, Beitel, & Moran) A. Haines 

Dendrolycopodium hickeyi × D. 

obscurum 

Dendrolycopodium obscurum (L.) A. 

Haines 

Diphasiastrum complanatum (L.) 

Holub 

Diphasiastrum digitatum (Dill. ex A. 

Braun) Holub 

Lycopodium dendroideum Michx.; Lycopodium prickly tree-clubmoss 

obscurum L. var. dendroideum (Michx.) D.C. 

Eat.; Lycopodium obscurum L. var. hybridum 

Farw 

Lycopodium hickeyi W.H. Wagner, Beitel, & Hickey's tree-clubmoss 

Moran; Lycopodium obscurum L. var. 

isophyllum Hickey 

Lycopodium obscurum L. flat-branched tree-clubmoss 

Diphasium complanatum (L.) Rothm.; northern ground-cedar 

Lycopodium complanatum L.; Lycopodium 

complanatum L. var. canadense Vict. 

Diphasium flabelliforme (Fern.) Blanch.; southern ground-cedar 

Lycopodium complanatum L. var. flabelliforme 

Fern.; Lycopodium digitatum Dill. ex A. Braun; 

Lycopodium flabelliforme (Fern.) Blanch. 

Diphasiastrum ×habereri (House) 

Holub 

Diphasiastrum digitatum × D. tristachyum ; 

Lycopodium complanatum L. var. habereri 

(House) Boivin; Lycopodium ×habereri House 

Diphasiastrum ×issleri (Rouy) Holub Diphasiastrum alpinum (L.) Holub × D. 

complanatum ; Lycopodium alpinum L. ssp. 

issleri (Rouy) Chassagne; Lycopodium ×issleri 

Diphasiastrum ×sabinifolium 

(Willd.) Holub 

Diphasiastrum sitchense (Rupr.) 

Holub 

Diphasiastrum tristachyum (Pursh) 

Holub 

Diphasiastrum ×verecundum A.V. 

Gilman 

Diphasiastrum ×zeilleri (Rouy) 

Holub 

Rouy 

Diphasiastrum sitchense × D. tristachyum ; 

Lycopodium sabinifolium Willd. 

Diphasium sitchense (Rupr.) A. & D. Löve; 

Lycopodium sabinifolium var. sitchense (Rupr.) 

Fern.; Lycopodium sitchense Rupr. 

Diphasium tristachyum (Pursh) Rothm.; 

Lycopodium chamaecyparissus A. Br. ex Mutel; 

Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh 

Diphasiastrum complanatum × D. digitatum 

Diphasiastrum complanatum × D. 

tristachyum ; Lycopodium complanatum L. var. 

elongatum Vict.; Lycopodium ×zeilleri Rouy 

Sitka ground-cedar 

blue ground-cedar 

Lycopodiella alopecuroides 

Cranfill 

(L.) 

Lepidotis alopecuroides (L.) Rothm.; 

Lycopodium alopecuroides L. 

foxtail bog-clubmoss

Lycopodiella appressa 

Cranfill 

(Chapman) 

Lycopodiella bigelovii (Tuckerman) Holub; 

Lycopodium appressum (Chapman) Lloyd & 

Underwood; Lycopodium inundatum L. var. 

appressum Chapman; Lycopodium inundatum 

appressed bog-clubmoss 

var bigelovii Tuckerman 

Lycopodiella ×copelandii (Eig.) Lycopodiella alopecuroides × L. appressa ; 

Cranfill 

Lycopodium ×copelandii Eig. 

Lycopodiella ×gilmanii A. Haines Lycopodiella appressa × L. inundata 

Lycopodiella inundata (L.) Holub Lepidotis inundata (L.) Opiz; Lycopodium northern bog-clubmoss 

inundatum L. 

Lycopodiella ×robusta (R.J. Eat.) A. Lycopodiella alopecuroides × L. inundata ; 


Lycopodium inundatum L. var. robustum R.J. 

Eat. 

Lycopodium clavatum L. Lycopodium clavatum var. subremotum Vict. common clubmoss 

Lycopodium lagopus (Laestad. ex Lycopodium clavatum ssp. monostachyon one-cone clubmoss 

Hartm.) Zinserl. ex Kuzen. 

(Hook. & Grev.) Selander; Lycopodium 

clavatum var. lagopus Laestad. ex Hartm.; 

Lycopodium clavatum var. megastachyon Fern. 

& Bissell; Lycopodium clavatum var. 

monostachyon Grev & Hook 

Pseudolycopodiella caroliniana (L.) Lycopodiella caroliniana (L.) Pichi-Sermolli; slender false bog-clubmoss 

Holub 

Lycopodium carolinianum L. 

Spinulum annotinum (L.) A. Haines Lycopodium annotinum L. var. acrifolium Fern. common interrupted-clubmoss 

Spinulum annotinum × S. canadense 

Spinulum canadense (Ness.) A. 


Selaginellaceae 

Lycopodium annotinum L. var. 

montanum Tuckerman; Lycopodium annotinum 

L. ssp. pungens Hultén; Lycopodium 

annotinum L. var. pungens La Pylaie ex Desv.; 

Lycopodium canadense Ness.; Lycopodium 

dubium , of authors not Zoega (1772); 

Lycopodium pungens La Pylaie ex Iljin in 

K 

Selaginella apoda (L.) C. Morren Lycopodioides apoda (L.) Kuntze; Lycopodium 

apodum L. 

Selaginella eclipes W.R. Buck Selaginella apoda ssp. eclipes (W.R. Buck) 

Skoda 

Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring Bryodesma rupestre (L.) Soják; Lycopodium 

rupestre L. 

Selaginella selaginoides (L.) Beauv. Lycopodium selaginoides L.; Selaginella 

ex Mart. & Schrank 

spinosa Beauv. 

Monilophytes 

Aspleniaceae 

Asplenium ×clermontae Syme Asplenium ruta-muraria × A. trichomanes 

Asplenium ×ebenoides R.R. Scott Asplenium platyneuron × A. rhizophyllum 

Asplenium montanum Willd. 

Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Britton Asplenium platyneuron var. incisum (Howe ex 

Peck) B.L. Robins. 

northern interrupted-clubmoss 

spikemoss family 

meadow spikemoss 

hidden spikemoss 

ledge spikemoss 

northern spikemoss 

spleenwort family 

mountain spleenwort 

ebony spleenwort

Asplenium rhizophyllum L. Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link walking spleenwort 

Asplenium ruta-muraria L. Asplenium cryptolepis Fern.; Asplenium rutamuraria 

wall-rue spleenwort 

var. cryptolepis (Fern.) Wherry 

Asplenium trichomanes L. ssp. 

maidenhair spleenwort 

quadrivalens D.E. Mey. 

Asplenium trichomanes L. nssp. Asplenium trichomanes ssp. quadrivalens × A. maidenhair spleenwort 

lusaticum (D.E. Mey.) Lawalrée t. ssp. trichomanes 

Asplenium trichomanes L. ssp. 

maidenhair spleenwort 

trichomanes 

Asplenium viride Huds. Asplenium trichomanes-ramosum L. green spleenwort 

Azollaceae 

mosquito fern family 

Azolla cristata Mett. Azolla caroliniana Willd.; Azolla microphylla 

Kaulf. 

Blechnaceae 

Woodwardia areolata (L.) T. Moore Acrostichum areolatum L.; Lorinseria 

areolata (L.) K. Presl, an illegitimate name; 

Carolina mosquito fern 

chain fern family 

netted chain fern 

Woodwardia onocleoides Willd. 

Woodwardia virginica (L.) Smith Blechnum virginicum L. Virginia chain fern 

Dennstaedtiaceae 

hay-scented fern family 

Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) 

T. Moore 

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn ssp. 

latiusculum (Desv.) Hultén 

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn ssp. 

pseudocaudatum (Clute) Hultén 

Dryopteridaceae 

Nephrodium punctilobulum Michx. eastern hay-scented fern 

Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum (Desv.) 

Underwood ex Heller; Pteridium latiusculum 

(Desv.) Hieron. 

Pteridium aquilinum var. pseudocaudatum 

(Clute) Heller; Pteridium latiusculum (Desv.) 

Hieron. var. pseudocaudatum (Clute) Maxon 

Dryopteris ×benedictii Wherry Dryopteris carthusiana × D. clintoniana 

Dryopteris ×boottii (Tuckerm.) Dryopteris cristata × D. intermedia 

Underwood 

Dryopteris ×burgessii Boivin Dryopteris clintoniana × D. marginalis 

Dryopteris campyloptera (Kunze) Dryopteris austriaca (Jacq.) Woynar ex Schinz 

Clarkson 

& Thellung; Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. Muell.) 

Watt var. americana (Fischer ex Kunze) Fern. 

bracken fern 

bracken fern 

wood fern family 

mountain wood fern 

Dryopteris campylopteria × D. 

marginalis 

Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H.P. 

Fuchs 

Dryopteris clintoniana 

Dowell 



(D.C. Eat.) 

× D. cristata 

× D. filix-mas 

Dryopteris austriaca (Jacq.) Woynar ex Schinz 

& Thellung var. spinulosa (O.F. Muell.) Fiori; 

Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. Muell.) Watt 

Aspidium cristatum (L.) Sw. var. clintonianum 

D.C. Eat. in Gray; Dryopteris cristata (L.) Gray 

var. clintoniana (D.C. Eat.) Underwood 

spinulose wood fern 

Clinton's wood fern 

Dryopteris ×correllii W.H. Wagner Dryopteris carthusiana × D. goldiana

Dryopteris cristata (L.) Gray Aspidium cristatum (L.) Sw.; Polypodium 

cristatum L. 

Dryopteris ×dowellii (Farw.) Wherry Dryopteris clintoniana × D. intermedia 

crested wood fern 

Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott ssp. Polypodium filix-mas L. male wood fern 

brittonii Fras.-Jenk. & Widen 

Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott Polypodium fragrans L. fragrant wood fern 

Dryopteris goldiana (Hook. ex Aspidium goldianum Hook. ex Goldie Goldie's wood fern 

Goldie) Gray 

Dryopteris goldiana × D. intermedia 

Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl. ex Aspidium intermedium Muhl. ex Gray; evergreen wood fern 

Willd.) Gray 

Dryopteris austriaca (Jacq.) Woynar ex Schinz 

& Thellung var. intermedia (Muhl. ex Willd.) 

Morton; Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. Muell.) 

Watt var. intermedia (Muhl. ex Willd.) 

Underwood 

Dryopteris intermedia × D. 

marginalis 

Dryopteris marginalis (L.) Gray Polypodium marginale L. marginal wood fern 

Dryopteris ×mickelii Peck Dryopteris clintoniana × D. goldiana 

Dryopteris ×montgomeryi Fras.-Jenk. Dryopteris filix-mas × D. marginalis 

& Widen 

Dryopteris ×neowherryi W.H. Dryopteris goldiana × D. marginalis 

Wagner 

Dryopteris ×pittsfordensis Slosson Dryopteris carthusiana × D. marginalis 

Dryopteris ×slossoniae Wherry ex Dryopteris cristata × D. marginalis 

Lellinger 

Dryopteris ×triploidea Wherry Dryopteris carthusiana × D. intermedia ; 

Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. Muell.) Watt var. 

fructuosa (Gilbert) Trudell 

Dryopteris ×uliginosa (A. Braun ex Dryopteris carthusiana × D. cristata 

Dowell) Druce 

Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Nephrodium acrostichoides Michx. Christmas fern 

Schott 

Polystichum braunii (Spenner) Fée Aspidium braunii Spenner; Polystichum Braun's holly fern 

braunii ssp. purshii (Fern.) Calder & Taylor; 

Polystichum braunii var. purshii Fern. 

Polystichum ×potteri Barrington Polystichum acrostichoides × P. braunii 

Equisetaceae 

horsetail family 

Equisetum arvense L. Equisetum arvense var. boreale (Bong.) Rupr. field horsetail 

Equisetum ×ferrissii Clute 

Equisetum hyemale × E. laevigatum A. Braun; 

Hippochaete ×ferrissii (Clute) Skoda & Holub 

Equisetum fluviatile L. Equisetum limosum L. river horsetail 

Equisetum hyemale L. ssp. affine Equisetum hyemale var. robustum (A. Braun) tall scouring-rush 

(Engelm.) Calder & Taylor 

A.A. Eat.; Hippochaete hyemalis (L.) Bruhin 

ssp. affinis (Engelm.) Holub

Equisetum ×litorale Kuhlewein ex 

Rupr. 

Equisetum ×mackaii (Newman) 

Brichan 

Equisetum arvense × E. fluviatile 

Equisetum hyemale × E. variegatum ; 

Equisetum ×trachydon (A. Braun) Koch; 

Hippochaete ×mackayi (Newman) Skoda & 

Holub 

Equisetum palustre L. Equisetum palustre var. americanum Vict. marsh horsetail 

Equisetum pratense Ehrh. 

meadow horsetail 

Equisetum scirpoides Michx. Hippochaete scirpoides (Michx.) Farw. dwarf scouring-rush 

Equisetum sylvaticum L. Equisetum sylvaticum var. multiramosum wood horsetail 

Equisetum variegatum Schleicher ex 

F. Weber & D. Mohr ssp. variegatum 

Hymenophyllaceae 

Trichomanes intricatum Farrar 

Lygodiaceae 

(Fern.) Wherry 

Hippochaete variegata (Schleicher ex F. Weber 

& D. Mohr) Bruhin ssp. variegata 

variegated scouring-rush 

filmy fern family 

Appalachian bristle fern 

climbing fern family 

Lygodium palmatum (Bernh.) Sw. Gisopteris palmata Bernh. American climbing fern 

Marsileaceae 

water-clover family 

Marsilea quadrifolia L. European water-clover 

Onocleaceae 

fiddlehead fern family 

Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) 

Todaro ssp. pensylvanica (Willd.) A. 

& D. Löve 

Matteuccia pensylvanica (Willd.) Raymond; fiddlehead fern 

Matteuccia struthiopteris var. pensylvanica 

(Willd.) Morton; Matteuccia struthiopteris var. 

pubescens (Terry) Clute; Onoclea 

struthiopteris (L.) Hoffmann, in part; Pteretis 

pensylvanica (Willd.) Fern.; Struthiopteris 

l i Willd 

Onoclea sensibilis L. Onoclea sensibilis var. obtusilobata (Schkuhr) 

Torr. 

Ophioglossaceae 

Botrychium angustisegmentum (Pease 

& Moore) Fern. 

Botrychium lanceolatum (Gmel.) Angst. ssp. 

angustisegmentum (Pease & Moore) Clausen; 

Botrychium lanceolatum (Gmel.) Angst. var. 

angustisegmentum Pease & Moore 

Botrychium ascendens W.H. Wagner 

Botrychium campestre W.H. Wagner 

& Farrar 

Botrychium dissectum Spreng. Botrychium dissectum Spreng. var. obliquum 

(Muhl. ex Willd.) Clute; Botrychium obliquum 

Muhl. ex Willd.; Sceptridium dissectum 

(Spreng ) Lyon 

Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. Botrychium lunaria var. onondagense 

(Underwood) House; Botrychium onondagense 

Underwood; Osmunda lunaria L. 

sensitive fern 

adder's-tongue fern 

family 

narrow triangle moonwort 

upswept moonwort 

prairie moonwort 

dissected grapefern 

common moonwort

Botrychium matricariifolium (Döll) A. Botrychium lunaria var. matricariifolium Döll daisy-leaved moonwort 

Braun ex Koch 

Botrychium minganense Victorin Botrychium lunaria var. minganense (Victorin) Mingan moonwort 

Dole 

Botrychium multifidum (Gmel.) Rupr. Botrychium multifidum (Gmel.) Rupr.; leathery grapefern 

Botrychium multifidum (Gmel.) Rupr. var. 

intermedium (D.C. Eat.) Farw.; Osmunda 

multifida Gmel.; Sceptridium multifidum 

Botrychium oneidense (Gilbert) 

House 

(Gmel ) Nishida ex Tagawa 

Botrychium dissectum Spreng. var. oneidense blunt-lobed grapefern 

(Gilbert) Clute; Botrychium multifidum (Gmel.) 

Rupr. var. oneidense (Gilbert) Farw.; 

Sceptridium oneidense (Gilbert) Holub 

Botrychium pallidum W.H. Wagner 

Botrychium rugulosum W.H. Wagner Botrychium multifidum (Gmel.) Rupr. forma 

dentatum R. Tryon; Botrychium ternatum , of 

authors not (Thunb.) Sw.; Sceptridium 

rugulosum (W H Wagner) Skoda & Holub 

Botrychium simplex E. Hitchc. 

Botrychium tenebrosum A.A. Eat. Botrychium simplex var. tenebrosum (A.A. 

Eat.) Clausen 

Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. Botrypus virginianus (L.) Holub; Osmunda 

virginiana L. 

Ophioglossum pusillum Raf. Ophioglossum vulgatum L. var. pseudopodum 

(Blake) Farw. 

Ophioglossum vulgatum L. Ophioglossum pycnostichum (Fern.) A.& D. 

Löve; Ophioglossum vulgatum var. 

Osmundaceae 

Osmunda claytoniana L. 

Osmunda regalis L. var. spectabilis 

pycnostichum Fern. 

pale moonwort 

St. Lawrence grapefern 

least moonwort 

swamp moonwort 

rattlesnake fern 

northern adder's-tongue fern 

southern adder's-tongue fern 

royal fern family 

interrupted fern 

royal fern 

(Willd.) Gray 

Osmunda ×ruggii R. Tryon Osmunda claytoniana × O. regalis 

Osmundastrum cinnamomeum (L.) C. Osmunda cinnamomea L. cinnamon fern 

Presl 

Polypodiaceae 

fern family 

Polypodium appalachianum Haufler 

& Windham 

Polypodium ×incognitum Cusik Polypodium appalachianum × P. virginianum 

Polypodium virginianum L. Polypodium vulgare L. var. virginianum (L.) 

D.C. Eat. 

Pteridaceae 

Adiantum aleuticum (Rupr.) Paris Adiantum pedatum ssp. aleuticum (Rupr.) 

Calder & Taylor; Adiantum pedatum var. 

aleuticum Rupr.; Adiantum pedatum ssp. 

Adiantum pedatum L. 

Adiantum viridimontanum Paris 

calderi Cody 

Appalachian polypody 

rock polypody 

maidenhair fern family 

western maidenhair fern 

northern maidenhair fern 

Green Mountain maidenhair fern

Cheilanthes lanosa (Michx.) D.C. Eat. Cheilanthes vestita (Spreng.) Sw. hairy lip fern 

Cryptogramma stelleri (Gmel.) Prantl 

slender rock-brake 

Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link Pteris atropurpurea L. purple cliff-brake 

Pellaea glabella Mett. ex Kuhn ssp. 

slender cliff-brake 

glabella 

Salviniaceae 

watermoss family 

Salvinia minima Baker 

Thelypteridaceae 

Parathelypteris noveboracensis 

Ching 

(L.) 

Dryopteris noveboracensis (L.) Gray; 

Polypodium noveboracense L.; Thelypteris 

noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl. 

Parathelypteris simulata (Davenport) Dryopteris simulata Davenport; Thelypteris 

Holttum 

simulata (Davenport) Nieuwl. 

Phegopteris connectilis (Michx.) Watt Dryopteris phegopteris (L.) C. Christens.; 

Thelypteris phegopteris (L.) Slosson 

Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Dryopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) C. 

Fée 

Christens.; Thelypteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) 

Thelypteris palustris Schott var. 

pubescens (G. Lawson) Fern. 

Woodsiaceae 

Weatherby 

Dryopteris thelypteris (L.) Gray var. pubescens 

(G. Lawson) Weatherby; Thelypteris palustris 

var. haleana Fern. 

Athyrium angustum (Willd.) C. Presl. Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth ssp. angustum 

(Willd.) Clausen; Athyrium filix-femina (L.) 

Roth var. angustum (Willd.) Lawson; Athyrium 

filix-femina (L.) Roth var. michauxii (Spreng.) 

Farw.; Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth var. 

rubellum Gilbert 

Athyrium asplenioides (Michx.) Desv. Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth ssp. 

asplenioides (Michx.) Hultén; Athyrium filixfemina 

(L.) Roth var. asplenioides (Michx.) 

common watermoss 

marsh fern family 

New York fern 

Massachusetts fern 

long beech fern 

broad beech fern 

marsh fern 

lady fern family 

northern lady fern 

southern lady fern 

Farw ; Nephrodium asplenioides Michx 

Athyrium nipponicum (Mett.) Hence Asplenium nipponicum Mett. Japanese painted lady fern 

Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh. Filix bulbifera (L.) Underwood; Polypodium bulblet fragile fern 

bulbiferum L. 

Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. Cystopteris dickieana Sim; Polypodium fragile fragile fern 

L. 

Cystoperis fragilis × C. tenuis 

Cystopteris laurentiana (Weatherby) Cystopteris fragilis var. laurentiana 

Laurentian fragile fern 

Blasdell 


Cystopteris protrusa (Weatherby) Cystopteris fragilis var. protrusa Weatherby southern fragile fern 

Blasdell 

Cystopteris tenuis (Michx.) Desv. Cystopteris fragilis var. mackayi Lawson Mackay's fragile fern 

Deparia acrostichoides (Sw.) M. Kato Asplenium acrostichoides Sw.; Athyrium silvery false spleenwort 

thelypterioides (Michx.) Desv.; Diplazium 

acrostichoides (Sw.) Butters

Diplazium pycnocarpon (Spreng.) M. 

Broun 

Gymnocarpium ×brittonianum 

(Sarvela) Pryer & Haufler 

Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) 

Newman 

Gymnocarpium jessoense (Koidzumi) 

Koidzumi ssp. parvulum Sarvela 

Asplenium pycnocarpon Spreng.; Athyrium 

pycnocarpon (Spreng.) Tidestrom 

Gymnocarpium dijunctum (Rupr.) Ching × G. 

dryopteris 

Carpogymnia dryopteris (L.) A. & D. Löve; 

Dryopteris dryopteris (L.) Britt.; Polypodium 

narrow-leaved glade fern 

northern oak fern 

dryopteris L. 

Gymnocarpium continentale (Petrov) Pojark Nahanni oak fern 

Woodsia alpina (Bolton) S.F. Gray Acrostichum alpinum Bolton; Woodsia alpina northern cliff fern 

var. bellii Lawson; Woodsia glabella var. 

bellii (Lawson) Lawson 

Woodsia glabella R. Br. ex 

Woodsia alpina var. glabella (R. Br. ex smooth cliff fern 

Richards. 

Richards.) D.C. Eat.; Woodsia hyperborea R. 

Br. var. glabella (R. Br. ex Richards.) Watt 

Woodsia ×gracilis (Lawson) Butters Woodsia alpina × W. ilvensis 

Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Br. Acrostichum ilvense L. rusty cliff fern 

Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. ssp. Physematium obtusum (Spreng.) Hook.; blunt-lobed cliff fern 

obtusa 

Polypodium obtusum Spreng. 

Gymnosperms 

Cupressaceae 

cypress family 

Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B.S.P. Cupressus thyoides L. Atlantic white cedar 

Juniperus communis L. var. depressa Juniperus canadensis Lodd. ex Burgsd.; common juniper 

Pursh 

Juniperus communis ssp. depressa (Pursh) 

Franco; Juniperus depressa (Pursh) Raf. 

Juniperus horizontalis Moench Juniperus prostrata Pers.; Juniperus repens creeping juniper 

Nutt.; Juniperus virginiana var. prostrata 

(Pers.) Torr.; Sabina horizontalis (Moench) 

Rydb 

Juniperus horizontalis × J. 

virginiana var. virginiana 

Juniperus virginiana L. var. Juniperus virginiana ssp. crebra (Fern. & eastern red cedar 

virginiana 

Grisc.) E. Murr.; Juniperus virginiana var. 

crebra Fern. & Grisc.; Sabina virginiana (L.) 

Antoine 

Thuja occidentalis L. 

northern white-cedar 

Pinaceae 

pine family 

Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill. 

Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis Fern.; Pinus balsam fir 

balsamea L. 

Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) 

white fir 

Lindl. ex Hildebr. 

Abies homolepis Sieb. & Zucc. 

Nikko fir 

Larix decidua P. Mill. 

European larch 

Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch 

American larch 

Picea abies (L.) Karst. Picea excelsa (Lamb.) Link Norway spruce 

Picea glauca (Moench) Voss Picea canadensis (P. Mill.) B.S.P.; Pinus white spruce 

glauca Moench

Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Picea nigra (Ait.) Link; Pinus mariana P. black spruce 

Picea mariana × P. rubens 

Picea rubens Sarg. 

Picea australis Small; Picea nigra (Ait.) Link red spruce 

var. rubra (Du Roi) Engelm. 

Pinus banksiana Lamb. Pinus divaricata (Ait.) Dum.-Cours. Jack pine 

Pinus mugo Turra 

Mugo pine 

Pinus nigra Arnott 

Austrian pine 

Pinus resinosa Ait. 

red pine 

Pinus rigida P. Mill. 

pitch pine 

Pinus strobus L. Strobus strobus (L.) Small eastern white pine 

Pinus sylvestris L. 

Scotch pine 

Pinus thunbergii Parl. Pinus thunbergiana Franco Japanese black pine 

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Abies menziesii Mirbel; Pseudotsuga taxifolia coast Douglas-fir 

Franco 

(Lamb.) Britt. 

Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Pinus canadensis L. eastern hemlock 

Taxaceae 

yew family 

Taxus baccata L. var. baccata 

Taxus canadensis Marsh. var. 

canadensis 

Taxus canadensis Marsh. var. minor 

Taxus baccata var. minor Michx.; Taxus minor 

English yew 

American yew 

American yew 

(Michx.) Spjut 

(Michx.) Britt. 

Taxus cuspidata Sieb. & Zucc. 

Japanese yew 

Taxus umbraculifera (Sieb. ex Endl.) Taxus cuspidata var. hicksii (hort. ex Rehd.) 

Ravencroft var. hicksii (hort. ex Bailey 

Rehd.) Spjut × possibly T. biternata 

Spjut 

Magnoliids 

Aristolochiaceae 

Dutchman's pipe family 

Aristolochia clematitis L. creeping birthwort 

Asarum canadense L. Asarum acuminatum (Ashe) Bickn.; Asarum Canada wild ginger 

canadense var. acuminatum Ashe; Asarum 

canadense var. ambiguum (Bickn.) Farw.; 

Asarum reflexum Bickn 

Endodeca serpentaria (L.) Raf. Aristolochia convolvulacea Small; 

Aristolochia serpentaria L.; Aristolochia 

serpentaria L. var. hastata (Nutt.) Duchartre; 

Aristolochia serpentaria L. var. nashii 

(Kearney) Ahles; Endodeca serpentaria var. 

Virginia serpentaria 

hastata (Nutt )CF Reed 

Isotrema macrophyllum (Lam.) C.F. Aristolochia durior Hill; Aristolochia large-leaved Dutchman's pipe 

Reed 

macrophylla Lam. 

Isotrema tomentosum (Sims) Huber Aristolochia tomentosa Sims woolly Dutchman's pipe 

Calycanthaceae 

calycanthus family 

Calycanthus floridus L. var. floridus 

Calycanthus floridus L. var. glaucus 

(Willd.) Torr. & Gray 

Ceratophyllaceae 

Calycanthus fertilis Walt.; Calycanthus 

floridus var. laevigatus (Willd.) Torr. & Gray; 

Calycanthus glaucus 

Willd. 

eastern sweetshrub 

eastern sweetshrub 

hornwort family

Ceratophyllum demersum L. Ceratophyllum apiculatum Cham. common hornwort 

Ceratophyllum echinatum Gray Ceratophyllum demersum var. echinatum spineless hornwort 

(Gray) Gray 

Lauraceae 

laurel family 

Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume Benzoin aestivale Nees; Lindera benzoin var. northern spicebush 

pubescens (Palmer & Steyermark) Rehd. 

Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees Laurus albidus Nutt.; Laurus sassafras L.; sassafras 

Sassafras albidum var. molle (Raf.) Fern.; 

Sassafras variifolium (Salisb.) Kuntze; 

Sassafras variifolium (Salisb.) Kuntze var. 

albidum (Nutt ) Fern 

Magnoliaceae 

magnolia family 

Liriodendron tulipifera L. tuliptree 

Magnolia acuminata L. Magnolia acuminata var. cordata (Michx.) cucumber-tree 

Ser.; Magnolia virginiana L. var. acuminata 

L.;Tulipastrum acuminatum (L.) Small; 

Tulipastrum cordatum (Michx ) Small 

Magnolia tripetala (L.) L. Magnolia virginiana L. var. tripetala L. umbrella-tree 

Magnolia virginiana L. ssp. 

sweet-bay 


Nymphaeaceae 

water-lily family 

Brasenia schreberi J.F. Gmel. Brasenia peltata Pursh water-shield 

Cabomba caroliniana Gray Cabomba caroliniana var. pulcherrima Carolina fanwort 

Harper; Cabomba pulcherrima (Harper) Fassett 

Nuphar advena (Ait.) Ait. f. in Ait. & 

Ait. f. 

Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm.; Nuphar macrophylla 

Small; Nymphaea advena Ait.; Nymphozanthus 

advena (Ait.) Fern. 

Nuphar microphylla (Pers.) Fern. Nuphar minima (Willd.) Sm.; Nymphaea 

microphylla Pers. 

Nuphar ×rubrodisca Morong Nuphar microphylla × N. variegata ; Nuphar 

lutea (L.) Sm. ssp. rubrodisca (Morong) 

Hellquist & Wiersema; Nymphaea rubrodisca 

(Morong) Greene; Nymphozanthus rubrodiscus 

(Morong) Fern 

Nuphar variegata Dur. 

Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. ssp. variegata (Dur.) E.O. 

Beal; Nymphaea fraterna Mill. & Standl. 

Nymphaea leibergii Morong Castalia leibergii Morong; Nymphaea 

tetragona Georgi ssp. leibergii (Morong) 

Porsild; Nymphaea tetragona Georgi var. 

leibergii (Morong) Boivin 

Nymphaea leibergii × N. odorata 

Nymphaea odorata Ait. Castalia odorata (Ait.) Wood; Nymphaea 

odorata var. gigantea Tricker; Nymphaea 

odorata var. rosea Pursh 

Nymphaea tuberosa Paine Castalia tuberosa (Paine) Greene; Nymphaea 

odorata ssp. tuberosa (Paine) Wiersema & 

Hellquist; Nymphaea odorata var. maxima 

(Conrad) Boivin 

immigrant pond-lily 

small-leaved pond-lily 

bullhead pond-lily 

dwarf water-lily 

white water-lily 

tuberous water-lily

Saururaceae 

lizard's-tail family 

Saururus cernuus L. 

lizard's-tail 

Monocots 

Acoraceae 

sweetflag family 

Acorus americanus (Raf.) Raf. Acorus calamus var. americanus Raf. several-veined sweetflag 

Acorus calamus L. 

single-veined sweetflag 

Agavaceae 

agave family 

Yucca filamentosa L. Yucca filamentosa var. smalliana (Fern.) 

Ahles; Yucca smalliana Fern. 

Alismataceae 

Adam's-needle 

water-plantain family 

Alisma gramineum Lej. Alisma gramineum var. angustissimum (DC.) narrow-leaved water-plantain 

Hendricks 

Alisma subcordatum Raf. Alisma plantago-aquatica L. var. parviflorum southern water-plantain 

(Pursh) Torr.; Alisma plantago-aquatica L. ssp. 

Alisma triviale Pursh 

Helanthium tenellum (Mart.) Britt. 

subcordatum (Raf.) Hultén 

Alisma brevipes Greene; Alisma plantagoaquatica 

L. var. americanum J.A. Schultes 

Alisma tenellum Mart.; Echinodorus parvulus 

Engelm.; Echinodorus tenellus (Mart.) Buch; 

Echinodorus tenellus (Mart.) Buch. var. 

parvulus (Engelm.) Fassett; Helanthium 

parvulum (Engelm.) Small 

northern water-plantain 

dwarf burhead 

Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon Sagittaria arifolia Nutt. ex J.G. Sm. northern arrowhead 

Sagittaria engelmanniana J.G. Sm. Engelmann's arrowhead 

Sagittaria filiformis J.G. Sm. Sagittaria stagnorum Small; Sagittaria narrow-leaved arrowhead 

Sagittaria graminea Michx. var. 

graminea 

subulata var. gracillima (S. Wats.) J.G. Sm 

Sagittaria eatonii J.G. Sm. grass-leaved arrowhead 

Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Sagittaria latifolia var. obtusa (Engelm.) 

Wieg.; Sagittaria latifolia var. pubescens 

(Muhl. ex Nutt.) J.G. Sm.; Sagittaria 

longirostra (Micheli) J.G. Sm.; Sagittaria 

obtusa Muhl. ex Willd.; Sagittaria planipes 

Sagittaria montevidensis Cham. & 

Schlecht. ssp. spongiosa (Engelm.) 

Bogin 

Fern ; Sagittaria pubescens 

Lophotocarpus spathulatus 

Muhl ex Nutt 

J.G. Sm.; 

Lophotocarpus spongiosus (Engelm.) J.G. Sm.; 

Sagittaria calycina Engelm. var. spongiosa 

Engelm.; Sagittaria montevidensis var. 

spongiosa (Engelm.) Boivin; Sagittaria 

common arrowhead 

spongy-leaved arrowhead 

spathulata (J G Sm ) Buch 

Sagittaria rigida Pursh sessile-fruited arrowhead 

Sagittaria subulata (L.) Buch. Alisma subulatum L.; Sagittaria lorata awl-leaved arrowhead 

(Chapman) Small 

Sagittaria teres S. Wats. Sagittaria graminea var. teres (S. Wats.) Bogin quill-leaved arrowhead 

Alliaceae 

onion family 

Allium canadense L. var. canadense Allium canadense var. robustum Farw. meadow garlic

Allium cepa L. 

Allium cepa var. bulbiferum Bailey; Allium garden onion 

cepa var. viviparum M.C. Metz 

Allium oleraceum L. 

field garlic 

Allium sativum L. var. sativum 

cultivated garlic 

Allium schoenoprasum L. Allium schoenoprasum var. laurentianum wild chives 

Fern.; Allium schoenoprasum ssp. sibiricum 

(L.) Čelak.; Allium schoenoprasum var. 

sibiricum (L ) Hartman; Allium sibiricum L 

Allium tricoccum Ait. var. burdickii Allium burdickii (Hanes) A.G. Jones wild leek 

Hanes 

Allium tricoccum Ait. var. tricoccum Validallium tricoccum (Ait.) Small wild leek 

Allium vineale L. 

Amaryllidaceae 

crow garlic 

amaryllis family 

Galanthus nivalis L. ssp. nivalis 

snowdrop 

Leucojum aestivum L. 

summer snowflake 

Narcissus poeticus L. 

poet's daffodil 

Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. common daffodil 

Araceae 

arum family 

Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott Muricauda dracontium (L.) Small green-dragon 

Arisaema dracontium × A. triphyllum 

ssp. stewardsonii 

Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott var. Arisaema acuminatum Small; Arisaema Jack-in-the-pulpit 

pusillum Peck 

pusillum (Peck) Nash; Arisaema triphyllum 

Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott var. 

stewardsonii (Britt.) Stevens 

Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott var. 

triphyllum 

Calla palustris L. 

(L.) Schott ssp. pusillum (Peck) Huttleston 

Arisaema atrorubens (Ait.) Blume var. 

stewardsonii (Britt.) Stevens; Arisaema 

stewardsonii Britt.; Arisaema triphyllum (L.) 

Jack-in-the-pulpit 

Schott ssp stewardsonii (Britt ) Huttleston 

Arisaema atrorubens (Ait.) Blume Jack-in-the-pulpit 

wild calla 

Lemna minor L. Lemna minima Chev. ex Schleid. common duckweed 

Lemna minuta Kunth 

Lemna minima Phil. ex Hegelm.; Lemna 

minuscula Herter; Lemna valdiviana var. 

least duckweed 

minima Hegelm. 

Lemna perpusilla Torr. Lemna perpusilla var. trinervis Austin minute duckweed 

Lemna trisulca L. 

ivy-leaved duckweed 

Lemna turionifera Landolt 

turion duckweed 

Lemna valdiviana Phillipi Lemna torreyi Austin pale duckweed 

Orontium aquaticum L. 

golden-club 

Peltandra virginica (L.) Raf. ex Arum virginicum L. 

green arrow-arum 

Schott 

Spirodela oligorrhiza (Kurz) Lemna oligorrhiza Kurz; Spirodela punctata , spotted-duck-meal 

Hegelmaier 

misapplied 

Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid. Lemna polyrrhiza L.; Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) common duck-meal 

Schleid. var. masonii Daubs 

Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Salisb. ex Dracontium foetidum L.; Spathyema foetida skunk-cabbage 

Nutt. 

(L.) Raf.

Wolffia borealis (Engelm. ex 

Hegelm.) Landolt ex Landolt & 

Wolffia brasiliensis Weddell var. borealis 

Engelm. ex Hegelm.; Wolffia punctata , 

Wildi 

misapplied 

Wolffia brasiliensis Weddell Bruniera punctata (Griseb.) Nieuwl.; Wolffia 

papulifera C.H. Thompson; Wolffia punctata 

northern water-meal 

Brazilian water-meal 

Griseb. 

Wolffia columbiana Karst. Bruniera columbiana (Karst.) Nieuwl. Columbian water-meal 

Wolffiella gladiata (Hegelm.) Wolffia floridana (J.D. Sm.) J.D. Sm. ex sword-like bog-mat 

Hegelm. 

Hegelm.; Wolffia gladiata Hegelm.; Wolffia 

gladiata Hegelm. var. floridana J.D. Sm.; 

Asparagaceae 

Wolffiella floridana 

(JD Sm)CH Thompson 

asparagus family 

Asparagus officinalis L. asparagus 

Butomaceae 

flowering-rush family 

Butomus umbellatus L. 

Colchicaceae 

flowering-rush 

colchicum family 

Colchicum autumnale L. 

autumn-crocus 

Uvularia grandiflora J.E. Sm. large-flowered bellwort 

Uvularia perfoliata L. 

perfoliate bellwort 

Uvularia sessilifolia L. Oakesiella sessilifolia (L.) S. Wats. sessile-leaved bellwort 

Commelinaceae 

spiderwort family 

Commelina communis L. Commelina communis var. ludens (Miq.) C.B. Asiatic dayflower 

Clarke 

Commelina diffusa Burman f. var. Commelina longicaulis Jacq. climbing dayflower 

diffusa 

Tradescantia bracteata Small long-bracted spiderwort 

Tradescantia ohiensis Raf. Tradescantia canaliculata Raf.; Tradescantia smooth spiderwort 

foliosa Small; Tradescantia incarnata Small; 

Tradescantia ohiensis var. foliosa (Small) 

Tradescantia ohiensis × T. subaspera 

Ker-Gawl. 

Tradescantia ohiensis × T. virginiana 

MacRoberts; Tradescantia reflexa 

Raf 

Tradescantia virginiana L. Tradescantia brevicaulis Raf.; Tradescantia 

virginiana var. alba Hook. ex Raf. 

Cyperaceae 

Bolboschoenus fluviatilis (Torr.) Schoenoplectus fluviatilis (Torr.) M.T. Strong; 

Soják 

Scirpus fluviatilis (Torr.) Gray; Scirpus 

maritimus L. var. fluviatilis Torr. 

Bolboschoenus glaucus (Lam.) S.G. Schoenoplectus glaucus (Lam.) Kartesz; 

Smith 

Scirpus glaucus Lam. 

Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla Schoenoplectus maritimus (L.) Lye; Scirpus 

ssp. maritimus 

maritimus L. var. maritimus 

Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla Bolboschoenus maritimus ssp. paludosus (A. 

ssp. paludosus (A. Nels.) T. Koyama Nels.) A. & D. Löve; Bolboschoenus paludosus 

(A. Nels.) Soó; Scirpus paludosus A. Nels. 

Virginia spiderwort 

sedge family 

river tuber-bulrush 

glaucous tuber-bulrush 

saltmarsh tuber-bulrush 

saltmarsh tuber-bulrush

Bolboschoenus maritimus × B. 

robustus 

Bolboschoenus novae-angliae 

(Britt.) S.G. Smith 

Bolboschoenus robustus (Pursh) 

Soják 

Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) Kunth ex 

C.B. Clarke 

Scirpus cylindricus (Torr.) Britt.; 

Schoenoplectus novae-angliae (Britt.) M.T. 

Strong; Scirpus novae-angliae Britt. 

Schoenoplectus robustus (Pursh) M.T. Strong; 

Scirpus robustus Pursh 

Bulbostylis capillaris var. crebra Fern.; 

Scirpus capillaris L.; Stenophyllus capillaris 

New England tuber-bulrush 

sea-coast tuber-bulrush 

tufted hair-sedge 

(L.) Britt. 

Carex abscondita Mackenzie Carex abscondita var. glauca (Chapman) Fern. thicket sedge 

Carex acutiformis Ehrh. 

Carex adusta Boott 

Carex aestivalis M.A. Curtis ex Gray 

lesser pond sedge 

swarthy sedge 

summer sedge 

Carex alata Torr. 

Carex albicans Willd. ex Spreng. var. Carex artitecta Mackenzie; Carex emmonsii 

albicans 

Dewey ex Torr. var. muehlenbergii (Gray) J. 

Rettig; Carex nigromarginata var. 

Carex albicans var. emmonsii (Dewey 

ex Torr.) J. Rettig 

Carex albolutescens Schwein. 

muehlenbergii (Gray) Gleason 

Carex emmonsii Dewey ex Torr. 

broad-winged sedge 

white-tinged sedge 

white-tinged sedge 

green-white sedge 

Carex albursina Sheldon Carex laxiflora var. latifolia Boott white bear sedge 

Carex alopecoidea Tuckerman 

fox-tail sedge 

Carex amphibola Steud. Carex grisea var. amphibola (Steud.) Kükenth. eastern narrow-leaved sedge 

Carex annectens (Bickn.) Bickn. 

Carex brachyglossa Mackenzie; Carex setacea 

Dewey var. ambigua (Barratt ex Boott) Fern.; 

Carex xanthocarpa Bickn. var. annectens 

Bickn 

Carex appalachica J. Webber & P.W. 

Ball 

Carex aquatilis Wahlenb. ssp. altior Carex aquatilis var. altior (Rydb.) Fern.; Carex 

(Rydb.) Hultén 

aquatilis var. substricta Kükenth.; Carex 

yellow-fruited sedge 

Appalachian sedge 

water sedge 

substricta (Kükenth.) Mackenzie 

Carex arcta Boott Carex canescens var. polystachya Boott northern cluster sedge 

Carex arctata Boott in Hook. Carex arctata var. faxonii Bailey drooping woodland sedge 

Carex arctogena H. Sm. 

Carex capitata L. ssp. arctogena (H. Sm.) capitate sedge 

Hiitonen; Carex capitata L. var. arctogena (H. 

Carex argyrantha Tuckerman 

Carex atherodes Spreng. 

Carex atlantica Bailey var. atlantica 

Carex atlantica Bailey var. 

capillacea (Bailey) Cronq. 

Sm.) Hultén 

Carex incomperta Bickn.; Carex stellulata 

Goodenough var. conferta Chapman 

Carex atlantica ssp. capillacea (Bailey) 

Reznicek; Carex howei Mackenzie 

silvery-flowered sedge 

wheat sedge 

prickly bog sedge 

prickly bog sedge

Carex atratiformis Britt. 

Carex atrata L. ssp. atratiformis (Britt.) scabrous black sedge 

Kükenth.; Carex ovata Rudge 

Carex aurea Nutt. 

golden-fruited sedge 

Carex backii Boott 

Carex backii var. subrostrata (Bates) Dorn; Back's sedge 

Carex durifolia Bailey 

Carex baileyi Britt. 

Bailey's sedge 

Carex barrattii Schwein. & Torr. 

Barratt's sedge 

Carex bebbii Olney ex Fern. Carex tribuloides var. bebbii Bailey Bebb's sedge 

Carex bicknellii Britt. Carex straminea var. crawei Boott Bicknell's sedge 

Carex bigelowii Torr. ex Schwein. 

ssp. bigelowii 

Carex rigida Goodenough; Carex rigida 

Goodenough var. bigelowii (Torr. ex Schwein.) 

Tuckerman; Carex rigida Goodenough var. 

Bigelow's sedge 

concolor (R Br ) Kükenth 

Carex billingsii (Knight) C.D. Carex trisperma var. billingsii Knight Billings' sedge 

Kirschbaum 

Carex blanda Dewey Carex laxiflora var. blanda (Dewey) Boott eastern woodland sedge 

Carex brevior (Dewey) Mackenzie ex Carex straminea var. brevior Dewey 

short-beaked sedge 

Lunell 

Carex bromoides Schkuhr ex Willd. 

brome-like sedge 

ssp. bromoides 

Carex brunnea Thunb. 

Carex brunnea var. nakiri Ohwi; Carex greater brown sedge 

sendaica Franch. var. nakiri (Ohwi) Koyama 

Carex brunnescens (Pers.) Poir. var. Carex canescens var. alpicola Wahlenb. brownish sedge 

brunnescens 

Carex brunnescens var. 

Carex brunnescens (Pers.) Poir. ssp. 

brownish sedge 

sphaerostachya (Tuckerman) sphaerostachya (Tuckerman) Kalela; Carex 

Kükenth. 

canescens var. sphaerostachya Tuckerman 

Carex bullata Schkuhr ex Willd. 

button sedge 

Carex bushii Mackenzie 

Carex caroliniana Schwein. var. cuspidata Bush's sedge 

(Dewey) Shinners 

Carex buxbaumii Wahlenb. Carex polygama Schkuhr brown bog sedge 

Carex canescens L. ssp. canescens Carex subloliacea (Fern.) Bickn. hoary sedge 

Carex canescens L. ssp. disjuncta Carex canescens var. disjuncta Fern.; Carex hoary sedge 

(Fern.) Toivonen 

disjuncta (Fern.) Bickn. 

Carex capillaris L. ssp. capillaris Carex capillaris var. elongata Olney ex Fern.; hair-like sedge 

Carex capillaris ssp. robustior (Drej. ex 

Lange) Böcher 

Carex capillaris L. ssp. fuscidula (V. Carex fuscidula V. Krecz. ex Egorova 

hair-like sedge 

Krecz. ex Egorova) A. & D. Löve 

Carex caryophyllea Lat. 

vernal sedge 

Carex castanea Wahlenb. Carex flexilis Rudge chestnut sedge 

Carex cephaloidea (Dewey) Dewey Carex muricata L. var. cephaloidea Dewey; thin-leaved sedge 

Carex sparganioides var. cephaloidea (Dewey) 

Carex cephalophora Muhl. ex Willd. 

Carey 

oval-headed sedge 

Carex chordorrhiza Ehrh. ex L. f. 

Carex collinsii Nutt. 

rope-root sedge 

Collins' sedge

Carex communis Bailey var. 

fibrous-rooted sedge 

communis 

Carex comosa Boott 

bearded sedge 

Carex conoidea Schkuhr ex Willd. Carex katahdinensis Fern. open-field sedge 

Carex crawei Dewey 

Crawe's sedge 

Carex crawfordii Fern. 

Crawford's sedge 

Carex crinita Lam. var. brevicrinis 

fringed sedge 

Fern. 

Carex crinita Lam. var. crinita 

fringed sedge 

Carex crinita × C. torta 

Carex cristatella Britt. 

crested sedge 

Carex cryptolepis Mackenzie Carex flava var. fertilis , of authors not Peck northeastern sedge 

Carex cryptolepis × C. viridula ssp. 

viridula 

Carex cumulata (Bailey) Mackenzie Carex straminea var. cumulata Bailey clustered sedge 

Carex davisii Schwein. & Torr. 

Davis' sedge 

Carex debilis Michx. var. debilis Carex debilis var. intercursa Fern. white-edged sedge 

Carex debilis Michx. var. rudgei 

Bailey 

Carex debilis var. interjecta Bailey ; Carex 

debilis Michx. var. strictior Bailey; Carex 

white-edged sedge 

Carex debilis var. rudgei × C. 

virescens 

Carex deflexa Hornem. var. deflexa 

Carex deweyana Schwein. var. 

deweyana 

Carex diandra Schrank 

Carex digitalis Willd. var. digitalis 

Carex disperma Dewey 

Carex eburnea Boott 

Carex echinata Murr. var. echinata 

Carex echinodes (Fern.) Rothrock, 

Reznicek, & Hipp 

Carex emoryi Dewey 

Carex exilis Dewey 

Carex festucacea Schkuhr ex Willd. 

flexuosa Muhl. ex Willd. 

Carex angustior Mackenzie; Carex 

cephalantha (Bailey) Bickn.; Carex josselynii 

(Fern.) Mackenzie ex Pease; Carex muricata L. 

var echinata (Carey) Carey ex Gleason 

Carex tenera var. echinodes (Fern.) Wieg.; 

Carex straminea Willd. ex Schkuhr var. 

echinodes Fern. 

Carex millegrana T. Holm; Carex stricta var. 

elongata (Boeckl.) Gleason; Carex stricta var. 

emoryi (Dewey) Bailey 

northern sedge 

round-fruited short-scaled sedge 

lesser tussock sedge 

slender woodland sedge 

soft-leaved sedge 

bristle-leaved sedge 

star sedge 

prickly quill sedge 

Emory's sedge 

meager sedge 

fescue sedge 

Carex flacca Schreb. Carex glauca Scop. glaucous sedge 

Carex flava L. 

Carex flava var. fertilis Peck; Carex flava var. yellow-green sedge 

gaspensis Fern.; Carex laxior (Kükenth.) 

Mackenzie 

Carex foenea Willd. Carex aenea Fern. straw sedge 

Carex folliculata L. 

northern long sedge 

Carex formosa Dewey 

handsome sedge

Carex garberi Fern. Carex garberi var. bifaria Fern. elk sedge 

Carex glaucodea Tuckerman ex Carex flaccosperma Dewey var. glaucodea blue sedge 

Olney 

(Tuckerman ex Olney) Kükenth. 

Carex gracilescens Steud. 

Carex laxiflora var. gracillima (Boott) Boott slender loose-flowered sedge 

ex B.L. Robins. & Fern. 

Carex gracillima Schwein. Carex gracillima var. macerrima Fern. & Wieg. graceful sedge 

Carex gracillima × C. virescens 

Carex granularis Muhl. ex Willd. 

Carex grayi Carey 

Carex granularis var. haleana (Olney) Porter; 

Carex haleana Olney; Carex shriveri Britt. 

Carex asa-grayi Bailey; Carex grayi var. 

hispidula Gray; Carex intumescens var. 

limestone-meadow sedge 

Gray's sedge 

globularis Gray 

Carex grisea Wahlenb. Carex amphibola var. turgida Fern. inflated narrow-leaved sedge 

Carex gynandra Schwein. 

Carex crinita var. gynandra (Schwein.) nodding sedge 

Schwein. & Torr.; Carex crinita var. simulans 

Fern.; Carex gynandra var. simulans (Fern.) 

Carex gynocrates Wormsk. ex Drej. 

Carex ×hartii Dewey 

Carex haydenii Dewey 

Carex haydenii × C. nigra 

Carex hirsutella Mackenzie 

Rolland-Germain 

Carex dioica L. ssp. gynocrates (Wormsk. ex 

Drej.) Hultén; Carex dioica L. var. gynocrates 

(Wormsk. ex Drej.) Ostenf. 

Carex lurida × C. retrorsa 

Carex stricta var. decora Bailey; Carex stricta 

var. haydenii (Dewey) Kükenth. 

Carex complanata Torr. & Hook. var. hirta 

(Willd.) Gleason; Carex hirsuta Willd.; Carex 

northern bog sedge 

Hayden's sedge 

hirsute sedge 

triceps , of authors not Michx. 

Carex hirta L. 

hammer sedge 

Carex hirtifolia Mackenzie Carex pubescens Muhl. ex Willd. pubescent sedge 

Carex hitchcockiana Dewey Carex oligocarpa var. hitchcockiana (Dewey) Hitchcock's sedge 

Kükenth. 

Carex hormathodes Fern. Carex straminea var. invisa Boott marsh straw sedge 

Carex houghtoniana Torr. ex Dewey 

Houghton's sedge 

Carex hystericina Muhl. ex Willd. 

porcupine sedge 

Carex interior Bailey Carex scirpoides Schkuhr ex Willd. inland sedge 

Carex intumescens Rudge Carex intumescens var. fernaldii Bailey greater bladder sedge 

Carex ×knieskernii Dewey 

Carex arctata × C. castanea 

Carex kobomugi Ohwi 

Carex macrocephala Willd. ex Spreng. var. Japanese sedge 

kobomugi (Ohwi) Miyabe & Kudô 

Carex lacustris Willd. 

lakeside sedge 

Carex laevivaginata (Kükenth.) Carex stipata var. laevivaginata Kükenth. smooth-sheathed sedge 

Mackenzie 

Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. ssp. Carex lanuginosa Michx.; Carex lanuginosa woolly-fruited sedge 

americana (Fern.) D. Löve & Bernard Michx. var. americana (Fern.) Boivin; Carex 

lasiocarpa var. americana Fern. 

Carex laxiculmis Schwein. var. 

laxiculmis 

spreading sedge

Carex laxiflora Lam. Carex laxiflora var. serrulata F.J. Herm. broad loose-flowered sedge 

Carex lenticularis Michx. 

Carex lenticularis var. albimontana Dewey; lake shore sedge 

Carex lenticularis var. blakei Dewey 

Carex leptalea Wahlenb. ssp. 

bristle-stalk sedge 

leptalea 

Carex leptonervia (Fern.) Fern. Carex laxiflora var. leptonervia Fern. nerveless woodland sedge 

Carex limosa L. 

mud sedge 

Carex livida (Wahlenb.) Willd. Carex livida var. grayana (Dewey) Fern.; Carex livid sedge 

livida var. radicaulis Paine 

Carex longii Mackenzie 

Long's sedge 

Carex lucorum Willd. ex Link ssp. Carex pensylvanica var. distans Peck 

Blue Ridge sedge 

lucorum 

Carex lupuliformis Sartwell ex Dewey 

false hop sedge 

Carex lupulina Muhl. ex Willd. Carex lupulina var. pedunculata Gray hop sedge 

Carex lupulina × C. lurida 

Carex lurida Wahlenb. 

sallow sedge 

Carex mackenziei Krecz. Carex norvegica Willd. ex Schkuhr Mackenzie's sedge 

Carex magellanica Lam. ssp. irrigua Carex limosa var. irrigua Wahlenb.; Carex boreal bog sedge 

(Wahlenb.) Hiitonen 

paupercula Michx.; Carex paupercula Michx. 

var. irrigua (Wahlenb.) Fern. 

Carex media R. Br. 

Carex alpina Liljeblad var. inferalpina closed-headed sedge 

Wahlenb.; Carex norvegica Retz. 

var. inferalpina (Wahlenb.) Hultén 

Carex meadii Dewey Carex tetanica var. meadii (Dewey) Bailey Mead's sedge 

Carex merritt-fernaldii Mackenzie Carex brevior var. pseudofestucacea Farw. Merritt Fernald's sedge 

Carex mesochorea Mackenzie Carex cephalophora var. mesochorea 

midland sedge 

(Mackenzie) Gleason 

Carex michauxiana Boeckl. Carex abacta Bailey Michaux's sedge 

Carex mitchelliana M.A. Curtis Carex crinita var. mitchelliana (M.A. Curtis) Mitchell's sedge 

Gleason 

Carex molesta Mackenzie ex Bright 

troublesome sedge 

Carex muehlenbergii Schkuhr ex Carex plana Mackenzie 

Muhlenberg's sedge 

Willd. var. enervis Boott 

Carex muehlenbergii Schkuhr ex 

Muhlenberg's sedge 

Willd. var. muehlenbergii 

Carex nigra (L.) Reichard 

Carex acuta L. var. nigra L.; Carex nigra var. smooth black sedge 

strictiformis (Bailey) Fern. 

Carex nigromarginata Schwein. 

black-edged sedge 

Carex normalis Mackenzie Carex mirabilis Dewey greater straw sedge 

Carex novae-angliae Schwein. 

New England sedge 

Carex oklahomensis Mackenzie Carex stipata var. oklahomensis (Mackenzie) Oklahoma sedge 

Gleason 

Carex oligocarpa Schkuhr ex Willd. 

rich woods sedge 

Carex oligosperma Michx. 

Carex ×olneyi Boott 

Carex ormostachya Wieg. 

Carex bullata × C. utriculata 

Carex laxiflora var. ormostachya (Wieg.) 

Gleason 

few-seeded sedge 

necklace spike sedge

Carex oronensis Fern. 

Carex ovalis Goodenough 

Carex paleacea Schreb. ex Wahlenb. 

Carex leporina , of authors not L.; Carex traceyi 

Mackenzie 

Carex crinita var. paleacea (Schreb. ex 

Wahlenb.) Dewey; Carex paleacea var. 

Orono sedge 

oval sedge 

chaffy sedge 

transatlantica Fern. 

Carex paleacea × C. stricta 

Carex pallescens L. Carex pallescens var. neogaea Fern. pale sedge 

Carex panicea L. 

grass-like sedge 

Carex pauciflora Lightf. 

few-flowered sedge 

Carex peckii Howe 

Carex clivicola Fern. & Weatherby; Carex Peck's sedge 

nigromarginata var. elliptica (Boott) Gleason 

Carex pedunculata Muhl. ex Willd. 

long-stalked sedge 

ssp. pedunculata 

Carex pellita Muhl. 

Carex lanuginosa , of authors not Michx.; Carex woolly sedge 

lasiocarpa var. latifolia (Boeckl.) Gilly 

Carex pensylvanica Lam. 

Pennsylvania sedge 

Carex plantaginea Lam. 

plantain-leaved sedge 

Carex platyphylla Carey 

broad-leaved sedge 

Carex polymorpha Muhl. 

variable sedge 

Carex praegracilis W. Boott freeway sedge 

Carex prairea Dewey ex Wood Carex diandra var. ramosa (Boott) Fern. prairie sedge 

Carex prasina Wahlenb. 

drooping sedge 

Carex praticola Rydb. 

Carex platylepis Mackenzie; Carex pratensis northern meadow sedge 

Drej. 

Carex projecta Mackenzie 

necklace sedge 

Carex pseudocyperus L. 

cypress-like sedge 

Carex ×pseudohelvola Kihlm. Carex canescens × C. mackenziei 

Carex radiata (Wahlenb.) Small Carex rosea var. radiata (Wahlenb.) Dewey; eastern star sedge 

Carex stellulata Goodenough var. radiata 

Wahlenb.; Carex sylvicola J. Webber & 

P W Ball 

Carex rariflora (Wahlenb.) Sm. Carex limosa var. rariflora Wahlenb. loose-flowered alpine sedge 

Carex recta Boott 

Carex kattegatensis Fries ex Lindm.; Carex estuary sedge 

×neofilipendula Lepage; Carex salina 

Wahlenb. var. kattegatensis (Fries ex Lindm.) 

Almquist; Carex ×subnigra Lepage 

Carex retroflexa Muhl. ex Willd. 

reflexed sedge 

Carex retrorsa Schwein. 

retrorse sedge 

Carex reznicekii Werier 

Reznicek's sedge 

Carex richardsonii R. Br. 

Richardson's sedge 

Carex rosea Schkuhr ex Willd. Carex convoluta Mackenzie rosy sedge 

Carex rostrata Stokes 

beaked sedge 

Carex ×ruedtii Kneuck. 

Carex flava × C. viridula 

Carex saxatilis L. 

Carex miliaris Michx.; Carex rhomalea (Fern.) russet sedge 

Mackenzie; Carex saxatilis var. miliaris 

(Michx.) Bailey; Carex saxatilis var. rhomalea 

Carex scabrata Schwein. 

Fern 

eastern rough sedge

Carex schweinitzii Dewey ex Schwein. 

Schweinitz's sedge 

Carex scirpoidea Michx. ssp. Carex scirpiformis Mackenzie Canadian single-spike sedge 

scirpoidea 

Carex scoparia Schkuhr ex Willd. 

pointed broom sedge 

Carex scoparia × C. straminea 

Carex scoparia × C. tincta 

Carex seorsa Howe 

weak stellate sedge 

Carex siccata Dewey Carex foenea , in the sense of Fernald (1950) dry land sedge 

Carex silicea Olney 

sea-beach sedge 

Carex sparganioides Muhl. ex Willd. bur-reed sedge 

Carex spicata Huds. Carex contigua Hoppe prickly sedge 

Carex sprengelii Dewey ex Spreng. Carex longirostris Torr. long-beaked sedge 

Carex squarrosa L. 

squarrose sedge 

Carex ×stenolepis Lessing 

Carex saxatilis × C. vesicaria ; Carex 

×mainensis Porter ex Britt. 

Carex sterilis Willd. Carex elachycarpa Fern.; Carex muricata L. 

var. sterilis (Fern.) Gleason; Kobresia 

dioecious sedge 

elachycarpa (Fern.) Fern. 

Carex stipata Muhl. ex Willd. var. 

awl-fruited sedge 

stipata 

Carex straminea Willd. ex Schkuhr Carex richii (Fern.) Mackenzie eastern straw sedge 

Carex striata Michx. 

Carex striata var. brevis Bailey; Carex Walter's sedge 

walteriana Bailey 

Carex striatula Michx. Carex laxiflora var. angustifolia Dewey lined sedge 

Carex stricta Lam. 

Carex stricta var. strictior (Dewey) Carey; tussock sedge 

Carex strictior Dewey 

Carex styloflexa Buckl. 

bent sedge 

Carex swanii (Fern.) Mackenzie Carex virescens var. swanii Fern. Swan's sedge 

Carex sychnocephala Carey 

many-headed sedge 

Carex tenera Dewey 

delicate quill sedge 

Carex tenuiflora Wahlenb. 

sparse-flowered sedge 

Carex tetanica Schkuhr 

rigid sedge 

Carex tincta (Fern.) Fern. Carex mirabilis Dewey var. tincta Fern. tinged sedge 

Carex tonsa (Fern.) Bickn. var. Carex rugosperma Mackenzie 

shaved sedge 

rugosperma (Mackenzie) W.J. Crins 

Carex tonsa (Fern.) Bickn. var. tonsa Carex rugosperma Mackenzie var. tonsa (Fern.) shaved sedge 

E.G. Voss; Carex umbellata var. tonsa Fern. 

Carex torta Boott ex Tuckerman Carex acuta L. var. sparsiflora Dewey; Carex twisted sedge 

torta var. composita Porter 

Carex tribuloides Wahlenb. var. 

blunt broom sedge 

tribuloides 

Carex ×trichina Fern. 

Carex tenuiflora × C. trisperma 

Carex trichocarpa Muhl. ex Willd. 

hairy-fruited sedge 

Carex trisperma Dewey 

three-seeded sedge 

Carex tuckermanii Dewey 

Tuckerman's sedge 

Carex typhina Michx. Carex squarrosa var. typhina (Michx.) Nutt. cattail sedge

Carex umbellata Schkuhr ex Willd. Carex abdita Bickn. parasol sedge 

Carex utriculata Boott Carex rostrata var. utriculata (Boott) Bailey swollen-beaked sedge 

Carex vacillans Drej. ex Hartman Carex ×super-goodenoughii (Kükenth.) Lepage swinging sedge 

Carex vaginata Tausch Carex saltuensis Bailey sheathed sedge 

Carex vesicaria L. 

Carex monile Tuckerman; Carex vesicaria var. 

jejuna Fern.; Carex vesicaria var. laurentiana 

Fern.; Carex vesicaria var. monile (Tuckerman) 

Fern.; Carex vesicaria var. raeana (Boott) Fern. 

lesser bladder sedge 

Carex vestita Willd. 

velvet sedge 

Carex virescens Muhl. ex Willd. Carex costata Schwein. ribbed sedge 

Carex viridula Michx. ssp. oedocarpa Carex demissa Hornem. 

little green sedge 

(Anderss.) B. Schmid 

Carex viridula Michx. ssp. viridula 

var. viridula 

Carex oederi Ehrh.; Carex oederi Retz. var. 

pumila (Cosson & Germain) Fern.; Carex oederi 

Retz. ssp. viridula (Michx.) Hultén; Carex 

oederi Retz. var. viridula (Michx.) Kükenth. 

little green sedge 

Carex vulpinoidea Michx. Carex setacea Dewey common fox sedge 

Carex wiegandii Mackenzie 

Wiegand's sedge 

Carex waponahkikensis M. Lovit & Carex scoparia var. tessellata Fern. & Wieg. Dawn-land sedge 

A. Haines 

Carex willdenowii Schkuhr ex Willd. 

Willdenow's sedge 

Cladium mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. Mariscus mariscoides (Muhl.) Kuntze smooth saw-sedge 

Cyperus acuminatus Torr. & Hook. 

taper-tipped flatsedge 

ex Torr. 

Cyperus bipartitus Torr. 

Cyperus rivularis Kunth; Pycreus rivularis shining flatsedge 

(Kunth) Palla 

Cyperus dentatus Torr. 

toothed flatsedge 

Cyperus diandrus Torr. Pycreus diander (Torr.) C.B. Clarke umbrella flatsedge 

Cyperus echinatus (L.) Wood Cyperus ovularis (Michx.) Torr. globe flatsedge 

Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl. Cyperus halei Torr. ex Britt. red-root flatsedge 

Cyperus esculentus L. var. 

Cyperus esculentus var. angustispicatus Britt.; nut flatsedge 

leptostachyus Boeck. 

Cyperus tuberosus Pursh 

Cyperus filicinus Vahl Cyperus polystachyos var. filicinus (Vahl) C.B. fern flatsedge 

Clarke 

Cyperus flavescens L. 

Cyperus flavescens var. poiformis (Pursh) yellow flatsedge 

Fern.; Pycreus flavescens (L.) Reichenb. 

Cyperus fuscus L. 

brown flatsedge 

Cyperus grayi Torr. Cyperus filiculmis var. oblitus Fern. & Grisc. Gray's flatsedge 

Cyperus houghtonii Torr. 

Houghton's flatsedge 

Cyperus iria L. 

rice-field flatsedge 

Cyperus lupulinus (Spreng.) Marcks Cyperus filiculmis Vahl Great Plains flatsedge 

var. lupulinus 

Cyperus lupulinus (Spreng.) Marcks Cyperus filiculmis Vahl var. macilentus Fern.; Great Plains flatsedge 

var. macilentus (Fern.) A. Haines Cyperus lupulinus ssp. macilentus (Fern.) 

Marcks

Cyperus ×mesochorus Geise Cyperus lupulinus × C. schweinitzii 

Cyperus microiria Steud. 

Cyperus iria var. microiria (Steud.) Franch. & lesser rice-field flatsedge 

Savatier; Cyperus iria var. 

rectangularis Kükenth. 

Cyperus odoratus L. Cyperus engelmannii Steud.; Cyperus ferax rusty flatsedge 

L.C. Rich; Cyperus ferruginescens Boeckl.; 

Torulinium odoratum (L.) S. Hooper 

Cyperus polystachyos Rottb. Cyperus polystachyos var. texensis (Torr.) Fern.; many-spiked flatsedge 

Pycreus polystachyos (Rottb.) Beauv. 

Cyperus pseudovegetus Steud. Cyperus virens Michx. var. arenicola (Boeckl.) marsh flatsedge 

Shinners 

Cyperus retrorsus Chapman Cyperus cylindricus (Ell.) Britt.; Mariscus pine barren flatsedge 

cylindricus Ell.; Mariscus retrorsus (Chapman) 

C.B. Clarke 

Cyperus schweinitzii Torr. Mariscus schweinitzii (Torr.) T. Koyama Schweinitz's flatsedge 

Cyperus squarrosus L. Cyperus aristatus Rottbøll; Cyperus inflexus awned flatsedge 

Muhl. 

Cyperus strigosus L. Cyperus strigosus var. robustior Britt. straw-colored flatsedge 

Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britt. Cyperus arundinaceus L. three-way sedge 

var. arundinaceum 

Dulichium arundinaceum × 

Cyperus ×weatherbianus Fern. 

Rynchospora capitellata 

Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roemer & Eleocharis acicularis var. submersa (H.J. needle spikesedge 

J.A. Schultes 

Nilss.) Svens. 

Eleocharis aestuum A. Haines Eleocharis ovata var. aphanactis Moore; tidal spikesedge 

Eleocharis pallidostachys , unpublished name 

Eleocharis ambigens Fern. 

ambiguous spikesedge 

Eleocharis compressa Sullivant var. Eleocharis elliptica var. compressa (Sullivant) flat-stemmed spikesedge 

compressa 

Drapalik & Mohlenbrock 

Eleocharis diandra C. Wright Eleocharis diandra var. depressa Fern. Wright's spikesedge 

Eleocharis elliptica Kunth var. Eleocharis capitata (L.) R. Br. var. borealis elliptic spikesedge 

elliptica 

Svens.; Eleocharis tenuis var. borealis (Svens.) 

Eleocharis engelmannii Steud. var. 

detonsa Gray in H. Patters. 

Eleocharis engelmannii Steud. var. 

engelmannii 

Gleason 

Eleocharis monticola Fern. var. leviseta Fern.; 

Eleocharis obtusa var. detonsa (Gray) 

Drapalick & Mohlenbrock 

Eleocharis monticola Fern.; Eleocharis obtusa 

var. engelmannii (Steud.) Britt. 

Engelmann's spikesedge 

Engelmann's spikesedge 

Eleocharis equisetoides (Ell.) Torr. Scirpus equisetoides Ell. horsetail spikesedge 

Eleocharis erythropoda Steud. Eleocharis calva Torr. red-footed spikesedge 

Eleocharis fallax Weatherby 

creeping spikesedge 

Eleocharis flavescens (Poir.) Urban Eleocharis olivacea Torr. yellow spikesedge 

var. olivacea (Torr.) Gleason 

Eleocharis intermedia J.A. Schultes 

mudflat spikesedge 

Eleocharis melanocarpa Torr. 

black-fruited spikesedge 

Eleocharis microcarpa Torr. var. 

small-fruited spikesedge 

filiculmis Torr. 

Eleocharis nitida Fern. 

quill spikesedge

Eleocharis obtusa J.A. Schultes var. 

obtusa 

Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) J.A. 

Schultes var. peasei Svens. 

Eleocharis ovata (Roth) Roemer & 

J.A. Schultes 

Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roemer & 

J.A. Schultes ssp. palustris 

Eleocharis obtusa var. jejuna Fern.; 

Eleocharis ovata var. obtusa (Willd.) 

Kükenth.; Scirpus obtusus Willd. 

Eleocharis obtusa var. heuseri Uechtr.; 

Eleocharis obtusa var. ovata (Roth) Drapalik & 

Mohlenbrock; Scirpus ovatus Roth 

Eleocharis palustris var. major Sonder; 

Eleocharis palustris var. vigens L.H. Bailey; 

Eleocharis smallii Britt.; Scirpus palustris L. 

Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roemer & Eleocharis palustris var. major Sonder; 

J.A. Schultes ssp. vigens (L.H. Bailey) Eleocharis palustris var. vigens L.H. Bailey 

A. Haines 

Eleocharis parvula (Roemer & J.A. 

Schultes) Link ex Bluff, Nees, & 

Schauer 

Eleocharis quadrangulata (Michx.) Eleocharis quadrangulata var. crassior Fern.; 

Roemer & J.A. Schultes 

Scirpus quadrangulatus Michx. 

Eleocharis quinqueflora (F.X. Eleocharis pauciflora (Lightf.) Link; 

Hartmann) Schwarz ssp. fernaldii Eleocharis pauciflora (Lightf.) Link var. 

(Svens.) Hultén 

fernaldii Svens.; Scirpus quinquefolius F.X. 

blunt spikesedge 

blunt spikesedge 

ovoid spikesedge 

common spikesedge 

common spikesedge 

little-headed spikesedge 

square-stemmed spikesedge 

few-flowered spikesedge 

Hartmann 

Eleocharis robbinsii Oakes Robbins' spikesedge 

Eleocharis rostellata (Torr.) Torr. Scirpus rostellatus Torr. beaked spikesedge 

Eleocharis tenuis (Willd.) J.A. Eleocharis capitata (L.) Br. var. pseudoptera slender spikesedge 

Schultes var. pseudoptera 

Weatherby ex Svens.; Eleochairs elliptica 

(Weatherby ex Svens.) Svens. var. pseudoptera (Weatherby ex Svens.) L. 

Harms 

Eleocharis tenuis (Willd.) J.A. Eleocharis capitata , in the sense of Blake slender spikesedge 

Schultes var. tenuis 

Eleocharis tricostata Torr. three-angled spikesedge 

Eleocharis tuberculosa (Michx.) Scirpus tuberculosa Michx. long-tubercled spikesedge 


Eleocharis uniglumis (Link) J.A. Eleocharis halophila (Fern. & Brack.) Fern. & one-glumed spikesedge 

Schultes 

Brack.; Eleocharis uniglumis var. 

halophila Fern. & Brack.; Scirpus uniglumis 

Eriophorum angustifolium Honckeny 

ssp. angustifolium 

Eriophorum gracile W.D.J. Koch 

Eriophorum tenellum Nutt. 

Eriophorum vaginatum L. ssp. 

spissum (Fern.) Hultén 

Eriophorum virginicum L. 

Eriophorum viridicarinatum 

(Engelm.) Fern. 

Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.) Roemer 

& J.A. Schultes 

Link 

tall cottonsedge 

slender cottonsedge 

few-nerved cottonsedge 

Eriophorum spissum Fern.; Eriophorum tussock cottonsedge 

vaginatum L. var. spissum (Fern.) Boivin 

tawny cottonsedge 

Eriophorum latifolium Hoppe var. viridicarinatu green-keeled cottonsedge 

Fimbristylis autumnalis var. mucronulata 

(Michx.) Fern.; Scirpus autumnalis L. 

slender fimbry

Fuirena pumila (Torr.) Spreng. Fuirena squarrosa var. pumila Torr. dwarf umbrella-sedge 

Fuirena squarrosa Michx. Fuirena squarrosa var. hispida (Ell.) Chapman hairy umbrella-sedge 

Kyllinga gracillima Miq. Cyperus brevifolioides Thieret & Delahoussaye pasture greenhead-sedge 

Lipocarpha micrantha (Vahl) G. Hemicarpha micrantha (Vahl) Pax; Scirpus small-flowered dwarf-bulrush 

Tucker 

micranthus Vahl 

Rhynchospora alba (L.) Vahl 

white beaksedge 

Rhynchospora capillacea Torr. Rhynchospora capillacea var. leviseta E.J. Hill needle beaksedge 

Rhynchospora capitellata (Michx.) Rhynchospora glomerata (L.) Vahl var. brownish beaksedge 

Vahl 

capitellata (Michx.) Kükenth. 

Rhynchospora fusca (L.) Ait. f. Rhynchospora alba var. fusca (L.) Vahl; Schoenu brown beaksedge 

Rhynchospora inundata (Oakes) Ceratoschoenus macrostachys (Torr. ex Gray) narrow-fruited beaksedge 

Fern. 

Gray var. inundatus Oakes; Rhynchospora 

macrostachya var. inundata (Oakes) Fern. 

Rhynchospora macrostachya Torr. ex 

tall beaksedge 

Gray 

Rhynchospora nitens (Vahl) Gray Psilocarya nitens (Vahl) Wood short-beaked beaksedge 

Rhynchospora scirpoides (Torr.) Psilocarya scirpoides Torr. long-beaked beaksedge 

Gray 

Schoenoplectiella purshiana (Fern.) Scirpus debilis Pursh; Scirpus purshianus weak-stalked bulrush 

Lye var. purshianus 

Fern.; Schoenoplectus purshianus (Fern.) M.T. 

Schoenoplectiella purshiana (Fern.) 

Lye var. williamsii (Fern.) Shiels & 

Monfils 

Schoenoplectiella smithii (Gray) 

Shiels & Monfils var. levisetus 

(Fassett) Shiels & Monfils 


Shiels & Monfils var. setosus (Fern.) 

Shiels & Monfils 


Shiels & Monfils var. smithii 

Rhynchospora torreyana Gray 

Schoenoplectus acutus (Muhl. ex 

Bigelow) A. & D. Löve var. acutus 

Schoenoplectus acutus × S. 

tabernaemontani 

Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) 

Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller 

Schoenoplectus ×contortus (Eames) 

S.G. Sm. 

Schoenoplectus etuberculatus 

(Steud.) Soják 

Strong 

Scirpus juncoides Roxb. var. williamsii (Fern.) 

T. Koyama; Scirpus purshianus Fern. 

var. williamsii Fern.; Schoenoplectus 

purshianus (Fern.) M.T. Strong var. williamsii 

(Fern )SG Sm 

Scirpus smithii Gray var. levisetus Fassett; 

Schoenoplectus smithii (Gray) Soják var. 

levisetus (Fassett) S.G. Sm. 

Scirpus smithii Gray var. setosus Fern.; 

Schoenoplectus smithii (Gray) Soják var. 

setosus (Fern.) S.G. Sm 

Scirpus smithii Gray; Schoenoplectus smithii 

(Gray) Soják 

Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.) Palla ssp. acutus 

(Muhl. ex Bigelow) A. & D. Löve; Scirpus 

acutus Muhl. ex Bigelow; Scirpus occidentalis 

(S Wats ) Chase 

weak-stalked bulrush 

Smith's bulrush 



Torrey's beaksedge 

hard-stemmed bulrush 

Scirpus americanus Pers.; Scirpus olneyi Gray chair-maker's bulrush 

Schoenoplectus americanus × S. pungens ; 

Scirpus ×contortus (Eames) T. Koyama 

Scirpus etuberculatus (Steud.) Kuntze Canby's bulrush

Schoenoplectus hallii (Gray) S.G. 

Sm. 

Schoenoplectus heterochaetus 

(Chase) Soják 

Schoenoplectus ×oblongus (T. 

Koyama) Soják 

Schoenoplectus pungens (Vahl) Palla 

var. pungens 

Schoenoplectus ×steinmetzii (Fern.) 

S.G. Sm. 

Scirpus hallii Gray; Scirpus supinus L. var. Hall's bulrush 

hallii (Gray) Gray 

Scirpus heterochaetus Chase; Scirpus lacustris slender bulrush 

L. var. tenuiculmis Sheldon 

Schoenoplectus acutus × S. heterochaetus ; 

Scirpus ×oblongus T. Koyama 

Scirpus pungens Vahl three-square bulrush 

Schoenoplectus heterochaetus × 

S. tabernaemontani ; Scirpus ×steinmetzii Fern. 

Schoenoplectus subterminalis (Torr.) 

Soják 

Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani 

(K.C. Gmel.) Palla 

Scirpus subterminalis Torr. water bulrush 

Schoenoplectus validus (Vahl) A. & D. Löve; soft-stemmed bulrush 

Scirpus lacustris L. ssp. creber (Fern.) T. 

Koyama; Scirpus tabernaemontani K.C. Gmel.; 

Scirpus validus Vahl; Scirpus validus Vahl var. 

creber Fern 

Schoenoplectus torreyi (Olney) Palla Scirpus torreyi Olney Torrey's bulrush 

Scirpus ancistrochaetus Schuyler northeastern bulrush 

Scirpus atrocinctus Fern. 

Scirpus cyperinus var. brachypodus (Fern.) black-girdled woolsedge 

Gilly 

Scirpus atrocinctus × S. cyperinus 

Scirpus atrovirens Willd. 

dark-green bulrush 

Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth Scirpus cyperinus var. pelius Fern.; Scirpus common woolsedge 

cyperinus var. rubricosus Fern. 

Scirpus expansus Fern. 

wood bulrush 

Scirpus georgianus Harper Scirpus atrovirens var. georgianus (Harper) Georgia bulrush 

Fern. 

Scirpus hattorianus Makino 

mosquito bulrush 

Scirpus longii Fern. 

Long's woolsedge 

Scirpus microcarpus J. & K. Presl Scirpus microcarpus var. rubrotinctus (Fern.) barber-pole bulrush 

M.E. Jones; Scirpus rubrotinctus Fern. 

Scirpus ×peckii Britt. Scirpus atrocinctus × S. hattorianus 

Scirpus pedicellatus Fern. 

Scirpus cyperinus var. pedicellatus (Fern.) stalked woolsedge 

Schuyler 

Scirpus pendulus Muhl. Scirpus lineatus , of authors not Michx. rufous bulrush 

Scirpus polyphyllus Vahl 

leafy bulrush 

Scleria pauciflora Muhl. ex Willd. Scleria pauciflora var. kansana Fern. few-flowered nutsedge 

var. caroliniana (Willd.) Wood 

Scleria pauciflora Muhl. ex Willd. Scleria ciliata Michx. var. pauciflora (Muhl. ex few-flowered nutsedge 

var. pauciflora 

Willd.) Kükenth. 

Scleria reticularis Michx. 

netted nutsedge 

Scleria triglomerata Michx. Scleria flaccida Steud.; Scleria nitida Willd. whip nutsedge 

Scleria verticillata Muhl. ex Willd. low nutsedge 

Trichophorum alpinum (L.) Pers. Baeothryon alpinum (L.) Egor.; Eriophorella alpine clubsedge 

alpina (L.) Holub; Eriophorum alpinum L.; 

Scirpus hudsonianus (Michx.) Fern.

Trichophorum cespitosum (L.) Baeothryon cespitosum (L.) A. Dietr.; Scirpus tufted clubsedge 

Hartman ssp. cespitosum 

cespitosus L.; Scirpus cespitosus L. var. 

callosus Bigelow; Scirpus cespitosus L. var. 

delicatulus Fern 

Trichophorum clintonii (Gray) S.G. Baeothryon clintonii (Gray) A. & D. Löve; Clinton's clubsedge 

Sm. 

Scirpus clintonii Gray 

Trichophorum planifolium (Spreng.) Baeothryon verecundum (Fern.) A. & D. Löve; bashful clubsedge 

Palla 

Scirpus planifolius Muhl.; Scirpus verecundus 

Fern. 

Dioscoreaceae 

yam family 

Dioscorea polystachya Turcz. Dioscorea batatas Dcne. Chinese yam 

Dioscorea villosa L. Dioscorea hirticaulis Bartlett; Dioscorea wild yam 

villosa var. hirticaulis (Bartlett) Ahles 

Eriocaulaceae 

pipewort family 

Eriocaulon aquaticum (Hill) Druce 

Eriocaulon parkeri B.L. Robins. 

Haemodoraceae 

Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lam.) 

Dandy 

Hemerocallidaceae 

Cespa aquatica Hill; Eriocaulon pellucidum 

Michx. 

Dilatris caroliniana Lam.; Gyrotheca tinctoria 

(J.F. Gmel.) Salisb.; Lachnanthes tinctoria (J.F. 

Gmel.) Ell. 

seven-angled pipewort 

Parker's pipewort 

bloodwort family 

Carolina bloodroot 

day-lily family 

Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus var. fulvus L. orange day-lily 

Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L. Hemerocallis flava (L.) L. yellow day-lily 

Hostaceae 

hosta family 

Hosta lancifolia Tratt. Hemerocallis japonica (Thunb.) Thunb.; 

Hemerocallis lancifolia Thunb.; Hosta 

narrow-leaved plantain-lily 

japonica (Houtt.) Voss 

Hosta ventricosa (Salisb.) Stearn Bryocles ventricosa Salisb. blue plantain-lily 

Hyacinthaceae 

hyacinth family 

Chionodoxa forbesii Baker Forbes' glory-of-the-snow 

Chionodoxa luciliae Boiss. 

Lucile's glory-of-the-snow 

Muscari botryoides (L.) P. Mill. Hyacinthus botryoides L. common grape-hyacinth 

Muscari neglectum Guss. ex Ten. Hyacinthus racemosus L.; Muscari atlanticum starch grape-hyacinth 

Boiss. & Reut. 

Ornithogalum nutans L. 

nodding star-of-Bethlehem 

Ornithogalum umbellatum L. 

nap-at-noon 

Othocallis siberica (Haw. ex Andr.) Scilla siberica Haw. ex Andr. 

Siberian squill 

Speta 

Hydrocharitaceae 

frog's-bit family 

Egeria densa Planch. Anacharis densa (Planch.) Victorin Brazilian-waterweed 

Elodea canadensis Michx. Anacharis canadensis (Michx.) Planch. common waterweed 

Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) St. John Anacharis nuttallii Planch. free-flowered waterweed 

Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle Serpicula verticillata L. f. water-thyme 

Hydrocharis morsus -ranae L. 

European frog's-bit 

Limnobium spongia (Bosc) Rich. ex 

Steud. 

Hydrocharis spongia Bosc American spongeplant

Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Caulinia flexilis Willd.; Najas caespitosa wavy waternymph 

Schmidt 

(Maguire) Reveal 

Najas flexilis × N. quadalupensis 

ssp. olivacea 

Najas gracillima (A. Braun ex Najas indica (Willd.) Cham. var. gracillima A. slender waternymph 

Engelm.) Magnus 

Braun ex Engelm. 

Najas guadalupensis (Spreng.) Caulinia guadalupensis Spreng. Guadalupe waternymph 

Magnus ssp. guadalupensis 

Najas guadalupensis (Spreng.) Najas guadalupensis var. olivacea (Rosendahl Guadalupe waternymph 

Magnus ssp. olivacea (Rosendahl & 

Butters) Haynes & Hellquist 

& Butters) Haynes; Najas olivacea Rosendahl 

& Butters 

Najas minor All. Caulinia minor (All.) Coss. & Germ. brittle waternymph 

Vallisneria americana Michx. Vallisneria spiralis , of authors not L. tape-grass 

Hypoxidaceae 

star-grass family 

Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville Hypoxis carolinensis Michx.; Ornithogalum 

hirsutum L. 

Iridaceae 

common star-grass 

iris family 

Crocus vernus (L.) Hill ssp. vernus 

Dutch crocus 

Iris cristata Soland. ex Ait. Neubeckia cristata (Soland. ex Ait.) Alef. crested iris 

Iris domestica (L.) Goldblatt & Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC.; Epidendrum blackberry-lily 

Mabberly 

domesticum L.; Gemmingia chinensis (L.) 

Kuntze; Ixia chinensis L. 

Iris ensata Thunb. Iris kaempferi Sieb. ex Lemaire Russian iris 

Iris germanica L. 

German iris 

Iris hookeri Penny ex D. Don Iris setosa Pallas ex Link var. canadensis M. beach-head iris 

Foster 

Iris prismatica Pursh ex Ker-Gawl. 

slender blue iris 

Iris pseudacorus L. 

yellow iris 

Iris pumila L. 

dwarf iris 

Iris sibirica L. 

Siberian iris 

Iris tectorum Maxim. 

wall iris 

Iris versicolor L. 

blue iris 

Sisyrinchium albidum Raf. Sisyrinchium bermudianum L. var. albidum white blue-eyed-grass 

(Raf.) Gray; Sisyrinchium scabrellum Bickn. 

Sisyrinchium angustifolium P. Mill. Sisyrinchium graminoides Bickn. narrow-leaved blue-eyed-grass 

Sisyrinchium atlanticum Bickn. Sisyrinchium mucronatum var. atlanticum eastern blue-eyed-grass 

(Bickn.) H. Ahles 

Sisyrinchium fuscatum Bickn. Sisyrinchium arenicola Bickn. coastal plain blue-eyed-grass 

Sisyrinchium montanum Greene var. Sisyrinchium bermudianum L. var. crebrum strict blue-eyed-grass 

crebrum Fern. 

(Fern.) Boivin; Sisyrinchium montanum Greene 

Sisyrinchium montanum Greene var. 

montanum 

ssp. crebrum (Fern.) Böcher 

Sisyrinchium strictum Bickn. strict blue-eyed-grass 

Sisyrinchium mucronatum Michx. Sisyrinchium intermedium Bickn. needle-tipped blue-eyed-grass 

Juncaceae 

rush family 

Juncus acuminatus Michx. 

Juncus pelocarpus E. Mey. var. crassicaudex 

Engelm. 

sharp-fruited rush

Juncus alpinoarticulatus Chaix ex 

Vill. ssp. americanus (Farw.) Hämet- 

Ahti 

Juncus alpinoarticulatus Vill. ssp. nodulosus 

(Wahlenb.) Hämet-Ahti, of American authors; 

Juncus alpinus Vill. var. americanus Farw.; 

Juncus alpinus Vill. var. rariflorus Hartman, of 

northern green rush 

American authors 

Juncus ambiguus Guss. Juncus bufonius var. halophilus Buch. & Fern. seaside toad rush 

Juncus anthelatus (Wieg.) R.E. Juncus tenuis var. anthelatus Wieg. 

Wiegand's rush 

Brooks 

Juncus anthelatus × J. tenuis 

Juncus articulatus L. Juncus articulatus var. obtusatus Engelm. joint-leaved rush 

Juncus balticus Willd. ssp. littoralis Juncus arcticus Willd. ssp. littoralis (Engelm.) Baltic rush 

(Engelm.) Snogerup 

Hultén; Juncus arcticus Willd. var. littoralis 

(Engelm.) Boivin; Juncus balticus var. 

littoralis Engelm 

Juncus biflorus Ell. Juncus aristulatus Michx. var. biflorus Small; 

Juncus marginatus var. biflorus Wood; Juncus 

marginatus var. odoratus Torr.; Juncus 

large grass-leaved rush 

odoratus (Torr ) Steud 

Juncus brachycarpus Engelm. 

white-root rush 

Juncus brachycephalus (Engelm.) 

small-headed rush 

Buch. 

Juncus brevicaudatus (Engelm.) 

short-tailed rush 

Fern. 

Juncus bufonius L. 

toad rush 

Juncus canadensis J. Gay ex Juncus canadensis var. sparsiflorus Fern. Canada rush 

Laharpe 

Juncus compressus Jacq. 

round-fruited rush 

Juncus conglomeratus L. 

Juncus effusus var. conglomeratus (L.) Engelm. bunch-flowered soft rush 

Juncus debilis Gray 

weak rush 

Juncus dichotomus Ell. Juncus platyphyllus (Wieg.) Fern.; Juncus forked rush 

tenuis var. dichotomus (Ell.) Wood 

Juncus diffusissimus Buckley 

slim-fruited rush 

Juncus dudleyi Wieg. Juncus tenuis var. dudleyi (Wieg.) F.J. Herm. Dudley's rush 

Juncus effusus L. ssp. effusus Juncus effusus var. compactus Lej. & Court. common soft rush 

Juncus effusus L. ssp. solutus (Fern. Juncus effusus var. solutus Fern. & Wieg. common soft rush 

& Wieg.) Hämet-Ahti 

Juncus ensifolius Wikstr. var. Juncus xiphioides E. Mey. var. triandrus sword-leaved rush 

ensifolius 

Engelm. 

Juncus filiformis L. 

thread rush 

Juncus gerardii Loisel. Juncus gerardii var. pedicellatus Fern. saltmarsh rush 

Juncus greenei Oakes & Tuckerman 

Greene's rush 

Juncus inflexus L. 

Juncus marginatus Rostk. Juncus biflorus Ell.; Juncus marginatus var. 

biflorus Wood; Juncus marginatus var. 

odoratus Torr. 

Juncus militaris Bigelow 

Juncus nodosus L. 

Juncus ×oronensis Fern. 

Juncus tenuis × J. vaseyi 

European meadow rush 

grass-leaved rush 

bayonet rush 

knotted rush

Juncus pelocarpus E. Mey. 

Juncus pervetus Fern. 

Juncus pylaei LaHarpe 

Juncus secundus Beauv. ex Poir. 

Juncus stygius L. ssp. americanus 

(Buch.) Hultén 

Juncus subcaudatus (Engelm.) 

Coville 

Juncus subtilis E. Mey. 

Juncus tenuis Willd. 

Juncus torreyi Coville 

Juncus effusus var. decipiens , of authors not 

Buch.; Juncus effusus var. pylaei (Laharpe) 

Fern. & Wieg. 

Juncus stygius var. americanus Buch. 

Juncus macer S.F. Gray; Juncus tenuis var. 

williamsii Fern. 

brown-fruited rush 

blunt-flower rush 

Pylae's soft rush 

lopsided rush 

moor rush 

somewhat-tailed rush 

greater creeping rush 

path rush 

Torrey's rush 

Juncus vaseyi Engelm. Juncus greenei var. vaseyi (Engelm.) Boivin Vasey's rush 

Luzula acuminata Raf. var. 

Juncoides saltuense (Fern.) Heller; Luzula hairy wood rush 

acuminata 

carolinae S. Wats. var. saltuensis (Fern.) Fern. 

Luzula acuminata Raf. var. carolinae Luzula carolinae S. Wats. 

hairy wood rush 

(S. Wats.) Fern. 

Luzula bulbosa (Wood) Rydb. Juncoides bulbosum (Wood) Small; Luzula bulbous wood rush 

campestris var. bulbosa Wood 

Luzula campestris (L.) DC. Juncoides campestre (L.) Kuntze field wood rush 

Luzula confusa Lindeberg Juncoides hyperboreum (R. Br.) Sheldon, in northern wood rush 

part; Luzula hyperborea R. Br., in part 

Luzula echinata (Small) Hermann Juncoides echinatum Small; Luzula campestris 

var. echinata (Small) Hermann; Luzula 

multiflora var. echinata (Small) Mohlenbrock 

Luzula luzuloides (Lam.) Dandy & 

Wilmott ssp. luzuloides 

Luzula multiflora (Ehrh.) Lej. ssp. 

frigida (Buch.) Krecz. 

hedgehog wood rush 

Juncoides nemorosum (Pollard) Kuntze oak-forest wood rush 

Juncoides intermedium (Thuill.) Rydb.; Luzula 

campestris var. frigida Buch.; Luzula frigida 

(Buch.) Samuelsson; Luzula intermedia 

(Thuill.) A. Nels.; Luzula multiflora var. 

fusconigra Čelak 

Luzula multiflora (Ehrh.) Lej. ssp. Luzula campestris var. multiflora (Ehrh.) 

multiflora 

Čelak. 

Luzula pallidula J. Kirschner Luzula campestris var. pallescens Wahlenb.; 

Luzula parviflora (Ehrh.) Desv. ssp. 

melanocarpa (Michx.) Hämet-Ahti 

Luzula pallescens (Wahlenb.) Bess. 

Juncus melanocarpus Michx.; Luzula 

melanocarpa (Michx.) Desv.; Luzula 

common wood rush 

common wood rush 

pale European wood rush 

small-flowered wood rush 

parviflora var. melanocarpa (Michx.) Buch. 

Luzula spicata (L.) DC. Juncoides spicatum (L.) Kuntze spiked wood rush 

Oreojuncus trifidus (L.) Záveská Juncus trifidus L.; Juncus trifidus L. ssp. highland-rush 

Drábková & Kirschner 

carolinianus Hämet-Ahti; Juncus trifidus L. 

Juncaginaceae 

var. monanthos (Jacq.) Bluff ex Fingerhuth 

arrow-grass family

Triglochin gaspensis Lieth & D. Löve 

Gaspe Peninsula arrow-grass 

Triglochin maritima L. Triglochin debilis (M.E. Jones) A. & D. Löve; 

Triglochin maritima var. elata (Nutt.) Gray 

Triglochin palustre L. 

Liliaceae 

saltmarsh arrow-grass 

marsh arrow-grass 

lily family 

Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf. Dracaena borealis Ait. yellow blue-bead lily 

Erythronium albidum Nutt. 

white trout-lily 

Erythronium americanum Ker-Gawl. 

Amerian trout-lily 

ssp. americanum 

Gagea fragifera (Vill.) E. Bayer & G. Gagea fistulosa (Ram. ex DC.) Ker-Gawl.; star-of-Bethlehem 

López 

Gagea liotardii Sternb.; Ornigthogalum 

fistulosum Ram. ex DC., an illegitimate name ; 

Ornithogalum fragiferum Vill 

Lilium bulbiferum L. Lilium bulbiferum var. croceum Chaix; Lilium orange lily 

croceum (Chaix) Pers. 

Lilium canadense L. Lilium canadense var. editorum Fern. Canada lily 

Lilium lancifolium Thunb. Lilium tigrinum Ker-Gawl. lance-leaved tiger lily 

Lilium philadelphicum L. 

wood lily 

Lilium superbum L. Lilium canadense ssp. superbum (L.) Baker Turk's-cap lily 

Medeola virginiana L. 

Indian cucumber root 

Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. Streptopus amplexifolius ssp. americanus (J.A. clasping-leaved twistedstalk 

& J.H. Schultes) A. & D. Löve; Streptopus 

amplexifolius var. denticulatus Fassett; 

Streptopus amplexifolius var. grandiflorus 

Fassett; Uvularia amplexifolia L 

Streptopus lanceolatus (Ait.) Reveal Stretopus roseus Michx.; Streptopus roseus 

Michx. var. longipes (Fern.) Fassett; Streptopus 

roseus Michx. var. perspectus Fassett 

lance-leaved twistedstalk 

Streptopus ×oreopolis Fern. Streptopus amplexifolius × S. lanceolatus ; 

Streptopus roseus Michx. var. oreopolis (Fern.) 

Fassett; Uvularia lanceolata Ait. 

Tricyrtis hirta (Thunb.) Hook. 

Tulipa gesneriana L. 

Tulipa sylvestris L. 

Melanthiaceae 

Anticlea elegans (Pursh) Rydb. ssp. Anticlea elegans var. glauca (Nutt.) Zomlefer & 

glauca (Nutt.) A. Haines 

Judd; Anticlea glauca (Nutt.) Kunth; 

Melanthium glaucum Nutt.; Zigadenus elegans 

Pursh var. glaucus (Nutt.) Preece ex Cronq. 

hairy toad-lily 

Didier's tulip 

wild tulip 

death camas family 

mountain death camas 

Chamaelirium luteum (L.) Gray Veratrum luteum L. devil's bit 

Stenanthium gramineum (Ker-Gawl.) Helonias graminea Ker-Gawl.; Stenanthium eastern featherbells 

Morong 

gramineum var. micranthum Fern.; 

Stenanthium gramineum var. robustum (S. 

Wats ) Fern ; Stenanthium robustum S Wats 

Trillium cernuum L. 

Trillium cernuum var. macranthum Eames & 

Wieg. 

nodding wakerobin

Trillium erectum L. Trillium purpureum Kin ex Elliott red wakerobin 

Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Trillium rhomboideum Michx. var. 

white wakerobin 

Salisb. 

grandiflorum Michx. 

Trillium nivale Riddell 

snow wakerobin 

Trillium recurvatum Beck Phyllantherum recurvatum (Beck) Nieuwl.; prairie wakerobin 

Trillium unguiculatum Raf. 

Trillium undulatum Willd. Trillium erythrocarpum Michx. painted wakerobin 

Veratrum latifolium (Desr.) W.B. Melanthium hybridum Walt.; Melanthium slender bunch-flower 

Zomlefer 

latifolium Desr.; Melanthium racemosum 

Michx. 

Veratrum viride Ait. ssp. viride 

American false hellebore 

Nartheciaceae 

asphodel family 

Aletris farinosa L. 

Orchidaceae 

Amerorchis rotundifolia (Banks ex 

Pursh) Hultén 

Galearis rotundifolia (Banks ex Pursh) R.M. 

Bateman; Habenaria rotundifolia (Banks ex 

Pursh) Richards.; Orchis rotundifolia Banks ex 

Pursh 

Aplectrum hyemale (Muhl. ex Willd.) Cymbidium hyemale Muhl. ex Willd. 

Nutt. 

Arethusa bulbosa L. 

Calopogon tuberosus (L.) B.S.P. var. Calopogon pulchellus (Salisb.) R. Br.; 

tuberosus 

Limodorum tuberosum L. 

Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes ssp. Calypso bulbosa var. americana (R. Br. ex Ait. 

americana (R. Br. ex Ait. f.) A. f.) Luer; Cypripedium bulbosum L., in part; 


Cytherea bulbosa (L.) House, in part 

Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartman Coeloglossum bracteatum (Muhl. ex Willd.) 

Parl.; Coeloglossum viride var. virescens 

(Muhl. ex Willd.) Luer; Dactylorhiza viridis 

(L.) R.M. Bateman, Pridgeon, & M.W. Chase; 

Habenaria bracteata (Muhl. ex Willd.) R. Br. 

ex Ait. f.; Habenaria viridis (L.) R. Br. var. 

white colic-root 

orchid family 

round-leaved orchid 

putty-root 

dragon's-mouth 

tuberous grass-pink 

fairy-slipper 

long-bracted green orchid 

Corallorhiza maculata (Raf.) Raf. 

b t t (Muhl Willd ) Reigenb 

Corallorhiza multiflora Nutt. 

Gray 

spotted coral-root 

var. maculata 

Corallorhiza maculata (Raf.) Raf. Corallorhiza maculata var. immaculata M.E. spotted coral-root 

var. occidentalis (Lindl.) Cockerell Peck 

Corallorhiza odontorhiza (Willd.) Corallorhiza micrantha Chapman fall coral-root 

Poir. var. odontorhiza 

Corallorhiza odontorhiza (Willd.) Corallorhiza pringlei Greenman fall coral-root 

Poir. var. pringlei (Greenman) 

Freudenstein 

Corallorhiza trifida Chatelain Corallorhiza trifida var. verna (Nutt.) Fern. early coral-root 

Cypripedium acaule Ait. 

pink lady's-slipper 

Cypripedium arietinum Ait. f. 

ram's-head lady's-slipper 

Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. var. 

yellow lady's-slipper 

makasin (Farw.) Sheviak

Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. var. Cypripedium calceolus L. var. parviflorum yellow lady's-slipper 

parviflorum 

(Salisb.) Fern. 

Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. var. Cypripedium calceolus L. var. pubescens yellow lady's-slipper 

pubescens (Willd.) Knight 

(Willd.) Correll; Cypripedium pubescens Willd. 

Cypripedium reginae Walt. Cypripedium spectabile Salisb. showy lady's-slipper 

Epipactis atrorubens (O. Hoffman) Epipactis helleborine ssp. atrorubens (O. dark red helleborine 

Bess. 

Hoffman ex Bernh.) Syme; Serapias atrorubens 

O. Hoffmann 

Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz Epipactis latifolia (L.) All.; Serapias 

broad-leaved helleborine 

helleborine L. 

Galearis spectabilis (L.) Raf. Orchis spectabilis L. showy orchid 

Goodyera oblongifolia Raf. Goodyera decipiens (Hook.) Piper; Peramium giant rattlesnake-plantain 

decipiens (Hook.) Piper 

Goodyera pubescens (Willd.) R. Br. Neottia pubescens Willd.; Peramium 

downy rattlesnake-plantain 

in Ait. & Ait. f. 

pubescens (Willd.) MacM. 

Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br. in Ait. & Goodyera ophioides (Fern.) Rydb.; Goodyera dwarf rattlesnake-plantain 

Ait. f. 

repens var. ophioides Fern.; Peramium 

ophioides (Fern.) Rydb.; Satyrium repens L. 

Goodyera tesselata Lodd. Peramium tesselatum (Lodd.) Heller checkered rattlesnake-plantain 

Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R. Br. Habenaria conopsea (L.) Benth. fragrant orchid 

Isotria medeoloides (Pursh) Raf. Arethusa medeoloides Pursh; Pogonia affinis small whorled pogonia 

Austin ex Gray 

Isotria verticillata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Arethusa verticillata Muhl. ex Willd.; Pogonia large whorled pogonia 

Raf. 

verticillata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Nutt. 

Liparis liliifolia (L.) L.C. Rich ex Leptorchis liliifolia (L.) Kuntze; Malaxis lily-leaved wide-lipped orchid 

Lindl. 

liliifolia (L.) Sw.; Ophrys liliifolia L. 

Liparis loeselii (L.) L.C. Rich. Leptorchis loeselii (L.) MacM.; Liparis Loesel's wide-lipped orchid 

correana (W. Bart.) Spreng.; Malaxis correana 

W. Bart. 

Neottia auriculata (Wieg.) Szlach. Bifolium auriculatum (Wieg.) Nieuwl.; Listera 

auriculata Wieg.; Ophrys auriculata (Wieg.) 

House 

Neottia bifolia (Raf.) Baumbach Bifolium australe (Lindl.) Nieuwl.; 

Diphryllum bifolium Raf.; Listera australis 

Lindl.; Neottia australis (Lindl.) Szlach.; 

Ophrys australis (Lindl ) House 

Neottia convallarioides (Sw.) Rich. Bifolium convallarioides (Sw.) Nieuwl.; 

Epipactis convallarioides Sw.; Listera 

convallarioides (Sw.) Nutt. ex Ell.; Ophrys 

convallarioides (Sw ) W Wight ex House 

Neottia cordata (L.) Rich. Bifolium cordatum (L.) Nieuwl.; Listera 

cordata (L.) R. Br.; Ophrys cordata L. 

Neottia ×veltmanii (Case) Baumbach Neottia auriculata × N. convallarioides ; 

auricled twayblade 

southern twayblade 

broad-leaved twayblade 

heart-leaved twayblade 

Listera ×veltmanii Case 

Malaxis bayardii Fern. Bayard's adder's-mouth 

Malaxis monophyllos (L.) Sw. ssp. Malaxis brachypoda (Gray) Fern.; Malaxis white adder's-mouth 

brachypoda (Gray) A. & D. Löve monophyllos var. brachypoda (Gray) F. Morris 

& Eames 

Malaxis unifolia Michx. Microstylis unifolia (Michx.) B.S.P. green adder's-mouth

Platanthera ×andrewsii (M. White) Platanthera lacera × P. psycodes 

Luer 

Platanthera aquilonis Sheviak north wind bog-orchid 

Platanthera blephariglottis (Willd.) Blephariglottis blephariglottis (Willd.) Rydb.; white-fringed bog-orchid 

Lindl. var. blephariglottis 

Habenaria blephariglottis (Willd.) Hook. var. 

blephariglottis 

Platanthera ciliaris (L.) Lindl. Blephariglottis ciliaris (L.) Rydb. ; Habenaria orange fringed bog-orchid 

ciliaris (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f. 

Platanthera clavellata (Michx.) Luer Gymnadeniopsis clavellata (Michx.) Rydb.; little club-spur bog-orchid 

Habenaria clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. 

Platanthera cristata (Michx.) Lindl. Blephariglottis cristata (Michx.) Raf.; 

Platanthera dilatata (Pursh) Lindl. 

ex Beck var. dilatata 

Platanthera flava (L.) Lindl. var. 

herbiola (R. Br. in Ait.) Luer 

Platanthera grandiflora 


(Bigelow) 

crested orange bog-orchid 

Habenaria cristata (Michx.) R. Br. ex Ait. f. 

Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Hook.; Limnorchis white northern bog-orchid 

dilatata (Pursh) Rydb. 

Habenaria flava (L.) R. Br. var. herbiola (R. Br. northern tubercled bog-orchid 

in Ait.) Ames & Correll; Perularia flava (L.) 

Farw. 

Blephariglottis grandiflora (Bigelow) Rydb.; greater purple fringed bogorchid 

Habenaria fimbriata (Ait.) R. Br. ex Ait. f.; 

Habenaria grandiflora (Bigelow) Torr.; 

Habenaria psycodes var. grandiflora 

(Bigelow) Gray 

Platanthera hookeri (Torr. ex Gray) Habenaria hookeri Torr. ex Gray; Lysias 


hookeriana (Torr. ex Gray) Rydb. 

Platanthera huronensis (Nutt.) Lindl. Habenaria huronensis (Nutt.) Spreng.; 

Habenaria hyperborea var. huronensis (Nutt.) 

Farw.; Platanthera hyperborea (L.) Lindl. var. 

huronensis (Nutt.) Luer; Platanthera ×media 

(Rydb ) Luer 

Plantanthera ×keenanii P.M. Brown Platanthera grandiflora × P. lacera 

Platanthera lacera (Michx.) G. Don Blephariglottis lacera (Michx.) Farw.; 

Habenaria lacera (Michx.) R. Br. 

Platanthera leucophaea (Nutt.) Lindl. Blephariglotits leucophaea (Nutt.) Farw.; 

Platanthera macrophylla (Goldie) 


Habenaria leucophaea (Nutt.) Gray 

Habenaria macrophylla Goldie; Habenaria 

orbiculata Pursh var. macrophylla (Goldie) 

Boivin; Platanthera orbiculata var. 

macrophylla (Goldie) Luer 

Platanthera obtusata (Banks ex Habenaria obtusata (Banks ex Pursh) 

Pursh) Lindl. ssp. obtusata 

Richards.; Lysiella obtusata (Banks ex Pursh) 

Rydb. 

Platanthera orbiculata (Pursh) Lindl. Habenaria orbiculata (Pursh) Torr.; Lysias 

orbiculata (Pursh) Rydb. 

Platanthera psycodes (L.) Lindl. Blephariglottis psycodes (L.) Rydb.; 

Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Ker- 

Gawl. 

Spiranthes casei Catling & Cruise 

var. casei 

Habenaria psycodes (L.) Spreng. 

Pogonia ophioglossoides var. brachypogon 

Fern. 

Spiranthes ×intermedia , of authors not Ames 

Hooker's bog-orchid 

Lake Huron bog green orchid 

green fringed bog-orchid 

eastern prairie white fringed bogorchid 

large-leaved bog-orchid 

blunt-leaved bog-orchid 

round-leaved bog-orchid 

lesser purple fringed bog-orchid 

rose pogonia 

Case's ladies'-tresses

Spiranthes cernua (L.) L.C. Rich. 

Ibidium cernuum (L.) House; Ophrys cernua L. nodding ladies'-tresses 

Spiranthes ×eamesii P.M. Brown Spiranthes lacera var. gracilis × S. tuberosa 

Spiranthes ×intermedia Ames Spiranthes lacera var. gracilis × S. vernalis ; 

Spiranthes lacera (Raf.) Raf. var. 

gracilis (Bigelow) Luer 

Spiranthes lacera (Raf.) Raf. var. 

lacera 

Ibidium ×intermedium (Ames) House 

Gyrostachys gracilis (Bigelow) Kuntze; 

Ibidium gracile (Bigelow) House; Neottia 

gracilis Bigelow; Spiranthes gracilis 

(Bigelow) Beck 

Neottia lacera Raf. 

Spiranthes lucida (H.H. Eat.) Ames Ibidium plantagineum Raf.; Neottia lucida 

H.H. Eat. 

Spiranthes ochroleuca (Rydb.) Rydb. Gyrostachys ochroleuca Rydb. in Britt.; 

Spiranthes cernua var. ochroleuca (Rydb.) 

Ames 

Spiranthes romanzoffiana Cham. Gyrostachys stricta Rydb.; Ibidium strictum 

(Rydb.) House; Spiranthes stricta (Rydb.) A. 

Spiranthes tuberosa Raf. 

Nels. 

Gyrostachys beckii (Lindl.) W. Stone, in the 

sense of Eames; Spiranthes grayi Ames; 

slender ladies'-tresses 

slender ladies'-tresses 

shining ladies'-tresses 

yellow ladies'-tresses 

hooded ladies'-tresses 

little ladies'-tresses 

Spiranthes tuberosa var. grayi (Ames) Fern. 

Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & Gray Ibidium vernale (Engelm. & Gray) House spring ladies'-tresses 

Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nutt. Tipularia unifolia B.S.P. cranefly orchid 

Triphora trianthophora (Sw.) Rydb. Arethusa trianthophora Sw.; Pogonia three-birds orchid 

ssp. trianthophora 

trianthophora B.S.P. 

Poaceae 

grass family 

Aegilops cylindrica Host Cylindropyrum cylindricum (Host) A. Löve; jointed goat-grass 

Triticum cylindricum (Host) Ces., Pass., & Gib. 

Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaert. Agropyron pectiniforme Roemer & J.A. Schultes crested wheat grass 

Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex 

Link) J.A. Schultes 

Agropyron cristatum ssp. desertorum (Fisch. 

ex Link) A. Löve; Agropryon cristatum var. 

clustered wheat grass 

desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Dorn 

Agrostis canina L. 

dog bentgrass 

Agrostis capillaris L. Agrostis tenuis Sibthorp Rhode Island bentgrass 

Agrostis elliottiana J.A. Schultes Elliott's bentgrass 

Agrostis exarata Trin. Agrostis exarata var. monolepis (Torrey) A.S. spike bentgrass 

Hitchc. 

Agrostis gigantea Roth Agrostis alba , misapplied; Agrostis nigra redtop bentgrass 

With.; Agrostis stolonifera ssp. gigantea 

(Roth) Schuebl. & Martens; Agrostis 

stolonifera var major (Gaudin) Farw 

Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) B.S.P. Cornucopiae hyemalis Walt. winter bentgrass 

Agrostis mertensii Trin. Agrostis borealis Hartman; Agrostis borealis northern bentgrass 

Hartman ssp. americana (Hartman) Tzvelev; 

Agrostis borealis Hartman var. americana 

(Scribn ) Fern

Agrostis perennans (Walt.) 

Tuckerman 

Agrostis altissima (Walt.) Tuckerman; Agrostis 

perennans var. elata (Pursh) A.S. Hitchc.; 

Cornucopiae perennans Walt. 

Agrostis scabra Willd. Agrostis geminata Trin.; Agrostis hyemalis 

var. scabra (Willd.) H.A. Blomquist; Agrostis 

hyemalis (Walt.) B.S.P. var. tenuis (Tuckerman) 

Gleason; Agrostis scabra var. geminata (Trin.) 

Swallen; Agrostis scabra var. septentrionalis 

Fern 

Agrostis stolonifera L. Agrostis alba L. var. palustris (Huds.) Pers.; 

Agrostis alba L. var. stolonifera (L.) Sm.; 

Agrostis palustris Huds.; Agrostis stolonifera 

Aira caryophyllea L. var. 

caryophyllea 

autumn bentgrass 

rough bentgrass 

creeping bentgrass 

var compacta Hartman 

Aspris caryophyllea (L.) Nash common silver-hairgrass 

Aira praecox L. Aspris praecox (L.) Nash early silver-hairgrass 

Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. Alopecurus geniculatus var. aristulatus short-awned meadow-foxtail 

(Michx.) Torr. 

Alopecurus carolinianus Walt. Alopecurus ramosus Poir. Carolina meadow-foxtail 

Alopecurus geniculatus L. 

marsh meadow-foxtail 

Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. Alopecurus agrestis L. slender meadow-foxtail 

Alopecurus pratensis L. 

field meadow-foxtail 

Ammophila breviligulata Fern. ssp. 

American beach grass 

breviligulata 

Ammophila breviligulata Fern. ssp. Ammophila champlainensis Seymour American beach grass 

champlainensis (Seymour) P.J. 

Walker, C.A. Paris & Barrington ex 

Barkworth 

Amphicarpum amphicarpon (Pursh) Amphicarpum purshii Kunth Pursh's blue maidencane 

Nash 

Andropogon gerardii Vitman Andropogon gerardii var. chrysocomus (Nash) big bluestem 

Fern. 

Andropogon glomeratus (Walt.) Andropogon virginicus var. abbreviatus bushy bluestem 

Britt. var. glomeratus 

(Hack.) Fern. & Grisc.; Andropogon virginicus 

var. corymbosus (Chapman ex Hack.) Fern. & 

Andropogon virginicus L. var. 

virginicus 

Anthoxanthum hirtum (Schrank) Y. 

Schouten & Veldkamp 

Anthoxanthum monticola (Bigelow) 

Y. Schouten & Veldkamp ssp. 

monticola 

Grisc ; Cinna glomerata 

Walt 

Hierochloe hirta (Schrank) Borbás; Savastana 

hirta Schrank 

Hierochloe alpina (Sw. ex Willd.) Roemer & 

J.A. Schultes; Hierochloe alpina (Sw. ex 

Willd.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes ssp. orthantha 

(Sørensen) G. Weim; Hierochloe monticola 

(Bigelow) A. & D. Löve; Hierochloe orthantha 

Sørensen 

broomsedge bluestem 

northern sweet grass 

alpine sweet grass

Anthoxanthum nitens (Weber) Y. 

Schouten & Veldkamp ssp. nitens 

Anthoxanthum odoratum L. 

Anthoxanthum ovatum Lag. var. 

aristatum Pérez-Lara 

Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.; Hierochloe 

odorata (L.) Beauv. var. fragrans (Willd.) 

Richter; Holcus odoratus L.; Savastana 

odorata (L ) Scribn 

Anthoxanthum aristatum Boiss.; 

Anthoxanthum odoratum var. puelii (Lecoq & 

Lamotte) Coss. & Durieu; Anthoxanthum puelii 

vanilla sweet grass 

large sweet grass 

small sweet grass 

Lecoq & Lamotte 

Apera interrupta (L.) Beauv. Agrostis interrupta L. dense silky bentgrass 

Apera spica-venti (L.) Beauv. Agrostis spica -venti L. loose silky bentgrass 

Aristida basiramea Engelm. ex Vasey 

fork-tipped threeawn 

Aristida dichotoma Michx. var. 

churchmouse threeawn 

dichotoma 

Aristida longespica Poir. var. Aristida geniculata Raf.; Aristida intermedia red threeawn 

geniculata (Raf.) Fern. 

Scribn. & Ball 

Aristida longespica Poir. var. Aristida gracilis Ell. red threeawn 

longespica 

Aristida oligantha Michx. oldfield threeawn 

Aristida purpurascens Poir. var. Aristida purpurascens var. minor Vasey arrow-feather threeawn 

purpurascens 

Aristida purpurea Nutt. var. nealleyi Aristida glauca (Nees) Walp.; Aristida purple threeawn 

(Vasey) Allred 

nealleyi (Vasey) Vasey 

Aristida tuberculosa Nutt. seaside threeawn 

Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) J. & K. Arrhenatherum elatius var. bulbosum (Willd.) tall oat grass 

Presl ssp. bulbosum (Willd.) Schübler Spenner; Arrhenatherum elatius var. 

& Martens 

tuberosum Thiel. 

Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) J. & K. Arrhenatherum elatius var. biaristatum tall oat grass 

Presl ssp. elatius 

(Peterm.) Peterm.; Avena elatior L. 

Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino Phalaris hispida Thunb. small carp grass 

Avena fatua L. Avena fatua var. glabrata Peterm. wild oat 

Avena sativa L. Avena fatua var. sativa (L.) Hausskn. oat 

Avena strigosa Schreb. 

lopsided oat 

Avenula pubescens (Huds.) Dumort. Avena pubescens Huds.; Helictotrichon downy alpine oat grass 

pubescens (Huds.) Pilger 

Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fern. Beckmannia erucaeformis (L.) Host subsp. 

syzigachne (Steud.) Breitung; Panicum 

American slough grass 

syzigachne Steud. 

Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Atheropogon curtipendulus (Michx.) Fourn.; sideoats grama 

Torr. var. curtipendula 

Chloris curtipendula Michx. 

Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Chondrosum gracile Willd. ex Kunth blue grama 

Lag. ex Griffiths 

Bouteloua hirsuta Lag. var. hirsuta Chondrosum hirsutum (Lag.) Kunth hairy grama 

Bouteloua repens (Kunth) Scribn. & Bouteloua filiformis (Fourn.) Griffiths; slender grama 

Merr. 

Dinebra repens Kunth 

Bouteloua rigidiseta (Steud.) A.S. 

Texas grama 

Hitchc. 

Bouteloua simplex Lag. Chondrosum prostratum (Lag.) Sweet mat grama

Brachyelytrum aristosum (Michx.) Brachyelytrum erectum var. septentrionale northern long-awned wood 

Trel. in Branner & Coville 

Babel; Brachyelytrum septentrionale (Babel) G. grass 

Tucker; Dilepyrum aristosum Michx. 

Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Brachyelytrum aristosum var. glabratum southern long-awned wood 

Beauv. 

Vasey; Brachyelytrum erectum var. glabratum grass 

(Vasey) T. Koyama & Kawano; Dilepyrum 

erectum (Schreb.) Farw.; Muhlenbergia erecta 

Schreb ; Muhlenbergia brachyelytrum Trin 

Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) Beauv. Bromus pinnatus L. heath false brome 

Briza media L. 

perennial quaking grass 

Briza minor L. 

little quaking grass 

Bromus arvensis L. 

field brome 

Bromus briziformis Fisch. & C.A. 

rattlesnake brome 

Mey. in Fisch. et al. 

Bromus ciliatus L. Bromopsis ciliata (L.) Holub; Bromus fringed brome 

canadensis Michx.; Bromus ciliatus var. 

intonsus Fern.; Bromus dudleyi Fern. 

Bromus commutatus Schrad. 

meadow brome 

Bromus erectus Huds. Bromopsis erecta (Huds.) Fourr. upright brome 

Bromus hordeaceus L. ssp. 

Bromus mollis L. 

soft brome 

hordeaceus 


Bromus mollis L. var. leiostachys Hartman soft brome 

pseudothominei (P. Sm.) H. Scholz 


Bromus thominei Hardouin soft brome 

thominei (Hardouin) Maire in 

Emberger & Maire 

Bromus inermis Leyss. ssp. inermis Bromopsis inermis (Leyss.) Holub smooth brome 

Bromus japonicus Thunb. ex Murr. 

Japanese brome 

Bromus kalmii Gray Bromopsis kalmii (Gray) Holub; Bromus Kalm's brome 

purgans L. 

Bromus latiglumis (Shear) A.S. Bromus altissimus Pursh; Bromus purgans , flanged brome 

Hitchc. 

misapplied 

Bromus lepidus Holmb. 

slender soft brome 

Bromus marginatus Nees ex Steud. Bromus breviaristatus Buckl.; Bromus large mountain brome 

carinatus Hook. var. linearis Shear; Bromus 

carinatus Hook. var. marginatus (Nees) 

Barkworth & Anderton; Ceratochloa 

marginata (Nees ex Steud )WA Weber 

Bromus pubescens Muhl. ex Willd. Bromus purgans , misapplied hairy wood brome 

Bromus racemosus L. 

bald brome 

Bromus rigidus Roth Anisantha rigida (Roth) Hyl.; Bromus ripgut brome 

diandrus Roth ssp. rigidus (Roth) Lainz 

Bromus rubens L. Anisantha rubens (L.) Nevski foxtail brome 

Bromus secalinus L. Bromus secalinus var. velutinus (Schrad.) Koch rye brome 

Bromus squarrosus L. 

corn brome 

Bromus sterilis L. Anisantha sterilis (L.) Nevski poverty brome 

Bromus tectorum L. Anisantha tectorum (L.) Nevski cheat brome

Calamagrostis canadensis 

Beauv. var. canadensis 

(Michx.) 

Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) 

Beauv. var. langsdorfii (Link) Inman 

Arundo canadensis Michx.; Calamagrostis 

canadensis var. robusta (Vasey) Stebbins; 

Deyeuxia canadensis (Michx.) Munro ex Hook. 

f 

Arundo langsdorfii Link; Calamagrostis 

canadensis var. scabra (J. Presl) A.S. Hitchc.; 

Calamagrostis langsdorfii (Link) Trin.; 

Calamagrostis nubilia Louis-Marie; Deyeuxia 

langsdorfii (Link) Kunth; Deyeuxia preslii 

Kunth 

Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Calamagrostis macouniana (Vasey) Vasey; 

Beauv. var. macouniana (Vasey) Deyeuxia macouniana Vasey 

Stebbins 

Calamagrostis cinnoides (Muhl.) W. Calamagrostis coarctata Torr. ex Eat.; 

Bart. 

Deyeuxia nuttalliana (Steud.) Vasey 

Calamagrostis epigejos (L.) Roth var. 

georgica (K. Koch) Ledeb. 

Calamagrostis pickeringii Gray Calamagrostis pickeringii var. debilis 

(Kearney) Fern. & Wieg.; Deyeuxia pickeringii 

Calamagrostis stricta (Timm) Koel. 

ssp. inexpansa (Gray) C.W. Greene 

Calamagrostis stricta 

ssp. stricta 

(Timm) Koel. 

(Gray) Vasey 

Calamagrostis fernaldii Louis-Marie; 

Calamagrostis inexpansa Gray; 

Calamagrostis inexpansa Gray var. novaeangliae 

Stebbins; Calamagrostis lacustris 

(Kearney) Nash; Calamagrostis stricta var. 

brevior Vasey; Deyeuxia neglecta (Ehrh.) 

Kunth var i Vasey in Macoun 

Arundo neglecta Ehrh.; Calamagrostis 

neglecta (Ehrh.) P.G. Gaertn. et al. ; 

Calamagrostis neglecta P.G. Gaertn. et al. ssp. 

stricta (Timm) Tzvelev; Deyeuxia neglecta 

(Ehrh ) Kunth 

Cenchrus longispinus (Hack.) Fern. Cenchrus carolinianaus Walt.; Cenchrus 

echinatus L. forma longispinus Hack. 

Cenchrus spinifex Cavanilles Cenchrus incertus M.A. Curtis; Cenchrus 

Chasmanthium latifolium (Michx.) 

Yates 

Chloris cucullata Bisch. 

Chloris gayana Kunth 

Canada reed grass 



Nuttall's reed grass 

feathertop reed grass 

Pickering's reed grass 

neglected reed grass 

neglected reed grass 

long-spined sandbur 

coastal sandbur 

pauciflorus Benth. 

Uniola latifolia Michx. Indian wood-oats 

hooded windmill-grass 

Rhodes windmill-grass 

Chloris verticillata Nutt. tumble windmill-grass 

Chloris virgata Sw. 

feather windmill-grass 

Cinna arundinacea L. Cinna arundinacea var. inexpansa Fern. & sweet wood-reed 

Grisc. 

Cinna latifolia (Trev. ex Goepp.) 

Griseb. 

Agrostis latifolia Trev. ex Goepp. slender wood-reed

Coleataenia longifolia (Torr.) 

Soreng ssp. elongata (Scribn.) Soreng 

Panicum agrostoides Muhl. var. elongatum 

Scribn.; Panicum elongatum Pursh; Panicum 

rigidulum Bosc ex Nees ssp. elongatum 

(Scribn.) Freckmann & Lelong; Panicum 

stipitatum Nash; Panicum rigidulum Bosc ex 

Nees var. elongatum (Scribn.) Lelonng; 

Sorengia longifolia (Torr.) Zuloaga & Morrone 

ssp. elongata (Scribn.) Zuloaga & Morrone 

long-leaved redtop-panicgrass 

Coleataenia longifolia 

Soreng ssp. longifolia 

(Torr.) 

Coleataenia longifolia (Torr.) 

Soreng ssp. rigidula (Bosc ex Nees) 

Soreng 

Panicum anceps Michx. var. pubescens Vasey; 

Panicum longifolium Torr.; Panicum 

longifolium Torr. var. pubescens (Vasey) Fern.; 

Panicum rigidulum Bosc ex Nees ssp. 

pubescens (Vasey) Freckmann & Lelong; 

Panicum rigidulum Bosc ex Nees var. 

pubescens (Vasey) Lelong; Sorengia 

longifolia (Torr.) Zuloaga & Morrone ssp. 

longifolia 

Panicum agrostoides Muhl.; Panicum 

condensum Nash; Panicum rigidulum Bosc ex 

Nees; Sorengia longifolia (Torr.) Zuloaga & 

Morrone ssp. rigidula (Bosc ex Nees) Zuloaga 

& Morrone 



Corynephorus canescens (L.) Beauv. Aira canescens L. gray club-awn grass 

Crypsis schoenoides (L.) Lam. Heleochloa schoenoides (L.) Host ex Roemer swamp pricklegrass 

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. Cynodon aristiglumis Caro & E.A. Sánchez Bermuda grass 

dactylon 

Cynosurus cristatus L. 

crested dogtail grass 

Dactylis glomerata L. 

orchard grass 

Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. Cynosurus aegyptius L. Durban crowfoot grass 

Dactyloctenium radulans (R. Br.) Eleusine radulans R. Br. button grass 

Beauv. 

Danthonia californica Boland. Danthonia americana Scribn. California oatgrass 

Danthonia compressa Austin ex Peck Danthonia alleni Austin flattened oatgrass 

Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. ex 


Deschampsia anadyrensis V.N. 

Vassil. 

Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) Beauv. 

Deschampsia danthonioides (Trin.) 

Munro 

Danthonia spicata var. longipila Scribn. & poverty oatgrass 

Merr.; Danthonia spicata var. pinetorum Piper 

Deschampsia cespitosa ssp. glauca (Hartman) glaucous hair grass 

Hartman; Deschampsia cespitosa var. 

glauca (Hartman) Lindm. f.; Deschampsia 

glauca Hartman 

Aira cespitosa L.; Deschampsia cespitosa tufted hair grass 

ssp. parviflora (Thuill.) Dumort.; Deschampsia 

cespitosa var. parviflora (Thuill.) Coss. & 

Germ 

Aira danthonioides Trin. annual hair grass

Deschampsia elongata (Hook.) Aira elongata Hook. 

Munro 

Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. Aira flexuosa L.; Avenella flexuosa (L.) Drej.; 

Avenella flexuosa (L.) Drej. ssp. montana (L.) 

A. & D. Löve; Deschampsia flexuosa ssp. 

montana (L.) A. & D. Löve; Lerchenfeldia 

flexuosa (L.) Schur; Lerchenfeldia flexuosa (L.) 

Schur ssp montana (L ) Tzvelev 

Desmazeria rigida (L.) Tutin Catapodium rigidum (L.) C.E. Hubbard ex 

Doney; Poa rigida L.; Scleropoa rigida (L.) 

Griseb. 

Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Dichanthelium lanuginosum (Ell.) Gould; 

Gould & C.A. Clark ssp. acuminatum Panicum acuminatum Sw.; Panicum auberne 

Ashe; Panicum lanuginosum Ell. 

Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Dichanthelium columbianum (Scribn.) 

Gould & C.A. Clark ssp. 

columbianum (Scribn.) Freckmann & 

Lelong 

Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) 

Gould & C.A. Clark ssp. 

fasciculatum (Torr.) Freckmann & 

Lelong 

Freckmann; Panicum acuminatum Sw. var. 

columbianum (Scribn.) Lelong; Panicum 

columbianum Scribn.; Panicum oricola A.S. 

Hitchc. & Chase; Panicum sabulorum (Lam.) 

Gould & C.A. Clark var. thinium (A.S. Hitchc. & 

Chase) C F Reed 

Dichanthelium lanuginosum (Ell.) Gould var. 

fasciculatum (Torr.) Spellenberg; Panicum 

lanuginosum Ell. var. fasciculatum (Torr.) 

Fern.; Panicum lanuginosum Ell. 

var. tennesseense (Ashe) Gleason; Panicum 

subvillosum Ashe; Panicum tennesseense Ashe 

slender hair grass 

wavy hair grass 

fern grass 

hairy rosette-panicgrass 




Gould & C.A. Clark ssp. implicatum 

(Scribn.) Freckmann & Lelong 


Gould & C.A. Clark ssp. lindheimeri 

(Nash) Freckmann & Lelong 


Gould & C.A. Clark ssp. spretum 

(J.A. Schultes) Freckmann & Lelong 

Dichanthelium boreale (Nash) 

Freckmann 

Dichanthelium boscii (Poir.) Gould & 

C.A. Clark 

Dichanthelium clandestinum (L.) 

Gould 

Panicum lanuginosum Ell. var. implicatum hairy rosette-panicgrass 

(Scribn.) Fern.; Panicum acuminatum Sw. var. 

implicatum (Scribn.) C.F. Reed; Panicum 

meridionale Ashe 

Dichanthelium lanuginosum (Ell.) Gould var. hairy rosette-panicgrass 

lindheimeri (Nash) Fern.; Dichanthelium 

lindheimeri (Nash) Gould; Panicum 

lanuginosum Ell. var. lindheimeri (Nash) Fern.; 

Panicum lanuginosum Ell. var. septentrionale 

(Fern ) Fern 

Dichanthelium acuminatum var. densiflorum hairy rosette-panicgrass 

(Rand & Redf.) Gould & C.A. Clark; Panicum 

nitidum Lam. var. densiflorum Rand & Redf.; 

Panicum spretum J A Schultes 

Panicum boreale Nash 

northern rosette-panicgrass 

Panicum boscii Poir.; Panicum boscii Poir. Bosc's rosette-panicgrass 

var. molle (Vasey) A.S. Hitchc. & Chase 

Panicum clandestinum L. deer-tongue rosette-panicgrass

Dichanthelium commutatum (J.A. 

Schultes) Gould ssp. ashei (G. 

Panicum ashei Pearson ex Ashe; Panicum 

commutatum (J.A. Schultes) Gould var. 

Ashe's variable rosettepanicgrass 

Pearson ex Ashe) Freckmann & 

Lelong 

ashei (Pearson ex Ashe) Fern.; Panicum 

umbrosum Le Conte ex Torr. 

Dichanthelium depauperatum (Muhl.) Panicum depauperatum Muhl.; Panicum starved rosette-panicgrass 

Gould 

depauperatum Muhl. var. psilophyllum Fern. 

Dichanthelium dichotomum (L.) Panicum barbulatum Michx.; Panicum forked rosette-panicgrass 

Gould ssp. dichotomum 

dichotomum L. 

Dichanthelium dichotomum (L.) Panicum clutei Nash; Panicum dichotomum L. forked rosette-panicgrass 

Gould ssp. mattamuskeetense (Ashe) var. mattamuskeetense (Ashe) Lelong; 

Freckmann & Lelong 

Panicum mattamuskeetense Ashe 

Dichanthelium dichotomum 

Dichanthelium microcarpon (Muhl. ex Ell.) forked rosette-panicgrass 

(L.) Gould ssp. microcarpon (Muhl. Mohlenbrock; Panicum microcarpon Muhl. ex 

ex Ell.) Freckmann & Lelong Ell.; Panicum nitidum Lam. var. ramulosum 

Torr 

Dichanthelium latifolium (L.) Harvill Panicum latifolium L. broad-leaved rosette-panicgrass 

Dichanthelium linearifolium (Scribn.) 

Gould 

Dichanthelium oligosanthes 

(J.A. Schultes) Gould ssp. 

scribnerianum (Nash) Freckmann & 

Lelong 

Dichanthelium ovale (Ell.) Gould & 

C.A. Clark ssp. 

pseudopubescens (Nash) Freckmann 

& Lelong 

Dichanthelium depauperatum var. perlongum 

(Nash) Boivin; Panicum linearifolium Scribn.; 

Panicum perlongum Nash; Panicum werneri 

Scribn 

Panicum macrocarpon Le Conte ex Torr.; 

Panicum oligosanthes J.A. Schultes var. 

scribnerianum (Nash) Fern. 

Dichanthelium commonsianum (Ashe) 

Freckmann; Panicum addisonii Nash; Panicum 

commonsianum Ashe; Panicum ovale Ell. var. 

addisonii (Nash) C.F. Reed; Panicum ovale Ell. 

var. pseudopubescens (Nash) Lelong 

linear-leaved rosette-panicgrass 

few-flowered rosette-panicgrass 

stiff-leaved rosette-panicgrass 

Dichanthelium ovale (Ell.) Gould & 

C.A. Clark ssp. villosissimum (Nash) 


Dichanthelium scabriusculum (Ell.) 

Gould & C.A. Clark 

Dichanthelium ×scoparioides (Ashe) 

Mohlenbrock 

Dichanthelium scoparium 

(Lam.) Gould 

Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon (Ell.) 

Gould 

Dichanthelium wrightianum (Scribn.) 

Freckmann 

Panicum acuminatum Sw. var. villosissimum stiff-leaved rosette-panicgrass 

(Nash) C.F. Reed; Panicum atlanticum Nash; 

Panicum lanuginosum (Ell.) Gould var. 

villosissimum (Nash) Gould; Panicum 

villosissimum Nash 

Panicum aculeatum A.S. Hitchc. & Chase; tall swamp rosette-panicgrass 

Panicum scabriusculum Ell. 

Dichanthelium acuminatum × D. oligosanthes ; 

Panicum villosissimum Nash var. scoparioides 

(Ashe) Fern. 

Panicum scoparium Lam. velvety rosette-panicgrass 

Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell. round-fruited rosette-panicgrass 

Panicum acuminatum Sw. var. wrightianum Wright's rosette-panicgrass 

(Scribn.) C.F. Reed; Panicum minutulum Desv.; 

Panicum wrightianum Scribn.

Dichanthelium xanthophysum (Gray) Panicum xanthophysum Gray pale-leaved rosette-panicgrass 

Gould 

Digitaria cognata (J.A. Schultes) Leptoloma cognatum (J.A. Schultes) Chase fall crabgrass 

Pilger 

Digitaria filiformis (L.) Koel. var. Panicum filiforme L. slender crabgrass 

filiformis 

Digitaria filiformis (L.) Koel. var. Digitaria laeviglumis Fern. slender crabgrass 

laeviglumis (Fern.) Wipff 

Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl. Panicum ischaemum Schreb. smooth crabgrass 

Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Panicum sanguinale L. hairy crabgrass 

Digitaria violascens Link Digitaria ischaemum var. violascens (Link) violet crabgrass 

Radford; Syntherisma chinensis (Nees) A.S. 

Hitchc. 

Dinebra panicea (Retz.) P.M. Peterson Leptochloa filiformis (Lam.) Beauv. var. needle viper grass 

& N. Snow ssp. mucronata (Michx.) attenuata (Nutt.) Steyermark & Kucera; 

P.M. Peterson & N. Snow 

Leptochloa mucronata (Michx.) Kunth; 

Leptochloa panicea (Retz.) Ohwi ssp. 

mucronata (Michx.) Nowack; Poa panicea 

Diplachne fusca (L.) Beauv. ssp. 

fascicularis (Lam.) P.M. Peterson & 

N. Snow 

Retz 

Diplachne acuminata Nash; Diplachne 

fascicularis (Lam.) Beauv.; Festuca 

fascicularis Lam.; Leptochloa fascicularis 

(Lam.) Gray; Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth ssp. 

fascicularis (Lam ) N Snow 

Diplachne fusca (L.) Beauv. ssp. Diplachne uninervia (J. Presl) Parodi; 

uninervia (J. Presl) P.M. Peterson & Leptochloa uninervia (J. Presl) A.S. Hitchc. & 

N. Snow 

Chase; Megastachya uninervia J. Presl 

Diplachne maritima Bickn. Leptochloa fascicularis (Lam.) Gray var. 

maritima (Bickn.) Gleason; Leptochloa 

bearded beetle grass 

bearded beetle grass 

salt-meadow beetle grass 

maritima (Bickn.) LeBlond & Sorrie 

Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene Distichlis spicata var. borealis (J. Presl) saltgrass 

Beetle; Uniola spicata L. 

Echinochloa colona (L.) Link Panicum colonum L. awnless barnyard grass 

Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Panicum crus-galli L. common barnyard grass 

Echinochloa frumentacea Link Echinochloa crus-galli var. frumentacea billion-dollar barnyard grass 

Echinochloa muricata (Beauv.) Fern. 

var. microstachya Wieg. 

Echinochloa muricata (Beauv.) Fern. 

var. muricata 

(Link) W. Wight 

Echinochloa microstachya (Wieg.) Rydb.; 

Echinochloa pungens (Poir.) Rydb. var. 

microstachya (Wieg.) Fern. & Grisc.; 

Echinochloa pungens (Poir.) Rydb. var. 

American barnyard grass 

wiegandii Fassett 

Echinochloa pungens (Poir.) Rydb. American barnyard grass 

Echinochloa walteri (Pursh) Heller Panicum walteri Pursh coast barnyard grass 

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Cynosurus indicus L. goosegrass 

Elymus canadensis L. var. canadensis Elymus canadensis var. glaucifolius (Muhl. ex Great Plains wild-rye 

Willd.) Torr.; Elymus canadensis var. villosus 

Bates

Elymus curvatus Piper Elymus submuticus (Hook.) Smyth & Smyth; 

Elymus virginicus var. submuticus Hook. 

Elymus glabriflorus (Vasey ex Dewey) Elymus australis Scribn. & Ball; Elymus 

Scribn. & Ball var. australis (Scribn. virginicus var. australis (Scribn. & Ball) A.S. 

& Ball) J.J.N. Campb. 

Hitchc. 

Elymus glabriflorus (Vasey ex Dewey) Elymus virginicus var. glabriflorus (Vasey ex 

Scribn. & Ball var. glabriflorus Dewey) Bush 

awnless wild-rye 

southeastern wild-rye 

southeastern wild-rye 

Elymus glabriflorus × E. hystrix 

Elymus hystrix L. var. bigeloviana 

(Fern.) Bowden 

Elymus hystrix L. var. hystrix 

Elymus hystrix × E. riparius 

Elymus macgregorii R. Brooks & 

J.J.N. Campb. 

Elymus repens (L.) Gould 

Hystrix patula Moench var. bigeloviana (Fern.) 

Deam 

Hystrix hystrix (L.) Millsp.; Hystrix patula 

Moench 

Agropyron repens (L.) Gould; Elytrigia repens 

(L.) Desv. ex B.D. Jackson; Triticum repens L. 

Elymus riparius Wieg. Elymus canadensis var. riparius (Wieg.) 

Boivin 

Elymus riparius × E. wiegandii 

eastern bottle-brush grass 

eastern bottle-brush grass 

early wild-rye 

creeping wild-rye 

eastern riverbank wild-rye 

Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex 

Shinners ssp. glaucus (Pease & 

Moore) Cody 

Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex 

Shinners var. trachycaulus 

Elymus villosus Muhl. ex Willd. var. 

arkansanus (Scribn. & Ball) J.J.N. 

Campb. 

Elymus villosus Muhl. ex Willd. var. 

villosus 

Elymus virginicus L. var. halophilus 

(Bickn.) Wieg. 

Elymus virginicus L. var. intermedius 

(Vasey ex Gray) Bush 

Elymus virginicus L. var. jejunus 

Agropyron caninum (L.) Beauv. var. pubescens 

Scribn. & J.G. Sm.; Agropyron trachycaulum 

(Link) Malte var. glaucum (Pease & Moore) 

Malte 

Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) Malte ex H.F. 

Lewis; Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) Malte 

ex H.F. Lewis var. majus (Vasey) Fern.; 

Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) Malte ex H.F. 

Lewis var. novae-angliae (Scribn.) Fern.; 

wheatgrass 

slender wild-rye 

Triticum trachycaulum L 

Elymus arkansanus Scrib. & Ball downy wild-rye 

Elymus canadensis var. villosus (Muhl. ex 

Willd.) Shinners; Elymus striatus Willd. var. 

downy wild-rye 

villosus (Muhl. ex Willd.) Gray 

Elymus halophilus Bickn. common eastern wild-rye 

Elymus hirsutiglumis Scribn.; Elymus 

virginicus var. hirsutiglumis (Scribn.) A.S. 

Hitchc. 

Elymus jejunus (Ramaley) Rydb. 

common eastern wild-rye 

common eastern wild-rye 

(Ramaley) Bush 

Elymus virginicus L. var. virginicus Elymus striatus Willd. common eastern wild-rye 

Elymus wiegandii Fern. Elymus canadensis var. wiegandii (Fern.) Wiegand's wild-rye 

Bowden 

Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees lace lovegrass

Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Lut. ex Eragrostis major Host; Eragrostis 

stinking lovegrass 

Janchen 

megastachya (Koel.) Link; Poa cilianensis All. 

Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees 

weeping lovegrass 

Eragrostis frankii C.A. Mey. ex Eragrostis frankii var. brevipes Fassett sandbar lovegrass 

Steud. 

Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) B.S.P. Poa hypnoides Lam. teel lovegrass 

Eragrostis intermedia Hitchc. plains lovegrass 

Eragrostis mexicana (Hornem.) Link Eragrostis orcuttiana Vasey; E. virescens J. Mexican lovegrass 

ssp. virescens (J. Presl) S.D. Koch & 

Sánchez 

Presl 

Eragrostis minor Host Eragrostis eragrostis (L.) Beauv.; Eragrostis little lovegrass 

poaeoides Beauv. ex Roemer & J.A. Schultes 

Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees Eragrostis diffusa Buckl.; Poa pectinacea tufted lovegrass 

ex Steud. var. pectinacea 

Michx. 

Eragrostis pilosa (L.) Beauv. var. Eragrostis multicaulis Steud.; Poa pilosa L. India lovegrass 

pilosa 

Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. Eragrostis spectabilis var. sparsihirsuta purple lovegrass 

Farw.; Poa spectabilis Pursh 

Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Ischaemum ophiuroides Munro centipede grass 

Hack. 

Festuca brachyphylla J.A. Schultes & Festuca ovina var. alpina (Gaudin) W.D.J. alpine fescue 

J.A. Schultes f. ssp. brachyphylla Koch; Festuca ovina var. brachyphylla (J.A. 

Schultes & J.A. Schultes f.) Piper ex A.S. 

Hitchc.; Festuca ovina ssp. brevifolia (S. 

Wats ) Hack in part 

Festuca filiformis Pourret Festuca capillata Lam.; Festuca ovina var. fine-leaved sheep fescue 

capillata (Lam.) Alef.; Festuca tenuifolia 

Sibthorp 

Festuca ovina L. 

sheep fescue 

Festuca prolifera (Piper) Fern. Festuca rubra var. prolifera (Piper) Piper proliferous fescue 

Festuca rubra L. ssp. commutata Festuca nigrescens Lam.; Festuca rubra var. red fescue 

Gaudin 

commutata Gaudin 

Festuca rubra L. ssp. fallax (Thuill.) Festuca diffusa Dumort.; Festuca heteromalla red fescue 

Nyman 

Pourret; Festuca multiflora Hoffmann; Festuca 

rubra var. multiflora (Hoffmann) Aschers. & 

Graebn 

Festuca rubra L. ssp. pruinosa Festuca rubra L. ssp. densiuscula Hack. ex red fescue 

(Hack.) Piper 

Piper; Festuca rubra ssp. juncea (Hack.) Soó; 

Festuca rubra var. juncea (Hack.) Richter 

Festuca rubra ssp. rubra Festuca duriuscula L.; Festuca ovina var. red fescue 

rubra (L.) Sm. 

Festuca subverticillata (Pers.) Festuca obtusa Biehler 

nodding fescue 

Alexeev 

Festuca trachyphylla (Hack.) Krajina Festuca ovina var. duriuscula , of authors not hard fescue 

(L.) W.D.J. Koch 

Gastridium phleoides (Nees & Meyen) Gastridium ventricosum , of authors not nit grass 

C.E. Hubbard 

(Gouan) Schinz & Thellung 

Glyceria acutiflora Torr. Panicularia acutiflora (Torr.) Kuntze sharp-scaled manna grass 

Glyceria borealis (Nash) Batchelder Panicularia borealis Nash northern manna grass

Glyceria canadensis (Michx.) Trin. Panicularia canadensis (Michx.) Kuntze rattlesnake manna grass 

Glyceria fluitans (L.) R. Br. Festuca fluitans L.; Panicularia fluitans (L.) water manna grass 

Kuntze 

Glyceria grandis S. Wats. var. 

grandis 

Glyceria maxima ssp. grandis (S. Wats.) 

Hultén; Glyceria maxima var. americana 

American manna grass 

(Torr.) Boivin; Panicularia grandis (S. Wats.) 

Nash 

Glyceria laxa (Scribn.) Scribn. Panicularia laxa Scribn. flaccid manna grass 

Glyceria maxima (Hartman) Holmb. Glyceria spectabilis Mert. & Koch; Molinia reed manna grass 

maxima Hartman 

Glyceria melicaria (Michx.) 

Panicularia melicaria (Michx.) A.S. Hitchc. northeastern manna grass 

F.T. Hubbard 

Glyceria obtusa (Muhl.) Trin. Panicularia obtusa (Muhl.) Kuntze Atlantic manna grass 

Glyceria septentrionalis A.S. Hitchc. Panicularia septentrionalis (A.S. Hitchc.) floating manna grass 

var. septentrionalis 

Bickn. 

Glyceria striata (Lam.) A.S. Hitchc. Glyceria striata var. stricta (Scribn.) Fern.; fowl manna grass 

Graphephorum melicoides (Michx.) 

Desv. 

Panicularia nervata (Willd.) Kuntze 

Aira melicoides Michx.; Trisetum melicoides 

(Michx.) Vasey ex Scribn.; Trisetum melicoides 

(Michx.) Vasey ex Scribn. var. majus (Gray) A.S. 

graphephorum 

Hitchc 

Holcus lanatus L. Nothoholcus lanatus (L.) Nash common velvet grass 

Holcus mollis L. ssp. mollis 

creeping velvet grass 

Hordeum brachyantherum Nevski ssp. Critesion brachyantherum (Nevski) Barkworth meadow barley 

brachyantherum 

& D.R. Dewey; Hordeum boreale Scrib. & J.G. 

Sm.; Hordeum nodosum L., in part; Hordeum 

nodosum L. var. boreale (Scrib. & J.G. Sm.) A.S. 

Hitchc 

Hordeum jubatum L. ssp. jubatum Critesion jubatum (L.) Nevski fox-tail barley 

Hordeum murinum L. ssp. leporinum Critesion murinum (L.) A. Löve var. leporinum mouse barley 

(Link) Arcang. 

(Link) A. Löve; Hordeum leporinum Link 

Hordeum pusillum Nutt. Critesion pusillum (Nutt.) A. Löve little barley 

Hordeum vulgare L. Hordeum distichon L.; Hordeum hexastichon common barley 

L.; Hordeum vulgare var. trifurcatum 

(Schlecht.) Alef. 

Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) J.A. Koeleria cristata , of authors not Pers.; Koeleria prairie Koeler's grass 

Schultes 

pyramidata , misapplied 

Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. Homalocenchrus oryzoides (L.) Pollich; rice cut grass 

Phalaris oryzoides L. 

Leersia virginica Willd. Homalocenchrus virginicus (Willd.) Britt.; 

Leymus mollis (Trin.) Hara ssp. 

mollis 

Leersia virginica var. ovata (Poir.) Fern. 

Elymus arenarius L. var. villosus E. Mey.; 

Elymus capitatus Scrib.; Elymus mollis Trin.; 

Leymus arenarius (L.) Hochst. ssp. mollis 

(Trin ) Tzvelev 

white cut grass 

American lyme grass

Lolium multiflorum Lam. Lolium multiflorum ssp. italicum (A. Braun) 

Volk. ex Schinz & R. Keller; Lolium perenne 

var. aristatum Willd.; Lolium perenne ssp. 

multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot; Lolium perenne 

Italian rye grass 

var multiflorum (Lam ) Parnell 

Lolium perenne L. Lolium multiflorum var. ramosum Guss. ex perennial rye grass 

Arcang.; Lolium perenne var. cristatum Pers. ex 

B.D. Jackson 

Lolium temulentum L. ssp. temulentum Lolium arvense With.; Lolium temulentum var. poison darnel 

arvense (With.) Lilja 

Mibora minima (L.) Desv. Agrostis minima L. early sand grass 

Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Andropogon vimineum Trin.; Eulalia viminea Japanese stiltgrass 

Camus 

(Trin.) Kuntze 

Milium effusum L. ssp. cisatlanticum Milium effusum var. cisatlanticum Fern. millet grass 

(Fern.) A. Haines 

Miscanthus sacchariflorus (Maxim.) 

Amur silvergrass 

Franch. 

Miscanthus sinensis Anderss. Miscanthus sinensis var. gracillimus A.S. Chinese silvergrass 

Hitchc. 

Molinia caerulea (L.) Moench Aira caerulea L. purple moorgrass 

Muhlenbergia alopecuroides 

Lycurus alopecuroides Griseb.; Lycurus bristly wolfstail 

(Griseb.) P.M. Peterson 

setosus (Nutt.) C.G. Reeder ; Pleopogon setosus 

Nutt. 

Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam.) Trin. Stipa capillaris Lam. hair-awned muhly 

Muhlenbergia ×curtisetosa Scribn. Muhlenbergia frondosa × M. schreberi 

Muhlenbergia frondosa (Poir.) Fern. Agrostis frondosa Poir. wire-stemmed muhly 

Muhlenbergia glomerata (Willd.) Muhlenbergia glomerata var. cinnoides (Link) spike muhly 

Trin. 

F.J. Herm 

Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. Agrostis mexicana L.; Muhlenbergia mexicana Mexican muhly 

var. filiformis (Torr.) Scribn. 

Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) Agrostis racemosa Michx. marsh muhly 

B.S.P. 

Muhlenbergia richardsonis (Trin.) Muhlenbergia squarrosa (Trin.) Rydb. matted muhly 

Rydb. 

Muhlenbergia schreberi J.F. Gmel. Muhlenbergia schreberi var. palustris (Scribn.) nimblewill muhly 

Scribn. 

Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhl. ex Agrostis sobolifera Muhl. ex Willd. rock muhly 

Willd.) Trin. 

Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr. ex Agrostis sylvatica Torr. ex Gray; Muhlenbergia woodland muhly 

Gray 

sylvatica var. robusta Fern. 

Muhlenbergia tenuiflora (Willd.) Agrostis tenuiflora Willd. slender muhly 

B.S.P. 

Muhlenbergia uniflora (Muhl.) Fern. Agrostis serotina Torr.; Sporobolus serotinus bog muhly 

Gray; Sporobolus uniflorus (Muhl.) Scribn. & 

Merr. 

Nardus stricta L. 

doormat grass 

Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. white-grained rice grass

Panicum amarum Ell. ssp. amarulum Panicum amarulum A.S. Hitchc. & Chase; bitter panicgrass 

(A.S. Hitchc. & Chase) Freckmann & Panicum amarum var. amarulum (A.S. Hitchc. 

Lelong 

& Chase) P.G. Palmer 

Panicum amarum Ell. ssp. amarum 

bitter panicgrass 

Panicum capillare L. ssp. capillare Panicum capillare var. agreste Gattinger witch panicgrass 

Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. var. Panicum dichotomiflorum var. geniculatum fall panicgrass 

dichotomiflorum 

(Wood) Fern. 

Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. var. Panicum dichotomiflorum var. puritanorum fall panicgrass 

puritanorum Svens. 

Svens. 

Panicum flexile (Gattinger) Scribn. Panicum capillare var. flexile Gattinger wiry panicgrass 

Panicum miliaceum L. ssp. miliaceum 

Proso millet 

Panicum philadelphicum Bernh. ex Panicum capillare var. campestre Gattinger; 

Trin. ssp. gattingeri (Nash) 


Panicum gattingeri Nash 

Panicum philadelphicum Bernh. 

ex Trin. ssp. philadelphicum 

Panicum tuckermanii Fern. Panicum philadelphicum var. tuckermanii 

(Fern.) Steyermark & Schmoll 

Panicum verrucosum Muhl. 

Panicum virgatum L. Panicum virgatum var. cubense Griseb.; 

Panicum virgatum var. spissum Linder 

Pappophorum vaginatum Buckl. 

Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Löve Agropyron smithii Rydb.; Elytrigia smithii 

Nash 

Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx. var. 

muhlenbergii (Nash) Fern.; Paspalum 

muhlenbergii Nash; Paspalum pubescens 

Philadelphia panicgrass 

Philadelphia panicgrass 

Tuckerman's panicgrass 

warty panicgrass 

switch panicgrass 

whiplash pappusgrass 

western wheat grass 

(Rydb.) Nevski 

Paspalum laeve Michx. Paspalum circulare Nash; Paspalum laeve var. field beadgrass 

ciculare (Nash) Stone; Paspalum longipilum 

Paspalum setaceum Michx. var. 

muhlenbergii (Nash) D. Banks 

slender beadgrass 

Muhl 

Paspalum setaceum Michx. var. Paspalum psammophilum Nash slender beadgrass 

psammophilum (Nash) D. Banks 

Paspalum setaceum Michx. var. 

slender beadgrass 

setaceum 

Phalaris arundinacea L. Phalaris arundinacea var. picta L.; 

reed canary grass 

Phalaroides arundinacea (L.) Raeusch.; 

Phalaroides arundinacea var. picta (L.) 

Tzvelev 

Phalaris canariensis L. 

Phleum alpinum L. Phleum alpinum var. commutatum (Gaudin) 

Griseb.; Phleum commutatum Gaudin; Phleum 

commutatum Gaudin var. americanum (Fourn.) 

Hultén 

Phleum arenarium L. 

Phleum pratense L. Phleum nodosum L.; Phleum pratense var. 

nodosum (L.) Huds. 

common canary grass 

mountain Timothy 

sand Timothy 

common Timothy

Phleum subulatum (Savi) Aschers. & 

Graebn. 

Phragmites americanus (Saltonstall, 

P.M. Peterson, & Soreng) A. Haines 

Phleum bellardii Willd. Italian Timothy 

Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. ssp. 

americanus Saltonstall, P.M. Peterson, & 

American reed 

Soreng 

Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Phragmites communis Trin. common reed 

Steud. 

Phyllostachys dulcis McClure 

sweet-shoot bamboo 

Piptatherum canadense (Poir.) Dorn Oryzopsis canadensis (Poir.) Torr.; Stipa Canada mountain-rice grass 

canadensis Poir. 

Piptatherum pungens (Torr. ex Milium pungens Torr. ex Spreng.; Oryzopsis short-awned mountain-rice 

Spreng.) Dorn 

pungens (Torr. ex Spring.) A.S. Hitchc. 

grass 

Piptatherum racemosum (Sm.) Eat. Milium racemosum Sm.; Oryzopsis racemosa black-seeded mountain-rice 

(Sm.) Ricker 

grass 

Piptochaetium avenaceum (L.) Parodi Stipa avenacea L. black-seeded spear grass 

Poa alsodes Gray 

grove blue grass 

Poa annua L. 

annual blue grass 

Poa bulbosa L. ssp. vivipara (Koel.) Poa bulbosa var. vivipara Koel. 

bulbous blue grass 

Arcang. 

Poa chapmaniana Scribn. 

Chapman's blue grass 

Poa compressa L. 

flat-stemmed blue grass 

Poa glauca Vahl ssp. glauca Poa glaucantha Gaudin glaucous blue grass 

Poa interior Rydb. 

Poa nemoralis ssp. interior (Rydb.) W.A. interior blue grass 

Weber; Poa nemoralis var. interior (Rydb.) 

Butters & Abbe 

Poa laxa Haenke ssp. fernaldiana Poa fernaldiana Nannf. wavy blue grass 

(Nannf.) N. Hylander 

Poa nemoralis L. 

wood blue grass 

Poa palustris L. Poa triflora Gilib. fowl blue grass 

Poa pratensis L. ssp. agassizensis Poa agassizensis Boivin & D. Löve Kentucky blue grass 

(Boivin & D. Löve) Taylor & 

MacBryde 

Poa pratensis L. ssp. alpigena (Fries Poa alpigena (Fries ex Blytt) Lindm. f.; Poa Kentucky blue grass 

ex Blytt) Hiitonen 

pratensis var. alpigena Fries ex Blytt 

Poa pratensis L. ssp. angustifolia Poa angustifolia L.; Poa pratensis var. Kentucky blue grass 

(L.) Arcang. 

angustifolia (L.) Gaudin 

Poa pratensis L. ssp. pratensis Poa pratensis var. domestica Laestad. Kentucky blue grass 

Poa saltuensis Fern. & Wieg. ssp. Poa debilis Torr. 

weak spear grass 

languida (A.S. Hitchc.) A. Haines 

Poa saltuensis Fern. & Wieg. ssp. Poa saltuensis var. microlepis Fern. 

weak spear grass 

saltuensis 

Poa secunda J. Presl ssp. juncifolia Poa juncifolia Scribn.; Poa nevadensis Vasey curly blue grass 

(Scribn.) Soreng 

ex Scribn.; Poa nevadensis Vasey ex Scribn. var. 

juncifolia (Scribn.) Beetle 

Poa trivialis L. ssp. trivialis 

rough-sheathed blue grass 

Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Alopecurus monspeliensis L. annual rabbit's-foot grass

Polypogon viridis (Gouan) Breistr. Agrostis semiverticillata (Forsk.) C. Christens.; 

Agrostis verticillata Vill.; Agrostis viridis 

Gouan; Polypogon semiverticillatus (Forsk.) 

beardless rabbit's-foot grass 

Hyl 

Pseudosasa japonica (Sieb. & Zucc. Arundinaria japonica Sieb. & Zucc. ex Steud. Japanese arrow bamboo 

ex Steud.) Makino ex Nakai 

Puccinellia distans (Jacq.) Parl. Poa distans Jacq.; Puccinellia distans var. spreading alkali grass 

tenuis (Uechtr.) Fern. 

Puccinellia fasciculata (Torr.) Bickn. 

saltmarsh alkali grass 

Puccinellia maritima (Huds.) Parl. 

Puccinellia nuttalliana (J.A. 

Schultes) A.S. Hitchc. 

Puccinellia pumila (Vasey) A.S. 

Hitchc. 

Poa maritima Huds.; Puccinellia americana seaside alkali grass 

Sörenson 

Puccinellia airoides (Nutt.) S. Wats. & Coult. Nuttall's alkali grass 

Glyceria paupercula (Holmb.); Puccinellia 

paupercula Holmb.; Puccinellia paupercula 

(Holmb.) Fern. & Weatherby var. longiglumis 

Fern & Weatherby 

Sacciolepis striata (L.) Nash Holcus striatus L.; Panicum aquaticum Bosc 

ex Spreng. 

Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Festuca arundinacea Schreb.; Festuca elatior 

Dumort. 

L. var. arundinacea (Schreb.) C.F.H. Wimmer; 

Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbyshire 

Schedonorus giganteus (L.) Holub Bromus giganteus L.; Festuca gigantea (L.) 

Vill.; Lolium giganteum (L.) Darbyshire 

Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) Festuca elatior L., in part; Festuca pratensis 

Beauv. 

Huds.; Lolium pratense (Huds.) Darbyshire 

Schizachne purpurascens 

Melica purpurascens (Torr.) A.S. Hitchc.; 

(Torr.) Swallen 

Trisetum purpurascens Torr. 

Schizachyrium littorale (Nash) Andropogon littoralis Nash; Andropogon 

Bickn. 

scoparius Michx. var. littoralis (Nash) A.S. 

Hitchc.; Schizachyrium scoparium var. 

Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) 

Nash var. scoparium 

littorale (Nash) Gould 

Andropogon scoparius Michx.; Andropogon 

scoparius Michx. var. ducis Fern. & Grisc.; 

Andropogon scoparius Michx. var. frequens 

F.T. Hubbard; Andropogon scoparius Michx. 

var. neomexicanus (Nash) A.S. Hitchc.; 

Andropogon scoparius Michx. var. 

tundra alkali grass 

American cup-scale 

tall rye grass 

giant rye grass 

meadow rye grass 

false melic grass 

dune bluestem 

little bluestem 

Secale cereale L. 

t t i li Fern & Grisc 

Triticum cereale (L.) Salisb. cultivated rye 

Setaria faberi Herrm. 

Chinese foxtail 

Setaria italica (L.) Beauv. Panicum italicum L. millet foxtail 

Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen Panicum geniculatum Lam.; Setaria geniculata knotroot foxtail 

(Lam.) Beauv. 

Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roemer & J.A. Panicum pumilum Poir.; Setaria glauca , yellow foxtail 

Schultes ssp. pumila 

misapplied 

Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv. Panicum verticillatum L. hooked foxtail

Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. var. viridis 

Panicum viride L.; Setaria viridis var. 

breviseta (Döll) A.S. Hitchc.; Setaria viridis 

var. weinmannii (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Brand 

green foxtail 

Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash Andropogon nutans L. Indian grass 

Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ssp. 

bicolor 

Holcus bicolor L.; Holcus sorghum L.; 

Sorghum vulgare Pers.; Sorghum vulgare Pers. 

sorghum 

Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ssp. 

drummondii (Nees ex Steud.) de Wet 

& Harlan 

var. technicum (Koern.) Jáv. 

Andropogon drummondii Nees ex Steud.; 

Sorghum bicolor var. drummondii (Nees ex 

Steud.) Mohlenbrock; Sorghum bicolor var. 

sudanense (Piper) A.S. Hitchc.; Sorghum 

drummondii (Nees ex Steud.) Millsp. & Chase; 

Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf; Sorghum 

vulgare Pers. var. drummondii (Nees ex Steud.) 

sorghum 

Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. 

H k Chi 

Holcus halepensis L. Johnson grass 

Spartina alterniflora Loisel. Spartina alterniflora var. glabra (Muhl. ex smooth cordgrass 

Bigelow) Fern. 

Spartina ×caespitosa A. A. Eat. Spartina patens × S. pectinata 

Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Roth Spartina cynosuroides var. polystachya big cordgrass 

(Michx.) Beal ex Fern.; Spartina polystachya 

Michx. 

Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl. Spartina patens var. monogyna (M.A. Curtis) saltmeadow cordgrass 

Fern. 

Spartina pectinata Link Spartina pectinata var. suttiei (Farw.) Fern. prairie cordgrass 

Sphenopholis intermedia (Rydb.) Eatonia intermedia Rydb.; Sphenopholis slender wedgescale 

Rydb. 

obtusata var. major (Torr.) K.S. Erdman 

Sphenopholis nitida (Biehler) Scribn. Eatonia dudleyi Vasey; Eatonia nitida Nash shiny wedgescale 

Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) 

Scribn. 

Sphenopholis pensylvanica (L.) A.S. 

Hitchc. 

Sporobolus clandestinus (Biehler) 

A.S. Hitchc. 

Eatonia obtusata Gray; Sphenopholis 

obtusata var. lobata (Trin.) Scribn. 

Eatonia pensylvanica Gray; Trisetum 

pensylvanicum (L.) Beauv. ex Roemer & J.A. 

Schultes 

Sporobolus asper (Beauv.) Kunth var. 

clandestinus (Biehler) Shinners; Sporobolus 

compositus (Poir.) Mer. var. clandestinus 

prairie wedgescale 

swamp wedgescale 

hidden dropseed 

(Biehler) Wipff &SD Jones 

Sporobolus compositus (Poir.) Mer. Sporobolus asper (Beauv.) Kunth rough dropseed 

var. compositus 

Sporobolus compositus (Poir.) Mer. Sporobolus asper (Beauv.) Kunth var. pilosus rough dropseed 

var. drummondii (Trin.) Kartesz & (Vasey) A.S. Hitchc.; Sporobolus drummondii 

Gandhi 

(Trin.) Vasey 

Sporobolus contractus A.S. Hitchc. Sporobolus cryptandrus var. strictus Scribn. narrow-spiked dropseed 

Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray Agrostis cryptandra Torr. sand dropseed 

Sporobolus heterolepis (Gray) Gray Vilfa heterolepis Gray prairie dropseed

Sporobolus neglectus Nash Sporobolus vaginiflorus var. neglectus (Nash) small dropseed 

Scribn. 

Sporobolus vaginiflorus (Torr. ex Sporobolus vaginiflorus var. inaequalis Fern. poverty dropseed 

Gray) Wood var. vaginiflorus 

Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Elymus caput-medusae L. Medusa-head 

Nevski ssp. caput-medusae 

Thinopyrum pycnanthum (Pers.) Agropyron pycnanthum (Godr.) Godr. & Gren.; tick quack grass 

Barkworth 

Elymus pungens (Pers.) Melderis ssp. 

pycnanthus (Godr.) O. Bolòs & Vigo; Elymus 

pycnanthus (Godr.) Melderis; Elytrigia 

pycnantha (Godr.) A. Löve; Triticum 

Torreyochloa pallida (Torr.) Church 

var. fernaldii (A.S. Hitchc.) Dore ex 

Koyama & Kawano 

Torreyochloa pallida (Torr.) Church 

var. pallida 

pycnanthum Godr 

Glyceria fernaldii (A.S. Hitchc.) St. John; 

Puccinellia fernaldii (A.S. Hitchc.) E.G. Voss; 

Torreyochloa fernaldii (A.S. Hitchc.) Church 

Glyceria pallida (Torr.) Trin.; Panicularia 

pallida (Torr.) Kuntze; Puccinellia pallida 

pale false manna grass 

pale false manna grass 

(Torr.) Kuntze 

Tragus berteronianus J.A. Schultes Nazia aliena , of authors not (Spreng.) Scribn. spike burgrass 

Tragus racemosus (L.) All. 

Cenchrus racemosus L.; Nazia racemosa (L.) stalked burgrass 

Kuntze 

Tridens flavus (L.) A.S. Hitchc. var. Triodia flava (L.) Smyth 

purpletop tridens 

flavus 

Triplasis purpurea (Walt.) Chapman Triplasis intermedia Nash purple sandgrass 

var. purpurea 

Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L. Coix dactyloides L. eastern gamagrass 

Triraphis mollis R. Br. 

purpleheads 

Trisetum flavescens (L.) Beauv. Avena flavescens L. yellow false oat 

Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richter Aira spicata L.; Trisetum spicatum var. molle narrow false oat 

(Kunth) Beal; Trisetum spicatum var. 

psilosiglume Fern.; Trisetum triflorum 

(Bigelow) A & D Löve 

Triticum aestivum L. Triticum vulgare Vill. bread wheat 

Triticum turgidum L. 

rivet wheat 

Urochloa texana (Buckley) R.D. Brachiaria texana (Buckl.) S.T. Blake; Texas liverseed grass 

Webster 

Panicum texanum Buckley 

Vahlodea atropurpurea (Wahlenb.) Aira atropurpurea Wahlenb.; Deschampsia arctic hair grass 

Fries ex Hartman 

atropurpurea (Wahlenb.) Scheele 

Ventenata dubia (Leers) Durieu Avena dubia Leers; Ventenata avenacea Koel. North African grass 

Vulpia bromoides (L.) S.F. Gray Bromus dertonensis All.; Festuca bromoides brome six-weeks grass 

L.; Festuca dertonensis (All.) Aschers. & 

Graebn.; Vulpia dertonensis (All.) Gola 

Vulpia myuros (L.) K.C. Gmel. Festuca megalura Nutt.; Festuca myuros L.; rat-tail six-weeks grass 

Vulpia megalura (Nutt.) Rydb. 

Vulpia octoflora (Walt.) Rydb. var. Festuca octoflora Walt. eight-flowered six-weeks grass 

octoflora

Vulpia octoflora (Walt.) Rydb. var. Festuca octoflora Walt. var. glauca (Nutt.) 

tenella (Willd.) Fern. 

Fern.; Festuca octoflora Walt. var. tenella 

(Willd.) Fern.; Festuca tenella Willd.; Festuca 

tenella Willd. var. glauca Nutt.; Vulpia 

octoflora var glauca (Nutt ) Fern 

Zea mays L. ssp. mays 

Zizania aquatica L. var. aquatica Ceratochaete aquatica (L.) Lunell; Zizania 

aquatica var. subbrevis Boivin 

Zizania palustris L. var. palustris Melinum palustre (L.) Link; Zizania aquatica 

var. angustifolia A.S. Hitchc. 

Pontederiaceae 

Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms- Eichhornia speciosa Kunth; Piaropus 

Laubach 

crassipes (Mart.) Raf. 

Heteranthera dubia (Jacq.) MacM. Commelina dubia Jacq.; Heteranthera 

graminea (Michx.) Vahl; Zosterella dubia 

(Jacq.) Small 

Heteranthera reniformis Ruiz & 

Pavón 

Pontederia cordata L. 

Narukila cordata (L.) Nieuwl.; Pontederia 

cordata L. var. angustifolia (Pursh) Torr. & 

Ell.; Pontederia cordata L. var. lanceolata 

(Nutt.) Griseb.; Pontederia lanceolata Nutt.; 

Potamogetonaceae 

Unisema cordata (L ) Farw 

Potamogeton ×absconditus Z. Potamogeton perfoliatus × P. richardsonii 

Kaplan, Fehrer, & Hellquist 

Potamogeton ×aemulans Z. Kaplan, Potamogeton bicupulatus × P. epihydrus 

Hellquist, & Fehrer 

Potamogeton alpinus Balbis Potamogeton alpinus var. tenuifolius (Raf.) 

Ogden 

Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerman 

eight-flowered six-weeks grass 

corn 

southern wild rice 

northern wild rice 

water-hyacinth family 

common water-hyacinth 

grass-leaved mud-plantain 

kidney-leaved mud-plantain 

pickerelweed 

pondweed family 

reddish pondweed 

big-leaved pondweed 

Potamogeton amplifolius × P. 

gramineus 


praelongus 


pulcher 

Potamogeton berchtoldii Fieber Potamogeton pusillus var. mucronatus (Fieber) 

Graebn.; Potamogeton pusillus ssp. 

tenuissimus (Mert. & Koch) Haynes & 

Hellquist; Potamogeton pusillus var. 

tenuissimus Mert & Koch 

Potamogeton bicupulatus Fern. Potamogeton capillaceus Poir., in part; 

Potamogeton diversifolius var. trichophyllus 

Morong 

Potamogeton confervoides Reichenb. 

Potamogeton crispus L. 

Berchtold's pondweed 

snail-seed pondweed 

alga-like pondweed 

curly pondweed

Potamogeton epihydrus Raf. Potamogeton epihydrus var. nuttallii (Cham. & ribbon-leaved pondweed 

Schlecht.) Fern.; Potamogeton epihydrus var. 

ramosus (Peck) House 

Potamogeton epihydrus × P. 

perfoliatus 

Potamogeton ×faxonii Morong Potamogeton illinoensis × P. nodosus 

Potamogeton foliosus Raf. ssp. Potamogeton foliosus var. genuinus Fern.; leafy pondweed 

foliosus 

Potamogeton foliosus var. macellus Fern. 

Potamogeton friesii Rupr. 

flat-stalked pondweed 

Potamogeton gemmiparus (J.W. Potamogeton berchtoldii ssp. gemmiparus budding pondweed 

Robbins) J.W. Robbins ex Morong (J.W. Robbins) D. Les & N.P. Tippery; 

Potamogeton pusillus ssp. gemmiparus (J.W. 

Robbins) Haynes & Hellquist; Potamogeton 

pusillus var gemmiparus J W Robbins 

Potamogeton gramineus L. Potamogeton argutulus Hagstr.; Potamogeton 

gramineus var. maximus Morong; 

Potamogeton gramineus var. myriophyllus 

J.W. Robbins; Potamogeton gramineus var. 

Potamogeton gramineus × P. nodosus 

typicus Ogden 

grassy pondweed 

Potamogeton ×hagstroemii Benn. Potamogeton gramineus × P. richardsonii 

Potamogeton ×haynesii Hellquist & Potamogeton strictifolius × P. zosteriformis 

Crow 

Potamogeton hillii Morong Potamogeton porteri Fern. Hill's pondweed 

Potamogeton illinoensis Morong Potamogeton angustifolius Bercht. & K. Presl; Illinois pondweed 

Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb.; 

Potamogeton scoliophyllus Hagstr. 

Potamogeton illinoensis × P. 

richardsonii 

Potamogeton ×luxurians Z. Kaplan Potamogeton amplifolius × P. illinoensis 

Potamogeton ×mirabilis Z. Kaplan, Potamogeton gramineus × P. oakesianus 


Potamogeton ×mysticus Morong Potamogeton perfoliatus × P. pusillus ssp. 

tenuissimus 

Potamogeton natans L. 

floating pondweed 

Potamogeton ×nitens G. Weber Potamogeton gramineus × P. perfoliatus 

Potamogeton nodosus Poir. Potamogeton americanus Cham. & Schlecht.; long-leaved pondweed 

Potamogeton fluitans Roth 

Potamogeton oakesianus J.W. 

Oakes' pondweed 

Robbins 

Potamogeton obtusifolius Mert. & 

blunt-leaved pondweed 

Koch 

Potamogeton ×ogdenii Hellquist & Potamogeton hillii × P. zosteriformis 

Hilton 

Potamogeton perfoliatus L. Potamogeton amplexicaulis Kar.; 

clasping-leaved pondweed 

Potamogeton bupleuroides Fern.; 

Potamogeton perfoliatus var. bupleuroides 

(Fern ) Farw

Potamogeton praelongus Wulfen Potamogeton praelongus var. angustifolius white-stemmed pondweed 

Graebn. 

Potamogeton praelongus × 

richardsonii 

Potamogeton pulcher Tuckerman 

spotted pondweed 

Potamogeton pusillus L. Potamogeton lateralis Morong, in part; small pondweed 

Potamogeton pusillus var. minor (Biv.) Fern. & 

Schub. 

Potamogeton richardsonii (Benn.) Potamogeton perfoliatus var. richardsonii Richardson's pondweed 

Rydb. 

Benn. 

Potamogeton robbinsii Oakes 

Robbins' pondweed 

Potamogeton amplifolius × P. illinoensis 

Potamogeton ×sparganiifolius Potamogeton gramineus × P. natans 

Laestad. ex Fries 

Potamogeton ×spathuliformis (J.W. Potamogeton gramineus × P. illinoensis 

Robbins) Morong 

Potamogeton spirillus Tuckerman 

northern snail-seed pondweed 

Potamogeton strictifolius Benn. Potamogeton longiligulatus Fern.; 

straight-leaved pondweed 

Potamogeton strictifolius var. rutiloides Fern. 

Potamogeton vaseyi J.W. Robbins Potamogeton lateralis Morong, in part Vasey's pondweed 

Potamogeton ×versicolor Z. Kaplan, Potamogeton epihydrus × P. perfoliatus 


Potamogeton zosteriformis Fern. Potamogeton zosterifolius Schumacher ssp. flat-stem pondweed 

zosteriformis (Fern.) Hultén 

Stuckenia filiformis (Pers.) Boerner Coleogeton filiformis (Pers.) D. Les & R. thread-leaved false pondweed 

Haynes ssp. alpinus (Blytt) D. Les & R. 

Haynes; Coleogeton filiformis (Pers.) D. Les & 

R. Haynes ssp. occidentalis (J.W. Robbins) D.H. 

Les & Haynes; Potamogeton filiformis Pers. 

var. alpinus (Blytt) Aschers. & Graebn.; 

Potamogeton filiformis Pers. var. macounii 

Morong; Potamogeton filiformis Pers. var. 

occidentalis (J.W. Robbins) Morong; Stuckenia 

filiformis ssp. alpina (Blytt) Haynes, D.H. Les, 

& M. Kral; Stuckenia filiformis ssp. 

occidentalis (J.W. Robbins) Haynes, D.H. Les, 

Stuckenia pectinata (L.) Boerner Coleogeton pectinatus (L.) D.H. Les & Haynes; 

Potamogeton borealis Raf.; Potamogeton 

filiformis Pers. var. borealis (Raf.) St. John; 

Potamogeton pectinatus L 

Zannichellia palustris L. Zannichellia palustris var. major (Hartman) 

Koch 

Ruppiaceae 

Ruppia maritima L. Ruppia maritima var. longipes Hagstr.; 

Ruppia maritima var. obliqua (Schur) Aschers. 

& Graebn.; Ruppia maritima var. rostrata 

Agardh; Ruppia maritima var. subcapitata 

Fern & Wieg 

Sago false pondweed 

horned-pondweed 

ditch-grass family 

beaked ditch-grass

Ruscaceae 

Convallaria majalis L. 

Maianthemum canadense Desf. Maianthemum canadense var. pubescens Gates 

& Ehlers; Unifolium canadense (Desf.) Greene 

butcher's broom family 

European lily-of-the-valley 

Canada-mayflower 

Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link Convallaria racemosa L.; Smilacina racemosa feathery false Solomon's-seal 

ssp. racemosum 

(L.) Desf.; Smilacina racemosa var. lanceolata 

Boivin; Vagnera racemosa (L.) Morong ; 

Unifolium racemosum (L ) Britt 

Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link Convallaria stellata L.; Smilacina stellata (L.) star-like false Solomon's-seal 

Desf.; Vagnera stellata (L.) Morong 

Maianthemum trifolium (L.) Sloboda Convallaria trifolia L.; Smilacina trifolia (L.) three-leaved false Solomon'sseal 

Desf.; Vagnera trifolia (L.) Morong 

Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell. Convallaria biflora Walt., in part; 

King Solomon's-seal 

Polygonatum biflorum var. commutatum (J.A. 

& J.H. Schultes) Morong; Polygonatum 

commutatum (J A & J H Schultes) A Dietr 

Polygonatum latifolium (P. Mill.) Convallaria latifolia P. Mill.; Polygonatum broad-leaved Solomon's-seal 

Desf. 

hirtum (Bosc ex Poir.) Pursh 

Polygonatum pubescens (Willd.) Convallaria pubescens Willd. hairy Solomon's-seal 

Pursh 

Scheuchzeriaceae 

pod-grass family 

Scheuchzeria palustris L. Scheuchzeria americana (Fern.) G.N. Jones; pod-grass 

Scheuchzeria palustris ssp. americana (Fern.) 

Hultén; Scheuchzeria palustris var. americana 

Fern 

Smilacaceae 

greenbrier family 

Smilax glauca Walt. Smilax glauca var. leurophylla Blake glaucous-leaved greenbrier 

Smilax herbacea L. Coprosmanthus herbaceus (L.) Kunth; carrion-flower 

Nemexia herbacea (L.) Small 

Smilax hispida Raf. 

Smilax hispida Muhl. ex Torr.; Smilax 

bristly greenbrier 

tamnoides var. hispida (Muhl. ex Torr.) Fern. 

Smilax rotundifolia L. Smilax rotundifolia var. crenulata Small & common greenbrier 

Heller; Smilax rotundifolia var. 

quadrangularis (Muhl. ex Willd.) Wood 

Tofieldiaceae 

false asphodel family 

Triantha glutinosa (Michx.) Baker Narthecium glutinosum Michx.; Tofieldia sticky false asphodel 

glutinosa (Michx.) Pers.; Tofieldia racemosa 

(Walt.) Small var. glutinosa (Michx.) Ahles 

Typhaceae 

cat-tail family 

Sparganium americanum Nutt. 

American bur-reed 

Sparganium androcladum (Engelm.) Sparganium lucidum Fern. & Eames branched bur-reed 

Morong 

Sparganium angustifolium Michx. Sparganium emersum Rehmann var. 

narrow-leaved bur-reed 

angustifolium (Michx.) Taylor & MacBryde; 

Sparganium multipedunculatum (Morong) 

Rydb

Sparganium angustifolium × S. 

emersum var. emersum 

Sparganium emersum Rehmann var. 

acaule (Beeby ex Macoun) A. Haines 

Sparganium emersum Rehmann ssp. 

emersum 

Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. ex 

Gray 

Sparganium fluctuans (Morong) B.L. 

Robins. 

Sparganium acaule (Beeby ex Macoun) Rydb.; 

Sparganium chlorocarpum Rydb. var. acaule 

(Beeby ex Macoun) Fern.; Sparganium 

emersum Rehmann ssp. acaule (Beeby ex 

Macoun) C.D.K. Cook & M.S. Nicholls; 

Sparganium simplex Huds. var. acaule Beeby 

simple-stemmed bur-reed 

Macoun 

Sparganium chlorocarpum Rydb. simple-stemmed bur-reed 

Sparganium eurycarpum var. greenei (Morong) 

Graebn. 

great bur-reed 

floating bur-reed 

Sparganium natans L. Sparganium minimum (Hartman) Fries arctic bur-reed 

Typha angustifolia L. Typha angustifolia var. elongata (Dudley) narrow-leaved cat-tail 

Wieg. 

Typha ×glauca Godr. Typha angustifolia × T. latifolia 

Typha latifolia L. 

broad-leaved cat-tail 

Xyridaceae 

yellow-eyed-grass 

Xyris difformis Chapman var. 

difformis 

Xyris montana Ries 

Xyris smalliana Nash Xyris caroliniana Walt. var. olneyi Wood; 

Xyris congdonii Small; Xyris smalliana var. 

bog yellow-eyed-grass 

northern yellow-eyed-grass 

Small's yellow-eyed-grass 

olneyi (Wood) Gleason 

Xyris torta Sm. Xyris bulbosa Kunth slender yellow-eyed-grass 

Zosteraceae 

eel-grass family 

Zostera marina L. 

Tricolpates 

Acanthaceae 

Zostera marina var. stenophylla Aschers. & 

Graebn. 

eel-grass 

acanthus family 

Justicia americana (L.) Vahl Dianthera americana L. American water-willow 

Actinidiaceae 

taravine family 

Actinidia arguta (Sieb. & Zucc.) 

Planch. ex Miq. 

Adoxaceae 

Sambucus nigra L. ssp. canadensis 

taravine 

elderberry family 

Sambucus canadensis L. black elderberry 

(L.) R. Bolli 

Sambucus nigra L. ssp. nigra Sambucus laciniata P. Mill. ex A. Murr. black elderberry 

Sambucus racemosa L. Sambucus pubens Michx.; Sambucus racemosa red elderberry 

ssp. pubens (Michx.) House; Sambucus 

racemosa var. pubens (Michx.) Koehne 

Viburnum acerifolium L. Viburnum acerifolium var. glabrescens Rehd.; 

Viburnum acerifolium var. ovatum (Rehd.) 

McAtee 

maple-leaved viburnum

Viburnum dentatum L. var. 

Viburnum recognitum Fern. smooth arrowwood 

lucidum Ait. 

Viburnum dentatum L. var. venosum Viburnum scabrellum Torr. & Gray ex Chapman smooth arrowwood 

(Britt.) Gleason 

var. venosum (Britt.) McAtee; Viburnum 

venosum Britt. 

Viburnum dilatatum Thunb. 

linden arrowwood 

Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf. 

squashberry 

Viburnum lantana L. Viburnum lantana var. sphaerocarpum Gray wayfaring tree 

ex Fern. 

Viburnum lantanoides Michx. Viburnum alnifolium Marsh.; Viburnum hobblebush 

grandifolium Ait. 

Viburnum lentago L. 

nannyberry 

Viburnum nudum L. var. cassinoides Viburnum cassinoides L. withe-rod 

(L.) Torr. & Gray 

Viburnum nudum L. var. nudum Viburnum cassinoides L. var. angustifolium withe-rod 

(Torr. & Gray) Shinners; Viburnum nudum var. 

angustifolium Torr. & Gray 

Viburnum opulus L. ssp. opulus Viburnum opulus var. roseum L. highbush-cranberry 

Viburnum opulus L. ssp. trilobum Viburnum opulus var. americanum Ait.; highbush-cranberry 

(Marsh.) Clausen 

Viburnum trilobum Marsh. 

Viburnum plicatum Thunb. Viburnum plicatum Thunb. var. tomentosum Japanese snowball 

(Thunb.) Miq.; Viburnum tomentosum Thunb. 

Viburnum prunifolium L. Viburnum bushii Ashe smooth blackhaw 

Viburnum rafinesquianum J.A. 

downy arrowwood 

Schultes var. rafinesquianum 

Viburnum sieboldii Miq. 

Siebold's arrowwood 

Aizoaceae 

stone plant family 

Sesuvium maritimum (Walt.) B.S.P. Pharnaceum maritimum Walt.; Sesuvium 

Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pallas) 

Kuntze 

Altingiaceae 

Liquidambar styraciflua L. 

Amaranthaceae 

Alternanthera pungens Kunth 

pentandrum Ell. 

Demidovia tetragonioides (Pallas) Kuntze; 

Tetragonia expansa Murr. 

Achyranthes repens L.; Alternanthera repens 

(L.) Link 

Amaranthus albus L. Amaranthus albus var. pubescens (Uline & 

Bray) Fern.; Amaranthus pubescens (Uline 

annual sea-purslane 

New Zealand-spinach 

sweet gum family 

sweet-gum 

amaranth family 

khaki joyweed 

tumbleweed amaranth 

& Bray) Rydb. 

Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats. Amaranthus graecizans , of authors not L. prostrate amaranth 

Amaranthus blitum L. ssp. 

Amaranthus ascendens Loisel. var. 

livid amaranth 

emarginatus (Moq. ex Uline & Bray) polygonoides (Moq.) Thellung; Amaranthus 

Carretero var. emarginatus 

blitum ssp. polygonoides (Zollinger ex Moq.) 

Carretero; Amaranthus lividus L. var. 

polygonoides (Moq.) Thellung ex Druce; 

Euxolus viridis L var polygonoides Moq 

Amaranthus cannabinus (L.) Sauer Acnida cannabina L. saltmarsh water-hemp 

Amaranthus caudatus L. Amaranthus edulis Spegazzini purple amaranth

Amaranthus cruentus L. Amaranthus hybridus var. cruentus (L.) Moq.; 

Amaranthus paniculatus L.; Amaranthus 

blood amaranth 

sanguineus L. 

Amaranthus deflexus L. Euxolus deflexus (L.) Raf. large-fruited amaranth 

Amaranthus dubius Mart. ex Thellung 

spleen amaranth 

Amaranthus hybridus L. ssp. Amaranthus chlorostachys , of authors not green amaranth 

hybridus 

Willd.; Amaranthus hybridus ssp. patulus 

(Bertol.) Carretero; Amaranthus patulus Bertol. 

Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. Amaranthus chlorostachys Willd. var. 

erythrostachys (Moq.) Aellen; Amaranthus 

flavus L.; Amaranthus hybridus 

ssp. hypochondriacus (L.) Thellung; 

Amaranthus macrocarpus Benth. var. 

macrocarpus 

Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. 

Amaranthus powellii S. Wats. ssp. 

powellii 

prince's-feather amaranth 

Amaranthus leucocarpus S Wats 

Euxolus macrocarpus (Benth.) F. Muell. dwarf amaranth 

Amaranthus chlorostachys Willd. var. pseudoretroflexus 

Thellung; Amaranthus retroflexus 

var. powellii (S. Wats.) Boivin 

Amaranthus pumilus Raf. 

Amaranthus retroflexus L. Amaranthus retroflexus var. salicifolius I.M. 

Johnston 

Amaranthus spinosus L. 

Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Acnida altissima (Riddell) Moq. ex Standl.; 

Sauer 

Acnida tamariscina (Nutt.) Wood var. 

prostrata Uline & Bray; Acnida tuberculata 

Moq.; Amaranthus altissimus Riddell; 

Amaranthus ambigens Standl.; Amaranthus 

rudis Sauer; Amaranthus tuberculatus var. 

prostratus (Uline & Bray) Seymour; 

Amaranthus tuberculatus var. rudis (Sauer) 

Costea & Tardif; Amaranthus tuberculatus var. 

Palmer's amaranth 

Powell's amaranth 

seaside amaranth 

red-rooted amaranth 

spiny amaranth 

rough-fruited water-hemp 

Amaranthus viridis L. Amaranthus gracilis Desf.; Euxolus viridis L. slender amaranth 

Atriplex acadiensis Tascher. Atriplex glabriuscula var. acadiensis (Tascher.) maritime orache 

Welsh 

Atriplex cristata Humb. & Bonpl. ex Atriplex arenaria Nutt.; Atriplex cristata var. seabeach orache 

Willd. 

arenaria (Nutt.) Kuntze; Atriplex pentandra 

(Jacq.) Standl.; Atriplex pentandra (Jacq.) 

Standl. ssp. arenaria (Nutt.) Hall & Clements; 

Obione arenaria (Nutt ) Moq 

Atriplex glabriuscula Edmondston Atriplex patula var. oblanceolata (Victorin & bracted orache 

Rouss.) Boivin 

Atriplex hortensis L. Atriplex hortensis var. atrosanguinea hort.; garden orache 

Atriplex nitens Schkuhr 

Atriplex littoralis L. Atriplex patula var. littoralis (L.) Gray linear-leaved orache 

Atriplex patula L. 

spearscale orache

Atriplex prostrata Bouchér ex DC. Atriplex patula var. hastata , of authors not (L.) hastate-leaved orache 

Gray; Atriplex patula var. triangularis (Willd.) 

Rauschert; Atriplex triangularis Willd. 

Atriplex rosea L. 

red orache 

Atriplex sibirica L. Obione muricata Gaertn.; Obione sibirica (L.) Siberian orache 

Fisch. 

Atriplex subspicata (Nutt.) Rydb. Atriplex patula var. subspicata (Nutt.) S. saline orache 

Wats.; Chenopodium subspicatum Nutt. 

Atriplex tatarica L. Tatarian orache 

Axyris amaranthoides L. 

Russian-pigweed 

Bassia hyssopifolia (Pallas) Kuntze Kochia hyssopifolia (Pallas) Roth; Salsola five-horned smotherweed 

hyssopifolia Pallas; Suaeda hyssopifolia 

(Pallas) Pallas 

Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Schott Chenopodium scoparium L.; Kochia scoparia firebush smotherweed 

(L.) Schrad.; Kochia scoparia var. pubescens 

Fenzl; Kochia scoparia var. subvillosa Moq. 

Beta vulgaris L. Beta hortensis Mill. beet 

Blitum bonus-henricus (L.) Rchb. Chenopodium bonus-henricus L. perennial goosefoot 

Blitum capitatum L. ssp. capitatum Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Aschers. strawberry-blite 

Blitum nuttallianum J.A. Schultes Monolepis nuttalliana (J.A. Schultes) Greene Nuttall's poverty-weed 

Chenopodium foliosum (Moench) Aschers.; leafy goosefoot 

Blitum virgatum L. ssp. virgatum 

Chenopodium virgatum (L.) Ambrosi 

Celosia cristata L. Celosia argentea L. var. cristata (L.) Kuntze crested cock's-comb 

Chenopodiastrum murale (L.) S. Chenopodium murale L. nettle-leaved false goosefoot 

Fuentes, Uotila, & Borsch 

Chenopodiastrum simplex (Torr.) S. Chenopodium gigantospermum Aellen; giant-seeded false goosefoot 

Fuentes, Uotila, & Borsch 

Chenopodium hybridum L. var. 

gigantospermum (Aellen) Rouleau; 

Chenopodium hybridum L. var. simplex Torr.; 

Chenopodium simplex (Torr ) Raf 

Chenopodium album L. Chenopodium album var. lanceolatum (Muhl. 

ex Willd.) Coss. & Germ.; Chenopodium 

lanceolatum Muhl. ex Willd.; Chenopodium 

missouriense Aellen; Chenopodium 

opulifolium Schrad. ex Kock. & Ziz; 

Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. var. 

bushianum (Aellen) Cronq. 


macrocalycium (Aellen) Cronq. 


zschackei (J. Murr) J. Murr in Urban 

& Graebn. 

Chenopodium foggii H.A. Wahl 

Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) 

Nutt. ex S. Wats. 

white goosefoot 

Chenopodium viride L 

Chenopodium bushianum Aellen pit-seeded goosefoot 

Chenopodium macrocalycium Aellen pit-seeded goosefoot 

Chenopodium berlandieri 

Murr) Zobel 

ssp. zschackei (J. 

pit-seeded goosefoot 

Fogg's goosefoot 

Chenopodium album var. leptophyllum Moq. narrow-leaved goosefoot

Chenopodium pratericola Rydb. Chenopodium desiccatum A. Nels. 

var. leptophylloides (J. Murr) H.A. Wahl; 

Chenopodium pratericola var. leptophylloides 

(J Murr) Aellen 

Chenopodium standleyanum Aellen Chenopodium boscianum , of authors not Moq.; 

Chenopodium gigantospermum Aellen var. 

standleyanum (Aellen) Aellen; Chenopodium 

hybridum L. var. standleyanum (Aellen) Fern. 

desert goosefoot 

Standley's goosefoot 

Chenopodium strictum Roth ssp. 

glaucophyllum (Aellen) Aellen 

& Just. 

Chenopodium urbicum L. 

Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) 

Coult. 

Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) 

Mosyakin & Clemants 

Dysphania anthelmintica (L.) 


Chenopodium strictum var. glaucophyllum 

(Aellen) H.A. Wahl 

Cyclolepis platyphylla (Michx.) Moq.; 

Cycloloma platyphylla (Michx.) Moq.; Kochia 

atriplicifolia Spreng.; Salsola platyphylla 

Michx 

Ambrina ambrosioides (L.) Spach; 

Chenopodium ambrosioides L.; Teloxys 

ambrosioides (L.) W.A. Weber 

Chenopodium ambrosioides L. 

var. anthelminticum (L.) Gray; Chenopodium 

anthelminticum L. 

Dysphania botrys (L.) Mosyakin & Botrydium botrys (L.) Small; Chenopodium 

Clemants 

botrys L.; Teloxys botrys (L.) W.A. Weber 

Dysphania cristata (F. Muell.) Blitum cristatum F. Muell.; Chenopodium 


cristatum (F. Muell.) F. Muell. 

Dysphania graveolens (Willd.) Chenopodium graveolens Willd.; Teloxys 


graveolens (Willd.) W.A. Weber 

Dysphania multifida (L.) Mosyakin & Chenopodium multifidum L.; Roubieva 

Clemants 

multifida (L.) Moq.; Teloxys multifida (L.) 

oval-seeded goosefoot 

winged-pigweed 

Mexican-tea 

wormseed 

Jerusalem-oak 

crested glandular-goosefoot 

fetid glandular-goosefoot 

cut-leaved glandular-goosefoot 

W.A. Weber 

Dysphania pumilio (R. Br.) Mosyakin Chenopodium carinatum , of authors not R. Br.; clammy glandular-goosefoot 

& Clemants 

Chenopodium pumilio R. Br.; Teloxys pumilio 

(R. Br.) W.A. Weber 

Froelichia gracilis (Hook.) Moq. Oplotheca gracilis Moq. slender cotton-weed 

Gomphrena globosa L. 

common globe-amaranth 

Lipandra polysperma (L.) S. Fuentes, Chenopodium polyspermum var. acutifolium many-seeded goosefoot 

Uotila, & Borsch var. acutifolia (Sm.) Gaud. 

(Sm.) Mosyakin 

Lipandra polysperma (L.) S. Fuentes, 

Uotila, & Borsch var. polysperma 

Chenopodium polyspermum 

Gaud. 

var. obtusifolium 

many-seeded goosefoot 

Oxybasis glauca (L.) S. Fuentes, 

Uotila & Borsch ssp. glauca 

Oxybasis rubra (L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila 

& Borsch var. humilis (Hook.) 

Mosyakin 

Chenopodium glaucum L.; Chenopodium 

glaucum L. ssp. euglaucum Aellen 

Chenopodium rubrum L. var. humile (Hook.) S. 

Wats.; Chenopodium humile Hook. 

oak-leaved goosefoot 

red goosefoot

Oxybasis rubra (L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila Chenopodium rubrum L. red goosefoot 

& Borsch var. rubra 

Oxybasis urbica (L.) S. Fuentes, Chenopodium urbicum L. city goosefoot 

Uotila & Borsch 

Polycnemum majus L. 

giant needle-leaf 

Salicornia ambigua Michx. Salicornia virginica , misapplied perennial glasswort 

Salicornia bigelovii Torr. Salicornia mucronata Bigelow dwarf glasswort 

Salicornia depressa Standl. common glasswort 

Salicornia maritima Wolff & Salicornia prostrata , of authors not Pallas sea glasswort 

Jefferies 

Salsola collina Pallas 

slender saltwort 

Salsola kali L. ssp. kali 

saltwort 

Salsola kali L. ssp. pontica (Pallas) 

Mosyakin 

Salsola kali var. caroliniana (Walt.) Nutt.; 

Salsola kali var. pontica Pallas; Salsola 

saltwort 

Salsola tragus L. 

pontica (Pallas) A. Degen 

Salsola kali var. angustifolia Fenzl; Salsola 

kali var. tenuifolia Tausch ex Moq.; Salsola 

kali ssp. tragus (L.) Aellen 

Spinacea oleracea L. 

Spirobassia hirsuta (L.) Freitag & G. Bassia hirsuta (L.) Aschers.; Chenopodium 

Kadereit 

hirsutum L.; Kochia hirsuta (L.) Nolte 

Suaeda calceoliformis (Hook.) Moq. Dondia americana (Pers.) Britt. in Britt. & 

Brown; Dondia calceoliformis (Hook.) Rydb.; 

Dondia depressa , of authors not (Pursh) Britt.; 

Suaeda americana (Pers.) Fern.; Suaeda 

prickly saltwort 

spinach 

hairy spiral-smotherweed 

American sea-blite 

maritima var americana (Pers ) Boivin 

Suaeda linearis (Ell.) Moq. Dondia linearis (Ell.) Heller annual sea-blite 

Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort. ssp. Chenopodium maritimum L.; Dondia 

herbaceous sea-blite 

maritima 

maritima (L.) Druce 

Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort. ssp. Suaeda richii Fern. 

herbaceous sea-blite 

richii (Fern.) Bassett & C.W. 

Crompton 

Anacardiaceae 

cashew family 

Cotinus coggygria Scop. Rhus cotinus L. European smoketree 

Rhus aromatica Ait. var. aromatica Rhus canadensis Marsh.; Schmaltzia crenata fragrant sumac 

(P. Mill.) Greene; Schmaltzia aromatica Desv.; 

Toxicodendron crenatum P. Mill. 

Rhus copallinum L. var. latifolia 

winged sumac 

Engl. 

Rhus glabra L. Rhus borealis Greene smooth sumac 

Rhus hirta (L.) Sudworth Datisca hirta L.; Rhus typhina L. staghorn sumac 

Rhus ×pulvinata Greene 

Rhus glabra × R. hirta ; Rhus typhina L. var. 

borealis Britt. 

Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze Toxicodendron aboriginum Greene; 

poison-ivy 

ssp. negundo (Greene) Gillis Toxicodendron negundo Greene; 

Toxicodendron radicans var. negundo (Greene) 

Reveal

Toxicodendron radicans 

ssp. radicans 

(L.) Kuntze 

Toxicodendron rydbergii (Small ex 

Rydb.) Greene 

Rhus radicans L.; Rhus toxicodendron L. var. 

radicans (L.) Torr.; Toxicodendron vulgare P. 

Mill. 

Rhus radicans L. var. rydbergii (Small ex 

Rydb.) Rehd.; Toxicodendron radicans 

poison-ivy 

western poison-ivy 

var. rydbergii (Small ex Rydb.) Erskine 

Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze Rhus vernix L. poison-sumac 

Apiaceae 

celery family 

Aegopodium podagraria L. Aegopodium podagraria var. variegata Bailey bishop's goutweed 

Aethusa cynapium L. 

fool's-parsley 

Anethum graveolens L. 

dill 

Angelica atropurpurea L. purple-stemmed Angelica 

Angelica lucida L. Coelopleurum actaeifolium (Michx.) Coult. & sea coast Angelica 

Rose; Coelopleurum gmelinii (DC.) Ledeb.; 

Coelopleurum lucidum (L.) Fern.; 

Coelopleurum lucidum (L.) Fern. ssp. gmelinii 

(DC ) A & D Löve 

Angelica venenosa (Greenway) Fern. Angelica villosa (Walt.) B.S.P. hairy Angelica 

Anthriscus caucalis Bieb. Anthriscus scandicina Mansfield; Anthriscus burr chervil 

vulgaris Pers.; Cerefolium anthriscus (L.) G. 

Beck; Chaerophyllum anthriscus (L.) Crantz 

Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffmann Cerefolium cerefolium (L.) Britt.; Scandix garden chervil 

cerefolium L. 

Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffmann Chaerophyllum sylvestre L. wild chervil 

Apium graveolens L. 

celery 

Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem. Dimorphanthus elatus Miq. Japanese angelica-tree 

Aralia hispida Vent. 

bristly sarsaparilla 

Aralia nudicaulis L. 

wild sarsaparilla 

Aralia racemosa L. ssp. racemosa 

American spikenard 

Aralia spinosa L. 

Hercules'-club 

Astrantia major L. 

greater masterwort 

Bifora radians Bieb. 

wild bishop 

Bupleurum lancifolium Hornem. Bupleurum protractum Hoffm. & Link lance-leaved thorough-wax 

Bupleurum rotundifolium L. 

narrow-leaved thorough-wax 

Bupleurum odontites L. Bupleurum fontanesii Guss. ex Caruel round-leaved thorough-wax 

Carum carvi L. 

caraway 

Cicuta bulbifera L. 

bulblet-bearing water-hemlock 

Cicuta maculata L. var. maculata Cicuta curtissii Coult. & Rose; Cicuta spotted water-hemlock 

maculata var. curtissii (Coult. & Rose) Fern. 

Conioselinum chinense (L.) B.S.P. 

Chinese hemlock-parsley 

Conium maculatum L. 

poison-hemlock 

Coriandrum sativum L. 

coriander 

Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. Deringa canadensis (L.) Kuntze Canada honewort 

Cuminum cyminumL. 

cumin 

Daucus carota L. 

wild carrot 

Eleutherococcus pentaphyllus (Sieb. Acanthopanax sieboldianus Makino; Aralia five-leaved-aralia 

& Zucc.) Nakai 

pentaphylla Sieb. & Zucc. 

Eryngium amethystinum L. 

amethyst eryngo 

Eryngium planum L. 

plains eryngo

Eryngium yuccifolium Michx. var. 

button eryngo 

yuccifolium 

Falcaria vulgaris Bernh. Falcaria soides (Wibel) Aschers. sickleweed 

Foeniculum vulgare P. Mill. Foeniculum foeniculum (L.) Karst. sweet fennel 

Hedera helix L. 

English-ivy 

Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier 

giant cow-parsnip 

& Levier 

Heracleum maximum Bartr. Heracleum lanatum Michx.; Heracleum American cow-parsnip 

sphondylium ssp. montanum (Schleich. ex 

Gaudin) Briq.; Heracleum sphondylium var. 

Heracleum sphondylium L. 

Hydrocotyle americana L. 

Hydrocotyle umbellata L. 

lanatum (Michx ) Dorn 

European cow-parsnip 

American marsh-pennywort 

many-flowered marshpennywort 

Hydrocotyle verticillata Thunb. Hydrocotyle verticillata var. triradiata (A. whorled marsh-pennywort 

Rich.) Fern. 

Kalopanax septemlobus (Thunb.) Acanthopanax ricinifolius (Sieb. & Zucc.) castor-aralia 

Koidz. 

Seem.; Kalopanax pictus (Thunb.) Nakai 

Levisticum officinale W.D.J. Koch Hipposelinum levisticum (L.) Britt. & Rose garden lovage 

Ligusticum scoticum L. ssp. scoticum 

Scotch wild lovage 

Lilaeopsis chinensis (L.) Kuntze Lilaeopsis lineata (Michx.) Greene eastern grasswort 

Myrrhis odorata (L.) Scop. Scandix odorata L. anise 

Osmorhiza berteroi DC. Osmorhiza chilensis Hook. & Arn.; Osmorhiza mountain sweet-cicely 

divaricata (Britt.) Suksdorf; Washingtonia 

divaricata Britt. 

Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) C.B. Washingtonia claytonii (Michx.) Britt. bland sweet-cicely 

Clarke 

Osmorhiza depauperata Phil. Osmorhiza obtusa (Coult. & Rose) Fern.; blunt-fruited sweet-cicely 

Washingtonia obtusa Coult. & Rose 

Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. Osmorhiza longistylis var. villicaulis Fern.; long-styled sweet-cicely 

Washingtonia longistylis (Torr.) Britt. 

Panax quinquefolius L. 

American ginseng 

Panax trifolius L. 

dwarf ginseng 

Pastinaca sativa L. Pastinaca sativa var. pratensis Pers. wild parsnip 

Petroselinum crispum (P. Mill.) Apium petroselinum L. parsley 

Nyman ex A.W. Hill 

Peucedanum palustre (L.) Moench Calestania palustris (L.) K.-Pol. milk-parsley 

Pimpinella anisum L. 

anise burnet-saxifrage 

Pimpinella saxifraga L. ssp. 

solid-stemmed burnet-saxifrage 

saxifraga 

Ptilimnium capillaceum (Michx.) Raf. Ammi capillaceum Michx. Atlantic mock bishop-weed 

Sanicula canadensis L. var. 

canadensis 

Sanicula canadensis L. var. grandis 

Fern. 

Sanicula marilandica 

var. canadensis (L.) Torr. Canada sanicle 

Canada sanicle

Sanicula marilandica L. Sanicula canadensis var. marilandica (L.) A.S. Maryland sanicle 

Hitchc.; Sanicula marilandica var. borealis 

Fern. 

Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & Sanicula gregaria Bickn.; Triclinium 

clustered sanicle 

L.R. Phillippe 

odoratum Raf. 

Sanicula trifoliata Bickn. large-fruited sanicle 

Scandix pecten -veneris L. 

shepherd's-needle 

Selinum carvifolia (L.) L. Seseli carvifolia L. little-leaved-angelica 

Sium suave Walt. 

Sium carsonii Dur. ex Gray; Sium cicutifolium water-parsnip 

Schrank 

Taenidia integerrima (L.) Drude Smyrnium integerrimum L.; Zizia integerrima yellow-pimpernel 

Thaspium trifoliolatum (L.) Gray var. 

trifoliolatum 

Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. 

(L.) DC. 

Thaspium aureum (L.) Nutt. var. trifoliolatum 

(L.) Coult. & Rose 

purple meadow-parsnip 

erect hedge-parsley 

Torilis leptophylla (L.) Reichenb. f. bristle-fruited hedge-parsley 

Zizia aptera (Gray) Fern. Zizia cordata W.D.J. Koch ex DC. heart-leaved golden Alexanders 

Zizia aurea (L.) W.D.J. Koch 

common golden Alexanders 

Apocynaceae 

mikweed family 

Amsonia tabernaemontana Walter Amsonia amsonia (L.) Britt.; Amsonia eastern bluestar 

var. tabernaemontana 

glaberrima Woods. 

Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Apocynum ambigens Greene; Apocynum spreading dogbane 

androsaemifolium var. glabrum Macoun; 

Apocynum pumilum (Gray) Greene 

Apocynum cannabinum L. Apocynum cannabinum var. hypericifolium hemp dogbane 

(Ait.) Gray; Apocynum cannabinum 

var. nemorale (G.S. Mill.) Fern.; Apocynum 

cannabinum var. pubescens (Mitchell ex R. Br.) 

Woods.; Apocynum hypericifolium Ait.; 

Apocynum sibiricum Jacq.; Apocynum 

ibi i Jacq var di (Greene) Fern 

Apocynum ×floribundum Greene Apocynum androsaemifolium × 

A. cannabinum ; Apocynum medium Greene 

Asclepias amplexicaulis J.E. Smith clasping milkweed 

Asclepias exaltata L. Asclepias bicknellii Vail; Asclepias 

poke milkweed 

Asclepias incarnata L. var. incarnata 

phytolaccoides Pursh 

swamp milkweed 

Asclepias incarnata L. var. pulchra 

(Ehrh. ex Willd.) Pers. 

Asclepias incarnata var. neoscotica Fern.; 

Asclepias incarnata ssp. pulchra (Ehrh. ex 

Willd.) Woods.; Asclepias pulchra Ehrh. ex 

swamp milkweed 

Willd 

Asclepias purpurascens L. purple milkweed 

Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq. four-leaved milkweed 

Asclepias syriaca L. Asclepias intermedia Vail; Asclepias syriaca common milkweed 

var. kansana (Vail) Palmer & Steyermark 

Asclepias tuberosa L. ssp. interior Asclepias tuberosa var. interior (Woods.) butterfly milkweed 

Woods. 

Shinners 

Asclepias tuberosa L. ssp. tuberosa 

butterfly milkweed

Asclepias variegata L. Biventraria variegata (L.) Small red-ringed milkweed 

Asclepias verticillata L. whorled milkweed 

Asclepias viridiflora Raf. Acerates viridiflora (Raf.) Pursh ex Eat.; green milkweed 

Acerates viridiflora (Raf.) Pursh ex Eat. var. 

linearis Gray; Asclepias viridiflora var. 

lanceolata Torr.; Asclepias viridiflora var. 

Cynanchum louiseae Kartesz & 

Gandhi 

Cynanchum rossicum (Kleopow) 

Borhidi 

linearis (Gray) Fern 

Cynanchum nigrum (L.) Pers.; Vincetoxicum 

nigrum (L.) Pers. 

Cynanchum medium , of authors not R. Br.; 

Vincetoxicum medium , of authors not (R. Br.) 

Dcne.; Vincetoxicum rossicum 

black swallowwort 

pale swallowwort 

(Kleopow) Barbarich 

Periploca graeca L. 

silkvine 

Vinca herbacea Waldst. & Kit. 

herbaceous periwinkle 

Vinca major L. Vinca major var. variegata Loud. greater periwinkle 

Vinca minor L. 

lesser periwinkle 

Aquifoliaceae 

holly family 

Ilex aquifolium L. 

Ilex crenata Thunb. Celastrus adenophyllus Miq.; Ilex crenata 

Thunb. var. latifolia Goldring 

Ilex glabra (L.) Gray 

Ilex laevigata (Pursh) Gray 

Ilex montana Torr. & Gray ex Gray Ilex ambigua (Michx.) Torr. var. montana (Torr. 

& Gray ex Gray) Ahles; Ilex ambigua (Michx.) 

Torr. var. monticola (Wood) Wunderlin & 

Poppleton; Ilex amelanchier M.A. Curtis ex 

Chapman var. monticola Wood; Ilex monticola 

Ilex mucronata (L.) M. Powell, Savol., 

& S. Andrews 

Ilex opaca Ait. var. opaca 

Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray 

Asteraceae 

Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.) 

Kuntze 

Achillea filipendulina Lam. 

Achillea ligustica All. 

Gray 

Nemopanthus mucronatus (L.) Loes.; 

Vaccinium mucronatum L. 

Ilex fastigiata Bickn.; Ilex verticillata var. 

cyclophylla B.L. Robins.; Ilex verticillata var. 

fastigiata (Bickn.) Fern.; Ilex verticillata var. 

padifolia (Willd.) Torr. & Gray ex S. Wats.; Ilex 

English holly 

Japanese holly 

evergreen winterberry 

smooth winterberry 

big-leaved holly 

mountain holly 

American holly 

common winterberry 

verticillata var tenuifolia (Torr ) S Wats 

composite family 

Melampodium australe Loefl. Paraguay starburr 

fern-leaved yarrow 

Ligurian yarrow

Achillea millefolium L. ssp. lanulosa Achillea borealis Bong.; Achillea lanulosa common yarrow 

(Nutt.) Piper 

Nutt.; Achillea millefolium ssp. borealis 

(Bong.) Breitung; Achillea millefolium var. 

lanulosa (Nutt.) Piper; Achillea millefolium 

var. nigrescens E. Mey.; Achillea millefolium 

ssp. occidentalis (DC.) Hyl.; Achillea 

millefolium var. occidentalis DC.; Achillea 

Achillea ptarmica L. 

i (E M ) R db 

pearl yarrow 

Achillea tomentosa L. 

woolly yarrow 

Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H.E. Ageratum altissimum L.; Eupatorium 

white snakeroot 

Robins. var. altissima 

rugosum Houtt.; Eupatorium rugosum Houtt. 

var. chlorolepis Fern.; Eupatorium rugosum 

Houtt. var. tomentellum (B.L. Robins.) Blake; 

Eupatorium rugosum Houtt. var. villicaule 

(Fern ) Blake 

Ageratina aromatica (L.) Spach Eupatorium aromaticum L. lesser snakeroot 

Ageratum conyzoides L. 

tropical whiteweed 

Ageratum houstonianum P. Mill. 

Houston's whiteweed 

Amberboa moschata (L.) DC. Centaurea moschata L. sweet sultan 

Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior (L.) common ragweed 

Descourtils; Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. 

paniculata (Michx.) Blank.; Ambrosia elatior 

L.; Ambrosia monophylla (Walt.) Rydb.; 

Ambrosia paniculata Michx 

Ambrosia bidentata Michx. 

lance-leaved ragweed 

Ambrosia ×helenae Rouleau Ambrosia artemisiifolia × A. trifida 

Ambrosia psilostachya DC. Ambrosia coronopifolia Torr. & Gray; perennial ragweed 

Ambrosia psilostachya var. coronopifolia 

(Torr. & Gray) Farw. 

Ambrosia trifida L. var. trifida Ambrosia trifida var. integrifolia (Muhl. ex giant ragweed 

Willd.) Torr. & Gray 

Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Anaphalis margaritacea var. angustior (Miq.) pearly everlasting 

& Hook. f. 

Nakai; Anaphalis margaritacea var. 

intercedens Hara; Anaphalis margaritacea var. 

occidentalis Greene; Anaphalis margaritacea 

var. subalpina Gray; Gnaphalium 

Antennaria howellii Greene ssp. 

canadensis (Greene) Bayer 

margaritaceum L 

Antennaria canadensis Greene; Antennaria 

neglecta var. canadensis (Greene) Cronq.; 

Antennaria neodioica Greene ssp. canadensis 

(Greene) Bayer & Stebbins 

small pussytoes


neodioica (Greene) Bayer 


petaloidea (Fern.) Bayer 

Antennaria neglecta var. neodioica (Greene) 

Cronq.; Antennaria neodioica Greene; 

Antennaria neodioica Greene var. attenuata 

Fern.; Antennaria neodioica Greene var. 

chlorophylla Fern.; Antennaria neodioica 

Greene var. grandis Fern.; Antennaria 

neodioica Greene var. rupicola (Fern.) Fern.; 

At i i l F 

Antennaria neglecta var. petaloidea (Fern.) 

Cronq.; Antennaria neglecta var. 

subcorymbosa Fern.; Antennaria neodioica 

Greene ssp. petaloidea (Fern.) Bayer & 

Stebbins; Antennaria neodioica Greene var. 

petaloidea Fern.; Antennaria petaloidea (Fern.) 

Fern.; Antennaria petaloidea (Fern.) Fern. var. 

scariosa Fern.; Antennaria petaloidea (Fern.) 

Fern. var. subcorymbosa (Fern.) Fern. 

small pussytoes 

small pussytoes 

Antennaria neglecta Greene Antennaria campestris Rydb.; Antennaria 

neglecta var. campestris (Rydb.) Steyermark 

Antennaria parlinii Fern. ssp. fallax Antennaria ambigens (Greene) Fern.; 

(Greene) Bayer & Stebbins 

Antennaria brainerdii Fern.; Antennaria fallax 

Greene; Antennaria fallax Greene var. 

calophylla (Greene) Fern.; Antennaria parlinii 

var. farwellii (Greene) Boivin; Antennaria 

plantaginifolia var. ambigens (Greene) Cronq. 

field pussytoes 

Parlin's pussytoes 

Antennaria parlinii Fern. ssp. 

parlinii 

Antennaria plantaginifolia 

Richardson 

(L.) 

Antennaria arnoglossa Greene; Antennaria 

parlinii var. arnoglossa (Greene) Fern.; 

Antennaria plantaginifolia var. arnoglossa 

(Greene) Cronq.; Antennaria plantaginifolia 

var parlinii (Fern ) Cronq 

Antennaria petiolata Fern.; Antennaria 

plantaginifolia var. petiolata (Fern.) Heller; 

Parlin's pussytoes 

plantain-leaved pussytoes 

Gnaphalium plantaginifolium L. 

Anthemis arvensis L. Anthemis arvensis var. agrestis (Wallr.) DC. corn chamomile 

Anthemis cotula L. Maruta cotula (L.) DC. stinking chamomile 

Arctanthemum arcticum (L.) Tzvelev Chrysanthemum arcticum L. var. polare arctic-daisy 

ssp. polare (Hultén) Tzvelev (Hultén) Boivin; Dendranthema arcticum (L.) 

Tzvelev ssp. polare (Hultén) Heywood; 

Dendranthema hultenii (A. & D. Löve) Tzvelev 

Arctium lappa L. 

great burdock 

Arctium minus Bernh. Lappa minor Hill common burdock 

Arctium tomentosum P. Mill. 

woolly burdock 

Arctotis stoechadifolia Berg. Arctotis grandis Thunb.; Arctotis 

African-daisy 

Arnica lanceolata Nutt. ssp. 

lanceolata 

stoechadifolia var. grandis (Thunb.) Less. 

Arnica mollis Hook. var. petiolaris Fern. 

lance-leaved arnica

Arnoseris minima (L.) Schweig. & Hyoseris minima L. 

lamb-succory 

Koerte 

Artemisia abrotanum L. Artemisia procera Willd. southern wormwood 

Artemisia absinthium L. 

oldman wormwood 

Artemisia annua L. 

annual wormwood 

Artemisia biennis Willd. 

biennial wormwood 

Artemisia campestris L. ssp. Oligosporus campestris (L.) Cass. field wormwood 

campestris 

Artemisia campestris L. ssp. Artemisia campestris var. canadensis (Michx.) field wormwood 

canadensis (Michx.) Scoggan Welsh; Artemisia canadensis Michx. 

Artemisia campestris L. ssp. caudata Artemisia campestris var. caudata (Michx.) field wormwood 

(Michx.) Hall & Clements 

Palmer & Steyermark; Artemisia caudata 

Michx.; Artemisia caudata Michx. var. calvens 

Lunell; Oligosporus campestris (L.) Cass. ssp. 

caudatus (Michx.) W.A. Weber; Oligosporus 

Artemisia carruthii Wood ex 

Carruth 

caudatus Poljakov 

Artemisia carruthii var. wrightii (Gray) Blake; 

Artemisia kansana Britt.; Artemisia vulgaris 

ssp. wrightii (Gray) Hall & Clements 

Artemisia dracunculus L. Artemisia dracunculoides Pursh; Artemisia 

dracunculus ssp. glauca (Pallas ex Willd.) Hall 

& Clements; Artemisia dracunculus var. glauca 

(Pallas ex Willd.) Bess.; Artemisia glauca 

Pallas ex Willd.; Artemisia glauca Pallas ex 

Willd. var. dracunculina (S. Wats.) Fern.; 

Oligosporus dracunculus (L.) Poljakov; 

Oligosporus dracunculus (L.) Poljakov ssp. 

Artemisia frigida Willd. 

Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. ssp. 

ludoviciana 

Artemisia pontica L. 

Artemisia stelleriana Bess. 

Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. 

tridentata 

l ( ll illd ) A & 

Artemisia gnaphalodes Nutt.; Artemisia 

ludoviciana var. americana (Bess.) Fern.; 

Artemisia ludoviciana var. gnaphalodes 

(Nutt.) Torr. & Gray; Artemisia ludoviciana var. 

latifolia (Bess.) Torr. & Gray; Artemisia 

vulgaris ssp. ludoviciana (Nutt.) Hall & 

Clements; Artemisia vulgaris var. ludoviciana 

(N tt ) K t 

Artemisia angusta Rydb.; Artemisia tridentata 

var. angustifolia Gray; Seriphidium 

Carruth's wormwood 

dragon wormwood 

prairie wormwood 

white wormwood 

Roman wormwood 

beach wormwood 

big sagebrush 

tridentatum (Nutt.) W.A. Weber 

Artemisia vulgaris L. var. vulgaris Artemisia vulgaris var. glabra Ledeb.; common wormwood 

Artemisia vulgaris var. latiloba Ledeb. 

Aster tataricus L. f. 

Tatarian aster 

Baccharis halimifolia L. Baccharis halimifolia var. angustior DC. eastern false willow

Balsamita major Desf. Balsamita major var. tanacetoides (Boiss.) 

Moldenke; Chrysanthemum balsamita (L.) 

Baill.; Chrysanthemum balsamita (L.) Baill. 

var. tanacetoides Boiss.; Pyrethrum majus 

Bellis perennis L. 

Bidens alba (L.) DC. 

(Desf ) Tzvelev; Tanacetum balsamita 

Bidens alba var. radiata (Schultz-Bip.) Ballard 

ex T.E. Melchert; Bidens pilosa var. radiata 

Schultz-Bip. 

Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britt. Bidens aristosa var. mutica (Gray) Gattinger; 

Bidens aristosa var. retrorsa (Sherff) 

L 

costmary 

lawn-daisy 

white beggar-ticks 

midwestern beggar-ticks 

Wunderlin; Coreopsis aristosa Michx. 

Bidens beckii Torr. ex Spreng. Megalodonta beckii (Torr. ex Spreng.) Greene; Beck's beggar-ticks 

Megalodonta nudata Greene 

Bidens bipinnata L. Bidens bipinnata var. biternatoides Sherff Spanish needles beggar-ticks 

Bidens cernua L. 

Bidens cernua var. dentata (Nutt.) Boivin; nodding beggar-ticks 

Bidens cernua var. elliptica Wieg.; Bidens 

cernua var. integra Wieg.; Bidens cernua var. 

minima (Huds.) Pursh; Bidens cernua var. 

Bidens connata Muhl. ex Willd. 

Bidens discoidea (Torr. & Gray) 

Britt. 

Bidens eatonii Fern. 

oligodonta Fern & St John 

Bidens connata var. anomala Farw.; Bidens 

connata var. fallax (Warnst.) Sherff; Bidens 

connata var. gracilipes Fern.; Bidens connata 

var. inundata Fern.; Bidens connata var. 

petiolata (Nutt.) Farw.; Bidens connata var. 

submutica Fassett; Bidens heterodoxa (Fern.) 

Fern. & St. John var. heterodoxa ; Bidens 

heterodoxa (Fern.) Fern. & St. John var. 

hd &S h 

Bidens eatonii var. fallax Fern.; Bidens eatonii 

var. interstes Fassett; Bidens eatonii var. 

kennebecensis Fern.; Bidens eatonii var. major 

Fassett; Bidens eatonii var. mutabilis Fassett; 

Bidens eatonii var. simulans Fassett; Bidens 


Bidens frondosa L. 

th i ti Fern 

Bidens frondosa var. anomala Porter ex Fern.; 

Bidens frondosa var. caudata Sherff; Bidens 

frondosa var. stenodonta Fern. & St. John 

Bidens hyperborea Greene Bidens hyperborea var. cathancensis Fern.; 

Bidens hyperborea var. colpophila (Fern. & St. 

John) Fern.; Bidens hyperborea var. 

laurentiana Fassett; Bidens hyperborea var. 

purple-stemmed beggar-ticks 

small beggar-ticks 

Eaton's beggar-ticks 

Devil's beggar-ticks 

northern beggar-ticks 

svensonii Fassett 

Bidens laevis (L.) B.S.P. Bidens elegans Greene; Helianthus laevis L. smooth beggar-ticks 

Bidens ×multiceps Fassett 

Bidens connta × B. eatonii

Bidens pilosa L. 

Bidens odorata Cav.; Bidens pilosa var. minor 

(Blume) Sherff 

Bidens polylepis Blake Bidens involucrata (Nutt.) Britt.; Bidens 

polylepis var. retrorsa Sherff; Coreopsis 

involucrata Nutt. 

Bidens tenuisecta Gray 

Bidens trichosperma (Michx.) Britt. Bidens coronata (L.) Britt.; Bidens coronata 

var. brachyodonta Fern.; Bidens coronata var. 

tenuiloba (Gray) Sherff; Bidens coronata var. 

trichosperma (Michx.) Fern.; Bidens 

Bidens tripartita L. ssp. comosa 

(Gray) A. Haines 

trichosperma (Michx ) Britt 

Bidens comosa (Gray) Wieg.; Bidens 


agnostica Fern. 

Bidens vulgata Greene Bidens frondosa var. puberula Wieg.; Bidens 

puberula Wieg.; Bidens vulgata var. puberula 

Boltonia asteroides (L.) L’Hér. 

var. latisquama (Gray) Cronq. 

Boltonia asteroides (L.) L’Hér. var. 

recognita (Fern. & Grisc.) Cronq. 

hairy beggar-ticks 

Ozark beggar-ticks 

slim-lobed beggar-ticks 

crowned beggar-ticks 

three-lobed beggar-ticks 

tall beggar-ticks 

(Wieg.) Greene 

Boltonia latisquama (Gray) Cronq. white doll's-daisy 

Boltonia latisquama Gray var. microcephala 

Fern. & Grisc.; Boltonia latisquama Gray var. 

occidentalis Gray; Boltonia latisquama Gray 

var. recognita Fern. & Grisc.; Boltonia 

recognita (Fern & Grisc )GN Jones 

Calendula officinalis L. 

Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees Aster chinensis L.; Callistemma chinense (L.) 

Skeels; Callistephus hortensis Cass.; 

Calotis cuneifolia R. Br. 

Carduus acanthoides L. ssp. 

acanthoides 

Carduus crispus L. 

Carduus nutans L. 

Diplopappus chinensis 

(L.) Less. 

Carduus nutans ssp. leiophyllus (Petrovic) 

Stojanov & Stef.; Carduus nutans var. 

white doll's-daisy 

pot-marigold 

Chinese-aster 

Australian wedgeleaf 

spiny plumeless-thistle 

curly plumeless-thistle 

nodding plumeless-thistle 

leiophyllus (Petrovic) Arènes 

Carthamus lanatus L. 

woolly safflower-thistle 

Carthamus tinctorius L. 

common safflower-thistle 

Centaurea benedicta (L.) L. Cnicus benedictus L. blessed knapweed 

Centaurea calcitrapa L. Centaurea adulterina Morreti purple knapweed 

Centaurea cyanus L. 

Centaurea segetum Hill; Centaurea pulchra garden knapweed 

DC.; Leucacantha cyanus (L.) Nieuwl. & Lunell 

Centaurea diffusa Lam. 

Acosta diffusa (Lam.) Soják; Acrolophus white knapweed 

diffusus (Lam.) A. & D. Löve

Centaurea jacea L. Centaurea debeauxii Gren. & Godr. ssp. brown knapweed 

thuillieri Dostál; Centaurea jacea ssp. 

decipiens (Thuill.) Čelak.; Centaurea jacea ssp. 

pratensis Čelak.; Centaurea pratensis Thuill.; 

Centaurea thuillieri (Dostál) J. Duvign. & 

Lambinon; Cyanus jacea (L.) P. Gaertn.; Jacea 

Centaurea melitensis L. 

t i Lam 

Calcitrapa melitensis (L.) Soják; 

Maltese knapweed 

Triplocentron melitense (L.) Cass. 

Centaurea ×moncktonii C.E. Britton Centaurea jacea × C. nigra ; Centaurea 

pratensis Thuill., misapplied 

Centaurea montana L. 

mountain knapweed 

Centaurea nigra L. Jacea nigra (L.) Hill black knapweed 

Centaurea nigrescens Willd. Centaurea dubia Suter; Centaurea dubia Suter 

ssp. nigrescens (Willd.) Hayek; Centaurea 

dubia Suter ssp. vochinensis (Bernh. ex 

Reichenb.) Hayek; Centaurea transalpina 

short-fringed knapweed 

Schleich. ex DC.; Centaurea vochinensis Bernh. 

ex Reichenb.; Jacea nigrescens (Willd.) Soják 

Centaurea phrygia L. Centaurea austriaca Willd. wig knapweed 

Centaurea ×psammogena Gáyer Centaurea diffusa × C. stoebe ssp. micranthos 

Centaurea scabiosa L. Acrocentron scabiosa (L.) A. & D. Löve; greater knapweed 

Colymbada scabiosa (L.) Holub 

Centaurea solstitialis L. yellow knapweed 

Centaurea stoebe L. ssp. micranthos Centaurea biebersteinii DC.; Centaurea spotted knapweed 

(Gugler) Hayek 

maculosa Lam., misapplied; Centaurea 

maculosa Lam. ssp. micranthos Gugler 

Centipeda minima (L.) A. Braun & Artemisia minima L. spreading-sneezeweed 

Aschers. 

Chaenactis glabriuscula DC. var. Chaenactis glabriuscula var. tenuifolia (Nutt.) yellow pincushion 

glabriuscula 

Hall; Chaenactis tenuifolia Nutt. 

Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. Anthemis grandiflora Ramat.; Dendranthema florist's daisy 

grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitam.; Dendranthema 

morifolium (Ramat.) Tzvelev 

Chrysopsis mariana (L.) Ell. Chrysopsis mariana var. macradenia Fern.; 

Heterotheca mariana (L.) Shinners; Inula 

Maryland golden-aster 

mariana L. 

Cichorium endivia L. 

cultivated endive 

Cichorium intybus L. 

chicory 

Cirsium altissimum (L.) Spreng. Carduus altissimus L. tall thistle 

Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. 

Breea arvensis Less.; Carduus arvensis (L.) creeping thistle 

Robson; Cirsium arvense var. horridum 

Wimmer & Grab.; Cirsium arvense var. 

integrifolium Wimmer & Grab.; Cirsium 

arvense var. mite Wimmer & Grab.; Serratula 

arvensis L

Cirsium discolor (Muhl. ex 

Carduus discolor (Muhl. ex Willd.) Nutt. field thistle 

Willd.) Spreng. 

Cirsium flodmanii (Rydb.) Arthur Carduus flodmanii Rydb. Flodman's thistle 

Cirsium horridulum Michx. var. Carduus spinosissimus Walt.; Cirsium yellow thistle 

horridulum 

spinosissimum , of authors not (L.) Scop. 

Cirsium muticum Michx. 

Carduus muticus (Michx.) Pers.; Cirsium 

bigelovii DC.; Cirsium muticum var. monticola 

Fern.; Cirsium muticum var. subpinnatifidum 

swamp thistle 

(Britt ) Fern 

Cirsium palustre (L.) Scop. Carduus palustris L. marsh thistle 

Cirsium pumilum (Nutt.) Spreng. var. Carduus pumilus Nutt.; Cirsium odoratum pasture thistle 

pumilum 

(Muhl. ex W. Bart.) Petrak 

Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. Carduus lanceolatus L.; Carduus vulgaris common thistle 

Savi; Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Scop. 

Coreopsis basalis (A. Dietr.) Blake Calliopsis basalis A. Dietr.; Coreopsis golden mane tickseed 

drummondii (D. Don) Torr. & Gray 

Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Coreopsis grandiflora var. pilosa Sherff large-flowered tickseed 

Sweet 

Coreopsis lanceolata L. Coreopsis heterogyna Fern.; Coreopsis lance-leaved tickseed 

lanceolata var. villosa Michx. 

Coreopsis major Walt. 

Coreopsis major var. stellata (Nutt.) B.L. greater tickseed 

Robins. 

Coreopsis palmata Nutt. 

stiff tickseed 

Coreopsis pubescens Ell. Coreopsis pubescens var. robusta Gray ex hairy tickseed 

Eames 

Coreopsis rosea Nutt. 

pink tickseed 

Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. var. Coreopsis cardaminifolia (DC.) Torr. & Gray; golden tickseed 

tinctoria 

Coreopsis tinctoria var. imminuta Sherff 

Coreopsis tripteris L. Coreopsis tripteris var. smithii Sherff; tall tickseed 

Coreopsis tripteris var. subrhomboidea Sherff 

Coreopsis verticillata L. thread-leaved tickseed 

Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. 

garden cosmos 

Cosmos parviflorus (Jacq.) Pers. 

southwestern cosmos 

Cosmos sulphureus Cav. 

sulphur cosmos 

Cota tinctoria (L.) J. Gay Anthemis tinctoria L. golden-chamomile 

Cotula coronopifolia L. common brassbuttons 

Crepis biennis L. 

rough hawk's-beard 

Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. smooth hawk's-beard 

Crepis foetida L. 

stinking hawk's-beard 

Crepis nicaeensis Balbis ex Pers. 

Turkish hawk's-beard 

Crepis setosa Haller f. 

bristly hawk's-beard 

Crepis tectorum L. 

narrow-leaved hawk's-beard 

Crepis vesicaria L. ssp. haenseleri Crepis vesicaria ssp. taraxacifolia (Thuill.) beaked hawk's-beard 

(Boiss. ex DC.) P.D. Sell 

Thellung; Crepis vesicaria var. taraxacifolia 

Crupina vulgaris Cass. 

Cyclachaena xanthiifolia (Nutt.) 

Fresen. 

(Thuill.) Boivin 

Iva xanthiifolia Nutt. 

common crupina 

carelessweed

Deinandra fasciculata (DC.) Greene Hemizonia fasciculata DC.; Hemizonia 

fasciculata DC. ssp. ramosissima (Benth.) 

Keck & D.A. Johans.; Hemizonia ramosissima 

Benth 

Dittrichia graveolens (L.) W. Greuter Erigeron graveolens L.; Inula graveolens (L.) 

Desf. 

Doellingeria infirma (Michx.) Greene Aster infirmus Michx. 

clustered moonshine-daisy 

stinkwort 

Appalachian white-aster 

Doellingeria umbellata (P. Mill.) Aster umbellatus P. Mill. tall white-aster 

Nees var. umbellata 

Doronicum pardalianches L. 

greater false leopard's bane 

Dyssodia papposa (Vent.) A.S. Boebera papposa (Vent.) Rydb. ex Britt.; fetid-marigold 

Hitchc. 

Tagetes papposa Vent. 

Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Brauneria pallida (Nutt.) Britt.; Rudbeckia pale purple coneflower 

pallida Nutt. 

Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench Brauneria purpurea (L.) Britt. eastern purple coneflower 

Echinops sphaerocephalus L. greater globe-thistle 

Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk.; Verbesina prostrata false daisy 

L. 

Erechtites hieraciifolius (L.) Raf. ex Erechtites hieraciifolius var. intermedius American burnweed 

DC. var. hieraciifolius 

Fern.; Erechtites hieraciifolius var. praealtus 

Erechtites hieraciifolius (L.) Raf. ex 

DC. var. megalocarpus (Fern.) Cronq. 

Erigeron acris L. var. kamtschaticus 

(DC.) Herder 

(Raf.) Fern.; Senecio hieraciifolius L. 

Erechtites megalocarpus Fern. American burnweed 

Erigeron acris var. kamtschaticus (DC.) 

Herder; Erigeron angulosus Gaudin var. 

kamtschaticus (DC.) Hara; Erigeron 

kamtschaticus DC.; Trimorpha acris (L.) 

Nesom var kamtschatica (DC ) Nesom 

Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. Erigeron annuus var. discoideus (Victorin & 

Rouss.) Cronq.; Stenactis annua (L.) Nees 

Erigeron canadensis L. Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.; Conyza 

canadensis (L.) Cronq. var. pusilla (Nutt.) 

Cronq.; Conyza parva Cronq.; Erigeron 

canadensis var. pusillus (Nutt.) Boivin; 

Erigeron pusillus Nutt.; Leptilon canadense 

bitter fleabane 

annual fleabane 

Canada fleabane 

Erigeron hyssopifolius Michx. 

(L ) Britt ; Leptilon pusillum (Nutt ) Britt 

hyssop-leaved fleabane 

Erigeron philadelphicus L. var. Erigeron philadelphicus var. glaber Henry; Philadelphia fleabane 

philadelphicus 

Erigeron philadelphicus var. scaturicola 

Erigeron philadelphicus L. var. 

provancheri (Victorin & Rouss.) 


Erigeron pulchellus Michx. var. 

pulchellus 

(Fern.) Fern.; Erigeron purpureus Ait. 

Erigeron philadelphicus ssp. provancheri 

(Victorin & Rouss.) J.K. Morton; Erigeron 

provancheri Victorin & Rouss. 

Philadelphia fleabane 

Robin's plantain fleabane

Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. Erigeron strigosus ssp. septentrionalis (Fern. rough fleabane 

var. septentrionalis (Fern. & Wieg.) & Wieg.) Wagenitz 

Fern. 

Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. Erigeron annuus ssp. strigosus (Muhl. ex rough fleabane 

var. strigosus 

Willd.) Wagenitz; Erigeron ramosus (Walt.) 

B.S.P.; Erigeron ramosus (Walt.) B.S.P. var. 

beyrichii (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Gray; Erigeron 

strigosus var. beyrichii (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) 

Torr. & Gray; Erigeron strigosus var. 

discoideus Robbins ex Gray; Erigeron 

strigosus var. eligulatus Cronq.; Stenactis 

Euchiton involucratus (G. Forst.) 

( hl illd ) 

Gnaphalium involucratum 

C 

G. Forst. common creeping-cudweed 

Holub 

Eupatorium album L. var. album Eupatorium album var. glandulosum (Michx.) white thoroughwort 

DC.; Eupatorium glandulosum Michx.; 

Eupatorium petaloideum Britt. ex Small 

Eupatorium altissimum L. Eupatorium saltuense Fern. tall thoroughwort 

Eupatorium hyssopifolium L. Eupatorium hyssopifolium var. calcaratum hyssop-leaved thoroughwort 

Fern. & Schub. 

Eupatorium novae-angliae (Fern.) V. Eupatorium leucolepis (DC.) Torr. & Gray var. New England thoroughwort 

Sullivan ex A. Haines & Sorrie novae-angliae Fern. 

Eupatorium perfoliatum L. Eupatorium perfoliatum var. colpophilum boneset thoroughwort 

Fern. & Grisc. 

Eupatorium pilosum Walt. Eupatorium rotundifolium var. saundersii ragged thoroughwort 

(Porter ex Britt.) Cronq. 

Eupatorium pubescens Muhl. ex Eupatorium rotundifolium var. ovatum hairy thoroughwort 

Willd. 

(Bigelow) Torr. 

Eupatorium rotundifolium L. var. 

round-leaved thoroughwort 

rotundifolium 

Eupatorium serotinum Michx. 

late thoroughwort 

Eupatorium sessilifolium L. Eupatorium sessilifolium var. brittonianum upland thoroughwort 

Porter 

Eupatorium torreyanum Short & Eupatorium hyssopifolium L. var. laciniatum Torrey's thoroughwort 

Peter 

(Torr. & Gray) Small 

Eurybia divaricata (L.) Nesom Aster castaneus Burgess; Aster divaricatus L.; white wood-aster 

Aster excavatus Burgess; Aster tenebrosus 

Burgess 

Eurybia ×herveyi (Gray) Nesom Eurybia macrophylla × E. spectabilis ; Aster 

×herveyi Gray 

Eurybia macrophylla (L.) Cass. Aster ianthinus Burgess; Aster macrophyllus large-leaved wood-aster 

L.; Aster macrophyllus L. var. apricensis 

Burgess; Aster macrophyllus L. var. excelsior 

Burgess; Aster macrophyllus L. var. ianthinus 

(Burgess) Fern.; Aster macrophyllus L. var. 

pinguifolius Burgess; Aster macrophyllus L. 

Eurybia radula (Ait.) Nesom 

var lti Burgess 

Aster radula Ait.; Aster radula Ait. var. 

strictus (Pursh) Gray; Aster strictus Pursh 

rough wood-aster

Eurybia schreberi (Nees) Nees 

Aster curvescens Burgess; Aster glomeratus 

(Bernh. ex Nees) Burgess; Aster schreberi Nees; 

Eurybia glomerata Bernh. ex Nees 

Eurybia spectabilis (Ait.) Nesom Aster commixtus (Nees) Kuntze; Aster 

spectabilis Ait.; Aster spectabilis Ait. var. 

Euthamia caroliniana (L.) Greene ex 

Porter & Britt. 

suffultus Fern.; Eurybia commixta Nees 

Euthamia galetorum Greene; Euthamia 

microcephala Greene; Euthamia microphylla 

Greene; Euthamia remota Greene; Solidago 

tenuifolia Pursh; Solidago tenuifolia Pursh 

var pycnocephala Fern 

Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. Chrysocoma graminifolia L.; Euthamia 

graminifolia var. major (Michx.) Moldenke; 

Euthamia graminifolia var. nuttallii (Greene) 

W. Stone; Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb. 

var. major (Michx.) Fern.; Solidago 

graminfolia (L.) Salisb. var. nuttallii (Greene) 

Fern.; Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb. var. 

Eutrochium dubium (Willd. ex Poir.) 

E.E. Lamont 

Eutrochium fistulosum (Barratt) E.E. 

Lamont 

Eutrochium maculatum (L.) E.E. 

Lamont var. maculatum 

Eutrochium purpureum (L.) E.E. 

Lamont var. purpureum 

t t i li F S lid l l t L 

Eupatoriadelphus dubius (Willd. ex Poir.) 

King & H.E. Robins.; Eupatorium dubium 

Willd. ex Poir.; Eupatorium ternifolium Ell. 

Eupatoriadelphus fistulosus (Barratt) King & 

H.E. Robins.; Eupatorium fistulosum Barratt; 

maculatum (L ) Darl 

Cunigunda purpurea (L.) Lunell; 

Eupatoriadelphus purpureus (L.) King & H.E. 

Robins.; Eupatorium amoenum Pursh; E. 

falcatum Michx.; Eupatorium purpureum L.; 

Eupatorium trifoliatum L.; Eupatorium 

Schreber's wood-aster 

purple wood-aster 

coastal plain grass-leavedgoldenrod 

common grass-leaved-goldenrod 

coastal plain Joe-Pye weed 

hollow Joe-Pye weed 

Eupatorium laevigatum Torr. in Eat. 

Eupatoriadelphus maculatus (L.) King & H.E. spotted Joe-Pye weed 

Robins.; Eupatorium maculatum L.; 

Eupatorium maculatum L. var. foliosum (Fern.) 

Wieg.; Eupatorium purpureum L. var. 

purple Joe-Pye weed 

Filago vulgaris Lam. 

verticillatum Muhl ex Willd 

Filago germanica L. common cotton-rose 

Flaveria trinervia (Spreng.) C. Mohr Oedera trinervia Spreng. clustered yellowtops 

Gaillardia aristata Pursh common blanket-flower 

Gaillardia pulchella Foug. var. Gaillardia drummondii (Hook.) DC.; 

rosering blanket-flower 

pulchella 

Gaillardia picta D. Don; Gaillardia pulchella 

var. picta (D. Don) Gray 

Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Galinsoga parviflora var. semicalva Gray; 

Galinsoga semicalva (Gray) St. John & White 

Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Galinsoga aristulata Bickn.; Galinsoga 

Pavón 

bicolorata St. John & White; Galinsoga ciliata 

(Raf.) Blake; Galinsoga caracasana (DC.) 

Schultz-Bip 

lesser quickweed 

common quickweed

Gamochaeta pensylvanica 

(Willd.) Cabrera 

Gnaphalium pensylvanicum Willd.; 

Gnaphalium purpureum Willd. var. 

Pennsylvania cudweed 

spathulatum (Lam.) Baker 

Gamochaeta purpurea (L.) Cabrera Gnaphalium purpureum L. purple cudweed 

Glebionis carinata (Schousb.) Tzvelev Chrysanthemum carinatum Schousb. tricolor daisy 

Glebionis coronaria (L.) Cass. ex Chrysanthemum coronarium L. crown daisy 

Spach 

Glebionis segetum (L.) Fourr. Chrysanthemum segetum L. corn daisy 

Gnaphalium uliginosum L. Filaginella uliginosa (L.) Opiz brown cudweed 

Grindelia hirsutula Hook. & Arn. Grindelia squarrosa var. integrifolia (Nutt.) hairy gum-weed 

Boivin; Grindelia squarrosa var. 

quasiperennis Lunell 

Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal Donia squarrosa Pursh; Grindelia squarrosa 

var. serrulata (Rydb.) Steyermark; Grindelia 

curly-top gum-weed 

serrulata Rydb. 

Guizotia abyssinica (L. f.) Cass. Polymnia abyssinica L. f. niger-seed 

Helenium amarum (Raf.) H. Rock var. Helenium tenuifolium Nutt. narrow-leaved sneezeweed 

amarum 

Helenium autumnale L. Helenium autumnale var. canaliculatum (Lam.) fall sneezeweed 

Torr. & Gray; Helenium autumnale var. 

parviflorum (Nutt.) Fern.; Helenium 

canaliculatum Lam.; Helenium parviflorum 

Nutt 

Helenium flexuosum Raf. Helenium nudiflorum Nutt. purple-headed sneezeweed 

Helianthus annuus L. Helianthus annuus var. lenticularis (Dougl. ex common sunflower 

Lindl.) Steyermark; Helianthus annuus var. 

macrocarpus (DC.) Cockerell; Helianthus 

annuus var texanus (Heiser) Shinners 

Helianthus debilis Nutt. ssp. Helianthus cucumerifolius Torr. & Gray; cucumber-leaved sunflower 

cucumerifolius (Torr. & Gray) Heiser Helianthus debilis var. cucumerifolius (Torr. & 

Gray) Gray 

Helianthus decapetalus L. Helianthus tracheliifolius P. Mill. thin-leaved sunflower 

Helianthus divaricatus L. Helianthus divaricatus var. angustifolius woodland sunflower 

Kuntze 

Helianthus ×divariserratus R.W. Helianthus divaricatus × H. grosseserratus 

Long 

Helianthus giganteus L. Helianthus alienus E.E. Wats.; Helianthus tall sunflower 

borealis E.E. Wats.; Helianthus giganteus ssp. 

alienus (E.E. Wats.) R.W. Long; Helianthus 

giganteus var. subtuberosus Britt.; Helianthus 

subtuberosus (Britt.) Britt.; Helianthus validus 

E E Wats 

Helianthus grosseserratus Martens Helianthus grosseserratus var. hypoleucus 

Gray 

Helianthus hirsutus Raf. Helianthus hirsutus var. stenophyllus Torr. & 

Gray; Helianthus stenophyllus (Torr. & Gray) 

E.E. Wats. 

Helianthus ×intermedius R.W. Long Helianthus grosseserratus × H. maximiliani 

saw-toothed sunflower 

hairy sunflower

Helianthus ×kellermanii Britt. Helianthus grosseserratus × H. salicifolius A. 

Dietr. 

Helianthus ×laetiflorus Pers. Helianthus pauciflorus × H. tuberosus ; H. 

scaberrimus Ell.; H. severus E.E. Wats.; H. 

superbus E.E. Wats. 

Helianthus ×luxurians E.E. Wats. Helianthus giganteus × H. grosseserratus 

Helianthus maximiliani Schrad. Helianthus dalyi Britt. Maximilian's sunflower 

Helianthus microcephalus Torr. & 

small-headed sunflower 

Gray 

Helianthus mollis Lam. Helianthus mollis var. cordatus S. Wats. ashy sunflower 

Helianthus occidentalis Riddell ssp. 

naked-stemmed sunflower 

occidentalis 

Helianthus pauciflorus Nutt. ssp. Helianthus laetiflorus var. rigidus (Cass.) stiff sunflower 

pauciflorus 

Fern.; Helianthus rigidus (Cass.) Desf. 

Helianthus pauciflorus Nutt. ssp. Helianthus laetiflorus var. subrhomboideus stiff sunflower 

subrhomboideus (Rydb.) O. Spring & (Rydb.) Fern.; Helianthus pauciflorus var. 

E. Schilling 

subrhomboideus (Rydb.) Cronq.; Helianthus 

rigidus (Cass.) Desf. ssp. subrhomboideus 

(Rydb.) Heiser; Helianthus rigidus (Cass.) Desf. 

var. subrhomboideus (Rydb.) Cronq.; 

Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. ssp. 

Hli th bh bid Rydb 

prairie sunflower 

petiolaris 

Helianthus strumosus L. 

pale-leaved sunflower 

Helianthus tuberosus L. Helianthus tomentosus Michx. tuberous sunflower 

Heliomeris multiflora Nutt. var. Gymnolomia multiflora (Nutt.) Benth. & Hook. showy false goldeneye 

multiflora 

f.; Viguiera multiflora (Nutt.) Blake 

Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet Buphthalmum helianthoides L.; Heliopsis sunflower-everlasting 

var. helianthoides 

helianthoides var. solidaginoides (L.) Fern. 

Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet Heliopsis helianthoides ssp. occidentalis T.R. sunflower-everlasting 

var. scabra (Dunal) Fern. 

Fisher; Heliopsis helianthoides var. 

occidentalis (T.R. Fisher) Steyermark; Heliopsis 

helianthoides ssp. scabra (Dunal) T.R. Fisher; 

Heliopsis scabra Dunal 

Helminthotheca echioides (L.) Holub Picris echioides L. bristly ox-tongue 

Heterosperma pinnatum Cav. 

wingpetal 

Heterotheca subaxillaris (Lam.) Heterotheca latifolia Buckl.; Heterotheca camphor false golden-aster 

Britt. & Rusby var. latifolia (Buckl.) subaxillaris ssp. latifolia (Buckl.) Semple 

Gandhi & Thomas 

Hieracium aurantiacum L. Pilosella aurantiaca (L.) F.W. Schultz & orange hawkweed 

Schultz-Bip. 

Hieracium caespitosum Dumort. Hieracium pratense Tausch; Pilosella 

yellow hawkweed 

caespitosa (Dumort.) P.D. Sell & C. West 

Hieracium ×fernaldii Lepage Hieracium kalmii × H. scabrum ; Hieracium 

canadense var. hirtirameum Fern. 

Hieracium flagellare Willd. Pilosella flagellaris (Willd.) P.D. Sell & C. whip hawkweed 

West

Hieracium ×floribundum Wimmer Hieracium caespitosum × H. lactucella Wallr.; 

& Grab. 

Pilosella ×floribunda (Wimmer & Grab.) Arv.- 

Touv. 

Hieracium gronovii L. 

beaked hawkweed 

Hieracium kalmii L. Hieracium canadense Michx.; Hieracium Canada hawkweed 

canadense Michx. var. fasciculatum (Pursh) 

Fern.; Hieracium canadense Michx. var. kalmii 

(L.) Scoggin, an illegitimate name; Hieracium 

kalmii var. fasciculatum (L.) Lepage; 

Hieracium umbellatum var. canadense (Michx.) 

Hieracium lachenalii K.C. Gmel. 

Breitung 

Hieracium vulgatum Fries common hawkweed 

Hieracium maculatum Sm. 

spotted hawkweed 

Hieracium ×marianum Willd. Hieracium gronovii × H. venosum ; Hieracium 

pennsylvanicum Fries 

Hieracium murorum L. 

wall hawkweed 

Hieracium paniculatum L. 

panicled hawkweed 

Hieracium pilosella L. Hieracium pilosella L. var. niveum Muell.- mouse-ear hawkweed 

Arg.; Pilosella officinarum F.W. Schultz & 

Schultz-Bip. 

Hieracium piloselloides Vill. Hieracium florentinum All.; Pilosella glaucous hawkweed 

piloselloides (Vill.) Soják 

Hieracium praealtum Vill. ex Hieracium praealtum var. decipiens 

tall hawkweed 

Gochnat 

W.D.J. Koch; Pilosella praealta (Vill. ex 

Gochnat) F.W. Schultz & Schultz-Bip. 

Hieracium robinsonii (Zahn) Fern. Hieracium ungavense Lepage Robinson's hawkweed 

Hieracium sabaudum L. 

Savoy hawkweed 

Hieracium scabrum Michx. Hieracium scabrum var. tonsum Fern. & St. rough hawkweed 

John 

Hieracium umbellatum L. Hieracium scabriusculum Schwein.; 

narrow-leaved hawkweed 

Hieracium scabriusculum Schwein. var. 

saximontanum Lepage 

Hieracium venosum L. Hieracium venosum var. nudicaule (Michx.) rattlesnake hawkweed 

Farw. 

Hymenoxys odorata DC. Actinella odorata Gray; Picradenia odorata poison rubberweed 

(DC.) Britt. 

Hypochaeris glabra L. 

smooth cat's-ear 

Hypochaeris radicata L. hairy cat's-ear 

Inula helenium L. 

horse yellowhead 

Inula salicina L. 

willow-leaved yellowhead 

Ionactis linariifolia (L.) Greene Aster linariifolius L.; Aster linariifolius L. flax-leaved stiff-aster 

var. victorinii Fern. 

Iva annua L. Iva ciliata Willd. rough marsh-elder 

Iva frutescens L. 

Iva frutescens ssp. oraria (Bartlett) R.C. 

Jackson; Iva frutescens var. oraria 

maritime marsh-elder 

(Bartlett) Fern. & Grisc. 

Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. Senecio jacobaea L. tansy ragwort

Krigia biflora Walt. var. biflora Hyoseris amplexicaulis Michx.; Hyoseris two-flowered dwarf-dandelion 

biflora Walt.; Krigia amplexicaulis (Michx.) 

Nutt.; Krigia biflora ssp. glandulifera (Fern.) 

Iltis 

Krigia virginica (L.) Willd. Hyoseris virginica L. Virginia dwarf-dandelion 

Lactuca biennis (Moench) Fern. Lactuca spicata (Lam.) A.S. Hitchc. var. tall blue lettuce 

integrifolia (Torr. & Gray) Britt.; Mulgedium 

spicatum (Lam.) Small var. integrifolium (Torr. 

& Gray) Small; Sonchus biennis Moench 

Lactuca canadensis L. Lactuca canadensis var. integrifolia (Bigelow) tall lettuce 

Torr. & Gray; Lactuca canadensis var. latifolia 

Kuntze; Lactuca canadensis var. longifolia 

(Michx.) Farw.; Lactuca canadensis var. 

obovata Wieg ; Lactuca sagittifolia Ell 

Lactuca hirsuta Muhl. ex Nutt. Lactuca hirsuta var. sanguinea (Bigelow) Fern. tall hairy lettuce 

Lactuca ×morssii B.L. Robins. Lactuca biennis × L. canadensis 

Lactuca sativa L. 

cultivated lettuce 

Lactuca serriola L. 

Lactuca scariola L.; Lactuca scariola L. var. prickly lettuce 

integrata Gren. & Godr.; Lactuca scariola L. 

var. integrifolia (Bogenh.) G. Beck 

Lapsana communis L. 

common nipplewort 

Lasthenia californica DC. ex Lindl. Baeria chrysostoma Fisch. & C.A. Mey.; California goldfields 

Baeria chrysostoma Fisch. & C.A. Mey. var. 

gracilis (DC.) Hall; Lasthenia chrysostoma 

(Fisch & C A Mey ) Greene 

Lasthenia minor (DC.) Ornduff Baeria minor (DC.) Ferris coastal goldfields 

Layia platyglossa (Fisch. & C.A. Layia platyglossa ssp. campestris Keck; Layia coastal tidytips 

Mey.) Gray 

platyglossa var. breviseta Gray 

Leontodon hispidus L. ssp. hispidus Apargia hispida (L.) Willd.; Leontodon bristly hawkbit 

hastilis L. var. vulgaris W.D.J. Koch 

Leontodon saxatilis Lam. ssp. Leontodon leysseri (Wallr.) G. Beck; 

little hawkbit 

saxatilis 

Leontodon nudicaulis Mérat; Leontodon 

nudicaulis Mérat ssp. taraxacoides (Vill.) 

Schinz & Thellung; Leontodon taraxacoides 

(Vill ) Mérat 

Leucanthemella serotina (L.) Tzvelev Chrysanthemum serotinum L.; Leucanthemum giant-daisy 

serotinum (L.) Stankov; Tanacetum serotinum 

(L.) Schultz-Bip. 

Leucanthemum ×superbum (Berg. ex 

J.W. Ingram) Berg. ex Kent 

Leucanthemum lacustre (Brot.) Samp. × L. 

maximum (Ramond) DC. 

Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.; 

ox-eye daisy 

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. var. 

pinnatifidum Lecoq & Lamotte; Leucanthemum 

leucanthemum (L.) Rydb.; Leucanthemum 

vulgare var. pinnatifidum (Lecoq & Lamotte) 

Moldenke

Liatris novae-angliae (Lunell) 

Shinners var. novae-angliae 

Liatris pycnostachya Michx. var. 

pycnostachya 

Liatris spicata (L.) Willd. var. 

spicata 

Logfia minima (Sm.) Dumort. 

Madia glomerata Hook. 

Madia sativa Molina 

Matricaria chamomilla L. var. 

chamomilla 

Lacinaria scariosa (L.) Hill var. novae-angliae 

Lunell; Liatris borealis , of authors not Nutt. ex 

J. McNab; Liatris scariosa (L.) Willd. var. 

novae-angliae (Lunell) Gandhi, S.M. Young, & 

northern blazing star 

P Somers 

Lacinaria pycnostachya (Michx.) Kuntze thick-spiked blazing star 

Lacinaria spicata (L.) Kuntze; Serratula 

spicata L. 

Filago minima (Sm.) Pers.; Gnaphalium 

minimum Sm.; Oglifa minima (Sm.) Reichenb. 

Madia capitata Nutt.; Madia sativa ssp. 

capitata (Nutt.) Piper; Madia sativa var. 

congesta Torr. & Gray 

Chamomilla chamomilla (L.) Rydb.; 

Matricaria chamomilla L. var. coronata J. Gay 

ex Boiss. 

Matricaria chamomilla L. var. Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert; 

recutita (L.) Fiori 

Matricaria recutita L. 

Matricaria discoidea DC. Chamomilla suaveolens (Pursh) Rydb.; 

Lepidanthus suaveolens (Pursh) Nutt.; 

Matricaria matricarioides , of authors not 

(Less.) Porter; Matricaria suaveolens (Pursh) 

sessile-headed blazing star 

little false cotton-rose 

mountain tarplant 

Chile tarplant 

wild chamomile 

wild chamomile 

rayless chamomile 

Buch ; Tanacetum suaveolens (Pursh) Hook 

Microseris douglasii (DC.) Schultz- Calais douglasii DC. Douglas' silverpuffs 

Bip. ssp. douglasii 

Mikania scandens (L.) Willd. Eupatorium scandens L.; Mikania scandens climbing hempvine 

var. pubescens (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray; 

Mulgedium pulchellum (Pursh) G. 

Don in R. Sweet 

Willoughbya scandens (L.) Kuntze 

Lactuca pulchella (Pursh) DC.; Lactuca 

tatarica (L.) C.A. Mey. ssp. pulchella (Pursh) 

Stebbins; Lactuca tatarica (L.) C.A. Mey. var. 

pulchella (Pursh) Breitung; Sonchus 

Russia blue lettuce 

pulchellus Pursh 

Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort. Lactuca muralis (L.) Fresen. wall-lettuce 

Nabalus albus (L.) Hook. 

Harpalyce alba (L.) D. Don ex Beck; Nabalus white rattlesnake-root 

integrifolius Cass.; Nabalus serpentarius var. 

integrifolius (Cass.) Britt.; Prenanthes alba L. 

Nabalus altissimus (L.) Hook. Harpalyce altissima (L.) D. Don ex Beck; 

Nabalus altissimus var. hispidulus House; 

Prenanthes altissima L.; Prenanthes altissima 

L. var. cinnamomea Fern.; Prenanthes 

tall rattlesnake-root 

altissima L var hispidula Fern 

Nabalus boottii DC. Prenanthes boottii (DC.) Gray Boott's rattlesnake-root 

Nabalus ×mainensis (Gray) Heller Nabalus racemosus × N. trifoliolatus ; 

Prenanthes ×mainensis Gray

Nabalus racemosus (Michx.) Hook. 

Harpalyce racemosa (Michx.) D. Don ex Beck; 

Prenanthes racemosa Michx.; Prenanthes 

racemosa Michx. ssp. multiflora Cronq.; 

Prenanthes racemosa Michx. var. multiflora 

(Cronq ) Cronq 

Nabalus serpentarius (Pursh) Hook. Prenanthes serpentaria Pursh; Prenanthes 

serpentaria Pursh forma simplicifolia Fern. 

Nabalus trifoliolatus Cass. Nabalus nanus (Bigelow) DC.; Prenanthes 

alba L. var. nana Bigelow; Prenanthes nana 

(Bigelow) Torr. ex DC.; Prenanthes trifoliolata 

(Cass.) Fern.; Prenanthes trifoliolata (Cass.) 

glaucous rattlesnake-root 

lion's-foot rattlesnake-root 

three-leaved rattlesnake-root 

Fern var nana Bigelow 

Nipponanthemum nipponicum Chrysanthemum nipponicum (Franch. ex Nippon-daisy 

(Franch. ex Maxim.) Kitam. 

Maxim.) Spreng.; Leucanthemum nipponicum 

Franch. ex Maxim. 

Oclemena acuminata (Michx.) Nesom Aster acuminatus Michx. sharp-toothed nodding-aster 

Oclemena ×blakei (Porter) Nesom Oclemena acuminata × O. nemoralis ; Aster 

×blakei (Porter) House 

Oclemena nemoralis (Ait.) Greene Aster nemoralis Ait. bog nodding-aster 

Oligoneuron album (Nutt.) Nesom Aster ptarmicoides (Nees) Torr. & Gray; white flat-topped-goldenrod 

Doellingeria ptarmicoides Nees; Inula alba 

Nutt.; Solidago asteroides Semple; Solidago 

ptarmicoides (Nees) Boivin; Unamia alba 

Oligoneuron rigidum (L.) Small var. 

rigidum 

(Nutt ) Rydb 

Solidago rigida L. stiff flat-topped-goldenrod 

Omalotheca supina (L.) DC. Gnaphalium supinum L. alpine arctic-cudweed 

Omalotheca sylvatica (L.) Schultz- Gnaphalium sylvaticum L. woodland arctic-cudweed 

Bip. & F.W. Schultz 

Onopordum acanthium L. ssp. 

Scotch cotton-thistle 

acanthium 

Packera anonyma (Wood) A. & D. Senecio anonymus Wood; Senecio smallii Small's groundsel 

Löve 

Britt. 

Packera aurea (L.) A. & D. Löve Senecio aureus L.; Senecio aureus L. var. 

gracilis (Pursh) Hook.; Senecio aureus L. var. 

golden groundsel 

Packera obovata (Muhl. ex Willd.) 

W.A. Weber & A. Löve 

Packera paupercula (Michx.) W.A. 

Weber & A. Löve 

Packera schweinitziana (Nutt.) W.A. 

Weber & A. Löve 

Palafoxia texana DC. var. texana 

intercursus Fern.; Senecio gracilis Pursh 

Senecio obovatus Muhl. ex Willd.; Senecio 

obovatus Muhl. ex Willd. var. rotundus Britt.; 

Senecio rotundus (Britt.) Small 

Senecio balsamitae Muhl. ex Willd.; Senecio 

gaspensis Greenm.; Senecio pauperculus 

Michx.; Senecio pauperculus Michx. var. 

balsamitae (Muhl. ex Willd.) Fern.; Senecio 

pauperculus Michx. var. praelongus (Greenm.) 

House 

Senecio robbinsii Oakes ex Rusby; Senecio 

schweinitzianus Nutt. 

running groundsel 

balsam groundsel 

New England groundsel 

Texas palafox

Parthenium hysterophorus L. Parthenium lobatum Buckl. Santa Maria feverfew 

Parthenium integrifolium L. var. 

wild feverfew 

integrifolium 

Perezia multiflora (Humb. & Bonpl.) Perezia aletes J.F. Macbr.; Perezia sonchifolia perezia 

ssp. sonchifolia (Baker) Vuill. Baker 

Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries var. Nardosmia arctica (Porsild) A. & D. Löve; northern sweet-coltsfoot 

palmatus (Ait.) Cronq. 

Petasites arcticus Porsild; Petasites frigidus 

ssp. arcticus (Porsild) Cody; Petasites frigidus 

ssp. palmatus (Ait.) Cody; Petasites palmatus 

(Ait ) Gray; Tussilago palmata Ait 

Petasites hybridus (L.) P.G. Gaertn., Petasites officinalis Moench; Petasites butterbur sweet-coltsfoot 

B. Mey., & Scherb 

vulgaris Hill 

Petasites japonicus (Sieb. & Zucc.) Nardosmia japonica Sieb. & Zucc. Japanese sweet-coltsfoot 

Maxim. 

Picris hieracioides L. 

hawkweed oxtongue 

Pityopsis falcata (Pursh) Nutt. Chrysopsis falcata (Pursh) Ell.; Heterotheca sickle-leaved silk-grass 

falcata (Pursh) Harms 

Pluchea odorata (L.) Cass. var. Pluchea purpurascens (Sw.) DC. 

succulenta (Fern.) Cronq. 

var. succulenta Fern. 

Polymnia canadensis L. Polymnia canadensis var. radiata Gray; 

Pseudognaphalium macounii 

(Greene) Kartesz 

Pseudognaphalium micradenium 

(Weatherby) Nesom 

Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (L.) 

Hilliard & Burtt 

Polymnia radiata (Gray) Small 

Gnaphalium decurrens Ives; Gnaphalium 

macounii Greene; Pseudognaphalium 

viscosum , of authors not (Kunth) W.A. Weber 

Gnaphalium helleri Britt. var. micradenium 

(Weatherby) Mahler; Gnaphalium obtusifolium 

L. var. micradenium Weatherby; 

Pseudognaphalium helleri (Britt.) A. Anderb. 

ssp micradenium (Weatherby) Kartesz 

Gnaphalium obtusifolium L.; Gnaphalium 

obtusifolium L. var. praecox Fern.; 

Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium ssp. praecox 

(Fern ) Kartesz 

Ratibida columnifera (Nutt.) Woot. & Ratibida columnaris (Sims) D. Don; 

Standl. 

Rudbeckia columnifera Nutt.; Lepachys 

sweet-scented camphorweed 

white-flowered leaf-cup 

Macoun's rabbit-tobacco 

Weatherby's rabbit-tobacco 

blunt-leaved rabbit-tobacco 

prairie Mexican-hat 

columnifera (Nutt.) J.F. Macbr. 

Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Barnh. Rudbeckia pinnata Vent. gray-headed Mexican-hat 

Rudbeckia bicolor Nutt. 

pine-woods coneflower 

Rudbeckia fulgida Ait. var. speciosa Rudbeckia speciosa Wenderoth 

showy coneflower 

(Wenderoth) Perdue 

Rudbeckia hirta L. var. hirta Rudbeckia brittonii Small; Rudbeckia hirta var. black-eyed coneflower 

brittonii (Small) Fern. 

Rudbeckia hirta L. var. pulcherrima Rudbeckia hirta var. lanceolata (Bisch.) Core; black-eyed coneflower 

Farw. 

Rudbeckia hirta var. serotina (Nutt.) Core; 

Rudbeckia serotina Nutt. 

Rudbeckia laciniata L. var. 

green-headed coneflower 

bipinnata Perdue 

Rudbeckia laciniata L. var. laciniata Rudbeckia laciniata var. hortensis Bailey green-headed coneflower

Rudbeckia subtomentosa Pursh 

sweet coneflower 

Rudbeckia triloba L. var. triloba 

three-lobed coneflower 

Santolina chamaecyparissus L. lavender-cotton 

Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.) Kuntze Pectis pinnata Lam. 

feathery false threadleaf 

var. pinnata 

Sclerolepis uniflora (Walt.) B.S.P. Aethulia uniflora Walt.; Sclerolepis 

sclerolepis 

verticillata (Michx.) Cass.; Sparganophorus 

Scorzoneroides autumnalis (L.) 

Moench ssp. autumnalis 

Scorzoneroides autumnalis (L.) 

Moench ssp. pratensis (Link) Holub 

verticillatus Michx. 

Apargia autumnalis (L.) Hoffmann; Leontodon 

autumnalis L. 

Leontodon autumnalis L. ssp. pratensis (Link) 

Arcang.; Leontodon autumnalis L. var. 

pratensis (Link) W.D.J. Koch 

Senecio spartioides Torr. & Gray Senecio multicapitatus Greenm. ex Rydb.; 

Senecio spartioides var. multicapitatus 

(Greenm. ex Rydb.) Welsh 

Senecio suaveolens (L.) Ell. Cacalia suaveolens L.; Hasteola suaveolens 

(L.) Pojark.; Synosma suaveolens (L.) Raf. ex 

Britt. 

Senecio sylvaticus L. 

Senecio viscosus L. 

Senecio vulgaris L. 

Sericocarpus asteroides (L.) B.S.P. Aster asteroides (L.) MacMillan; Aster 

fall-dandelion 

fall-dandelion 

broom-like ragwort 

false Indian-plantain 

woodland ragwort 

sticky ragwort 

common ragwort 

toothed white-topped-aster 

paternus Cronq.; Conyza asteroides L. 

Sericocarpus linifolius (L.) B.S.P. Aster solidagineus Michx.; Conyza linifolia L. narrow-leaved white-toppedaster 

Sigesbeckia orientalis L. common St. Paul's-wort 

Silphium perfoliatum L. var. 

cup-plant rosinweed 

perfoliatum 

Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Carduus marianus L.; Mariana mariana (L.) blessed milk-thistle 

Hill 

Solidago aestivalis Bickn. Solidago rugosa P. Mill. var. sphagnophila swamp wrinkle-leaved 

Graves 

goldenrod 

Solidago altissima L. ssp. altissima Solidago altissima var. procera (Ait.) Fern.; tall goldenrod 

Solidago canadensis var. scabra Torr. & Gray 

Solidago arguta Ait. var. arguta 

forest goldenrod 

Solidago ×asperula Desf. Solidago rugosa × S. sempervirens 

Solidago bicolor L. white goldenrod 

Solidago brendiae Semple 

Brenda's goldenrod 

Solidago caesia L. var. caesia Solidago axillaris Pursh; Solidago caesia var. axillary goldenrod 

axillaris (Pursh) Gray 

Solidago ×calcicola Fern. Solidago canadensis × S. macrophylla 

Solidago canadensis L. var. 

Canada goldenrod 

canadensis 

Solidago canadensis L. var. hargeri 

Canada goldenrod 

Fern. 

Solidago erecta Pursh Solidago speciosa var. erecta (Pursh) MacM. slender goldenrod 

Solidago flexicaulis L. Solidago latifolia L. ziz-zag goldenrod

Solidago gigantea Ait. Solidago gigantea ssp. serotina (Kuntze) 

McNeill; Solidago gigantea var. serotina 

(Kuntze) Cronq. 

Solidago hispida Muhl. ex Willd. Solidago bicolor var. concolor Torr. & Gray; 

Solidago bicolor var. lanata (Hook.) Seymour; 

Solidago hispida var. lanata (Hook.) Fern. 

smooth goldenrod 

hairy goldenrod 

Solidago juncea Ait. Solidago juncea var. neobohemica Fern.; 

Solidago juncea var. ramosa Porter & Britt. 

Solidago latissimifolia P. Mill. Solidago elliottii Torr. & Gray; Solidago 

elliottii Torr. & Gray var. ascendens Fern.; 

Solidago elliottii Torr. & Gray var. pedicellata 

early goldenrod 

Elliott's goldenrod 

Fern 

Solidago leiocarpa DC. Solidago cutleri Fern.; Solidago virgaurea L. Cutler's goldenrod 

var. alpina Bigelow 

Solidago macrophylla Pursh Solidago macrophylla var. thyrsoidea (E. large-leaved goldenrod 

Mey.) Fern. 

Solidago macrophylla × Solidago 

rugosa ssp. rugosa 

Solidago nemoralis Ait. ssp. Solidago nemoralis ssp. haleana (Fern.) G.W. gray goldenrod 

nemoralis 

Douglas; Solidago nemoralis var. haleana 

Fern. 

Solidago odora Ait. ssp. odora Solidago suaveolens Schoepf licorice goldenrod 

Solidago patula Muhl. ex Willd. var. 

rough-leaved goldenrod 

patula 

Solidago puberula Nutt. var. 

downy goldenrod 

puberula 

Solidago racemosa Greene Solidago glutinosa Nutt. var. racemosa riverbank goldenrod 

(Greene) Cronq.; Solidago racemosa Greene; 

Solidago simplex Kunth. ssp. randii (Porter) 

Ringius var. racemosa (Greene) Ringius; 

Solidago spathulata DC. var. racemosa 

(Greene) Gleason 

Solidago randii (Porter) Britt. Solidago glutinosa Nutt. ssp. randii (Porter) 

Cronq.; Solidago randii (Porter) Britt. var. 

monticola (Porter) Fern.; Solidago simplex 

Kunth. ssp. randii (Porter) Ringius var. 

monticola (Porter) Ringius; Solidago 

Rand's goldenrod 

Solidago rugosa P. Mill. ssp. 

spathulata DC ssp randii (Porter) Gleason 

Solidago aspera Ait.; Solidago celtidifolia common wrinkle-leaved 

aspera (Ait.) Cronq. var. aspera Small; Solidago rugosa var. celtidifolia (Small) goldenrod 

(Ait.) Fern. 

Fern. 

Solidago rugosa P. Mill. ssp. rugosa Solidago rugosa var. villosa (Pursh) Fern. common wrinkle-leaved 

Solidago sempervirens L. var. 

mexicana (L.) Fern. 

Solidago sempervirens L. var. 

sempervirens 

goldenrod 

Solidago mexicana L. seaside goldenrod 

sea-side goldenrod

Solidago speciosa Nutt. var. speciosa Solidago conferta P. Mill. showy goldenrod 

Solidago squarrosa Muhl. squarrose goldenrod 

Solidago uliginosa Nutt. Solidago uliginosa var. linoides (Torr. & Gray) bog goldenrod 

Fern.; Solidago purshii Porter; Solidago 

uliginosa var. terrae-novae (Torr. & Gray) 

Fern.; Solidago neglecta Torr. & Gray; 

Solidago uliginosa var. neglecta (Torr. & Gray) 

Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. ex Willd. 

Fern ; Solidago uniligulata (DC ) Porter 

elm-leaved goldenrod 

var. ulmifolia 

Sonchus arvensis L. var. arvensis 

field sow-thistle 

Sonchus arvensis L. var. glabrescens Sonchus arvensis ssp. uliginosus (Bieb.) field sow-thistle 

Guenth., Grab., & Wimmer 

Nyman; Sonchus uliginosus Bieb. 

Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Sonchus oleraceus var. asper L. spiny-leaved sow-thistle 

Sonchus oleraceus L. 

common sow-thistle 

Symphyotrichum ×amethystinum Symphyotrichum ericoides × S. novae-angliae ; 

(Nutt.) Nesom 

Aster ×amethystinus Nutt. 

Symphyotrichum anticostense (Fern.) Aster anticostensis Fern. Anticosti American-aster 

Nesom 

Symphyotrichum boreale (Torr. & Aster borealis (Torr. & Gray) Prov.; Aster rush American-aster 

Gray) Nesom 

junciformis Rydb. 

Symphyotrichum ciliatum (Ledeb.) Aster brachyactis Blake; Brachyactis angusta rayless annual American-aster 

Nesom 

(Lindl.) Britt.; Brachyactis ciliata (Ledeb.) 

Ledeb.; Brachyactis ciliata (Ledeb.) Ledeb. ssp. 

angusta (Lindl.) A.G. Jones; Tripolium 

Symphyotrichum ciliolatum (Lindl.) 

A. & D. Löve 

Symphyotrichum concolor (L.) Nesom 

ssp. concolor 

Symphyotrichum cordifolium (L.) 

Nesom 

Symphyotrichum cordifolium × S. novibelgii 

angustum Lindl 

Aster ciliolatus Lindl.; Aster lindleyanus Torr. 

& Gray 

Aster concolor L.; Lasallea concolor (L.) 

Semple & Brouillet; Virgulus concolor (L.) 

Reveal & Keener 

Aster cordifolius L.; Aster cordifolius L. var. 

furbishiae Fern.; Aster cordifolius L. var. 

incisus Britt.; Aster cordifolius L. var. 

polycephalus Porter; Aster cordifolius L. ssp. 

sagittifolius (Wedemeyer ex Willd.) A.G. Jones; 

Aster cordifolius L. var. sagittifolius 

(Wedemeyer ex Willd.) A.G. Jones; Aster 

sagittifolius Wedemeyer ex Willd; 

Symphyotrichum cordifolium var. furbishiae 

(Fern.) Nesom; Symphyotrichum cordifolium 

var. polycephalum (Porter) Nesom; 

Symphyotrichum sagittifolium (Wedemeyer ex 

Lindley's American-aster 

eastern silver American-aster 

heart-leaved American-aster

Symphyotrichum dumosum (L.) Nesom Aster coridifolius Michx.; Aster dumosus L. 

var. coridifolius (Michx.) Torr. & Gray; Aster 

dumosus L. var. gracilentus Torr. & Gray; 

Aster dumosus L. var. dodgei Fern.; Aster 

dumosus L. var. strictior Torr. & Gray; Aster 

dumosus L. var. subulifolius Torr. & Gray; 

Symphyotrichum dumosum var. dodgei (Fern.) 

Nesom; Symphyotrichum dumosum var. 

strictior (Torr. & Gray) Nesom; 

Symphyotrichum dumosum var. subulifolium 

Symphyotrichum dumosum × S. 

lateriflorum 

Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) Nesom Aster ericoides L.; Aster ericoides L. var. 

var. ericoides 

prostratus (Kuntze) Blake; Aster multiflorus 

Ait.; Aster multiflorus Ait. var. prostratus 

Kuntze; Lasallea ericoides (L.) Semple & 

Brouillet; Virgulus ericoides (L.) Reveal & 

Symphyotrichum frondosum (Nutt.) 

Nesom 

Symphyotrichum laeve (L.) A. & D. 

Löve var. laeve 

Symphyotrichum lanceolatum (Willd.) 

Nesom ssp. lanceolatum var. interior 

(Wieg.) Nesom 


Nesom ssp. lanceolatum var. 

lanceolatum 


Nesom ssp. lanceolatum var. 

latifolium (Semple & Chmielewski) 

Nesom 

Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) A. 

& D. Löve 

Symphyotrichum lateriflorum × S. 

puniceum 

Keener 

Aster frondosus (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray; 

Brachyactis frondosa (Nutt.) Gray; Tripolium 

frondosum Nutt. 

Aster laevis L. 

Aster interior Wieg.; Aster lanceolatus Willd. 

ssp. interior (Wieg.) A.G. Jones; Aster 

lanceolatus Willd. var. interior (Wieg.) Semple 

& Chmielewski; Aster simplex Willd. var. 

interior (Wieg ) Cronq 

Aster lanceolatus Willd.; Aster lanceolatus 

Willd. ssp. simplex (Willd.) A.G. Jones; Aster 

lanceolatus Willd. var. simplex (Willd.) A.G. 

Jones; Aster paniculatus Lam. var. simplex 

(Willd.) Burgess; Aster simplex Willd.; Aster 

simplex Willd. var. ramosissimus (Torr. & 

Gray) Cronq.; Symphyotrichum simplex 

(Willd ) A & D Lö 

Aster lanceolatus Willd. var. latifolius Semple 

& Chmielewski 

Aster hirsuticaulis Lindl. ex DC.; Aster 

lateriflorus (L.) Britt.; Aster lateriflorus (L.) 

Britt. var. angustifolius Wieg.; Aster 

lateriflorus (L.) Britt. var. hirsuticaulis (Lindl. 

ex DC ) Porter; Solidago lateriflora 

L 

bushy American-aster 

heath American-aster 

leafy annual American-aster 

smooth American-aster 

lance-leaved American-aster 



calico American-aster

Symphyotrichum lowrieanum (Porter) 

Nesom 

Symphyotrichum novae-angliae 

(L.) Nesom 

Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (L.) 

Nesom var. elodes (Torr. & Gray) 

Nesom 


Nesom var. novi-belgii 

Aster cordfolius L. ssp. laevigatus (Porter) 

A.G. Jones; Aster cordifolius L. var. laevigatus 

Porter; Aster lowrieanus Porter 

Aster novae-angliae L.; Lasallea novaeangliae 

(L.) Semple & Brouillet; Virgulus 

novae-angliae (L.) Reveal & Keener 

Aster elodes Torr. & Gray; Aster novi-belgii L. 

var. elodes (Torr. & Gray) Gray 

Aster johannensis Fern.; Aster longifolius 

Lam.; Aster novi-belgii L.; Aster novi-belgii L. 

ssp. johannensis (Fern.) A.G. Jones; Aster novibelgii 

L. var. johannensis (Fern.) A.G. Jones; 

Lowrie's American-aster 

New England American-aster 

New York American-aster 

New York American-aster 


Nesom var. villicaule (Gray) 

Lebrecque & Brouillet 

Symphyotrichum ontarionis (Wieg.) 

Nesom 

Symphyotrichum patens (Ait.) Nesom 

var. patens 

Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) 

Nesom var. pilosum 

Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) 

Nesom var. pringlei (Gray) Nesom 

Symphyotrichum praealtum (Poir.) 

Nesom ssp. angustior (Wieg.) A. 


Symphyotrichum prenanthoides 

(Muhl. ex Willd.) Nesom 

Symphyotrichum puniceum (L.) A. & 

D. Löve var. puniceum 

Symphyotrichum racemosum (Ell.) 

Nesom 

Symphyotrichum subulatum (Michx.) 

Nesom var. subulatum 

Aster johannensis Fern. var. villicaulis (Gray) New York American-aster 

Fern.; Aster novi-belgii L. var. villicaulis 

(Gray) Boivin 

Aster ontarionis Wieg.; Aster ontarionis Ontario American-aster 

Wieg. var. glabratus Semple; Symphyotrichum 

ontarionis var. glabratum (Semple) Brouillet & 

Bouchard 

Aster patens Ait.; Lasallea patens (Ait.) late purple American-aster 

Semple & Brouillet; Virgulus patens (Ait.) 

Reveal & Keener 

Aster pilosus Willd. 

awl American-aster 

Aster ericoides L. var. pringlei Gray; Aster awl American-aster 

pilosus L. var. demotus Blake; Aster pilosus 

Willd. var. pringlei (Gray) Blake; Aster 

pringlei (Gray) Britt 

Aster praealtus Poir. var. angustior Wieg.; willow-leaved American-aster 

Symphyotrichum praealtum var. angustior 

(Wieg.) Nesom 

Aster prenanthoides Muhl. ex Willd. crooked-stemmed Americanaster 

Aster firmus Nees; Aster lucidulus (Gray) purple-stemmed American-aster 

Wieg.; Aster puniceus L.; Aster puniceus L. 

ssp. firmus (Nees) A.G. Jones; Aster puniceus 

L. var. firmus (Nees) Torr. & Gray; Aster 

puniceus L. var. lucidulus Gray; 

Symphyotrichum firmum (Nees) Nesom 

Aster fragilis , of authors not Willd.; Aster small white American-aster 

racemosus Ell.; Aster vimineus Lam. var. 

subdumosus Wieg.; Aster vimineus , of authors 

not Lam.; Symphyotrichum racemosum var. 

subdumosum (Wieg ) Nesom 

Aster subulatus Michx.; Aster subulatus annual saltmarsh American-aster 

Michx. var. euroauster Fern. & Grisc.; Aster 

subulatus Michx. var. obtusifolius Fern.

Symphyotrichum ×tardiflorum (L.) 

Greuter, M.V. Agab., & Wagenitz 

Symphyotrichum tenuifolium (L.) 

Nesom var. tenuifolium 

Symphyotrichum tradescantii (L.) 

Nesom 

Symphyotrichum undulatum (L.) 

Nesom 

Symphyotrichum urophyllum (Lindl.) 

Nesom 

Symphyotrichum cordifolium × S. puniceum ; 

Aster tardiflorus L.; Aster novi-belgii L. var. 

tardiflorus (L.) A.G. Jones; Symphyotrichum 

novi-belgii var tardiflorus (L ) Nesom 

Aster tenuifolius L. perennial saltmarsh Americanaster 

Aster saxatilis (Fern.) Blanch., an illegitimate Tradescant's American-aster 

name; Aster tradescantii L.; Aster tradescantii 

L. var. saxatilis (Fern.) House; Aster vimineus 

Lam var saxatilis Fern 

Aster loriformis (Burgess) Burgess; Aster 

undulatus L.; Aster undulatus L. var. 

loriformis Burgess 

Aster sagittifolius , of authors not Wedemeyer 

ex Willd.; Aster sagittifolius Wedemeyer ex 

Willd. var. urophyllus (Lindl.) Burgess; Aster 

wavy-leaved American-aster 

arrow-leaved American-aster 

urophyllus Lindl 

Tagetes erecta L. Tagetes major Gaertn. Aztec marigold 

Tagetes minuta L. 

miniature marigold 

Tagetes patula L. Tagetes tenuifolia Millsp. French marigold 

Tanacetum bipinnatum (L.) Schultz- Chrysanthemum bipinnatum L. ssp. huronense eastern tansy 

Bip. ssp. huronense (Nutt.) Breitung (Nutt.) Hultén; Tanacetum huronense Nutt.; 

Tanacetum huronense Nutt. var. johannense 

Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz- 

Bip. 

Fern 

Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Bernh.; 

Matricaria parthenium L.; Pyrethrum 

feverfew tansy 

parthenium (L.) Sm. 

Tanacetum vulgare L. Chrysanthemum uliginosum Pers.; 

common tansy 

Chrysanthemum vulgare (L.) Bernh. 

Taraxacum laevigatum (Willd.) DC. Leontodon erythrospermum (Andrz. ex Bess.) red-seeded dandelion 

Britt.; Taraxacum erythrospermum Andrz. ex 

Bess. 

Taraxacum latilobum DC. Leontodon latiloba (DC.) Britt.; Taraxacum large-lobed dandelion 

officinale ssp. vulgare (Lam.) Schinz & R. 

Keller; Taraxacum vulgare Lam. 

Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Leontodon taraxacum L. common dandelion 

Wiggers 

Taraxacum palustre (Lyons) Symons Taraxacum turfosum (Schultz-Bip.) Soest marsh dandelion 

Thymophylla tenuiloba (DC.) Small Dyssodia tenuiloba (DC.) B.L. Robins. Dahlburg-daisy 

var. tenuiloba 

Tragopogon dubius Scop. Tragopogon dubius ssp. major (Jacq.) Voll.; fistulous goat's beard 

Tragopogon major Jacq. 

Tragopogon porrifolius L. purple goat's beard 

Tragopogon pratensis L. meadow goat's beard

Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Chamomilla inodora (L.) Gilib.; Matricaria corn scentless-chamomile 

Schultz-Bip. 

inodora L.; Matricaria maritima L. ssp. 

inodora (L.) Clapham; Matricaria maritima L. 

Tripleurospermum maritimum (L.) 

var. agrestis (Knaf) Wilmott; Matricaria 

perforata Mérat; Tripleurospermum 

perforatum (Mérat) M Laínz 

Chamomilla maritima (L.) Rydb.; Matricaria scentless-chamomile 

W.D.J. Koch ssp. maritimum maritima L. 

Tussilago farfara L. 

coltsfoot 

Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britt. ex Actinomeris alternifolia (L.) DC.; Coreopsis wingstem crownbeard 

Kearney 

alternifolia L.; Ridan alternifolia (L.) Britt. 

Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & Verbesina encelioides var. exauriculata golden crownbeard 

Hook. f. ex Gray ssp. exauriculata 

(Robins. & Greenm.) J.R. Coleman 

Robins. & Greenm.; Verbesina exauriculata 

(Robins. & Greenm.) Cockerell; Ximenesia 

encelioides Cav. var. exauriculata (Robins. & 

Greenm.) F.C. Gates; Ximenesia exauriculata 

(Robins & Greenm ) Rydb 

Vernonia fasciculata Michx. 

prairie ironweed 

Vernonia glauca (L.) Willd. Serratula glauca L. broad-leaved ironweed 

Vernonia missurica Raf. 

Missouri ironweed 

Vernonia noveboracensis (L.) Michx. Serratula noveboracensis L. New York ironweed 

Xanthium spinosum L. Acanthoxanthium spinosum (L.) Fourr.; 

Xanthium spinosum var. inerme Bel. 

Xanthium strumarium L. var. Xanthium canadense P. Mill.; Xanthium 

canadense (P. Mill.) Torr. & Gray echinatum Murr.; Xanthium glanduliferum 

Greene; Xanthium italicum Moretti; Xanthium 

oviforme Wallr.; Xanthium pensylvanicum 

Wallr.; Xanthium speciosum Kearney; 

Xanthium strumarium var. pensylvanicum 

Xanthium strumarium L. var. 

glabratum (DC.) Cronq. 

Xanthium strumarium L. var. 

strumarium 

Xerochrysum bracteatum (Vent.) 

Tzvelev 

Balsaminaceae 

(Wallr )ME Peck 

Xanthium americanum Walt.; Xanthium chasei 

Fern.; Xanthium chinense P. Mill.; Xanthium 

curvescens Millsp. & Sherff; Xanthium 

cylindraceum Millsp. & Sherff; Xanthium 

echinellum Greene; Xanthium globosum Shull; 

Xanthium inflexum Mackenzie & Bush; 

X thi i t l L 

Helichrysum bracteatum (Vent.) Andr.; 

Xeranthemum bracteatum Vent. 

Impatiens capensis Meerb. Impatiens biflora Walt.; Impatiens nolitangere 

L. ssp. biflora (Walt.) Hultén; 

spiny cocklebur 

rough cocklebur 



bracted strawflower 

touch-me-not family 

spotted touch-me-not 

Impatiens nortonii Rydb. 

Impatiens glandulifera Royle Impatiens roylei Walp. Himalaya touch-me-not 

Impatiens pallida Nutt. 

pale touch-me-not 

Berberidaceae 

barberry family

Berberis aquifolium Pursh Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt. holly-leaved Oregon-grape 

Berberis koreana Palibin. 

Korea barberry 

Berberis ×ottawensis Schneid. Berberis thunbergii × B. vulgaris 

Berberis thunbergii DC. 

Japanese barberry 

Berberis vulgaris L. 

common barberry 

Caulophyllum giganteum (Farw.) Caulophyllum thalictroides var. giganteum early blue cohosh 

Loconte & Blackwell 

Farw. 

Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) 

blue cohosh 

Michx. 

Epimedium ×youngianum Fisch. & Epimedium diphyllum Lodd. × E. 

C.A. Mey. 

grandiflorum Morr.; Epimedium youngianum 

Podophyllum peltatum L. 

Betulaceae 

Alnus ×fallacina Callier 

Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. 

Alnus glutinosa × A. serrulata 

Alnus incana (L.) Moench ssp. 

rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen 

Alnus serrulata (Ait.) Willd. 

Alnus viridis (Vill.) Lam. & DC. ssp. 

crispa (Ait.) Turrill 

var. niveum Stern 

Alnus incana × A. serrulata 

Alnus alnus (L.) Britt.; Betula alnus L. var. 

glutinosa L. 

Alnus incana var. americana Regel; Alnus 

rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng.; Alnus rugosa (Du 

Roi) Spreng. var. americana (Regel) Fern.; 

Betula alnus L var rugosa Du Roi 

Alnus incana var. serrulata (Ait.) Boivin; 

Alnus noveboracensis Britt.; Alnus rugosa (Du 

Roi) Spreng. var. serrulata (Ait.) H.J.P. Winkl.; 

Alnus serrulata var. subelliptica Fern.; Betula 

serrulata Ait 

Alnus crispa (Ait.) Pursh; Alnus crispa (Ait.) 

Pursh var. mollis (Fern.) Fern.; Alnus mollis 

Fern.; Alnus viridis var. crispa (Ait.) House; 

Betula crispa Ait 

Betula alleghaniensis Britt. Betula alleghaniensis var. fallax (Fassett) 

Brayshaw; Betula alleghaniensis var. 

macrolepis (Fern.) Brayshaw; Betula lutea 

Michx. f.; Betula lutea Michx. f. var. fallax 

Fassett; Betula lutea Michx. f. var. macrolepis 

Fern 

Betula ×caerulea Blanch. Betula cordifolia × B. populifolia ; Betula 

caerulea -grandis Blanch. 

Betula cordifolia Regel 

Betula alba L. var. cordifolia (Regel) Regel; 

Betula glandulosa Michx. 

Betula lenta L. 

Betula minor (Tuckerman) Fern. 

Betula nigra L. 

Betula papyrifera var. cordifolia (Regel) Fern. 

Betula papyracea Ait. var. minor Tuckerman; 

Betula pubescens ssp. minor (Tuckerman) A. & 

D. Löve; Betula saxophila Lepage 

May-apple 

birch family 

European alder 

speckled alder 

smooth alder 

green alder 

yellow birch 

heart-leaved paper birch 

glandular birch 

cherry birch 

dwarf birch 

river birch

Betula papyrifera Marsh. 

Betula alba L. var. commutata Regel; Betula 

papyrifera var. commutata (Regel) Fern.; 

paper birch 

Betula papyrifera var. macrostachya Fern. 

Betula pendula Roth Betula verrucosa Ehrh. European weeping birch 

Betula populifolia Marsh. Betula alba L. var. populifolia (Marsh.) Spach gray birch 

Betula pubescens Ehrh. ssp. Betula alba L. var. pubescens (Ehrh.) Spach downy birch 

pubescens 

Betula pumila L. Betula glandulifera (Regel) Butler; Betula bog birch 

glandulosa var. glandulifera (Regel) Gleason; 

Betula pumila var. glandulifera Regel; Betula 

pumila var renifolia Fern 

Betula ×raymundii Lepage Betula populifolia × B. pumila 

Betula ×sandbergii Britt. Betula papyrifera × B. pumila 

Carpinus caroliniana Walt. ssp. Carpinus betulus L. var. virginiana Marsh.; 

virginiana (Marsh.) Furlow 

Carpinus caroliniana var. virginiana (Marsh.) 

Fern.; Carpinus virginiana (Marsh.) Sudworth 

American hornbeam 

Corylus americana Walt. Corylus americana var. indehiscens Palmer & American hazelnut 

Steyermark 

Corylus cornuta Marsh. ssp. cornuta Corylus rostrata Ait. beaked hazelnut 

Ostrya virginiana (P. Mill.) K. Koch Carpinus virginiana P. Mill.; Ostrya 

virginiana var. lasia Fern. 

Bignoniaceae 

hop-hornbeam 

bignonia family 

Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. ex Bignonia radicans L.; Tecoma radicans (L.) trumpet-creeper 

Bureau 

Juss. 

Catalpa bignonioides Walt. Catalpa catalpa (L.) Karst. southern catalpa 

Catalpa ovata G. Don 

Chinese catalpa 

Catalpa speciosa (Warder) Warder 

northern catalpa 

ex Engelm. 

Boraginaceae 

borage family 

Amsinckia eastwoodiae J.F. Macbr. Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & C.A. Mey. var. 

eastwoodiae (J.F. Macbr.) Jepson & Hoover 

Amsinckia lycopsoides Lehm. Amsinckia barbata Greene; Benthamia 

lycopsoides (Lehm.) Lindl. ex Druce 

Amsinckia menziesii (Lehm.) A. Nels. Amsinckia echinata Gray; Amsinckia 

& J.F. Macbr. var. intermedia (Fischer intermedia Fisch. & C.A. Mey.; Amsinckia 

& C.A. Mey.) Ganders 

intermedia Fisch. & C.A. Mey. var. echinata 

Amsinckia menziesii (Lehm.) A. Nels. 

& J.F. Macbr. var. menziesii 

(Gray) Wiggins 

Amsinckia micrantha Suksdorf; Amsinckia 

parviflora Heller; Amsinckia rugosa Rydb.; 

Eastwood's fiddleneck 

bugloss fiddleneck 

rancher's fiddleneck 

rancher's fiddleneck 

Echium menziesii Lehm. 

Anchusa arvensis (L.) Bieb. Lycopsis arvensis L. small bugloss 

Anchusa azurea P. Mill. Anchusa italica Retz. Italian bugloss 

Anchusa officinalis L. Anchusa procera Bess. ex Link common bugloss 

Asperugo procumbens L. 

madwort 

Borago officinalis L. 

borage 

Buglossoides arvensis (L.) I.M. Lithospermum arvense L. corn-gromwell 

Johnston ssp. arvensis

Cryptantha ambigua (Gray) Greene Krynitzkia ambigua Gray basin cat's-eye 

Cynoglossum amabile Stapf & 

Chinese hound's-tongue 

Drummond 

Cynoglossum microglochin Bentham 

small-bristled hound's-tongue 

Cynoglossum officinale L. 

common hound's-tongue 

Cynoglossum virginianum L. ssp. Cynoglossum boreale Fern.; Cynoglossum wild hound's-tongue 

boreale (Fern.) A. Haines 

virginianum var. boreale (Fern.) Cooperrider 

Cynoglossum virginianum L. var. 

wild hound's-tongue 

virginianum 

Cynoglottis barrelieri (All.) Veral & Anchusa barrelieri (All.) Vitman; Buglossum false alkanet 

Kit Tan 

barrelieri All. 

Echium creticum L. Echium australe Lam. Cretan viper's-bugloss 

Echium plantagineum L. 

plantain viper's-bugloss 

Echium pustulatum Sibthorp & Sm. Echium vulgare var. pustulatum (Sibthorp & pustulose viper's-bugloss 

Sm.) Coincy 

Echium vulgare L. 

common viper's-bugloss 

Ellisia nyctelea (L.) L. Nyctelea nyctelea (L.) Britt. Aunt Lucy 

Hackelia deflexa (Wahlenb.) Opiz Hackelia americana (Gray) Fern; Hackelia nodding stickseed 

ssp. americana (Gray) A. & D. Löve deflexa var. americana (Gray) Fern. & I.M. 

Johnston; Lappula americana (Gray) Rydb.; 

Lappula deflexa (Gray) Rydb. ssp. americana 

(Gray) Hultén; Lappula deflexa var. americana 

(Gray) Greene 

Hackelia virginiana (L.) I.M. Lappula virginiana (L.) Greene; Myosotis Virginia stickseed 

Johnston 

virginiana L. 

Heliotropium amplexicaule Vahl Cochranea anchusifolia (Poir.) Guerke; clasping heliotrope 

Heliotropium anchusifolium Poir. 

Heliotropium curassavicum L. var. 

seaside heliotrope 

curassavicum 

Heliotropium europaeum L. 

European heliotrope 

Heliotropium indicum L. Tiaridium indicum (L.) Lehm. Indian heliotrope 

Hydrophyllum canadense L. 

blunt-leaved waterleaf 

Hydrophyllum virginianum L. 

eastern waterleaf 

Lappula occidentalis (S. Wats.) 

Greene var. occidentalis 

Lappula echinata Gilib. var. occidentalis (S. 

Wats.) Boivin; Lappula redowskii , of authors 

not (Hornem.) Greene; Lappula redowskii 

(Hornem.) Greene var. occidentalis (S. Wats.) 

flat-spined sheepburr 

Rydb 

Lappula squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort. Echinospermum lappula (L.) Lehm.; Lappula 

echinata Gilib.; Lappula lappula (L.) Karst.; 

Lithospermum occidentale 

(Mackenzie) Weakley, Witsell, & D. 

Estes 

Lappula squarrosa var. erecta (A. Nels.) Dorn 

Onosmodium bejariense DC. ex A. DC. var. 

occidentale (Mackenzie) B.L. Turner; 

Onosmodium molle Michx. ssp. occidentale 

(Mackenzie) Cochrane; Onosmodium molle 

Michx. var. occidentale (Mackenzie) I.M. 

Johnston; Onosmodium occidentale Mackenzie 

bristly sheepburr 

western gromwell

Lithospermum officinale L. 

European gromwell 

Lithospermum virginianum L. Onosmodium virginianum (L.) DC.; 

eastern gromwell 

Onosmodium virginianum var. hirsutum 

Mackenzie 

Mertensia maritima (L.) S.F. Gray Pneumaria maritima (L.) Hill seaside bluebells 

var. maritima 

Mertensia virginica (L.) Pers. ex Link 

eastern bluebells 

Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill Myosotis scorpioides var. arvensis L. field forget-me-not 

Myosotis discolor Pers. Myosotis versicolor (Pers.) Sm. yellow-and-blue forget-me-not 

Myosotis laxa Lehm. 

smaller forget-me-not 

Myosotis scorpioides L. Myosotis palustris (L.) Hill water forget-me-not 

Myosotis stricta Link ex Roemer & Myosotis micrantha , of authors not Pallas ex blue forget-me-not 

J.A. Schultes 

Lehm. 

Myosotis sylvatica Ehrh. ex 

woodland forget-me-not 

Hoffmann 

Myosotis verna Nutt. Myosotis virginica , of authors not (L.) B.S.P. spring forget-me-not 

Nonea rosea (Bieb.) Link 

rose monk's-wort 

Phacelia brachyloba (Benth.) Gray 

yellow-throated scorpion-weed 

Phacelia distans Benth. Phacelia cinerea Eastw. ex J.F. Macbr. distant scorpion-weed 

Phacelia egena (Greene ex Brand) Phacelia magellanica (Lam.) Coville, in part rock scorpion-weed 

Greene ex J.T. Howell 

Phacelia linearis (Pursh) Holz. Hydrophyllum linarea Pursh thread-leaved scorpion-weed 

Phacelia minor (Harvey) Thellung ex Phacelia whitlavia Gray wild scorpion-weed 

F. Zimmerman 

Phacelia purshii Buckl. 

purple scorpion-weed 

Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth. 

lacy scorpion-weed 

Phacelia viscida (Benth. ex Lindl.) 

tacky scorpion-weed 

Torr. 

Plagiobothrys reticulatus (Piper) I.M. Allocarya californica (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) netted popcorn-flower 

Johnston 

Greene; Allocarya reticulata Piper; Krynitzkia 

californica Gray; Myosotis californica Fisch. 

&CA Mey 

Plagiobothrys trachycarpus (Gray) Allocarya trachycarpa (Gray) Greene rough-fruited popcorn-flower 

I.M. Johnston 

Pulmonaria saccharata P. Mill. 

Bethlehem lungwort 

Symphytum asperum Lepechin Symphytum asperrimum Donn ex Sims prickly comfrey 

Symphytum officinale L. Symphytum officinale ssp. uliginosum (Kern.) common comfrey 

Nyman; Symphytum tanaicense Steven; 

Symphytum uliginosum Kern. 

Symphytum tuberosum L. 

Symphytum ×uplandicum Nyman Symphytum asperum × S. officinale 

Brassicaceae 

Alliaria petiolata 

Grande 

(Bieb.) Cavara & 

Alliaria alliaria (L.) Britt.; Alliaria officinalis 

Andrz. ex Bieb.; Erysimum alliaria L.; 

tuberous comfrey 

mustard family 

garlic-mustard 

Sisymbrium alliaria (L.) Scop. 

Alyssum alyssoides (L.) L. Alyssum calycinum L.; Clypeola alyssoides L. pale alyssum 

Arabidopsis lyrata (L.) O'Kane & Al- Arabis lyrata L.; Arabis lyrata L. var. glabra lyre-leaved thale-cress 

Shehbaz ssp. lyrata 

(DC.) M. Hopkins

Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Arabis thaliana L.; Sisymbrium thalianum (L.) mouse-ear thale-cress 

J. Gay & Monn. 

Arabis procurrens Waldst. & Kit. 

running eared-rockcress 

Arabis pycnocarpa M. Hopkins var. Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. ssp. pycnocarpa (M. hairy eared-rockcress 

pycnocarpa 

Hopkins) Hultén; Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. var. 

pycnocarpa (M. Hopkins) Rollins; Turritis 

Armoracia rusticana P.G. Gaertn., B. 

Mey., & Scherb. 

oblongata Raf 

Armoracia armoracia (L.) Britt.; Armoracia 

lapathifolia Gilib.; Cochlearia armoracia L.; 

Radicula armoracia (L.) B.L. Robins.; Rorippa 

armoracia (L ) A Hitchc 

Aurinia saxatilis (L.) Desv. Aethionema saxatile (L.) R. Br.; Alyssum 

saxatile L. 

Barbarea orthoceras Ledeb. Barbarea americana Rydb.; Barbarea 

orthoceras var. dolichocarpa Fern.; Campe 

orthoceras (Ledeb.) A.A. Heller 

Barbarea stricta Andrz. 

Barbarea verna (P. Mill.) Aschers. Campe verna (P. Mill.) Heller; Erysimum 

vernum P. Mill. 

Barbarea vulgaris Ait. f. Barbarea arcuata (Opiz ex J. & K. Presl) 

Reichenb.; Barbarea stricta , of authors not 

Andrz.; Barbarea vulgaris var. arcuata (Opiz 

ex J. & K. Presl) Fries; Campe barbarea (L.) W. 

Wight ex Piper; Campe stricta , of authors not 

(Andrz.) W. Wight ex Piper; Erysimum 

horse-radish 

rock goldentuft 

American yellow-rocket 

upright yellow-rocket 

early yellow-rocket 

garden yellow-rocket 

b b L 

Berteroa incana (L.) DC. Alyssum incanum L. hoary false alyssum 

Berteroa mutabilis (Vent.) DC. Alyssum mutabile Vent. roadside false alyssum 

Boechera canadensis (L.) Al-Shehbaz Arabis canadensis L.; Arabis falcata Michx. sicklepod rockcress 

Boechera grahamii (Lehmann) 

Windham & Al-Shehbaz 

Boechera laevigata (Muhl. ex Willd.) 

Al-Shehbaz 

Boechera missouriensis (Greene) Al- 

Shehbaz 

Boechera stricta (Graham) Al- 

Shehbaz 

Arabis brachycarpa (Torr. & Gray) Britt.; 

Arabis drummondii Gray var. brachycarpa 

(Torr. & Gray) Gray; Arabis holboellii Hornem. 

var. brachycarpa (Torr. & Gray) Welsh; 

Boechera brachycarpa (Torr. & Gray) Dorn; 

Turritis grahamii Lehmann 

Arabis laevigata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Poir.; 

Turritis laevigata Muhl. ex Willd. 

Arabis laevigata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Poir. var. 

missouriensis (Greene) Ahles; Arabis 

missouriensis Greene; Arabis viridis Harger 

Arabis drummondii Gray; Boechera 

drummondii (Gray) A. & D. Löve; Turritis 

drummondii (Gray) Lunell; Turritis stricta 

Graham's rockcress 

smooth rockcress 

green rockcress 

Canada rockcress 

Graham 

Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. 

Brassica juncea var. crispifolia Bailey; Sinapis j Chinese mustard 

Brassica napus L. 

turnip 

Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J. Koch Sinapis nigra L. black mustard

Brassica oleracea L. Brassica oleracea var. acephala DC.; Brassica 

oleracea var. capitata L. 

Brassica rapa L. Brassica campestris L.; Brassica campestris 

L. var. rapa (L.) Hartman; Brassica rapa ssp. 

campestris (L.) Clapham; Brassica rapa var. 

campestris (L.) W.D.J. Koch; Brassica rapa 

Braya humilis (C.A. Mey.) B.L. 

Robins. ssp. humilis 

Bunias orientalis L. 

Cakile edentula (Bigelow) Hook. ssp. 

edentula var. edentula 

Camelina microcarpa Andrz. ex DC. 

Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz ssp. 

sativa 

ssp olifera DC 

Arabidopsis novae-angliae (Rydb.) Britt.; 

Braya humilis var. leiocarpa (Trautv.) Fern.; 

Braya humilis var. novae-angliae (Rydb.) 

Fern.; Braya novae-angliae (Rydb.) Sørensen; 

Neotorularia humilis (C.A. Mey.) Hedge & J. 

Léonard; Pilosella novae-angliae Rydb.; 

Sisymbrium humile C.A. Mey.; Torularia 

h ili (CA M )OE S h l 

Bunias edentula Bigelow; Cakile americana 

Nutt.; Cakile lanceolata (Willd.) O.E. Schulz 

ssp. edentula (Bigelow) O.E. Schulz; Cakile 

cabbage 

rape 

alpine northern-rockcress 

Turkish warty-cabbage 

American sea-rocket 

maritima L var americana (Nutt ) Torr 

Camelina sativa spp. microcarpa (Andrz. ex small-seeded false flax 

DC.) Schmid 

Myagrum sativum L. large-seeded false flax 

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Britt.; Capsella 

rubella Reut.; Thlaspi bursa-pastoris L. 

Cardamine bellidifolia L. var. 

bellidifolia 

Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb. ex Arabis bulbosa Schreb. ex Muhl.; Arabis 

Muhl.) B.S.P. 

rhomboidea Pers.; Cardamine rhomboidea 

(Pers.) DC. 

Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw. Cardamine laciniata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Wood; 

Dentaria concatenata Michx.; Dentaria 

laciniata Muhl. ex Willd. 

Cardamine dentata Schult. Cardamine palustris (Wimmer & Grab.) 

Peterm.; Cardamine pratensis ssp. paludosa 

(Knaf) Čelak.; Cardamine pratensis ssp. 

palustris (Wimmer & Grab.) Clausen; 

Cardamine pratensis var. palustris Wimmer & 

Grab 

Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) Wood Dentaria diphylla Michx.; Dentaria incisa 

Small 

Cardamine douglassii Britt. Arabis douglassii Torr. in Torr. & Gray; 

Cardamine rhomboidea (Pers.) DC. forma 

purpurea (Torr.) O.E. Schulz 

Cardamine flexuosa With. Cardamine hirsuta ssp. flexuosa (With.) 

Forbes & Hemsl.; Cardamine sylvatica Link 

Cardamine hirsuta L. 

Cardamine impatiens L. 

shepherd's-purse 

alpine bitter-cress 

bulbous bitter-cress 

cut-leaved toothwort 

white cuckoo bitter-cress 

two-leaved toothwort 

pink bitter-cress 

wavy bitter-cress 

hairy bitter-cress 

narrow-leaved bitter-cress

Cardamine incisa (Eames) Schumann Dentaria incisa Eames; Dentaria incisifolia Eames' toothwort 

Eames ex Britt. 

Cardamine longii Fern. 

Long's bitter-cress 

Cardamine maxima (Nutt.) Wood Dentaria maxima Nutt. large toothwort 

Cardamine parviflora L. var. Cardamine arenicola Britt.; Cardamine small-flowered bitter-cress 

arenicola (Britt.) O.E. Schulz flexuosa var. gracilis O.E. Schulz 

Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Cardamine flexuosa ssp. pensylvanica (Muhl. Pennsylvania bitter-cress 

Willd. 

ex Willd.) O.E. Schulz; Cardamine 

pensylvanica var. brittoniana Farw.; 

Dracamine pensylvanica (Muhl. ex Willd.) 

Nieuwl 

Cardamine pratensis L. Dracamine pratensis (L.) Nieuwl. pink cuckoo bitter-cress 

Chorispora tenella (Pallas) DC. Chorispermum tenellum (Pallas) R. Br.; crossflower 

Raphanus tenellus Pallas 

Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort. Brassica orientalis L. hare's-ear-mustard 

Descurainia incana (Bernh. ex Descurainia richardsonii (Sweet) O.E. Schulz; mountain tansy-mustard 

Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Dorn 

Sisymbrium incanum Bernh. ex Fisch. & C.A. 

Mey.; Sophia richardsonii (Sweet) Rydb. 

Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt. Descurainia brachycarpa (Richards.) O.E. western tansy-mustard 

ssp. brachycarpa (Richards.) Detling Schulz; Descurainia pinnata var. brachycarpa 

(Richards.) Fern.; Sisymbrium brachycarpum 

Richards.; Sophia brachycarpa (Richards.) 

Rydb 

Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Sisymbrium sophia L.; Sophia sophia (L.) fine-leaved tansy-mustard 

Prantl 

Britt. 

Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. Sisymbrium murale L.; Sinapis muralis (L.) R. annual wall-rocket 

Br. 

Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. Sisymbrium tenuifolium L. perennial wall-rocket 

Draba arabisans Michx. Draba incana L. var. arabisans (Michx.) S. rock whitlow-mustard 

Wats. 

Draba cana Rydb. 

Draba breweri S. Wats. var. cana (Rydb.) canescent whitlow-mustard 

Rollins; Draba lanceolata , of authors 

not Royle 

Draba glabella Pursh Draba arabisans var. canadensis (Burnet) smooth whitlow-mustard 

Fern. & Knowlt.; Draba canadensis Burnet; 

Draba reptans (Lam.) Fern. 

Draba daurica DC.; Draba glabella var. 

megasperma (Fern. & Knowlt.) Fern.; Draba 

glabella var. orthocarpa (Fern. & Knowlt.) 

Fern ; Draba megasperma Fern & Knowlt 

Arabis reptans Lam.; Draba caroliniana Carolina whitlow-mustard 

Walt.; Draba micrantha Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray; 

Draba reptans var. micrantha (Nutt. ex Torr. & 

Gray) Fern ; Draba umbellata Muhl 

Draba verna L. 

Draba verna var. aestivalis Lej.; Draba verna spring whitlow-mustard 

var. boerhaavii van Hall; Erophila verna (L.) 

Bess.; Erophila verna (L.) Bess. ssp. praecox 

(Stev )SM Walters 

Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. ssp. sativa 

(P. Mill.) Thelung 

Brassica eruca L.; Eruca sativa P. Mill. garden-rocket

Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O.E. 

Schulz 

Erysimum capitatum (Dougl. ex 

Hook.) Greene var. capitatum 

Brassica erucastrum L.; Sisymbrium gallicum 

Willd. 

Cheiranthus capitatus Dougl. ex Hook.; 

Erysimum arkansanum Nutt; Erysimum 

asperum (Nutt.) DC. var. purshii Dur.; 

common dog-mustard 

sand-dune wallflower 

Erysimum capitatum var purshii (Dur ) 

Erysimum cheiranthoides L. Cheirinia cheiranthoides (L.) Link wormseed wallflower 

Erysimum hieraciifolium L. Erysimum strictum P.G. Gaertn., B. Mey., & European wallflower 

Scherb. 

Erysimum inconspicuum (S. Wats.) Cheirinia inconspicua (S. Wats.) Britt.; shy wallflower 

MacM. var. inconspicuum 

Erysimum parviflorum Nutt. 

Erysimum odoratum Ehrh. Erysimum pannonicum Crantz fragrant wallflower 

Erysimum repandum L. Cheirinia repanda (L.) Link spreading wallflower 

Euclidium syriacum (L.) Ait. f. Anastatica syriaca L. Syrian-mustard 

Hesperis matronalis L. 

dame's-rocket 

Iberis amara L. 

rocket candytuft 

Iberis sempervirens L. 

edging candytuft 

Iberis umbellata L. 

globe candytuft 

Lepidium campestre (L.) Ait. f. Neolepia campestris (L.) W.A. Weber; Thlaspi field pepperweed 

campestre L. 

Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. var. Lepidium densiflorum var. typicum Thellung; prairie pepperweed 

densiflorum 

Lepidium neglectum Thellung 

Lepidium didymum L. 

Carara didyma (L.) Britt. in Britt. & Brown; lesser swine-cress 

Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm.; Senebiera 

didyma (L.) Pers. 

Lepidium draba L. Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. heart-podded pepperweed 

Lepidium heterophyllum Benth. 

variable-leaved pepperweed 

Lepidium latifolium L. Cardaria latifolia (L.) Spach broad-leaved pepperweed 

Lepidium perfoliatum L. 

clasping pepperweed 

Lepidium ruderale L. 

stinking pepperweed 

Lepidium sativum L. 

garden pepperweed 

Lepidium squamatum Forsk. Carara coronopus (L.) Medik.; Cochlearia greater swine-cress 

coronopus L.; Coronopus squamatus 

(Forsk.) Aschers. 

Lepidium virginicum L. var. 

Lepidium virginicum ssp. eu-virginicum poor-man's pepperweed 

virginicum 

Thellung 

Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. Alyssum maritimum (L.) Lam.; Clypeola sweet-alyssum 

maritima L.; Koniga maritima (L.) R. Br. 

Lunaria annua L. 

annual honesty 

Nasturtium microphyllum Boenn. ex Nasturtium officinale var. microphyllum one-rowed water-cress 

Reichenb. 

(Boenn. ex Reichenb.) Thellung; Rorippa 

microphylla (Boenn. ex Reichenb.) Hyl. ex A. & 

D Löve 

Nasturtium officinale Ait. f. Baeumerta nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek; 

Rorippa nasturtium -aquaticum (L.) Hayek; 

two-rowed water-cress 

Sisymbrium nasturtium -aquaticum L. 

Nasturtium ×sterile (Airy-Shaw) Nasturtium microphyllum × N. officinale 

Oelef. 

Neslia paniculata (L.) Desv. Myagrum paniculatum L. yellow ball-mustard

Raphanus raphanistrum L. ssp. 

wild radish 

raphanistrum 

Raphanus sativus L. Raphanus raphanistrum var. sativus (L.) G. cultivated radish 

Beck 

Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. ssp. Myagrum rugosum L. annual bastard-cabbage 

rugosum 

Rorippa amphibia (L.) Bess. Armoracia amphibia (L.) Peterm.; Nasturtium great yellow-cress 

amphibium (L.) Ait. f.; Radicula amphibia (L.) 

Druce; Sisymbrium amphibium L. 

Rorippa aquatica (Eat.) Palmer & Armoracia aquatica (Eat.) Wieg.; Armoracia lake yellow-cress 

Steyermark 

lacustris (Gray) Al-Shehbaz & Bates; 

Nasturtium lacustre Gray; Neobeckia aquatica 

(Eat.) Greene; Rorippa americana (Gray) Britt. 

Rorippa austriaca (Crantz) Bess. Nasturtium austriacum Crantz Austrian yellow-cress 

Rorippa globosa (Turcz. ex Fisch. & Nasturtium globosum Turcz. ex Fisch. & C.A. globe yellow-cress 

C.A. Mey.) Hayek 

Mey. 

Rorippa palustris (L.) Bess. var. Nasturtium palustre (L.) DC. var. hispidum common yellow-cress 

hispida (Desv.) Rydb. 

(Desv.) Gray; Radicula hispida (Desv.) Britt.; 

Rorippa hispida (Desv.) Britt.; Rorippa 

islandica (Oeder ex Murr.) Borbás var. hispida 

(Desv.) Butters & Abbe; Rorippa palustris ssp. 

Rorippa palustris 

palustris 

(L.) Bess. var. 

Rorippa ×prostrata (Bergeret) 

Schinz & Thellung 

Rorippa sessiliflora (Nutt. ex Torr. 

& Gray) A.S. Hitchc. 

hispida (Desv ) Jonsell 

Radicula palustris (L.) Moench; Rorippa 

hispida (Desv.) Britt. var. glabrata Lunell; 

Rorippa islandica (Oeder ex Murr.) Borbás ssp. 

fernaldiana (Butters & Abbe) Hultén; Rorippa 

islandica (Oeder ex Murr.) Borbás var. 

fernaldiana Butters & Abbe; Rorippa 

islandica (Oeder ex Murr.) Borbás var. glabra 

(O.E. Schulz) Welsh & Reveal; Rorippa 

islandica (Oeder ex Murr.) Borbás var. glabrata 

(Lunell) Butters & Abbe; Rorippa islandica 

(Oeder ex Murr.) Borbás var. microcarpa 

(Regel) Fern.; Rorippa palustris ssp. 

fernaldiana (Butters & Abbe) Jonsell; Rorippa 

palustris var. fernaldiana (Butters & Abbe) R. 

Stuckey; Rorippa palustris ssp. glabra 

(Butters & Abbe) R. Stuckey; Rorippa palustris 

var. glabra (O.E. Schulz) R. Stuckey; Rorippa 

palustris var. glabrata (Lunell) R. Stuckey; 

Rorippa palustris var williamsii (Britt ) 

Rorippa amphibia × R. sylvestris 

common yellow-cress 

Nasturtium sessiliflorum Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray; stalkless yellow-cress 

Radicula sessiliflora (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) 

Greene

Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Bess. Nasturtium sylvestre (L.) R. Br.; Radicula 

creeping yellow-cress 

sylvestris (L.) Druce; Sisymbrium sylvestre L. 

Sinapis alba L. Brassica alba Rabenh.; Brassica hirta Moench white charlock 

Sinapis arvensis L. Brassica arvensis Rabenh.; Brassica kaber 

(DC.) L.C. Wheeler; Brassica kaber (DC.) L.C. 

Wheeler var. pinnatifida (Stokes) L.C. Wheeler 

Sisymbrium altissimum L. Hesperis altissima (L.) Kuntze; Norta 

altissima (L.) Britt. 

Sisymbrium irio L. Descurainia irio (L.) Webb & Berth.; 

Erysimum irio (L.) Farw.; Norta irio (L.) Britt. 

Sisymbrium loeselii L. Erysimum loeselii (L.) Farw.; Hesperis loeselii 

(L.) Kuntze; Norta loeselii (L.) Rydb.; Turritis 

loeselii (L.) R. Br. 

Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. Erysimum officinale L.; Sisymbrium officinale 

var. leiocarpum DC. 

Sisymbrium orientale L. 

Brassica kaber (DC.) L.C. Wheeler var. 

orientalis (L.) Scoggan; Sisymbrium columnae 

corn charlock 

tumbling hedge-mustard 

London hedge-mustard 

tall hedge-mustard 

common hedge-mustard 

Indian hedge-mustard 

Jacq. 

Subularia aquatica L. ssp. americana Subularia aquatica var. americana (Mulligan American water-awlwort 

Mulligan & Calder 

& Calder) Boivin 

Teesdalia nudicaulis (L.) Ait. f. Iberis nudicaulis L. common shepherd's-cress 

Thlaspi arvense L. Teruncius arvensis (L.) Lunnell field penny-cress 

Tropidocarpum gracile Hook. Tropidocarpum dubium A. Davids.; 

Dobie-pod 

Tropidocarpum gracile var. dubium (A. 

Davids.) Jepson 

Turritis glabra L. Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. tower-mustard 

Buxaceae 

boxwood family 

Pachysandra terminalis Sieb. & Zucc. 

Cactaceae 

Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. Cactus humifusus Raf.; Opuntia ammophila 

Small; Opuntia calcicola Wherry; Opuntia 

Campanulaceae 

compressa J.F. Macbr. 

Campanula aparinoides Pursh Campanula aparinoides var. grandiflora 

Holz.; Campanula aparinoides var. uliginosa 

Japanese mountain-spurge 

cactus family 

eastern prickly-pear 

bellflower family 

marsh bellflower 

(Rydb.) Gleason; Campanula uliginosa Rydb. 

Campanula carpatica Jacq. 

tussock bellflower 

Campanula divaricata Michx. Campanula flexuosa Michx. southern bellflower 

Campanulaglomerata L. 

clustered bellflower 

Campanula lanata Friv. 

woolly bellflower 

Campanula latifolia L. 

giant bellflower 

Campanula patula L. 

spreading bellflower 

Campanula persicifolia L. Campanula persicifolia var. alba Horton peach-leaved bellflower 

Campanula punctata Lam. 

spotted bellflower 

Campanula rapunculoides L. 

creeping bellflower 

Campanula rotundifolia L. 

Scotch bellflower 

Campanula trachelium L. 

nettle-leaved bellflower

Gadellia lactiflora (Bieb.) Schulkina Campanula lactiflora Bieb. milky-bellflower 

Jasione montana L. 

Lobelia cardinalis L. 

Lobelia dortmanna L. 

Lobelia inflata L. 

Lobelia kalmii L. 

Lobelia kalmii var. strictiflora Rydb.; Lobelia 

sheepbit 

red lobelia 

water lobelia 

bladder-pod lobelia 

brook lobelia 

Cannabaceae 

perfoliata (L.) A. DC. 

Cannabis sativa L. 

Cannabis sativa ssp. indica (Lam.) E. Small & 

Cronq. 

Celtis occidentalis L. Celtis occidentalis var. canina (Raf.) Sarg.; 

Celtis occidentalis var. pumila (Pursh) Gray 

Humulus japonicus Sieb. & Zucc. 

Humulus lupulus L. ssp. americanus Humulus americanus Nutt.; Humulus lupulus 

(Nutt.) A. & D. Löve 

var. lupuloides E. Small 

Humulus lupulus L. ssp. lupulus 

Caprifoliaceae 

strictiflora (Rydb.) Lunell 

Lobelia siphilitica L. var. siphilitica great lobelia 

Lobelia spicata Lam. var. 

pale-spiked lobelia 

campanulata McVaugh 

Lobelia spicata Lam. var. hirtella Lobelia hirtella (Gray) Greene 

pale-spiked lobelia 

Gray 

Lobelia spicata Lam. var. spicata Lobelia bracteata Small; Lobelia spicata var. pale-spiked lobelia 

originalis McVaugh 

Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. Legousia perfoliata (L.) Britt.; Specularia clasping-leaved Venus'-lookingglass 

hemp family 

hemp 

common hackberry 

Japanese hop 

common hop 

common hop 

honeysuckle family 

Cephalaria gigantea (Ledeb.) Bobrov Scabiosa gigantea Ledeb. yellow giant-scabious 

Diervilla lonicera P. Mill. Diervilla diervilla (L.) MacM.; Diervilla bush-honeysuckle 

lonicera var. hypomalaca Fern. 

Dipsacus fullonum L. Dipsacus fullonum ssp. sylvestris (Huds.) fuller's teasel 

Clapham; Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. 

Dipsacus laciniatus L. cut-leaved teasel 

Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult. Scabiosa arvensis L. bluebuttons 

Kolkwitzia amabilis Graebn. beautybush 

Linnaea borealis L. ssp. americana Linnaea americana Forbes; Linnaea borealis American twinflower 

(Forbes) Hultén ex Clausen 

var. americana (Forbes) Rehd. 

Lonicera ×bella Zabel 

Lonicera morrowii × L. tatarica 

Lonicera canadensis Bartr. ex Xylosteum ciliatum Pursh American honeysuckle 

Marsh. 

Lonicera dioica L. 

Lonicera dioica var. glaucescens (Rydb.) wild honeysuckle 

Butters; Lonicera glaucescens (Rydb.) Rydb. 

Lonicera hirsuta Eat. Lonicera hirsuta var. interior Gleason hairy honeysuckle 

Lonicera japonica Thunb. Nintooa japonica (Thunb.) Sweet Japanese honeysuckle 

Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Herder 

Amur honeysuckle 

Lonicera morrowii Gray 

Morrow's honeysuckle 

Lonicera oblongifolia (Goldie) Lonicera oblongifolia var. altissima (Jennings) swamp honeysuckle 

Hook. 

Rehd.

Lonicera periclymenum L. 

Lonicera reticulata Raf. Lonicera prolifera (Kirchn.) Booth ex Rehd.; 

Lonicera prolifera (Kirchn.) Booth ex Rehd. 

Lonicera sempervirens L. var. 

sempervirens 

Lonicera tatarica L. 

Lonicera villosa (Michx.) J.A. 

Schultes 

European honeysuckle 

grape honeysuckle 

var. glabra Gleason; Lonicera sullivantii Gray 

Phenianthus sempervirens (L.) Raf. trumpet honeysuckle 

Lonicera caerulea L. var. villosa (Michx.) Torr. 

& Gray; Lonicera villosa var. calvescens (Fern. 

& Wieg.) Fern.; Lonicera villosa var. fulleri 

Fern.; Lonicera villosa var. solonis (Eat.) Fern.; 

Tatarian honeysuckle 

mountain honeysuckle 

Lonicera villosa var tonsa Fern 

Lonicera xylosteum L. 

fly honeysuckle 

Scabiosa columbaria L. 

dove pincushions 

Scabiosa ochroleuca L. 

cream pincushions 

Succisa pratensis Moench. Scabiosa succisa L. devil's-bit 

Succisella inflexa (Kluk) G. Beck Scabiosa australis Wulfen; Succisa australis southern succisella 

Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake ssp. 

albus 

Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake ssp. 

laevigatus (Fern.) Hultén 

(Wulfen) Reichenb. 

Symphoricarpos racemosus Michx. common snowberry 

Symphoricarpos albus var. laevigatus (Fern.) common snowberry 

Blake 

Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench. Symphoricarpos symphoricarpos (L.) MacM. red snowberry 

Triosteum angustifolium L. 

lesser horse-gentian 

Triosteum aurantiacum Bickn. var. Triosteum perfoliatum var. aurantiacum orange-fruited horse-gentian 

aurantiacum 

(Bickn.) Wieg. 

Triosteum ×eamesii (Wieg.) A. Haines 

Triosteum angustifolium × T. aurantiacum ; 

Triostum angustifolium var. eamesii Wieg. 

Triosteum perfoliatum L. 

perfoliate-leaved horse-gentian 

Valeriana officinalis L. 

common valerian 

Valeriana uliginosa (Torr. & Gray) Valeriana sitchensis Bong. ssp. uliginosa marsh valerian 

Rydb. 

(Torr. & Gray) F.G. Mey.; Valeriana sitchensis 

Bong. var. uliginosa (Torr. & Gray) Boivin 

Valerianella locusta (L.) Lat. Valerianella olitoria (L.) Pollich European corn-salad 

Valerianella radiata (L.) Dufr. Valerianella radiata var. fernaldii Dyal; beaked corn-salad 

Valerianella radiata var. missouriensis Dyal; 

Valerianella stenocarpa (Engelm. ex Gray) 

Valerianella umbilicata (Sullivant) 

Wood 

Weigela floribunda (Sieb. & Zucc.) 

C.A. Mey. 

Caryophyllaceae 

Krok var parviflora Dyal 

Valerianella intermedia Dyal; Valerianella 

patellaria (Sullivant ex Gray) Wood; 

Valerianella radiata var. intermedia (Dyal) 

navel corn-salad 

Gleason 

Diervilla floribunda Sieb. & Zucc. crimson weigela 

pink family 

Agrostemma githago L. var. githago Lychnis githago (L.) Scop. common corncockle

Arenaria serpyllifolia L. ssp. 

leptoclados (Reichenb.) Nyman 

Arenaria serpyllifolia L. ssp. 

serpyllifolia 

Arenaria leptoclados (Reichenb.) Guss.; 

Arenaria serpyllifolia var. tenuior Mert. & 

Koch 

thyme-leaved sandwort 

thyme-leaved sandwort 

Atocion armeria (L.) Raf. Silene armeria L. sweet-William-catchfly 

Cerastium arvense L. 

field chickweed 

Cerastium diffusum Pers. ssp. Cerastium tetrandrum W. Curtis four-stamened chickweed 

diffusum 

Cerastium fontanum Baumg. ssp. 

vulgare (Hartman) Greuter & Burdet 

Cerastium vulgatum , of L. 1762 mouse-ear chickweed 

Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. Cerastium glomeratum var. apetalum 

sticky chickweed 

(Dumort.) Fenzl; Cerastium viscosum , of 

authors not L. 

Cerastium nutans Raf. ssp. nutans Cerastium longepedunculatum Muhl. ex Britt. nodding chickweed 

Cerastium pumilum W. Curtis ssp. 

European chickweed 

pumilum 

Cerastium semidecandrum L. 

five-stamened chickweed 

Cerastium strictum L. Cerastium angustatum Greene; Cerastium American field chickweed 

arvense var. angustifolium Fenzl; Cerastium 

arvense var. latifolium Fenzl; Cerastium 

arvense ssp. strictum (L.) Ugborogho; 

Cerastium campestre Greene; Cerastium 

Cerastium tomentosum L. 

pubescens Goldie; Cerastium vestitum Greene 

tomentose chickweed 

Corrigiola litoralis L. ssp. litoralis strapwort 

Dianthus armeria L. 

Deptford pink 

Dianthus barbatus L. 

sweet William pink 

Dianthus carthusianorum L. Dianthus atrorubens All. cluster-headed pink 

Dianthus deltoides L. 

maiden pink 

Dianthus plumarius L. 

garden pink 

Eudianthe coeli-rosa (L.) Reichenb. Agrostemma coeli-rosa L.; Lychnis coeli-rosa rose catchfly 

(L.) Desr.; Silene coeli-rosa (L.) Godr. 

Gypsophila elegans Bieb. 

showy baby's-breath 

Gypsophila muralis L. Psammophiliella muralis (L.) Ikonnikov low baby's-breath 

Gypsophila paniculata L. tall baby's-breath 

Gypsophila scorzonerifolia Ser. glandular baby's-breath 

Herniaria glabra L. 

smooth rupturewort 

Herniaria hirsuta L. ssp. cinerea Herniaria cinerea DC. 

hairy rupturewort 

(DC.) Coutinho 

Holosteum umbellatum L. ssp. 

jagged-chickweed 

umbellatum 

Honckenya peploides (L.) Ehrh. ssp. Arenaria peploides L. var. robusta Fern.; seaside-sandwort 

robusta (Fern.) Hultén 

Honckenya peploides var. robusta (Fern.) 

House 

Illecebrum verticillatum L. Paronychia verticillata (L.) Lam. coral necklace 

Lychnis chalcedonica L. Silene chalcedonica (L.) Krause in Sturm scarlet lychnis

Lychnis coronaria (L.) Murr. Agrostemma coronaria L.; Silene coronaria 

(L.) Clairville 

Lychnis flos-cuculi L. ssp. flos-cuculi Coronaria flos-cuculi (L.) A. Braun; Silene floscuculi 

(L.) Clairville 

Minuartia caroliniana (Walt.) Mattf. Arenaria caroliniana Walt.; Minuopsis 

caroliniana (Walt.) W.A. Weber; Sabulina 

caroliniana (Walt.) Small 

Minuartia glabra (Michx.) Mattf. Arenaria glabra Michx.; Arenaria 

groenlandica (Retz.) Spreng. var. glabra 

(Michx.) Fern.; Minuartia groenlandica ssp. 

glabra (Michx.) A. & D. Löve; Porsildia 

groenlandica (Retz.) A. & D. Löve ssp. glabra 

(Michx.) A. & D. Löve; Sabulina glabra 

Minuartia groenlandica (Retz.) 

(Michx ) Small 

Arenaria groenlandica (Retz.) Spreng.; 

Ostenf. 

Porsildia groenlandica (Retz.) A. & D. Löve; 

Sabulina groenlandica (Retz.) Small 

Minuartia marcescens (Fern.) House Arenaria laricifolia (L.) B.L. Robins. var. 

marcescens (Fern.) Boivin; Arenaria 

marcescens Fern. 

Minuartia michauxii (Fenzl) Farw. Arenaria michauxii (Fenzl) Hook. f.; Arenaria 

var. michauxii 

stricta Michx.; Minuopsis michauxii (Fenzl) 

W.A. Weber; Sabulina stricta (Michx.) Small 

Minuartia rubella (Wahlenb.) Hiern Arenaria rubella (Wahlenb.) Sm.; Arenaria 

verna L. var. rubella (Wahlenb.) S. 

Wats.; Tryphane rubella (Wahlenb.) Reichenb. 

mullein lychnis 

ragged robin lychnis 

pine barren sandplant 

Appalachian sandplant 

mountain sandplant 

serpentine sandplant 

Michaux's sandplant 

boreal sandplant 

Moehringia lateriflora (L.) Fenzl Arenaria lateriflora L. blunt-leaved grove-sandwort 

Moehringia macrophylla (Hook.) Arenaria macrophylla Hook. large-leaved grove-sandwort 

Fenzl 

Myosoton aquaticum (L.) Moench Alsine aquatica (L.) Britt.; Cerastium 

giant-chickweed 

aquaticum L.; Stellaria aquatica (L.) Scop. 

Paronychia argyrocoma (Michx.) Paronychia argyrocoma ssp. albimontana silvery whitlow-wort 

Nutt. 

(Fern.) Maguire; Paronychia argyrocoma var. 

albimontana Fern. 

Paronychia canadensis (L.) Wood Anychia canadensis (L.) B.S.P.; Anychia 

dichotoma Michx.; Paronychia dichotoma 

Paronychia fastigiata (Raf.) Fern. 

var. fastigiata 

Paronychia fastigiata (Raf.) Fern. 

var. nuttallii (Small) Fern. 

Petrorhagia prolifera (L.) P.W. Ball 

& Heywood 

Petrorhagia saxifraga (L.) Link var. 

saxifraga 

Polycarpon tetraphyllum (L.) L. ssp. 

tetraphyllum 

smooth forked whitlow-wort 

(Michx.) A. Nels. 

Anychia polygonoides Raf. hairy forked whitlow-wort 

Anychia nuttallii Small hairy forked whitlow-wort 

Dianthus prolifer L.; Tunica prolifera (L.) proliferous childing-pink 

Scop. 

Dianthus saxifragus L.; Tunica saxifraga (L.) saxifrage childing-pink 

Scop. 

Mollugo tetraphylla L. four-leaved manyseed

Sagina decumbens (Ell.) Torr. & Sagina decumbens var. smithii (Gray) S. Wats. trailing pearlwort 

Gray ssp. decumbens 

Sagina japonica (Sw.) Ohwi 

Japanese pearlwort 

Sagina maxima Gray ssp. maxima Sagina crassicaulis S. Wats. var. littoralis sticky-stemmed pearlwort 

(Hultén) Hultén; Sagina littoralis Hultén; 

Sagina nodosa (L.) Fenzl ssp. 

borealis Crow 

Sagina nodosa (L.) Fenzl ssp. nodosa 

Sagina maxima var. littorea (Mackenzie) Hara 

Sagina nodosa var. borealis (Crow) Cronq. 

Sagina nodosa var. glandulosa (Bess.) 

Aschers.; Sagina nodosa var. pubescens (Bess.) 

Mert. & Koch; Spergella nodosa (L.) Reichenb.; 

knotted pearlwort 

knotted pearlwort 

Spergula nodosa L 

Sagina procumbens L. Sagina procumbens var. compacta Lange bird's-eye pearlwort 

Saponaria ocymoides L. 

rock soapwort 

Saponaria officinalis L. Lychnis saponaria Jessen common soapwort 

Saponaria pumilio (L.) Fenzl ex A. Cucubalus pumilio L.; Silene pumilio (L.) pygmy soapwort 

Braun 

Wulfen 

Scleranthus annuus L. 

annual knawel 

Scleranthus perennis L. 

perennial knawel 

Silene acaulis (L.) Jacq. 

Silene acaulis ssp. arctica A. & D. Löve; moss campion 

Silene acaulis var. exscapa (All.) DC. 

Silene antirrhina L. Silene antirrhina forma apetala Farw.; Silene sleepy campion 

antirrhina var. confinis Fern.; Silene 

antirrhina forma deameana Fern.; Silene 

antirrhina var. divaricata B.L. Robins.; Silene 

antirrhina var. laevigata Engelm. & Gray 

Silene caroliniana Walt. ssp. Silene caroliniana var. pensylvanica (Michx.) wild campion 

pensylvanica (Michx.) Clausen Fern.; Silene pensylvanica Michx. 

Silene conica L. ssp. conica Pleconax conica (L.) Sourkova striate campion 

Silene csereii Baumg. 

Balkan campion 

Silene dichotoma Ehrh. 

forked campion 

Silene dioica (L.) Clairville Lychnis dioica L.; Melandrium dioicum (L.) red campion 

Coss. & Germ.; Melandrium dioicum (L.) Coss. 

& Germ. ssp. rubrum (Wieg.) D. Löve 

Silene gallica L. Silene anglica L. windmill campion 

Silene ×hampeana Meusel & K. Silene dioica × S. latifolia ; Silene ×intermedia 

Werener 

(Schur) Philip, an illegitimate name 

Silene latifolia Poir. ssp. alba (P. Lychnis alba P. Mill.; Melandrium album (P. white campion 

Mill.) Greuter & Burdet 

Mill.) Garcke; Silene alba (P. Mill.) Krause; 

Silene pratensis (Raf.) Godr. & Gren. 

Silene nivea (Nutt.) Muhl. ex Otth 

snowy campion 

Silene noctiflora L. Melandrium noctiflorum (L.) Fries night-flowering campion 

Silene nutans L. 

Eurasian campion 

Silene pendula L. 

nodding campion 

Silene stellata (L.) Ait. f. Cucubalis stellatus L.; Silene stellata var. starry campion 

Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke ssp. 

vulgaris 

scabrella Palmer & Steyermark 

Behen vulgaris Moench; Silene cucubalus 

Wibel; Silene inflata Sm. 

bladder campion

Spergula arvensis L. Spergula arvensis var. sativa (Boenn.) 

Reichenb.; Spergula sativum Boenn. 

Spergula morisonii Boreau 

Spergula pentandra L. 

Spergularia canadensis (Pers.) G. Arenaria canadensis Pers.; Tissa canadensis 

Don ssp. canadensis 

(Pers.) Britt. 

Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. Spergularia leiosperma (Kindb.) F. Schmidt; 

Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. var. 

leiosperma (Kindb.) Guerke; Spergularia 

salina J & K Presl; Tissa marina (L ) Britt 

Spergularia media (L.) C. Presl var. Arenaria media L.; Spergularia maritima 

media 

(All.) Chiov.; Tissa media (L.) Reiche 

Spergularia rubra (L.) J. & K. Presl Arenaria rubra L.; Spergularia rubra var. 

perennans (Kindb.) B.L. Robins.; Tissa rubra 

(L.) Britt. 

Stellaria alsine Grimm Alsine uliginosa (Murr.) Britt.; Stellaria 

uliginosa Murr. 

Stellaria borealis Bigelow ssp. Alsine borealis (Bigelow) Britt.; Stellaria 

borealis 

borealis var. floribunda Fern.; Stellaria 

borealis var. isophylla Fern.; Stellaria 

calycantha (Ledeb.) Bong. var. floribunda 

(Fern.) Fern.; Stellaria calycantha (Ledeb.) 

Bong. var. isophylla (Fern.) Fern.; Stellaria 

calycantha (Ledeb.) Bong. var. laurentiana 

Stellaria corei Shinners 

F 

Alsine tennesseensis (C. Mohr) Small; Stellaria 

pubera Michx. var. sylvatica (Beguinot) 

Weatherby; Stellaria sylvatica (Beguinot) 

Maguire; Stellaria tennesseensis (C. Mohr) 

corn spurry 

Morison's spurry 

five-stamened spurry 

Canada sand-spurry 

saltmarsh sand-spurry 

greater saltmarsh sand-spurry 

red sand-spurry 

bog stitchwort 

boreal stitchwort 

Tennessee stitchwort 

Strausbaugh & Core 

Stellaria graminea L. 

Alsine graminea (L.) Britt.; Stellaria graminea grass-leaved stitchwort 

var. latifolia Peterm. 

Stellaria holostea L. Alsine holostea (L.) Britt. greater stitchwort 

Stellaria humifusa Rottb. Alsine humifusa (Rottb.) Britt. saltmarsh stitchwort 

Stellaria longifolia Muhl. ex Willd. Alsine longifolia (Muhl. ex Willd.) Britt.; long-leaved stitchwort 

var. longifolia 

Stellaria longifolia var. atrata J.W. Moore; 

Stellaria longifolia var. eciliata (Boivin) 


Stellaria media (L.) Vill. ssp. media Alsine media L.; Stellaria apetala Ucria ex 

Roemer; Stellaria media var. procera Klatt & 

Richter 

Vaccaria hispanica (P. Mill.) Saponaria vaccaria L.; Vaccaria pyramidata 

Rauschert 

Medik.; Vaccaria vaccaria (L.) Britt.; Vaccaria 

common stitchwort 

cowcockle 

vulgaris Host 

Viscaria vulgaris Bernh. Lychnis viscaria L.; Silene viscaria (L.) Jessen clammy-campion 

Celastraceae 

bittersweet family 

Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. Asian bittersweet 

Celastrus orbiculatus × C. scandens 

Celastrus scandens L. 

American bittersweet

Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb. Celastrus alatus Thunb. winged spindle-tree 

Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. var. 

eastern spindle-tree 

atropurpureus 

Euonymus europaeus L. 

European spindle-tree 

Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.- Euonymus fortunei var. radicans (Sieb. ex climbing spindle-tree 

Mazz 

Miq.) Rehd.; Euonymus fortunei var. vegetus 

(Rehd.) Rehd.; Euonymus radicans Sieb. ex 

Miq.; Euonymus radicans Sieb. ex Miq. var. 

Euonymus phellomanus Loes. ex 

Diels 

Cercidiphyllaceae 

Cercidiphyllum japonicum Sieb. & 

Zucc. ex J. Hoffman & H. Schult. 

Cistaceae 

vegetus Rehd 

Crocanthemum bicknellii (Fern.) Crocanthemum majus , in the sense of Britt.; 

Janch. 

Helianthemum bicknellii Fern. 

Crocanthemum canadense (L.) Britt. Helianthemum canadense (L.) Michx.; 

Helianthemum canadense (L.) Michx. var. 

cork spindle-tree 

Katsura-tree family 

Katsura-tree 

rockrose family 

hoary frostweed 

Canada frostweed 

sabulonum Fern. 

Crocanthemum dumosum Bickn. Helianthemum dumosum (Bickn.) Fern. bushy frostweed 

Crocanthemum propinquum (Bickn.) Helianthemum propinquum Bickn. low frostweed 

Bickn. 

Hudsonia ericoides L. Hudsonia ericoides ssp. andersonii Nickerson pine-barren false heather 

& Skog 

Hudsonia ericoides × H. tomentosa 

Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt. Hudsonia ericoides ssp. intermedia (Peck) sand false heather 

Nickerson & Skog; Hudsonia intermedia 

(Peck) Erskine; Hudsonia tomentosa var. 

Lechea intermedia Leggett ex Britt. 

var. intermedia 

Lechea intermedia Leggett ex Britt. 

var. juniperina (Bickn.) B.L. Robins. 

Lechea maritima Leggett ex B.S.P. 

var. maritima 

Lechea minor L. 

Lechea mucronata Raf. 

Lechea pulchella Raf. 

Lechea racemulosa Michx. 

Lechea tenuifolia Michx. 

Cleomaceae 

intermedia 

Peck 

Lechea juniperina Bickn. 

Lechea minor var. maritima (Leggett ex B.S.P.) 

Gray 

Lechea minor var. villosa (Ell.) Boivin; Lechea 

villosa Ell. 

Lechea leggettii Britt. & Hollick; Lechea 

leggettii Britt. & Hollick var. moniliformis 

(Bickn.) Hodgdon; Lechea leggettii Britt. & 

Hollick var. ramosissima Hodgdon; Lechea 

moniliformis Bickn.; Lechea pulchella var. 

moniliformis 

(Bickn ) Seymour 

round-fruited pinweed 

round-fruited pinweed 

beach pinweed 

thyme-leaved pinweed 

hairy pinweed 

Leggett's pinweed 

oblong-fruited pinweed 

narrow-leaved pinweed 

spider-flower family

Peritoma serrulata (Pursh) DC. 

Polanisia dodecandra (L.) DC. ssp. 

dodecandra 

Polanisia dodecandra (L.) DC. ssp. 

trachysperma (Torr. & Gray) Iltis 

Cleome serrulata Pursh; Cleome serrulata stinking bee-plant 

Pursh var. angusta (M.E. Jones) Tidestrom 

Polanisia graveolens Raf. red-whiskered clammyweed 

Polanisia dodecandra var. trachysperma (Torr. red-whiskered clammyweed 

& Gray) Iltis; Polanisia trachysperma Torr. & 

Gray 

Tarenaya hassleriana (Chod.) Iltis Cleome hassleriana Chod.; Cleome spinosa , of 

authors not Jacq. 

Clethraceae 

giant spider-flower 

white-alder family 

Clethra alnifolia L. Clethra alnifolia var. tomentosa (Lam.) Michx.; coastal sweet-pepperbush 

Clethra tomentosa Lam. 

Comandraceae 

bastard-toadflax family 

Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. ssp. Comandra richardsiana Fern. bastard-toadflax 

umbellata 

Geocaulon lividum (Richards.) Fern. Comandra lividum Richards. false toadflax 

Convolvulaceae 

morning-glory family 

Calystegia pubescens Lindl. Calystegia japonica Choisy; Calystegia 

pellitus Ledeb. forma anestius Fern.; 

Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. ssp. 

americana (Sims) Brummitt 


angulata Brummitt 


appalachiana Brummitt 


sepium 

Calystegia silvatica (Kit.) Griseb. 

ssp. fraterniflora (Mackenzie & 

Bush) Brummitt 

Calystegia spithamaea (L.) Pursh ssp. 

spithamaea 

Convolvulus pubescens (Lindl.) Thellung 

Calystegia sepium var. americana (Sims) 

Matsuda; Convolvulus americanus (Sims) 

Greene; Convolvulus sepium L. var. 

americanus Sims 

Calystegia sepium var. angulata (Brummitt) N. 

Holmgren; Calystegia sepium var. repens (L.) 

Gray; Convolvulus repens L.; Convolvulus 

sepium L var repens (L ) Gray 

hairy false bindweed 

hedge false bindweed 



Convolvulus sepium L. hedge false bindweed 

Calystegia fraterniflora (Mackenzie & Bush) 

Brummitt; Calystegia sepium var. fraterniflora 

(Mackenzie & Bush) Shinners; Convolvulus 

fraterniflorus (Mackenzie & Bush) Mackenzie 

& Bush; Convolvulus sepium L. var. 

short-stalked false bindweed 

fraterniflorus Mackenzie & Bush 

Convolvulus spithamaeus L. upright false bindweed 

Convolvulus arvensis L. Strophocaulos arvensis (L.) Small field bindweed 

Cuscuta approximata Bab. Cuscuta approximata var. urceolata (Kunze) alfalfa dodder 

Yuncker; Cuscuta epithymum ssp. 

approximata (Bab.) Rouy; Cuscuta planiflora 

Ten

Cuscuta campestris Yuncker 

Cuscuta arvensis Beyrich ex Hook. var. 

calycina Engelm.; Cuscuta pentagona var. 

calycina Engelm.; Grammica campestris 

(Yuncker) Hadac & Chrtek 

Cuscuta cephalanthi Engelm. Epithymum cephalanthi (Engelm.) Nieuwl. & 

Lunnell; Grammica cephalanthi 

Cuscuta compacta Juss. ex Choisy 

var. compacta 

Cuscuta coryli Engelm. 

Cuscuta epithymum L. 

Cuscuta europaea L. 

Cuscuta gronovii Willd. ex J.A. 

Schultes var. gronovii 

Cuscuta gronovii Willd. ex J.A. 

Schultes var. latiflora Engelm. 

Cuscuta indecora Choisy var. 

indecora 

Cuscuta pentagona Engelm. 

(Engelm.) Hadac & Chrtek 

Epithymum coryli (Engelm.) Nieuwl. & 

Lunnell; Grammica coryli (Engelm.) Hadac 

Cuscuta gronovii var. latiflora Engelm.; 

Cuscuta vulgivaga Engelm; Grammica 

gronovii (Willd. ex J.A. Schultes) Hadac & 

Chrtek 

Cuscuta saururi Engelm. 

Cuscuta indecora var. neuropetala (Engelm.) 

A.S. Hitchc.; Cuscuta neuropetala Engelm.; 

Cuscuta pulcherrima Scheele; Grammica 

indecora (Choisy) W.A. Weber 

ssp neuropetala (Engelm )WA Weber 

Cuscuta arvensis Beyrich ex Hook.; 

Epithymum arvense (Beyrich ex Engelm.) 

Nieuwl. & Lunnell; Grammica pentagona 

field dodder 

buttonbush dodder 

compact dodder 

hazel dodder 

clover dodder 

greater dodder 

common dodder 

common dodder 

collared dodder 

bush-clover dodder 

(Engelm )WA Weber 

Cuscuta polygonorum Engelm. Cuscuta chlorocarpa Engelm. smartweed dodder 

Ipomoea coccinea L. Quamoclit coccinea (L.) Moench red morning-glory 

Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. Ipomoea barbigera Sweet; Ipomoea hederacea ivy-leaved morning-glory 

var. integriuscula Gray; Pharbitis barbigera 

(Sweet) G. Don; Pharbitis hederacea (Jacq.) 

Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth Convolvulus purpureus L.; Pharbitis purpurea 

(L.) Voigt 

Ipomoea quamoclit L. Quamoclit quamoclit (L.) Britt.; Quamoclit 

vulgaris Choisy 

Ipomoea tricolor Cav. 

Cornaceae 

Choisy 

Ipomoea hederifolia L. Ipomoea coccinea L. var. hederifolia (L.) Gray scarlet morning-glory 

Ipomoea lacunosa L. 

white morning-glory 

Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G.F.W. Mey. Convolvulus panduratus L. wild sweet potato morningglory 

common morning-glory 

Cypress-vine morning-glory 

granny morning-glory 

dogwood family 

Benthamidia florida (L.) Spach Benthamia florida (L.) Spach; Cornus florida flowering big-bracted-dogwood 

L.; Cynoxylon floridum (L.) Raf. ex B.D. Jackson

Benthamidia japonica (Siebold & 

Zucc.) Hara 

Benthamia japonica Sieb. & Zucc.; Benthamia 

kousa (Buerger ex Miq.) Nakai; Cornus kousa 

Buerger ex Miq.; Dendrobenthamia japonica 

(Sieb. & Zucc.) W.P. Fang 

kousa big-bracted-dogwood 

Chamaepericlymenum canadense (L.) Cornella canadensis (L.) Rydb.; Cornus Canada dwarf-dogwood 

Aschers. & Graebn. 

canadensis L. 

Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. 

Nyssa sylvatica var. caroliniana (Poir.) Fern.; black tupelo 

Nyssa sylvatica var. dilatata Fern.; Nyssa 

sylvatica var. typica Fern. 

Swida alternifolia (L. f.) Small Bothrocaryum alternifolia (L. f.) Pojark.; Cornus alternate-leaved dogwood 

Swida amomum (P. Mill.) Small var. Cornus amomum P. Mill. var. amomum silky dogwood 

amomum 

Swida amomum (P. Mill.) Small var. Cornus amomum P. Mill. ssp. obliqua (Raf.) J.S. silky dogwood 

schuetzeana (C.A. Mey.) A. Haines Wilson; Cornus amomum var. 

schuetzeana (C.A. Mey.) Rickett; Cornus 

obliqua Raf.; Cornus purpusii Koehne; Cornus 

sericea var. schuetzeana C.A. Mey.; Swida 

obliqua (Raf ) Moldenke 

Swida ×arnoldiana (Rehd.) Soják Swida amomum × S. racemosa ; Cornus 

×arnoldiana Rehd. 

Swida racemosa (Lam.) Moldenke Cornus foemina P. Mill. ssp. racemosa (Lam.) gray dogwood 

J.S. Wilson; Cornus paniculata L’Hér.; Cornus 

racemosa Lam. 

Swida rugosa (Lam.) Rydb. Cornus rugosa Lam. round-leaved dogwood 

Swida sanguinea (L.) Opiz Cornus sanguinea L. blood-twig dogwood 

Swida sericea (L.) Holub 

Cornus alba L. ssp. stolonifera (Michx.) red-osier dogwood 

Wangerin; Cornus sericea L.; Cornus sericea 

L. ssp. stolonifera (Michx.) Fosberg; Cornus 

stolonifera Michx.; Swida sericea (L.) Holub; 

Swida stolonifera (Michx ) Rydb 

Swida ×slavinii (Rehd.) Holub Swida rugosa × S. sericea ; Cornus ×slavinii 

Rehd. 

Crassulaceae 

stonecrop family 

Aizopsis aizoon (L.) V. Grulich Phedimus aizoon (L.) ’t Hart; Sedum aizoon L. aizoon stonecrop 

Aizopsis kamtschatica (Fisch. & C.A. Aizopsis ellacombeana (Praeger) P.V. Heath; orange stonecrop 

Mey.) Grulich 

Phedimus ellacombeanus (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) 

’t Hart; Sedum ellacombeanum Praeger; Sedum 

kamtschaticum Fisch. & C.A. Mey.; Sedum 

kamtschaticum Fisch. & C.A. Mey. ssp. 

ellacombeanum (Praeger) Clausen, an invalid 

name 

Crassula aquatica (L.) Schoenl. Bulliarda aquatica (L.) DC.; Hydrophila 

aquatica (L.) House; Tillaea aquatica L.; 

Tillaea angustifolia Nutt.; Tillaeastrum 

Hylotelephium erythrostictum (Miq.) 

H. Ohba 

aquaticum (L ) Britt 

Sedum alboroseum Baker; Sedum 

erythrostictum Miq. 

pygmy-weed 

garden orpine

Hylotelephium spectabile (Boreau) H. 

Ohba 

Hylotelephium telephium (L.) H. Ohba 

ssp. fabaria (W.D.J. Koch) H. Ohba 

Sedum spectabile Boreau 

Sedum fabaria W.D.J. Koch; Sedum telephium 

L. ssp. fabaria Kirschl. 

showy orpine 

purple orpine 

Hylotelephium telephium (L.) H. Ohba Sedum purpureum (L.) J.A. Schultes; Sedum purple orpine 

ssp. telephium 

purpurascens W.D.J. Koch; Sedum telephium 

L. 

Phedimus spurius (Bieb.) ’t Hart Sedum spurium Bieb.; Spathulata spuria false stonecrop 

(Bieb.) A. & D. Löve 

Phedimus stoloniferus (Gmel.) ’t Sedum stoloniferum Gmel. running false stonecrop 

Hart 

Rhodiola rosea L. Rhodiola roanensis Britt.; Sedum roanense roseroot 

Britt.; Sedum roseum (L.) Scop.; Sedum roseum 

(L.) Scop. var. roanense (Britt.) Berger 

Sedum acre L. 

moss stonecrop 

Sedum album L. Oreosedum album (L.) Grulich white stonecrop 

Sedum hispanicum L. 

Spanish stonecrop 

Sedum ochroleucum Chaix Sedum anopetalum DC. European stonecrop 

Sedum reflexum L. Petrosedum reflexum (L.) Grulich; Sedum rock stonecrop 

rupestre L. 

Sedum sarmentosum Bunge 

stringy stonecrop 

Sedum sexangulare L. 

six-angled stonecrop 

Sedum ternatum Michx. Clausenellia ternata (Michx.) A. & D. Löve woodland stonecrop 

Sempervivum tectorum L. 

hens-and-chickens 

Cucurbitaceae 

gourd family 

Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) 

Citrullus citrullus (L.) Karst.; Citrullus watermelon 

Matsumura & Nakai 

vulgaris Schrad.; Cucubertia citrullus L.; 

Momordica lanata Thunb. 

Cucumis anguria L. 

West India gherkin 

Cucumis melo L. 

cantaloupe 

Cucumis myriocarpus Naud. 

paddy melon 

Cucumis sativus L. 

cucumber 

Cucurbita maxima Duchesne 

winter squash 

Cucurbita pepo L. Pepo pepo (L.) Britt. ex Small pumpkin 

Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr. & Micrampelis lobata (Michx.) Greene; Sicyos wild cucumber 

Gray 

lobata Michx. 

Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Cucurbita lagenaria L.; Cucurbita siceraria bottle gourd 

Molina; Lagenaria leucantha Rusby; 

Momordica charantia L. 

Sicyos angulatus L. 

Thladiantha dubia Bunge 

Diapensiaceae 

Lagenaria vulgaris 

Ser. 

bitter-melon 

one-seeded burr-cucumber 

Manchu tuber gourd 

diapensia family 

Diapensia lapponica L. ssp. 

cushion-plant 

lapponica 

Galax urceolata (Poir.) Brummitt Galax aphylla , of authors not L. beetleweed 

Shortia galacifolia Torr. & Gray var. 

Oconee-bells 

galacifolia

Droseraceae 

sundew family 

Drosera anglica Huds. Drosera longifolia L. English sundew 

Drosera filiformis Raf. var. 

thread-leaved sundew 

filiformis 

Drosera intermedia Hayne 

spatulate-leaved sundew 

Drosera linearis Goldie 

slender-leaved sundew 

Drosera rotundifolia L. Drosera rotundifolia var. comosa Fern. round-leaved sundew 

Ebenaceae 

ebony family 

Diospyros virginiana L. Diospyros mosieri Small; Diospyros 

virginiana var. mosieri (Small) Sarg.; 

Diospyros virginiana var. platycarpa Sarg.; 

Diospyros virginiana var. pubescens (Pursh) 

Elaeagnaceae 

Dippel 

common persimmon 

oleaster family 

Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Russian-olive 

Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. 

thorny-olive 

Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. var. Elaeagnus parvifolia Royle autumn-olive 

parvifolia (Royle) Schneid. 

Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt. Elaeagnus canadensis (L.) A. Nels.; 

Canada buffalo-berry 

Hippophae canadensis L.; Lepargyrea 

Elatinaceae 

canadensis (L.) Greene 

Elatine americana (Pursh) Arn. Elatine triandra var. americana (Pursh) 

Fassett 

Elatine minima (Nutt.) Fisch. & C.A. 

Mey. 

Elatine triandra Schkuhr 

Ericaceae 

Andromeda polifolia L. var. 

glaucophylla (Link) DC. 

Andromeda glaucophylla Link; Andromeda 

glaucophylla Link var. iodandra Fern.; 

Andromeda polifolia ssp. glaucophylla (Link) 

Hultén 

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Arctostaphylos adenotricha (Fern. & J.F. 

Macbr.) A. & D. Löve & Kapoor; 

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ssp. adenotricha 

(Fern. & J.F. Macbr.) Calder & Taylor; 

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi var. adenotricha Fern. 

& J.F. Macbr.; Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ssp. 

coactilis (Fern. & J.F. Macbr.) A. & D. Löve & 

Kapoor; Arctostaphylos uva-ursi var. coactilis 

Fern. & J.F. Macbr.; Uva-ursi uva-ursi (L.) Britt. 

waterwort family 

American waterwort 

small waterwort 

Eurasian waterwort 

heath family 

bog-rosemary 

red bearberry 

Arctous alpina (L.) Nied. Arbutus alpina L.; Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) 

Spreng.; Mairania alpina (L.) Desv. 

Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull 

alpine-bearberry 

heather

Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) 

Moench 

Cassandra calyculata (L.) D. Don var. 

angustifolia (Ait.) Seymour; Cassandra 

calyculata (L.) D. Don var. latifolia (Ait.) 

Seymour; Chamaedaphne calyculata var. 

angustifolia (Ait.) Rehd.; Chamaedaphne 

leatherleaf 

Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh 

calyculata var latifolia 

Pyrola maculata L. 

(Ait ) Fern 

spotted prince's-pine 

Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Bart. Chimaphila corymbosa Pursh; Chimaphila noble prince's-pine 

ssp. cisatlantica (Blake) Hultén umbellata var. cisatlantica Blake 

Corema conradii (Torr.) Torr. ex Empetrum conradii Torr. broom-crowberry 

Loud. 

Empetrum atropurpureum Fern. & Empetrum eamesii Fern. & Wieg. ssp. 

red crowberry 

Wieg. 

atropurpureum (Fern. & Wieg.) D. Löve; 

Empetrum nigrum var. atropurpureum (Fern. & 

Wieg.) Boivin; Empetrum nigrum var. 

purpureum (Raf.) A. DC.; Empetrum rubrum 

Vahl var. atropurpureum (Fern. & Wieg.) R. 

Empetrum nigrum L. 

Good 

Empetrum eamesii Fern. & Wieg. ssp. 

hermaphroditum (Lange ex Hagerup) D. Löve; 

Empetrum hermaphroditum Lange ex Hagerup; 

Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum 

black crowberry 

(Lange ex Hargerup) Böcher 

Epigaea repens L. Epigaea repens var. glabrifolia Fern. trailing-arbutus 

Erica cinerea L. 

Scotch heath 

Erica tetralix L. 

cross-leaved heath 

Erica vagans L. 

Cornish heath 

Eubotrys racemosa (L.) Nutt. Eubotrys elongata (Small) Small; Eubotrys swamp deciduous dog-laurel 

racemosa var. elongata (Small) Fern.; 

Leucothoe elongata Small; Leucothoe 

racemosa (L.) Gray; Leucothoe racemosa (L.) 

Gaultheria hispidula (L.) Muhl. ex 

Bigelow 

Gaultheria procumbens L. 

Gaylussacia baccata (Wangenh.) K. 

Koch 

Gaylussacia bigeloviana (Fern.) 

Sorrie & Weakley 

Gray var projecta Fern 

Chiogenes hispidula (L.) Torr. & Gray; 

Vaccinium hispidulum L. 

Andromeda baccata Wangenh.; Decachaena 

baccata (Wangenh.) Small 

Gaylussacia dumosa var. bigeloviana Fern.; 

Lasiococcus dumosus (Andr.) Small var. 

creeping spicy-wintergreen 

eastern spicy-wintergreen 

black huckleberry 

dwarf huckleberry 

bigelovianus (Fern.) Fern. 

Gaylussacia frondosa (L.) Torr. & Decachaena frondosa (L.) Torr. & Gray; blue huckleberry 

Gray ex Torr. 

Vaccinium frondosum L. 

Harrimanella hypnoides (L.) Coville Cassiope hypnoides (L.) D. Don moss-plant 

Hypopitys lanuginosa (Michx.) Nutt. Monotropa lanuginosa Michx. hairy pine-sap 

Hypopitys monotropa Crantz Hypopitys americana (DC.) Small; Hypopitys yellow pine-sap 

lanuginosa (Michx.) Nutt.; Monotropa 

Kalmia angustifolia L. ssp. 

angustifolia 

hypopithys L. 

sheep American-laurel

Kalmia latifolia L. 

Kalmia polifolia Wangenh. 

Kalmia procumbens (L.) Gift, Kron, 

& P.F. Stevens ex Galasso, Banfi, & 

F. Conti 

Leucothoe fontanesiana (Steud.) 

Sleumer 

Azalea procumbens L.; Chamaecistus 

procumbens (L.) Kuntze; Loiseleuria 

procumbens (L.) Desv. 

Leucothoe axillaris (Lam.) D. Don var. 

editorum (Fern. & Schub.) Ahles; Leucothoe 

mountain American-laurel 

bog American-laurel 

Alpine-azalea 

highland dog-laurel 

editorum Fern. & Schub. 

Lyonia ligustrina (L.) DC. var. Arsenococcus ligustrinus (L.) Small; Xolisma maleberry 

ligustrina 

ligustrina (L.) Britt. 

Lyonia mariana (L.) D. Don Neopieris mariana (L.) Britt.; Xolisma piedmont staggerbush 

mariana (L.) Rehd. 

Moneses uniflora (L.) Gray Pyrola uniflora L. one-flowered-shinleaf 

Monotropa uniflora L. Monotropa brittonii Small one-flowered Indian-pipe 

Orthilia secunda (L.) House Orthilia secunda ssp. obtusata (Turcz.) Böcher; one-sided-shinleaf 

Orthilia secunda var. obtusata (Turcz.) House; 

Pyrola secunda L.; Pyrola secunda L. ssp. 

obtusata (Turcz.) Hultén; Pyrola secunda L. 

var. obtusata Turcz.; Ramischia secunda (L.) 

Garcke 

Phyllodoce caerulea (L.) Bab. 

purple mountain-heath 

Pieris floribunda (Pursh) Benth. & Andromeda floribunda Pursh mountain fetterbush 

Hook. f. 

Pterospora andromedea Nutt. 

pine-drops 

Pyrola americana Sweet Pyrola asarifolia ssp. americana (Sweet) American shinleaf 

Krísa; Pyrola rotundifolia L. ssp. americana 

(Sweet) Clausen; Pyrola rotundifolia L. var. 

Pyrola asarifolia Michx. ssp. 

asarifolia 

americana (Sweet) Fern 

Pyrola asarifolia var. incarnata (DC.) Fern.; pink shinleaf 

Pyrola asarifolia var. ovata Farw.; Pyrola 

asarifolia var. purpurea (Bunge) Fern.; Pyrola 

rotundifolia L. ssp. asarifolia (Michx.) A. & D. 

Löve; Pyrola uliginosa Torr. & Gray ex Torr. 

Pyrola chlorantha Sw. Pyrola chlorantha var. convoluta (W. Bart.) 

Fern.; Pyrola chlorantha var. paucifolia Fern.; 

Pyrola convoluta W. Bart.; Pyrola virens 

Schreb.; Pyrola virens Schreb. var. convoluta 

Pyrola elliptica Nutt. 

Pyrola minor L. 

Rhododendron calendulaceum 

(Michx.) Torr. 

green-flowered shinleaf 

(W Bart ) Fern 

elliptic-leaved shinleaf 

Braxilia minor (L.) House; Erxlebenia minor little shinleaf 

(L.) Rydb.; Pyrola minor var. parviflora 


Azalea calendulacea Michx. flame azalea 

Rhododendron canadense (L.) Torr. Azalea canadensis (L.) Kuntze; Rhodora 

canadensis L. 

Rhododendron carolinianum Rehd. 

rhodora 

Carolina rhododendron

Rhododendron catawbiense Michx. Canada rosebay 

Rhododendron groenlandicum Ledum groenlandicum Oeder; Ledum palustre Labrador-tea 

(Oeder) Kron & Judd 

L. ssp. groenlandicum (Oeder) Hultén 

Rhododendron japonicum (Gray) Azalea japonica Gray 

Japanese azalea 

Sur. 

Rhododendron lapponicum (L.) Azalea lapponica L. Lapland rosebay 

Wahlenb. 

Rhododendron maximum L. 

great rosebay 

Rhododendron periclymenoides Azalea nudiflora L.; Rhododendron 

pink azalea 

(Michx.) Shinners 

nudiflorum (L.) Torr.; Rhododendron 

nudiflorum (L.) Torr. var. glandiferum (Porter) 

Rehd.; Rhododendron periclymenoides var. 

Rhododendron prinophyllum (Small) 

Millais 

eglandulosum Seymour 

Azalea prinophylla Small; Rhododendron 

nudiflorum (L.) Torr. var. roseum (Loisel.) 

early azalea 

Wieg.; Rhododendron roseum (Loisel.) Rehd. 

Rhododendron vaseyi Gray Biltia vaseyi (Gray) Small pink-shell azalea 

Rhododendron viscosum (L.) Torr. Azalea viscosa L.; Rhododendron viscosum clammy azalea 

var. glaucum (Michx.) Gray 

Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. Vaccinium angustifolium var. hypolasium common lowbush blueberry 

Fern.; Vaccinium angustifolium var. 

laevifolium House; Vaccinium angustifolium 

var. nigrum (Wood) Dole; Vaccinium nigrum 

(Wood) Britt 

Vaccinium angustifolium × V. 

uliginosum 

Vaccinium ×atlanticum Bickn. Vaccinium angustifolium × V. corymbosum 

Vaccinium boreale Hall & Aalders Vaccinium pensylvanicum Lam. var. 

angustifolium (Ait.) Gray; Vaccinium 

pensylvanicum Lam. var. alpinum Wood 

Vaccinium boreale × V. myrtilloides 

Vaccinium caesariense Mackenzie 

Vaccinium cespitosum Michx. Vaccinium arbuscula (Gray) Merriam; 

Vaccinium cespitosum var. arbuscula Gray 

Vaccinium corymbosum L. Cyanococcus corymbosus (L.) Rydb.; 

Vaccinium corymbosum var. albiflorum 

(Hook.) Fern.; Vaccinium corymbosum var. 

glabrum Gray 

Vaccinium fuscatum Ait. Cyanococcus fuscatus (Ait.) Small; Vaccinium 

atrococcum (Gray) Heller; Vaccinium 

corymbosum var. atrococcum Gray; Vaccinium 

corymbosum var. fuscatum (Ait.) Hook. 

northern blueberry 

New Jersey highbush blueberry 

dwarf blueberry 

highbush blueberry 

black highbush blueberry 

Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. Oxycoccus macrocarpus (Ait.) Pursh large cranberry 

Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx. Cyanococcus canadensis (Kalm ex A. Rich.) velvet-leaved blueberry 

Rydb.; Vaccinium angustifolium var. 

myrtilloides (Michx.) House; Vaccinium 

canadense Kalm ex A Rich

Vaccinium oxycoccos L. Oxycoccus microcarpos Turcz. ex Rupr.; 

Oxycoccus oxycoccos (L.) MacM.; Oxycoccus 

palustris Pers.; Oxycoccus quadripetalus 

Gilib.; Vaccinium microcarpos (Turcz. ex 

Rupr.) Schmalh.; Vaccinium oxycoccos L. var. 

Vaccinium pallidum Ait. 

intermedium Gray 

Cyanococcus pallidus (Ait.) Small; 

Cyanococcus vacillans (Kalm ex Torr.) Rydb.; 

Vaccinium corymbosum var. pallidum (Ait.) 

Gray; Vaccinium vacillans Kalm ex Torr.; 

Vaccinium vacillans Kalm ex Torr. var. 

crinitum Fern 

Vaccinium stamineum L. Polycodium neglectum Small; Polycodium 

stamineum (L.) Greene; Vaccinium caesium 

Greene; Vaccinium neglectum (Small) Fern.; 

Vaccinium stamineum var. neglectum (Small) 

Deam 

Vaccinium uliginosum L. Vaccinium uliginosum ssp. alpinum (Bigelow) 

Hultén; Vaccinium uliginosum var. occidentale 

Vaccinium vitis -idaea L. ssp. minus 

(Lodd.) Hultén 

Euphorbiaceae 

small cranberry 

hillside blueberry 

deerberry 

alpine blueberry 

(Gray) Hara 

Vaccinium vitis-idaea var. minus Lodd. mountain cranberry 

Acalypha gracilens Gray Acalypha gracilens var. delzii L. Mill.; 

Acalypha gracilens var. fraseri (Muell.-Arg.) 

spurge family 

slender three-seeded-Mercury 


Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. Acalypha virginica var. rhomboidea (Raf.) common three-seeded-Mercury 

Cooperrider 

Acalypha virginica L. Acalypha digyneia Raf. Virginia three-seeded-Mercury 

Croton capitatus Michx. var. 

woolly croton 

capitatus 

Croton texensis (Klotzsch) Muell.- 

Texas croton 

Arg. 

Crotonopsis elliptica Willd. Croton willdenowii G.L. Webster elliptic-leaved rushfoil 

Euphorbia corollata L. Tithymalopsis corollata (L.) Klotzsch flowering spurge 

Euphorbia cyparissias L. Galarhoeus cyparissias (L.) Small ex Rydb.; cypress spurge 

Tithymalus cyparissias (L.) Hill 

Euphorbia dentata Michx. Anisophyllum dentatum (Michx.) Haw.; toothed spurge 

Euphorbia dentata var. linearis Engelm. ex 

Boiss.; Poinsettia dentata (Michx.) Klotzsch & 

Garcke 

Euphorbia esula L. Euphorbia intercedens Podp.; Galarhoeus leafy spurge 

esula (L.) Rydb.; Tithymalus esula (L.) Hill 

Euphorbia glyptosperma Engelm. Chamaesyce glyptosperma (Engelm.) Small rib-seeded sandmat 

Euphorbia helioscopia L. Galarhoeus helioscopius (L.) Haw.; 

sun spurge 

Tithymalus helioscopius (L.) Hill 

Euphorbia ipecacuanhae L. Tithymalopsis ipecacuanhae (L.) Small ipecac spurge 

Euphorbia lathyris L. Galarhoeus lathyris (L.) Haw.; Tithymalus gopher spurge 

lathyris (L.) Hill

Euphorbia maculata L. 

Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small; Chamaesyce 

supina (Raf.) Moldenke; Euphorbia supina Raf. 

spotted sandmat 

Euphorbia marginata Pursh Agaloma marginata (Pursh) A. & D. Löve; 

Dichrophyllum marginatum (Pursh) Klotzsch 

& Garcke; Lepadena marginata (Pursh) 

Nieuwl 

Euphorbia nutans Lag. 

Chamaesyce nutans (Lag.) Small; Chamaesyce 

preslii (Guss.) Arthur; Euphorbia preslii Guss. 

mountain snow spurge 

eyebane sandmat 

Euphorbia peplus L. Galarhoeus peplus (L.) Rydb.; Tithymalus 

petty spurge 

peplus (L.) Hill 

Euphorbia platyphyllos L. Galarhoeus platyphyllos (L.) Small; 

broad-leaved spurge 

Tithymalus platyphyllos (L.) Hill 

Euphorbia polygonifolia L. Chamaesyce polygonifolia (L.) Small seaside sandmat 

Euphorbia prostrata Ait. Euphorbia chamaesyce , of authors not L.; prostrate sandmat 

Chamaesyce prostrata (Ait.) Small 

Euphoribia ×pseudo-esula Schur Euphorbia esula × E. cyparissias 

Euphorbia serpens Kunth Anisophyllum serpens (Kunth) Klotzsch & matted sandmat 

Garcke; Chamaesyce serpens (Kunth) Small 

Euphorbia serpyllifolia Pers. var. Chamaesyce serpyllifolia (Pers.) Small thyme-leaved sandmat 

serpyllifolia 

Euphorbia vermiculata Raf. Chamaesyce rafinesquei (Greene) Arthur; hairy sandmat 

Chamaesyce vermiculata (Raf.) House 

Euphorbia virgata Waldst. & Kit. Euphorbia esula ssp. tommasiniana (Bertol.) slender leafy spurge 

Nyman; Euphorbia esula var. orientalis (Boiss. 

in DC.) Kuzmanov; Euphorbia esula var. 

uralensis (Fisch. ex Link) Dorn; Euphorbia 

uralensis Fisch. ex Link; Euphorbia virgata 

var. orientalis Boiss. in DC. 

Mercurialis annua L. 

Ricinus communis L. 

Fabaceae 

annual mercury 

castor-bean 

legume family 

Albizia julibrissin Durazz. silk-tree 

Amorpha fruticosa L. Amorpha fruticosa var. angustifolia Pursh; false indigo-bush 

Amorpha fruticosa var. oblongifolia Palmer; 

Amorpha fruticosa var. tennesseensis (Shuttlw. 

ex Kunze) Palmer 

Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern. Amphicarpaea bracteata var. comosa (L.) 

Fern.; Amphicarpaea comosa (L.) G. Don; 

Amphicarpaea monoica (L.) Ell.; 

Amphicarpaea pitcheri Torr. & Gray; Falcata 

comosa (L.) Kuntze; Glycine bracteata L.; 

Anthyllis vulneraria L. 

Glycine comosa L 

Apios americana Medik. Apios americana var. turrigera Fern.; Apios 

tuberosa Moench; Glycine apios L. 

Arachis hypogaea L. 

American hog-peanut 

common kidney-vetch 

common ground-nut 

peanut

Astragalus alpinus L. var. 

brunetianus Fern. 

Astragalus canadensis L. var. 

canadensis 

Astragalus alpinus var. labradoricus (DC.) 

Fern. 

Astragalus canadensis var. carolinianus (L.) 

M.E. Jones; Astragalus canadensis var. 

longilobus Fassett; Astragalus carolinianus L. 

alpine milk-vetch 

Canada milk-vetch 

Astragalus contortuplicatus L. Hungarian milk-vetch 

Astragalus eucosmus B.L. Robins. Astragalus parviflorus (Pursh) MacM.; elegant milk-vetch 

Atelophragma elegans (Hook.) Rydb. 

Astragalus glycyphyllos L. licorice milk-vetch 

Astragalus robbinsii (Oakes) Gray Astragalus jesupii (Egglest. & Sheldon) Britt. Robbin's milk-vetch 

var. jesupii Egglest. & Sheldon 

Astragalus robbinsii (Oakes) Gray Astragalus blakei Egglest.; Astragalus Robbin's milk-vetch 

var. minor (Hook.) Barneby 

robbinsii var. blakei (Egglest.) Barneby 

Astragalus robbinsii (Oakes) Gray Phaca robbinsii Oakes Robbin's milk-vetch 

var. robbinsii 

Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. Sophora australis L. blue wild indigo 

f. var. australis 

Baptisia bracteata Muhl. ex Ell. var. Baptisia bracteata var. glabrescens (Larisey) long-bracted wild indigo 

leucophaea (Nutt.) Kartesz & Gandhi Isely; Baptisia leucophaea Nutt.; Baptisia 

leucophaea Nutt. var. glabrescens Larisey 

Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. Baptisia tinctoria var. crebra Fern.; Baptisia yellow wild indigo 

f. 

tinctoria var. projecta Fern. 

Caragana arborescens Lam. Siberian pea shrub 

Cercis canadensis L. var. canadensis 

redbud 

Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Cassia chamaecrista L.; Cassia fasciculata partridge sensitive-pea 

Greene 

Michx. 

Chamaecrista nictitans (L.) Moench Cassia nictitans L.; Chamaecrista procumbens wild sensitive-pea 

ssp. nictitans var. nictitans 

(L.) Greene 

Cicer arietinum L. 

chick-pea 

Cladrastis kentukea (Dum.-Cours.) Cladrastis lutea (Michx. f.) K. Koch; Sophora Kentucky yellow-wood 

Rudd 

kentukea Dum.-Cours. 

Colutea arborescens L. 

bladder-senna 

Coronilla scorpioides (L.) W.D.J. Ornithopus scorpioides L. yellow false crown-vetch 

Koch 

Crotalaria sagittalis L. Crotalaria sagittalis var. oblonga Michx. arrow-head rattlebox 

Cytisus ×praecox W.J. Bean Cytisus multiflorus (L’Hér.) Sweet × C. 

Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link var. 

scoparius 

purgans Spach 

Spartium scoparium L. Scotch broom 

Dalea candida Willd. Petalostemum candidum Michx. white prairie-clover 

Dalea leporina (Ait.) Bullock Dalea alopecuroides Willd.; Parosela fox-tail prairie-clover 

alopecuroides (Willd.) Rydb.; Parosela 

leporina Ait. 

Desmodium canadense (L.) DC. Hedysarum canadense L.; Meibomia 

canadensis (L.) Kuntze 

Desmodium canescens (L.) DC. Hedysarum canescens L.; Meibomia canescens 

(L.) Kuntze 

showy tick-trefoil 

hoary tick-trefoil

Desmodium ciliare (Muhl. ex Willd.) 

DC. ex Loud. 

Desmodium cuspidatum (Muhl. ex 

Willd.) DC. ex G. Don 

Hedysarum ciliare Muhl. ex Willd.; Meibomia 

ciliaris (Muhl. ex Willd.) Blake 

Desmodium grandiflorum DC.; Desmodium 

longifolium (Torr. & Gray) Smyth; Hedysarum 

cuspidatum Muhl. ex Willd.; Hedysarum 

grandiflorum Walt.; Meibomia grandiflora 

(DC.) Kuntze; Meibomia longifolia (Torr. & 

Gray) Vail 

Desmodium glabellum (Michx.) DC. Hedysarum glabellum Michx.; Meibomia 

Desmodium ×humifusum (Muhl. ex 

Bigelow) Beck 

glabella (Michx.) Kuntze 

Desmodium paniculatum × D. rotundifolium ; 

Hedysarum ×humifusum Muhl. ex Bigelow; 

Meibomia ×humifusa (Muhl. ex Bigelow) 

Kuntze 

Desmodium marilandicum (L.) DC. Hedysarum marilandicum L.; Meibomia 

marilandica (L.) Kuntze 

Desmodium obtusum (Muhl. ex Desmodium rigidum (Ell.) DC.; Hedysarum 

Willd.) DC. 

obtusum Muhl. ex Willd.; Meibomia obtusa 

(Muhl. ex Willd.) Vail; Meibomia rigida (Ell.) 

Kuntze 

Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC. Hedysarum paniculatum L.; Meibomia 

paniculata (L.) Kuntze 

Desmodium perplexum Schub. Desmodium dillenii Darl.; Meibomia dillenii 

hairy small-leaved tick-trefoil 

large-bracted tick-trefoil 

smooth tick-trefoil 

smooth small-leaved tick-trefoil 

stiff tick-trefoil 

panicled tick-trefoil 

perplexed tick-trefoil 

(Darl.) Kuntze 

Desmodium rotundifolium DC. Desmodium michauxii (Vail) Daniels; 

round-leaved trailing ticktrefoil 

Meibomia michauxii Vail; Meibomia 

rotundifolia (DC.) Kuntze 

Desmodium sessilifolium (Torr. ex Hedysarum sessilifolium Torr. ex M.A. Curtis; sessile-leaved tick-trefoil 

M.A. Curtis) Torr. & Gray 

Meibomia sessilifolia (Torr. ex M.A. Curtis) 

Kuntze 

Galega officinalis L. 

professor-weed 

Genista tinctoria L. 

dyer's greenweed 

Gleditsia triacanthos L. Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis (L.) Schneid. honey-locust 

Glycine max (L.) Merr. Phaseolus max L. soybean 

Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh Glycyrrhiza glutinosa Nutt.; Glycyrrhiza American licorice 

lepidota var. glutinosa (Nutt.) S. Wats. 

Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch Guilandina dioica L. Kentucky coffee-tree 

Hedysarum alpinum L. ssp. 

Hedysarum alpinum var. americanum Michx.; alpine sweet-vetch 

americanum (Michx.) Fedtsch. Hedysarum americanum (Michx.) Britt. 

Hylodesmum glutinosum (Muhl. ex Desmodium acuminatum (Michx.) DC.; pointed-leaved tick-trefoil 

Willd.) H. Ohashi & R.R. Mill Desmodium glutinosum (Muhl. ex Willd.) 

Wood; Hedysarum glutinosum Muhl. ex 

Willd ; Meibomia acuminata (Michx ) Blake 

Hylodesmum nudiflorum (L.) H. Desmodium nudiflorum (L.) DC.; Hedysarum naked tick-trefoil 

Ohashi & R.R. Mill 

nudiflorum L.; Meibomia nudiflora (L.) 

Kuntze 

Kummerowia striata (Thunb.) 

Schindl. 

Lespedeza striata Thunb. 

Japanese-clover

Laburnum anagyroides Medik. 

golden chain-tree 

Laburnum ×watereri Dipp. Laburnum alpinum Griseb. × L. anagyroides 

Medik.; Laburnum vossii Hart. 

Lathyrus aphaca L. 

yellow vetchling 

Lathyrus japonicus Willd. var. Lathyrus japonicus ssp. maritimus (L.) P.W. beach vetchling 

maritimus (L.) Kartesz & Gandhi Ball; Lathyrus japonicus var. glaber (Ser.) 

Fern.; Lathyrus japonicus Willd. var. pellitus 

Fern.; Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Fries; Lathyrus 

maritimus (L.) Fries var. glaber (Ser.) Eames; 

Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Fries var. pellitus 

Lathyrus latifolius L. 

(Fern ) Gleason; Pi iti L 

everlasting vetchling 

Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook. 

cream vetchling 

Lathyrus odoratus L. 

sweet vetchling 

Lathyrus palustris L. Lathyrus myrtifolius Muhl. ex Willd.; Lathyrus marsh vetchling 

palustris var. macranthus (White) Fern.; 

Lathyrus palustris var. myrtifolius (Muhl. ex 

Willd.) Gray; Lathyrus palustris ssp. pilosus 

(Cham.) Hultén; Lathyrus palustris var. pilosus 

(Cham.) Ledeb.; Orobus myrtifolius (Muhl. ex 

Lathyrus pratensis L. 

Willd ) A Hall 

meadow vetchling 

Lathyrus sativus L. 

white vetchling 

Lathyrus sylvestris L. 

narrow-leaved vetchling 

Lathyrus tuberosus L. 

tuber vetchling 

Lens culinaris Medik. Ervum lens L.; Lens esculenta Moench lentil 

Lespedeza ×acuticarpa Mackenzie & Lespedeza frutescens × L. virginica 

Bush 

Lespedeza angustifolia (Pursh) Ell. Lespedeza angustifolia var. brevifolia Britt.; narrow-leaved bush-clover 

Lespedeza capitata var. angustifolia Pursh 

Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. 

two-colored bush-clover 

Lespedeza ×brittonii Bickn. Lespedeza procumbens × L. virginica 

Lespedeza capitata Michx. 

Lespedeza bicknellii House; Lespedeza 

capitata var. stenophylla Bissell & Fern.; 

round-headed bush-clover 

Lespedeza capitata var. velutina (Bickn.) Fern. 

Lespedeza cuneata (Dum.-Cours.) G. 

Chinese bush-clover 

Don 

Lespedeza cyrtobotrya Miq. leafy bush-clover 

Lespedeza frutescens (L.) Hornem. Hedysarum frutescens L.; Lespedeza violacea , violet bush-clover 

of authors not (L.) Pers. 

Lespedeza frutescens × L. hirta 

Lespedeza frutescens × L. stuevei 

Lespedeza hirta (L.) Hornem. ssp. Lespedeza capitata var. calycina (Schindl.) hairy bush-clover 

hirta 

Fern.; Lespedeza polystachya Michx. 

Lespedeza hirta × L. stuevei 

Lespedeza hirta × L. virginica 

Lespedeza ×longifolia DC. 

Lespedeza capitata × L. hirta 

Lespedeza ×nuttallii Darl. 

Lespedeza hirta × L. violacea 

Lespedeza procumbens Michx. 

trailing bush-clover

Lespedeza procumbens × L. stuevei 

Lespedeza repens (L.) W. Bart. Hedysarum repens L. creeping bush-clover 

Lespedeza ×simulata Mack. & Bush Lespedeza capitata × L. virginica 

Lespedeza stuevei Nutt. 

tall bush-clover 

Lespedeza thunbergii (DC.) Nakai 

Thunberg's bush-clover 

Lespedeza violacea (L.) Pers. Hedysarum violaceum L.; Lespedeza 

wand bush-clover 

intermedia (S. Wats.) Britt.; Lespedeza stuevei 

Nutt. var. intermedia S. Wats. 

Lespedeza virginica (L.) Britt. Medicago virginica L. slender bush-clover 

Lotus corniculatus L. Lotus corniculatus var. arvensis (Schkuhr) Ser. garden bird's-foot-trefoil 

ex DC. 

Lotus unifoliatus (Hook.) Benth. var. Acmispon americanum (Nutt.) Rydb.; 

American bird's-foot-trefoil 

unifoliatus 

Hosackia americana (Nutt.) Piper; Lotus 

americanus (Nutt.) Bisch.; Lotus purshianus 

F.E. & E.G. Clem. ex Ottley; Lotus purshianus 

F.E. & E.G. Clem. ex Ottley var. glaber (Nutt.) 

Munz 

Lupinus perennis L. ssp. perennis Lupinus perennis var. occidentalis S. Wats. sundial lupine 

Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. var. Lupinus pallidipes Heller; Lupinus 

blue lupine 

polyphyllus 

polyphyllus var. albiflorus L.H. Bailey; 

Lupinus polyphyllus var. pallidipes (Heller) 

CP Sm 

Medicago arabica (L.) Huds. Medicago polymorpha var. arabica L. spotted medick 

Medicago disciformis DC. 

veinless medick 

Medicago falcata L. Medicago sativa ssp. falcata (L.) Arcang. yellow medick 

Medicago laciniata (L.) P. Mill. Trigonella laciniata L. cut-leaved medick 

Medicago lupulina L. Medicago lupulina var. cupaniana (Guss.) black medick 

Boiss.; Medicago lupulina var. glandulosa 

Neilr. 

Medicago minima (L.) L. Medicago minima var. compacta Neyraut; 

Medicago minima var. longiseta DC.; 

Medicago polymorpha var. minima L. 

Medicago monantha (C.A. Mey) Trigonella monantha C.A. Mey.; Trigonella 

Trautv. 

monantha C.A. Mey. ssp. noeana (Boiss.) Hub.- 

Mor.; Trigonella noeana Boiss. 

Medicago polymorpha L. Medicago hispida Gaertn.; Medicago hispida 

Gaertn. var. apiculata (Willd.) Urban; 

Medicago hispida Gaertn. var. confinis (W.D.J. 

bur medick 

single-flowered medick 

toothed medick 

Koch) Burnat 

Medicago praecox DC. 

Mediterranean medick 

Medicago rigidula (L.) All. Medicago agrestis Ten. ex DC. Tifton medick 

Medicago sativa L. Medicago sativa ssp. varia (Martyn) Arcang. purple medick 

Melilotus albus Medik. 

white sweet-clover 

Melilotus indicus (L.) All. Trifolium indicum L. Indian sweet-clover 

Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. yellow sweet-clover 

Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. 

Sanfoin 

Ornithopus sativus Brot. ssp. sativus 

common bird's-foot 

Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC. var. Oxytropis johannensis (Fern.) Heller St. John River oxytrope 

johannensis Fern.

Phaseolus coccineus L. 

scarlet bean 

Phaseolus polystachios (L.) B.S.P. Dolichos polystachyus L.; Phaseolus 

wild bean 

polystachios var. aquilonius Fern.; Phaseolus 

smilacifolius Pollard 

Phaseolus vulgaris L. 

kidney bean 

Pisum sativum L. 

Pisum arvense L.; Pisum sativum var. arvense garden pea 

(L.) Poir. 

Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. var. Dolichos lobatus Willd.; Pueraria lobata kudzu 

lobata (Willd.) Maesen & S. Almeida (Willd.) Ohwi; Pueraria thunbergiana (Sieb. & 

Zucc.) Benth. 

Robinia hispida L. var. fertilis Robinia fertilis Ashe; Robinia grandiflora bristly locust 

(Ashe) Clausen 

Ashe 

Robinia hispida L. var. hispida Robinia pallida Ashe; Robinia speciosa Ashe bristly locust 

Robinia ×margarettae Ashe Robinia hispida × R. pseudoacacia ; Robinia 

×slavinii Rehd. 

Robinia pseudoacacia L. black locust 

Robinia viscosa Vent. var. viscosa 

clammy locust 

Scorpiurus muricatus L. Scorpiurus subvillosus L.; Scorpiurus prickly scorpion's-tail 

sulcatus L. 

Securigera varia (L.) Lassen Coronilla varia L. purple crown-vetch 

Senna hebecarpa (Fern.) Irwin & Cassia hebecarpa Fern. 

northern wild senna 

Barneby 

Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin & Cassia obtusifolia L. sickle-pod wild senna 

Barneby 

Sesbania herbacea (P. Mill.) Darwinia exaltata Raf.; Sesban exaltatus (Raf.) tall river-hemp 

McVaugh 

Rydb.; Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Corey; 

Sesbania macrocarpa Muhl. 

Strophostyles helvola (L.) Ell. Phaseolus helvolus L.; Strophostyles helvola annual woolly bean 

var. missouriensis (S. Wats.) Britt. 

Strophostyles leiosperma (Torr. & Phaseolus leiospermus Torr. & Gray small-flowered woolly bean 

Gray) Piper 

Strophostyles umbellata 

Glycine umbellata Muhl. ex Willd.; 

perennial woolly bean 

(Muhl.) Britt. 

Strophostyles umbellata var. paludigena Fern. 

Tephrosia virginiana (L.) Pers. 

Cracca latidens Small; Cracca virginiana L.; 

Tephrosia latidens (Small) Standl.; Tephrosia 

virginiana var. glabra Nutt.; Tephrosia 

virginiana var. holosericea (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray 

wild goat's-rue 

Thermopsis villosa (Walt.) Fern. & Thermopsis caroliniana M.A. Curtis Blue Ridge false lupine 

Schub. 

Trifolium arvense L. 

rabbit-foot clover 

Trifolium aureum Pollich Trifolium agrarium L. palmate hop clover 

Trifolium campestre Schreb. Trifolium procumbens , of L. (1755), not L. pinnate hop clover 

(1753) 

Trifolium dalmaticum Vis. 

Balkan clover

Trifolium dichotomum Hook. & Arn. Trifolium albopurpureum Torr. & Gray var. 

dichotomum (Hook. & Arn.) Isely; Trifolium 

macraei Hook. & Arn. var. dichotomum (Hook. 

branched Indian clover 

& Arn ) Brewer ex S Wats 

Trifolium dubium Sibthorp 

lesser hop clover 

Trifolium echinatum Bieb. Trifolium supinum Savi prickly clover 

Trifolium fragiferum L. 

strawberry clover 

Trifolium glomeratum L. 

clustered clover 

Trifolium hybridum L. Trifolium elegans Savi; Trifolium hybridum alsike clover 

ssp. elegans (Savi) Aschers. & Graebn.; 

Trifolium hybridum var. elegans (Savi) Boiss.; 

Trifolium hybridum var pratense Rabenh 

Trifolium incarnatum L. Trifolium incarnatum var. elatius Gibelli & crimson clover 

Belli 

Trifolium medium L. 

zigzag clover 

Trifolium pratense L. Trifolium pratense var. sativum (P. Mill.) red clover 

Schreb. 

Trifolium purpureum Lois. 

purple clover 

Trifolium repens L. 

white clover 

Trifolium resupinatum L. 

Persian clover 

Trifolium striatum L. 

knotted clover 

Trifolium subterraneum L. 

burrowing clover 

Trifolium tomentosum L. 

woolly clover 

Trigonella corniculata (L.) L. cultivated fenugreek 

Ulex europaeus L. 

common gorse 

Vicia cracca L. ssp. cracca 

bird vetch 

Vicia faba L. 

broad vetch 

Vicia grandiflora Scop. Vicia grandiflora var. kitaibeliana W.D.J. large yellow vetch 

Koch 

Vicia hirsuta (L.) S.F. Gray Ervum hirsutum L. tiny vetch 

Vicia lathyroides L. 

spring vetch 

Vicia pannonica Crantz 

Hungarian vetch 

Vicia sativa L. ssp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. Vicia angustifolia L.; Vicia angustifolia L. common vetch 

var. segetalis (Thuill.) W.D.J. Koch; Vicia 

sativa var. angustifolia (L.) Ser.; Vicia sativa 

var. nigra L.; Vicia sativa var. segetalis 

(Thuill ) Ser 

Vicia sativa L. ssp. sativa Vicia sativa var. linearis Lange common vetch 

Vicia sepium L. Vicia sepium var. montana W.D.J. Koch hedge vetch 

Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreb. Ervum tetraspermum L.; Vicia tetrasperma four-seeded vetch 

var. tenuissima Druce 

Vicia villosa Roth ssp. varia (Host) Vicia dasycarpa Ten.; Vicia varia Host hairy vetch 

Corb. 

Vicia villosa Roth ssp. villosa 

hairy vetch 

Wisteria floribunda (Willd.) DC. Glycine floribunda Willd.; Kraunhia 

Japanese wisteria 

floribunda (Willd.) Taubert; Rehsonia 

floribunda (Willd.) Stritch

Wisteria frutescens (L.) Poir. Glycine frutescens L.; Kraunhia frutescens (L.) 

Greene; Kraunhia macrostachya (Torr. & Gray) 

Small; Wisteria frutescens var. macrostachya 

Torr. & Gray; Wisteria macrostachya (Torr. & 

Gray) Nutt. ex B.L. Robins. & Fern. 

American wisteria 

Wisteria sinensis (Sims) DC. 

Fagaceae 

Glycine sinensis Sims; Rehsonia sinensis 

(Sims) Stritch 

Chinese wisteria 

beech family 

Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. Fagus-castanea dentata Marsh. American chestnut 

Castanea mollissima Blume 

Chinese chestnut 

Castanea pumila P. Mill. Castanea alnifolia Nutt.; Castanea alnifolia dwarf chestnut 

Nutt. var. floridana Sarg.; Castanea ashei 

(Sudworth) Sudworth; Castanea floridana 

(Sarg.) Ashe; Castanea pumila var. ashei 

Sudworth 

Castanea sativa P. Mill. 

Spanish chestnut 

Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. Fagus grandifolia var. caroliniana (Loud.) American beech 

Fern. & Rehd. 

Fagus sylvatica L. 

European beech 

Quercus alba L. 

eastern white oak 

Quercus ×bebbiana Schneid. Quercus alba × Q. macrocarpa 

Quercus ×benderi Baenitz 

Quercus coccinea × Q. rubra 

Quercus bicolor Willd. 

swamp white oak 

Quercus ×bimundorum Palmer Quercus alba × Q. robur 

Quercus cerris L. 

European turkey oak 

Quercus coccinea Muenchh. Quercus coccinea var. tuberculata Sarg. scarlet oak 

Quercus ×faxonii Trel. 

Quercus alba × Q. prinoides 

Quercus ×fernaldii Trel. Quercus illicifolia × Q. rubra 

Quercus ×fernowii Trel. 

Quercus alba × Q. stellata 

Quercus ×fontana Laughlin Quercus coccinea × Q. velutina 

Quercus ×hawkinsii Sudworth Quercus rubra × Q. velutina ; Quercus 

×porteri Trel. 

Quercus ilicifolia Wangenh. 

scrub oak 

Quercus imbricaria Michx. 

shingle oak 

Quercus ×leana Nutt. Quercus imbricaria × Q. velutina 

Quercus ×jackiana Schneid. Quercus alba × Q. bicolor 

Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Quercus macrocarpa var. depressa (Nutt.) burr oak 

Engelm.; Quercus mandanensis Rydb. 

Quercus montana Willd. Quercus prinus L. mountain chestnut oak 

Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. Quercus acuminata (Michx.) Sargent; Quercus yellow chestnut oak 

prinoides var. acuminata (Michx.) Gleason; 

Quercus prinus L. var. acuminata Michx. 

Quercus palustris Muenchh. 

pin oak 

Quercus phellos L. 

willow oak 

Quercus prinoides Willd. Quercus prinoides var. rufescens Rehd. dwarf chestnut oak 

Quercus ×rehderii Trel. Quercus ilicifolia × Q. velutina 

Quercus ×robbinsii Trel. 

Quercus coccinea × Q. ilicifolia 

Quercus robur L. 

English oak

Quercus rubra L. 

Quercus borealis Michx. f.; Quercus borealis 

Michx. f. var. maxima (Marsh.) Ashe; Quercus 

rubra var. ambigua (Gray) Fern.; Quercus 

rubra var borealis (Michx f ) Farw 

Quercus ×saulii Schneid. 

Quercus alba × Q. montana 

Quercus ×schuettei Trel. 

Quercus bicolor × Q. macrocarpa ; Quercus 

×hillii Trel. 

Quercus stellata Wangenh. 

Quercus ×stelloides Palmer Quercus prinoides × Q. stellata 

Quercus ×vaga Palmer & Steyermark Quercus palustris × Q. velutina 

northern red oak 

post oak 

Quercus velutina Lam. 

Frankeniaceae 

Frankenia pulverulenta L. 

Gentianaceae 

Bartonia iodandra B.L. Robins. Bartonia paniculata var. intermedia Fern.; 

Bartonia paniculata ssp. iodandra (B.L. 

Robins.) J. Gillett; Bartonia paniculata var. 

iodandra (B.L. Robins.) Fern.; Bartonia 

paniculata var. sabulonensis (Fern.) Fern.; 

Bartonia virginica var. sabulonensis (Fern.) 


Bartonia paniculata (Michx.) Muhl. Bartonia lanceolata Small; Bartonia virginica 

var. paniculata (Michx.) Boivin; Centaurella 

black oak 

sea-heath family 

European sea-heath 

gentian family 

purple screwstem 

twining screwstem 

paniculata Michx. 

Bartonia virginica (L.) B.S.P. Sagina virginica L. Virginia screwstem 

Centaurium erythraea Raf. Centaurium umbellatum , of authors not Gilib. European centaury 

Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) E.H.L. Gentiana pulchella Sw. branched centaury 

Krause 

Frasera albicaulis Dougl. ex Griseb. Frasera albicaulis var. nitida (Benth.) C.L. white-stemmed elkweed 

ssp. nitida (Benth.) C.L. Hitchc. Hitchc.; Frasera nitida Benth.; Swertia 

albicaulis (Dougl. ex Griseb.) Kuntze var. 

nitida (Benth.) Jepson; Swertia nitida (Benth.) 

Gentiana andrewsii Griseb. var. 

andrewsii 

Jepson 

Dasystephana andrewsii (Griseb.) Small; 

Pneumonanthe andrewsii (Griseb.) W.A. Weber 

Andrew's bottle gentian 

Gentiana clausa Raf. 

Gentiana linearis Froel. Dasystephana linearis (Froel.) Britt.; Gentiana 

saponaria L. var. linearis (Froel.) Griseb. 

Gentiana rubricaulis Schwein. Dasystephana grayi (Kusnez.) Britt.; Gentiana 

linearis ssp. rubricaulis (Schwein.) J. Gillett; 

Gentiana linearis var. lanceolata Gray; 

Gentiana linearis var latifolia Gray 

meadow bottle gentian 

narrow-leaved gentian 

red-stemmed gentian

Gentianella amarella (L.) Boerner 

ssp. acuta (Michx.) J. Gilbert 

Amarella acuta (Michx.) Raf.; Gentiana acuta 

Michx.; Gentiana amarella L. ssp. acuta 

(Michx.) Hultén; Gentiana amarella L. var. 

acuta (Michx.) Herder; Gentiana amarella L. 

var. stricta (Griseb.) S. Wats.; Gentianella 

acuta (Michx.) Hiitonen; Gentianella amarella 

Gentianella quinquefolia (L.) Small 

var t (Michx ) Herder 

Gentiana amarelloides Michx.; Gentiana 

ssp. quinquefolia 

quinquefolia L. 

Gentianopsis crinita (Froel.) Ma Anthopogon crinitum (Froel.) Raf.; Gentiana 

crinita Froel.; Gentianella crinita (Froel.) G. 

Don 

Halenia deflexa (Sm.) Griseb. ssp. Halenia heterantha Griseb.; Halenia deflexa 

deflexa 

var. heterantha (Griseb.) Fern.; Swertia deflexa 

Sm.; Tetragonanthus deflexus (Sm.) Kuntze 

northern dwarf-gentian 

stiff dwarf-gentian 

greater fringed-gentian 

American spurred-gentian 

Lomatogonium rotatum (L.) Fries ex Gentiana rotata (L.) Froel.; Pleurogyne rotata marsh-felwort 

Fern. 

(L.) Griseb.; Swertia rotata L. 

Sabatia angularis (L.) Pursh Chironia angularis L. common rose-gentian 

Sabatia campanulata (L.) Torr. Chironia campanulata L.; Sabatia 

slender rose-gentian 

campanulata var. gracilis (Michx.) Fern.; 

Sabatia gracilis (Michx.) Salisb. 

Sabatia campestris Nutt. Sabatia nervosa Raf. western rose-gentian 

Sabatia dodecandra (L.) B.S.P. var. Chironia chloroides Michx.; Chironia perennial rose-gentian 

dodecandra 

dodecandra L.; Sabatia chloroides (Michx.) 

Pursh 

Sabatia kennedyana Fern. Sabatia dodecandra var. kennedyana (Fern.) Plymouth rose-gentian 

Ahles 

Sabatia stellaris Pursh Chironia amoena Raf.; Chironia stellata annual rose-gentian 

Muhl.; Sabatia amoena (Raf.) G. Don; Sabatia 

maculata (Benth.) Benth. ex Gray; Sabatia 

maritima Raf ; Sabatia simmulata Britt 

Schenkia spicata (L.) Mansion Centaurium spicatum (L.) Fritsch; Gentiana 

Geraniaceae 

Erodium botrys (Cav.) Bertol. 

Erodium ciconium (L.) L’Hér. ex Ait. 

spicata L. 

spiked centaury 

geranium family 

long-beaked stork's-bill 

common stork's-bill 

Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Hér. ex 

red-stemmed stork's-bill 

Ait. ssp. cicutarium 

Erodium cygnorum Nees 

Australian stork's-bill 

Erodium malacoides (L.) L’Hér. ex Geranium malacoides L. Mediterranean stork's-bill 

Ait. 

Erodium moschatum (L.) L’Hér. ex 

musky stork's-bill 

Ait. var. praecox Lange 

Erodium stephanianum Willd. 

Stephen's stork's-bill 

Geranium aequale (Bab.) Aedo Geranium molle var. aequale Bab. smooth Dove's-foot crane's-bill

Geranium bicknellii Britt. Geranium bicknellii var. longipes (S. Wats.) 

Fern.; Geranium carolinianum var. longipes S. 

Wats. 

Geranium carolinianum L. Geranium carolinianum var. confertiflorum 

Fern.; Geranium carolinianum var. 

sphaerospermum (Fern.) Breitung; Geranium 

dissectum var. carolinianum (L.) Hook. f.; 

northern crane's-bill 

Carolina crane's-bill 

Geranium sphaerospermum Fern 

Geranium columbinum L. 

long-stalked crane's-bill 

Geranium dissectum L. Geranium laxum Hanks ex Hanks & Small cut-leaved crane's-bill 

Geranium maculatum L. 

spotted crane's-bill 

Geranium molle L. 

dove's-foot crane's-bill 

Geranium pratense L. 

meadow crane's-bill 

Geranium pusillum L. 

small-flowered crane's-bill 

Geranium pyrenaicum Burm. f. 

hedgerow crane's-bill 

Geranium robertianum L. Robertiella robertiana (L.) Hanks mountain crane's-bill 

Geranium sanguineum L. 

bloody crane's-bill 

Geranium sibiricum L. 

Siberian crane's-bill 

Geranium thunbergii Sieb. & Zucc. ex Geranium nepalense Sweet var. thunbergii dew-drop crane's-bill 

Lindl. & Paxton 

(Sieb. & Zucc. ex Lindl. & Paxton ) Kudo 

Grossulariaceae 

gooseberry family 

Ribes americanum P. Mill. Ribes floridum L’Hér. eastern black currant 

Ribes aureum Pursh var. villosum DC. Ribes odoratum H. Wendl. golden currant 

Ribes cynosbati L. Grossularia cynosbati (L.) P. Mill.; Ribes 

cynosbati var. atrox Fern.; Ribes cynosbati var. 

glabratum Fern.; Ribes cynosbati var. inerme 

(Rehd ) Bailey 

Ribes glandulosum Grauer Ribes prostratum L’Hér.; Ribes resinosum 

Pursh 

Ribes hirtellum Michx. Grossularia hirtella (Michx.) Spach; Ribes 

hirtellum var. calcicola (Fern.) Fern.; Ribes 

hirtellum var. saxosum (Hook.) Fern.; Ribes 

oxyacanthoides var. calcicola Fern.; Ribes 

oxyacanthoides var. hirtellum (Michx.) 

Scoggan; Ribes oxyacanthoides var. saxosum 

Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. 

(Hook ) Coville 

Limnobotrya lacustris (Pers.) Rydb.; Ribes 

oxyacanthoides L. var. lacustre Pers. 

Ribes missouriense Nutt. Grossularia missouriensis (Nutt.) Coville & 

Britt. 

Ribes nigrum L. 

Ribes rotundifolium Michx. Grossularia rotundifolia (Michx.) Coville & 

Britt.; Ribes stamineum Hornem.; Ribes 

triflorum Willd. 

Ribes rubrum L. 

Ribes sativum Syme; Ribes sylvestre (Lam.) 

Mert. & Koch; Ribes vulgare Lam. 

Ribes triste Pallas 

Ribes rubrum var. alaskanum (Berger) Boivin; 

Ribes triste var. albinervium (Michx.) Fern. 

eastern prickly gooseberry 

skunk currant 

hairy-stemmed gooseberry 

bristly swamp currant 

Missouri gooseberry 

garden black currant 

Appalachian gooseberry 

garden red currant 

swamp red currant

Ribes uva-crispa L. var. sativum DC. Grossularia reclinata (L.) P. Mill.; Ribes 

grossularia L.; Ribes uva-crispa ssp. 

reclinatum (L.) Reichenb. 

Haloragaceae 

Myriophyllum alterniflorum DC. Myriophyllum alterniflorum var. americanum 

Pugsley 

Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Enydria aquatica Vell.; Myriophyllum 

Verdc. 

brasiliense Camb.; Myriophyllum 

proserpinacoides Gillies ex Hook. & Arn. 

Myriophyllum farwellii Morong 

Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx. 

Myriophyllum humile (Raf.) Morong Burshia humilis Raf.; Myriophyllum 

ambiguum Nutt. var. natans DC.; 

Myriophyllum capillaceum Torr.; 

Myriophyllum humile forma capillaceum (Torr.) 

Fern.; Myriophyllum humile forma natans (DC.) 

Fern 

Myriophyllum pinnatum (Walt.) Myriophyllum scabratum Michx.; 

B.S.P. 

Potamogeton pinnatum Walt. 

Myriophyllum sibiricum Komarov Myriophyllum exalbescens Fern.; 

Myriophyllum spicatum ssp. exalbescens 

(Fern.) Hultén; Myriophyllum spicatum var. 

exalbescens (Fern ) Jepson 

Myriophyllum spicatum L. 

Myriophyllum tenellum Bigelow 

Myriophyllum verticillatum L. Myriophyllum verticillatum var. intermedium 

W.D.J. Koch; Myriophyllum verticillatum var. 

pectinatum Wallr. 

Proserpinaca ×intermedia Mackenzie Proserpinaca palustris × P. pectinata 

European gooseberry 

water-milfoil family 

alternate-flowered water-milfoil 

Parrot's-feather water-milfoil 

Farwell's water-milfoil 

variable-leaved water-milfoil 

low water-milfoil 

cut-leaved water-milfoil 

northern water-milfoil 

Eurasian water-milfoil 

slender water-milfoil 

whorled water-milfoil 

Proserpinaca palustris L. Proserpinaca amblyogona (Fern.) Small; 

Proserpinaca intermedia Mackenzie; 

Proserpinaca palustris var. amblyogona Fern.; 

Proserpinaca palustris var. crebra Fern. & 

Grisc.; Proserpinaca palustris var. latifolia 

marsh mermaid-weed 

Schindl 

Proserpinaca pectinata Lam. comb-leaved mermaid-weed 

Hamamelidaceae 

witch-hazel family 

Hamamelis virginiana L. Hamamelis virginiana var. parvifolia Nutt. American witch-hazel 

Hydrangeaceae 

hydrangea family 

Deutzia scabra Thunb. Deutzia scabra var. plena (Maxim.) Rehd. fuzzy pride-of-Rochester 

Hydrangea arborescens L. Hydrangea arborescens var. oblonga Torr. & American hydrangea 

Gray; Hydrangea arborescens var. sterilis Torr. 

& Gray 

Hydrangea cinerea Small Hydrangea arborescens ssp. discolor (Ser. ex 

DC.) McClintock; Hydrangea arborescens var. 

Hydrangea paniculata Sieb. 

discolor Ser. ex DC. 

ashy hydrangea 

panicled hydrangea

Hydrangea quercifolia Bartr. 

oak-leaved hydrangea 

Philadelphus coronarius L. sweet mock-orange 

Philadelphus inodorus L. Philadelphus gloriosus Beadle; Philadelphus scentless mock-orange 

grandiflorus Willd.; Philadelphus inodorus 

var. grandiflorus (Willd.) Gray 

Philadelphus pubescens Loisel. Philadelphus intectus Beadle; Philadelphus 

latifolius Schrad. ex DC.; Philadelphus 

Hypericaceae 

pubescens var. intectus (Beadle) A.H. Moore 

hoary mock-orange 

St. John's-wort family 

Hypericum adpressum Raf. ex Bart. 

creeping St. John's-wort 

Hypericum ascyron L. Hypericum pyramidatum Ait. great St. John's-wort 

Hypericum boreale (Britt.) Bickn. Hypericum mutilum ssp. boreale (Britt.) J. northern St. John's-wort 

Gillett 

Hypericum canadense L. Hypericum canadense var. galiiforme Fern.; lesser St. John's-wort 

Hypericum canadense var. magninsulare 


Hypericum canadense × H. majus 

Hypericum canadense × H. mutilum 

Hypericum densiflorum Pursh Hypericum glomeratum Small bushy St. John's-wort 

Hypericum ×dissimulatum Bickn. Hypericum boreale × H. canadense 

Hypericum dolabriforme Vent. Hypericum bissellii B.L. Robins. straggling St. John's-wort 

Hypericum ellipticum Hook. 

pale St. John's-wort 

Hypericum frondosum Michx. Hypericum aureum Bartr. cedar glade St. John's-wort 

Hypericum gentianoides (L.) B.S.P. Sarothra gentianoides L. orange-grass St. John's-wort 

Hypericum majus (Gray) Britt. Hypericum canadense var. majus Gray greater Canada St. John's-wort 

Hypericum majus × H. mutilum 

Hypericum mutilum L. Hypericum mutilum var. parviflorum (Willd.) dwarf St. John's-wort 

Fern. 

Hypericum perforatum L. ssp. 

common St. John's-wort 

perforatum 

Hypericum prolificum L. Hypericum spathulatum (Spach) Steud. shrubby St. John's-wort 

Hypericum punctatum Lam. Hypericum subpetiolatum Bickn. ex Small spotted St. John's-wort 

Hypericum stragulum P. Adams & Ascyrum hypericoides L. var. multicaule multi-stemmed St. John's-wort 

Robson 

(Michx. ex Willd.) Fern.; Hypericum 

hypericoides (L.) Crantz ssp. multicaule 

(Michx. ex Willd.) Robson; Hypericum 

hypericoides (L.) Crantz var. multicaule (Michx. 

Triadenum fraseri (Spach) Gleason 

ex Willd ) Fosberg 

Elodea fraseri Spach; Hypericum virginicum 

L. var. fraseri (Spach) Fern.; Triadenum 

virginicum ssp. fraseri (Spach) J. Gillett; 

Triadenum virginicum var. fraseri (Spach) 

Fraser's marsh-St. John's-wort 

Cooperrider 

Triadenum virginicum (L.) Raf. Hypericum virginicum L. Virginia marsh-St. John's-wort 

Juglandaceae 

walnut family 

Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. 

Koch 

Carya cordiformis var. latifolia Sarg.; Hicoria 

cordiformis (Wangenh.) Britt.; Juglans 

cordiformis Wangenh. 

bitternut hickory

Carya glabra (P. Mill.) Sweet 

Carya glabra var. hirsuta (Ashe) Ashe; Carya 

glabra var. megacarpa (Sarg.) Sarg.; Carya 

ovalis (Wangenh.) Sarg. var. hirsuta (Ashe) 

Sarg.; Hicoria glabra (P. Mill.) Britt.; Hicoria 

glabra (P. Mill.) Britt. var. hirsuta Ashe 

pignut hickory 

Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) Loud. Hicoria laciniosa (Michx. f.) Sarg.; Juglans shellbark hickory 

laciniosa Michx. f. 

Carya ×laneyi Sarg. Carya cordiformis × C. ovata 

Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch Carya ovata var. pubescens Sarg.; Hicoria shagbark hickory 

ovata (P. Mill.) Britt.; Juglans alba L., in part 

Carya tomentosa (Poir. in Lam.) Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell., in part; Carya mockernut hickory 

Nutt. 

tomentosa (Poir. in Lam.) Nutt. var. 

subcoriacea (Sarg.) Palmer & Steyermark; 

Hicoria tomentosa (Poir. in Lam.) Raf.; Juglans 

alba L., in part; Juglans tomentosa Poir. in 

Lam 

Juglans ailantifolia Carr. Juglans sieboldiana Maxim. Japanese walnut 

Juglans ×bixbyi Rehd. Juglans ailantifolia × J. cinerea 

Juglans cinerea L. Wallia cinerea (L.) Alef. white walnut 

Juglans nigra L. Wallia nigra (L.) Alef. black walnut 

Lamiaceae 

mint family 

Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze Agastache anethiodora (Nutt.) Britt.; 

lavender giant-hyssop 

Hyssopus anethiodorus Nutt. 

Agastache foeniculum × A. rugosa 

Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Kuntze 

Agastache nepetoides (L.) Kuntze Hyssopus nepetoides L. catnip giant-hyssop 

Agastache scrophulariifolia (Willd.) Agastache scrophulariifolia var. mollis (Fern.) purple giant-hyssop 

Kuntze 

Heller; Hyssopus scrophulariifolius Willd. 

Ajuga genevensis L. 

standing bugle 

Ajuga reptans L. 

carpet bugle 

Ballota nigra L. var. alba (L.) Sm. Ballota alba L.; Ballota borealis Schweig.; black-horehound 

Ballota nigra ssp. foetida (Koch) Hayek 

Ballota nigra L. var. nigra Ballota nigra var. ruderalis (Sw.) Koch black-horehound 

Blephilia ciliata (L.) Benth. Monarda ciliata L. downy wood-mint 

Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Benth. var. 

hairy wood-mint 

glabrata Fern. 

Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Benth. var. Monarda hirsuta Pursh hairy wood-mint 

hirsuta 

Clinopodium acinos (L.) Kuntze Acinos arvensis (Lam.) Dandy; Calamintha basil-thyme 

acinos (L.) Clairville ex Gaud.; Satureja acinos 

(L.) Scheele; Thymus acinos L. 

Clinopodium vulgare L. Calamintha vulgaris (L.) Halácsy; Satureja wild basil 

vulgaris (L.) Fritsch; Satureja vulgaris (L.) 

Fritsch var. neogaea Fern. 

Collinsonia canadensis L. northern horsebalm 

Dracocephalum moldavica L. Moldavica moldavica (L.) Britt. Moldavian dragonhead 

Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutt. Moldavica parviflora (Nutt.) Britt. American dragonhead 

Dracocephalum thymiflorum L. Moldavica thymiflora (L.) Rydb. thyme-leaved dragonhead

Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyl. Elsholtzia cristata Willd.; Sideritis ciliata 

Thunb. 

Galeopsis bifida Boenn. Galeopsis tetrahit var. bifida (Boenn.) Lej. & 

Court. 

Galeopsis ladanum L. Galeopsis ladanum var. latifolia (Hoffman) 

Wallr. 

Galeopsis tetrahit L. 

Glechoma hederacea L. 

Glechoma hederacea var. micrantha Moric.; 

Glechoma hederacea var. parviflora (Benth.) 

House; Nepeta hederacea (L.) Trevisan 

Hedeoma hispida Pursh 

Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. Cunila pulegioides L.; Melissa pulegioides 

Hyssopus officinalis L. 

Lamium album L. ssp. album 

Lamium amplexicaule L. var. 

amplexicaule 

Lamium galeobdolon (L.) L. ssp. 

galeobdolon 

Lamium maculatum L. 

Lamium purpureum L. var. incisum 

(Willd.) Pers. 

Lamium purpureum L. var. purpureum 

(L.) L. 

Galeobdolon argentatum Smejkal; 

Galeobdolon luteum Huds.; Lamiastrum 

galeobdolon (L.) Ehrend. & Polatschek 

Lamium dissectum With.; Lamium hybridum , 

of authors not Vill. 

crested late-summer-mint 

split-lipped hemp-nettle 

red hemp-nettle 

brittle-stemmed hemp-nettle 

Gill-over-the-ground 

rough false pennyroyal 

American false pennyroyal 

hyssop 

white henbit 

common henbit 

yellow henbit 

spotted henbit 

red henbit 

red henbit 

Lavandula angustifolia P. Mill. Lavandula officinalis Chaix; Lavandula spica L English lavender 

Leonurus cardiaca L. Leonurus cardiaca ssp. villosus (Desf. ex motherwort 

Spreng.) Hyl.; Leonurus cardiaca var. villosus 

(Desf. ex Spreng.) Benth. 

Lycopus americanus Muhl. ex W. Lycopus americanus var. longii Benner; American water-horehound 

Bart. 

Lycopus americanus var. scabrifolius Fern.; 

Lycopus europaeus var. sinuatus (Ell.) Gray; 

Lycopus pennsylvanicus Muhl. ex Raf.; Lycopus 

Lycopus amplectens Raf. 

pinnatifidus Raf.; Lycopus sinuatus Ell.; 

Phytosalpinx americanus (Muhl ) Lunell 

Lycopus amplectens var. pubens (Britt.) Fern.; clasping water-horehound 

Lycopus pubens Britt.; Lycopus sessilifolius 

Gray 

Lycopus asper Greene 

Lycopus lucidus Turcz. ex Benth. ssp. 

western water-horehound 

americanus (Gray) Hultén; Lycopus lucidus 

Turcz. ex Benth. var. americanus Gray; Lycopus 

maritimus Greene; Phytosalpinx aspera 

(Greene) Lunell 

Lycopus europaeus L. 

Lycopus europaeus ssp. mollis (Kern.) Rothm. 

ex Skalickÿ; Lycopus europaeus var. mollis 

(Kern.) Briq.; Lycopus mollis Kern.; Lycopus 

vulgaris Pers 

European water-horehound

Lycopus rubellus Moench 

Lycopus rubellus var. arkansanus (Fresen.) stalked water-horehound 

Benner; Lycopus rubellus var. lanceolatus 

Benner; Lycopus velutinus Rydb. 

Lycopus uniflorus Michx. Lycopus parviflorus Maxim.; Lycopus 

northern water-horehound 

virginicus var. pauciflorus Benth. 

Lycopus virginicus L. Lycopus membranaceus Bickn. Virginia water-horehound 

Marrubium vulgare L. 

white horehound 

Melissa officinalis L. 

lemon-balm 

Mentha aquatica L. var. aquatica Mentha hirsuta Huds.; Mentha palustris P. water mint 

Mill. 

Mentha aquatica L. var. citrata Mentha adspersa Moench; Mentha citrata water mint 

(Ehrh.) Fresen. 

Ehrh.; Mentha ×piperita ssp. citrata (Ehrh.) 

Briq.; Mentha ×piperita var. citrata (Ehrh.) 

Mentha arvensis L. ssp. 

parietariaefolia (Becker) Briq. 

Mentha canadensis L. 

Rouy 

Mentha arvensis var. parietariaefolia Becker; 

Mentha gentilis L.; Mentha variegata Sole 

Mentha arvensis ssp. canadensis (L.) H. Hara; 

Mentha arvensis var. canadensis (L.) Kuntze; 

Mentha arvensis var. glabrata (Benth.) Fern.; 

Mentha arvensis ssp. haplocalyx Briq.; Mentha 

arvensis var. villosa (Benth.) S.R. Stewart 

Mentha ×gracilis Sole 

Mentha arvensis × M. spicata ; Mentha 

cardiaca Gerarde ex Baker 

Mentha longifolia (L.) L. Mentha mollissima Borkh. ex P. Gaertn. et al.; 

Mentha spicata var. longifolia L.; Mentha 

ginger mint 

American wild mint 

horse mint 

sylvestris L. 

Mentha ×piperita L. 

Mentha aquatica × M. spicata 

Mentha ×rotundifolia (L.) Huds. Mentha longifolia × M. suaveolens 

Mentha spicata L. ssp. spicata Mentha viridis (L.) L. spearmint 

Mentha ×verticillata L. 

Mentha aquatica × M. arvensis ; Mentha sativa 

L. 

Mentha ×villosa Huds. nothovar. Mentha spicata × M. suaveolens ; Mentha 

alopecuroides (Hull) Briq. 

alopecuroides Hull; Mentha rotundifolia Sole 

Monarda clinopodia L. Monarda fistulosa var. clinopodia (L.) basil bee-balm 

Cooperrider 

Monarda didyma L. Monarda coccinea Michx. scarlet bee-balm 

Monarda fistulosa L. ssp. fistulosa Monarda fistulosa forma albescens Farw. wild bee-balm 

var. fistulosa 

Monarda fistulosa L. ssp. fistulosa Monarda mollis L.; Monarda scabra Beck wild bee-balm 

var. mollis (L.) Benth. 

Monarda fistulosa L. ssp. fistulosa 

wild bee-balm 

var. rubra Gray 

Monarda media Willd. Mondarda fistulosa var. media (Willd.) Gray purple bee-balm 

Monarda punctata L. ssp. punctata Monarda punctata ssp. villicaulis Pennell spotted bee-balm 

var. villicaulis (Pennell) Palmer & 

Steyermark 

Nepeta cataria L. 

catnip 

Ocimum basilicum L. 

sweet basil

Origanum majorana L. Majorana hortensis Moench; Majorana sweet marjoram 

majorana (L.) Karst. 

Origanum vulgare L. 

wild marjoram 

Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. var. Ocimum crispum Thunb.; Perilla ocymoides L. perilla-mint 

crispa (Benth.) Deane 

var. crispa Benth. 

Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. var. Ocimum frutescens L.; Perilla ocymoides L. perilla-mint 

frutescens 

Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth. Dracocephalum virginianum L.; Physostegia obedient false dragonhead 

ssp. virginiana 

virginiana var. elongata Boivin; Physostegia 

virginiana var. granulosa (Fassett) Fern.; 

Physostegia virginiana var. speciosa (Sweet) 

Gray 

Prunella laciniata (L.) L. Prunella alba Pallas ex Bieb. cut-leaved selfheal 

Prunella vulgaris L. ssp. lanceolata Prunella vulgaris var. elongata Benth.; common selfheal 

(W. Bart.) Hultén 

Prunella vulgaris var. lanceolata (W. Bart.) 

Fern. 

Prunella vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris Prunella vulgaris var. calvescens Fern.; common selfheal 

Prunella vulgaris var. hispida Benth. 

Pycnanthemum ×clinopodioides Torr. Koellia ×clinopodioides (Torr. & Gray) Kuntze 

& Gray 

Pycnanthemum incanum (L.) Michx. Koellia dubia (Gray) Small; Koellia incana (L.) hoary mountain-mint 

var. incanum 

Kuntze 

Pycnanthemum muticum (Michx.) Pers. Koellia mutica (Michx.) Kuntze 

clustered mountain-mint 

Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Schrad. 

Pycnanthemum torrei Benth. 

Pycnanthemum verticillatum (Michx.) 

Pers. var. pilosum (Nutt.) 

Cooperrider 

Pycnanthemum verticillatum (Michx.) 

Pers. var. verticillatum 

Pycnanthemum virginianum (L.) T. 

Dur. & B.D. Jackson ex B.L. Robins. 

& Fern. 

Salvia azurea Michx. ex Lam. var. 

grandiflora Benth. 

Salvia lyrata L. 

Salvia nemorosa L. 

Salvia officinalis L. 

Koellia flexuosa , of authors not (Walt.) MacM.; 

Pycnanthemum flexuosum , of authors not 

(Walt.) B.S.P. 

Koellia pilosa (Nutt.) Britt.; Pycnanthemum 

pilosum Nutt. 

Koellia verticillata (Michx.) Kuntze; 

Pycnanthemum virginianum var. verticillatum 

narrow-leaved mountain-mint 

Torrey's mountain-mint 

whorled mountain-mint 

whorled mountain-mint 

(Michx.) Boivin 

Koellia virginiana (L.) MacM. Virginia mountain-mint 

Salvia azurea ssp. pitcheri (Torr. ex Benth.) 

Epling; Salvia pitcheri Torr. ex Benth. 

azure-blue sage 

lyre-leaved sage 

woodland sage 

West Indian sage 

Salvia pratensis L. Salvia tenorii Spreng. meadow sage 

Salvia sclarea L. 

cleareye sage 

Salvia splendens Sellow ex Roemer 

scarlet sage 

& J.A. Schultes 

Salvia tiliifolia Vahl. linden-leaved sage 

Salvia verticillata L. whorled sage 

Satureja hortensis L. 

summer savory

Scutellaria altissima L. tall skullcap 

Scutellaria ×churchilliana Fern. Scutellaria galericulata × S. lateriflora 

Scutellaria galericulata L. Scutellaria epilobiifolia A. Hamilton; hooded skullcap 

Scutellaria galericulata var. epilobiifolia (A. 

Hamilton) Jordal; Scutellaria galericulata ssp. 

pubescens (Benth.) A. & D. Löve; Scutellaria 

galericulata var pubescens Benth 

Scutellaria integrifolia L. Scutellaria incana Biehler ssp. hispida 

(Benth.) Epling; Scutellaria integrifolia 

hispida Benth. 

Scutellaria lateriflora L. mad dog skullcap 

Scutellaria parvula Michx. var. Scutellaria australis (Fassett) Epling little skullcap 

australis Fassett 

Scutellaria parvula Michx. var. Scutellaria ambigua Nutt.; Scutellaria little skullcap 

missouriensis (Torr.) Goodman & leonardii Epling; Scutellaria nervosa Pursh 

C.A. Lawson 

var. ambigua (Nutt.) Fern.; Scutellaria parvula 

var. 

entire-leaved skullcap 

var leonardii (Epling) Fern 

Scutellaria parvula Michx. var. 

little skullcap 

parvula 

Sideritis montana L. 

mountain ironwort 

Stachys annua L. 

annual hedge-nettle 

Stachys arvensis L. 

field hedge-nettle 

Stachys byzantina K. Koch Stachys lanata Jacq.; Stachys olympica Poir. woolly hedge-nettle 

Stachys clingmanii Small 

Clingman's hedge-nettle 

Stachys germanica L. 

German hedge-nettle 

Stachys hispida Pursh Stachys palustris var. hispida (Pursh) Boivin; hispid hedge-nettle 

Stachys tenuifolia Willd. var. hispida (Pursh) 

Fern.; Stachys tenuifolia Willd. var. 

platyphylla Fern 

Stachys hyssopifolia Michx. Stachys atlantica Britt.; Stachys hyssopifolia 

var. lythroides (Small) J. Nelson; Stachys 

lythroides Small 

Stachys palustris L. Stachys palustris var. elliptica Clos; Stachys 

palustris var. petiolata Clos; Stachys palustris 

Stachys pilosa L. var. arenicola 

(Britt.) G. Mulligan & D. Munro 

Stachys pilosa L. var. pilosa 

Teucrium botrys L. 

var. segetum (Mutel) Grogn. 

Stachys arenicola Britt.; Stachys brevidens 

Rydb.; Stachys palustris ssp. arenicola (Britt.) 

Gill 

Stachys borealis Rydb.; Stachys homotricha 

(Fern.) Rydb.; Stachys palustris var. 

homotricha Fern.; Stachys palustris var. 

nipigonensis Jennings; Stachys palustris var. 

phaneropoda Weatherby; Stachys palustris 

ssp. pilosa (Nutt.) Epling; Stachys palustris 

var. pilosa (Nutt.) Fern.; Stachys palustris var. 

b l J i 

hyssop-leaved hedge-nettle 

marsh hedge-nettle 

hairy hedge-nettle 

hairy hedge-nettle 

cut-leaved germander

Teucrium canadense L. var. 

canadense 

Teucrium canadense L. var. 

occidentale (Gray) McClintock & 

Epling 

Teucrium canadense var. angustatum Gray; 

Teucrium canadense var. littorale (Bickn.) 

Fern.; Teucrium canadense var. virginicum (L.) 

Eat ; Teucrium littorale Bickn 

Teucrium boreale Bickn.; Teucrium canadense 

var. boreale (Bickn.) Shinners; Teucrium 

canadense ssp. occidentale (Gray) W.A. Weber; 

Teucrium occidentale Gray; Teucrium 

occidentale Gray var. boreale (Bickn.) Fern. 

American germander 

American germander 

Teucrium scorodonia L. 

Thymus pulegioides L. Thymus ovatus P. Mill.; Thymus serpyllum L. 

ssp. chamaedrys (Fries) Voll. 

Thymus vulgaris L. 

Trichostema brachiatum L. Isanthus brachiatus (L.) B.S.P.; Isanthus 

brachiatus (L.) B.S.P. var. linearis Fassett 

Trichostema dichotomum L. Trichostema dichotomum var. puberulum Fern. 

& Grisc. 

Trichostema setaceum Houtt. Trichostema dichotomum var. lineare (Walt.) 

Pursh; Trichostema lineare Walt. 

Lardizabalaceae 

Akebia ×pentaphylla (Makino) 

Makino 

Akebia quinata (Houtt.) Dcne. 

Lentibulariaceae 

Akebia quinata × A. trifoliata Koidz. 

woodland germander 

lemon thyme 

garden thyme 

pennyroyal bluecurls 

forked bluecurls 

narrow-leaved bluecurls 

lardizabala family 

chocolate-vine 

bladderwort family 

Pinguicula vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris 

violet butterwort 

Utricularia cornuta Michx. Stomoisia cornuta (Michx.) Raf. horned bladderwort 

Utricularia geminiscapa Benj. Utricularia clandestina Nutt. ex Gray mixed bladderwort 

Utricularia gibba L. Trilobulina fibrosa (Walt.) Raf.; Utricularia creeping bladderwort 

biflora Lam.; Utricularia fibrosa Walt.; 

Utricularia obtusa Sw.; Utricularia pumila 

Walt 

Utricularia inflata Walt. Plectoma inflata (Walt.) Raf.; Utricularia 

ceratophylla Michx. 

Utricularia intermedia Hayne Lentibularia intermedia (Hayne) Nieuwl. & 

Lunell 

Utricularia minor L. Lentibularia minor (L.) Raf.; Xananthes minor 

swollen bladderwort 

flat-leaved bladderwort 

lesser bladderwort 

(L.) Raf. 

Utricularia purpurea Walt. Vesiculina purpurea (Walt.) Raf. eastern purple bladderwort 

Utricularia radiata Small Utricularia inflata var. minor Chapman; floating bladderwort 

Utricularia inflata var. radiata (Small) Stone 

Utricularia resupinata B.D. Greene Lecticula resupinata (B.D. Greene ex Bigelow) resupinate bladderwort 

ex Bigelow 

Barnh. 

Utricularia striata Le Conte ex Torr. Trilobulina striata (Le Conte ex Torr.) Raf.; striped bladderwort 

Utricularia fibrosa Britt. 

Utricularia subulata L. Setiscapella cleistogama (Gray) Barnh.; slender bladderwort 

Setiscapella subulata (L.) Barnh.; Utricularia 

cleistogama (Gray) Britt.

Utricularia vulgaris L. ssp. 

macrorhiza (Le Conte) Clausen 

Limnanthaceae 

Utricularia macrorhiza Le Conte; Utricularia 

vulgaris L. var. americana Gray 

greater bladderwort 

false mermaid family 

Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd. false mermaidweed 

Linaceae 

flax family 

Linum catharticum L. Cathartolinum catharticum (L.) Small white flax 

Linum intercursum Bickn. Cathartolinum intercursum (Bickn.) Small sandplain yellow flax 

Linum medium (Planch.) Britt. ssp. Cathartolinum curtissii (Small) Small; common yellow flax 

texanum (Planch.) A. Haines Carthartolinum medium (Planch.) Small var. 

texense (Planch.) Moldenke; Linum curtissii 

Small; Linum medium var. texanum (Planch.) 

Fern.; Linum striatum var. texanum (Planch.) 

Boivin; Linum virginianum var. texanum 

Linum perenne L. 

Planch 

Linum radiola L. Millegrana radiola (L.) Druce; Radiola 

linoides Roth 

Linum striatum Walt. Cathartolinum striatum (Walt.) Small; Linum 

striatum var. multijugum Fern.; Nezera striata 

(Walt.) Nieuwl. 

Linum sulcatum Riddell var. sulcatum Cathartolinum sulcatum (Riddell) Small; 

Mesynium sulcatum (Riddell) A. & D. Löve 

Linum usitatissimum L. 

Linum humile P. Mill.; Linum usitatissimum 

var. humile (P. Mill.) Pers. 

Linum virginianum L. Cathartolinum virginianum (L.) Reichenb.; 

Nezera virginiana (L.) Nieuwl. 

Linderniaceae 

Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell var. 

anagallidea (Michx.) Cooperrider 

Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell 

var. dubia 

Loasaceae 

Mentzelia oligosperma Nutt. ex Sims. 

Lythraceae 

Ilysanthes inequalis (Walt.) Pennell; Lindernia 

anagallidea (Michx.) Pennell 

Gratiola dubia L.; Ilysanthes attenuata 

(Spreng.) Small; Ilysanthes dubia (L.) Barnh.; 

Lindernia dubia var. inundata (Pennell) 

Pennell; Lindernia dubia var. riparia (Raf.) 

Fern 

blue flax 

all-seed flax 

ridged yellow flax 

grooved yellow flax 

cultivated flax 

woodland yellow flax 

false pimpernel family 

yellow-seeded false pimpernel 

yellow-seeded false pimpernel 

rock-nettle family 

stickleaf mentzelia 

loosestrife family 

Cuphea procumbens Ortega Parsonsia procumbens (Ortega) Heller creeping waxweed 

Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. 

Cuphea petiolata (L.) Koehne; Parsonsia clammy waxweed 

petiolata (L.) Rusby 

Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell. Decodon verticillatus var. laevigatus Torr. & 

Gray; Lythrum verticillatum L.; Nesaea 

swamp-loosestrife 

verticillata (L.) Kunth. 

Lythrum alatum Pursh ssp. alatum Lythrum dacotanum Nieuwl. winged loosestrife 

Lythrum hyssopifolia L. Lythrum adsurgens Greene hyssop-leaved loosestrife 

Lythrum junceum Banks & Sol. Lythrum flexuosum , of authors not Lag.; rose loosestrife 

Lythrum graefferi Ten.

Lythrum lineare L. 

Lythrum salicaria L. Lythrum salicaria var. gracilior Turcz.; 

Lythrum salicaria var. tomentosum (P. Mill.) 

DC. 

Lythrum virgatum L. 

Rotala ramosior (L.) Koehne Ammannia ramosior L.; Rotala ramosior var. 

interior Fern. & Grisc.; Rotala ramosior var. 

Trapa natans L. 

Malvaceae 

typica Fern. & Grisc. 

saltmarsh loosestrife 

purple loosestrife 

European wand loosestrife 

toothcup 

water-chestnut 

mallow family 

Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench Hibiscus esculentus L. okra 

Abutilon pictum (Gill.) Walp. Abutilon striatum Dicks. ex Lindl.; Sida picta painted Indian-mallow 

Gill. ex Hook. & Arn. 

Abutilon theophrasti Medik. Abutilon abutilon (L.) Rusby velvetleaf Indian-mallow 

Alcea rosea L. Althaea rosea (L.) Cav. hollyhock 

Althaea officinalis L. 

common marsh-mallow 

Anoda cristata (L.) Schlecht. Anoda cristata var. brachyantha (Reichenb.) 

Hochr.; Anoda cristata var. digitata (Gray) 

crested anoda 

Hochr.; Anoda triangularis (Willd.) DC.; Sida 

cristata L 

Gossypium hirsutum L. var. hirsutum Gossypium herbaceum , of authors not L.; 

Gossypium hirsutum var. punctatum (K. 

Schum. & Thonn.) Roberty; Gossypium 

Hibiscus moscheutos L. ssp. 

moscheutos 

purpurascens Poir 

Hibiscus incanus Wendl. f.; Hibiscus 

moscheutos ssp. incanus (Wendl. f.) Ahles; 

Hibiscus moscheutos ssp. palustris (L.) 

Clausen; Hibiscus oculiroseus Britt.; Hibiscus 

upland cotton 

swamp rose-mallow 

palustris L 

Hibiscus syriacus L. 

shrubby rose-mallow 

Hibiscus trionum L. Trionum trionum (L.) Woot. & Standl. Venice rose-mallow 

Lavatera trimestris L. Althaea trimestris Kuntze; Stegia trimestris rose-mallow 

(L.) T. Luque & Devesa 

Malva alcea L. Bismalva alcea (L.) Medik. vervain mallow 

Malva moschata L. 

musk mallow 

Malva neglecta Wallr. Malva rotundifolia , of authors not L. common mallow 

Malva parviflora L. 

little mallow 

Malva pusilla Sm. Malva rotundifolia L., rejected name low mallow 

Malva sylvestris L. Malva erecta C. Presl.; Malva mauritiana L.; high mallow 

Malva sylvestris ssp. mauritiana (L.) Thellung; 

Malva sylvestris var. mauritiana (L.) Boiss. 

Malva verticillata L. Malva crispa (L.) L.; Malva verticillata var. whorled mallow 

crispa L. 

Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Malva coromandeliana L. three-lobed false mallow 

Garcke 

Modiola caroliniana (L.) G. Don Modiola multifida Moench Carolina bristle-mallow 

Napaea dioica L. 

glade-mallow

Pseudabutilon stuckertii R.E. Fries Pseudabutilon callimorphum (Hochr.) R.E. 

Fries var. friesii (Hassl.) R.E. Fries; 

Pseudabutilon pedunculatum (R.E. Fries) 

Krapov.; Sida callimorpha Hochr.; Wissadula 

callimorpha (Hochr.) Hassl. var. friesii Hassl.; 

South American false velvetleaf 

Sida hermaphrodita (L.) Rusby 

Wissadula pedunculata 

Napaea hermophrodita 

R E Fries 

L. Virginia fanpetals 

Sida spinosa L. 

prickly fanpetals 

Sphaeralcea mendocina (Phil.) K. 

Mendoza globe-mallow 

Malva mendocina Phil. 

Schum. 

Tilia americana L. var. americana Tilia americana var. neglecta (Spach) Fosberg; American linden 

Tilia glabra Vent.; Tilia neglecta Spach 

Tilia americana L. var. heterophylla 

(Vent.) Loud. 

Tilia cordata P. Mill. 

Tilia petiolaris DC. 

Tilia platyphyllos Scop. 

Tilia ×vulgaris Hayne 

Melastomataceae 

Rhexia mariana L. var. mariana 

Rhexia virginica L. 

Menispermaceae 

Menispermum canadense L. 

Menyanthaceae 

Tilia heterophylla Vent.; Tilia heterophylla 

var. michauxii (Nutt.) Sarg.; Tilia michauxii 

Nutt.; Tilia monticola Sarg. 

Tilia tomentosa Moench ssp. petiolaris (DC.) 

Soó 

Tilia cordata × T. platyphyllos; Tilia europea 

L., in part 

Rhexia lanceolata Walt.; Rhexia mariana var. 

exalbida Michx.; Rhexia mariana var. 

leiosperma Fern. & Grisc. 

Rhexia stricta Pursh; Rhexia virginica var. 

purshii (Spreng.) C.W. James 

American linden 

small-leaved linden 

pendent silver linden 

large-leaved linden 

melastoma family 

Maryland meadow-beauty 

Virginia meadow-beauty 

moonseed family 

Canada moonseed 

buckbean family 

Menyanthes trifoliata L. Menyanthes trifoliata var. minor Raf. buck-bean 

Nymphoides aquatica (J.F. Gmel.) Villarsia aquatica J.F. Gmel. big floating-heart 

Kuntze 

Nymphoides cordata (Ell.) Fern. Limnanthemum lacunosum (Vent.) Griseb.; little floating-heart 

Nymphoides lacunosa (Vent.) Kuntze; 

Villarsia cordata Ell.; Villarsia lacunosa 

Vent 

Nymphoides peltata (Gmel.) Kuntze Limnanthemum peltatum Gmel.; Nymphoides 

nymphaeoides (L.) Britt. 

Molluginaceae 

yellow floating-heart 

carpetweed family 

Mollugo verticillata L. green carpetweed 

Moraceae 

mulberry family 

Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L’Hér. Morus papryifera L.; Papyrius papyrifera (L.) paper-mulberry 

ex Vent. 

Kuntze 

Fatoua villosa (Thunb.) Nakai Urtica villosa Thunb. hairy crabweed 

Ficus carica L. 

common fig

Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid. Ioxylon pomiferum Raf.; Toxylon pomiferum Osage-orange 

Raf. ex Sarg. 

Morus alba L. 

Morus alba var. tatarica (L.) Ser.; Morus white mulberry 

tatarica L. 

Morus rubra L. Morus rubra var. tomentosa (Raf.) Bureau red mulberry 

Myricaceae 

bayberry family 

Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult. Comptonia peregrina var. aspleniifolia (L.) sweet-fern 

Fern.; Myrica aspleniifolia L.; Myrica 

peregrina (L.) Kuntze; Liquidambar peregrina 

L 

Morella caroliniensis (Mill.) Small Cerothamnus caroliniensis (P. Mill.) 

small bayberry 

Tidestrom; Morella pensylvanica (Mirbel in 

Duhamel) Kartesz; Myrica caroliniensis P. 

Mill.; Myrica heterophylla Raf.; Myrica 

pensylvanica Mirbel in Duhamel 

Myrica gale L. 

Gale palustris Chev.; Myrica gale var. sweetgale 

subglabra (Chev.) Fern.; Myrica gale var. 

tomentosa C. DC. 

Myrsinaceae 

colicwood family 

Lysimachia arvensis (L.) U. Manns & Anagallis arvensis L.; Anagallis arvensis L. scarlet pimpernel 

A. Anderb. 

var. caerulea (Schreb.) Gren. & Godr.; 

Anagallis caerulea Schreb. 

Lysimachia borealis (Raf.) U. Manns Trientalis americana Pursh ; Trientalis starflower 

& A. Anderb. 

borealis Raf. 

Lysimachia ciliata L. Steironema ciliatum (L.) Baudo fringed yellow-loosestrife 

Lysimachia clethroides Duby in DC. 

goose-neck yellow-loosestrife 

Lysimachia ×commixta Fern. Lysimachia terrestris × L. thyrsiflora 

Lysimachia hybrida Michx. Lysimachia lanceolata Walt. ssp. hybrida lowland yellow-loosestrife 

(Michx.) J.D. Ray; Lysimachia lanceolata Walt. 

var. hybrida (Michx.) Gray; Steironema 

hybridum (Michx.) Raf. ex B.D. Jackson; 

Steironema lanceolatum (Walt.) Gray var. 

Lysimachia maritima (L.) Galasso, 

Banfi, & Soldano 

Lysimachia minima (L.) U. Manns & 

A. Anderb. 

Lysimachia nummularia L. 

hybridum (Michx ) Gray 

Glaux maritima L.; Glaux maritima L. var. 

angustifolia Boivin; Glaux maritima L. ssp. 

obtusifolia (Fern.) Boivin; Glaux maritima L. 

var obtusifolia Fern 

Anagallis minima (L.) Krause; Centunculus 

minimus L. 

Lysimachia ×producta (Gray) Fern. Lysimachia quadrifolia × L. terrestris 

Lysimachia punctata L. Lysimachia punctata var. verticillata (Bieb.) 

Klatt 

Lysimachia quadriflora Sims Lysimachia longifolia Pursh; Lysimachia 

revoluta Nutt.; Nummularia longifolium 

(Pursh) Kuntze; Steironema longifolium 

Gray; Steironema quadriflorum (Sims) A.S. 

Hitchc.; Steironema revolutum (Nutt.) Raf. ex 

Steud 

sea-milkwort 

chaffweed pimpernel 

creeping yellow-loosestrife 

large yellow-loosestrife 

four-flowered yellow-loosestrife

Lysimachia quadrifolia L. 

whorled yellow-loosestrife 

Lysimachia terrestris (L.) B.S.P. 

swamp yellow-loosestrife 

Lysimachia thyrsiflora L. Naumburgia thyrsiflora (L.) Duby tufted yellow-loosestrife 

Lysimachia vulgaris L. 

garden yellow-loosestrife 

Nelumbonaceae 

lotus family 

Nelumbo lutea Willd. Nelumbium luteum Willd.; Nymphaea 

American lotus 

pentaphylla Walt. 

Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Nelumbium speciosa Willd. Indian lotus 

Nyctaginaceae 

four o'clock family 

Mirabilis albida (Walt.) Heimerl Allionia albida Walt.; Mirabilis albida var. 

lata Shinners; Oxybaphus albidus (Walt.) 

Sweet 

Mirabilis hirsuta (Pursh) MacM. Allionia hirsuta Pursh; Oxybaphus hirsutus 

(Pursh) Sweet 

Mirabilis jalapa L. Mirabilis jalapa ssp. lindheimeri Standl.; 

Mirabilis lindheimeri (Standl.) Shinners 

Mirabilis linearis (Pursh) Heimerl Allionia linearis Pursh; Mirabilis lanceolata 

var. linearis 

(Rydb.) Standl.; Mirabilis linearis var. 

subhispida Heimerl; Oxybaphus angustifolius 

Sweet; Oxybaphus lanceolatus (Rydb.) Standl.; 

Oxybaphus linearis (Pursh) B.L. Robins.; 

Oxybaphus linearis (Pursh) B.L. Robins. var. 

bhi id (Heimerl) Dayton 

Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) MacM. Allionia nyctaginea Michx.; Oxybaphus 

nyctagineus (Michx.) Sweet 

Oleaceae 

pale umbrella-wort 

hairy umbrella-wort 

four o'clock umbrella-wort 

narrow-leaved umbrella-wort 

heart-leaved umbrella-wort 

olive family 

Chionanthus virginicus L. Chionanthus virginicus var. maritimus Pursh white fringe-tree 

Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl 

weeping forsythia 

Forsythia viridissima Lindl. green-stemmed forsythia 

Fraxinus americana L. Fraxinus americana var. biltmoreana (Beadle) white ash 

J. Wright ex Fern.; Fraxinus americana var. 

microcarpa Gray; Fraxinus biltmoreana 

Beadle 

Fraxinus excelsior L. 

Fraxinus nigra Marsh. 

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. austinii Fern.; 

Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. integerrima 

(Vahl) Fern.; Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. 

lanceolata (Borkh.) Sarg.; Fraxinus 

pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern. 

Ligustrum obtusifolium Sieb. & Zucc. 

var. obtusifolium 

Ligustrumm obtusifolium Sieb. & 

Zucc. var. suave (Kitagawa) H. Hara 

Ligustrum obtusifolium var. leiocalyx (Nakai) 

H. Hara 

Ligustrum amurense Carr.; Ligustrum ibota 

Sieb. & Zucc. var. suave Kitagawa; Ligustrum 

European ash 

black ash 

green ash 

border privet 

border privet 

obtusifolium ssp. suave (Kitagawa) Kitagawa 

Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk. 

California privet 

Ligustrum sinense Lour. Ligustrum villosum May Chinese privet 

Ligustrum vulgare L. 

European privet

Syringa josikaea Jacq. f. ex 

Hungarian lilac 

Reichenb. 

Syringa ×persica L. Syringa afghanica C. & K. Schneid. × S. 

laciniata P. Mill. 

Syringa reticulata (Blume) Hara ssp. Syringa amurensis Rupr. var. japonica (Maxim. Japanese tree lilac 

reticulata 

ex Dcne.) Franch. & Sav.; Syringa japonica 

Maxim. ex Dcne. 

Syringa villosa Vahl 

Syringa vulgaris L. 

Onagraceae 

Camissonia bistorta (Nutt. ex Torr. 

& Gray) Raven 

Camissonia campestris (Greene) 

Raven ssp. campestris 

Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) 

Scop. ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) 

Moldenke 

Circaea alpina L. ssp. alpina 

Circaea canadensis (L.) Hill ssp. 

canadensis 

late lilac 

common lilac 

evening-primrose 

Oenothera bistorta Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray California suncup 

Oenothera campestris Greene; Oenothera 

dentata Cav. var. campestris (Greene) Jepson 

Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub ssp. 

circumvagum (Mosquin) Kartesz; Chamerion 

platyphyllum (Daniels) A. & D. Löve; 

Epilobium angustifolium L. var. abbreviatum 

(Lunell) Munz; Epilobium angustifolium L. 

ssp. circumvagum Mosquin; Epilobium 

angustifolium L. var. macrophyllum 

(Hausskn.) Fern.; Epilobium angustifolium L. 

l h ll ( i l ) 

Circaea canadensis var. virginiana Fern.; 

Circaea latifolia Hill; Circaea lutetiana L. var. 

canadensis L.; Circaea quadrisulcata (Maxim.) 

Franch. & Savigny ssp. canadensis (L.) A. & D. 

Löve; Circaea quadrisulcata (Maxim.) Franch. 

& Savigny var. canadensis (L.) Hara 

Mojave suncup 

narrow-leaved fireweed 

small enchanter's-nightshade 

broad-leaved enchanter'snightshade 

Circaea ×sterilis Boufford 

Clarkia pulchella Pursh 

Clarkia rhomboidea Dougl. ex Hook. 

Circaea alpina × C. canadensis ; Circaea 

canadensis (L.) Hill, in the sense of Fernald 

(1950) 

elk horn clarkia 

common clarkia 

Epilobium anagallidifolium Lam. Epilobium alpinum L., in part; Epilobium 

anagallidifolium var. pseudoscaposum 

(Hausskn.) Hultén 

Epilobium ciliatum Raf. var. ciliatum Epilobium adenocaulon Hausskn.; Epilobium 

adenocaulon Hausskn. var. ecomosum (Fassett) 

Munz; Epilobium americanum Hausskn.; 

Epilobium ciliatum var. ecomosum (Fassett) 

Boivin; Epilobium glandulosum Lehm. var. 

adenocaulon (Hausskn.) Fern.; Epilobium 

glandulosum Lehm. var. ecomosum Fassett 

pimpernel willow-herb 

fringed willow-herb

Epilobium ciliatum Raf. var. Epilobium adenocaulon Hausskn. var. fringed willow-herb 

glandulosum (Lehm.) Dorn 

cinerascens (Piper) M.E. Peck; Epilobium 

adenocaulon Hausskn. var. occidentale Trel.; 

Epilobium boreale Hausskn.; Epilobium 

ciliatum ssp. glandulosum (Lehm.) Hoch & 

Raven; Epilobium glandulosum Lehm.; 

Epilobium glandulosum Lehm. var. 

cardiophyllum Fern.; Epilobium glandulosum 

Lehm. var. occidentale (Trel.) Fern.; Epilobium 

tetragonum L. var. glandulosum (Lehm.) Torr. 

Epilobium coloratum Biehler 

eastern willow-herb 

Epilobium hirsutum L. 

hairy willow-herb 

Epilobium hornemannii Reichenb. Epilobium alpinum L. var. nutans Hornem. Hornemann's willow-herb 

ssp. hornemannii 

Epilobium lactiflorum Hausskn. Epilobium alpinum L. var. lactiflorum white-flowered willow-herb 

(Hausskn.) C.L. Hitchc.; Epilobium 

hornemannii var. lactiflorum (Hausskn.) 

D Löve 

Epilobium leptophyllum Raf. Epilobium nesophilum (Fern.) Fern.; 

bog willow-herb 

Epilobium nesophilum (Fern.) Fern. var. 

sabulonense Fern.; Epilobium palustre var. 

gracile (Farw.) Dorn; Epilobium palustre var. 

sabulonense (Fern ) Boivin 

Epilobium palustre L. Epilobium lineare Muhl.; Epilobium 

marsh willow-herb 

oliganthum Michx.; Epilobium palustre var. 

grammadophyllum Hausskn.; Epilobium 

palustre var. labradoricum Hausskn.; 

Epilobium palustre var. oliganthum (Michx.) 

Fern 

Epilobium parviflorum Schreb. 

small-flowered willow-herb 

Epilobium strictum Muhl. ex Spreng. Epilobium densum Raf. downy willow-herb 

Ludwigia alternifolia L. Ludwigia alternifolia var. linearifolia Britt.; 

Ludwigia alternifolia var. pubescens Palmer & 

Steyermark; Ludwigia alternifolia var. typica 

Ludwigia ×lacustris Eames 

Munz 

Ludwigia brevipes (Long) Eames × L. palustris 

Ludwigia palustris (L.) Ell. Isnardia palustris L.; Ludwigia palustris var. 

americana (DC.) Fern. & Grisc.; Ludwigia 

palustris var. nana Fern. & Grisc. 

Ludwigia polycarpa Short & Peter 

Ludwigia sphaerocarpa Ell. Ludwigia sphaerocarpa var. deamii Fern. & 

Grisc.; Ludwigia sphaerocarpa var. jungens 

Fern. & Grisc.; Ludwigia sphaerocarpa var. 

macrocarpa 

square-pod water-primrose 

common water-primrose 

many-fruited water-primrose 

round-pod water-primrose

Oenothera biennis L. Oenothera biennis ssp. centralis Munz; common evening-primrose 

Oenothera biennis var. pycnocarpa (Atkinson 

& Bartlett) Wieg.; Oenothera muricata L.; 

Oenothera pycnocarpa Atkinson & Bartlett 

Oenothera curtiflora W.L. Wagner & Gaura mollis James; Gaura parviflora Dougl. ex small-flowered bee-blossom 

Hoch 

Lehm.; Gaura parviflora Dougl. ex Lehm. var. 

lachnocarpa Weatherby; Gaura parviflora 

Dougl ex Lehm var typica Munz 

Oenothera filiformis (Small) W.L. Gaura biennis L. var. pitcheri Torr. & Gray; bee-blossom 

Wagner & Hoch 

Gaura filiformis Small; Gaura longiflora 

Spach 

Oenothera fruticosa L. ssp. fruticosa Kneiffia arenicola Small; Kneiffia fruticosa (L.) narrow-leaved evening-primrose 

Raimann; Kneiffia linearis (Michx.) Spach; 

Oenothera arenicola (Small) Coker; Oenothera 

fruticosa var. eamesii (B.L. Robins.) Blake; 

Oenothera fruticosa var. linearis (Michx.) S. 

Wats.; Oenothera fruticosa var. microcarpa 

Fern.; Oenothera tetragona Roth var. 

brevistipata (Pennell) Munz; Oenothera 

tetragona Roth var. longistipata (Pennell) 

Munz; Oenothera tetragona Roth var. riparia 

(Nutt.) Munz; Oenothera tetragona Roth var. 

velutina (Pennell) Munz 

Oenothera fruticosa L. ssp. glauca Kneiffia glauca (Michx.) Spach; Kneiffia narrow-leaved evening-primrose 

(Michx.) Straley 

latifolia Rydb.; Kneiffia tetragona (Roth) 

Pennell; Oenothera tetragona Roth; 

Oenothera tetragona Roth ssp. glauca (Michx.) 

Munz; Oenothera tetragona Roth var. hybrida 

(Michx.) Fern.; Oenothera tetragona Roth var. 

Oenothera gaura W.L. Wagner & 

l tif li (Rydb ) Fern 

Gaura biennis L. 

biennial bee-blossom 

Hoch 

Oenothera glazioviana Micheli in Oenothera erythrosepala Borbás garden evening-primrose 

Mart. 

Oenothera grandiflora L’Hér. in Ait. Oenothera biennis var. grandiflora (L’Hér. in large-flowered evening-primrose 

Ait.) Lindl.; Oenothera grandiflora var. 

glabra Seringe in DC. 

Oenothera laciniata Hill Raimannia laciniata (Hill) Rose cut-leaved evening-primrose 

Oenothera nutans Atkinson & Oenothera austromontana (Munz) Raven, W. nodding evening-primrose 

Bartlett 

Dietr., & Stubbe; Oenothera biennis ssp. 

austromontana Munz; Oenothera biennis var. 

austromontana (Munz) Cronq., Oenothera 

biennis var. nutans (Atkinson & Bartlett) Wieg.

Oenothera oakesiana (Gray) J.W. 

Robbins ex S. Wats. & Coult. 

Oenothera angustissima R.R. Gates; 

Oenothera biennis var. oakesiana Gray; 

Oenothera cruciata Nutt. ex G. Don var. 

stenopetala (Bickn.) Fern.; Oenothera 

parviflora ssp. angustissima (R.R. Gates) 

Munz; Oenothera parviflora var. angustissima 

(R.R. Gates) Wieg.; Oenothera parviflora var. 

Oenothera parviflora L. 

k i (G ) F 

Oenothera cruciata Nutt. ex G. Don; 

Oenothera cruciata Nutt. ex G. Don var. 

sabulonensis Fern.; Oenothera rubricapitata 

Oenothera perennis L. 

Oenothera pilosella Raf. ssp. 

pilosella 

R R Gates 

Kneiffia perennis (L.) Pennell; Kneiffia pumila 

Oakes' evening-primrose 

small-flowered eveningprimrose 

little evening-primrose 

(L.) Spach; Oenothera pumila L. 

Kneiffia pratensis Small meadow evening-primrose 

Oenothera serrulata Nutt. Calylophus serrulatus (Nutt.) Raven; Meriolix 

serrulata (Nutt.) Walp.; Oenothera serrulata 

var. typica Munz 

Oenothera villosa Thunb. ssp. villosa Oenothera biennis var. canescens Torr. & Gray; 

Oenothera canovirens Steele; Oenothera 

strigosa (Rydb.) Mackenzie & Bush ssp. 

canovirens (Steele) Munz; Oenothera villosa 

ssp. canovirens (Steele) W. Dietr. & Raven 

Orobanchaceae 

Agalinis decemloba (Greene) Pennell 

Agalinis maritima (Raf.) Raf. ssp. 

maritima 

Agalinis acuta Pennell; Gerardia acuta 

yellow evening-primrose 

hairy evening-primrose 

broom-rape family 

sandplain agalinis 

(Pennell) Pennell; Gerardia decemloba Greene 

Gerardia maritima Raf. saltmarsh agalinis 

Agalinis neoscotica (Greene) Fern. Agalinis paupercula var. neoscotica (Greene) 

Pennell & St. John; Agalinis purpurea var. 

neoscotica (Greene) Boivin; Gerardia 

neoscotica Greene; Gerardia purpurea L. var. 

Agalinis paupercula (Gray) Britt. 

var. borealis Pennell 

Agalinis paupercula (Gray) Britt. 

var. paupercula 

neoscotica (Greene) Gleason 

Agalinis purpurea var. parviflora (Benth.) 

Boivin; Gerardia paupercula (Gray) Britt. ssp. 

borealis (Pennell) Pennell; Gerardia 

paupercula (Gray) Britt. var. borealis (Pennell) 

Deam; Gerardia purpurea L. var. parviflora 

Benth 

Gerardia paupercula (Gray) Britt.; Gerardia 

paupercula (Gray) Britt. var. typica Pennell; 

Gerardia purpurea L. var. paupercula Gray 

Agalinis purpurea (L.) Pennell Gerardia purpurea L.; Gerardia purpurea L. 

ssp. parvula Pennell; Gerardia purpurea L. 

var. grandiflora Benth. 

Nova Scotia agalinis 

small-flowered agalinis 

small-flowered agalinis 

purple agalinis

Agalinis tenuifolia (Vahl) Raf. var. 

macrophylla (Benth.) Blake 


parviflora (Nutt.) Pennell 


tenuifolia 

Aureolaria flava (L.) Farw. var. flava 

Aureolaria pedicularia (L.) Raf. var. 

intercedens Pennell 

Aureolaria pedicularia (L.) Raf. var. 

pedicularia 

Agalinis besseyana (Britt.) Britt.; Gerardia 

besseyana Britt.; Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl ssp. 

macrophylla (Benth.) Pennell; Gerardia 

tenuifolia Vahl var macrophylla Benth 

Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl ssp. parviflora 

(Nutt.) Pennell; Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl var. 

parviflora Nutt. 

Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl; Gerardia tenuifolia 

Vahl var. humilis Benth.; Gerardia tenuifolia 

Vahl var. typica Pennell 

Agalinis flava (L.) Boivin; Aureolaria flava 

ssp. typica Pennell; Dasistoma flava (L.) 

Wood; Gerardia flava L. 

Aureolaria pedicularia ssp. intercedens 

(Pennell) Pennell; Gerardia pedicularia 

L. var. 

intercedens (Pennell) Fern. 

Agalinis pedicularia (L.) Blake; Agalinis 

pedicularia (L.) Blake var. caesariensis 

(Pennell) Blake; Aureolaria pedicularia ssp. 

caesariensis Pennell; Aureolaria pedicularia 

ssp. carolinensis Pennell; Aureolaria 

pedicularia var. carolinensis (Pennell) 

Pennell; Aureolaria pedicularia ssp. typica 

Pennell; Dasistoma pedicularia (L.) Benth.; 

slender-leaved agalinis 



smooth false foxglove 

fern-leaved false foxglove 

fern-leaved false foxglove 

G d d l 

Aureolaria virginica (L.) Pennell Agalinis virginica (L.) Blake; Dasistoma downy false foxglove 

virginica (L.) Britt.; Gerardia virginica (L.) 

B.S.P.; Rhinanthus virginicus L. 

Castilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng. Bartsia coccinea L. scarlet painted-cup 

Castilleja exserta (Heller) Chuang & Orthocarpus exsertus Heller; Orthocarpus purple painted-cup 

Heckard ssp. exserta 

purpurascens Benth.; Orthocarpus 

purpurascens Benth. var. pallidus Keck 

Castilleja septentrionalis Lindl. Castilleja pallida (L.) Spreng. ssp. 

septentrionalis (Lindl.) Scoggan; Castilleja 

pallida (L.) Spreng. var. septentrionalis 

northern painted-cup 

(Lindl ) Gray 

Conopholis americana (L.) Wallr. f. Orobanche americana L. American squaw-root 

Epifagus virginiana (L.) W. Bart. Leptamnium virginianum (L.) Raf. beech-drops 

Euphrasia micrantha Reichenb. 

northern eyebright 

Euphrasia nemorosa (Pers.) Wallr. Euphrasia americana Wettst.; Euphrasia common eyebright 

canadensis , in the sense of Fernald; Euphrasia 

officinalis L. var. nemorosa Pers. 

Euphrasia oakesii Wettst. Euphrasia williamsii B.L. Robins.; Euphrasia 

williamsii B.L. Robins. var. vestita Fern. & 

Wieg. 

Euphrasia randii B.L. Robins. Euphrasia purpurea Reeks; Euphrasia randii 

var. farlowii B.L. Robins.; Euphrasia randii 

var. reeksii Fern. 

Oakes' eyebright 

Rand's eyebright

Euphrasia stricta D. Wolff ex J.F. 

Lehm. 

Euphrasia brevipila 

Euphrasia officinalis 

Burn. & Gremli ex Gremli; 

, of authors not L.; 

strict eyebright 

Euphrasia rigidula Jord. 

Euphrasia suborbicularis Sell & Yeo Euphrasia mollis (Ledeb.) Wettst. var. round-leaved eyebright 

laurentiana Boivin 

Euphrasia tetraquetra (Brébiss.) Euphrasia canadensis Townsend seacliff eyebright 

Arrond. 

Melampyrum lineare Desr. Melampyrum latifolium (Bart.) Muhl. ex Britt.; cow-wheat 

Melampyrum lineare var. americanum (Michx.) 

Beauverd; Melampyrum lineare var. latifolium 

Bart.; Melampyrum lineare var. pectinatum 

(Pennell) Fern 

Odontites vulgaris Moench Odontites rubra Gilib.; Odontites serotinus 

Dumort.; Odontites vernus (Bellardi) Dumort. 

red false bartsia 

Ssp. serotinus (Dumort.) Corb. 

Orobanche minor Sm. 

lesser broom-rape 

Orobanche uniflora L. Aphyllon uniflorum (L.) Torr. & Gray; one-flowered broom-rape 

Orobanche uniflora var. purpurea (Heller) 

Achey; Thalesia uniflora (L.) Britt. 

Pedicularis canadensis L. ssp. Pedicularis canadensis var. dobbsii Fern.; forest lousewort 

canadensis 

Pedicularis gladiata Michx. 

Pedicularis furbishiae S. Wats. 

Furbish's lousewort 

Pedicularis lanceolata Michx. Pedicularis pallida Nutt.; Pedicularis swamp lousewort 

virginica Poir. 

Rhinanthus alectorolophus (Scop.) Rhinanthus major Ehrh. European yellow-rattle 

Pollich 

Rhinanthus minor L. ssp. 

Rhinanthus borealis (Sterneck) Druce; little yellow-rattle 

groenlandicus (Ostenf.) L. Neum. Rhinanthus groenlandicus (Ostenf.) Chabert; 

Rhinanthus minor ssp. borealis (Sterneck) A. 

Löve; Rhinanthus oblongifolius Fern 

Rhinanthus minor L. ssp. minor Rhinanthus crista-galli L., in part; Rhinanthus 

crista-galli L. var. fallax (Wimmer & Grab.) 

Druce; Rhinanthus stenophyllus (Schur) Schinz 

& Thellung 

Schwalbea americana L. Schwalbea americana var. australis (Pennell) 

Reveal & Broome; Schwalbea australis Pennell 

little yellow-rattle 

chaff-seed 

Oxalidaceae 

Oxalis corniculata L. Acetosella corniculata (L.) Kuntze; Oxalis 

corniculata var. langloisii (Small) Wieg.; 

Oxalis langloisii (Small) Fedde; Oxalis repens 

Thunb.; Xanthoxalis corniculata (L.) Small; 

Xanthoxalis langloisii Small; Xanthoxalis 

repens (Thunb ) Moldenke 

Oxalis dillenii Jacq. Oxalis corniculata var. dillenii (Jacq.) Trel.; 

Xanthoxalis dillenii (Jacq.) Holub 

wood sorrel family 

creeping yellow wood sorrel 

slender yellow wood sorrel

Oxalis florida Salisb. Oxalis brittoniae Small; Oxalis dillenii ssp. 

filipes (Small) Eiten; Oxalis filipes Small; 

Oxalis florida Salisb.; Oxalis florida Salisb. 

var. filipes (Small) Ahles; Xanthoxalis 

brittoniae (Small) Small; Xanthoxalis filipes 

(Small) Small; Xanthoxalis florida (Salisb.) 

flowering yellow wood sorrel 

Moldenke 

Oxalis intermedia A. Rich. Ionoxalis intermedia (A. Rich.) Small West Indian wood sorrel 

Oxalis montana Raf. Oxalis acetosella , in the sense of Gleason & northern wood sorrel 

Cronquist (1991); Oxalis acetosella L. ssp. 

Oxalis stricta L. 

Oxalis violacea L. 

Paeoniaceae 

montana (Raf.) Hultén ex D. Löve 

Ceratoxalis cymosa (Small) Lunell; Oxalis 

cymosa Small; Oxalis europaea Jord.; Oxalis 

europaea Jord. var. bushii (Small) Wieg.; 

Oxalis interior (Small) Fedde; Oxalis stricta 

var. villicaulis (Wieg.) Farw.; Xanthoxalis 

bushii Small; Xanthoxalis cymosa (Small) 

Small; Xanthoxalis interior Small; Xanthoxalis 

tit (L)S ll 

Ionoxalis violacea (L.) Small; Oxalis violacea 

var. trichophora Fassett 

common yellow wood sorrel 

violet wood sorrel 

peony family 

Paeonia lactiflora Pallas Paeonia albiflora Pallas Chinese peony 

Paeonia officinalis L. 

common peony 

Papaveraceae 

poppy family 

Adlumia fungosa (Ait.) Greene 

ex B.S.P. 

Argemone albiflora Hornem. 

Argemone alba Lestib.; Argemone intermedia 

Sweet, in part; Argemone mexicana var. 

albiflora DC. 

Argemone mexicana L. Argemone leiocarpa Greene; Argemone 

spinosa Moench; Argemone vulgaris Spach; 

Capnoides sempervirens (L.) Borkh. 

Ectrus mexicanus (L.) Nieuwl. 

Capnoides glauca (Curt.) Moench; Corydalis 

glauca (Curt.) Pursh; Corydalis sempervirens 

(L.) Pers.; Fumaria glauca Curt.; Fumaria 

sempervirens L 

Chelidonium majus L. Chelidonium majus var. laciniatum (P. Mill.) 

Syme; Chelidonium majus var. plenum 

Allegheny-vine 

white prickly-poppy 

Mexican prickly-poppy 

pink-corydalis 

greater celandine 

Wehrhaln 

Corydalis aurea Willd. 

Capnoides aureum (Willd.) Kuntze; Corydalis golden corydalis 

washingtoniana Fedde 

Corydalis flavula (Raf.) DC. Capnoides flavulum (Raf.) Kuntze short-spurred corydalis 

Corydalis solida (L.) Clairv. Corydalis bulbosa (L.) DC. spring corydalis 

Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp. Bicuculla canadensis (Goldie) Millsp.; squirrel-corn 

Capnorchis canadensis (Goldie) Kuntze; 

Corydalis canadensis 

Goldie

Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. Bicuculla cucullaria (L.) Millsp.; Capnorchis 

cucullaria (L.) Planch.; Dicentra occidentalis 

Rydb.; Fumaria cucullaria L. 

Dicentra eximia (Ker-Gawl.) Torr. Bicuculla eximia (Ker-Gawl.) Millsp.; 

Capnorchis eximia (Ker-Gawl.) Planch.; 

Dicentra formosa (Haw.) Walp. ssp. 

formosa 

Eschscholzia californica Cham. ex 

Nees ssp. californica 

Fumaria officinalis L. ssp. officinalis 

Dutchman's-breeches 

wild bleeding-heart 

Fumaria eximia Ker-Gawl. 

Capnorchis formosa (Haw.) Planch.; Fumaria westerm bleeding-heart 

formosa Haw. 

Eschscholzia procera Greene California-poppy 

common fumitory 

Glaucium flavum Crantz 

yellow horn-poppy 

Lamprocapnos spectabilis (L.) Dicentra spectabilis (L.) Lem. 

common bleeding-heart 

Fukuhara 

Macleaya cordata (Willd.) R. Br. Bocconia cordata Willd. plume-poppy 

Papaver dubium L. Papaver obtusifolium Desf.; Papaver 

long-podded poppy 

modestum Jord. 

Papaver rhoeas L. Papaver strigosum (Boenn.) Schur corn poppy 

Papaver somniferum L. Papaver setigerum , of authors not DC.; opium poppy 

Papaver somniferum var. hortense (Huss.) 

Corb. 

Sanguinaria canadensis L. Sanguinaria canadensis var. rotundifolia 

Parnassiaceae 

(Greene) Fedde 

blood-root 

grass-of-Parnassus 

family 

Parnassia glauca Raf. Parnassia americana Muhl. fen grass-of-Parnassus 

Paulowniaceae 

empress-tree family 

Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Sieb. 

& Zucc. ex Steud. 

Pedaliaceae 

Bignonia tomentosa Thunb. empress-tree 

sesame family 

Proboscidea louisianica (P. Mill.) Martynia louisianica P. Mill. ram's-horn 

Thellung ssp. louisianica 

Sesamum orientale L. Sesamum indicum L. sesame 

Penthoraceae 

ditch-stonecrop family 

Penthorum sedoides L. 

Phrymaceae 

Diplacus brevipes (Benth.) G.L. 

Nesom 

Erythranthe guttata (Fisch. ex DC.) 

G.L. Nesom 

Eunanus brevipes (Benth.) Greene; Mimulus 

brevipes Benth. 

Mimulus guttatus Fisch. ex DC.; Mimulus 

langsdorfii Donn ex Greene var. guttatus 

ditch-stonecrop 

lopseed family 

wide-throated monkey-flower 

seep monkey-flower 

(Fisch. ex DC.) Jepson 

Erythranthe moschata (Douglas ex Mimulus moschatus Dougl. ex Lindl. Allegheny monkey-flower 

Lindl.) G.L. Nesom 

Glossostigma cleistanthum W.R. 

mud-mat 

Barker 

Mazus miquelii Makino Mazus reptans N.E. Br. creeping mazus 

Mazus pumilus (Burm. f.) Stennis Mazus japonicus (Thunb.) Kuntze Japanese mazus

Mimulus alatus Ait. 

Mimulus ringens L. Mimulus minthodes Greene; Mimulus ringens 

var. colpophilus Fern.; Mimulus ringens var. 

winged monkey-flower 

minthodes (Greene) A.L. Grant 

Phryma leptostachya L. Phryma leptostachya var. confertifolia Fern. American lop-seed 

Phytolaccaceae 

pokeweed family 

Phytolacca americana L. var. 

americana 

Plantaginaceae 

Phytolacca decandra L. American pokeweed 

snapdragon family 

Antirrhinum majus L. 

garden snapdragon 

Callitriche hermaphroditica L. Callitriche autumnalis L. autumn water-starwort 

Callitriche heterophylla Pursh var. Callitriche anceps Fern. 

greater water-starwort 

heterophylla 

Callitriche palustris L. Callitriche palustris var. verna (L.) Fenley ex vernal water-starwort 

Jepson; Callitriche verna L. 

Callitriche stagnalis Scop. pond water-starwort 

Callitriche terrestris Raf. Callitriche austinii Engelm.; Callitriche terrestrial water-starwort 

deflexa A. Braun; Callitriche deflexa A. Braun 

var. austinii (Engelm.) Hegelm. 

Chaenorhinum minus (L.) Lange Antirrhinum minus L.; Linaria minor (L.) Desf. dwarf-snapdragon 

Chelone glabra L. 

Chelone glabra var. chlorantha (Pennell & white turtlehead 

Wherry) Cooperrider; Chelone glabra var. 

dilatata Fern. & Wieg.; Chelone glabra var. 

elatior Raf.; Chelone glabra var. linifolia 

Coleman 

Chelone lyonii Pursh 

pink turtlehead 

Chelone obliqua L. var. obliqua 

red turtlehead 

Collinsia parviflora Lindl. small-flowered blue-eyed Mary 

Cymbalaria muralis P.G. Gaertn., B. Linaria cymbalaria (L.) P. Mill. Kenilworth-ivy 

Mey., & Scherb 

Digitalis grandiflora P. Mill. Digitalis ambigua Murr. yellow foxglove 

Digitalis lanata Ehrh. Grecian foxglove 

Digitalis lutea L. 

straw foxglove 

Digitalis purpurea L. var. purpurea purple foxglove 

Gratiola aurea Pursh 

Gratiola aurea var. obtusa Pennell; Gratiola golden hedge-hyssop 

lutea Raf. 

Gratiola neglecta Torr. Gratiola neglecta var. glaberrima Fern. clammy hedge-hyssop 

Gratiola virginiana L. var. 

Gratiola sphaerocarpa Ell. round-fruited hedge-hyssop 


Hippuris vulgaris L. 

common mare's-tail 

Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort. Antirrhinum elatine L.; Linaria elatine (L.) P. sharp-leaved cancerwort 

Mill. 

Kickxia spuria (L.) Dumort. Antirrhinum spurium L. round-leaved cancerwort 

Linaria dalmatica (L.) P. Mill. ssp. Antirrhinum dalmaticum L.; Linaria 

Dalmatian toadflax 

dalmatica 

genistifolia ssp. dalmatica (L.) Maire & Petitm. 

Linaria genistifolia (L.) P. Mill. Antirrhinum genistifolium L. broom-leaved toadflax 

Linaria maroccana Hook. f. 

Moroccan toadflax

Linaria pinifolia (Poir.) Thellung Antirrhinum pinifolium Poir.; Antirrhinum 

reticulatum Sm.; Linaria reticulata (Sm.) Desf. 

pine-needle toadflax 

Linaria repens (L.) P. Mill. Antirrhinum repens L.; Linaria striata DC. striped toadflax 

Linaria spartea (L.) Willd. Antirrhinum sparteum L. ballast toadflax 

Linaria vulgaris P. Mill. Linaria linaria (L.) Karst. butter-and-eggs toadflax 

Littorella americana Fern. Littorella uniflora (L.) Aschers. var. americana American shoreweed 

(Fern.) Gleason; Plantago americana (Fern.) K. 

Rahn 

Misopates orontium (L.) Raf. Antirrhinum orontium L. lesser-snapdragon 

Nuttallanthus canadensis (L.) D.A. Antirrhinum canadense L.; Linaria canadensis oldfield-toadflax 

Sutton 

(L.) Chaz. 

Penstemon barbatus (Cav.) Roth ssp. 

beard-lip beardtongue 

barbatus 

Penstemon calycosus Small Penstemon laevigatus ssp. calycosus (Small) long-sepaled beardtongue 

Bennett 

Penstemon digitalis Nutt. ex Sims Penstemon laevigatus ssp. digitalis (Nutt. ex Simfoxglove beardtongue 

Penstemon grandiflorus Nutt. Penstemon bradurii Pursh large beardtongue 

Penstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. 

northeastern beardtongue 

Penstemon laevigatus Ait. Penstemon penstemon (L.) Britt. eastern smooth beardtongue 

Penstemon pallidus Small Penstemon arkansanus Pennell var. pubescens eastern white beardtongue 

Pennell 

Penstemon tubiflorus Nutt. Penstemon tubiflorus var. achoreus Fern. tube beardtongue 

Plantago arenaria Waldst. & Kit. Plantago indica L., an illegitimate name; sand plantain 

Plantago psyllium L., an ambiguous name; 

Plantago ramosa Aschers. 

Plantago aristata Michx. Plantago aristata var. nuttallii (Rapin) Morris; 

Plantago gnaphalioides Pursh var. aristata 

(Michx.) Hook.; Plantago nuttallii Rapin; 

Plantago patagonica var. aristata (Michx.) 

Gray 

Plantago coronopus L. Asterogeum laciniatum S.F. Gray; Coronopus 

vulgaris Fourr. 

Plantago intermedia DC. Plantago halophila Bickn.; Plantago major 

ssp. intermedia (DC.) Arcang.; Plantago major 

var. intermedia (DC.) Pilger; Plantago major 

ssp. pleiosperma Pilger; Plantago major var. 

scopulorum Fries & Broberg 

Plantago lanceolata L. Arnoglossum lanceolatum S.F. Gray; Plantago 

altissima , of authors not L.; Plantago 

lanceolata var. sphaerostachya Mert. & Koch 

bracted plantain 

buck's-horn plantain 

many-seeded plantain 

English plantain 

Plantago major L. Plantago major var. pilgeri Domin common plantain

Plantago maritima L. ssp. juncoides 

(Lam.) Hultén 

Plantago juncoides Lam.; Plantago juncoides 

Lam. var. decipiens (Barneoud) Fern.; Plantago 

juncoides Lam. var. glauca (Hornem.) Fern.; 

Plantago juncoides Lam. var. laurentiana 

Fern.; Plantago maritima ssp. borealis (Lange) 

Blytt & O. Dahl; Plantago maritima var. 

juncoides (Lam.) Gray; Plantago oliganthos 

Roemer & J.A. Schultes; Plantago oliganthos 

Roemer & J.A. Schultes var. fallax Fern. 

seaside plantain 

Plantago media L. Arnoglossum incanum S.F. Gray; Plantago 

incana Stokes 

Plantago patagonica Jacq. Plantago gnaphalioides Nutt.; Plantago 

patagonica var. breviscapa (Shinners) 

Shinners; Plantago patagonica var. 

gnaphalioides (Nutt.) Gray; Plantago purshii 

Roemer & J.A. Schultes; Plantago purshii 

Roemer & J.A. Schultes var. breviscapa Shinners 

hoary plantain 

Pursh's plantain 

Plantago pusilla Nutt. Plantago hybrida W. Bart.; Plantago pusilla dwarf plantain 

var. major Engelm. 

Plantago rugelii Dcne. Plantago rugelii var. asperula Farw. Rugel's plantain 

Plantago virginica L. Plantago caroliniana Walt.; Plantago pale-seeded plantain 

virginica var. viridescens Fern. 

Veronica agrestis L. 

green field speedwell 

Veronica americana Schwein. ex Veronica beccabunga var. americana Raf. American speedwell 

Benth. 

Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. Veronica anagallis L.; Veronica glandifera blue water speedwell 

Pennell 

Veronica arvensis L. 

corn speedwell 

Veronica austriaca L. ssp. teucrium Veronica latifolia L.; Veronica teucrium L. broad-leaved speedwell 

(L.) D.A. Webb 

Veronica beccabunga L. 

European speedwell 

Veronica catenata Pennell Veronica catenata var. glandulosa (Farw.) water speedwell 

Pennell; Veronica comosa Richter var. 

glaberrima (Pennell) Boivin; Veronica 

comosa Richter var. glandulosa (Farw.) Boivin; 

Veronica connata Raf. ssp. glaberrima 

Pennell; Veronica connata Raf. var. glaberrima 

(Pennell) Fern.; Veronica connata Raf. var. 

Veronica chamaedrys L. 

t i P ll 

germander speedwell 

Veronica filiformis L. 

thread-stalked speedwell 

Veronica hederifolia L. 

ivy-leaved speedwell 

Veronica longifolia L. Pseudolysimachion longifolium (L.) Opiz long-leaved speedwell 

Veronica officinalis L. Veronica officinalis var. tournefortii (Vill.) common speedwell 

Reichenb.; Veronica tournefortii Vill. 

Veronica peregrina L. ssp. peregrina Veronica peregrina var. typica Pennell purslane speedwell

Veronica peregrina L. ssp. 

Veronica peregrina var. xalapensis (Kunth) purslane speedwell 

xalapensis (Kunth) Pennell 

Pennell; Veronica xalapensis Kunth 

Veronica persica Poir. Pocilla persica (Poir.) Fourr. bird's-eye speedwell 

Veronica polita Fries Pocilla polita (Fries) Fourr. gray field speedwell 

Veronica scutellata L. Veronica scutellata var. villosa Schumacher narrow-leaved speedwell 

Veronica serpyllifolia L. ssp. Veronica humifusa Dickson; Veronica thyme-leaved speedwell 

humifusa (Dickson) Syme 

serpyllifolia var. humifusa (Dickson) Vahl; 

Veronica tenella All.; Veronicastrum 

serpyllifolium (L.) Fourr. ssp. humifusum 

Veronica serpyllifolia L. ssp. 

serpyllifolia 

(Dickson) W A Weber 

Veronicastrum serpyllifolium (L.) Fourr. thyme-leaved speedwell 

Veronica spuria L. Pseudolysimachion spurium (L.) Rauschert; 

Veronica paniculata L. 

Veronica wormskjoldii Roemer & Veronica alpina L. var. terrae-novae Fern.; 

J.A. Schultes var. wormskjoldii Veronica alpina L. var. unalaschcensis Cham. 

& Schlecht. 

Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw. Leptandra virginica (L.) Nutt.; Veronica 

virginica L. 

Platanaceae 

bastard speedwell 

American alpine speedwell 

Culver's-root 

plane-tree family 

Platanus hybrida Brot. Platanus acerifolia (Ait.) Willd. London sycamore 

Platanus occidentalis L. 

American sycamore 

Plumbaginaceae 

leadwort family 

Limonium carolinianum (Walt.) Britt. Limonium angustatum (Gray) Small; Limonium 

carolinianum var. angustatum (Gray) Blake; 

Limonium carolinianum var. nashii (Small) 

Boivin; Limonium carolinianum var. 

trichogonum (Blake) Boivin; Limonium nashii 

Small; Limonium nashii Small var. albiflorum 

(Raf.) House; Limonium nashii Small var. 

angustatum (Gray) Ahles; Limonium nashii 

Small var. trichogonum (Blake) Blake; 

Podostemaceae 

Carolina sea-lavender 

riverweed family 

Podostemum ceratophyllum Michx. Podostemum abrotanoides Nutt. horn-leaved riverweed 

Polemoniaceae 

phlox family 

Collomia linearis Nutt. Gilia linearis (Nutt.) Gray narrow-leaved mountaintrumpet 

Gilia achilleifolia Benth. ssp. Gilia multicaulis Benth.; Gilia multicaulis blue gilia 

multicaulis (Benth.) V. & A. Grant Benth. var. alba Milliken 

Gilia interior (Mason & A. Grant) A. Gilia tenuiflora Benth. var. interior Matson & inland gilia 

Grant 

A. Grant 

Gilia tricolor Benth. ssp. diffusa Gilia diffusa Congd.; Gilia tricolor var. bird's-eye gilia 

(Congd.) Mason & A. Grant 

longipedicellata Greenman in Deane 

Ipomopsis rubra (L.) Wherry Gilia rubra (L.) Heller; Polemonium rubrum standing-cypress skyrocket 

Navarretia leucocephala Benth. ssp. Navarretia minima Nutt. white-flowered pincushionplant 

minima (Nutt.) Day 

Phlox bifida Beck var. bifida 

sand phlox

Phlox divaricata L. ssp. divaricata 

wild blue phlox 

Phlox drummondii Hook. spp. 

annual phlox 

drummondii 

Phlox latifolia Michx. Phlox ovata , of authors not L. mountain phlox 

Phlox maculata L. ssp. maculata Phlox maculata var. odorata (Sweet) Wherry spotted phlox 

Phlox paniculata L. 

fall phlox 

Phlox pilosa L. ssp. pilosa Phlox pilosa var. virens (Michx.) Wherry downy phlox 

Phlox ×procumbens Lehm. Phlox stolonifera × P. subulata 

Phlox stolonifera Sims 

creeping phlox 

Phlox subulata L. ssp. subulata 

moss phlox 

Polemonium caeruleum L. 

blue Jacob's-ladder 

Polemonium micranthum Benth. Polemoniella micrantha (Benth.) Heller annual Jacob's-ladder 

Polemonium reptans L. var. reptans 

spreading Jacob's-ladder 

Polemonium vanbruntiae Britt. Polemonium caeruleum ssp. vanbruntiae bog Jacob's-ladder 

(Britt.) J.F. Davids. 

Polygalaceae 

milkwort family 

Polygala ambigua Nutt. Polygala verticillata var. ambigua (Nutt.) alternate milkwort 

Wood; Polygala verticillata var. dolichoptera 

Fern. 

Polygala cruciata L. ssp. aquilonia Polygala cruciata var. aquilonia Fern. & drum-heads milkwort 

(Fern. & Schub.) A. Haines 

Schub. 

Polygala nuttallii Torr. & Gray 

Nuttall's milkwort 

Polygala paucifolia Willd. Triclisperma pauciflora (Willd.) Nieuwl. fringed milkwort 

Polygala polygama Walt. Polygala polygama var. obtusata Chod.; racemed milkwort 

Polygala polygama var. ramulosa Farw. 

Polygala sanguinea L. Polygala viridescens L. blood milkwort 

Polygala senega L. Polygala senega var. latifolia Torr. & Gray Seneca milkwort 

Polygala verticillata L. Polygala verticillata var. isocycla Fern.; whorled milkwort 

Polygala pretzii Pennell; Sexilia verticillata 

Polygaloides paucifolia (Willd.) J.R. 

Abbott 

Polygonaceae 

(L.) Raf. 

Polygala paucifolia 

pauciflora (Willd.) Nieuwl. 

Willd.; Triclisperma 

Bistorta officinalis Delarbre Persicaria bistorta (L.) Sampaio; Polygonum 

bistortum L. 

Bistorta vivipara (L.) Delarbre Bistorta vivipara ssp. macounii (Small) Soják; 

Persicaria vivipara (L.) R. Decr.; Polygonum 

fringed false milkwort 

knotweed family 

meadow bistort 

alpine bistort 

viviparum L. 

Chorizanthe pungens Benth. 

Monterey spineflower 

var. pungens 

Emex spinosa (L.) Campd. Rumex spinosus L. spiny threecorner-Jack 

Fagopyrum esculentum Moench Fagopyrum fagopyrum (L.) Karst.; Fagopyrum garden buckwheat 

sagittatum Gilib.; Fagopyrum vulgare Hill; 

Polygonum fagopyrum L. 

Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn. Polygonum tataricum L. green buckwheat

Fallopia baldschuanica 

Holub 

(Regel) 

Fallopia aubertii (Henry) Holub; Bilderdykia 

aubertii (Henry) Moldenke; Bilderdykia 

baldschuanica (Regel) D.A. Webber; 

Polygonum aubertii Henry; Polygonum 

baldschuanica Regel; Reynoutria 

Fallopia ×bohemica (Chrtek & 

baldschuanica (Regel) Shinners 

Fallopia japonica × F. sachalinensis ; 

Chrtková) J.P. Bailey 

Polygonum ×bohemicum (Chrtek & Chrtková) 

P.F. Zika & A.L. Jacobson; Reynoutria 

×bohemica Chrtek & Chrtková 

Fallopia cilinodis (Michx.) Holub Bilderdykia cilinodis (Michx.) Greene; 

Polygonum cilinode Michx. var. laevigatum 

Fern.; Reynoutria cilinodis (Michx.) Shinners; 

Tiniaria cilinodis (Michx ) Small 

Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Löve Bilderdykia convolvulus (L.) Dumort.; 

Polygonum convolvulus L. var. subulatum Lej. 

& Court.; Reynoutria convolvulus (L.) 

Shinners; Tiniaria convolvulus (L.) Webb & 

Fallopia cristata 

Holub 

(Engelm. & Gray) 

Moq 

Bilderdykia cristata (Engelm. & Gray) Greene; 

Bilderdykia scandens (L.) Greene var. cristata 

(Engelm. & Gray) C.F. Reed; Polygonum 

cristatum Engelm. & Gray; Polygonum 

scandens L. var. cristatum (Engelm. & Gray) 

Gleason; Reynoutria scandens (L.) Shinners 

var. cristata (Engelm. & Gray) Shinners; 

Ti i i i t t (E l & G ) S ll 

Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub Bilderdykia dumetorum (L.) Dumort.; 

Polygonum dumetorum L.; Polygonum 

scandens L. var. dumetorum (L.) Gleason; 

Reynoutria scandens (L.) Shinners var. 

dumetorum (L.) Shinners; Tiniaria dumetorum 

Chinese bindweed 

fringed bindweed 

black bindweed 

crested bindweed 

thicket bindweed 

(L ) Opiz 

Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) R. Decr. Pleuropterus cuspidatus (Sieb. & Zucc.) Japanese knotweed 

var. japonica 

Moldenke; Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & 

Zucc.; Reynoutria japonica Houtt. 

Fallopia sachalinensis (F.S. Petrop. Polygonum sachalinense F. Schmidt ex Maxim.; giant knotweed 

ex Maxim.) R. Decr. 

Reynoutria sachalinensis (F. Schmidt ex 

Maxim.) Nakai 

Fallopia scandens (L.) Holub Bilderdykia scandens (L.) Greene; Polygonum climbing bindweed 

dumetorum L. var. scandens (L.) Gray; 

Polygonum scandens L.; Reynoutria scandens 

(L ) Shinners; Tiniaria scandens (L ) Small 

Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill Rumex digyna L. mountain-sorrel

Persicaria amphibia (L.) S.F. Gray 

ssp. laevimarginata (Hultén) Soják 

Persicaria amphibia var. stipulacea (Coleman) 

Hara; Polygonum amphibium L. ssp. 

laevimarginatum Hultén; Polygonum 

amphibium L. var. natans Michx.; Polygonum 

amphibium L. var. stipulaceum Coleman; 

Polygonum coccineum Muhl. ex Willd. var. 

rigidulum (Sheldon) Stanford; Polygonum 

t (Mi h ) E t 

Persicaria arifolia (L.) Haroldson Polygonum arifolium L.; Polygonum 

arifolium L. var. lentiforme Fern. & Grisc.; 

Polygonum arifolium L. var. pubescens 

water smartweed 

halberd-leaved smartweed 

(Keller) Fern ; Tracaulon arifolium (L ) Raf 

Persicaria careyi (Olney) Greene Polygonum careyi Olney Carey's smartweed 

Persicaria chinensis (L.) H. Gross Polygonum chinense L. Chinese smartweed 

Persicaria coccinea (Muhl. ex Willd.) Persicaria amphibia var. emersa (Michx.) scarlet smartweed 

Greene 

Hickman; Persicaria muehlenbergii (S. Wats.) 

Small; Polygonum amphibium L. var. 

coccineum (Muhl. ex Willd.) Farw.; Polygonum 

amphibium L. var. emersum Michx.; 

Polygonum coccineum Muhl. ex Willd.; 

Polygonum coccineum Muhl. ex Willd. var. 

terrestre Willd.; Polygonum muehlenbergii S. 

Persicaria extremiorientalis 

(Vorosch.) Tzvelev 

Persicaria maculosa S.F. Gray ssp. hirticaulis 

(Danser) S. Ekman & T. Knutsson; Persicaria 

mitis Gilib. var. hirticaulis (Danser) H. Hara & 

I. Ito; Polygonum extremiorientale Vorosch.; 

Polygonum persicaria L. ssp. hirticaulis 

Danser; Polygonum persicaria L. var. 

far-eastern smartweed 

Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Opiz 

b Makino 

Polygonum hydropiper L. water-pepper smartweed 

Persicaria hydropiperoides (Michx.) Persicaria hydropiperoides var. breviciliata false water-pepper smartweed 

Small 

(Fern.) C.F. Reed; Persicaria hydropiperoides 

var. euronotora (Fern.) C.F. Reed; Persicaria 

opelousana (Ridd. ex Small) Small; Polygonum 

hydropiperoides Michx.; Polygonum 

hydropiperoides Michx. var. adenocalyx 

(Stanford) Gleason; Polygonum 

hydropiperoides Michx. var. breviciliatum 

Fern.; Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. var. 

bushianum Stanford; Polygonum 

hydropiperoides Michx. var. digitatum Fern.; 

Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. var. 

euronotorum Fern.; Polygonum 

hydropiperoides Michx. var. opelousanum 

(Riddell ex Small) Riddell ex W. Stone; 

Polygonum opelousanum Riddell ex Small; 

Polygonum opelousanum 

Riddell ex Small var

Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) S.F. Gray Persicaria tomentosa (Schrank) Bickn.; dock-leaved smartweed 

Polygonum lapathifolium L.; Polygonum 

lapathifolium L. var. ovatum A. Braun; 

Polygonum lapathifolium L. var. prostratum 

C.F.H. Wimmer; Polygonum lapathifolium L. 

Persicaria longiseta (Bruijn) 

var. salicifolium Sibthorp; Polygonum 

b Moench 

Persicaria caespitosa (Blume) Nakai var. Oriental lady's-thumb 

Kitagawa 

longiseta (Bruijn) Reed; Polygonum 

smartweed 

caespitosum Blume var. longisetum (Bruijn) 

Steward; Polygonum longisetum Bruijn 

Persicaria maculosa S.F. Gray Persicaria persicaria (L.) Small; Persicaria lady's-thumb smartweed 

vulgaris Webb & Moq.; Polygonum dubium 

Stein; Polygonum persicaria L. 

Persicaria minor (Huds.) Opiz Polygonum minus Huds.; Polygonum minus small smartweed 

Huds. var. subcontinuum (Meisn.) Fern. 

Persicaria nepalensis (Meisn.) H. Polygonum alatum Hamilton ex D. Don; Nepalese smartweed 

Gross 

Polygonum nepalense Meisn. 

Persicaria orientalis (L.) Spach Polygonum orientale L. prince's-feather smartweed 

Persicaria pensylvanica (L.) G. Maza Persicaria bicornis (Raf.) Nieuwl.; Persicaria Pennsylvania smartweed 

longistyla (Small) Small; Polygonum bicorne 

Raf.; Polygonum longistylum Small; 

Polygonum pensylvanicum L.; Polygonum 

pensylvanicum L. var. eglandulosum J.C. 

Myers; Polygonum pensylvanicum L. var. 

genuinum Fern.; Polygonum pensylvanicum L. 

var. laevigatum Fern.; P olygonum 

Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H. Gross 

l 

Ampelygonum perfoliatum 

hl 

(L.) Roberty & Asiatic smartweed 

Vautier; Polygonum perfoliatum L. 

Persicaria punctata (Ell.) Small Persicaria punctata (Ell.) Small var. 

dotted smartweed 

confertiflora (Meisn.) D. Löve & J.-P. Bernard; 

Persicaria punctata (Ell.) Small var. 

leptostachya (Meisn.) Small; Polygonum acre 

Kunth; Polygonum punctatum Ell.; 

Polygonum punctatum Ell. var. confertiflorum 

(Meisn.) Fassett; Polygonum punctatum Ell. 

var. leptostachyum (Meisn.) Small; Polygonum 

Persicaria puritanorum (Fern.) Soják 

ll 

Polygonum puritanorum 

fl 

Fern. Puritan smartweed 

Persicaria robustior (Small) Bickn. Persicaria punctata (Ell.) Small var. robustior 

Small; Polygonum punctatum Ell. var. majus 

(Meisn.) Fassett; Polygonum punctatum Ell. 

var. robustius Small; Polygonum robustius 

(Small) Fern 

stout dotted smartweed

Persicaria sagittata (L.) H. Gross Polygonum sagittatum L.; Polygonum 

sagittatum L. var. gracilentum Fern.; 

Tracaulon sagittatum (L.) Small; Tracaulon 

sagittatum (L.) Small var. gracilentum (Fern.) 

C F Reed; Truellum sagittatum (L ) Soják 

Persicaria setacea (Baldw.) Small Persicaria setacea var. interjecta (Fern.) C.F. 

Reed; Persicaria setacea var. tonsa (Fern.) C.F. 

Reed; Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. var. 

setaceum (Baldw.) Gleason; Polygonum 

setaceum Michx. var. interjectum Fern.; 

Polygonum setaceum Michx var tonsum Fern 

Persicaria virginiana (L.) Gaertn. Antenoron virginianum (L.) Roberty & Vautier; 

Polygonum virginianum L.; Polygonum 

virginianum L. var. glaberrimum (Fern.) 

Steyermark; Tovara virginiana (L.) Raf.; Tovara 

virginiana (L.) Raf. var. glaberrima Fern. 

Persicaria wallichii Greuter & 

Burdet var. wallichii 

Aconogonum polystachyum (Wallich ex 

Meisn.) Haraldson; Polygonum polystachyum 

Wallich ex Meisn. 

Polygonum achoreum Blake Polygonum erectum ssp. achoreum (Blake) A. 

& D. Löve 

Polygonum arenarium Waldst. & Kit. 

Polygonum articulatum L. Delopyrum articulatum (L.) Small; 

Polygonum aviculare L. ssp. 

aviculare 


depressum (Meisn.) Arcang. 


neglectum (Bess.) Arcang. 


rurivagum (Jord. ex Boreau) Berher 

Polygonella articulata (L.) Meisn. 

Polygonum aviculare var. vegetum Ledeb.; 

Polygonum heterophyllum Lindm.; Polygonum 

monspeliense Pers. 

Polygonum aequale Lindm.; Polygonum 

arenastrum Jord. ex Boreau; Polygonum 

aviculare var. arenastrum (Jord. ex Boreau) 

Rouy; Polygonum aviculare var. depressum 

Meisn.; Polygonum microspermum Jord. ex 

Boreau 

Polygonum aequale Lindm. ssp. oedocarpum 

Lindm.; Polygonum neglectum Bess. 

Polygonum aviculare var. angustissimum 

Meisn.; Polygonum heterophyllum Aschers. & 

Graebn. var. angustissimum (Meisn.) Lindm.; 

Polygonum heterophyllum Aschers. & Graebn. 

ssp. rurivagum (Jord. ex Boreau) Lindm.; 

Polygonum bellardii All. 

Polygonum rurivagum Jord ex Boreau 

Polygonum buxiforme Small Polygonum aviculare var. littorale (Link) 

Mert.; Polygonum littorale Link 

Polygonum douglasii Greene Polygonum douglasii var. latifolium (Engelm.) 

Greene 

arrow-leaved tearthumb 

bristly smartweed 

jumpseed 

garden smartweed 

leathery knotweed 

European knotweed 

coastal jointed knotweed 

dooryard knotweed 




Bellard's knotweed 

prairie knotweed 

Douglas' knotweed

Polygonum erectum L. Polygonum aviculare var. erectum (L.) Roth ex upright knotweed 

Meisn. 

Polygonum fowleri B.L. Robins. ssp. Polygonum allocarpum Blake; Polygonum Fowler's knotweed 

fowleri 

buxifolium Nutt. ex Bong. 

Polygonum glaucum Nutt. Polygonum maritimum , of authors not L. seaside knotweed 

Polygonum oxyspermum C.A. Mey. & Polygonum raii Bab. 

Ray's knotweed 

Bunge ex C.F. Ledeb. ssp. raii (Bab.) 

Webb & Chater 

Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. ssp. Polygonum prolificum (Small) B.L. Robins.; yellow-flowered knotweed 

prolificum (Small) Costea & Tardif Polygonum ramosissimum var. prolificum 

Small 

Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. ssp. Polygonum atlanticum (B.L. Robins.) Bickn.; yellow-flowered knotweed 

ramosissimum 

Polygonum exsertum Small; Polygonum 

triangulum Bickn. 

Polygonum tenue Michx. Polygonum tenue var. protrusum Fern. slender knotweed 

Rheum rhabarbarum L. Rheum rhaponticum , of authors not L. garden rhubarb 

Rumex acetosa L. Acetosa pratensis P. Mill.; Rumex acetosa ssp. common dock 

Rumex acetosella L. ssp. pyrenaicus 

(Pourret ex Lapeyr.) Akeroyd 

pratensis (P. Mill.) Blytt & Dahl 

Acetosella vulgaris (Koch) Fourr. ssp. 

pyrenaica (Pourret ex Lapeyr.) A. Löve ; Rumex 

acetosella var. pyrenaicus (Pourret ex Lapeyr.) 

Timbal-Lagrave; Rumex pyrenaicus Pourret ex 

sheep dock 

Lapeyr 

Rumex alpinus L. 

alpine dock 

Rumex altissimus Wood 

pale dock 

Rumex britannica L. Rumex orbiculatus Gray; Rumex orbiculatus greater water dock 

Gray var. borealis Rech. f. 

Rumex crispus L. ssp. crispus Lapathum crispum (L.) Scop. curly dock 

Rumex crispus × R. longifolius 

Rumex ×dissimilis Rech. f. 

Rumex britannica × R. crispus 

Rumex hastatulus Baldw. 

wild dock 

Rumex longifolius DC. Rumex domesticus Hartman yard dock 

Rumex longifolius × R. obtusifolius 

Rumex maritimus L. Lapathum minus Lam.; Rumex aureus P. Mill. golden dock 

Rumex obtusifolius L. ssp. 

Acetosa oblongifolia (L.) A. & D. Löve; Rumex bitter dock 

obtusifolius 

obtusifolius ssp. agrestis (Fries) Danser 

Rumex occidentalis S. Wats. 

Rumex aquaticus L. ssp. fenestratus (Greene) 

Hultén; Rumex aquaticus L. var. fenestratus 

(Greene) Dorn; Rumex aquaticus L. ssp. 

occidentalis (S. Wats.) Hultén; Rumex 

fenestratus Greene; Rumex occidentalis var. 

western dock 

fenestratus (Greene) Lepage 

Rumex pallidus Bigelow 

seabeach dock 

Rumex patientia L. Lapathum hortense Lam. patience dock

Rumex persicarioides L. var. 

fueginus (Phil.) A. Haines 

Rumex fueginus Phil.; Rumex maritimus var. 

athrix St. John; Rumex maritimus ssp. fueginus 

(Phil.) Hultén; Rumex maritimus L. var. 

American golden dock 

fueginus (Phil ) Dusen 

Rumex persicarioides L. var. Rumex maritimus var. persicarioides (L.) R.S. American golden dock 

persicarioides 

Mitchell 

Rumex ×pratensis Mert. & Koch Rumex crispus × R. obtusifolius 

Rumex pulcher L. Rumex pulcher ssp. divaricatus (L.) Murb. fiddle dock 

Rumex triangulivalvis (Danser) Rech. Rumex salicifolius Weinm. ssp. triangulivalvis white dock 

f. 

Danser; Rumex salicifolius Weinm. var. 

triangulivalvis (Danser) C.L. Hitchc. 

Rumex verticillatus L. 

Rumex violascens Rech. f. 

Portulacaceae 

Calandrinia ciliata (Ruiz & Pavón) Calandrinia ciliata var. menziesii (Hook.) J.F. 

DC. 

Macbr.; Talinum ciliatum Ruiz & Pavón 

Claytonia caroliniana Michx. Claytonia caroliniana var. lewisii McNeill; 

Claytonia caroliniana var. spathulifolia 

(Salisb.) W.H. Lewis; Claytonia spathulifolia 

Salisb 

Claytonia sibirica L. Claytonia sibirica var. bulbifera Gray; Montia 

sibirica (L.) T.J. Howell; Montia sibirica (L.) 

T.J. Howell var. bulbifera (Gray) B.L. Robins. 

swamp dock 

violet dock 

purslane family 

fringed redmaids 

Carolina spring-beauty 

Siberian spring-beauty 

Claytonia virginica L. Claytonia virginica var. hammondiae 

Virginia spring-beauty 

(Kalmbacher) Doyle, Lewis, & Snyder; 

Claytonia robusta (Somes) Rydb. 

Montia fontana L. Claytonia fontana (L.) R.J. Davis; Montia water montia 

fontana var. lamprosperma (Cham.) Fenzl; 

Montia lamprosperma Cham. 

Montia linearis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Claytonia linearis Dougl. ex Hook.; 

narrow-leaved montia 

Greene 

Montiastrum lineare (Dougl. ex Hook.) Rydb. 

Portulaca grandiflora Hook. cultivated purslane 

Portulaca oleracea L. Portulaca neglecta Mackenzie & Bush; common purslane 

Portulaca retusa Engelm. 

Primulaceae 

primrose family 

Androsace occidentalis Pursh Androsace arizonica (Gray) Derganc; 

western androsace 

Androsace occidentalis var. arizonica (Gray) 

St. John 

Hottonia inflata Ell. 

American featherfoil 

Primula japonica Gray 

Japanese primrose 

Primula laurentiana Fern. Primula farinosa L. var. macropoda Fern.; bird's-eye primrose 

Primula mistassinica var. macropoda (Fern.) 


Primula mistassinica Michx. Primula intercedens Fern.; Primula 

Lake Mistassini primrose 

mistassinica var. intercedens (Fern.) Boivin; 

Primula mistassinica var. noveboracensis 

Fern

Primula veris L. 

Ranunculaceae 

cowslip primrose 

buttercup family 

Aconitum napellus L. 

garden monkshood 

Aconitum uncinatum L. 

wild monkshood 

Actaea ×ludovici Boivin 

Actaea pachypoda × A. rubra 

Actaea pachypoda Ell. Actaea alba , of authors not (L.) P. Mill. white baneberry 

Actaea racemosa L. Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt.; Cimicifuga black bugbane 

serpentaria Pursh; Macrotrys racemosa (L.) 

Sweet; Thalictrodes racemosum (L.) Kuntze 

Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. 

Actaea arguta Nutt.; Actaea spicata L. var. red baneberry 

arguta (Nutt.) Torr.; Actaea spicata L. ssp. 

rubra (Ait.) Hultén 

Anemone acutiloba (DC.) G. Lawson Hepatica acutiloba DC.; Hepatica nobilis sharp-lobed hepatica 

Schreber var. acuta (Pursh) Steyermark 

Anemone americana (DC.) H. Hara Hepatica americana DC.; Hepatica nobilis blunt-lobed hepatica 

Schreber var. obtusa (Pursh) Steyermark 

Anemone blanda Schott & Kotschy 

Greek windflower 

Anemone canadensis L. Anemonidium canadense (L.) A. & D. Löve Canada windflower 

Anemone cylindrica Gray 

long-headed windflower 

Anemone multifida Poir. var. Anemone globosa (Torr. & Gray) Nutt. ex Pritz.; cut-leaved windflower 

multifida 

Anemone hudsoniana (DC.) Richards.; 

Anemone multifida var. hudsoniana DC.; 

Anemone multifida var globosa Torr & Gray 

Anemone nemorosa L. Anemonidium nemorosum (L.) Holub European windflower 

Anemone quinquefolia L. var. Anemone nemorosa L. var. bifolia (Farw.) wood windflower 

quinquefolia 

Boivin; Anemone quinquefolia var. bifolia 

Farw.; Anemone quinquefolia var. interior 

Anemone virginiana L. var. alba 

(Oakes) Wood 

Fern 

Anemone cylindrica var. alba Oakes; Anemone 

riparia Fern.; Anemone virginiana var. riparia 

(Fern.) Boivin 

Anemone virginiana L. var. 


Aquilegia canadensis L. Aquilegia australis Small; Aquilegia 

canadensis var. australis (Small) Munz; 

Aquilegia canadensis var. coccinea (Small) 

Munz; Aquilegia canadensis var. eminens 

(Greene) Boivin; Aquilegia canadensis var. 

latiuscula (Greene) Munz; Aquilegia coccinea 

Aquilegia vulgaris L. 

Small 

Caltha palustris L. Caltha asarifolia DC.; Caltha palustris ssp. 

asarifolia (DC.) Hultén; Caltha palustris var. 

asarifolia (DC.) Rothrock; Caltha palustris 

var flabellifolia (Pursh) Torr & Gray 

Clematis florida Thunb. Atragene florida Pers.; Clematis japonica 

Thunb. var. simsii Makino 

tall windflower 

tall windflower 

red columbine 

European columbine 

marsh-marigold 

Asian virgin's-bower

Clematis occidentalis (Hornem.) DC. 

ssp. occidentalis 

Atragene americana Sims; Atragene 

occidentalis Hornem.; Clematis verticillaris 

DC.; Clematis verticillaris DC. var. 

grandiflora Boivin 

Clematis recta L. 

Clematis terniflora DC. Clematis dioscoreifolia Levl. & Vaniot; 

Clematis dioscoreifolia Levl. & Vaniot var. 

robusta (Carr.) Rehd.; Clematis paniculata 

Thunb 

Clematis virginiana L. Clematis canadensis P. Mill.; Clematis 

missouriensis Rydb.; Clematis virginiana var. 

purple virgin's-bower 

ground virgin's-bower 

yam-leaved virgin's-bower 

Virginia virgin's-bower 

missouriensis (Rydb.) Palmer & Steyermark 

Clematis vitalba L. 

white virgin's-bower 

Consolida ajacis (L.) Schur Consolida ambigua (L.) P.W. Ball & Heywood; doubtful knight's-spur 

Delphinium ajacis L.; Delphinium ambiguum 

L. 

Consolida orientalis (J. Gay) Delphinium orientale J. Gay Oriental knight's-spur 

Schroedinger 

Consolida regalis S.F. Gray Delphinium consolida L. royal knight's-spur 

Coptidium lapponicum (L.) Gandog. Ranunculus lapponicus L. Lapland-crowfoot 

Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. Anemone groenlandica Oeder; Coptis 

three-leaved goldthread 

groenlandica (Oeder) Fern.; Coptis trifolia ssp. 

groenlandica (Oeder) Hultén; Coptis trifolia 

var. groenlandica (Oeder) Fassett; Helleborus 

trifolius L 

Delphinium exaltatum Ait. 

Ficaria verna Huds. ssp. bulbifera A. Ranunculus ficaria L. ssp. bulbilifer 

& D. Löve 

Lambinon; Ranunculus ficaria L. ssp. 

bulbifera (Marsden-Jones) Lawalree, an 

illegitimate name; Ranunculus ficaria var. 

tall larkspur 

fig-crowfoot 

bulbifera Marsden-Jones 

Ficaria verna Huds. ssp. verna Ficaria ficaria (L.) Karst.; Ranunculus ficaria fig-crowfoot 

L. 

Hydrastis canadensis L. goldenseal 

Myosurus minimus L. 

tiny mousetail 

Nigella damascena L. 

devil-in-the-bush 

Nigella sativa L. 

black-cumin 

Ranunculus abortivus L. Ranunculus abortivus ssp. acrolasius (Fern.) kidney-leaved crowfoot 

Kapoor & A. & D. Löve; Ranunculus abortivus 

var. acrolasius Fern.; Ranunculus abortivus 

var. eucyclus Fern.; Ranunculus abortivus var. 

indivisus Fern 

Ranunculus acris L. Ranunculus acris var. latisectus G. Beck tall crowfoot 

Ranunculus allegheniensis Britt. 

Allegheny crowfoot 

Ranunculus ambigens S. Wats. Ranunculus obtusiusculus Raf. water-plantain crowfoot

Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. diffusus Batrachium aquatile (L.) Dumort.; Batrachium white water crowfoot 

Withering 

longirostre (Godr.) F.W. Schultz; Batrachium 

trichophyllum (Chaix) F.W. Schultz; 

Ranunculus amphibius James; Ranunculus 

aquatilis var. capillaceus (Thuill.) DC.; 

Ranunculus aquatilis var. longirostris (Godr.) 

Lawson; Ranunculus aquatilis var. subrigidus 

(W. Drew) Breitung; Ranunculus longirostris 

Godr.; Ranunculus subrigidus W. Drew; 

Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix; Ranunculus 

trichophyllus Chaix var. confervoides (Fries) 

Rikli; Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix ssp. 

eradicatus (Laestad.) C.D.K. Cook; 

Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix var. 

eradicatus (Laestad.) W. Drew; Ranunculus 

trichophyllus Chaix ssp. lutulentus (Perrier & 

Song ) Vierh 

Ranunculus bulbosus L. Ranunculus bulbosus var. dissectus Barbey bulbous crowfoot 

Ranunculus caricetorum Greene Ranunculus hispidus var. caricetorum (Greene) swamp crowfoot 

T. Duncan; Ranunculus intermedius Eat.; 

Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir. in Lam. var. 

caricetorum (Greene) Fern 

Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh Cyrtorhyncha cymbalaria (Pursh) Britt.; seaside crowfoot 

Halerpestes cymbalaria (Pursh) Greene; 

Halerpestes cymbalaria ssp. saximontana 

(Fern.) Moldenke; Ranunculus cymbalaria var. 

alpinus Hook.; Ranunculus cymbalaria ssp. 

saximontanus (Fern.) Thorne; Ranunculus 

Ranunculus fascicularis Muhl. ex 

bl i var i 

Ranunculus fascicularis 

t Fern 

var. apricus (Greene) early crowfoot 

Bigelow 

Fern. 

Ranunculus flabellaris Raf. Ranunculus delphiniifolius Torr. ex Eat. greater yellow water crowfoot 

Ranunculus flammula L. var. ovalis Ranunculus filiformis Michx. var. ovalis creeping crowfoot 

(Bigelow) L. Benson 

Bigelow; Ranunculus flammula var. 

samolifolius (Greene) L. Benson; Ranunculus 

reptans L var ovalis (Bigelow) Torr & Gray 

Ranunculus flammula L. var. reptans Ranunculus filiformis Michx.; Ranunculus creeping crowfoot 

(L.) E. Meyer 

reptans L.; Ranunculus reptans L. var. 

filiformis (Michx.) DC. 

Ranunculus gmelinii DC. Ranunculus gmelinii var. hookeri (D. Don) L. lesser yellow water crowfoot 

Benson; Ranunculus gmelinii var. prolificus 

(Fern.) Hara; Ranunculus gmelinii ssp. purshii 

(Richards.) Hultén; Ranunculus gmelinii var. 

purshii (Richards.) Hara; Ranunculus gmelinii 

var. terrestris (Ledeb.) L. Benson; Ranunculus 

Ranunculus hispidus Michx. 

hii Richards 

Ranunculus hispidus var. eurylobus L. Benson; hispid crowfoot 

Ranunculus hispidus var. falsus Fern.

Ranunculus micranthus Nutt. Ranunculus micranthus var. cymbalistes 

(Greene) Fern.; Ranunculus micranthus var. 

delitescens (Greene) Fern. 

Ranunculus pensylvanicus L. f. 

Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. var. Ranunculus recurvatus var. adpressipilis 

recurvatus 

Weatherby; Ranunculus recurvatus var. typicus 

L. Benson 

Ranunculus repens L. Ranunculus repens var. degeneratus Schur; 

Ranunculus repens var. erectus DC.; 

Ranunculus repens var. glabratus DC.; 

Ranunculus repens var. pleniflorus Fern.; 

Ranunculus repens var villosus Lamotte 

Ranunculus rhomboideus Goldie 

Ranunculus sardous Crantz Ranunculus parvulus L.; Ranunculus 

pseudobulbosus Schur 

Ranunculus sceleratus L. var. Hecatonia scelerata (L.) Fourr.; Ranunculus 

sceleratus 

sceleratus var. typicus L. Benson 

Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Avé- Thalictrum dasycarpum var. hypoglaucum 

Lall. 

(Rydb.) Boivin; Thalictrum hypoglaucum 

Rydb. 

Thalictrum dioicum L. 

Thalictrum pubescens Pursh Thalictrum polygamum Muhl. ex Spreng.; 

Thalictrum polygamum Muhl. ex Spreng. var. 

hebecarpum Fern.; Thalictrum polygamum 

Muhl. ex Spreng. var. intermedium Boivin; 

Thalictrum pubescens var. hebecarpum (Fern.) 


Thalictrum revolutum DC. Thalictrum revolutum var. glandulosior 


Thalictrum thalictroides (L.) Eames Anemonella thalictroides (L.) Spach; 

& Boivin 

Syndesmon thalictroides (L.) Hoffmgg. ex Britt. 

small-flowered crowfoot 

bristly crowfoot 

hooked crowfoot 

spot-leaved crowfoot 

prairie crowfoot 

hairy crowfoot 

cursed crowfoot 

purple meadow-rue 

early meadow-rue 

tall meadow-rue 

waxy-leaved meadow-rue 

anemone meadow-rue 

Thalictrum venulosum Trel. var. Thalictrum confine Fern.; Thalictrum turneri veiny-leaved meadow-rue 

confine (Fern.) Boivin 


Trollius laxus Salisb. 

American globe-flower 

Xanthorhiza simplicissima Marsh. Xanthorhiza apiifolia L’Hér. shrub yellowroot 

Resedaceae 

mignonette family 

Reseda alba L. 

Reseda lutea L. 

Reseda luteola L. 

Reseda odorata L. 

Rhamnaceae 

Ceanothus americanus L. Ceanothus americanus var. intermedius 

(Pursh) Torr. & Gray; Ceanothus americanus 

var. pitcheri Torr. & Gray; Ceanothus 

intermedius 

Pursh 

white upright mignonette 

yellow upright mignonette 

dyer's mignonette 

garden mignonette 

buckthorn family 

New Jersey redroot

Ceanothus herbaceus L. Ceanothus herbaceus var. pubescens (Torr. & 

Gray ex S. Wats.) Shinners; Ceanothus ovatus , 

of authors not Desf.; Ceanothus ovatus Desf. 

var. pubescens Torr. & Gray ex S. Wats.; 

Ceanothus pubescens (Torr. & Gray ex S. Wats.) 

prairie redroot 

Rydb ex Small 

Frangula alnus P. Mill. Rhamnus frangula L. glossy false buckthorn 

Rhamnus alnifolia L’Hér. 

alder-leaved buckthorn 

Rhamnus cathartica L. 

European buckthorn 

Rhamnus davurica Pallas ssp. Rhamnus citrifolia (Weston) Hess & Stern Dahurian buckthorn 

davurica 

Rhamnus utilis Dcne. 

Chinese buckthorn 

Rosaceae 

rose family 

Agrimonia eupatoria L. 

medicinal agrimony 

Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr. common agrimony 

Agrimonia microcarpa Wallr. Agrimonia platycarpa Wallr.; Agrimonia low agrimony 

pubescens var. microcarpa (Wallr.) Ahles; 

Agrimonia pumila Muhl. ex Bickn. 

Agrimonia parviflora Ait. 

southern agrimony 

Agrimonia pubescens Wallr. Agrimonia bicknellii (Kearney) Rydb.; downy agrimony 

Agrimonia mollis (Torr. & Gray) Britt. 

Agrimonia rostellata Wallr. woodland agrimony 

Agrimonia striata Michx. 

roadside agrimony 

Alchemilla monticola Opiz Alchemilla pratensis , of authors not F.W. hairy lady's-mantle 

Schmidt; Alchemilla vulgaris , of authors not L.; 

Alchemilla xanthochlora , of authors not Rothm. 

Amelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Fern. Mespilus arborea Michx. f.; Pyrus 

wangenheimiana Tausch 

Amelanchier arborea × A. 

bartramiana 

Amelanchier arborea × A. laevis 

Amelanchier bartramiana (Tausch) Amelanchier canadensis var. pauciflora Farw.; 

M. Roemer 

Amelanchier oligocarpa (Torr. & Gray) M. 

Roemer; Amelanchier canadensis var. 

oligocarpa Torr. & Gray; Pyrus bartramiana 

downy shadbush 

mountain shadbush 

Tausch 

Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik. Amelanchier canadensis var. oblongifolia Torr. eastern shadbush 

& Gray; Amelanchier lucida Fern.; 

Amelanchier oblongifolia (Torr. & Gray) M. 

Roemer; Crataegus racemosa Lam.; Mespilus 

canadensis L 

Amelanchier gaspensis (Wieg.) Fern. Amelanchier sanguinea var. gaspensis Wieg. Gaspé shadbush 

& Weatherby 

Amelanchier humilis Wieg. Amelanchier humilis var. compacta Nielsen; low shadbush 

Amelanchier humilis var. exserrata Nielson 

Amelanchier intermedia Spach 

intermediate shadbush

Amelanchier laevis Wieg. Amelanchier canadensis var. botryapium Gray; 

Amelanchier arborea var. laevis (Wieg.) Ahles 

smooth shadbush 

Amelanchier nantucketensis Bickn. Amelanchier micropetala (B.L. Robins.) Ashe; Nantucket shadbush 

Amelanchier oblongifolia (Torr. & Gray) M. 

Roam. var. micropetala B.L. Robins.; 

Amelanchier stolonifera Wieg. forma 

Amelanchier ×neglecta Egglest. ex 

micropetala (B L Robins ) Rehd 

Amelanchier bartramiana × A. laevis 

G.N. Jones 

Amelanchier sanguinea (Pursh) DC. Amelanchier canadensis var. rotundifolia round-leaved shadbush 

(Michx.) Torr. & Gray; Mespilus canadensis L. 

var. rotundifolia Michx.; Pyrus sanguinea 

Pursh 

Amelanchier spicata (Lam.) K. Koch Amelanchier stolonifera Wieg.; Crataegus dwarf shadbush 

spicata Lam. 

Amelanchier ×wiegandii Nielson Amelanchier laevis × A. sanguinea 

Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb. Argentina anserina var. concolor (Ser.) Rydb.; common silverweed 

Potentilla anserina L.; Potentilla anserina L. 

var. concolor Ser.; Potentilla anserina L. var. 

sericea Hayne 

Argentina egedii (Wormsk.) Rydb. Potentilla anserina L. var. groenlandica Tratt.; Pacific silverweed 

ssp. groenlandica (Tratt.) A. Löve Potentilla egedii Wormsk. var. groenlandica 

(Tratt.) Polunin 

Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Pers. Aronia arbutifolia var. glabra Ell.; Aronia red chokeberry 

pyrifolia Lam.; Mespilus arbutifolia L.; 

Photinia pyrifolia (Lam.) Robertson & Phipps; 

Pyrus arbutifolia (L.) L. f.; Pryrus arbutifolia 

(L.) L. f. var. glabra Cronq.; Sorbus arbutifolia 

(L ) Heynh 

Aronia floribunda (Lindl.) Spach Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Ell. var. atropurpurea purple chokeberry 

(Britt.) Seymour; Aronia atropurpurea Britt.; 

Aronia prunifolia (Marsh.) Rehd.; Photinia 

floribunda (Lindl.) Robertson & Phipps; Pyrus 

floribunda Lindl.; Sorbus arbutifolia (L.) 

Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell. 

Heynh var atropurpurea (Britt ) Schneid 

Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Pers. var. nigra (Willd.) 

Seymour; Aronia nigra (Willd.) Koehne; 

black chokeberry 

Mespilus arbutifolia L. var. melanocarpa 

Michx.; Photinia melanocarpa (Michx.) 

Robertson & Phipps; Pyrus arbutifolia (L.) L. f. 

var. nigra Willd.; Pyrus melanocarpa (Michx.) 

Willd.; Sorbus melanocarpa (Michx.) Heynh. 

Aruncus dioicus (Walt.) Fern. var. 

dioicus 

Chaenomeles japonica (Thunb.) 

Lindl. ex Spach 

Aruncus allegheniensis Rydb. goat's beard 

Cydonia japonica (Thunb.) Pers.; Pyrus Japanese flowering-quince 

japonica Thunb.

Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai Chaenomeles lagenaria (Loisel.) Koidzumi; 

Cydonia japonica (Thunb.) Pers. var. lagenaria 

(Loisel.) Makino; Cydonia lagenaria Loisel.; 

Cydonia speciosa Sweet 

Comarum palustre L. Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop.; Potentilla 

palustris (L.) Scop. var. parvifolia (Raf.) Fern. 

& Long; Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop. var. 

villosa (Pers ) Lehm 

Cotoneaster divaricatus Rehd. & 

Wilson in Sarg. 

Crataegus asperifolia Sarg. Crataegus brainerdii var. asperifolia (Sarg.) 

Egglest. ; Crataegus scabrida Sarg. var. 

asperifolia (Sarg.) Kruschke 

Crataegus bicknellii Egglest. Crataegus chrysocarpa var. bicknellii 

(Egglest.) Palmer; Crataegus rotundifolia 

Moench var. bicknellii Egglest. 

Crataegus biltmoreana Beadle Crataegus modesta Sarg.; Crataegus peckii 

Sarg. 

Crataegus boyntonii Beadle Crataegus baxteri Sarg.; Crataegus bissellii 

Sarg.; Crataegus foetida Ashe; Crataegus 

hargeri Sarg. 

Crataegus brainerdii Sarg. Crataegus seelyana Sarg.; Crataegus 

Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe var. 

chrysocarpa 

Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe var. 

praecox (Sarg.) J.B. Phipps 

shirleyensis Sarg. 

Crataegus faxonii Sarg. var. praecoqua (Sarg.) 

Kruschke; Crataegus praecoqua Sarg.; 

Crataegus praecox Sarg. 

Crataegus coccinea L. Crataegus lobulata Sarg.; Crataegus 

pedicellata Sarg.; Crataegus pringlei Sarg. var. 

lobulata (Sarg.) Egglest.; Crataegus polita 

common flowering-quince 

marsh-cinquefoil 

spreading cotoneaster 

rough-leaved hawthorn 

Bicknell's hawthorn 

Biltmore hawthorn 

stinking hawthorn 

Brainerd's hawthorn 

fireberry hawthorn 

fireberry hawthorn 

scarlet hawthorn 

Sarg ; Crataegus robesoniana Sarg 

Crataegus coccinioides Ashe Crataegus coccinioides var. dilatata (Sarg.) Kansas hawthorn 

Egglest.; C. dilatata Sarg. 

Crataegus crus-galli L. Crataegus exigua Sarg. cockspur hawthorn 

Crataegus cyclophylla Sarg. Crataegus brainerdii var. cyclophylla (Sarg.) round-leaved hawthorn 

Palmer; Crataegus cyclophylla Sarg.; 

Crataegus scabrida Sarg. var. cyclophylla 

(Sarg ) Kruschke 

Crataegus dissona Sarg. Crataegus pruinosa var. dissona (Sarg.) 

Egglest. 

Crataegus dodgei Ashe 

Crataegus dodgei var. rotundata (Sarg.) 

Kruschke; Crataegus gravesii Sarg.; Crataegus 

rotundata Sarg. 

Crataegus egglestonii Sarg. Crataegus brainerdii var. egglestonii (Sarg.) 

Kruschke; Crataegus scabrida Sarg. var. 

egglestonii (Sarg.) Kruschke 

northern hawthorn 

Dodge's hawthorn 

Eggleston's hawthorn

Crataegus faxonii Sarg. Crataegus faxonii var. praetermissa (Sarg.) 

Palmer; Crataegus praetermissa Sarg.; 

Crataegus rotundifolia Moench var. faxonii 

(Sarg ) Egglest 

Crataegus flabellata (Bosc ex Spach) Crataegus crudelis Sarg.; Crataegus 

K. Koch var. flabellata 

lemingtonensis Sarg.; Crataegus propria Sarg. 

Faxon's hawthorn 

Gray's hawthorn 

Crataegus flabellata (Bosc ex Spach) Crataegus grayana Egglest. Gray's hawthorn 

K. Koch var. grayana (Egglest.) 

Palmer 

Crataegus flavida Sarg. Crataegus chrysocarpa var. phoenicea Palmer, yellow hawthorn 

in the sense of New England authors; 

Crataegus dodgei var. flavida (Sarg.) P.G. Sm. 

& J B Phipps; Crataegus grossa Sarg 

Crataegus fluviatilis Sarg. Crataegus apiomorpha Sarg. river hawthorn 

Crataegus forbesae Sarg. 

Forbes' hawthorn 

Crataegus fretalis Sarg. Crataegus ampla Sarg. Long Island Sound hawthorn 

Crataegus handyae Sarg. Crataegus chadsfordiana Sarg.; Crataegus Handy's hawthorn 

spatiosa Sarg. 

Crataegus holmesiana Ashe Crataegus anomala Sarg.; Crataegus eamesii Holmes' hawthorn 

Sarg.; Crataegus holmesiana var. villipes 

Ashe; Crataegus tardipes Sarg.; Crataegus 

villipes (Ashe) Ashe 

Crataegus ideae Sarg. 

Ide's hawthorn 

Crataegus intricata Lange var. 

entangled hawthorn 

intricata 

Crataegus intricata Lange var. Crataegus bealii Sarg.; Crataegus straminea entangled hawthorn 

straminea (Beadle) Palmer 

Beadle 

Crataegus irrasa Sarg. var. 

Crataegus blanchardii Sarg. zigzag hawthorn 

blanchardii (Sarg.) Egglest. 

Crataegus jesupii Sarg. Crataegus incisa Sarg. Jesup's hawthorn 

Crataegus jonesiae Sarg. 

Miss Jones' hawthorn 

Crataegus keepii Sarg. Crataegus brunetiana Sarg., in the sense of Keep's hawthorn 

New England authors; Crataegus searsii Sarg. 

Crataegus kennedyi Sarg. 

Kennedy's hawthorn 

Crataegus laurentiana Sarg. Crataegus brunetiana Sarg.; Crataegus Brunet's hawthorn 

fernaldii Sarg.; Crataegus laurentiana var. 

brunetiana (Sarg.) Kruschke; Crataegus 

laurentiana var fernaldii (Sarg ) Kruschke 

Crataegus levis Sarg. 

smooth hawthorn 

Crataegus lucorum Sarg. Crataegus insolens Sarg. grove hawthorn 

Crataegus lumaria Ashe Crataegus caesariata Sarg.; Crataegus thorny hawthorn 

chrysocarpa var. caesariata (Sarg.) Palmer; 

Crataegus macracantha Lodd. ex 

Loud var. macracantha 

Crataegus dodgei var. lumaria (Ashe) Sarg. 

Crataegus ferentaria Sarg.; Crataegus 

pellucidula Sarg.; Crataegus succulenta var. 

macracantha (Lodd. ex Loud) Egglest.; 

Crataegus stratfordensis 

Sarg 

long-thorned hawthorn

Crataegus macracantha Lodd. ex Crataegus dumicola Sarg.; Crataegus fertilis long-thorned hawthorn 

Loud var. occidentalis (Britt.) Sarg.; Crataegus fulgens Sarg.; Crataegus 

Egglest. 

rhombifolia Sarg.; Crataegus succulenta var. 

occidentalis Britt.; Crataegus succulenta var. 

rhombifolia (Sarg ) Egglest 

Crataegus macrosperma Ashe Crataegus ascendens Sarg.; Crataegus culta large-seeded hawthorn 

Sarg.; Crataegus florea Sarg.; Crataegus 

macrosperma var. acutiloba (Sarg.) Egglest.; 

Crataegus macrosperma var. matura (Sarg.) 

Egglest.; Crataegus macrosperma var. 

pentandra (Sarg.) Egglest.; Crataegus 

macrosperma var. roanensis (Ashe) Palmer; 

Crataegus matura Sarg.; Crataegus monstrata 

Sarg.; Crataegus napaea Sarg.; Crataegus 

paddockeae Sarg.; Crataegus pentandra Sarg.; 

Crataegus randiana Sarg.; Crataegus 

roanensis Ashe; Crataegus serena Sarg.; 

Crataegus monogyna Jacq. 

one-seeded hawthorn 

Crataegus oakesiana Egglest. Oakes' hawthorn 

Crataegus phaenopyrum (L. f.) Crataegus cordata Ait.; Crataegus populifolia Washington hawthorn 

Medik. 

Walt. 

Crataegus pisifera Sarg. Crataegus succulenta var. pisifera (Sarg.) pea hawthorn 

Kruschke 

Crataegus populnea Ashe Crataegus beckwithae Sarg.; Crataegus poplar hawthorn 

blandita Sarg.; Crataegus compta Sarg.; 

Crataegus damei Sarg.; Crataegus demissa 

Sarg.; Crataegus dissimilis Sarg.; Crataegus 

fuscosa Sarg.; Crataegus genialis Sarg.; 

Crataegus glaucophylla Sarg.; Crataegus 

gravis Ashe; Crataegus iracunda Beadle var. 

populnea (Ashe) Kruschke; Crataegus 

iracunda Beadle var. stolonifera (Ashe) 

Kruschke; Crataegus macrosperma var. 

demissa (Sarg.) Egglest.; Crataegus media 

Sarg., not Bechst.; Crataegus robbinsiana 

Crataegus pringlei Sarg. 

Crataegus exclusa Sarg.; Crataegus pringlei Pringle's hawthorn 

var. exclusa (Sarg.) Egglest. 

Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Crataegus caerulescens Sarg.; Crataegus frosted hawthorn 

Koch var. porteri (Britt.) Egglst. cognata Sarg.; Crataegus conjuncta Sarg.; 

Crataegus leiophylla Sarg.; Crataegus porteri 

Britt.; Crataegus porteri Britt. var. 

caerulescens (Sarg ) Palmer

Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. 

Koch var. pruinosa 

Crataegus festiva Sarg.; Crataegus littoralis 

Sarg.; Crataegus parvula Sarg.; Crataegus 

pequatorum Sarg.; Crataegus philadelphica 

Sarg.; Crataegus pruinosa var. latisepala 

(Ashe) Egglest.; Crataegus pruinosa var. 

leiophylla (Sarg.) J.B. Phipps; Crataegus 

pruinosa var. parvula (Sarg.) J.B. Phipps; 

Crataegus pruinosa var. philadelphica (Ashe) 

Crataegus punctata Jacq. var. 

l l dl f 

punctata 

Crataegus scabrida Sarg. Crataegus affinis Sarg.; Crataegus brainerdii 

var. scabrida (Sarg.) Egglest.; Crataegus 

frosted hawthorn 

dotted hawthorn 

scabrous hawthorn 

glabrata Sarg.; Crataegus picta Sarg. 

Crataegus schizophylla Egglest. cleft-leaved hawthorn 

Crataegus schuettei Ashe var. Crataegus alnorum Sarg.; Crataegus basilica royal hawthorn 

basilica (Beadle) J.B. Phipps Beadle; Crataegus contigua Sarg.; Crataegus 

declivus Ashe, unpublished name; Crataegus 

edsonii Sarg 

Crataegus stonei Sarg. 

Crataegus submollis Sarg. Crataegus arnoldiana Sarg.; Crataegus 

champlainensis Sarg.; Crataegus 

Crataegus succulenta Schrad. ex 

Link var. succulenta 

pennsylvanica Ashe 

Crataegus ambrosia Sarg.; Crataegus ardula 

Sarg.; Crataegus ferta Sarg.; Crataegus 

florifera Sarg.; Crataegus helenae Sarg.; 

Crataegus membranacea Sarg.; Crataegus 

Stone's hawthorn 

Quebec hawthorn 

fleshy hawthorn 

venulosa Sarg ; Crataegus virilis Sarg 

Crataegus umbratilis Sarg. 

shaded hawthorn 

Cydonia oblonga P. Mill. Cydonia vulgaris Pers.; Pyrus cydonia L. quince 

Dasiphora floribunda Raf. Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb. ssp. floribunda shrubby-cinquefoil 

(Pursh) Kartesz; Pentaphylloides floribunda 

(Pursh) A. Löve; Potentilla floribunda Pursh; 

Potentilla fruticosa L. ssp. floribunda (Pursh) 

Elkington 

Drymocallis arguta (Pursh) Rydb. Drymocallis agrimonioides (Pursh) Rydb.; 

Geum agrimonioides Pursh; Potentilla arguta 

Pursh 

Exochorda racemosa (Lindl.) Rehd. Amelanchier racemosa Lindl.; Exochorda 

Filipendula rubra (Hill) B.L. Robins. 

grandiflora (Hook.) Lindl. 

Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. Filipendula denudata (J. & K. Presl) Rydb., 

Filipendula ulmaria ssp. denudata (J. & K. 

Presl) Hayek; Filipendula ulmaria var. 

denudata (J. & K. Presl) Hayne ex Maxim.; 

tall wood-beauty 

common pearlbrush 

prairie dropwort 

meadow dropwort 

Spiraea ulmaria L 

Filipendula vulgaris Moench Filipendula hexapetala Gilib. ex Maxim. common dropwort

Fragaria ×ananasa Duchesne nssp. 

Ananasa 

Fragaria vesca L. ssp. americana 

Fragaria chiloensis (L.) P. Mill. × F. 


Fragaria americana 

(Porter) Britt.; Fragaria 

woodland strawberry 

(Porter) Staudt 

vesca var. americana Porter 

Fragaria vesca L. ssp. vesca Fragaria vesca var. alba (Ehrh.) Rydb. woodland strawberry 

Fragaria virginiana Duchesne ssp. Fragaria glauca (S. Wats.) Rydb.; Fragaria common strawberry 

glauca (S. Wats.) Staudt 

multicipita Fern.; Fragaria virginiana var. 

glauca S. Wats.; Fragaria virginiana var. 

Fragaria virginiana Duchesne ssp. 

grayana (Vilm. ex J. Gay) Staudt 

Fragaria virginiana Duchesne ssp. 


Geum aleppicum Jacq. ssp. strictum 

(Ait.) Clausen 

Geum canadense Jacq. var. canadense 

terrae-novae (Rydb ) Fern & Wieg 

Fragaria grayana Vilm. ex J. Gay; Fragaria 

virginiana var. illinoensis Gray 

Fragaria canadensis Michx.; Fragaria 

virginiana var. canadensis (Michx.) Farw. 

Geum aleppicum var. strictum (Ait.) Fern.; 

Geum strictum Ait. 

Geum canadense var. brevipes Fern.; Geum 

canadense var. camporum (Rydb.) Fern. & 

Weatherby; Geum canadense var. grimesii 

Virginian strawberry 

Virginian strawberry 

yellow avens 

white avens 

Fern & Weatherby 

Geum fragarioides (Michx.) 

Dalibarda fragarioides Michx.; Waldsteinia Appalachian barren-strawberry 

Smedmark 

fragarioides (Michx.) Tratt. 

Geum laciniatum Murr. var. 

floodplain avens 

laciniatum 

Geum laciniatum Murr. var. 

floodplain avens 

trichocarpum Fern. 

Geum macrophyllum Willd. 

large-leaved avens 

Geum peckii Pursh 

Acomastylis peckii (Pursh) Bolle; Geum White Mountain avens 

radiatum Michx. var. peckii (Pursh) Gray 

Geum ×pulchrum Fern. Geum macrophyllum × G. rivale ; Geum 

×pervale Boivin 

Geum rivale L. 

water avens 

Geum urbanum L. 

town avens 

Geum vernum (Raf.) Torr. & Gray Stylypus vernus Raf. spring avens 

Geum virginianum L. 

Geum flavum (Porter) Bickn.; Geum hirsutum cream-colored avens 

Muhl. ex Link 

Gillenia trifoliatus (L.) Moench Porteranthus trifoliata (L.) Britt. Bowman's-root 

Kerria japonica (L.) DC. Rubus japonicus L. Japanese-rose 

Malus ×arnoldiana (Rehd.) Rehd. Malus baccata × M. floribunda 

Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. Pyrus baccata L. Siberian crab apple 

Malus floribunda Sieb. ex Van Malus pulcherrima (Sieb.) Makino Japanese flowering crab apple 

Houtte 

Malus prunifolia (Willd.) Borkh. Pyrus prunifolia Willd. pear-leaved crab apple 

Malus pumila P. Mill. 

Malus domestica (Borkh.) Borkh.; Malus cultivated apple 

sylvestris , of American authors not P. Mill.; 

Pyrus pumila (P. Mill.) K. Koch 

Malus sieboldii (Regel) Rehd. Pyrus sieboldii Regel Toringo crab apple 

Malus ×soulardii (Bailey) Britt. Malus ioensis (Wood) Britt. × M. pumila 

Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim. Opulaster alabamensis Rydb.; Opulaster Atlantic ninebark 

opulifolius (L.) Kuntze; Spiraea opulifolia L.

Potentilla alba L. 

white cinquefoil 

Potentilla anglica Laicharding Potentilla procumbens Sibthorp English cinquefoil 

Potentilla argentea L. Potentilla argentea var. pseudocalabra T. Wolf silver-leaved cinquefoil 

Potentilla bimundorum Soják Potentilla multifida , of authors not L. stag-horn cinquefoil 

Potentilla canadensis L. Potentilla canadensis var. villosissima Fern.; dwarf cinquefoil 

Potentilla caroliniana Poir.; Potentilla 

pumila Poir. 

Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch. Tormentilla erecta L. erect cinquefoil 

Potentilla gracilis Doug. ex Hook. Potentilla longipedunculata Rydb.; Potentilla graceful cinquefoil 

var. gracilis 

macropetala Rydb. 

Potentilla inclinata Vill. Potentilla canescens Bess.; Potentilla 

ashy cinquefoil 

intermedia var. canescens (Bess.) Rupr. 

Potentilla indica (Andr.) T. Wolf Duchesnia indica (Andr.) Focke; Fragaria Indian-strawberry 

indica Andr. 

Potentilla intermedia L. 

downy cinquefoil 

Potentilla litoralis Rydb. Potentilla pectinata Raf.; Potentilla 

coast cinquefoil 

pensylvanica L. var. litoralis (Rydb.) Boivin; 

Potentilla pensylvanica L. var. pectinata (Raf.) 

Boivin; Potentilla pensylvanica L. var. 

virgulata (A. Nels.) T. Wolf; Potentilla 

Potentilla norvegica L. 

virgulata A Nels 

Potentilla monspeliensis L.; Potentilla Norwegian cinquefoil 

norvegica ssp. hirsuta (Michx.) Hyl.; 

Potentilla norvegica var. hirsuta (Michx.) 

Lehm.; Potentilla norvegica var. labradorica 

(Lehm.) Fern.; Potentilla norvegica ssp. 

Potentilla pulcherrima Lehm. 

monspeliensis (L ) Aschers & Graebn 

Potentilla camporum Rydb.; Potentilla soft cinquefoil 

gracilis var. pulcherrima (Lehm.) Fern. 

Potentilla recta L. 

Potentilla recta var. obscura (Nestler) W.D.J. sulphur cinquefoil 

Koch; Potentilla recta var. pilosa (Willd.) 

Ledeb.; Potentilla recta var. sulphurea (Lam. & 

DC ) Peyr 

Potentilla reptans L. 

creeping cinquefoil 

Potentilla rivalis Nutt. Potentilla millegrana Engelm. ex Lehm.; brook cinquefoil 

Potentilla pentandra Engelm.; Potentilla 

rivalis var. millegrana (Engelm. ex Lehm.) S. 

Wats.; Potentilla rivalis var. pentandra 

(Engelm ) S Wats 

Potentilla robbinsiana Oakes ex Potentilla hyparctica Malte ssp. robbinsiana Robbins' cinquefoil 

Rydb. 

(Oakes ex Rydb.) A. & D. Löve 

Potentilla simplex Michx. Potentilla simplex var. argyrisma Fern.; old-field cinquefoil 

Potentilla simplex var. calvescens Fern.; 

Potentilla simplex var. typica Fern. 

Potentilla verna L. Potentilla neumanniana , of authors not spring cinquefoil 

Reichenb.; Potentilla tabernaemontani 

Aschers.

Poteridium annuum (Nutt. ex Hook.) Poterium annum Nutt. ex Hook.; Sanguisorba prairie burnet 

Spach 

annua (Nutt. ex Hook.) Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray 

Poterium sanguisorba L. ssp. Poterium polygamum Waldst. & Kit.; 

salad burnet 

balearicum (Bourg. ex Nyman) Stace Sanguisorba minor Scop. ssp. balearica 

(Bourg. ex Nyman) M. Garm. & C. Navarro 

Prunus alleghaniensis Porter var. 

Allegheny plum 

alleghaniensis 

Prunus americana Marsh. 

American plum 

Prunus avium (L.) L. Cerasus avium (L.) Moench sweet cherry 

Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. 

cherry plum 

Prunus cerasus L. Cerasus vulgaris P. Mill. sour cherry 

Prunus domestica L. 

European plum 

Prunus hortulana Bailey 

Hortulan plum 

Prunus insititia L. Prunus domestica ssp. insititia (L.) Schneid.; Damson plum 

Prunus domestica var. insititia (L.) Boivin 

Prunus mahaleb L. 

Mahaleb cherry 

Prunus maritima Marsh. var. gravesii Prunus gravesii Small 

beach plum 

(Small) G.J. Anderson 

Prunus maritima Marsh. var. 

beach plum 

maritima 

Prunus nigra Ait. Prunus americana var. nigra (Ait.) Waugh Canada plum 

Prunus pensylvanica L. f. var. Cerasus pensylvanica (L. f.) Loisel. pin cherry 

pensylvanica 

Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Amygdalus persica L.; Persica vulgaris P. peach 

Mill. 

Prunus pumila L. var. depressa Prunus depressa Pursh 

dwarf sand plum 

(Pursh) Bean 

Prunus serotina Ehrh. var. serotina Padus serotina (Ehrh.) Borkh. black cherry 

Prunus serrulata Lindl. Cerasus serrulata (Lindl.) G. Don ex Loud. Japanese flowering cherry 

Prunus spinosa L. Prunus domestica var. spinosa (L.) Kuntze blackthorn plum 

Prunus susquehanae hort. ex Willd. Cerasus susquehanae (hort. ex Willd.) Sweet; Appalachian sand plum 

Prunus cuneata Raf.; Prunus pumila var. 

cuneata (Raf.) Bailey; Prunus pumila var. 

susquehanae (hort ex Willd ) Jaeger 

Prunus virginiana L. var. virginiana Padus virginiana (L.) P. Mill. choke cherry 

Pyrus calleryana Dcne. 

Bradford pear 

Pyrus communis L. 

common pear 

Rhodotypos scandens (Thunb.) Corchorus scandens Thunb. black jetbead 

Makino 

Rosa acicularis Lindl. ssp. sayi Rosa acicularis var. bourgeauiana (Crépin) bristly rose 

(Schwein.) W.H. Lewis 

Crépin; Rosa bourgeauiana Crépin; Rosa sayi 

Schwein. 

Rosa arkansana Porter Rosa arkansana var. suffulta (Greene) 

Cockerell; Rosa rydbergii Greene; Rosa 

Rosa blanda Ait. var. blanda 

suffulta Greene 

Rosa blanda var. glandulosa Schuette; Rosa 

prairie rose 

smooth rose 

subblanda Rydb. 

Rosa blanda Ait. var. glabra Crépin Rosa johannensis Fern. smooth rose 

Rosa canina L. Rosa canina var. dumetorum Baker dog rose

Rosa carolina L. ssp. carolina 

Rosa carolina L. ssp. subserrulata 

Rosa carolina var. deamii (Erlanson) Deam; 

Rosa carolina var. glandulosa (Crépin) Farw.; 

Rosa carolina var. villosa (Best) Rehd.; Rosa 

lyonii Pursh 

Rosa subserrulata 

Carolina rose 

(Rydb.) W.H. Lewis 

Rosa cinnamomea L. Rosa majalis Herrm. cinnamon rose 

Rosa gallica L. 

French rose 

Rosa glauca Pourret Rosa rubrifolia Vill. red-leaved rose 

Rosa luciae Franch. & Rochebr. ex Rosa wichuraiana Crépin memorial rose 

Crépin 

Rosa micrantha Borrer ex Sm. Rosa rubiginosa var. nemoralis (Léman) small-flowered sweet-briar rose 

Thory; Rosa rubiginosa var. micrantha (Sm.) 


Rosa mollis Sm. 

soft downy rose 

Rosa multiflora Thunb. ex Murr. 

rambler rose 

Rosa nitida Willd. 

shining rose 

Rosa ×novae-angliae W.H. Lewis Rosa carolina × R. virginiana 

Rosa ×palustriformis Rydb. Rosa arkansana × R. palustris ; Rosa 

×schuetteana Erlanson 

Rosa palustris Marsh. Rosa floridana Rydb. swamp rose 

Rosa rubiginosa L. Rosa eglanteria L. sweet-briar rose 

Rosa rugosa Thunb. 

beach rose 

Rosa rugosa × ? 

Dutch rose 

Rosa sempervirens L. 

evergreen rose 

Rosa setigera Michx. Rosa rubifolia R. Br. in Ait. f.; Rosa setigera climbing rose 

Michx. var. serena Palmer & Steyermark; Rosa 

Rydb. 

setigera Michx. var. tomentosa Torr. & Gray 

Rosa sherardii Davies 

Sherard's downy rose 

Rosa spinosissima L. Rosa pimpinellifolia L. Scotch rose 

Rosa virginiana P. Mill. 

Rosa carolina L. var. lucida (Ehrh.) Farw.; Virginia rose 

Rosa lucida Ehrh.; Rosa nanella Rydb.; Rosa 

virginiana var. lamprophylla (Rydb.) Fern.; 

Rosa virginiana formananella (Rydb ) Fern 

Rubus allegheniensis Porter Rubus allegheniensis var. gravesii Fern.; 

Rubus auroralis Bailey; Rubus fernaldianus 

Bailey; Rubus longissimus Bailey; Rubus 

nigrobaccus Bailey; Rubus pugnax Bailey; 

Rubus saltuensis Bailey; Rubus sativus 

Rubus allegheniensis × R. canadensis 

Brainerd 

common blackberry 

Rubus allegheniensis × R. 

elegantulus 

Rubus allegheniensis × R. flagellaris 

Rubus allegheniensis × R. frondosus 

Rubus rosa Bailey

Rubus allegheniensis × R. hispidus 


pensilvanicus 


recurvicaulis 

Rubus allegheniensis × R. setosus 

Rubus biformispinus Blanch.; Rubus electus 

Bailey; Rubus jactus Bailey; Rubus laevior 

(Bailey) Fern.; Rubus permixtus Blanch.; Rubus 

sanfordii Bailey 

Rubus alumnus Bailey; Rubus licitus Bailey; 

Rubus paulus Bailey 

Rubus abbrevians Blanch.; Rubus aculiferus 

Fern.; Rubus glandicaulis Blanch.; Rubus 

montpelierensis Blanch.; Rubus sceleratus 

Brainerd ex Fern. 


vermontanus 

Rubus ravus Bailey 

Rubus arenicola Blanch. Rubus alius Bailey; Rubus brainerdii Fern.; 

Rubus curtipes Bailey; Rubus janssonii 

Bailey; Rubus obsessus Bailey; Rubus pauper 

Bailey; Rubus perpauper Bailey; Rubus 

Rubus argutus Link 

Rubus bifrons Vest ex Tratt. 

Rubus canadensis L. 

Rubus canadensis × R. elegantulus 

Rubus canadensis × R. pensilvanicus 

prosper Bailey 

Rubus jugosus Bailey; Rubus paludivagus 

Fern. 

Rubus argutus var. randii (Bailey) Bailey; 

Rubus millspaughii Bailey; Rubus randii 

(Bailey) Rydb. 

sandy field blackberry 

southern blackberry 

twice-leaved blackberry 

smooth blackberry 

Rubus chamaemorus L. 

baked-apple-berry 

Rubus cuneifolius Pursh Rubus chapmanii Bailey; Rubus cuneifolius sand blackberry 

var. angustior Bailey; Rubus cuneifolius var. 

subellipticus Fern. 

Rubus dalibarda L. Dalibarda repens L.; Rubus repens (L.) Kuntze dewdrop 

Rubus discolor Weihe & Nees 

Rubus elegantulus Blanch. 

Rubus elegantulus × R. jaysmithii 

Rubus elegantulus × R. recurvicaulis 

Rubus procerus , of authors not P.J. Muell. ex 

Genev 

Rubus amicalis Blanch.; Rubus kennedyanus 

Fern.; Rubus multiformis Blanch. 

Himalayan blackberry 

showy blackberry 

Rubus elegantulus × R. setosus 

Rubus elegantulus × R. vermontanus 

Rhus multilicius Bailey 

Rubus enslenii Tratt. Rubus sempervirens Bigelow Enslen's blackberry 

Rubus enslenii × R. pensilvanicus 

Rubus enslenii × R. recurvicaulis 

Rubus flagellaris Willd. 

Rubus felix Bailey; Rubus geophilus Blanch.; northern blackberry 

Rubus maniseesensis 

Bailey

Rubus flagellaris × R. frondosus 

Rubus flagellaris × R. hispidus Rubus mainensis Bailey 

Rubus flagellaris × R. recurvicaulis 

Rubus frondosus Bigelow Rubus bellobatus Bailey; Rubus 

heterogeneous Bailey; Rubus insulanus 

Bailey; Rubus multispinus Blanch.; Rubus 

Rubus frondosus × R. hispidus 

Rubus frondosus × R. jaysmithii 

Rubus frondosus × R. recurvicaulis 

Rubus frondosus × R. semisetosus 

Rubus hispidus L. 

Rubus hispidus × R. jaysmithii 

Rubus hispidus × R. recurvicaulis 

Rubus hispidus × R. semisetosus 

Rubus hispidus × R. setosus 

recurvans Blanch 

Rubus cubitans Blanch.; Rubus pervarius 

(Bailey) Bailey; Rubus spiculosus 

Fern. 

Rubus adjacens Fern.; Rubus alter Bailey; 

Rubus blanchardianus Bailey; Rubus 

harmonicus Bailey; Rubus jacens Blanch.; 

Rubus pudens Bailey; Rubus rixosus Bailey; 

Rubus tholiformis Fern.; Rubus trifrons 

Blanch.; Rubus vigoratus Bailey 

Rubus hispidus × R. vermontanus Rubus viridifrons Bailey 

Rubus idaeus L. ssp. idaeus 

Rubus idaeus L. ssp. strigosus Batidea strigosa (Michx.) Greene; Rubus 

(Michx.) Focke 

idaeus var. aculeatissimus Regel & Tiling; 

Rubus idaeus var. canadensis Richards.; Rubus 

idaeus var. caudatus (Robins. & Schrenk) Fern.; 

Rubus idaeus var. egglestonii (Blanch.) Fern.; 

Rubus idaeus var. eucyclus Fern. & Weatherby; 

Rubus idaeus var. heterolasius Fern.; Rubus 

idaeus ssp. melanolasius (Dieck) 

Focke; Rubus idaeus ssp. sachalinensis (Levl.) 

Focke; Rubus melanolasius Dieck; Rubus 

strigosus Michx.; Rubus strigosus var. 

canadensis (Richards.) House 

leafy-flowered blackberry 

bristly blackberry 

red raspberry 

red raspberry 

Rubus illecebrosus Focke 

strawberry raspberry 

Rubus jaysmithii Bailey Rubus scambens Bailey; Rubus tetricus Bailey Smith's blackberry 

Rubus laciniatus Willd. 

cut-leaved blackberry 

Rubus ×neglectus Peck 

Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus × R. occidentalis 

Rubus occidentalis L. Rubus occidentalis var. pallidus Bailey black raspberry 

Rubus odoratus L. Rubacer columbianum (Millsp.) Rydb.; flowering raspberry 

Rubacer odoratum (L.) Rydb.; Rubus odoratus 

var. columbianus Millsp.; Rubus odoratus var. 

malachophyllus Fern 

Rubus parvifolius L. Rubus parviflorus var. triphyllus (Thunb.) 

Nakai; Rubus triphyllus 

Thunb. 

Japanese raspberry

Rubus pensilvanicus Poir. 

Rubus abactus Bailey; Rubus amnicola 

Blanch.; Rubus andrewsianus Blanch.; Rubus 

avipes Bailey; Rubus barbarus Bailey; Rubus 

conanicutensis Bailey; Rubus facetus Bailey; 

Rubus honorus Bailey; Rubus insons Bailey; 

Rubus orarius Blanch.; Rubus ostryifolius 

Rydb.; Rubus pergratus Blanch.; Rubus 

Rubus pensilvanicus × R. 

hil d l hi Bl h 

recurvicaulis 

Rubus pensilvanicus × R. 

vermontanus Rubus miscix Bailey; Rubus peculiaris Blanch. 

Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim. 

Rubus pubescens Raf. 

Cylactis pubescens (Raf.) W.A. Weber; Rubus 

pubescens var. pilosifolius A.F. Hill; Rubus 

triflorus Richards. 

Rubus recurvicaulis Blanch. Rubus arundelanus Blanch.; Rubus 

brevipedalis Bailey; Rubus coloniatus Bailey; 

Rubus plicatifolius Blanch.; Rubus positivus 

Bailey; Rubus rhodinsulanus Bailey; Rubus 

semierectus Blanch.; Rubus severus Brainerd; 

Rubus recurvicaulis × R. setosus 

Rubus recurvicaulis × R. 

vermontanus 

Rubus semisetosus Blanch. 

Rubus usus Bailey 

Rubus arcuans Fern. & St. John; Rubus 

bicknellii Bailey 

Rubus severus Brainerd ex Fern. 

Rubus ascendens Blanch.; Rubus bigelovianus 

Bailey; Rubus hispidoides Bailey; Rubus 

ortivus Bailey; Rubus perinvisus Bailey 

Pennsylvania blackberry 

wine raspberry 

dwarf raspberry 

arching blackberry 

northeastern blackberry 

Rubus semisetosus × R. vermontanus 

Rubus setosus Bigelow Rubus boottianus Bailey; Rubus frondisentus 

Blanch.; Rubus junior Bailey; Rubus lawrencei 

Bailey; Rubus nigricans Rydb.; Rubus notatus 

Bailey; Rubus significans Bailey; Rubus udus 

Bailey 

Rubus semisetosus × R. setosus 

Rubus setosus × R. vermontanus Rubus groutianus Blanch.; Rubus parlinii 

Bailey; Rubus univocus Bailey 

Rubus vermontanus Blanch. Rubus deaneanus Bailey; Rubus junceus 

Bailey; Rubus singulus Bailey; Rubus tardatus 

Blanch.; Rubus vermontanus var. viridiflorus 

setose blackberry 

Vermont blackberry 

Blanch 

Sanguisorba canadensis L. Canada burnet 

Sanguisorba officinalis L. Poterium officinale (L.) Gray; Sanguisorba great burnet 

officinalis var. polygama (F. Nyl.) Mela & A. 

Caj.; Sanguisorba polygama F. Nyl. 

Sibbaldia procumbens L. Potentilla sibbaldii Haller f. sibbaldia

Sibbaldia tridentata (Ait.) Paulé & Potentilla tridentata Ait.; Sibbaldiopsis 

Soják 

tridentata (Ait.) Rydb. 

×Sorbaronia fallax Scneid. Aronia melanocarpa × Sorbus aucuparia ; 

Sorbus ×fallax Schneid. 

×Sorbaronia hybrida (Moench) Aronia arbutifolia × Sorbus aucuparia ; Pyrus 

Scneid. 

×hybrida Moench 

Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Braun Schizonotus sorbifolius (L.) Lindl.; Spiraea 

three-toothed-cinquefoil 

false spiraea 

sorbifolia L. 

Sorbus alnifolia (Sieb. & Zucc.) K. Crataegus alnifolia Sieb. & Zucc.; Micromeles Korean mountain-ash 

Koch 

alnifolia Koehne 

Sorbus americana Marsh. Pyrus americana (Marsh) DC. American mountain-ash 

Sorbus aucuparia L. Pyrus aucuparia (L.) Gaertn. European mountain-ash 

Sorbus decora (Sarg.) Schneid. Pyrus americana (Marsh) DC. var. decora showy mountain-ash 

Sarg.; Pyrus decora (Sarg.) Hyl.; Pyrus decora 

(Sarg.) Hyl. var. groenlandica (Schneid.) Fern.; 

Sorbus decora var. groenlandica (Schneid.) 

G.N. Jones; Sorbus groenlandica (Schneid.) A. 

& D Löve 

Sorbus hybrida L. Pyrus pinnatifida Ehrh.; Sorbus fennica 

Spiraea alba Du Roi var. alba 

Spiraea alba Du Roi var. latifolia 

(Ait.) Dippel 

(Kalm) Fries 

Spiraea alba var. septentrionalis (Fern.) 

Seymour; Spiraea latifolia (Ait.) Borkh.; 

Spiraea latifolia (Ait.) Borkh. var. 

septentrionalis Fern.; Spiraea septentrionalis 

oak-leaved mountain-ash 

white meadowsweet 

white meadowsweet 

(Fern ) A & D Löve 

Spiraea chamaedryfolia L. Spiraea chamaedryfolia var. ulmifolia (Scop.) germander meadowsweet 

Maxim.; Spiraea ulmifolia Scop. 

Spiraea japonica L. f. var. fortunei Spiraea fortunei Planch. Japanese meadowsweet 

(Planch.) Rehd. 

Spiraea prunifolia Sieb. & Zucc. Spiraea prunifolia var. plena Schneid. bridalwreath meadowsweet 

Spiraea thunbergii Sieb. ex Blume 

Thunberg's meadowsweet 

Spiraea tomentosa L. Spiraea tomentosa var. rosea (Raf.) Fern. rosy meadowsweet 

Spiraea ×vanhouttei (Briott) Carr. Spiraea cantoniensis Lour. × S. trilobata L. 

Rubiaceae 

madder family 

Asperula arvensis L. 

blue woodruff 

Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Cephalanthus occidentalis var. pubescens Raf. common buttonbush 

Diodia teres Walt. var. teres 

Diodella teres (Walt.) Small; Diodia teres var. 

rough buttonweed 

setifera Fern. & Grisc. 

Diodia virginiana L. var. virginiana Diodia hirsuta Pursh; Diodia tetragona Walt. Virginia buttonweed 

Galium album L. 

Galium erectum Huds., in the sense of Huds. white bedstraw 

1778; Galium mollugo ssp. erectum (Huds.) 

Briq.; Galium mollugo var. erectum (Huds.) 

Domin

Galium aparine L. Galium aparine var. echinospermum (Wallr.) 

Farw.; Galium aparine ssp. spurium (L.) 

Simonkai; Galium aparine var. vaillantii (DC.) 

Koch; Galium spurium L.; Galium spurium L. 

var. echinospermum (Wallr.) Hayek; Galium 

spurium L. var. vaillantii (DC.) G. Beck; 

Galium asprellum Michx. 

Galium boreale L. ssp. boreale 

(Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Hara 

scratch bedstraw 

G li ill tii DC 

rough bedstraw 

Galium boreale var. hyssopifolium (Hoffmann) 

northern bedstraw 

DC.; Galium boreale var. intermedium DC.; 

Galium boreale var. linearifolium Rydb.; 

Galium boreale var. scabrum DC.; Galium 

boreale ssp. septentrionale (Roemer & J.A. 

Schultes) Iltis; Galium hyssopifolium 

Hoffmann; Galium septentrionale Roemer & J.A. 

Schultes 

Galium brevipes Fern. & Wieg. Galium trifidum ssp. brevipes (Fern. & Wieg.) 

A. & D. Löve 

Galium circaezans Michx. var. Galium circaezans var. glabrum Britt.; Galium 

circaezans 

circaezans var. typicum Fern.; Galium 

rotundifolium L. var. circaezans (Michx.) 

Kuntze 

Galium circaezans Michx. var. 

hypomalacum Fern. 

Galium divaricatum Pourret ex Lam. Galium anglicum Huds.; Galium parisiense L. 

ssp. anglicum (Huds.) Gaud.; Galium 

parisiense L. var. anglicum (Huds.) G. Beck; 

Galium parisiense L. var. divaricatum (Pourret 

limestone swamp bedstraw 

forest licorice bedstraw 

forest licorice bedstraw 

Lamarck's bedstraw 

ex Lam ) Vis 

Galium glaucum L. Asperula glauca (L.) Bess. waxy bedstraw 

Galium kamtschaticum Steller ex J.A. 

boreal bedstraw 

& J.H. Schultes 

Galium labradoricum (Wieg.) Wieg. Galium tinctorium var. labradoricum Wieg. northern bog bedstraw 

Galium lanceolatum Torr. Galium circaezans var. lanceolatum (Torr.) lance-leaved licorice bedstraw 

Torr. & Gray; Galium rotundifolium L. var. 

Galium mollugo L. 

Galium mollugo × G. verum ssp. verum 

lanceolatum (Torr.) Kuntze 

whorled bedstraw 

Galium obtusum Bigelow ssp. Galium obtusum var. ramosum Gleason; blunt-leaved bedstraw 

obtusum 

Galium trifidum var. latifolium Torr. 

Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. Asperula odorata L. sweet-scented bedstraw 

Galium palustre L. 

marsh bedstraw 

Galium pilosum Ait. var. pilosum Galium puncticulosum Michx. var. pilosum hairy bedstraw 

Galium pilosum Ait. var. 

puncticulosum (Michx.) Torr. & Gray 

(Ait.) DC. 

Galium punctatum Pers.; Galium 

puncticulosum Michx. 

hairy bedstraw

Galium ×pomeranicum Retz. 

Galium sylvaticum L. 

Galium tinctorium (L.) Scop. var. 

floridanum Wieg. 

Galium tinctorium (L.) Scop. var. 

tinctorium 

Galium album × G. verum ssp. verum ; Galium 

×ochroleucum Wolf ex Schweig. 

Galium tinctorium ssp. floridanum (Wieg.) 

Puff 

Asperula tinctoria L.; Galium trifidum ssp. 

tinctorium (L.) Hara; Galium trifidum var. 

wood bedstraw 

stiff three-petaled bedstraw 

stiff three-petaled bedstraw 

tinctorium (L.) Torr. & Gray 

Galium tricornutum Dandy Galium tricorne Stokes, in part rough-fruited bedstraw 

Galium trifidum L. ssp. halophilum Galium trifidum var. halophilum Fern. & Wieg. three-petaled bedstraw 

(Fern. & Wieg.) Puff 

Galium trifidum L. ssp. trifidum 

three-petaled bedstraw 

Galium triflorum Michx. Galium triflorum var. asprelliforme Fern. fragrant bedstraw 

Galium verum L. ssp. verum 

yellow bedstraw 

Galium verum L. ssp. wirtgenii (F.W. Galium wirtgenii F.W. Schultz yellow bedstraw 

Schultz) Oborny 

Houstonia caerulea L. 

Hedyotis caerulea (L.) Hook.; Houstonia little bluet 

caerulea var. faxinorum Pease & Moore 

Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. Hedyotis longifolia (Gaertn.) Hook.; Hedyotis long-leaved bluet 

longifolia (Gaertn.) Hook. var. tenuifolia 

(Nutt.) Torr. & Gray; Hedyotis purpurea (L.) 

Torr. & Gray var. longifolia (Gaertn.) Fosberg; 

Houstonia longifolia var. glabra Terrell; 

Houstonia longifolia var. tenuifolia (Nutt.) 

Wood; Houstonia tenuifolia Nutt.; 

Oldenlandia purpurea (L.) Gray var. tenuifolia 

Houstonia purpurea L. var. calycosa 

Gray 

Mitchella repens L. 

Rubia tinctoria L. 

Sherardia arvensis L. 

Rutaceae 

( ) G Ch 

Hedyotis lanceolata Poir.; Hedyotis purpurea 

(L.) Torr. & Gray var. calycosa (Gray) Fosberg; 

Houstonia calycosa (Gray) C. Mohr; 

Houstonia lanceolata 

(Poir ) Britt 

Dictamnus albus L. 

Phellodendron amurense Rupr. Phellodendron amurense var. sachalinense F. 

Schmidt; Phellodendron japonicum Maxim.; 

Phellodendron sachalinense (F. Schmidt) Sarg. 

Ptelea trifoliata L. ssp. trifoliata var. 

trifoliata 

Ruta graveolens L. 

Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill. 

Salicaceae 

Ptelea baldwinii Torr. & Gray 

large bluet 

partridge-berry 

madder 

blue field-madder 

rue family 

gasplant 

Amur corktree 

common hoptree 

common rue 

common prickly-ash 

willow family 

Populus alba L. Populus alba var. bolleana Lauche white poplar 

Populus balsamifera L. ssp. Populus balsamifera var. candicans (Ait.) balsam poplar 

balsamifera 

Gray

Populus ×canescens (Ait.) J.E. Smith 

Populus alba L. × P. tremula 

Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. 

var. deltoides 

Populus angulata Ait.; Populus angulata Ait. 

var. missouriensis A. Henry; Populus 

balsamifera var. missouriensis (A. Henry) 

Rehd.; Populus deltoides var. angulata (Ait.) 

Sarg.; Populus deltoides var. missouriensis (A. 

Henry) A. Henry; Populus deltoides var. pilosa 

necklace poplar 

(Sarg ) Sudworth 

Populus grandidentata Michx. Populus grandidentata var. angustata Victorin big-toothed poplar 

Populus ×heimburgeri Boivin Populus alba × P. tremuloides 

Populus heterophylla L. Populus argentea Michx. f. swamp poplar 

Populus ×jackii Sarg. Populus balsamifera × P. deltoides ; Populus 

×gileadensis Rouleau 

Populus nigra L. Populus italica (Du Roi) Moench; Populus black poplar 

nigra var. italica Du Roi 

Populus ×rouleauiana Boivin Populus alba × P. grandidentata 

Populus ×smithii Boivin Populus grandidentata × P. tremuloides 

Populus tremula L. 

European poplar 

Populus tremuloides Michx. Populus tremula ssp. tremuloides (Michx.) A. quaking poplar 

& D. Löve; Populus tremuloides var. 

Salix alba L. 

magnifica Victorin 

Salix alba ssp. caerulea (Sm.) Rechinger f.; 

Salix alba var. caerulea (Sm.) Sm.; Salix alba 

var. calva G.F.W. Mey.; Salix alba ssp. 

vitellina (L.) Arcang.; Salix alba var. vitellina 

(L ) Stokes; Salix vitellina L 

Salix amygdaloides Anderss. 

Salix arctophila Cockerell ex Heller Salix arctica Liebm.; Salix arctophila var. 

lejocarpa (Anderss.) Schneid.; Salix 

groenlandica Lundstr.; Salix groenlandica 

white willow 

peach-leaved willow 

northern willow 

Lundstr var lejocarpa (Anderss ) Lange 

Salix argyrocarpa Anderss. Salix argyrocarpa var. denudata Anderss. Labrador willow 

Salix aurita L. 

eared willow 

Salix bebbiana Sarg. 

Salix bebbiana var. capreifolia (Fern.) Fern.; long-beaked willow 

Salix bebbiana var. projecta (Fern.) Schneid.; 

Salix rostrata Richards.; Salix rostrata 

Richards. var. capreifolia Fern.; Salix rostrata 

Richards. var. projecta Fern.; Salix starkeana 

Willd. ssp. bebbiana (Sarg.) Youngberg; Salix 

vagans Hook. f. ex Anderss. var. occidentalis 

Anderss.; Salix vagans Hook. f. ex Anderss. var. 

Salix bebbiana × S. petiolaris 

Salix ×bebbii Anderss. 

Salix ×beschelii Boivin 

Salix candida Fluegge ex Willd. 

( i h d ) A d 

Salix eriocephala × S. sericea 

Salix bebbiana × S. discolor 

Salix candida var. denudata Anderss.; Salix 

candida var. tomentosa Anderss. 

sage willow

Salix candida × S. petiolaris 

Salix caprea L. 

Salix cinerea L. ssp. cinerea 

Salix cinerea L. ssp. oleifolia (Sm.) 

Macreight 

Salix ×conifera Wangenh. 

Salix ×cryptodonta Fern. 

Salix atrocinerea Brot.; Salix cinerea ssp. 

atrocinerea (Brot.) Guinier 

Salix discolor × S. humilis ; Salix discolor var. 

latifolia Anderss. 

Salix bebbiana × S. candida 

goat willow 

gray willow 

gray willow 

Salix discolor Muhl. Salix ancorifera Fern. pussy willow 

Salix discolor × S. eriocephala 

Salix elaeagnos Scop. Salix incana Schrank hoaring willow 

Salix eriocephala Michx. ssp. 

eriocephala var. eriocephala 

Salix cordata Muhl.; Salix cordata Michx. var. 

abrasa Fern.; Salix cordata Michx. var. rigida 

(Muhl.) Boivin; Salix cordata Muhl. var. ridiga 

(Muhl.) Carey; Salix cordata Muhl. var. 

missouriensis (Bebb) Mackenzie & Bush; Salix 

discolor Muhl. var. eriocephala (Michx.) 

heart-leaved willow 

Anderss.; Salix missouriensis Bebb; Salix 

Salix eriocephala × S. petiolaris 

Salix exigua Nutt. ssp. interior 

(Rowlee) Cronq. 

iid 

Mhl 

Salix exigua var. exterior (Fern.) C.F. Reed; 

Salix exigua var. pedicellata (Anderss.) Cronq.; 

Salix exigua var. sericans (Nees) Nesom; Salix 

fluviatilis Nutt. var. sericans (Nees) Boivin; 

Salix interior Rowlee; Salix interior Rowlee 

var. exterior Fern.; Salix interior Rowlee var. 

pedicellata (Anderss.) C. R. Ball; Salix interior 

Rowlee var. wheeleri Rowlee; Salix longifolia 

Muhl.; Salix longifolia Muhl. var. interior 

(Rowlee) M.E. Jones; Salix longifolia Muhl. 

var. sericans Nees; Salix longifolia Muhl. var. 

wheeleri (Rowlee) C. K. Schneider; Salix 

wheeleri (Rowlee) Rydb. 

Salix ×fragilis L. 

Salix alba × S. euxina ; Salix ×rubens Schrank 

nothovar. basfordiana (Scaling ex Salter) 

Meikle 

Salix ×grayii Schneid. Salix argyrocarpa × S. planifolia 

Salix herbacea L. 

Salix humilis Marsh. 

Salix conifera Muhl.; Salix humilis var. 

angustifolia (Barratt) Anderss.; Salix 

muehlenbergiana Willd. var. angustifolia 

Barratt; Salix tristis Ait. var. glabrata 

Salix ×jesupii Fern. 

(Anderss ) Anderss 

Salix alba × S. lucida 

sandbar willow 

snow-bed willow 

prairie willow

Salix lucida Muhl. ssp. lucida 

Salix myricoides Muhl. var. 

myricoides 

Salix nigra Marsh. 

Salix occidentalis Walt. 

Salix lucida var. angustifolia (Anderss.) 

Anderss.; Salix lucida var. intonsa Fern.; Salix 

lucida var. latifolia (Anderss.) Anderss.; Salix 

pentandra var. lucida (Muhl.) Kuntze 

Salix cordata Michx. var. glaucophylla Bebb; 

Salix cordata Michx. var. myricoides (Muhl.) 

Carey; Salix glaucophylla (Bebb) Bebb; Salix 

glaucophylloides Fern.; Salix glaucophylloides 

Fern. var. glaucophylla (Bebb) Schneid. 

Salix denudata Raf.; Salix falcata Pursh; Salix 

nigra var. brevifolia Anderss.; Salix nigra var. 

falcata (Pursh) Torr. 

Salix humilis var. microphylla (Anderss.) Fern.; 

Salix humilis var. tristis (Ait.) Griggs; Salix 

muehlenbergiana Willd.; Salix tristis Ait.; 

Salix tristis Ait. var. microphylla Anderss. 

shining willow 

bayberry willow 

black willow 

dwarf prairie willow 

Salix ×peasei Fern. 

Salix herbacea × S. uva -ursi 

Salix pedicellaris Pursh Salix myrtilloides L. var. hypoglauca (Fern.) 

Ball; Salix myrtilloides L. var. pedicellaris 

(Pursh) Anderss.; Salix pedicellaris var. 

hypoglauca Fern.; Salix pedicellaris var. 

tenuescens Fern 

Salix pellita (Anderss.) Anderss. ex Salix chlorophylla Anderss. var. pellita 

Schneid. 

Anderss.; Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong. var. 

pellita (Anderss.) Jepson 

Salix ×pendulina Wenderoth Salix babylonica L. × S. euxina 

Salix pentandra L. 

Salix petiolaris Sm. Salix gracilis Anderss.; Salix gracilis Anderss. 

var. textoris Fern.; Salix petiolaris var. 

angustifolia Anderss.; Salix petiolaris var. 

gracilis (Anderss.) Anderss.; Salix petiolaris 

var. subsericea Anderss.; Salix sericea var. 

subsericea (Anderss.) Rydb.; Salix subsericea 

Salix planifolia Pursh ssp. planifolia 

(Anderss ) Schneid 

Salix chlorophylla Anderss.; Salix 

chlorophylla Anderss. var. nelsonii (Ball) 

Flod.; Salix nelsonii Ball; Salix phylicifolia L. 

ssp. planifolia (Pursh) Hiitonen; Salix 

planifolia var nelsonii (Ball) Ball ex EC Sm 

Salix purpurea L. 

Salix pyrifolia Anderss. Salix balsamifera (Hook.) Barratt ex Anderss.; 

Salix balsamifera (Hook.) Barratt ex Anderss. 

var. lanceolata Bebb; Salix cordata Muhl. var. 

balsamifera Hook.; Salix pyrifolia var. 

lanceolata (Bebb) Fern 

Salix ×rubella Bebb 

Salix candida × S. eriocephala 

bog willow 

satiny willow 

laurel willow 

meadow willow 

tea-leaved willow 

basket willow 

balsam willow

Salix ×sepulcralis Semonkai Salix alba × S. babylonica L. 

Salix ×sericans Tausch ex Kern. Salix caprea × S. viminalis 

Salix sericea Marsh. 

Salix coactilis Fern.; Salix grisea Willd.; Salix 

petiolaris var. grisea (Willd.) Torr.; Salix 

Salix serissima (Bailey) Fern. 

Salix uva-ursi Pursh 

petiolaris var. sericea (Marsh.) Anderss. 

Salix arguta Anderss. var. pallescens Anderss.; 

Salix lucida var. serissima Bailey 

Salix cutleri Tuckerman; Salix cutleri 

Tuckerman var. labradorica (Anderss.) Anderss. 

silky willow 

autumn willow 

bearberry willow 

Salix viminalis L. 

Sapindaceae 

Acer campestre L. 

Acer ×freemanii Murray 

Acer ginnala Maxim. 

Acer negundo L. var. negundo 

Acer negundo L. var. violaceum 

(Kirchn.) Jaeger 

Acer nigrum Michx. f. 

Acer rubrum × A. saccharinum 

Negundo aceroides (L.) Moench; Negundo 

negundo (L.) Karst. 

Acer violaceum (Kirchn.) Simonkai; Negundo 

aceroides (L.) Moench ssp. violaceum (Kirchn.) 

W.A. Weber; Negundo aceroides (L.) Moench 

var violaceum Kirchn 

Acer saccharum ssp. nigrum (Michx. f.) 

Desmarais; Acer saccharum var. nigrum 

(Michx. f.) Britt.; Saccharodendron nigrum 

osier willow 

soapberry family 

hedge maple 

Amur maple 

ash-leaved maple 

ash-leaved maple 

black maple 

(Michx f ) Small 

Acer palmatum Thunb. 

Japanese maple 

Acer pensylvanicum L. 

striped maple 

Acer platanoides L. Acer platanoides var. schwedleri Nichols. Norway maple 

Acer pseudoplatanus L. 

sycamore maple 

Acer rubrum L. Acer carolinianum Walt.; Acer rubrum var. red maple 

tridens Wood; Acer stenocarpum Britt.; 

Rufacer rubrum (L.) Small; Rufacer 

Acer saccharinum L. 

Acer saccharum Marsh. var. 

saccharum 

carolinianum (Walt ) Small 

Acer dasycarpum Ehrh.; Acer saccharinum var. silver maple 

laciniatum Pax; Argentacer saccharinum (L.) 

Small 

Acer nigrum var. glaucum (F. Schmidt) sugar maple 

Fosberg; Acer nigrum var. saccharophorum (K. 

Koch) Clausen; Acer saccharum var. glaucum 

(F. Schmidt) Sarg.; Saccharodendron 

saccharum (Marsh ) Moldenke 

Acer spicatum Lam. 

mountain maple 

Acer tataricum L. 

Tatarian maple 

Aesculus glabra Willd. 

Ohio buckeye 

Aesculus hippocastanum L. 

horse-chestnut 

Cardiospermum halicacabum L. 

balloon-vine 

Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. golden rain-tree 

Sarraceniaceae 

pitcherplant family

Sarracenia purpurea L. ssp. 

purpurea 

Saxifragaceae 

Sarracenia heterophylla Eat.; Sarracenia 

pupurea var. heterophylla (Eat.) Torr. 

Chrysosplenium americanum Schwein. 

ex Hook. 

Heuchera americana L. var. 

americana 

Micranthes foliolosa (R. Br.) Hydatica foliolosa (R. Br.) Small; Saxifraga 

Gornall 

foliolosa R. Br.; Saxifraga stellaris L. var. 

comosa Poir.; Spatularia foliolosa (R. Br.) 

purple pitcherplant 

saxifrage family 

golden-saxifrage 

common alum-root 

naked-bulbil small-floweredsaxifrage 

Small 

Micranthes pensylvanica (L.) Haw. Saxifraga forbesii Vasey; Saxifraga 

swamp small-flowered-saxifrage 

pensylvanica L.; Saxifraga pensylvanica L. var. 

forbesii (Vasey) Engl. & Irmsch.; Saxifraga 

pensylvanica L. var. purpuripetala (A.M. 

Johnson) Bush 

Micranthes virginiensis (Michx.) Saxifraga virginiensis Michx. early small-flowered-saxifrage 

Small 

Mitella diphylla L. Mitella oppositifolia Rydb. two-leaved bishop's-cap 

Mitella nuda L. 

naked bishop's-cap 

Mitella prostrata Michx. prostrate bishop's-cap 

Saxifraga aizoides L. Leptasea aizoides (L.) Haw. yellow mountain saxifrage 

Saxifraga cernua L. 

nodding saxifrage 

Saxifraga oppositifolia L. ssp. Antiphylla oppositifolia (L.) Fourr. purple mountain saxifrage 

oppositifolia 

Saxifraga paniculata P. Mill. ssp. Chondrosea paniculata (P. Mill.) A. Löve ssp. white mountain saxifrage 

neogaea (Butters) D. Löve 

neogaea (Butters) A. Löve; Saxifraga aizoon 

Jacq. ssp. neogaea (Butters) A. & D. Löve; 

Saxifraga aizoon Jacq var neogaea Butters 

Saxifraga rivularis L. ssp. rivularis Saxifraga debilis Engelm. ex Gray; Saxifraga 

hyperborea R. Br. ssp. debilis (Engelm. ex 

Gray) A. & D. Löve & Kapoor; Saxifraga 

rivularis ssp. flexuosa (Sternb.) Gjaerev.; 

Saxifraga rivularis var. debilis (Engelm. ex 

Gray) Dorn; Saxifraga rivularis var. flexuosa 

alpine-brook saxifrage 

(Sternb ) Engl & Irmsch 

Tiarella cordifolia L. var. cordifolia foam-flower 

Scrophulariaceae 

figwort family 

Buddleja davidii Franch. 

Limosella australis R. Br. Limosella aquatica L. var. tenuifolia Hoffman; 

orange-eye butterfly-bush 

Atlantic mudwort 

Limosella subulata Ives 

Scrophularia lanceolata Pursh Scrophularia leporella Bickn.; Scrophularia pect lance-leaved figwort 

Scrophularia marilandica L. eastern figwort 

Scrophularia nodosa L. woodland figwort 

Verbascum blattaria L. 

moth mullein 

Verbascum densiflorum Bertol. Verbascum thapsiforme Schrad. dense-flowered mullein 

Verbascum lychnitis L. 

white mullein 

Verbascum nigrum L. 

black mullein 

Verbascum phlomoides L. 

orange mullein

Verbascum thapsus L. 

Simaroubaceae 

common mullein 

tree-of-heaven family 

Ailanthus altissima (P. Mill.) Swingle Ailanthus glandulosa Desv. tree-of-heaven 

Solanaceae 

Browallia americana L. 

Datura inoxia P. Mill. 

Datura stramonium L. 

Datura meteloides , of authors not Dunal, in 

part 

Datura inermis Juss. ex Jacq.; Datura 

stramonium var. inermis (Juss. ex Jacq.) Fern.; 

Datura stramonium var. tatula (L.) Torr.; 

nightshade family 

Jamaican-forget-me-not 

downy thorn-apple 

thorn-apple 

Datura tatula L 

Datura wrightii Regel 

sacred thorn-apple 

Hyoscyamus niger L. 

black henbane 

Leucophysalis grandiflora (Hook.) Chamaesaracha grandiflora (Hook.) Fern.; large false ground-cherry 

Rydb. 

Physalis grandiflora Hook. 

Lycium barbarum L. Lycium halimifolium P. Mill. matrimony-vine 

Lycium chinense P. Mill. 

Chinese matrimony-vine 

Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. Atropa physalodes L.; Physalodes physalodes apple-of-Peru 

(L.) Britt. 

Nicotiana alata Link & Otto Nicotiana affinis T. Moore; Nicotiana alata Jasmine tobacco 

var. grandiflora Comes 

Nicotiana langsdorffii Schrank flowering tobacco 

Nicotiana longiflora Cav. long-flowered tobacco 

Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh var. Nicotiana bigelovii (Torr.) S. Wats. Indian tobacco 

bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf 

Nicotiana rustica L. 

Aztec tobacco 

Nicotiana ×sanderae hort. ex W. Nicotiana alata × N. forgetiana hort. ex 

Wats. 

Hemsley 

Nicotiana tabacum L. 

cultivated tobacco 

Petunia ×atkinsiana D. Don ex W.H. Petunia axillaris × P. integrifolia ; Petunia 

Baxter 

×hybrida Vilm. 

Petunia axillaris (Lam.) B.S.P. 

garden petunia 

Petunia integrifolia (Hook.) Schinz & Petunia violaceae Lindl. 

violet-flowered petunia 

Thellung 

Physalis alkekengi L. 

strawberry ground-cherry 

Physalis angulata L. Physalis angulata var. lanceifolia (Nees) cut-leaved ground-cherry 

Waterfall; Physalis angulata var. pendula 

(Rydb.) Waterfall; Physalis lanceifolia Nees; 

Physalis grisea (Waterfall) M. 

Martinez 

Physalis heterophylla Nees var. 

heterophylla 

Physalis pendula Rydb 

Physalis pruinosa , of authors not L.; Physalis 

pubescens L. var. grisea Waterfall 

Physalis ambigua (Gray) Britt.; Physalis 

heterophylla var. ambigua (Gray) Rydb.; 

Physalis heterophylla var. clavipes Fern.; 

Physalis heterophylla var. nyctaginea (Dunal) 

Rydb.; Physalis heterophylla var. villosa 

Waterfall; Physalis nyctaginea Dunal; Pysalis 

i t Rydb 

downy ground-cherry 

clammy ground-cherry

Physalis longifolia Nutt. var. Physalis subglabrata Mackenzie & Bush; long-leaved ground-cherry 

subglabrata (Mackenzie & Bush) Physalis virginiana var. subglabrata 

Cronq. 

(Mackenzie & Bush) Waterfall 

Physalis philadelphica Lam. var. Physalis ixocarpa , of authors not Brot. ex Mexican ground-cherry 

immaculata Waterfall 

Hornem. 

Physalis pubescens L. var. 

Physalis hirsuta Dunal var. integrifolia Dunal hairy ground-cherry 

integrifolia (Dunal) Waterfall 

Physalis virginiana P. Mill. var. Physalis intermedia Rydb.; Physalis 

Virginia ground-cherry 


monticola C. Mohr 

Salpiglossis sinuata Ruiz & Pavón paintedtongue 

Solanum carolinense L. var. 

Carolina nightshade 

carolinense 

Solanum citrullifolium A. Braun var. 

watermelon nightshade 

citrullifolium 

Solanum dulcamara L. var. 

climbing nightshade 

dulcamara 

Solanum dulcamara L. var. 

climbing nightshade 

villosissimum Desv. 

Solanum lycopersicon L. var. Lycopersicon esculentum P. Mill.; 

garden tomato 

lycopersicon 

Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karst. ex Farw. 

Solanum melongena L. 

eggplant 

Solanum nigrum L. ssp. nigrum 

European black nightshade 

Solanum physalifolium Rusby var. Solanum sarrachoides , of authors not Sendtner ground-cherry nightshade 

nitidibaccatum (Bitter) Edmonds 

Solanum pseudocapsicum L. 

Jerusalem-cherry nightshade 

Solanum ptycanthum Dunal Solanum americanum , of authors not P. Mill. eastern black nightshade 

Solanum rostratum Dunal Androcera rostrata (Dunal) Rydb.; Solanum horned nightshade 

cornutum , of authors not Lam. 

Solanum sysimbriifolium Lam. 

sticky nightshade 

Solanum triflorum Nutt. 

cut-leaved nightshade 

Solanum tuberosum L. 

Irish potato 

Solanum villosum L. Solanum nigrum var. villosum L. hairy nightshade 

Staphyleaceae 

bladdernut family 

Staphylea trifolia L. 

Styracaceae 

Halesia carolina L. 

Symplocaceae 

Symplocos paniculata (Thunb.) Miq. 

Tamaricaceae 

Myrtus chinensis Lour.; Prunus paniculata 

Thunb.; Symplocos chinensis (Lour.) Druce 

American bladdernut 

storax family 

Carolina silverbell 

sweetleaf family 

Asiatic sweetleaf 

tamarisk family 

Tamarix parviflora DC. Tamarix tetrandra , of authors not Pallas small-flowered tamarisk 

Theophrastaceae 

theophrasta family 

Samolus valerandi L. ssp. parviflorus 

(Raf.) Hultén 

Thymelaeaceae 

Daphne cneorum L. 

Samolus floribundus 

parviflorus Raf. 

Kunth; Samolus 

seaside brookweed 

mezereum family 

rose daphne

Daphne mezereum L. 

Dirca palustris L. 

Tropaeolaceae 

Tropaeolum majus L. 

Ulmaceae 

February daphne 

eastern leatherwood 

nasturtium family 

garden-nasturtium 

elm family 

Ulmus americana L. 

American elm 

Ulmus glabra Huds. 

Scotch elm 

Ulmus procera Salisb. Ulmus campestris L., in part; Ulmus minor , of English elm 

authors not P. Mill. 

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. 

Chinese elm 

Ulmus pumila L. 

Siberian elm 

Ulmus rubra Muhl. Ulmus fulva Michx. slippery elm 

Ulmus thomasii Sarg. 

rock elm 

Urticaceae 

nettle family 

Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. Urtica cylindrica L. small-spiked false nettle 

Laportea canadensis (L.) Weddell Urtica canadensis L.; Urticastrum 

Canada wood-nettle 

divaricatum (L.) Kuntze 

Parietaria judaica L. 

spreading pellitory 

Parietaria pensylvanica Muhl. ex Parietaria obtusa Rydb. ex Small; Parietaria Pennsylvania pellitory 

Willd. 

occidentalis Rydb.; Parietaria pensylvanica 

var. obtusa (Rydb. ex Small) Shinners 

Pilea fontana (Lunell) Rydb. Adicea fontana Lunell; Pilea opaca (Lunnell) lesser clearweed 

Rydb. 

Pilea pumila (L.) Gray var. pumila Adicea pumila (L.) Raf.; Urtica pumila L. Canada clearweed 

Urtica dioica L. ssp. dioica Urtica gracilis Ait. var. latifolia Farw. stinging nettle 

Urtica dioica L. ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Urtica dioica var. angustifolia Schlecht.; stinging nettle 

Seland. 

Urtica dioica var. gracilis (Ait.) C.L. Hitchc.; 

Urtica dioica var. procera (Muhl. ex Willd.) 

Weddell; Urtica gracilis Ait.; Urtica procera 

Urtica urens L. 

Verbenaceae 

Muhl ex Willd ; Urtica viridis 

Rydb 

Glandularia canadensis (L.) Nutt. Glandularia drummondii (Lindl.) Small; 

Glandularia lambertii (Sims) Small; Verbena 

canadensis (L.) Britt.; Verbena canadensis (L.) 

Britt. var. lambertii (Sims) Thellung; Verbena 

burning nettle 

verbena family 

rose mock-vervain 

lambertii Sims 

Verbena ×blanchardii Moldenke Verbena hastata × V. simplex 

Verbena bracteata Lag. & Rodr. Verbena bracteosa Michx. prostrate vervain 

Verbena ×engelmannii Moldenke Verbena hastata × V. urticifolia 

Verbena hastata L. var. hastata 

blue vervain 

Verbena hispida (Ruiz & Pavón) Ruiz Glandularia hispida Ruiz & Pavón hairy mock-vervain 

& Pavón 

Verbena incompta P.W. Michael Verbena bonariensis , of authors not L., common clasping vervain 

Verbena bonariensis L. var. brevibracteata 

Kuntze 

Verbena officinalis L. 

European vervain

Verbena ×rydbergii Moldenke Verbena hastata × V. stricta ; Verbena 

×paniculatistricata Engelm. 

Verbena simplex Leym. Verbena angustifolia Michx. narrow-leaved vervain 

Verbena stricta Vent. 

hoary vervain 

Verbena urticifolia L. var. leiocarpa 

white vervain 

Perry & Fern 

Verbena urticifolia L. var. urticifolia Verbena urticifolia var. incarnata (Raf.) white vervain 

Moldenke; Verbena urticifolia var. simplex 

Farw. 

Violaceae 

violet family 

Hybanthus concolor (T.F. Forst.) Cubelium concolor (T.F. Forst.) Raf.; Viola green-violet 

Spreng. 

concolor T.F. Forst. 

Viola adunca Sm. var. adunca Viola arenaria DC., in the sense of early hook-spurred violet 

American authors; Viola aduncoides A. & D. 

Löve; Viola subvestita Greene 

Viola adunca × V. labradorica 

Viola affinis Le Conte Viola latiuscula Greene; Viola sororia ssp. Le Conte's violet 

affinis (Le Conte) R.J. Little; Viola sororia var. 

affinis (Le Conte) McKinney 

Viola arvensis Murr. Viola tricolor var. arvensis (Murr.) Boiss. European field violet 

Viola blanda Willd. var. blanda 

sweet white violet 

Viola blanda Willd. var. 

Viola incognita Brainerd; Viola incognita sweet white violet 

palustriformis Gray 

Brainerd var. forbesii Brainerd 

Viola ×bissellii House 

Viola cucullata × V. sororia ; V. ×conturbita 

House 

Viola brittoniana Pollard Viola atlantica Britt.; Viola pedatifida G. Don coast violet 

ssp. brittoniana (Pollard) McKinney 

Viola brittoniana × V. lanceolata 

Viola brittoniana × V. pectinata 

Viola canadensis L. var. canadensis 

Canada white violet 

Viola ×conjugens Greene Viola sagittata var. ovata × V. sagittata var. 

sagittata 

Viola ×consocia House 

Viola affinis × V. cucullata 

Viola ×convicta House Viola sagittata var. ovata × V. subsinuata 

Viola cucullata Ait. 

Viola cucullata var. microtitis Brainerd; Viola blue marsh violet 

obliqua Hill 

Viola ×eclipes H.E. Ballard Viola labradorica × V. striata 

Viola ×fernaldii House Viola sagittata var. ovata × V. sororia ; Viola 

×parca House 

Viola ×filicetorum Greene 

Viola affinis × V. sororia ; Viola 

×champlainensis House; Viola ×columbiana 

House 

Viola ×greenmanii House Viola cullulata × V. palmata 

Viola hirsutula Brainerd 

southern woodland violet 

Viola ×hollickii House 

Viola affinis × V. sagittata var. ovata 

Viola ×insessa House 

Viola cucullata × V. nephrophylla 

Viola ×insolita House Viola brittoniana × V. sororia 

Viola japonica Langsd. ex Ging. 

Japanese violet

Viola labradorica Schrank 

Viola adunca var. minor (Hook.) Fern.; Viola 

conspersa Reichenb. 

Viola lanceolata L. ssp. lanceolata 

Viola ×malteana House Viola labradorica × V. rostrata 

Viola ×mulfordae Pollard Viola brittoniana × V. sagittata var. ovata 

Viola ×napae House Viola nephrophylla × V. sororia 

Viola nephrophylla Greene 

Viola ×notabilis Bickn. Viola brittoniana × V. cucullata 

Viola novae-angliae House 

Viola sororia var. novae-angliae (House) 

McKinney 

Viola odorata L. 

Viola pallens (Banks ex DC.) Viola macloskeyi Lloyd ssp. pallens (Banks ex 

Brainerd 

DC.) M.S. Baker; Viola rotundifolia var. 

pallens Banks ex DC. 

Viola palmata L. 

Viola palmata var. dilatata Ell.; Viola triloba 

Schwein. 

Viola palustris L. var. palustris 

Viola pectinata Bickn. Viola brittoniana var. pectinata (Bickn.) 

Alexander 

Viola pedata L. 

Viola pedata var. concolor Holm ex Brainerd; 

Viola pedata var. lineariloba DC. 

Viola ×populifolia Greene 

Viola palmata × V. sororia 

Viola ×porteriana Pollard 

Viola cucullata × V. sagittata var. ovata 

Viola primulifolia L. Viola primulifolia var. acuta (Bigelow) Torr. & 

Gray 

Viola pubescens Ait. var. pubescens Viola eriocarpon (Nutt.) Schwein.; Viola 

pensylvanica Michx.; Viola pubescens var. 

Viola pubescens Ait. var. 

scabriuscula Torr. & Gray 

eriocarpon Nutt. 

Viola eriocarpon (Nutt.) Schwein. var. 

leiocarpon Fern. & Wieg.; Viola pensylvanica 

Michx. var. leiocarpon (Fern. & Wieg.) Fern. 

Viola pubescens var. leiocarpon (Fern. & 

American dog violet 

lance-leaved violet 

northern bog violet 

New England violet 

English violet 

smooth white violet 

wood violet 

northern marsh violet 

pectinate-leaved violet 

bird-foot violet 

primrose-leaved violet 

yellow forest violet 

yellow forest violet 

Wieg ) Seymour 

Viola renifolia Gray Viola renifolia var. brainerdii (Greene) Fern. kidney-leaved violet 

Viola ×robinsoniana House Viola palmata × V. sagittata var. ovata 

Viola rostrata Pursh 

long-spurred violet 

Viola rotundifolia Michx. Viola clandestina Pursh round-leaved violet 

Viola ×ryoniae House 

Viola cucullata × V. subsinuata 

Viola sagittata Ait. var. ovata (Nutt.) Viola fimbriatula Sm. arrowhead violet 

Torr. & Gray 

Viola sagittata Ait. var. sagittata Viola emarginata (Nutt.) Le Conte; Viola arrowhead violet 

emarginata (Nutt.) Le Conte var. acutiloba 

Brainerd; Viola sagittata var. subsagittata 

(Greene) Pollard 

Viola selkirkii Pursh ex Goldie 

Viola sororia Willd. Viola floridana Brainerd; Viola latiuscula 

Greene; Viola palmata var. sororia (Willd.) 

Pollard; Viola septentrionalis Greene 

Viola sororia × V. subsinuata 

great-spurred violet 

woolly blue violet

Viola striata Ait. 

striped cream violet 

Viola ×subaffinis House 

Viola affinis × V. nephrophylla 

Viola subsinuata Greene Viola palmata , of authors not L. early blue violet 

Viola tricolor L. 

garden violet 

Viola ×variabilis Greene 

Viola palmata × V. subsinuata 

Viscaceae 

Christmas-mistletoe 

family 

Arceuthobium pusillum Peck Razoumofskya pusilla (Peck) Kuntze dwarf mistletoe 

Vitaceae 

grape family 

Ampelopsis cordata Michx. Cissus ampelopsis Pers. heart-leaved peppervine 

Ampelopsis glandulosa (Wallich) Ampelopsis brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Trautv.; Amur peppervine 

Momiy. var. brevipedunculata Ampelopsis heterophylla (Thunb.) Sieb. & Zucc. 

(Maxim.) Momiy. 

var. amurensis Planch.; Ampelopsis 

heterophylla (Thunb.) Sieb. & Zucc. var. 

brevipedunculata C.L. Li; Cissus 

brevipedunculata Maxim.; Vitis 

Parthenocissus inserta (Kerner) 

Fritsch 

Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) 

Planch. 

b i d l t (Maxim ) Dippel 

Ampelopsis quinquefolia (L.) Michx. var. 

vitacea Knerr; Parthenocissus vitacea (Knerr) 

A.S. Hitchc.; Psedera vitacea (Knerr) Greene 

Hedera quinquefolia L.; Ampelopsis 

quinquefolia (L.) Michx.; Parthenocissus 

quinquefolia var. hirsuta (Pursh) Planch.; 

Psedera quinquefolia (L.) Greene; Vitis 

thicket-creeper 

Virginia-creeper 

quinquefolia (L ) Lam 

Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Sieb. & Ampelopsis tricuspidata Sieb. & Zucc. Boston-ivy 

Zucc.) Planch. 

Vitis aestivalis Michx. var. aestivalis Vitis lincecumii Buckl. var. glauca Munson summer grape 

Vitis aestivalis Michx. var. bicolor Vitis aestivalis var. argentifolia (Munson) summer grape 

Deam 

Fern.; Vitis argentifolia Munson; Vitis bicolor 

Le Conte; Vitis lecontiana House 

Vitis labrusca L. Vitis labrusca var. subedentata Fern. fox grape 

Vitis ×novae -angliae Fern. 

Vitis labrusca × V. riparia 

Vitis palmata Vahl Vitis rubra Michx. catbird grape 

Vitis riparia Michx. 

Vitis riparia var. praecox Engelm. ex Bailey; river grape 

Vitis riparia var. syrticola (Fern. & Wieg.) 

Fern.; Vitis vulpina ssp. riparia (Michx.) 

Clausen; Vitis vulpina var. praecox (Engelm. ex 

Bailey) Bailey; Vitis vulpina var. syrticola 

Fern & Wieg 

Vitis vinifera L. 

European grape 

Vitis vulpina L. Vitis cordifolia Michx. frost grape 

Zygophyllaceae 

creosote bush family 

Tribulus terrestris L. 

puncture-vine

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