Family 247. APOCYNACEAE Alstonia R Brown Borneo, Philippines ...

Family 247. APOCYNACEAE 

Revision: 

Middleton, DJ. 2007. Apocynaceae (subfamilies Rauvolfioideae and Apocynoideae). Flora 

Malesiana Series 1, 18: 1-452. 

Alstonia R Brown 

Revision: 

Markgraf, F. 1974. Florae Malesianae Praecursores LIV. Apocynaceae, part III. 9. Alstonia. 

Blumea 22: 20-29. 

Sidiyasa, K. 1998. Taxonomy, phylogeny and wood anatomy of Alstonia (Apocynaceae). Blumea, 

Supplement 11: 77-xxx. 

Alstonia iwahigensis Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1447; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 321; --Sidiy., Blumea, 

Suppl. 11 (1998) 135; --DJ Middleton, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 5 (2004) 19; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 

(2007) 44, Fig. 6. –Type: Elmer 13167 (lecto L, designated by Sidiyasa (1998), iso A, BO, G, GH, 

HBG, MICH, MO, NY, US, Z). Palawan: Palawan prov., Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar (=Thumb 

Peak). 

Borneo, Philippines. 

PALAWAN (Mt Pulgar; Irawan River Valley), BALABAC. Primary and secondary forests 

up to 600m. 

Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G Don, Gen. Syst. 4 (1837) 87; --A DC, Prodr. 8 (1844) 409; -- 

Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 322; --Markgraf, Blumea 22 (1974) 28; --Sidiy., Blumea, Suppl. 11 (1998) 

149; --DJ Middleton, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 5 (2004) 20; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 46, Fig. 7. 

Alstonia batino Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 589. –Type: Untraced. Neotype: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 335 

(neo L, designated by Sidiyasa (1998), iso A, BM, BO, F, K, MO, NY, P, W). Luzon: Bulacan prov., 

Angat. 

Alstonia oblongifolia Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 65; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 322. –Type: FB 4495 Curran 

(lecto K, designated by Sidiyasa (1998), iso NY, P, US). Palawan. 

Alstonia macrophylla var. mollis Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 322. –Type: FB 17128 Curran (lecto L, designated by 

Monachina (1949), iso BO). Luzon: Cagayan prov. 

Alstonia paucinervia Merr., PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 224; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 322. –Type: FB 18726 Darling 

(lecto US, designated by Monachina (1949). Luzon: Camarines prov. 

Sri Lanka, Nicobar Isls, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Biliton, throughout Malesia 

(except Java, Sulawesi and Nusa Tenggara. 

LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Isabela, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, Batangas, Camarines, 

MINDORO, PALAWAN (Mt Pulgar =Thumb Peak; Irawan, Impapai Forest; Victoria Mtns; 

Brookes’s Point), ROMBLON, PANAY, GUIMARAS, MINDANAO. In open forests and 

thickets at low and medium altitudes; common. 

Alstonia parvifolia Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philipp.) 35 (1906) 59; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 322; -- 

Markgraf, Blumea 22 (1974) 27; --Sidiy., Blumea, Suppl. 11 (1998) 160; --DJ Middleton, Fl. Males. 

Ser. 1, 18 (2007) 49. –Type: FB 2209 Meyer (lecto K, designated by Sidiyasa (1998), iso NY). 

Luzon: Bataan prov., Mt Mariveles. 

LUZON: Aurora (Sierra Madre NNW of Dingalan), Bataan (Mt Mariveles), Rizal (Mt Irid), 

NEGROS: Negros Oriental (Cuernos Mtns). Secondary growth in logged-over forests; 

rocky forested slopes and exposed ridges on Mt Mariveles, 800-1000m. 

Alstonia scholaris (L.) R Br. in Mém. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1 (1811) 76; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 372; EPFP 3 (1923) 32 

--DJ Middleton, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 5 (2004) 22; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 57, Fig. 11. 

Pakistan, Nepal, India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, China (Yunnan), Burma, 

Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, throughout Malesia, Solomon Isls and Australia

(Queensland). 

N LUZON (Cagayan) to PALAWAN and MINDANAO, in most or all islands and 

provinces. In primary and secondary forests at low and medium altitudes. 

Alstonia spectabilis R Br. in Mém. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1 (1811) 76; --Markgraf, Blumea 22 (1974) 

23; --Sidiy., Blumea, Suppl. 11 (1998) 184; --DJ Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 61, Fig. 13. 

–Type from Timor. 

Alstonia angustifolia Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 321, as to Elmer 10840, non Wall. ex A DC, 1844. 

Java, Philippines, Sulawesi, Muna I, Java, Kangean Arch., Lesser Sunda Isls (Lombok, 

Sumbawa, Sumba, Flores, Roti, Timor, Tanimbar), Moluccas (Ambon, Kai), Japen, Aru 

Isls, New Guinea, New Britain. 

LUZON: Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan), MINDANAO: Davao (Mt Apo, Todaya). 

Alyxia R Brown 

Revision: 

Middleton, DJ. 2000. Revision of Alyxia (Apocynaceae). Part 1. Asia and Malesia. Blumea 45: 

1-146. 

Alyxia angustifolia Ridley, J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 6 (1915) 161; --Markgr., Blumea 23 (1977) 

385, pro parte; --DJ Middleton, Blumea 45 (2000) 29, Map 2; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 74. –Type 

from Peninsular Malaysia. 

Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, and the Philippines. 

PALAWAN. 

Alyxia angustissima Merr. & Quisumb., PJS 82 (1954) 334; --Markgr., Blumea 23 (1977) 410; -- 

DJ Middleton, Blumea 45 (2000) 31, Map. 3; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 75. –Type: PNH 8018 

Celestino (holo A; iso A, K, L*, PNH). Luzon: Ifugao prov., Mt Polis. March 1948. 

N LUZON: Ifugao (Mt Polis), DINAGAT (PPI 4559 Gaerlan, Sagcal & Fernando). 

Dipterocarp forest on clay on Dinagat, montane forest, c. 1900m on Mt Polis. 

Alyxia concatenata (Blanco) Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 310; EPFP 3 (1923) 327; --Markgr., 

Blumea 23 (1977) 393; --DJ Middleton, Blumea 45 (2000) 29, f. 2, Map 9; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 

(2007) 80, Fig. 15. --Brabejum concatenatum Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 40. –Type: Not traced. 

Neotype: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 159 (L, neo, selected by Middleton (2000); iso A (scrap), BM, BO, 

GH, K, MO, NY, P, US*, W). Luzon: Rizal prov., Bosoboso. 

Gymnopogon moniliferus (S Vidal) Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philipp.) 29 (1905) 46; --Alyxia monilifera S Vidal, 

Revis. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 182. –Type: Vidal 461 (lecto K, designated by Middleton (2000); iso 

K). Luzon: Quezon prov., Mt Banahaw. 

Alyxia clusiacea (Baill.) Pichon, Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 27 (1949 [‘1948’]) 166; --Markgr., Blumea 23 

(1977) 380, pro parte; --Paralstonia clusiacea Baill., Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 1 (1888) 750; --Merr., 

EPFP 3 (1923) 323; –Type: Barthe s.n. (lecto P, designated by Middleton, 2000; iso P). Philippines. 

No further locality given, 

Alyxia confertiflora Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 64; EPFP 3 (1923) 327. –Type: BS 16143 Reillo (lecto, US*, 

selected by Middleton (2000); iso A, BM). Basilan. Aug.-Sept. 1912. 

Alyxia quadrata Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 327, nom. nud.; --Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3692, not validly 

published, no Latin descr. --Voucher: Elmer 15827 (A, BISH, BM, BO, C, G, GH, HBG, K, L, MO*, 

NA*, NY*, P, S, U, UC, US, Z). Luzon: Sorsogon prov., Irosin, Mt Bulusan. April 1916. 

Alyxia luzoniensis Markgr., Blumea 23 (1977) 392, pro parte, auct. non Merr., 1909. 

BABUYAN ISLS (FUGA, check map), LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Abra, Mountain Province, 

Benguet, Cagayan, Isabela, Aurora, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, 

Quezon, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan), MINDORO, 

N PALAWAN, SIBUYAN, MASBATE, PANAY: Antique, NEGROS: Negros Oriental 

(Cuernos Mtns), CEBU, BOHOL, BILIRAN, LEYTE, N SAMAR, CAMIGUIN, BASILAN,

MINDANAO: Misamis Occidental (Mt Malindang), Lanao del Sur, Bukidnon, Davao 

(Mt Apo), South Cotabato (Mt Matutum), Agusan del Norte (Butuan; Mt Hilong-hilong), 

Surigao del Norte. From lowland primary forests and secondary growth, lower montane 

or mossy forests, altitude 200-2400m, on clay soils. 

Alyxia linearis Markgr., Blumea 23 (1977) 406; --DJ Middleton, Blumea 45 (2000) 66, Map 21; Fl. 

Males. Ser. 1, 18 (2007) 92; --Alyxia rosmarinifolia Merr. & Quisumb., PJS 82 (1954) 335, non 

(Baill.) Guillaumin. –Type: PNH 176 Edaño (holo, A; iso A, L*, PNH). Palawan: Puerto Princesa, 

Bacungan. 23 March 1947. 

PALAWAN (Puerto Princesa, Bacungan; Balanjao Range, Rio Tuba. Forests on 

ultramafics, low altitudes. 

Alyxia luzoniensis Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 313; EPFP 3 (1923) 328; --Markgr., Blumea 23 (1977) 

392, pro parte; --DJ Middleton, Blumea 45 (2000) 69, Fig. 7, Map 21; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 

94, Fig. 20. –Type: BS 7007 Ramos (holo PNH, lost). Neotype: BS 5107 Ramos (neo P, 

designated by Middleton (2000); iso NY). Luzon: Mountain Province, Bontoc. 

Brabejum lucidum Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 40; --Alyxia blancoi Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 330; EPFP 3 

(1923) 327; --Markgr., Blumea 23 (1977) 401, pro parte. –Type: not traced. Neotype: BS 11118 

Ramos (neo L*, designated by Middleton (2000); isoneo A, BM, K, P, US*). Cebu: hills above Cebu 

City. March 1912. 

Alyxia lanceolata Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 53; EPFP 3 (1923) 328. –Type: BS 29209 Ramos (lecto A, 

designated by Middleton (2000); iso BO, K, NY*, P, US*). Luzon: Quezon prov., Siniloan-Infanta 

Trail. 

Alyxia laxiflora Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 54; EPFP 3 (1923) 328; --Markgr., Blumea 23 (1977) 408. –Type: 

BS 28371 Fenix (lecto A, designated by Middleton (2000); iso BM, BO, K, L*, NY*, P, US*). Luzon: 

Apayao prov., Mt Sulu. 

Alyxia stenophylla Merr., PJS 17 (1921) 305; EPFP 3 (1923) 329; --Markgr., Blumea 23 (1977) 410. –Type: 

BS 35574 Martelino & Edaño (lecto A, designated by Middleton (2000); iso BO, K, L, NY, P, US*). 

Panay: Capiz prov., Mt Salibongbong. 

Alyxia ecostata Merr. & Quisumb., PJS 82 (1954) 335; --Markgr., Blumea 23 (1977) 408. –Type: PNH 6421 

Sulit (holo A; iso BM, K, L*, PNH, US). Samar: Mt Calbiga, near Wright, 

BATANES, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Apayao, Mountain Province, Cagayan, Zambales, 

Aurora, Bulacan, Rizal, Quezon, Camarines Sur, PANAY: Capiz (Mt Salibongbong), 

CEBU, SAMAR (Mt Calbiga). Thickets and forests from low to medium altitudes, most 

common at 600-700m elevations, ascending to 1600m. 

Alyxia muguma DJ Middleton, Blumea 45 (2000) 78, Map 23; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 100. 

–Type: PNH 72704 Conklin & del Rosario (holo L; iso A*, K, PNH). Luzon: Ifugao prov., Sumigar, 

near Banawe, altitude 1680m. 

LUZON: Ifugao (Sumigar, near Banawe). Only known from the type collection. 

Alyxia obovatifolia Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 306; EPFP 3 (1923) 328; --DJ Middleton, Blumea 47 (2002) 

75; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 102. –Type: BS 34492 Ramos & Pascasio (lecto K, designated by 

Middleton (2000)). Mindanao: Surigao del Norte prov., rather dry lowland thickets along streams, 

25 April 1919. 

MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte. Known only from the type collection. Possibly on 

ultramafics. 

Alyxia palawanensis Markgr., Blumea 23 (1977) 400; --DJ Middleton, Blumea 45 (2000) 86, Map 

23; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 104. –Type: PNH 12397 Sulit (holo, A; iso A, BO, L*, PNH, SING). 

Palawan: Palawan prov., Victoria Mtns. 

Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi. 

PALAWAN (Mt Beaufort; Victoria Mtns). Primary ridge mossy forest with stunted trees, 

on sandstone or schist at 900-1950m. 

Alyxia parvifolia (Merr.) Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 313; EPFP 3 (1923) 328; --Markgr., Blumea 23

(1977) 392; --DJ Middleton, Blumea 45 (2000) 89, Map 29; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 106; -- 

Gymnopogon parvifolius Merr., Publ. Bur. Govt. Lab. (Philipp.) 29 (1905) 46. –Type: Elmer 5800 

(lecto, US*, lectotype, designated by Middleton (2000); iso BO, G, K, NY*, P, PNH, PR). Luzon: 

Benguet prov., Mt Sto. Tomas. March 1904. 

LUZON: Mountain Province, Benguet. Mossy forests, on rotting tree stumps or sandyloamy 

soil, 1700-2500m. Note: on Middleton’s (2000) distribution map, two sites (i.e. 

Cagayan E coast and Manila) were likewise included. These two sites have elevations 

close to sea level. 

Alyxia reinwardtii Blume, Catalogus (1823) 43; --Markgr., Blumea 23 (1977) 386; --DJ Middleton, 

Blumea 45 (2000) 100, f. 13, Map 35; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 112, Fig. 25. –Type from Java. 

Alyxia lucida Wall. in Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2 (1824) 540; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 328; --Markgr., Blumea 23 (1977) 

389. –Type from Singapore. 

S China, Burma, Andaman Isls, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Sumatra (and 

adjacent isls), Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Lesser Sunda 

Isls (Bali). 

CULION, PALAWAN (Mt Beaufort; Victoria Mtns), TAWI-TAWI. Dry forests at low 

altitudes in Culion. 

Alyxia sibuyanensis Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1448; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 328; --Markgr., Blumea 23 

(1977) 381, pro parte; --DJ Middleton, Blumea 45 (2000) 115, Map 40; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 

(2007) 119. –Type: Elmer 12137a (lecto L*, designated by Middleton (2000); iso A*, BISH, BM, BO, 

E, G, GH, HBG, K, NY*, US*, W, WRSL, Z). Sibuyan: Mt Giting-giting. On shrubberies of wooded 

bank near a seepage gravelly soil of the Pauala River, alt. 1000 ft., April 1910. 

Alyxia monticola C Robinson, PJS 6 c (1911) Bot. 356; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 328. –Type: C Robinson 

9359 (untraced, fide Middleton). Luzon: Quezon prov., Mt Binuang. 

Alyxia retusa Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 448; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) Bot. 328. –Type: BS 33330 Ramos (lecto, K, 

ldesignated by Middleton (2000); iso A*, P, US*). Luzon: Ilocos Norte prov., Mt Palimlim, Aug. 

1918. 

Alyxia glabra Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 53; EPFP 3 (1923) Bot. 327. –Type: BS 29207 Ramos & 

Edaño (lecto K, designated by Middleton (2000); iso P, US*). Luzon: Quezon prov., Infanta-Siniloan 

Trail. June 1917. 

Alyxia revoluta Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 52; EPFP 3 (1923) Bot. 328. –Type: BS 25515 Yates (lecto US*, 

designated by Middleton (2000); iso K, P). Luzon: Quezon prov., Mt Cadig, Dec. 1916. 

Taiwán (Lanyu), Philippines. 

LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Nueva Ecija, Aurora, Rizal, Quezon, Camarines Sur, 

MINDORO, SIBUYAN, PANAY, NEGROS, CEBU, SAMAR, DINAGAT, MINDANAO: 

Bukidnon, Agusan del Norte. Primary or secondary lowland to montane or gallery forest, 

or in thickets or mangroves, 0-1735m. On clay, rocky, volcanic or ultrabasic soils. 

Amphineurion (A de Candolle) Pichon 

Amphineurion marginatum (Roxb.) DJ Middleton, Taxon 55 (2006) 502; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 

(2007) 129, Fig. 28; --Aganosma marginata (Roxb.) G Don, Gen. Hist. 4 (1837) 77; --Echites 

marginatus Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2 (1832) 16. 

Aganosma acuminata (Roxb.) G Don, Gen. Syst. 4 (1837) 77; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 374; EPFP 3 (1923) 

334; --Echites acuminatus Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2 (1832) 15, non Ruiz & Pav. (1799). –Type: Illustration 

2461 of Echites acuminatus in the Roxburgh collection in Kew library. 

Aganosma velutina A DC, Prodr. 8 (1844) 434; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 334. –Type: Cuming 1803 (lecto G, 

designated by Middleton (1996), iso E, G, K, L, MO, NY, P, TCD, UPS, W). 

India, Bangladesh, China, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Sumatra, 

Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas. 

LUZON: Ilocos Sur, La Union, Mountain Province, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, 

Pangasinan, Zambales, Bataan, Rizal, Cavite, MINDORO, PALAWAN, TICAO,

NEGROS, MINDANAO. Thickets and secondary forests, chiefly in seasonal areas at low 

and medium altitudes. 

Anodendron A de Candolle 

Revision: 

Middleton, DJ. 1996. A revision of Anodendron A. DC. (Apocynaceae). Blumea 41: 37-68. 

Anodendron affine (Hook. & Arn.) Druce, Rep. Bot. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 1916 (1917) 605; --DJ 

Middleton, Blumea 41 (1996) 40, map 1; --Middleton, Fl. Males, ser. 1, 18 (2007) 134. –Type: 

untraced; neotype from China. 

Anodendron loheri Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 332; EPFP 3 (1923) Bot. 333. –Type: Loher 6494 (US, lecto, 

designated by Middleton (1996); iso K, M). Luzon: Zambales prov., Mt Pinatubo. 

Bangladesh, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, S China, Hainan, Taiwan, Japan, 

Philippines. 

LUZON: Zambales, Bataan (Lamao River), Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna (Mt Makiling), 

CATANDUANES, SAMAR. Lowland primary forests. 

Anodendron axillare Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 331; EPFP 3 (1923) Bot. 333; --DJ Middleton, Blumea 41 (1996) 42, F 

Type: FB 13572 Meyer & Foxworthy (lecto US, designated by Middleton (1996); isolecto: L*). 

Negros: Negros Occidental prov., Faraon. Aug-Sept 1909. 

Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo (Sarawak; Sabah; Kalimantan), Philippines. 

NEGROS: Negros Occidental (Faraon), MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte (Tungao, 

drainage of Agusan River, 26 km S of Butuan), Surigao del Norte. Low and medium 

altitude forests. 

Anodendron candolleanum Wight, Icon. 4 (1848) t. 1309; --DJ Middleton, Blumea 41 (1996) 47, 

Map 3; Fl. Males, ser. 1, 18 (2007) 137. --Type from Peninsular Malaysia. 

Peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra (Aceh), Java, Borneo 

(Kalimantan, Sarawak, Sabah) and central E Philippines. 

BILIRAN (Mt Suiro, based on PNH 21682 Sulit, A, K, L, LAE, cited by Middleton). 

Anodendron oblongifolium Hemsl., Ann. Bot. 5 (1891) 504; --DJ Middleton, Blumea 41 (1996) 52, 

Map 6; Fl. Males, ser. 1, 18 (2007) 139. --Type from Solomon Isls (San Cristobal). 

Anodendron paniculatum Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 333, pro parte (under syn. of A manubriatum), non A DC 

(1844). 

Vanuatu, Solomon Isls, Papua New Guinea, Moluccas (Seram), Borneo (Kalimantan; 

Sabah), and the Philippines. 

LUZON: Rizal (Bosoboso), Laguna (Mt Makiling), MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte, Davao 

Oriental (Mati). 

Anodendron paniculatum A DC, Prodr. 8 (1844) 444; --DJ Middleton, Blumea 41 (1996) 54, Fig. 3, 

Map 7; Fl. Males, ser. 1, 18 (2007) 139, Fig. 30. 

Anodendron manubriatum (Wall.) Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 333; EPFP 3 (1923) Bot. 333. --Type from 

Bangladesh. 

Parsonsia bulusanensis Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 333, nom. Illeg. (in synonymy of Anodendron 

manubriatum (=A paniculatum). 

India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nicobars, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, S Vietnam, 

Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo (Sarawak; Sabah), Philippines, Sulawesi, 

Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas. 

LUZON: Laguna (above Pansol), Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan); MINDORO: Mindoro 

Occidental (Abra de Ilog), Mindoro Oriental (Mansalay, Mt Yagaw); PALAWAN (Taytay;

Quezon, Mono), GUIMARAS, MINDANAO: Zamboanga (Malangas), DINAGAT. 

Carruthersia Seemann 

Revision: 

Middleton, DJ. 1997. A revision of Carruthersia Seem. Blumea 42: 489-498 

Carruthersia glabra DJ Middleton, Harvard Pap. Bot. 8 (2003) 1; Fl. Males, ser. 1, 18 (2007) 155. 

--Type: PNH 6440 Sulit. Samar: Mt Calbiga. 

SAMAR: Mt Calbiga. Midmontane forest at 300m altitude. 

Carruthersia pilosa (A DC) Fernandez-Villar, Novis. App. (1880) 137; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 

Bot. 335; --DJ Middleton, Fl. Males, ser. 1, 18 (2007) 155, Fig. 37; --Kopsia pilosa A DC, Prodr. 8 

(1844) 352. –Type: Cuming 1783 (lecto G-DC, designated by Middleton (1997); iso BM, CGE, E, 

FR, K, L, NY, P, W, Z). Philippines. Locality not specified. 

Carruthersia macgregorii Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 261; EPFP 3 (1923) Bot. 335. –Type: McGregor 285 

(lecto K, designated by Middleton (1997); iso K, NY, US). Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental prov., Baco 

River. 

Carruthersia hirsuta Elmer, LPB 2 (1909) 587. –Type: Elmer 8899 (lecto E, designated by Middleton (2007); 

iso BM, BO, MO, NY, US, W, Z). Luzon: Benguet prov., Baguio. 

Carruthersia kindleyi Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1452. –Type: Elmer 7833 (lecto K, designated by Middleton 

(2007); iso A, BO, BP, E, L, MO, NSW, NY, US, W, Z). Luzon: Quezon prov., Lucban. 

Philippines, Solomon Isls. 

LUZON: Benguet, Zambales, Bataan, Quezon, Laguna, Sorsogon, PALAWAN (Taytay), 

CEBU. Primary and secondary forests, at low and médium altitudes, ascending to 

1500m. 

Insufficiently known taxa: 

Carruthersia axilliflora Merr., PJS 27 (1925) 51; EPFP 4 (1925) 254. --Type: Loher 12351. Luzon: 

Rizal prov., Montalban, Oct. 1909. 

LUZON: Rizal. Now only known from description; holotype probably destroyed at PNH in 

1945; no isotype seen by Middleton. 

Catharanthus G Don 

Catharanthus roseus (L.) G Don, Gen. Hist. 4 (1836) 95. 

Lochnera rosea (L.) Reichb, Conspect. (1828) 134; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 370; EPFP 3 (1923) 323. 

Native of Madagascar. Now pantropic in cultivation and naturalized. Thoroughly 

established in many parts of the Philippines, often very abundant along sandy 

seashores. 

Cerbera Linnaeus 

Cerbera manghas L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 208; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 330; --DJ Middleton, Fl. Males, ser. 

1, 18 (2007) 160. 

Tropical Asia through Malesia to tropical Australia and Polynesia. Common along the 

seashore throughout the Philippines. 

Cerbera odollam Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. (1791) 193; --Merr., --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 369; EPFP 3 

(1923) 330; --DJ Middleton, Fl. Males, ser. 1, 18 (2007) 163, Fig. 39. 

S India and Sri Lanka to the western Pacific Isls. In Malesia: Sumatra, Peninsular 

Malaysia, Singapore, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi. Mostly riverine at low

altitudes. 

Chilocarpus Blume 

Chilocarpus denudatus Blume, Bijdr. (1826) 1025; --DJ Middleton, Fl. Males, ser. 1, 18 

(2007) 169, Fig. 40. –Type from Java. 

Chilocarpus leytensis Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1453; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 321. –Type: Elmer 7359 (lecto A, 

designated by Leeuwenberg (2002); iso BO, E, G, K, NY). Leyte: Leyte prov., Palo. 

S India, Nicobar Isls, Burma (Tenasserim), Thailand, Cambodia, S Vietnam, Sumatra, 

Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo (Anamba Isls), Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas, New 

Guinea (Papua). 

LEYTE, BUCAS GRANDE. Low altitude primary forests. 

Chonemorpha G Don 

Chonemorpha fragrans (Moon) Alston, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Perad. 11 (1929) 203; --Sleesen, 

Nova Guinea, new ser. 9 (1958) 344; --DJ Middleton, Fl. Males, ser. 1, 18 (2007) 179; --Echites 

fragrans Moon, Cat. Pl. Ceylon (1824) 20; --Chonemorpha rheedei Ridl., Agric. Bull. Straits Fed. 

Malay States 10 (1911) 146. –Type: Rheede, Hort. Malab. 9 (1689) t. 5, 6. 

Chonemorpha elliptica Merr. & Rolfe, PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 121; --Tabernaemontana elliptica Blanco, Fl. Filip. 

(1837) 115 (as ‘eliptica’), non Thunb. (1784); --Chonemorpha blancoi Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 

312; EPFP 3 (1923) 335. –Type: BS 1065 Ramos (lecto GH, designated by Middleton (2006); iso 

BO, K, NSW, NY, PNH, SING, US). Luzon: Rizal prov., Bosoboso. 

India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Burma, S China, Thailand, Cambodia, 

Laos, Vietnam, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo (Brunei), Philippines, 

Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls (including Timor Leste). 

LUZON: Rizal, Laguna, Batangas, PALAWAN. Low altitude forests. 

Chonemorpha verrucosa (Blume) DJ Middleton, Novon 3 (1993) 455; Fl. Males, ser. 1, 18 

(2007) 181, Fig. 41; --Rhynchodia verrucosa (Blume) Woodson, Sunyatsenia 3 (1836) 102; -- 

Tabernaemontana verrucosa Blume, Bijdr. (1826) 1029. –Type from Java. 

Rhynchodia rhynchosperma (Wall.) K Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4 2 (1895) 173; --Merr., 

EPFP 3 (1923) 333; --Echites rhynchospermus Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1 (1830) 43, t. 49. –Type from 

Burma. 

Chonemorpha elastica Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 81. –Type: FB 12351 Hutchinson (lecto US, designated by 

Middleton, 2006). Mindanao: Zamboanga del Sur prov., Dumanguilas Bay. 

India, Bhutan, China, Burma, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, 

Java, Borneo, Philippines. 

LUZON: Apayao, Benguet, Cagayan, Cavite, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Cotabato, 

Davao. Low and medium altitude forests, ascending to 1500m in Benguet. 

Hunteria Roxburgh 

Ichnocarpus R Brown 

Revision: 

Middleton, DJ. 1995. A taxonomic revision of Ichnocarpus (Apocynaceae). Blumea 39: 73-94 

Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) WT Aiton, Hort. Kew ed. 2, 2 (1811) 69; --DJ Middleton, Fl. Males, 

ser. 1, 18 (2007) 204, Fig. 47; --Apocynum frutescens L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 213. –Type from Sri Lanka. 

Ichnocarpus volubilis (Lour.) Merr., PJS 21 (1922) 506; EPFP 3 (1923) 336; --Gardenia volubilis Lour., Fl. 

Cochinch. (1790) 148. –Type from Vietnam.

Echites caudatus Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 106, non L. (1767); Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 77. –Type: Not 

preserved. Merrill (1918) has designated Merrill Species Blancoanae 456 (A, K, L, MO, P) as 

illustrative specimen. 

Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) WT Aiton var. ovatifolius (A DC) Deb., Fl. Tripura State 2 (1983) 18; -- 

Ichnocarpus ovatifolius A DC, Prodr. 8 (1844) 435; --Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 313. – 

Type: Cuming 1809 (lecto BM, designated by Middleton, 1994; iso G, K, MO, OXF, TCD, W). 

Philippines: ‘Manila’ 

Ichnocarpus navesii Rolfe, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 21 (1884) 313, nom. nud. 

Carruthersia daronensis Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1450. –Type: Elmer 11099 (lecto K, designated by Middleton, 

1994; iso BISH, BO, BP, E, L, Z). Mindanao: Davao: Mt Apo, Todaya. 

Toxocarpus makilingensis Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 336, nom. inval. (only in synonymy). 

Pakistan, India (including Nicobar Isls), Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Burma, 

S China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, 

Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea. BATANES 

and N LUZON to CORON, PALAWAN (Irawan, Tatanarom) and MINDANAO, in most 

islands and provinces. Often common. Low and medium altitude thickets and secondary 

forests. 

Kibatalia G Don 

Revision: 

Woodson, 1936. Philippine Journal of Science 60: 209- 

Rudjiman, 1987. Agric. Univ. Wageningen Pap. 86-5: 36- 

Kibatalia arborea (Blume) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4 (1837) 86; --Woodson, PJS 60 (1936) 226; -- 

Soejarto et al. (1995). Prelim. Checklist Fl. Pl. Palawan; --Rudjiman, Agric. Univ. Wageningen Pap. 

86-5 (1987) 43; --DJ Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 211, Fig. 48; Kickxia arborea (Blume) 

Blume, Rumphia 4 (1849) 26 (as ‘Kixia’); --Hasseltia arborea Blume, Bijdr. (1826) 1046. –Type 

from 

Java. 

Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi. 

PALAWAN (Mt Beaufort). Based on SMHI 2170 (A, L). Lowland forests. 

Kibatalia blancoi (Rolfe ex Stapf) Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 309; EPFP 3 (1923) 334; Woodson, PJS 

60 (1936) 221; --Rudjiman, Agric. Univ. Wageningen Pap. 86-5 (1987) 47; --DJ Middleton, Fl. 

Males. Ser. 1, 18 (2007) 211, Fig. 49; --Kickxia blancoi Rolfe, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 21 (1884) 313. 

–Type: Illustration in Fernandez-Villar, Novis. App. (1880) pl. 428bis under the incorrect name of 

Kickxia arborea (lectotypified by Middleton, 2007). 

Kibatalia merrittii (Merr.) Woodson, PJS 60 (1936) 220; --Kickxia merrittii Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 315. – 

Type: FB 11488 Merritt (lecto K, designated by Rudjiman, 1987; iso US). Mindoro: 

LUZON: Ilocos Sur, Cagayan, Laguna, Batangas, CATANDUANES, MINDORO, 

SIBUYAN, GUIMARAS, NEGROS, LEYTE. In secondary and primary forests at low and 

medium altitudes, to altitude 1000m. 

Kibatalia elmeri Woodson, PJS 60 (1936) 223; --Rudjiman, Agric. Univ. Wageningen Pap. 86-5 

(1987) 53; --Soejarto et al. (1995). Prelim. Checklist Fl. Pl. Palawan; --DJ Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 

1, 18 (2007) 216, Fig. 51; --Kibatalia fragrans Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3694. –Type: Elmer 15934 

(holo MO; iso A, BM, BO, C, F, G, K, L, NY, P, PNH, U, US, W, Z). Luzon: Sorsogon prov., Mt 

Bulusan, Irosin. 

LUZON: Ilocos Sur, Cagayan, Laguna, Batangas, Sorsogon, MINDORO, PALAWAN 

(Taytay), CATANDUANES. In secondary and primary forests, on hillsides and top of 

ridges. 

Kibatalia gitingensis (Elmer) Woodson, PJS 60 (1936) 216; --Rudjiman, Agric. Univ. Wageningen 

Pap. 86-5 (1987) 57; --DJ Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 216, Fig. 52; --Vallaris gitingensis 

(Elmer) Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 70; EPFP 3 (1923) 339; --Kickxia gitingensis Elmer, LPB 4 

(1912) 1455. –Type: Elmer 12203 (lecto K, designated by Rudjiman, 1987, iso BM, BO, E, F, G, K, 

L, MO, NY, US, W, Z). Sibuyan: Mt Giting-giting.

Vallaris angustifolia Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 335. –Type: FB 10507 Curran (lecto K, designated by 

Rudjiman, 1987). Luzon: Sorsogon prov. 

LUZON: Quezon, Laguna, Camarines, Sorsogon, SIBUYAN, LEYTE. Hill forests to 

altitude 525m. 

Kibatalia longifolia Merr., PJS 17 (1921) 307; EPFP 3 (1923) 335 (as K oblongifolia); --Rudjiman, 

Agric. Univ. Wageningen Pap. 86-5 (1987) 64; --DJ Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 221, 

Fig. 54. –Type: De Mesa 118 in FB 27534 (lecto A, designated by Rudjiman, 1987). Mindanao: 

Davao del Sur prov., Sta Cruz, Balutakay. 

MINDANAO: Davao del Sur. Altitude 40m, probably in forest. 

Kibatalia macgregori (Elmer) Woodson, PJS 60 (1936) 224; --Rudjiman, Agric. Univ. Wageningen 

Pap. 86-5 (1987) 67; --DJ Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 221, Fig. 55. –Type: Elmer 12373 

(lecto K, designated by Rudjiman, 1987, iso A, BM, BO, BP, E, F, G, L, MICH, MO, NY, W, Z). 

Sibuyan: Magallanes 

SIBUYAN. High altitude forests. 

Kibatalia maingayi (JD Hook.) Woodson, PJS 60 (1936) 213; --Rudjiman, Agric. Univ. 

Wageningen Pap. 86-5 (1987) 69; --DJ Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 223, Fig. 56. –Type 

from Peninsular Malaysia. 

Kibatalia daronensis (Elmer) Woodson, PJS 60 (1936) 218; --Vallaris daronensis (Elmer) Merr., PJS 10 c 

(1915) Bot. 70; EPFP 3 (1923) 339; --Holarrhena daronensis Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1455. –Type: 

Elmer 11912 (lecto K, designated by Rudjiman, 1987, iso A, BISH, BM, BO, BP, E, L, MO, NY, P, 

US, W). Mindanao: Davao. 

Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines. 

MINDANAO: Misamis Occidental, Lanao del Sur (Lake Lanao), Davao (Mt Apo), 

Agusan. Forests up to 700m. 

Kibatalia merrilliana Woodson, PJS 60 (1936) 225; --Rudjiman, Agric. Univ. Wageningen Pap. 86-5 

(1987) 74; --DJ Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 223, Fig. 57. –Type: Wenzel 330 

(holo US; iso A, BM, F, G, GH, L). Leyte: Leyte prov., 

LEYTE, SAMAR. Forests at low altitudes. 

Kibatalia puberula Merr., PJS 30 (1926) 423; --Rudjiman, Agric. Univ. Wageningen Pap. 86-5 (1987) 

77; --DJ Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 227, Fig. 58. –Type: BS 43767 McGregor (lecto 

UC, designated by Rudjiman, 1987, iso NY). Samar. 

SAMAR. Dipterocarp forests or river banks, altitude 100-250m. 

Kibatalia stenopetala Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 308; EPFP 3 (1923) 335; --Rudjiman, Agric. Univ. 

Wageningen Pap. 86-5 (1987) 80; --DJ Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 227, Fig. 59. –Type: 

BS 34691 Ramos & Pascasio (lecto A, designated by Rudjiman, 1987, iso BM, BO, K, L, P, US). 

Mindanao: Surigao del Norte prov. 

Kibatalia luzonensis Woodson, PJS 60 (1936) 218. –Type: BS 75041 Rivera & Duyag (lecto UC, designated 

by Middleton, 2007). Luzon: Laguna prov., Majayjay 

LUZON: Laguna, NE MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte, DINAGAT. Low altitude (c. 100m) 

along streams, to medium altitude forests to 1000m. 

Kopsia Blume 

Kopsia arborea Blume, Catalogus Gew. Buitenz. (1823) 13; --DJ Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 

(2007) 235, Fig. 62. –Type from Java. 

Kopsia longiflora Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philipp.) 29 (1905) 47; EPFP 3 (1923) 330. –Type: FB 611 Borden 

(holo PNH, lost; lecto US*, designated by Middleton, 2004; iso BM, BO, F, K, NY, SING*; 

probable 

unnumbered isotype UC). Luzon: Bataan prov., Lamao River. 

Kopsia laxinervia Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 55; EPFP 3 (1923) 330. –Type: BS 28232 Fenix (lecto A,

designated by Middleton, 2004; iso BO, K, NY, P, US). Luzon: Apayao prov. 

India (Andaman and Nicobar Isls), S China, Thailand, Vietnam, Sumatra, Peninsular 

Malaysia, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls. 

LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Apayao, Cagayan, Bataan, Quezon, Camarines, Sorsogon, 

PALAWAN (Irawan; Addison Peak), ROMBLON, MINDANAO: Lanao, Bukidnon. In 

forests, thickets along streams, at low and medium altitudes. 

Kopsia flavida Blume, Rumphia 4 (1849) 28; --DJ Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 240, Fig. 64. 

–Type from New Guinea. 

Kopsia grandiflora Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 436; EPFP 3 (1923) 330. –Type: BS 33691 Ramos & Edaño (lecto 

US, designated by Middleton, 2004; iso A, K, P, US). Luzon: Camarines Norte prov., Paracale. 

Kentochrosia triangularis (Quisumb. & Merr.) Merr. & LM Perry, PJS 76 (1941) 21; --Kopsia triangularis 

Quisumb. & Merr., PJS 37 (1928) 191. –Type: Wenzel 2648 (holo UC; iso A, BO, BR, G, M, MO, 

Z). Mindanao: Surigao del Norte prov. 

Philippines, Moluccas, New Guinea, Solomon Isls, Micronesia, Vanuatu. 

LUZON: Camarines Norte, MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte. Lowland forests, along 

streams, possibly on ultramafics in Surigao del Norte. 

Lepiniopsis Valeton 

Lepiniopsis ternatensis Valeton, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 12 (1895) 252, t. 28; --Merr., EPFP 3 

(1923) 321; --Markgr., Blumea 30 (1984) 171; --DJ Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 262, Fig. 

71. –Type from Moluccas (Ternate). 

Lepiniopsis philippinensis Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1458. –Type: Elmer 12378 (lecto GH, designated by 

Middleton, 2006; iso BISH, BO, L, NY, P, US). Sibuyan: Mt Giting-giting. 

Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea. 

LUZON: Camarines, MINDORO, SIBUYAN, PANAY, NEGROS, CEBU, MINDANAO: 

Agusan, Surigao. Low and medium altitude forests. 

Lochnera Reichenbach =Catharanthus 

Melodinus Forster 

Melodinus cumingii A DC, Prodr. 8 (1844) 330; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 320; --Markgr., Blumea 19 

(1971) 152; --Soejarto et al. (1995) Prelim. Checklist Fl. Pl. Palawan; --DJ Middleton, Fl. Males. 

Ser. 1, 18 (2007) 276. –Type: Cuming 1831 (lecto NY, designated by Middleton, 2007, iso BM, C, 

K, MO, P). Luzon: ‘Manila’ 

Melodinus cumingii var. apoensis (Elmer) Markgr., Blumea 19 (1971) 152; --Melodinus apoensis Elmer, LPB 

4 (1912) 1459; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 320. –Type: Elmer 10793 (lecto L, designated by 

Leeuwenberg, 2003; iso A, BISH, BM, E, G, GH, K, L, MO, NY, P, US, Z). Mindanao: Davao, Mt 

Apo, Todaya. 

LUZON: Quezon, PALAWAN (Mt Bloomfield), BOHOL, MINDANAO: Davao (Mt Apo). 

Low to medium altitude forests, up to 1100m. 

Melodinus fusiformis Champ. ex Benth. in Hook. J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 4 (1852) 332; 

--Soejarto et al. (1995) Prelim. Checklist Fl. Pl. Palawan; --DJ Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 

(2007) 278. –Type from China. 

Melodinus lanceolatus Merr., PJS 27 (1925) 52; EPFP 4 (1925) 254; --Markgr., Blumea 19 (1971) 153. 

--Type: Loher 15057 (lecto UC, designated by Leeuwenberg, 2003; iso K, M). Luzon: Rizal prov., 

without definite locality. 

China, Vietnam, Laos, Philippines. 

LUZON: Rizal.

Melodinus orientalis Blume, Bijdr. (1826) 1026; --Markgr., Blumea 19 (1971) 154; --DJ Middleton, 

Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 279. –Type from Java. 

Melodinus ellipticifolius (Quisumb. & Merr.) Pichon, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris ii, 24 (1948) 128; --Markgr., 

Blumea 19 (1971) 153; --Willughbeia elliptifolia Quisumb. & Merr., PJS 37 (1928) 194. –Type: 

Wenzel 2605 (UC*, lecto, designated by Middleton 2007; iso BR, G, GH, K, MO, Z). Mindanao: 

Surigao del Norte prov., Placer. Forest, c. 150m, May 1927 

Melodinus luzoniensis (Merr.) Pichon, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris ii, 24 (1948) 129; --Markgr., Blumea 19 

(1971) 153; --Willughbeia luzoniensis Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 320; EPFP 3 (1923) 320. –Type: 

FB 12277 Curran (lecto US, designated by Middleton, 2006). Luzon: Camarines Sur prov., 

Caramoan. 

Melodinus globosus (Elmer) Pichon, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris ii, 24 (1948) 129; --Chilocarpus globosus 

Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1454. –Type: Elmer 12229 (lecto L, designated by Leeuwenberg, 2003; iso 

BM, BO, E, G, MO, NY, US, Z). Sibuyan: Mt Giting-giting. 

Willughbeia pauciflora Merr., PJS 8 c (1913) Bot. 387; EPFP 3 (1923) 320. –Type: Wenzel 100 (lecto BM, 

designated by Leeuwenberg, 2003; iso G, MO, US). Leyte: 

Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Java, Borneo, Philippines, 

Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls (Bali). 

LUZON: Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Sorsogon, CATANDUANES, SIBUYAN, PANAY, 

LEYTE, MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte. Forests at low and medium altitudes. 

Melodinus philippinensis A DC, Prodr. 8 (1844) 330; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 320; --Markgr., 

Blumea 19 (1971) 152; --DJ Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 281. –Type: Cuming 1574 

(lecto E, designated by Middleton, 2007; iso A, BM, C, G, G-DC, K, L, M, MO, NY, P). Mindoro. 

MINDORO. Probably from forests at low altitudes. Only known from the type collection. 

Micrechites Miquel 

Micrechites serpyllifolius (Blume) Kosterm., Reinwardtia 5 (1960) 246; --Ichnocarpus 

serpyllifolius (Blume) PI Forst., Austral. Syst. Bot. 5 (1992) 539; --DJ Middleton, Blumea 39 (1994) 

85; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 287; --Ficus serpyllifolia Blume, Bijdr. 1 (1825) 443. –Type from 

Java. 

Micrechites schrieckii (van Heurck & Muell.-Arg.) Rolfe, J. Bot. 23 (1885) 214; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 332; -- 

Ecdysanthera schrieckii van Heurck & Muell.-Arg. In van Heurck, Observ. Bot. (1871) 191. –Type: 

Cuming 910 (holo AWH; iso A, BM, CGE, E, G, K, L, M, MEL, MO, P, W). Luzon. 

Trachelospermum philippinense Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 488. –Type: Elmer 9135 (lecto K, designated by 

Middleton, 1994; iso A, BO, E, G, MO, NY, W, Z). Luzon: Quezon prov., Lucban. 

Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Java, Borneo, Philippines, 

Sulawesi. 

LUZON: Laguna, Quezon, Camarines, Sorsogon, NEGROS, LEYTE, CAMIGUIN, 

BASILAN, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Davao. Forests at low and medium altitudes. 

Neisosperma Rafinisque =Ochrosia 

Revision: 

Markgraf, 1979. Blumea 25: 233- 

Hendrian. 2004. Blumea 49: 104- 

Ochrosia Jussieu 

Ochrosia ackeringae (Teysm. & Binn.) Miq., Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. 4 (1869) 138, t. 5-b; --Markgr., 

Blumea 25 (1979) 238; --Hendrian, Blumea 49 (2004) 117; --DJ Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 

(2007) 292; --Lactaria ackeringae Teysm. & Binn., Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 29 (1867) 249. –Type from

Sumatra, Bangka. 

Ochrosia littoralis Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 315; EPFP 3 (1923) 330. –Type: FB 7754 Curran & Merritt 

(holo PNH, lost). Luzon: Batangas prov., Malabrigo. 

Sumatra, Java, Borneo (Sabah), Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas, Papua New Guinea, 

Solomon Isls, Australia. 

BABUYAN ISLS (DALUPIRI), LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Pangasinan, Batangas, 

PALAWAN (Victoria Mtns), SAMAR, MINDANAO: Cotabato, SIBUTU. Lowland thickets 

and forests, often along the seashore, also on limestone. 

Ochrosia apoensis Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1461; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 329; --Hendrian, Blumea 49 

(2004) 109; --DJ Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 294. –Type: Elmer 10478 (lecto L, 

designated by Hendrian, 2004; iso A, NY). Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya. 

Neisosperma acuminata (Trimen ex Valeton) Fosb. & Sachet var. apoense (Elmer) Markgr., Blumea 25 

(1979) 244. 

LUZON: Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao (Mt Apo). Dense primary forest, altitude 800- 

1200m. 

Ochrosia glomerata (Blume) Valeton, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 13, 2 (1895) 233; --Hendrian, 

Blumea 49 (2004) 112; --DJ Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 297; --Neisosperma 

glomerata (Blume) Fosb. & Sachet, Addisonia sér. 2, 17 (1977) 29; --Markgr., Blumea 25 (1979) 

246; --Pseudochrosia glomerata Blume, Mus. Bot. 1 (1850) 158. –Type from Papua New Guinea. 

Bonin Isls, Borneo (Sabah), Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas and New Guinea. 

LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Cagayan, Isabela, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, 

Batangas, Camarines Norte, MINDORO, PALAWAN, MASBATE, SIBUYAN, NEGROS, 

SAMAR, MINDANAO: Surigao. In forests at low and medium altitudes, often common. 

Ochrosia oppositifolia (Lam.) K. Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4 2 (1895) 156; -- 

Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 330; --Hendrian, Blumea 49 (2004) 113; --DJ Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 

(2007) 299, Fig. 74; --Neisosperma oppositifolium (Lam.) Fosb. & Sachet, Adansonia sér. 2, 12 

(1972) 629; --Markgr., Blumea 25 (1979) 243; --Cerbera oppositifolia Lam., Encycl. 1 (1783) 62. – 

Type: Rumphius, Herb. Amboin. 2 (1741) 255, t. 84. 

Paralstonia platyphylla Merr. ex EE Schneid., Bull. Bur. Forest. Philipp. Isls 14 (1916) 204, nom. nud. 

Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Andaman Isls, Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, 

Singapore, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea, throughout the 

Pacific. 

BASILAN, MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Forests along the seashore. 

Parameria Bentham & JDHooker 

Revision: 

Middleton, DJ. 1996. A revision of Aganonerion Pierre ex Spire, Parameria Benth. & Hook. f. and 

Urceola Roxb. (Apocynaceae). Blumea 41: 69-122. 

Parameria laevigata (Juss.) Moldenke, Rev. Sudamer. Bot. 6 (1940) 176; --DJ Middleton, Blumea 

41 (1996) 76, Fig. 2, map 2; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 305, Fig. 75; --Aegiphila laevigata Juss., 

Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 7 (1806) 76. –Type: de Jussieu Herbarium, Catalogue number 5037 

(holo P), locality not known. 

Parameria barbata (Blume) K Schum. In Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4, 2 (1895) 162; --Merr., EPFP 3 

(1923) 331; --Parsonsia barbata Blume, Bijdr. (1826) 1042. –Type from Java. 

Echites torosus Llanos, Fragm. Pl. Philipp. (1851) 59, non Jacq. (1760). --Neotype: Merrill Species 

Blancoanae 140 (neo US, designated by Middleton, 1996; iso A, BM. BO, K, L, MO, P, W). Luzon: 

Rizal prov., Antipolo. 

Parameria glandulifera (Wall. ex G.Don) Benth. ex Kurz var. philippinensis (Radlk.) Stapf, Trans. Linn. Soc. 

London, Bot. 4 (1894)207; --Parameria philippinensis Radlk., Sitzungsber. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. 

Bayer Akad. Wiss. München 14 (1884) 518. –Type: Cuming 1126 (lecto M, designated by 

Middleton, 1996; iso AWH, BM, C, CGE, E, FR, G, K, L, MEL, MO, NY, P, UPS, W). Luzon: Further

locality not given. 

Parameria vulneraria Radlk., Sitzungsber. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer Akad. Wiss. München 14 (1884) 

519. –Type: Rothdauscher 1025 (lecto M, designated by Middleton, 1996). Cebu. This now 

consisting of nothing more than branchlets; --Epitype: Rothdauscher 1029 (lecto M, designated by 

Middleton, 1996). Cebu. 

Andaman Isls., Burma, China, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Sumatra, Peninsular 

Malaysia, Singapore, Java, Borneo (Kalimantan, Sarawak, Sabah), Philippines, 

Sulawesi, W Lesser Sunda Isls. 

LUZON: Zambales, Bataan, Rizal, Batangas, Mindoro: Mindoro Mindoro Oriental 

(Bulalacao), CULION, PALAWAN (Irawan River Valley; Mt Beaufort; Iwahig; Trident 

Mines), PANAY: Iloilo, NEGROS: Negros Occidental, CEBU. In primary and secondary 

forests and thickets in the more seasonal parts of the archipelago, generally at low 

altitudes. 

Parsonsia R Brown 

Revision: 

Middleton, DJ. 1997. A revision of Parsonsia R.Br. in Malesia. Blumea 42: 191-248. 

Parsonsia alboflavescens (Dennst.) Mabb., Taxon 26 (1977) 532; --DJ Middleton, Blumea 42 

(1997) 196; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 313, Fig. 77; --Periploca alboflavescens Dennst., Schlüssel 

Hortus Malab. (1818) 12, 23, 35. –Type: Illustration in Rheede, Hort. Malab. 9 (1689) t. 9. 

Parsonsia confusa Merr., PJS 1 (1906) suppl. 118; EPFP 3 (1923) 338; --Echites spiralis Blanco, Fl. Filip. 

(1837) 110. –Type: untraced. Neotype: Merrill Species Blancoanae 1014 (neo A, designated by 

Middleton 1997; iso BM, BO, GH, K, L, MO, NY, P, US, W). Luzon: Bataan prov., Lamao. 

Parsonsia cumingiana A DC, Prodr. 8 (1844) 402; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 374; EPFP 3 (1923) 45. –Type: 

Cuming 1490 (lecto G-DC, designated by Middleton, 1997; iso K, P, W). Luzon: Manila. 

Parsonsia oblancifolia Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 335; EPFP 3 (1923) 339. –Type: BS 4723 Ramos (lecto K, 

designated by Middleton, 1997). Luzon: Zambales prov., Candelaria. 

Parsonsia magnifolia Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 3071. –Type: Elmer 17867 (lecto NY, designated by Middleton, 

1997). Luzon: Laguna prov., Mt Makiling. 

Parsonsia oblongifolia Merr., PJS 27 (1925) 50; EPFP 4 (1925) 254. --Type: Loher 13477 (holo PNH, lost; 

lecto M, designated by Middleton, 1997). Luzon: Rizal prov., Montalban, (Mt) Paningtingan, March 

1915. 

Parsonsia aterinervia [Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 338, in obs.] Elmer ex Merr., LPB 10 (1939) 3695. 

–Type: Elmer 15707 (untraced). Luzon: Sorsogon prov., Mt Bulusan, Irosin. 

S China, Taiwan, India and Sri Lanka and eastward to Indochina, throughout Malesia, 

Solomon Isls, N Australia. 

BATANES AND BABUYANES, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Ecija, 

Zambales, Bataan, Rizal, Quezon, Sorsogon, CATANDUANES, MINDORO, SIBUYAN, 

PANAY, DINAGAT, BUCAS GRANDE. Low and medium altitude thickets and secondary 

forests, also near the seashore. 

Parsonsia curvisepala K Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 9 (1888) 215; --DJ Middleton, Blumea 42 

(1997) 207; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 321. –Type from Papua New Guinea. 

Parsonsia apoensis (Elmer) Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 384; EPFP 3 (1923) 338; --Aganosma apoensis 

Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1445. –Type: Elmer 10540 (lecto K, designated by Middleton, 1997; iso A, 

BISH, BM, BO, E, G, GH, L, MO, NY, P, U, US, W, WRSL, Z). Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya. 

Parsonsia urdanetensis Elmer ex Merr. (EPFP 3 (1923) 338, nom. nud.), LPB 10 (1939) 3696, invalid name 

(no Latin descr.). --Voucher: Elmer 13836 (A, BM, BO, GH, K, MO, NA, NY, US, W). Mindanao: 

Agusan del Norte prov., Mt Urdaneta 

Peninsular Malaysia, Philippines, Sulawesi, New Guinea. 

CATANDUANES, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Davao, Agusan del Norte. Low and medium 

altitude forests. 

Parsonsia philippinensis Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 310; EPFP 3 (1923) 339; --DJ Middleton, Blumea

42 (1997) 223; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 331. –Type: BS 34585 Ramos & Pascasio (lecto K, 

designated by Middleton, 1997; iso P, US). Mindanao: Surigao del Norte prov. 

Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, S Philippines. 

MINDANAO: Surigao. Thickets or forests along streams at low altitudes. 

Rauvolfia Linnaeus 

Revision: 

Markgraf, 1984. Blumea 30: 157-167 

Hendrian & DJ Middleton. 1999. Revision of Rauvolfia (Apocynaceae) in Malesia. Blumea 44: 

449-470. 

Rauvolfia amsoniifolia A DC, Prodr. 8 (1844) 338; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 329; --Markgr., Blumea 

30 (1984) 162; --Hendrian & DJ Middleton, Blumea 44 (1999) 451; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 348. 

–Type: Cuming 1249 (lecto G, designated by Markgraf, 1984; iso BM, FR, G-DC, K, L, P). Luzon: 

Cagayan prov. 

Philippines, S Sulawesi, E Nusa Tenggara, Timor, Tanimbar, Kei. 

LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Isabela, Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, Batangas, 

Camarines, Albay, POLILLO; LUBANG, MINDORO: Mindoro Occidental (Urilan), 

Mindoro Oriental (Mansalay), MARINDUQUE (Sta. Cruz), MASBATE, MINDANAO: 

Bukidnon. Open areas, scrub, thickets, secondary forests, sometimes also along edge of 

coconut plantations, 0-500 (-750)m. 

Rauvolfia sumatrana Jack, Mal. Misc. 1, 5 (1820) 22; --Markgr., Blumea 30 (1984) 167; --Hendrian & 

DJ Middleton, Blumea 44 (1999) 462; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 356. –Type: Untraced. Neotype 

from W Sumatra. 

Rauwolfia samarensis Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 316; EPFP 3 (1923) 329; --Markgr., Blumea 30 (1984) 

165. –Type: Merrill 5233 (lecto L, designated by Hendrian & Middleton, 1999; iso BO, P, US). 

Samar: 

Rauwolfia palawanensis Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1462. –Type: Elmer 12591 (lecto BM, designated by Hendrian 

& Middleton, 1999; iso A, BISH, G, GH, L, NY, P, U, US). Palawan: 

Burma, Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo (Sarawak, Sabah, Kalimantan), 

Philippines, Sulawesi, Java, Nusa Tenggara, Moluccas. 

LUZON: Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan), PALAWAN (Roxas, Ibangley; Mt Beaufort; Addison 

Peak); PANAY: Capiz (Mt Jamindan), BILIRAN (Mt Suiro), LEYTE (Cabalian), SAMAR 

(Laoang; Mt Sohoton), MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte (Mt Urdaneta); SAMAL. Usually 

In relatively open areas, scrub, secondary forests, coastal forests, etc. although also 

recorded from primary lowland (dipterocarp, limestone) and montane forests. Mostly 

from 0-100m, recorded to as high as 1600m in certain parts of Malesia. 

Rauvolfia verticillata (Lour.) Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1 (1888) 768; --Markgr., Blumea 30 

(1984) 160; --Hendrian & DJ Middleton, Blumea 44 (1999) 464; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 358; -- Dissolena verticillata Lo 

Rauwolfia membranacea Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 449; EPFP 3 (1923) 329. –Type: BS 33214 Ramos (holo 

PNH, lost; lecto K, designated by Hendrian & Middleton, 1999; iso A, BM, BO, L, P). Luzon: Ilocos 

Norte prov. 

Rauwolfia loheri Merr., PJS 27 (1925) 50; EPFP 4 (1925) 254. --Type: Loher 12500 (holo PNH, lost; lecto K, 

designated by Hendrian & Middleton, 1999; iso M, UC) . Luzon: Rizal prov., Montalban. June 1909. 

India, Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, S China, Taiwan, 

Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo (Kalimantan, Sabah), the Philippines, Sulawesi, 

Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara. 

LUZON: Ilocos Norte (Mt Nagapatan), Benguet (Agno River), Bataan (Mt Mariveles), 

Rizal. In open areas, lowland and montane rainforests.

Rauwolfia Plumier =Rauvolfia 

Rhynchodia Bentham =Chonemorpha 

Strophanthus de Candolle 

Strophanthus caudatus (L.) Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 2 (1877) 192; J. As. Soc. Beng. 46, 2 (1877) 

257; --DJ Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 362, Fig. 91; --Echites caudatus L., Mant. Pl. 1 

(1767) 52. –Type from Java. 

Strophanthus cumingii A DC, Prodr. 8 (1844) 418; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 374; EPFP 3 (1923) 336. –Type: 

Cuming 1218 (lecto G, designated by Beentje, 1982; iso L, NY, P). Luzon: Manila. 

Strophanthus dichotomus DC var. luzoniensis D Vidal, Sinopsis Gen. Pl. Leños. Filip. (1883) 1181, t. 67. 

–Type: Illustration t. 67 in D Vidal, Sinopsis Gen. Pl. Leños. Filip. (1883). 

Strophanthus erectus Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 261. –Type: Merrill 695 (lecto NY, designated by Beentje, 

1982; iso K, US). Palawan: Puerto Princesa. 

Strophanthus letei Merr., PJS 29 (1926) 484. –Type: Lete 263 (lecto K, designated by Beentje, 1982). 

Luzon: La Union prov., San Fernando. 

Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, 

Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, New Guinea (Papua). 

LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Abra, La Union, Cagayan, Bataan, Rizal, Cavite, Laguna, 

Batangas, Sorsogon, PALAWAN, NEGROS, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Davao. Thickets and 

forests at low and medium altitudes. 

Tabernaemontana Linnaeus 

Revision: 

Leeuwenberg, AJM. 1991. A revision of Tabernaemontana 1: The Old World species. Royal 

Botanic Gardens, Kew, 211 pp. 

Tabernaemontana cordata Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 337; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 324; -- 

Leeuwenberg, Rev. Tabernaemontana 1 (1991) 136; --DJ Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 

375. –Type: Weber 1125 (lecto G, designated by Leeuwenberg, 1991; isolecto A, E, F, K, NSW). 

Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Cabadbaran, in clearings alt. c. 15m, April 1911. 

Ervatamia cordata (Merr.) Markgr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12 (1935) 548. 

MINDANAO: Agusan, Surigao. Low altitude thickets, old clearings, etc. 

Tabernaemontana macrocarpa Jack, Malay. Misc. 2, 7 (1822) 80; --Leeuwenberg, Rev. 

Tabernaemontana 1 (1991) 165; --DJ Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 379, Fig. 97. –Type 

from Sumatra. 

Pagiantha macrocarpa (Jack) Markgr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12 (1935) 546; --Ervatamia 

macrocarpa (Jack) Merr., J. Arnold Arb. 33 (1952) 246. 

Pagiantha megacarpa (Merr.) Markgr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12 (1935) 546; --Tabernaemontana 

megacarpa Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 318; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 324. –Type: RS Williams 2179 

(lecto NY, designated by Leeuwenberg, 1991; isolecto GH, K, US*). Mindanao: Zamboanga, Sax 

River. 

Tabernaemontana plumeriifolia (Elmer) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 326; --Ervatamia plumeriifolia (Elmer) Pichon, 

Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 27 (1949 [‘1948’] 220; --Pagiantha plumeriifolia (Elmer) Markgr., Mitt. 

Bot. Staatsamml. München 1 (1950) 29; --Voacanga plumeriifolia Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 333. –Type: 

Elmer 7502 (lecto G, designated by Leeuwenberg, 1991; iso A, BO, E, K, L*, Z). Luzon: Quezon 

prov., Lucban. 

S Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines. 

LUZON: Quezon, Laguna, Camarines, Sorsogon, POLILLO, PALAWAN (Quezon, 

Lipuun), BASILAN, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Misamis, Lanao. Low and medium altitude 

primary and secondary forests.

Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Poir. in Lam., Encycl. 7 (1806) 529; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 371; 

EPFP 3 (1923) 325; --Leeuwenberg, Rev. Tabernaemontana 1 (1991) 169; --DJ Middleton, Fl. 

Males. Ser. 1, 18 (2007) 380. –Type: Sonnerat s.n. (lecto P-LA, designated by Leeuwenberg, 1988; 

iso P). Luzon: near Manila. 

Pagiantha pandacaqui (Poir.) Markgr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12 (1935) 546; --Ervatamia pandacaqui (Elmer) Pic 

Tabernaemontana biflora Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1463; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 323; --Ervatamia biflora (Elmer) 

Pichon, Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 27 (1949 [‘1948’] 220. –Type: Elmer 10657 (lecto G, designated 

by Leeuwenberg, 1988; iso A, BISH, BM, BO, E, HBG, K, L, MO, NY, US, W, Z). Mindanao: Davao, 

Mt Apo, Todaya. 

Tabernaemontana brachybotrys Merr., PJS 29 (1926) 483; --Ervatamia brachybotrys (Elmer) Pichon, Mém. 

Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 27 (1949 [‘1948’] 220. –Type: BS 43257 Ramos (lecto K, designated by 

Leeuwenberg, 1988; iso A, BO, G, P, UC, US). Bohol. 

Tabernaemontana caudata Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 316; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 324; --Ervatamia 

merrilliana Markgr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12 (1935) 548. –Type: FB 14025 (lecto US, 

designated by Leeuwenberg, 1988; iso NSW). Luzon: Ilocos Norte prov., Mt Bulangao. 

Tabernaemontana congestiflora Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1464. –Type: Elmer 12564 (lecto F, designated 

by Leeuwenberg, 1988; iso A, BO, E, G, K, L, NY, P, US, W, Z). Sibuyan: Mt Giting-giting, 

Magallanes (=Magdiwang). 

Tabernaemontana cumingiana A DC, Prodr. 8 (1844) 373; --Ervatamia cumingiana (A DC) Markgr., Notizbl. 

Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12 (1935) 547. –Type: Cuming 604 (lecto G-DC, designated by 

Leeuwenberg, 1988; iso A, BM, CGE, E, K, L, M, MO, NY, P, W). Luzon: Laguna prov., Calawang 

(=Calauan). 

Tabernaemontana ecarinata Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 450; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 324. –Type BS 33022 

Ramos (lecto K, designated by Leeuwenberg, 1988; iso P, US). Luzon: Ilocos Norte prov., between 

Bangui and Claveria. 

Tabernaemontana hexagona Merr., PJS 10 (1915) Bot. 66; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 324; --Ervatamia 

hexagona (Merr.) Pichon, Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 27 (1949 [‘1948’] 220. –Type: BS 21241 

Escritor (lecto K, designated by Leeuwenberg, 1988; iso US). Panay: Capiz prov. 

Tabernaemontana laurifolia Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 114, non L. (1753). –Neotype: Merrill Species 

Blancoanae 266 (neo L, designated by Leeuwenberg, 1988; iso A, BM, BO, F, K, MO, NSW, NY, 

P, 

W). Luzon: Bulacan prov., Angat. 

Tabernaemontana linearifolia Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 317; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 324; --Ervatamia 

linearifolia (Merr.) Markgr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12 (1935) 548. –Type: FB 10945 

Curran (lecto K, designated by Leeuwenberg, 1988; iso US). Luzon: Benguet prov., Mankayan. 

Tabernaemontana mindanaensis Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 67; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 324. –Type: BS 

14930 Tarrosa & Almagro (holo PNH, lost). Mindanao: Sultan Kudarat prov., Kraan. Neotype: BS 

11653 Robinson (neo E, designated by Leeuwenberg, 1988; iso BO, F). Mindanao: North Cotabato 

prov., Reina Regente. 

Ervatamia mindorensis (Merr.) Markgr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12 (1935) 548; 

--Tabernaemontana mindorensis Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 434; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 325. –Type: BS 

39577 (lecto NY, designated by Leeuwenberg, 1988; iso A, BO, K). Mindoro: Mindoro Occidental 

prov., Paluan. 

Tabernaemontana mucronata Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 318; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 325; --Ervatamia 

mucronata (Merr.) Markgr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12 (1935) 548. –Type: FB 304 

Gammill (lecto NY, designated by Leeuwenberg, 1988; iso BM, K, US). Guimaras: Guimaras prov., 

Nagaba. 

Pagiantha oligantha (Merr.) Markgr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12 (1935) 546; --Ervatamia 

oligantha (Merr.) Pichon, Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 27 (1949 [‘1948’] 220. --Tabernaemontana 

oligantha Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 68; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 325. –Type: Merrill Philipp. Pl. 

1621 (leg. Ramos) (lecto L, designated by Leeuwenberg, 1988; iso BM, BO, G, GH, MO, NSW, 

NY, 

P, PNH, SING, US, WAG). Samar: Cauayan Valley. 

Tabernaemontana polygama Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 82; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 326; ---Ervatamia 

polygama (Blanco) Markgr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12 (1935) 548. –Type: Untraced. 

Neotype: Merrill Species Blancoanae 243 (neo K, designated by Leeuwenberg, 1988; iso A, BM, 

BO, GH, L, MO, NY, P, W, WAG). Luzon: Rizal prov., near Mandaloyon (=Mandaluyong). 

Tabernaemontana puberula Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 319; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 371. –Type: Merrill 

2746 (lecto US, designated by Leeuwenberg, 1988; iso BM). Luzon: Rizal prov. 

Tabernaemontana semperflorens Perr., Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 3 (1824) 147. –Type: Perrottet s.n. (lecto G, 

designated by Leeuwenberg, 1991; iso L). Mindanao: Zamboanga. 

Pagiantha subglobosa (Merr.) Markgr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12 (1935) 547; --Ervatamia

subglobosa (Merr.) Pichon, Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 27 (1949 [‘1948’] 220; --Tabernaemontana 

subglobosa Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 242; Fl. Manila (1912) 371; EPFP 3 (1923) 326. –Type: 

Merrill 2511 (lecto NY, designated by Leeuwenberg, 1988; iso GH, MO, SING, US). Luzon: Bataan 

prov., Mt Mariveles, Lamao River. 

S China, Taiwan, Thailand, Java, Borneo (Sabah), Philippines, Sulawesi, Java, Lesser 

Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, N and E parts of Australia, Micronesia. In the 

Philippines common in most islands and provinces. 

BATANES, BABUYAN ISLS, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, 

Benguet, Cagayan, Zambales, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Batangas, Quezon, Camarines, 

Sorsogon), POLILLO, ALABAT, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SIBUYAN, MASBATE, PANAY, 

GUIMARAS, NEGROS, BILIRAN, LEYTE, SAMAR, JOLO, BASILAN, MINDANAO: 

Zamboanga, Sultan Kudarat, North Cotabato, Davao, Surigao. Low and medium altitude 

primary and secondary forests, thickets, ascending to 1700m. 

Tabernaemontana rostrata Wall., Bot. Reg. 15 (1829) sub t. 1273; --DJ Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 

1, 18 (2007) 388. –Type from Burma. 

Andaman and Nicobar Isls, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, 


Tabernaemontana ternifolia DJ Middleton, Harvard Pap. Bot. 9 (2005) 387; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 

(2007) 389. –Type: SMHI 215 Ridsdale (L, holo; iso: PNH). Palawan: Palawan prov., Puerto Princesa, Mt Beaufort, 

PALAWAN. Stunted montane rainforest and open disturbed areas, altitude 815-1500m. 

Cultivated: 

Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R Br. ex Roemer & Schultes, Syst. 4 (1819) 427; --Merr., 

Fl. Manila (1912) 371; EPFP 3 (1923) 324; --Leeuwenberg, Rev. Tabernaemontana 1 (1991) 153; 

--DJ Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 378; --Nerium divaricatum L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 209. – 

Type from a cultivated plant from Sri Lanka. 

Ervatamia divaricata (L.) Burkill, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 10 (1925) 320. 

Native of tropical Asia, now pantropic in cultivation. 

Trachelospermum Lemaire 

Trachelospermum vanoverberghii Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 96; EPFP 3 (1923) Bot. 333; --DJ 

Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 394. –Type: Vanoverbergh 1230 (lecto P, designated by 

Middleton, 2006). Luzon: Mountain Province 

LUZON: Mountain Province, Benguet, Pampanga, Rizal. Thickets and forested ravines, 

800-1600m. 

Urceola Roxburgh 

Revision: 

Middleton, DJ. 1996. A revision of Aganonerion Pierre ex Spire, Parameria Benth. & Hook.f. and 

Urceola Roxb. (Apocynaceae). Blumea 41: 69-122. 

Urceola brachysepala Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 3 (1882) 659; --DJ Middleton, Blumea 41 (1996) 

84, Map 4; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 396. –Type from Peninsular Malaysia. 

Carruthersia imberbis Elmer, LPB 2 (1909) 588; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 332. –Type: Elmer 9239 (lecto K, 

designated by Middleton, 1996; iso BM, BO, E, L*, MO*, NSW, NY*, US* Z). Luzon: Quezon prov., 

Lucban. May 1907. 

Chavannesia philippinensis (Elmer) Pichon, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris sér. 2, 20 (1948) 302; --Urceola 

philippinensis Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 69; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 332. –Type: Clemens 1098 

(lecto M, designated by Middleton, 1996; iso BO, GH). Mindanao: Lanao del Sur prov., Camp 

Keithley.

Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, W Java, Borneo (Kalimantan, Sarawak, 

Brunei, Sabah), Philippines. 

LUZON: Rizal (Montalban), Laguna, Quezon (Lucban), Camarines Norte (Mt Cadig), 

Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan), Mindoro: Mindoro Mindoro Oriental (Pinamalayan); PALAWAN 

(Pagdanan Range, 10 km E of San Vicente; Roxas, Ibangley; Mt Bloomfield), LEYTE, 

SAMAR: Northern Samar (Catarman, Mt Cansayao), MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur (Camp 

Keithley), Agusan del Norte (Butuan), Surigao del Sur (Hinatuan), BUCAS GRANDE. In 

a wide variety of habitats from cliffs to primary forest or swamp forest to 1000m. 

Urceola laevis (Elmer) Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 69; EPFP 3 (1923) 332; --DJ Middleton, 

Blumea 41 (1996) 91, f. 4, map 7; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 401, Fig. 101; --Carruthersia laevis 

Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1449. –Type: Elmer 12837 (lecto Z, designated by Middleton, 1996; isolecto 

BISH*, BM, BO, BP, E, L*, MICH, MO*, NA*, NSW, NY*, P). Palawan: Palawan prov., Puerto 

Princesa, Mt Pulgar (=Thumb Peak). 

Borneo (Sabah), Philippines, Sulawesi. 

PALAWAN (Mt Bloomfield; Mt Pulgar, Irawan River valley; Mt Victoria, Trident Mine). 

Forests to 1500m. 

Voacanga Thouars 

Voacanga foetida (Blume) Rolfe, J. Bot. London 21 (1883) 202; --DJ Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 

18 (2007) 413, Fig. 105; --Orchipeda foetida Blume, Bijdr. (1826) 1027. –Type from Java. 

Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines. 

Voacanga globosa (Blanco) Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 319; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 326; . --DJ 

Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 413, Fig. 106; --Tabernaemontana globosa Blanco, Fl. Filip. 

(1837) 116; Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 83. –Type: Untraced. Neotype: Merrill Species Blancoanae 462 

(neo W, designated by Leeuwenberg, 1985; isoneo BM, BO, F, K, L*, MO, NY*, P, US*). Luzon: 

Laguna prov., Los Baños. 

Voacanga cumingiana Rolfe, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 21 (1884) 313. –Type: Cuming 1806 (lecto K, designated by 

Leeuwenberg, 1985; isolecto BM, W). Negros. 

Voacanga dolichocalyx Quisumb. & Merr., PJS 37 (1928) 192. –Type: BS 45264 Ramos & Edaño (lecto NY, 

designated by Leeuwenberg, 1985; isolecto K, US*). Luzon: Aurora prov., Casiguran. 

Voacanga latifolia Quisumb. & Merr., PJS 37 (1928) 193. –Type: BS 47070 Ramos & Edaño (lecto A, 

designated by Leeuwenberg, 1985; isolecto NY*, UC). Luzon: Isabela prov., San Mariano. 

LUZON (widespread especially along the E half), POLILLO, MINDORO, MASBATE, 

PANAY, NEGROS, CEBU, BILIRAN, LEYTE, SAMAR, DINAGAT and MINDANAO. 

Common in secondary and primary forests, to altitude 300m. 

Voacanga grandifolia (Miq.) Rolfe, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 21 (1883) 202; --DJ Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 

1, 18 (2007) 415, Fig. 107; --Pootia grandifolia Miq., Verslagen Meded. Afd. Natuurk. Kon. Akad. 

Wetensch. 6 (1857) 193. –Type from Java. 

Java, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, Australia (Queensland). 

MINDANAO. 

Voacanga megacarpa Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) 336; EPFP 3 (1923) 327; --DJ Middleton, Fl. Males. 

Ser. 1, 18 (2007) 420, Fig. 109. –Type: BS 12343 Foxworthy (untraced). Neotype: Whitford 829 

(neo US, desgignated by Leeuwenberg, 1985; isoneo P). Luzon: Quezon prov., 

LUZON: Quezon (Tununi River; Binagonan), Camarines, Sorsogon. Low altitude 

secondary forests, along streams. 

Willughbeia Roxburgh

Revision: 

Middleton, DJ. 1993. A taxonomic revision of Willughbeia Roxb. (Apocynaceae). Blumea 38:1-24 

Willughbeia anomala Markgr., Blumea 20 (1972) 415; --DJ Middleton, Blumea 38 (1993) 7; Fl. 

Males. Ser. 1, 18 (2007) 424. –Type from Brunei 


MINDANAO. 

Willughbeia sarawacensis (Pierre) K Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. 2 

(1900) 53; --Markgr., Blumea 20 (1972) 413; --DJ Middleton, Blumea 38 (1993) 17; Fl. Males. 

Ser. 1, 18 (2007) 434; --Ancylocladus sarawhaensis Pierre, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris sér. 2, 1 

(1898) 96. –Type from Sarawak. 


PALAWAN. 

Wrightia R Brown 

Revision: 

Ngan, PT. 1965. A revision of the genus Wrightia (Apocynaceae). Annals of the Missouri 

Botanical Garden 52: 114-175. 

Wrightia candollei S Vidal, Phan. Cuming, Philipp. (1885) 186 (as ‘cadollei’); --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 

337; --DJ Middleton, Harvard Pap. Bot. 10 (2005) 162; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 437; --Wrightia 

pubescens R Br. subsp. candollei (S Vidal) Ngan, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 52 (1965) 153. –Type: 

Cuming 1453 (lecto P, designated by Middleton, 2005; isolecto BM, CGE, K). Luzon: ‘Manila’. 

LUZON: Benguet, Pangasinan, Zambales, Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Laguna, MINDORO, 

PALAWAN (Taytay; Irawan River Valley), LANGEN. Mixed evergreen or deciduous low 

altitude forests and secondary growth. 

Wrightia aff. dubia (Sims) Sprengel, Syst. Veg. 1 (1825) 638; --Soejarto et al. (1995) Prelim. 

Checklist Fl. Pl. Palawan. 

Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines. 

PALAWAN (Tacdua Zigzag; Bacungan, hills above Nagtabon beach; Narra, Calatigas, 

Purok Dumpsite; Balanjao Range, Rio Tuba) 

Wrightia hanleyi Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1465; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 337; --Ngan, Ann. Missouri Bot. 

Gard. 52 (1965) 168; --DJ Middleton, Harvard Pap. Bot. 10 (2005) 166; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 

440. –Type: Elmer 12873 (lecto GH, designated by Middleton, 2005; isolecto A, BISH, BO, E, F, K, 

L, MO*, NSW, NY*, US*, Z). Palawan: Mt Pulgar (=Thumb Peak), March 1911. 

PALAWAN (Taytay, Mt Bloomfield; Irawan River Valley; Narra, Bato-bato, km 107; 

Quezon, Lipuun; Brooke’s Point). Clearings, thickets and open forests, low altitudes. 

Wrightia laevis Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 3 (1882) 654; --Ngan, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 52 (1965) 

136; --DJ Middleton, Harvard Pap. Bot. 10 (2005) 168; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 440. –Type from 

Peninsular Malaysia. 

Wrightia sorsogonensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3698, invalid name; no Latin description. Based on: Elmer 

15595 (A, BM, BO, C, GH, K, L, MO, NSW, NY, P, PNH, S, Z). Luzon: Sorsogon prov., Mt Bulusan, 

Irosin. 

S China, Hainan, Thailand, Indochina, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, 

Philippines, New Guinea, Australia (Queensland). 

Wrightia palawanensis DJ Middleton, Harvard Pap. Bot. 10 (2005) 172; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 

head on the lower slopes of Mt Beaufort. 

PALAWAN. Riverine and mixed forests and from ultramafic soils, altitude 100-200m. 

(2007) 442. –Type: SM

Wrightia pubescens R Br., Prodr. (1810) 467; --Ngan, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 52 (1965) 150; --DJ 

Middleton, Harvard Pap. Bot. 10 (2005) 172; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 443. –Type from Northern 

Territories, Australia. 

Wrightia calycina A DC, Prodr. 8 (1844) 406; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 337. –Type from Timor. 

Philippines, E Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Australia (Northern 

Territories). 

PALAWAN, MASBATE, PANAY, GUIMARAS, NEGROS, CEBU, BILIRAN, LEYTE, 

MINDANAO: Lanao, Davao. Low altitude thickets and forests. 

ssp. laniti (Blanco) Ngan, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 52 (1965) 153; --DJ Middleton, Harvard Pap. Bot. 

10 (2005) 176; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 444, Fig. 113; --Wrightia laniti (Blanco) Merr., Govt. 

Lab. Publ. (Philipp.) 27 (1905) 59; Fl. Manila (1912) 373; EPFP 3 (1923) 337; --Anasser laniti 

Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 112. –Type: Untraced. Neotype: PNH 22879 Sulit (neo A, designated by 

Middleton, 2005; iso L). Luzon: Laguna prov., Makiling National Park. 

Wrightia ovata A DC, Prodr. 8 (1844) 405. –Type: Cuming 1279 (lecto G, designated by Middleton, 2005; 

isolecto P). Luzon: “Manila”. 

S China, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, W Java, 

Philippines, Sulawesi. 

LUZON: Cagayan to Laguna, MINDORO, CULION, PALAWAN, NEGROS, MINDANAO: 

Zamboanga. Common in thickets and secondary forests at low altitudes. 

Wrightia religiosa (Teijsm. & Binn.) Benth. ex Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 46, 2 (1877) 258; -- 

Ngan, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 52 (1965) 159; --DJ Middleton, Harvard Pap. Bot. 10 (2005) 179; 

Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 446; --Echites religiosus Teijsm. & Binn., Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 27 (1864) 

34. Type: Untraced; Neotype from Thailand. 

Thailand, Cambodia, possibly Peninsular Malaysia. Natural distribution is obscure owing 

to wide cultivation. Widely cultivated in many parts of Malesia 

Cultivated: 

Cultivated: 

Adenia Roemer & Schultes 

Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 4 (1819) 

411. 

Allamanda Linnaeus 

Allamanda cathartica L., Mant. 2 (1771) 214; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 372; EPFP 3 (1923) 320. 

Allamanda hendersonii Bull. ex Dombr., Fl. Mag. 5 (1866) t. 263; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 372; 

EPFP 3 (1923) 320. 

Allamanda schottii Pohl, Pl. Bras. I (xxxx) 73. t. 58. 

Catharanthus 

Catharanthus roseus (L.) G Don, Gen. Hist. 4 (1836) 95. 

Carissa

Carissa carandas L., Mant. 52. 

Nerium Linnaeus 

Nerium oleander L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 209. 

Nerium indicum Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8 (1768) No. 2; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 372; EPFP 3 (1923) 336. 

Plumiera Linnaeus 

Plumeria obtusa L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 210. 

Plumiera rubra L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 209. 

Plumeria acuminata Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 2 (1811) 70; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 321; EPFP 3 (1923) 321. 

Thevetia Linnaeus 

Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 130; EPFP 3 (1923) 331. 

Thevetia nereifolia Juss. ex Steudel, Nomencl. ed. 2, 2 (1841) 680; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 370.

Family 247. APOCYNACEAE Alstonia R Brown Borneo, Philippines ...

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