Supporting Information

Supporting Information 

Saslis-Lagoudakis et al. 10.1073/pnas.1202242109 

A: Within Same Region 

Percentage Percentage 

210 

180 

150 

120 

90 

60 

30 

0 

B: Among Regions 

100 

75 

50 

25 

0 

Total Flora 

Medicinal Flora 

nodes compared to random 

Fig. S1. Concentration of medicinal plants in phylogenetic “hot nodes” for the categories of medical conditions. Blue and orange bars show percentage of 

total and medicinal flora included in hot nodes, respectively. Green bars show percentage gain in medicinal plants included in hot nodes. Gain is the difference 

between the number of medicinal plants in hot nodes, and the number of medicinal plants expected in a random sample of the same size. (A) Patterns based 

on the average from analyses from within each of the three floras (Nepal, New Zealand, and Cape of South Africa). (B) Patterns based on the average from 

pairwise analyses among the three floras. Comparisons were carried out on a combined phylogenetic tree of the three floras to test whether hot nodes from 

one region can predict medicinal plant use from the other two. 

Saslis-Lagoudakis et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1202242109 1of25

Fig. S2. Phylogenetic overlap between the medicinal floras of Nepal and Cape of South Africa. The phylogenetic tree shown is the combined tree of the floras 

from the three regions reconstructed under ML criterion with RAxML 7.2.8. Light blue branches are lineages that are not used in ethnomedicine in eitherofthe 

two areas. Dark blue branches are lineages used in ethnomedicine in Nepal and red ones are used in the Cape of South Africa. As shown, the medicinal floras of 

the two regions are found in the same lineages on the tree. 


Fig. S3. Phylogenetic overlap between the medicinal floras of Nepal and New Zealand. The phylogenetic tree shown is the combined tree of the floras from 

the three regions reconstructed under ML criterion with RAxML 7.2.8. Light blue branches are lineages that are not used in ethnomedicine in either of the two 

areas. Dark blue branches are lineages used in ethnomedicine in Nepal and red ones are used in New Zealand. As shown, the medicinal floras of the two 

regions are found in the same lineages on the tree. 


Fig. S4. Phylogenetic overlap between the medicinal floras of New Zealand and Cape of South Africa. The phylogenetic tree shown is the combined tree of 

the floras from the three regions reconstructed under ML criterion with RAxML 7.2.8. Light blue branches lineages that are not used in ethnomedicine in either 

of the two areas. Dark blue branches are lineages used in ethnomedicine in the Cape of South Africa and red ones are used in New Zealand. As shown, the 

medicinal floras of the two regions are found in the same lineages on the tree. 


Table S1. Phylogenetic clumping of medicinal plant use in Nepal, the Cape of South Africa, and New Zealand 

Nepal 

MPD NRI P value 

South 

Africa Cape 

New 

Zealand Nepal 

South 

Africa Cape New Zealand Nepal 

South 

Africa Cape New Zealand 

Medicinal floras 0.4007 0.4645 0.4861 5.4604 1.2102 2.1919 < 0.001 0.117 0.014 

Cardiovascular/ blood purity 0.3889 0.4447 0.4316 1.3932 1.2205 2.017 0.082 0.111 0.030 

Dentistry/mouth 0.3816 0.4609 0.5642 2.3249 0.5654 −0.9443 0.006 0.278 0.831 

Gastrointestinal 0.3936 0.4394 0.4554 4.5074 2.6699 2.7196 < 0.001 0.003 0.003 

General 0.395 0.4511 0.4402 2.3658 0.9497 2.73 0.005 0.174 0.008 

Gynecology/fertility 0.3804 0.4421 0.4693 2.902 1.9582 2.1128 < 0.001 0.031 0.019 

Musculoskeletal 0.3814 0.4445 0.4906 3.9846 1.591 1.2184 < 0.001 0.066 0.119 

Neurology 0.3958 0.4342 0.4867 3.3898 2.4327 1.2138 < 0.001 0.012 0.115 

Ophthalmology 0.365 0.4783 0.4519 2.7387 0.0133 1.1417 0.003 0.485 0.135 

Other 0.3927 0.4307 0.4466 2.9959 2.3692 2.2074 0.004 0.014 0.019 

Otorhinolaryngology 0.4242 0.3973 0.4379 0.3767 2.9216 1.5397 0.351 0.002 0.067 

Respiratory/pulmonary 0.4149 0.4348 0.4401 1.3661 2.4334 2.2763 0.084 0.009 0.014 

Skin 0.3904 0.445 0.4898 4.6528 1.9255 1.5917 < 0.001 0.035 0.052 

Urinary 0.4255 0.4821 0.493 0.3739 −0.1209 0.7126 0.346 0.547 0.226 

Information shown for the three medicinal floras and 13 categories of conditions. Results were acquired with the “comstruct” command in PHYLOCOM v4.1. 

MPD, mean phylogenetic distance within each sample; NRI, net relatedness index. P values in bold are the ones that remain significant after a Bonferroni 

correction of the α-significance level. Note that in uncorrected data, 1/20 significant comparisons may be spurious (type I errors), but the Bonferroni correction 

adjusts the α-threshold so the study-wide error rate remains at 0.05. 

Table S2. “Hot nodes” of medicinal use within the three regions 

%totalflora included % medicinal hits 

% gain in medicinal hits included 

compared with random 

Significance in 

gain (P value) 

Medicinal floras 32.66 52.10 59.50 < 0.001 

Cardiovascular/blood purity 17.10 65.98 285.91 < 0.001 

Dentistry/mouth 33.38 58.35 74.81 < 0.001 

Gastrointestinal 22.92 44.66 94.83 < 0.001 

General 36.59 57.85 58.13 < 0.001 

Gynecology/fertility 35.62 52.54 47.50 < 0.001 

Musculoskeletal 19.65 42.20 114.72 < 0.001 

Neurology 33.89 56.87 67.83 < 0.001 

Ophthalmology 14.97 63.56 324.53 < 0.001 

Other 29.79 56.38 89.25 < 0.001 

Otorhinolaryngology 18.56 56.28 203.15 < 0.001 

Respiratory/pulmonary 24.33 53.09 118.21 < 0.001 

Skin 32.71 55.38 69.29 < 0.001 

Urinary 21.66 59.94 176.71 < 0.001 

Average categories 26.24 55.62 132.68 < 0.001 

Using the option “nodesig” in PHYLOCOM v4.1, nodes on the phylogenetic tree with significantly more medicinal plants than in the rest of the phylogeny 

were recovered. The first column of data shows the percentage of the total flora included in those nodes. The second column shows the percentage of the 

medicinal flora included in the nodes. The third column shows the percentage of gain in medicinal plants included in hot nodes, compared with what would be 

expected by chance. Results are presented for the medicinal floras of Nepal, New Zealand, and the Cape of South Africa, and for the 13 categories of 

conditions. Each figure is the average of the results from the three regions. All P values remain significant after a Bonferroni correction of the α-significance 

level. Note that in uncorrected data, 1/20 significant comparisons may be spurious (type I errors), but the Bonferroni correction adjusts the α-threshold so the 

study-wide error rate remains at 0.05. 


Table S3. Cross-cultural congruence in plant use in hot nodes 

%totalflora included % medicinal hits 

% gain in medicinal hits included 

compared with random 

Significance in 

gain (P value) 

Medicinal floras 21.97 25.62 16.65 0.2657 

Cardiovascular/blood purity 10.73 16.43 53.14 0.0673 

Dentistry/mouth 27.78 32.87 18.33 0.2015 

Gastrointestinal 15.39 21.35 38.77 0.0822 

General 29.41 26.18 −10.99 N/A 

Gynecology/fertility 30.81 32.43 5.25 0.4355 

Musculoskeletal 12.78 18.50 44.70 0.0833 

Neurology 25.95 33.68 29.80 0.0701 

Ophthalmology 10.59 21.01 98.33 0.0017 

Other 22.13 30.95 39.84 0.0415 

Otorhinolaryngology 14.59 25.92 77.61 0.0043 

Respiratory/pulmonary 14.81 19.72 33.17 0.1493 

Skin 25.03 31.50 25.87 0.1049 

Urinary 13.50 18.42 36.43 0.1230 

Average categories 19.50 25.30 37.71 0.1057 

Figures are the average from the six tests to investigate the extent to which hot nodes of each region (source region) can predict the medicinal plant use in 

the other two regions (target regions). The first column of data shows the percentage of the total flora of the target regions included in the hot nodes of the 

source region, using the option “nodesig” in PHYLOCOM v4.1. The second column shows the percentage of medicinal plants of the target regions found in 

those nodes. The third column shows the percentage of gain in medicinal hits achieved by sampling those nodes, compared with random sampling. Results are 

summarized for the medicinal floras of Nepal, New Zealand, and the Cape of South Africa, and for 13 categories of conditions. P value in bold is the one that 

remains significant after a Bonferroni correction of the α-significance level. Note that in uncorrected data, 1/20 significant comparisons may be spurious (type I 

errors), but the Bonferroni correction adjusts the α-threshold so the study-wide error rate remains at 0.05. N/A, not applicable 

Table S4. Similarities between the floras of Nepal, New Zealand, 

and the Cape of South Africa based on the Sørensen Index (ref. 1) 

at the genus level 

Region Nepal New Zealand Cape of South Africa 

Nepal 1 

New Zealand 0.28 1 

Cape of South Africa 0.37 0.34 1 

1. Sørensen T (1948) A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant sociology based on similarity of species and its application to analyses of the vegetation on Danish 

commons. Biol Skr 5:1–34. 

Table S5. Significance of agreement in lineages used between 

pairs of medicinal floras when genera used in more than one 

region are removed 

Region Nepal Cape of South Africa New Zealand 

Nepal — 

Cape of South Africa P < 0.001 — 

New Zealand P = 0.005 P = 0.021 — 

Significance was assessed by comparing observed values of pair-wise distances 

to those from 10,000 random comparisons per case and P values were 

the frequency of randomizations with smaller pair-wise distance. 


Table S6. Drug-producing genera. Information extracted from Zhu et al. (ref. 1). Underlined signifies genera present in our dataset 

The asterisk (*) here below represents genera used in at least one of the medicinal floras of Nepal, New Zealand, the Cape of South Africa. The terms 

“Applied” and “Trial” given after each genus name indicate whether the genus is used in drug production or is under trial, respectively. 

Acanthaceae: Andrographis; Applied. Amaranthaceae: Spinacia; Applied&Trial. Amaryllidaceae: Allium*; Applied. Galanthus; Applied. Leucojum; Applied. 

Lycoris; Applied. Narcissus; Applied. Annonaceae: Artabotrys; Applied. Apiaceae: Ammi ; Applied. Apium*; Trial. Carum*; Trial. Centella*; Applied. Daucus*; 

Applied. Petroselinum; Trial. Apocynaceae: Acokanthera; Applied,Trial. Asclepias*; Applied. Aspidosperma; Applied&Trial. Catharanthus*; Applied&Trial. 

Hoodia; Trial. Ochrosia; Applied&Trial. Rauvolfia*; Applied. Strophanthus; Applied&Trial. Tabernaemontana*; Applied&Trial. Vinca; Applied. Araliaceae: 

Panax*; Trial. Arecaceae: Areca*; Applied. Cocos; Applied&Trial. Serenoa; Applied. Asparagaceae: Convallaria; Applied. Urginea; Trial. Asteraceae: Artemisia*; 

Applied&Trial. Cynara ; Applied&Trial. Inula*; Trial. Matricaria; Trial. Silybum ; Applied&Trial. Stevia; Applied. Berberidaceae: Berberis*; Applied. Dysosma; 

Applied&Trial. Leontice; Applied. Podophyllum*; Applied&Trial. Sinopodophyllum; Applied&Trial. Betulaceae: Corylus*; Applied&Trial. Bignoniaceae: Tabebuia; 

Trial. Boraginaceae: Cordia*; Applied. Brassicaceae: Brassica*; Applied&Trial. Isatis; Trial. Rorippa*; Applied. Sinapis; Trial. Commiphora; Applied. Calophyllaceae: 

Calophyllum; Trial. Campanulaceae: Lobelia*; Trial. Cannabaceae: Cannabis*; Applied&Trial. Celastraceae: Maytenus*; Trial. Tripterygium; 

Applied&Trial. Colchicaceae: Colchicum; Applied&Trial. Combretaceae: Combretum*; Trial. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea*; Applied. Turbina; Applied. Cornaceae: 

Camptotheca; Applied&Trial. Cucurbitaceae: Hemsleya; Applied. Cupressaceae: Juniperus*; Trial. Thuja; Applied. Ephedraceae: Ephedra*; Applied. Erythroxylaceae: 

Erythroxylum; Applied. Euphorbiaceae: Croton*; Applied&Trial. Euphorbia*; Trial. Hippomane; Trial. Homalanthus ; Trial. Ricinus*; Trial. Fabaceae: 

Acacia*; Applied. Cassia*; Applied. Castanospermum*; Trial. Ceratonia; Applied. Cicer; Trial. Crotalaria*; Applied. Cullen; Trial. Genista; Trial. Glycine; Applied&Trial. 

Glycyrrhiza*; Applied. Indigofera*; Trial. Lens; Trial. Lonchocarpus; Applied. Medicago; Applied&Trial. Melilotus; Applied. Mucuna*; Applied. 

Phaseolus; Trial. Physostigma; Applied&Trial. Pisum*; Applied&Trial. Pueraria; Trial. Senegalia; Applied. Sophora*; Applied&Trial. Trifolium; Applied&Trial. 

Vachellia; Applied. Vicia; Trial. Vigna*; Trial. Hippocastanaceae: Aesculus*; Applied. Icacinaceae: Mappliedia; Applied&Trial. Lamiaceae: Lavandula; Trial. 

Mentha*; Applied&Trial. Monarda; Trial. Perilla*; Trial. Plectranthus; Applied. Salvia*; Trial. Thymus*; Applied. Lauraceae: Cinnamomum*; Applied. Laurus; 

Trial. Ocotea; Applied. Loganiaceae: Strychnos*; Applied&Trial. Lycopodiaceae: Huperzia ; Applied&Trial. Lycopodium; Applied. Malvaceae: Theobroma; 

Applied. Melanthiaceae: Veratrum; Trial. Meliaceae: Dysoxylum*; Trial. Menispermaceae: Anamirta; Applied. Anomospermum; Trial. Chondrodendron; Applied&Trial. 

Cissampelos*; Applied. Curarea; Applied. Stephania*; Applied. Moraceae: Morus*; Applied&Trial. Myrtaceae: Callistemon; Applied. Leptospermum; 

Applied. Syzygium*; Trial. Nitrariaceae: Symphytum; Applied. Oleaceae: Fraxinus*; Trial. Papaveraceae: Corydalis*; Applied. Glaucium; Applied. 

Papaver*; Applied&Trial. Sanguinaria; Applied. Pinaceae: Cedrus*; Applied. Larix; Applied. Pinus*; Applied. Tsuga; Applied. Piperaceae: Piper*; Applied. 

Plantaginaceae: Digitalis; Applied&Trial. Poaceae: Cymbopogon*; Trial. Oryza*; Applied. Triticum; Applied. Zea; Applied&Trial. Quillajaceae: Quillaja; Trial. 

Ranunculaceae: Adonis; Applied. Coptis; Applied. Hydrastis; Applied. Thalictrum*; Applied. Rosaceae: Agrimonia*; Applied. Malus*; Trial. Potentilla*; Applied. 

Prunus*; Applied. Rubiaceae: Cinchona; Applied. Coffea; Applied. Galium*; Trial. Ophiorrhiza*; Applied&Trial. Pausinystalia; Applied. Rutaceae: Citrus*; 

Applied. Pilocarpus; Applied. Sarcomelicope; Trial. Salicaceae: Populus*; Applied. Salix*; Applied. Sapindaceae: Paullinia; Applied. Simaroubaceae: Brucea; 

Trial. Solanaceae: Anisodus; Applied. Atropa; Applied. Capsicum*; Applied&Trial. Datura*; Applied. Hyoscyamus ; Applied. Mandragora; Applied. Nicotiana*; 

Applied. Solanum*; Applied. Taxaceae: Taxus*; Applied&Trial. Theaceae: Camellia; Applied&Trial. Thymelaeaceae: Pimelea; Trial. Zingiberaceae: Curcuma*; 

Trial. Zingiber*; Applied&Trial. Zygophyllaceae: Larrea; Applied&Trial. 

1. Zhu F, et al. (2011) Clustered patterns of species origins of nature-derived drugs and clues for future bioprospecting. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:12943–12948. 


Table S7. Plant genera with high priority for future screening for overall medicinal bioactivity 

These genera were included in the hot nodes of at least two of the study regions (Nepal, New Zealand, and the Cape of South Africa). 

Achariaceae: Acharia, Ceratiosicyos, Amaranthaceae: Psilotrichum, Anacardiaceae: Anacardium, Buchanania, Cotinus, Dobinea, Heeria, Laurophyllus, Mangifera, 

Pistacia, Rhus, Semecarpus, Spondias, Apocynaceae: Asclepias, Aspidoglossum, Gomphocarpus, Telosma, Xysmalobium, Asteraceae: Marasmodes, 

Myriactis, Begoniaceae: Begonia, Betulaceae: Alnus, Betula, Carpinus, Corylus, Brassicaceae: Alliaria, Arabidopsis, Arabis, Barbarea, Brassica, Braya, Cadaba, 

Capparis, Capsella, Cardamine, Chamira, Christolea, Cleome, Crateva, Descurainia, Desideria, Dilophia, Diplotaxis, Dontostemon, Draba, Erysimum, Eutrema, 

Hedinia, Heliophila, Iberis, Lepidium, Lignariella, Maerua, Megacarpaea, Microsisymbrium, Nasturtium, Notothlaspi, Pachycladon, Pegaeophyton, Phaeonychium, 

Raphanus, Rorippa, Sisymbrium, Thlaspi, Torularia, Cannabaceae: Cannabis, Humulus, Caricaceae: Carica, Casuarinaceae: Casuarina, Celastraceae: 

Bhesa, Cassine, Celastrus, Elaeodendron, Euonymus, Gloveria, Gymnosporia, Lauridia, Lophopetalum, Maurocenia, Maytenus, Mystroxylon, Putterlickia, Reissantia, 

Robsonodendron, Stackhousia, Clusiaceae: Garcinia, Hypericum, Mesua, Combretaceae: Anogeissus, Combretum, Quisqualis, Terminalia, Coriariaceae: 

Coriaria, Corynocarpaceae: Corynocarpus, Crassulaceae: Adromischus, Cotyledon, Crassula, Kalanchoe, Sedum, Cucurbitaceae: Benincasa, Biswarea, Bryonia, 

Citrullus, Coccinia, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Cyclanthera, Diplocyclos, Edgaria, Gomphogyne, Gymnopetalum, Gynostemma, Herpetospermum, Kedrostis, Lagenaria, 

Luffa, Momordica, Mukia, Neoalsomitra, Sechium, Sicyos, Solena, Thladiantha, Trichosanthes, Zehneria, Cunoniaceae: Ackama, Cunonia, Platylophus, Weinmannia, 

Daphniphyllaceae: Daphniphyllum, Datiscaceae: Datisca, Tetrameles, Dipterocarpaceae: Shorea, Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus, Hippophae, Elaeocarpaceae: 

Aristotelia, Elaeocarpus, Sloanea, Elatinaceae: Bergia, Elatine, Escalloniaceae: Ixerba, Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha, Adenocline, Alchornea, Aleurites, 

Andrachne, Antidesma, Baccaurea, Baliospermum, Bischofia, Breynia, Bridelia, Chrozophora, Cleidion, Clutia, Croton, Dalechampia, Euphorbia, Excoecaria, 

Flueggea, Glochidion, Homalanthus, Hyaenanche, Jatropha, Lachnostylis, Leidesia, Macaranga, Mallotus, Mercurialis, Ostodes, Phyllanthus, Poranthera, Putranjiva, 

Ricinus, Sapium, Sauropus, Securinega, Seidelia, Tragia, Trewia, Fabaceae: Abrus, Acacia, Acrocarpus, Aeschynomene, Albizia, Alysicarpus, Amphicarpaea, 

Amphithalea, Apios, Arachis, Argyrolobium, Aspalathus, Astragalus, Atylosia, Bauhinia, Bolusafra, Butea, Caesalpinia, Cajanus, Calpurnia, Campylotropis, 

Canavalia, Caragana, Carmichaelia, Cassia, Chamaecrista, Chesneya, Cicer, Clianthus, Clitoria, Cochlianthus, Codariocalyx, Colutea, Crotalaria, Cyclopia, Cytisus, 

Dalbergia, Delonix, Derris, Desmodium, Dipogon, Dolichos, Dumasia, Dunbaria, Entada, Eriosema, Erythrina, Flemingia, Galactia, Geissaspis, Genista, Glycine, 

Glycyrrhiza, Gueldenstaedtia, Hedysarum, Hypocalyptus, Indigofera, Kennedia, Lablab, Lathyrus, Lebeckia, Lens, Lespedeza, Lessertia, Leucaena, Liparia, 

Lotononis, Lotus, Lupinus, Macrotyloma, Medicago, Melilotus, Melolobium, Millettia, Mimosa, Montigena, Mucuna, Ormosia, Otholobium, Oxytropis, Paracalyx, 

Paraserianthes, Parochetus, Phaseolus, Piptanthus, Pisum, Pithecellobium, Podalyria, Polhillia, Pongamia, Pterocarpus, Pueraria, Rafnia, Rhynchosia, 

Robinia, Saraca, Schotia, Senna, Sesbania, Shuteria, Smithia, Sophora, Spatholobus, Stirtonanthus, Tadehagi, Tamarindus, Tephrosia, Thermopsis, Trifolium, 

Trigonella, Uraria, Vicia, Vigna, Virgilia, Wiborgia, Wisteria, Xiphotheca, Zornia, Fagaceae: Castanopsis, Lithocarpus, Nothofagus, Quercus, Geissolomataceae: 

Geissoloma, Geraniaceae: Erodium, Geranium, Monsonia, Pelargonium, Grossulariaceae: Ribes, Haloragaceae: Gonocarpus, Haloragis, Hamamelidaceae: Exbucklandia, 

Trichocephalus, Trichocladus, Juglandaceae: Engelhardia, Juglans, Lamiaceae: Ballota, Galeobdolon, Lamium, Leonotis, Leonurus, Marrubium, 

Lauraceae: Cryptocarya, Linaceae: Anisadenia, Linum, Reinwardtia, Loranthaceae: Dendrophthoe, Loranthus, Macrosolen, Moquiniella, Peraxilla, Scurrula, 

Septulina, Taxillus, Tupeia, Lythraceae: Ammannia, Cuphea, Duabanga, Lagerstroemia, Lawsonia, Lythrum, Punica, Rotala, Trapa, Woodfordia, Malpighiaceae: 

Aspidopterys, Hiptage, Malvaceae: Abroma, Abutilon, Adansonia, Alcea, Anisodontea, Bombax, Byttneria, Corchorus, Entelea, Eriolaena, Firmiana, Gossypium, 

Grewia, Helicteres, Hermannia, Hibiscus, Hoheria, Kydia, Lavatera, Malva, Malvaviscus, Melochia, Pavonia, Plagianthus, Pterospermum, Sida, Sparrmannia, 

Sterculia, Thespesia, Triumfetta, Urena, Melastomataceae: Medinilla, Melastoma, Osbeckia, Meliaceae: Aglaia, Azadirachta, Chukrasia, Cipadessa, Dysoxylum, 

Ekebergia, Melia, Munronia, Nymania, Toona, Trichilia, Melianthaceae: Melianthus, Moraceae: Artocarpus, Ficus, Maclura, Morus, Streblus, Moringaceae: 

Moringa, Myricaceae: Morella, Callistemon, Eucalyptus, Eugenia, Kunzea, Leptospermum, Lophomyrtus, Metrosideros, Neomyrtus, Psidium, Syzygium, Neuradaceae: 

Grielum, Ochnaceae: Ochna, Olacaceae: Erythropalum, Olax, Schoepfia, Oliniaceae: Olinia, Onagraceae: Chamerion, Circaea, Epilobium, Ludwigia, 

Oenothera, Opiliaceae: Cansjera, Lepionurus, Oxalidaceae: Biophytum, Oxalis, Paeoniaceae: Paeonia, Parnassiaceae: Parnassia, Passifloraceae: Passiflora, 

Penaeaceae: Brachysiphon, Endonema, Glischrocolla, Penaea, Saltera, Sonderothamnus, Stylapterus, Phyllanthaceae: Aporusa, Poaceae: Australopyrum, Podostemaceae: 

Hydrobryum, Polygalaceae: Muraltia, Polygala, Securidaca, Resedaceae: Oligomeris, Rhamnaceae: Berchemia, Discaria, Gouania, Helinus, Hovenia, 

Noltea, Paliurus, Phylica, Pomaderris, Rhamnella, Rhamnus, Sageretia, Scutia, Ventilago, Ziziphus, Rhizophoraceae: Carallia, Rosaceae: Acaena, 

Agrimonia, Alchemilla, Aruncus, Cliffortia, Cotoneaster, Crataegus, Docynia, Eriobotrya, Filipendula, Fragaria, Geum, Malus, Neillia, Photinia, Potentilla, 

Prinsepia, Prunus, Pygeum, Pyracantha, Rosa, Rubus, Sanguisorba, Sibbaldia, Sorbaria, Sorbus, Spiraea, Rutaceae: Acmadenia, Adenandra, Aegle, Agathosma, 

Calodendrum, Citrus, Clausena, Coleonema, Diosma, Empleuridium, Empleurum, Euchaetis, Euodia, Glycosmis, Macrostylis, Melicope, Micromelum, Murraya, 

Ptaeroxylon, Ruta, Skimmia, Toddalia, Zanthoxylum, Salicaceae: Casearia, Dovyalis, Flacourtia, Gynocardia, Homalium, Kiggelaria, Populus, Salix, Scolopia, 

Trimeria, Xylosma, Salvadoraceae: Azima, Santalaceae: Arceuthobium, Dufrenoya, Exocarpus, Korthalsella, Mida, Osyris, Pyrularia, Rhoiacarpos, Santalum, 

Thesidium, Thesium, Viscum, Sapindaceae: Acer, Aesculus, Alectryon, Allophylus, Atalaya, Cardiospermum, Dodonaea, Erioglossum, Lepisanthes, Litchi, Pappea, 

Sapindus, Schleichera, Smelophyllum, Saxifragaceae: Astilbe, Bergenia, Chrysosplenium, Rodgersia, Saxifraga, Tiarella, Simaroubaceae: Brucea, Picrasma, 

Stachyuraceae: Stachyurus, Staphyleaceae: Staphylea, Turpinia, Tamaricaceae: Myricaria, Thymelaeaceae: Aquilaria, Daphne, Drapetes, Edgeworthia, Gnidia, 

Lachnaea, Passerina, Pimelea, Stellera, Struthiola, Wikstroemia, Tropaeolaceae: Tropaeolum, Ulmaceae: Celtis, Chaetachme, Holoptelea, Trema, Ulmus, Urticaceae: 

Boehmeria, Chamabainia, Dendrocnide, Didymodoxa, Droguetia, Elatostema, Forsskaolea, Girardinia, Gonostegia, Laportea, Lecanthus, Parietaria, 

Pilea, Poikilospermum, Procris, Urtica, Violaceae: Hybanthus, Melicytus, Viola, Vitaceae: Ampelocissus, Ampelopsis, Cayratia, Cissus, Cyphostemma, Leea, 

Parthenocissus, Rhoicissus, Tetrastigma, Vitis, Zygophyllaceae: Augea, Seetzenia, Tribulus, Zygophyllum. 

Table S8. Plant genera with high priority for future screening for conditions related to cardiovascular/blood purity problems 

These genera were included in the hot nodes of at least two of the study regions (Nepal, New Zealand, and the Cape of South Africa) for this category of 

conditions. 

Agavaceae: Cordyline, Anacardiaceae: Anacardium, Buchanania, Cotinus, Dobinea, Heeria, Laurophyllus, Mangifera, Pistacia, Rhus, Semecarpus, Spondias, 

Asteraceae: Taraxacum, Fabaceae: Carmichaelia, Sophora, Hemerocallidaceae: Phormium, Loranthaceae: Loranthus, Malvaceae: Alcea, Meliaceae: Aglaia, 

Azadirachta, Chukrasia, Cipadessa, Dysoxylum, Ekebergia, Melia, Munronia, Nymania, Toona, Trichilia, Myrtaceae: Leptospermum, Rhamnaceae: Pomaderris, 

Rosaceae: Acaena, Rutaceae: Acmadenia, Adenandra, Aegle, Agathosma, Calodendrum, Citrus, Clausena, Coleonema, Diosma, Empleurum, Euchaetis, Euodia, 

Glycosmis, Macrostylis, Melicope, Micromelum, Murraya, Ptaeroxylon, Ruta, Skimmia, Toddalia, Zanthoxylum, Sapindaceae: Acer, Aesculus, Alectryon, Allophylus, 

Atalaya, Cardiospermum, Dodonaea, Erioglossum, Lepisanthes, Litchi, Pappea, Sapindus, Schleichera, Smelophyllum, Simaroubaceae: Brucea, Picrasma, 

Violaceae: Melicytus. 


Table S9. Plant genera with high priority for future screening for conditions related to dentistry/mouth problems 


conditions. 


Pistacia, Rhus, Semecarpus, Spondias, Apocynaceae: Telosma, Asteraceae: Marasmodes, Myriactis, Begoniaceae: Begonia, Berberis, Mahonia, Podophyllum, 

Betulaceae: Alnus, Betula, Carpinus, Corylus, Boraginaceae: Myosotis, Brassicaceae: Alliaria, Arabidopsis, Arabis, Barbarea, Brassica, Braya, Cadaba, 





Robsonodendron, Stackhousia, Circaeasteraceae: Circaeaster, Clusiaceae: Garcinia, Hypericum, Mesua, Combretaceae: Anogeissus, Combretum, Quisqualis, 

Terminalia, Coriariaceae: Coriaria, Corynocarpaceae: Corynocarpus, Crassulaceae: Adromischus, Cotyledon, Crassula, Kalanchoe, Sedum, Cucurbitaceae: 

Benincasa, Biswarea, Bryonia, Citrullus, Coccinia, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Cyclanthera, Diplocyclos, Edgaria, Gomphogyne, Gymnopetalum, Gynostemma, Herpetospermum, 

Kedrostis, Lagenaria, Luffa, Momordica, Mukia, Neoalsomitra, Sechium, Sicyos, Solena, Thladiantha, Trichosanthes, Zehneria, Cunoniaceae: 

Ackama, Cunonia, Platylophus, Weinmannia, Daphniphyllaceae: Daphniphyllum, Datiscaceae: Datisca, Tetrameles, Dipterocarpaceae: Shorea, Elaeagnaceae: 

Elaeagnus, Hippophae, Elaeocarpaceae: Aristotelia, Elaeocarpus, Sloanea, Elatinaceae: Bergia, Elatine, Escalloniaceae: Ixerba, Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha, Adenocline, 

Alchornea, Aleurites, Andrachne, Antidesma, Aporusa, Baccaurea, Baliospermum, Bischofia, Breynia, Bridelia, Chrozophora, Cleidion, Clutia, Croton, 

Dalechampia, Euphorbia, Excoecaria, Flueggea, Glochidion, Homalanthus, Hyaenanche, Jatropha, Lachnostylis, Leidesia, Macaranga, Mallotus, Mercurialis, 

Ostodes, Phyllanthus, Poranthera, Putranjiva, Ricinus, Sapium, Sauropus, Securinega, Seidelia, Tragia, Trewia, Fabaceae: Abrus, Acacia, Acrocarpus, Aeschynomene, 

Albizia, Alysicarpus, Amphicarpaea, Amphithalea, Apios, Arachis, Argyrolobium, Aspalathus, Astragalus, Atylosia, Bauhinia, Bolusafra, Butea, Caesalpinia, 

Cajanus, Calpurnia, Campylotropis, Canavalia, Caragana, Carmichaelia, Cassia, Chamaecrista, Chesneya, Cicer, Clianthus, Clitoria, Cochlianthus, 

Codariocalyx, Colutea, Crotalaria, Cyclopia, Cytisus, Dalbergia, Delonix, Derris, Desmodium, Dipogon, Dolichos, Dumasia, Dunbaria, Entada, Eriosema, Erythrina, 

Flemingia, Galactia, Geissaspis, Genista, Glycine, Glycyrrhiza, Gueldenstaedtia, Hedysarum, Hypocalyptus, Indigofera, Kennedia, Lablab, Lathyrus, Lebeckia, 

Lens, Lespedeza, Lessertia, Leucaena, Liparia, Lotononis, Lotus, Lupinus, Macrotyloma, Medicago, Melilotus, Melolobium, Millettia, Mimosa, Montigena, 

Mucuna, Ormosia, Otholobium, Oxytropis, Paracalyx, Paraserianthes, Parochetus, Phaseolus, Piptanthus, Pisum, Pithecellobium, Podalyria, Polhillia, Pongamia, 

Pterocarpus, Pueraria, Rafnia, Rhynchosia, Robinia, Saraca, Schotia, Senna, Sesbania, Shuteria, Smithia, Sophora, Spatholobus, Stirtonanthus, Tadehagi, Tamarindus, 

Tephrosia, Thermopsis, Trifolium, Trigonella, Uraria, Vicia, Vigna, Virgilia, Wiborgia, Wisteria, Xiphotheca, Zornia, Castanopsis, Lithocarpus, Nothofagus, 

Quercus, Geissolomataceae: Geissoloma, Geraniaceae: Erodium, Geranium, Monsonia, Pelargonium, Grossulariaceae: Ribes, Haloragaceae: Gonocarpus, 

Haloragis, Hamamelidaceae: Exbucklandia, Trichocephalus, Trichocladus, Juglandaceae: Engelhardia, Juglans, Lardizabalaceae: Akebia, Decaisnea, Holboellia, 


Septulina, Taxillus, Tupeia, Ammannia, Lythraceae: Cuphea, Duabanga, Lagerstroemia, Lawsonia, Lythrum, Punica, Rotala, Trapa, Woodfordia, Malpighiaceae: 




Ekebergia, Melia, Munronia, Nymania, Toona, Trichilia, Melianthaceae: Melianthus, Menispermaceae: Antizoma, Cissampelos, Cocculus, Parabaena, Pericampylus, 

Stephania, Tiliacora, Tinospora, Moraceae: Artocarpus, Ficus, Maclura, Morus, Streblus, Moringaceae: Moringa, Myoporaceae: Myoporum, Myricaceae: 

Morella, Myrtaceae: Callistemon, Eucalyptus, Eugenia, Kunzea, Leptospermum, Lophomyrtus, Metrosideros, Neomyrtus, Psidium, Syzygium, Neuradaceae: 

Grielum, Ochnaceae: Ochna, Olacaceae: Erythropalum, Olax, Schoepfia, Oliniaceae: Olinia, Onagraceae: Chamerion, Circaea, Epilobium, Ludwigia, Oenothera, 

Opiliaceae: Cansjera, Lepionurus, Oxalidaceae: Biophytum, Oxalis, Paeoniaceae: Paeonia, Papaveraceae: Argemone, Corydalis, Cysticapnos, Dicentra, Dicranostigma, 

Hypecoum, Meconopsis, Papaver, Trigonocapnos, Parnassiaceae: Parnassia, Passifloraceae: Passiflora, Penaeaceae: Brachysiphon, Endonema, Glischrocolla, 

Penaea, Saltera, Sonderothamnus, Stylapterus, Poaceae: Australopyrum, Podostemaceae: Hydrobryum, Polygalaceae: Muraltia, Polygala, Securidaca, 

Ranunculaceae: Aconitum, Actaea, Adonis, Anemone, Aquilegia, Callianthemum, Caltha, Cimicifuga, Clematis, Delphinium, Halerpestes, Isopyrum, Naravelia, 

Nigella, Oxygraphis, Paraquilegia, Ranunculus, Thalictrum, Trollius, Resedaceae: Oligomeris, Rhamnaceae: Berchemia, Discaria, Gouania, Helinus, Hovenia, 

Noltea, Paliurus, Phylica, Pomaderris, Rhamnella, Rhamnus, Sageretia, Scutia, Ventilago, Ziziphus, Rhizophoraceae: Carallia, Rosaceae: Acaena, Agrimonia, 

Alchemilla, Aruncus, Cliffortia, Cotoneaster, Crataegus, Docynia, Eriobotrya, Filipendula, Fragaria, Geum, Malus, Neillia, Photinia, Potentilla, Prinsepia, Prunus, 

Pygeum, Pyracantha, Rosa, Rubus, Sanguisorba, Sibbaldia, Sorbaria, Sorbus, Spiraea, Rubiaceae: Psychotria, Rutaceae: Acmadenia, Adenandra, Aegle, Agathosma, 

Calodendrum, Citrus, Clausena, Coleonema, Diosma, Empleuridium, Empleurum, Euchaetis, Euodia, Glycosmis, Macrostylis, Melicope, Micromelum, 

Murraya, Ptaeroxylon, Ruta, Skimmia, Toddalia, Zanthoxylum, Salicaceae: Casearia, Dovyalis, Flacourtia, Gynocardia, Homalium, Kiggelaria, Populus, Salix, 

Scolopia, Trimeria, Xylosma, Salvadoraceae: Azima, Santalaceae: Arceuthobium, Dufrenoya, Exocarpus, Korthalsella, Mida, Osyris, Pyrularia, Rhoiacarpos, 

Santalum, Thesidium, Thesium, Viscum, Sapindaceae: Acer, Aesculus, Alectryon, Allophylus, Atalaya, Cardiospermum, Dodonaea, Erioglossum, Lepisanthes, 

Litchi, Pappea, Sapindus, Schleichera, Smelophyllum, Saxifragaceae: Astilbe, Bergenia, Chrysosplenium, Rodgersia, Saxifraga, Tiarella, Scrophulariaceae: Lindernia, 

Torenia, Simaroubaceae: Brucea, Picrasma, Stachyuraceae: Stachyurus, Staphyleaceae: Staphylea, Turpinia, Tamaricaceae: Myricaria, Thymelaeaceae: 

Aquilaria, Daphne, Drapetes, Edgeworthia, Gnidia, Lachnaea, Passerina, Pimelea, Stellera, Struthiola, Wikstroemia, Tropaeolaceae: Tropaeolum, Ulmaceae: 

Celtis, Chaetachme, Holoptelea, Trema, Ulmus, Urticaceae: Boehmeria, Chamabainia, Dendrocnide, Didymodoxa, Droguetia, Elatostema, Forsskaolea, Girardinia, 

Gonostegia, Laportea, Lecanthus, Parietaria, Pilea, Poikilospermum, Procris, Urtica, Violaceae: Hybanthus, Melicytus, Viola, Vitaceae: Ampelocissus, Ampelopsis, 

Cayratia, Cissus, Cyphostemma, Leea, Parthenocissus, Rhoicissus, Tetrastigma, Vitis, Zygophyllaceae: Augea, Seetzenia, Tribulus, Zygophyllum. 


Table S10. Plant genera with high priority for future screening for conditions related to gastrointestinal problems 


conditions. 

Anacardiaceae: Anacardium, Buchanania, Cotinus, Dobinea, Heeria, Laurophyllus, Mangifera, Pistacia, Rhus, Semecarpus, Spondias, Apocynaceae: Telosma, 

Brassicaceae: Alliaria, Arabidopsis, Arabis, Barbarea, Brassica, Braya, Cadaba, Capparis, Capsella, Cardamine, Chamira, Christolea, Cleome, Crateva, Descurainia, 

Desideria, Dilophia, Diplotaxis, Dontostemon, Draba, Erysimum, Hedinia, Heliophila, Iberis, Lepidium, Lignariella, Maerua, Megacarpaea, Microsisymbrium, 

Nasturtium, Notothlaspi, Pachycladon, Pegaeophyton, Phaeonychium, Raphanus, Rorippa, Sisymbrium, Thlaspi, Torularia, Caricaceae: Carica, Combretaceae: 

Anogeissus, Combretum, Quisqualis, Terminalia, Cucurbitaceae: Benincasa, Bryonia, Citrullus, Coccinia, Cucumis, Diplocyclos, Kedrostis, Lagenaria, Mukia, 

Solena, Zehneria, Cunoniaceae: Ackama, Cunonia, Platylophus, Weinmannia, Dipterocarpaceae: Shorea, Elaeocarpaceae: Aristotelia, Elaeocarpus, Sloanea, 

Geraniaceae: Erodium, Geranium, Monsonia, Pelargonium, Lamiaceae: Ballota, Leonotis, Marrubium, Lythraceae: Ammannia, Cuphea, Duabanga, Lagerstroemia, 

Lawsonia, Lythrum, Punica, Rotala, Trapa, Woodfordia, Malvaceae: Abroma, Abutilon, Adansonia, Alcea, Anisodontea, Bombax, Byttneria, Corchorus, 

Entelea, Eriolaena, Gossypium, Grewia, Helicteres, Hermannia, Hibiscus, Hoheria, Kydia, Lavatera, Malva, Malvaviscus, Melochia, Pavonia, Plagianthus, Pterospermum, 

Sida, Sparrmannia, Sterculia, Thespesia, Triumfetta, Urena, Melastomataceae: Medinilla, Melastoma, Osbeckia, Meliaceae: Aglaia, Azadirachta, 

Chukrasia, Cipadessa, Dysoxylum, Ekebergia, Melia, Munronia, Nymania, Toona, Trichilia, Melianthaceae: Melianthus, Moringaceae: Moringa, Myrtaceae: 

Callistemon, Eucalyptus, Eugenia, Kunzea, Leptospermum, Lophomyrtus, Metrosideros, Neomyrtus, Psidium, Syzygium, Neuradaceae: Grielum, Oliniaceae: 

Olinia, Onagraceae: Chamerion, Circaea, Epilobium, Ludwigia, Oenothera, Oxalidaceae: Biophytum, Oxalis, Passifloraceae: Passiflora, Penaeaceae: Brachysiphon, 

Endonema, Glischrocolla, Penaea, Saltera, Sonderothamnus, Penaeaceae: Stylapterus, Polygonaceae: Emex, Oxyria, Rheum, Rumex, Resedaceae: Oligomeris, 

Rosaceae: Acaena, Agrimonia, Alchemilla, Cliffortia, Filipendula, Fragaria, Geum, Potentilla, Rosa, Rubus, Sanguisorba, Sibbaldia, Rutaceae: Acmadenia, 

Adenandra, Aegle, Agathosma, Calodendrum, Citrus, Clausena, Coleonema, Diosma, Empleurum, Euchaetis, Euodia, Glycosmis, Macrostylis, Melicope, Micromelum, 

Murraya, Ptaeroxylon, Ruta, Skimmia, Toddalia, Zanthoxylum, Salicaceae: Populus, Salix, Trimeria, Salvadoraceae: Azima, Sapindaceae: Acer, Aesculus, 

Alectryon, Allophylus, Atalaya, Cardiospermum, Dodonaea, Erioglossum, Lepisanthes, Litchi, Pappea, Sapindus, Schleichera, Smelophyllum, Simaroubaceae: 

Brucea, Picrasma, Thymelaeaceae: Aquilaria, Daphne, Drapetes, Edgeworthia, Gnidia, Lachnaea, Passerina, Pimelea, Stellera, Struthiola, Wikstroemia, Tropaeolaceae: 

Tropaeolum, Violaceae: Hybanthus, Melicytus, Viola. 

Saslis-Lagoudakis et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1202242109 10 of 25

Table S11. Plant genera with high priority for future screening for conditions related to general health problems 


conditions. 

Achariaceae: Acharia, Ceratiosicyos, Agavaceae: Agave, Arthropodium, Caesia, Chlorophytum, Cordyline, Herpolirion, Aizoaceae: Psilocaulon, Alliaceae: 

Agapanthus, Allium, Milula, Tulbaghia, Amaranthaceae: Achyranthes, Acroglochin, Aerva, Alternanthera, Amaranthus, Beta, Bosea, Celosia, Chenopodium, 

Deeringia, Gomphrena, Iresine, Manochlamys, Psilotrichum, Pupalia, Amaryllidaceae: Amaryllis, Ammocharis, Apodolirion, Boophone, Brunsvigia, Clivia, Crinum, 

Cyrtanthus, Haemanthus, Nerine, Pancratium, Scadoxus, Zephyranthes, Anacardiaceae: Anacardium, Buchanania, Cotinus, Dobinea, Heeria, Laurophyllus, 

Mangifera, Pistacia, Rhus, Semecarpus, Spondias, Apocynaceae: Telosma, Araucariaceae: Agathis, Araucaria, Asparagaceae: Asparagus, Bowiea, Dipcadi, 

Drimia, Eucomis, Lachenalia, Ledebouria, Ornithogalum, Spetaea, Urginea, Veltheimia, Asphodelaceae: Aloe, Asphodelus, Astroloba, Bulbine, Bulbinella, 

Gasteria, Haworthia, Kniphofia, Trachyandra, Asteraceae: Marasmodes, Myriactis, Begoniaceae: Begonia, Betulaceae: Alnus, Betula, Carpinus, Corylus, Brassicaceae: 

Alliaria, Arabidopsis, Arabis, Barbarea, Brassica, Braya, Cadaba, Capparis, Capsella, Cardamine, Chamira, Christolea, Cleome, Crateva, Descurainia, 

Desideria, Dilophia, Diplotaxis, Dontostemon, Draba, Erysimum, Eutrema, Hedinia, Heliophila, Iberis, Lepidium, Lignariella, Maerua, Megacarpaea, Microsisymbrium, 

Nasturtium, Notothlaspi, Pachycladon, Pegaeophyton, Phaeonychium, Raphanus, Rorippa, Sisymbrium, Thlaspi, Torularia, Cannabaceae: Cannabis, 

Humulus, Caricaceae: Carica, Caryophyllaceae: Pseudostellaria, Casuarinaceae: Casuarina, Celastraceae: Bhesa, Cassine, Celastrus, Elaeodendron, Euonymus, 

Gloveria, Gymnosporia, Lauridia, Lophopetalum, Maurocenia, Maytenus, Mystroxylon, Putterlickia, Reissantia, Robsonodendron, Stackhousia, Clusiaceae: 

Garcinia, Hypericum, Mesua, Combretaceae: Anogeissus, Combretum, Quisqualis, Terminalia, Coriariaceae: Coriaria, Corynocarpaceae: Corynocarpus, Crassulaceae: 

Adromischus, Cotyledon, Crassula, Kalanchoe, Sedum, Cucurbitaceae: Benincasa, Biswarea, Bryonia, Citrullus, Coccinia, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Cyclanthera, 

Diplocyclos, Edgaria, Gomphogyne, Gymnopetalum, Gynostemma, Herpetospermum, Kedrostis, Lagenaria, Luffa, Momordica, Mukia, Neoalsomitra, Sechium, 

Sicyos, Solena, Thladiantha, Trichosanthes, Zehneria, Cunoniaceae: Ackama, Cunonia, Platylophus, Weinmannia, Cupressaceae: Cupressus, Juniperus, Libocedrus, 

Cycadaceae: Cycas, Daphniphyllaceae: Daphniphyllum, Datiscaceae: Datisca, Tetrameles, Dipterocarpaceae: Shorea, Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus, Hippophae, 

Elaeocarpaceae: Aristotelia, Elaeocarpus, Sloanea, Elatinaceae: Bergia, Elatine, Ephedraceae: Ephedra, Ericaceae: Agapetes, Archgeria, Cyathodes, Dracophyllum, 

Epacris, Gaultheria, Leucopogon, Lyonia, Pentachondra, Pieris, Vaccinium, Escalloniaceae: Ixerba, Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha, Adenocline, Alchornea, 

Aleurites, Andrachne, Antidesma, Baccaurea, Baliospermum, Bischofia, Breynia, Bridelia, Chrozophora, Cleidion, Clutia, Croton, Dalechampia, Euphorbia, 

Excoecaria, Flueggea, Glochidion, Homalanthus, Hyaenanche, Jatropha, Lachnostylis, Leidesia, Macaranga, Mallotus, Mercurialis, Ostodes, Phyllanthus, Poranthera, 

Putranjiva, Ricinus, Sapium, Sauropus, Securinega, Seidelia, Tragia, Trewia, Fabaceae: Abrus, Acacia, Acrocarpus, Aeschynomene, Albizia, Alysicarpus, 

Amphicarpaea, Amphithalea, Apios, Arachis, Argyrolobium, Aspalathus, Astragalus, Atylosia, Bauhinia, Bolusafra, Butea, Caesalpinia, Cajanus, Calpurnia, 

Campylotropis, Canavalia, Caragana, Carmichaelia, Cassia, Chamaecrista, Chesneya, Cicer, Clianthus, Clitoria, Cochlianthus, Codariocalyx, Colutea, Crotalaria, 

Cyclopia, Cytisus, Dalbergia, Delonix, Derris, Desmodium, Dipogon, Dolichos, Dumasia, Dunbaria, Entada, Eriosema, Erythrina, Flemingia, Galactia, Geissaspis, 

Genista, Glycine, Glycyrrhiza, Gueldenstaedtia, Hedysarum, Hypocalyptus, Indigofera, Kennedia, Lablab, Lathyrus, Lebeckia, Lens, Lespedeza, Lessertia, Leucaena, 

Liparia, Lotononis, Lotus, Lupinus, Macrotyloma, Medicago, Melilotus, Melolobium, Millettia, Mimosa, Montigena, Mucuna, Ormosia, Otholobium, 

Oxytropis, Paracalyx, Paraserianthes, Parochetus, Phaseolus, Piptanthus, Pisum, Pithecellobium, Podalyria, Polhillia, Pongamia, Pterocarpus, Pueraria, Rafnia, 

Rhynchosia, Robinia, Saraca, Schotia, Senna, Sesbania, Shuteria, Smithia, Sophora, Spatholobus, Stirtonanthus, Tadehagi, Tamarindus, Tephrosia, Thermopsis, 

Trifolium, Trigonella, Uraria, Vicia, Vigna, Virgilia, Wiborgia, Wisteria, Xenoscapa, Xiphotheca, Zornia, Castanopsis, Lithocarpus, Nothofagus, Quercus, Geissolomataceae: 

Geissoloma, Geraniaceae: Erodium, Geranium, Monsonia, Pelargonium, Ginkgoaceae: Ginkgo, Gnetaceae: Gnetum, Grossulariaceae: Ribes, Haloragaceae: 

Gonocarpus, Haloragis, Hamamelidaceae: Exbucklandia, Trichocladus, Hemerocallidaceae: Dianella, Hemerocallis, Phormium, Xeronema, 

Hydatellaceae: Trithuria, Iridaceae: Aristea, Babiana, Belamcanda, Bobartia, Chasmanthe, Crocosmia, Crocus, Dierama, Dietes, Ferraria, Freesia, Geissorhiza, 

Gladiolus, Hesperantha, Iris, Ixia, Klattia, Lapeirousia, Libertia, Melasphaerula, Micranthus, Moraea, Nivenia, Pillansia, Romulea, Sparaxis, Syringodea, Thereianthus, 

Tritonia, Tritoniopsis, Watsonia, Witsenia, Juglandaceae: Engelhardia, Juglans, Lauraceae: Cryptocarya, Linaceae: Anisadenia, Linum, Reinwardtia, 

Loranthaceae: Dendrophthoe, Loranthus, Macrosolen, Moquiniella, Peraxilla, Scurrula, Septulina, Taxillus, Tupeia, Lythraceae: Ammannia, Cuphea, Duabanga, 

Lagerstroemia, Lawsonia, Lythrum, Punica, Rotala, Trapa, Woodfordia, Malpighiaceae: Aspidopterys, Hiptage, Malvaceae: Abroma, Abutilon, Adansonia, 

Alcea, Anisodontea, Bombax, Byttneria, Corchorus, Entelea, Eriolaena, Firmiana, Gossypium, Grewia, Helicteres, Hermannia, Hibiscus, Hoheria, Kydia, Lavatera, 

Malva, Malvaviscus, Melochia, Pavonia, Plagianthus, Pterospermum, Sida, Sparrmannia, Sterculia, Thespesia, Triumfetta, Urena, Melastomataceae: Medinilla, 

Melastoma, Osbeckia, Meliaceae: Aglaia, Azadirachta, Chukrasia, Cipadessa, Dysoxylum, Ekebergia, Melia, Munronia, Nymania, Toona, Trichilia, Melianthaceae: 

Melianthus, Moraceae: Artocarpus, Ficus, Maclura, Morus, Streblus, Moringaceae: Moringa, Myricaceae: Morella, Myrtaceae: Callistemon, Eucalyptus, 

Eugenia, Kunzea, Leptospermum, Lophomyrtus, Metrosideros, Neomyrtus, Psidium, Syzygium, Neuradaceae: Grielum, Nymphaeaceae: Euryale, Nymphaea, 

Ochnaceae: Ochna, Olacaceae: Erythropalum, Olax, Schoepfia, Oliniaceae: Olinia, Onagraceae: Chamerion, Circaea, Epilobium, Ludwigia, Oenothera, Opiliaceae: 

Cansjera, Lepionurus, Oxalidaceae: Biophytum, Oxalis, Paeoniaceae: Paeonia, Parnassiaceae: Parnassia, Passifloraceae: Passiflora, Penaeaceae: Brachysiphon, 

Endonema, Glischrocolla, Penaea, Saltera, Sonderothamnus, Stylapterus, Philesiaceae: Behnia, Phyllanthaceae: Aporusa, Pinaceae: Abies, Cedrus, Larix, 

Larix, Picea, Pinus, Pseudotsuga, Tsuga, Piperaceae: Macropiper, Piper, Poaceae: Australopyrum, Podocarpaceae: Dacrycarpus, Dacrydium, Halocarpus, Lepidothamnus, 

Phyllocladus, Podocarpus, Prumnopitys, Hydrobryum, Polygalaceae: Muraltia, Polygala, Securidaca, Pontederiaceae: Eichhornia, Monochoria, 

Ranunculaceae: Clematis, Naravelia, Resedaceae: Oligomeris, Rhamnaceae: Berchemia, Discaria, Gouania, Helinus, Hovenia, Noltea, Paliurus, Phylica, Pomaderris, 

Rhamnella, Rhamnus, Sageretia, Scutia, Trichocephalus, Ventilago, Ziziphus, Rhizophoraceae: Carallia, Rosaceae: Acaena, Agrimonia, Alchemilla, Aruncus, 

Cliffortia, Cotoneaster, Crataegus, Docynia, Eriobotrya, Filipendula, Fragaria, Geum, Malus, Neillia, Photinia, Potentilla, Prinsepia, Prunus, Pygeum, 

Pyracantha, Rosa, Rubus, Sanguisorba, Sibbaldia, Sorbaria, Sorbus, Spiraea, Ruscaceae: Campylandra, Dracaena, Eriospermum, Maianthemum, Ophiopogon, 

Peliosanthes, Polygonatum, Sansevieria, Smilacina, Tupistra, Rutaceae: Acmadenia, Adenandra, Aegle, Agathosma, Calodendrum, Citrus, Clausena, Coleonema, 

Diosma, Empleuridium, Empleurum, Euchaetis, Euodia, Glycosmis, Macrostylis, Melicope, Micromelum, Murraya, Ptaeroxylon, Ruta, Skimmia, Toddalia, Zanthoxylum, 

Salicaceae: Casearia, Dovyalis, Flacourtia, Gynocardia, Homalium, Kiggelaria, Populus, Salix, Scolopia, Trimeria, Xylosma, Salvadoraceae: Azima, 

Santalaceae: Arceuthobium, Dufrenoya, Exocarpus, Korthalsella, Mida, Osyris, Pyrularia, Rhoiacarpos, Santalum, Thesidium, Thesium, Viscum, Sapindaceae: 

Acer, Aesculus, Alectryon, Allophylus, Atalaya, Cardiospermum, Dodonaea, Erioglossum, Lepisanthes, Litchi, Pappea, Sapindus, Schleichera, Smelophyllum, 

Saxifragaceae: Astilbe, Bergenia, Chrysosplenium, Rodgersia, Saxifraga, Tiarella, Schisandraceae: Schisandra, Scrophulariaceae: Alectra, Buchnera, Cycnium, 

Graderia, Harveya, Hyobanche, Lindenbergia, Melasma, Pedicularis, Sopubia, Striga, Simaroubaceae: Brucea, Picrasma, Stachyuraceae: Stachyurus, Staphyleaceae: 

Staphylea, Turpinia, Tamaricaceae: Myricaria, Taxaceae: Taxus, Taxodiaceae: Cryptomeria, Tecophilaeaceae: Cyanella, Walleria, Thymelaeaceae: 






Table S12. Plant genera with high priority for future screening for conditions related to gynecological/fertility problems 


conditions. 

Agavaceae: Agave, Arthropodium, Caesia, Chlorophytum, Cordyline, Herpolirion, Aizoaceae: Psilocaulon, Alliaceae: Agapanthus, Allium, Milula, Tulbaghia, 

Amaranthaceae: Achyranthes, Manochlamys, Pupalia, Amaryllidaceae: Amaryllis, Ammocharis, Apodolirion, Boophone, Brunsvigia, Clivia, Crinum, Cyrtanthus, 

Haemanthus, Nerine, Pancratium, Scadoxus, Zephyranthes, Araucariaceae: Agathis, Araucaria, Asparagaceae: Asparagus, Bowiea, Dipcadi, Drimia, Eucomis, 

Lachenalia, Ledebouria, Ornithogalum, Spetaea, Urginea, Veltheimia, Asphodelaceae: Aloe, Asphodelus, Astroloba, Bulbine, Bulbinella, Gasteria, Haworthia, 

Kniphofia, Trachyandra, Caryophyllaceae: Pseudostellaria, Combretaceae: Anogeissus, Combretum, Quisqualis, Terminalia, Coriariaceae: Coriaria, Corynocarpaceae: 

Corynocarpus, Cucurbitaceae: Benincasa, Bryonia, Citrullus, Coccinia, Cucumis, Diplocyclos, Kedrostis, Lagenaria, Mukia, Solena, Zehneria, Cupressaceae: 

Cryptomeria, Cupressus, Juniperus, Libocedrus, Cycadaceae: Cycas, Ebenaceae: Diospyros, Euclea, Ephedraceae: Ephedra, Ericaceae: Agapetes, Archgeria, 

Cyathodes, Dracophyllum, Epacris, Gaultheria, Leucopogon, Lyonia, Pentachondra, Pieris, Vaccinium, Geraniaceae: Erodium, Geranium, Monsonia, Pelargonium, 

Ginkgoaceae: Ginkgo, Gnetaceae: Gnetum, Hemerocallidaceae: Dianella, Hemerocallis, Phormium, Xeronema, Hydatellaceae: Trithuria, Iridaceae: Aristea, 

Babiana, Belamcanda, Bobartia, Chasmanthe, Crocosmia, Crocus, Dierama, Dietes, Ferraria, Freesia, Geissorhiza, Gladiolus, Hesperantha, Iris, Ixia, Klattia, 

Lapeirousia, Libertia, Melasphaerula, Micranthus, Moraea, Nivenia, Pillansia, Romulea, Sparaxis, Syringodea, Thereianthus, Tritonia, Tritoniopsis, Watsonia, 

Witsenia, Xenoscapa, Lauraceae: Cryptocarya, Lythraceae: Ammannia, Cuphea, Duabanga, Lagerstroemia, Lawsonia, Lythrum, Punica, Rotala, Trapa, Woodfordia, 

Melastomataceae: Medinilla, Melastoma, Osbeckia, Myrtaceae: Callistemon, Eucalyptus, Eugenia, Kunzea, Leptospermum, Lophomyrtus, Metrosideros, 

Neomyrtus, Psidium, Syzygium, Nymphaeaceae: Euryale, Nymphaea, Oliniaceae: Olinia, Onagraceae: Chamerion, Circaea, Epilobium, Ludwigia, Oenothera, 

Penaeaceae: Brachysiphon, Endonema, Glischrocolla, Penaea, Saltera, Sonderothamnus, Stylapterus, Philesiaceae: Behnia, Pinaceae: Abies, Cedrus, Larix, Larix, 

Picea, Pinus, Pseudotsuga, Tsuga, Plantaginaceae: Callitriche, Digitalis, Hippuris, Plantago, Podocarpaceae: Dacrycarpus, Dacrydium, Halocarpus, Lepidothamnus, 

Phyllocladus, Podocarpus, Prumnopitys, Polygonaceae: Aconogonon, Bistorta, Emex, Fagopyrum, Fallopia, Koenigia, Oxyria, Persicaria, Polygonum, 

Rheum, Rumex, Pontederiaceae: Eichhornia, Monochoria, Rosaceae: Acaena, Agrimonia, Alchemilla, Cliffortia, Filipendula, Fragaria, Geum, Potentilla, Rosa, 

Rubus, Sanguisorba, Sibbaldia, Ruscaceae: Campylandra, Dracaena, Eriospermum, Maianthemum, Ophiopogon, Peliosanthes, Polygonatum, Sansevieria, Smilacina, 

Tupistra, Schisandraceae: Schisandra, Scrophulariaceae: Antirrhinum, Calorhabdos, Hebe, Hemiphragma, Kickxia, Parahebe, Veronica, Taxaceae: Taxus, 

Tecophilaeaceae: Cyanella, Walleria, Verbenaceae: Chascanum. 

Table S13. Plant genera with high priority for future screening for conditions related to musculoskeletal problems 


conditions. 

Anacardiaceae: Anacardium, Buchanania, Cotinus, Dobinea, Heeria, Laurophyllus, Mangifera, Pistacia, Rhus, Semecarpus, Spondias, Cucurbitaceae: Benincasa, 

Biswarea, Bryonia, Citrullus, Coccinia, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Cyclanthera, Diplocyclos, Edgaria, Gymnopetalum, Herpetospermum, Kedrostis, Lagenaria, 

Luffa, Mukia, Sechium, Sicyos, Solena, Trichosanthes, Zehneria, Geraniaceae: Erodium, Geranium, Monsonia, Pelargonium, Lamiaceae: Ajuga, Anisochilus, 

Anisomeles, Ballota, Clinopodium, Colebrookea, Coleus, Craniotome, Dracocephalum, Elsholtzia, Galeobdolon, Galeopsis, Glechoma, Gomphostemma, Lamium, 

Leonotis, Leonurus, Leucas, Marrubium, Melissa, Mentha, Micromeria, Mosla, Nepeta, Ocimum, Origanum, Perilla, Phlomis, Plectranthus, Pogostemon, 

Prunella, Salvia, Scutellaria, Stachys, Teucrium, Thymus, Melastomataceae: Medinilla, Melastoma, Osbeckia, Meliaceae: Aglaia, Azadirachta, Chukrasia, Cipadessa, 

Dysoxylum, Ekebergia, Melia, Munronia, Nymania, Toona, Trichilia, Myrtaceae: Callistemon, Eucalyptus, Eugenia, Kunzea, Leptospermum, Lophomyrtus, 

Metrosideros, Neomyrtus, Psidium, Syzygium, Oliniaceae: Olinia, Passifloraceae: Passiflora, Penaeaceae: Brachysiphon, Endonema, Glischrocolla, Penaea, Saltera, 

Sonderothamnus, Stylapterus, Rosaceae: Acaena, Agrimonia, Alchemilla, Cliffortia, Filipendula, Fragaria, Geum, Potentilla, Rosa, Rubus, Sanguisorba, 

Sibbaldia, Rutaceae: Acmadenia, Adenandra, Aegle, Agathosma, Calodendrum, Citrus, Clausena, Coleonema, Diosma, Empleurum, Euchaetis, Euodia, Glycosmis, 

Macrostylis, Melicope, Micromelum, Murraya, Ptaeroxylon, Ruta, Skimmia, Toddalia, Zanthoxylum, Salicaceae: Dovyalis, Flacourtia, Populus, Salix, Scolopia, 

Trimeria, Xylosma, Simaroubaceae: Brucea, Picrasma, Verbenaceae: Callicarpa, Caryopteris, Clerodendrum, Gmelina, Holmskioldia, Premna, Tectona, 

Teucridium, Vitex, Violaceae: Hybanthus, Melicytus, Viola. 


Table S14. Plant genera with high priority for future screening for conditions related to neurological problems 


conditions. 


Pistacia, Rhus, Semecarpus, Spondias, Apocynaceae: Asclepias, Aspidoglossum, Gomphocarpus, Telosma, Xysmalobium, Asteraceae: Marasmodes, 







Coriaria, Corynocarpaceae: Corynocarpus, Crassulaceae: Adromischus, Cotyledon, Crassula, Kalanchoe, Sedum, Cucurbitaceae: Benincasa, Biswarea, Bryonia, 

Citrullus, Coccinia, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Cyclanthera, Diplocyclos, Edgaria, Gomphogyne, Gymnopetalum, Gynostemma, Herpetospermum, Kedrostis, Lagenaria, 

Luffa, Momordica, Mukia, Neoalsomitra, Sechium, Sicyos, Solena, Thladiantha, Trichosanthes, Zehneria, Cunoniaceae: Ackama, Cunonia, Platylophus, Weinmannia, 

Daphniphyllaceae: Daphniphyllum, Datiscaceae: Datisca, Tetrameles, Dipterocarpaceae: Shorea, Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus, Hippophae, Elaeocarpaceae: 

Aristotelia, Elaeocarpus, Sloanea, Elatinaceae: Bergia, Elatine, Escalloniaceae: Ixerba, Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha, Adenocline, Alchornea, Aleurites, 

Andrachne, Antidesma, Baccaurea, Baliospermum, Bischofia, Breynia, Bridelia, Chrozophora, Cleidion, Clutia, Croton, Dalechampia, Euphorbia, Excoecaria, 

Flueggea, Glochidion, Homalanthus, Hyaenanche, Jatropha, Lachnostylis, Leidesia, Macaranga, Mallotus, Mercurialis, Ostodes, Phyllanthus, Poranthera, Putranjiva, 

Ricinus, Sapium, Sauropus, Securinega, Seidelia, Tragia, Trewia, Fabaceae: Abrus, Acacia, Acrocarpus, Aeschynomene, Albizia, Alysicarpus, Amphicarpaea, 

Amphithalea, Apios, Arachis, Argyrolobium, Aspalathus, Astragalus, Atylosia, Bauhinia, Bolusafra, Butea, Caesalpinia, Cajanus, Calpurnia, Campylotropis, 

Canavalia, Caragana, Carmichaelia, Cassia, Chamaecrista, Chesneya, Cicer, Clianthus, Clitoria, Cochlianthus, Codariocalyx, Colutea, Crotalaria, Cyclopia, Cytisus, 

Dalbergia, Delonix, Derris, Desmodium, Dipogon, Dolichos, Dumasia, Dunbaria, Entada, Eriosema, Erythrina, Flemingia, Galactia, Geissaspis, Genista, Glycine, 

Glycyrrhiza, Gueldenstaedtia, Hedysarum, Hypocalyptus, Indigofera, Kennedia, Lablab, Lathyrus, Lebeckia, Lens, Lespedeza, Lessertia, Leucaena, Liparia, 

Lotononis, Lotus, Lupinus, Macrotyloma, Medicago, Melilotus, Melolobium, Millettia, Mimosa, Montigena, Mucuna, Ormosia, Otholobium, Oxytropis, Paracalyx, 

Paraserianthes, Parochetus, Phaseolus, Piptanthus, Pisum, Pithecellobium, Podalyria, Polhillia, Pongamia, Pterocarpus, Pueraria, Rafnia, Rhynchosia, 

Robinia, Saraca, Schotia, Senna, Sesbania, Shuteria, Smithia, Sophora, Spatholobus, Stirtonanthus, Tadehagi, Tamarindus, Tephrosia, Thermopsis, Trifolium, 

Trigonella, Uraria, Vicia, Vigna, Virgilia, Wiborgia, Wisteria, Xiphotheca, Zornia, Fagaceae: Castanopsis, Lithocarpus, Nothofagus, Quercus, Geissolomataceae: 

Geissoloma, Geraniaceae: Erodium, Geranium, Monsonia, Pelargonium, Grossulariaceae: Ribes, Haloragaceae: Gonocarpus, Haloragis, Hamamelidaceae: Exbucklandia, 

Trichocephalus, Trichocladus, Juglandaceae: Engelhardia, Juglans, Lamiaceae: Ballota, Galeobdolon, Lamium, Leonotis, Leonurus, Marrubium, 


Septulina, Taxillus, Tupeia, Lythraceae: Ammannia, Cuphea, Duabanga, Lagerstroemia, Lawsonia, Lythrum, Punica, Rotala, Trapa, Woodfordia, Malpighiaceae: 




Ekebergia, Melia, Munronia, Nymania, Toona, Trichilia, Melianthaceae: Melianthus, Moraceae: Artocarpus, Ficus, Maclura, Morus, Streblus, Moringaceae: 

Moringa, Myricaceae: Morella, Callistemon, Eucalyptus, Eugenia, Kunzea, Leptospermum, Lophomyrtus, Metrosideros, Neomyrtus, Psidium, Syzygium, Neuradaceae: 

Grielum, Ochnaceae: Ochna, Olacaceae: Erythropalum, Olax, Schoepfia, Oliniaceae: Olinia, Onagraceae: Chamerion, Circaea, Epilobium, Ludwigia, 

Oenothera, Opiliaceae: Cansjera, Lepionurus, Oxalidaceae: Biophytum, Oxalis, Paeoniaceae: Paeonia, Parnassiaceae: Parnassia, Passifloraceae: Passiflora, 

Penaeaceae: Brachysiphon, Endonema, Glischrocolla, Penaea, Saltera, Sonderothamnus, Stylapterus, Phyllanthaceae: Aporusa, Poaceae: Australopyrum, Podostemaceae: 

Hydrobryum, Polygalaceae: Muraltia, Polygala, Securidaca, Resedaceae: Oligomeris, Rhamnaceae: Berchemia, Discaria, Gouania, Helinus, Hovenia, 

Noltea, Paliurus, Phylica, Pomaderris, Rhamnella, Rhamnus, Sageretia, Scutia, Ventilago, Ziziphus, Rhizophoraceae: Carallia, Rosaceae: Acaena, 

Agrimonia, Alchemilla, Aruncus, Cliffortia, Cotoneaster, Crataegus, Docynia, Eriobotrya, Filipendula, Fragaria, Geum, Malus, Neillia, Photinia, Potentilla, 

Prinsepia, Prunus, Pygeum, Pyracantha, Rosa, Rubus, Sanguisorba, Sibbaldia, Sorbaria, Sorbus, Spiraea, Rutaceae: Acmadenia, Adenandra, Aegle, Agathosma, 

Calodendrum, Citrus, Clausena, Coleonema, Diosma, Empleuridium, Empleurum, Euchaetis, Euodia, Glycosmis, Macrostylis, Melicope, Micromelum, Murraya, 

Ptaeroxylon, Ruta, Skimmia, Toddalia, Zanthoxylum, Salicaceae: Casearia, Dovyalis, Flacourtia, Gynocardia, Homalium, Kiggelaria, Populus, Salix, Scolopia, 

Trimeria, Xylosma, Salvadoraceae: Azima, Santalaceae: Arceuthobium, Dufrenoya, Exocarpus, Korthalsella, Mida, Osyris, Pyrularia, Rhoiacarpos, Santalum, 

Thesidium, Thesium, Viscum, Sapindaceae: Acer, Aesculus, Alectryon, Allophylus, Atalaya, Cardiospermum, Dodonaea, Erioglossum, Lepisanthes, Litchi, Pappea, 

Sapindus, Schleichera, Smelophyllum, Saxifragaceae: Astilbe, Bergenia, Chrysosplenium, Rodgersia, Saxifraga, Tiarella, Simaroubaceae: Brucea, Picrasma, 

Stachyuraceae: Stachyurus, Staphyleaceae: Staphylea, Turpinia, Tamaricaceae: Myricaria, Thymelaeaceae: Aquilaria, Daphne, Drapetes, Edgeworthia, Gnidia, 

Lachnaea, Passerina, Pimelea, Stellera, Struthiola, Wikstroemia, Tropaeolaceae: Tropaeolum, Ulmaceae: Celtis, Chaetachme, Holoptelea, Trema, Ulmus, Urticaceae: 

Boehmeria, Chamabainia, Dendrocnide, Didymodoxa, Droguetia, Elatostema, Forsskaolea, Girardinia, Gonostegia, Laportea, Lecanthus, Parietaria, 

Pilea, Poikilospermum, Procris, Urtica, Violaceae: Hybanthus, Melicytus, Viola, Vitaceae: Ampelocissus, Ampelopsis, Cayratia, Cissus, Cyphostemma, Leea, 

Parthenocissus, Rhoicissus, Tetrastigma, Vitis, Zygophyllaceae: Augea, Seetzenia, Tribulus, Zygophyllum. 

Table S15. Plant genera with high priority for future screening for conditions related to ophthalmological problems 


conditions. 

Berberidaceae: Berberis, Mahonia, Podophyllum, Boraginaceae: Myosotis, Circaeasteraceae: Circaeaster, Coriariaceae: Coriaria, Corynocarpaceae: Corynocarpus, 

Elaeocarpaceae: Aristotelia, Elaeocarpus, Lardizabalaceae: Akebia, Decaisnea, Holboellia, Lauraceae: Cryptocarya, Malvaceae: Hoheria, Plagianthus, 

Menispermaceae: Antizoma, Cissampelos, Cocculus, Parabaena, Pericampylus, Stephania, Tiliacora, Tinospora, Myrtaceae: Kunzea, Leptospermum, Metrosideros, 

Papaveraceae: Argemone, Corydalis, Cysticapnos, Dicentra, Dicranostigma, Hypecoum, Meconopsis, Papaver, Trigonocapnos, Ranunculaceae: Aconitum, 

Actaea, Adonis, Anemone, Aquilegia, Callianthemum, Caltha, Cimicifuga, Clematis, Delphinium, Halerpestes, Isopyrum, Naravelia, Nigella, Oxygraphis, Paraquilegia, 

Ranunculus, Thalictrum, Trollius, Rosaceae: Geum, Rubus, Rubiaceae: Psychotria, Sapindaceae: Alectryon, Litchi, Pappea. 


Table S16. Plant genera with high priority for future screening for conditions related to otorhinolaryngological problems 


conditions. 

Anacardiaceae: Anacardium, Buchanania, Cotinus, Dobinea, Heeria, Laurophyllus, Mangifera, Pistacia, Rhus, Semecarpus, Spondias, Apocynaceae: Telosma, 

Boraginaceae: Myosotis, Brassicaceae: Alliaria, Arabidopsis, Arabis, Barbarea, Brassica, Braya, Cadaba, Capparis, Capsella, Cardamine, Chamira, Christolea, 

Cleome, Crateva, Descurainia, Desideria, Dilophia, Diplotaxis, Dontostemon, Draba, Erysimum, Hedinia, Heliophila, Iberis, Lepidium, Lignariella, Maerua, 

Megacarpaea, Microsisymbrium, Nasturtium, Notothlaspi, Pachycladon, Pegaeophyton, Phaeonychium, Raphanus, Rorippa, Sisymbrium, Thlaspi, Torularia, 

Caricaceae: Carica, Dipterocarpaceae: Shorea, Escalloniaceae: Ixerba, Geissolomataceae: Geissoloma, Lamiaceae: Clinopodium, Mentha, Micromeria, Thymus, 

Malvaceae: Abroma, Abutilon, Adansonia, Alcea, Anisodontea, Bombax, Byttneria, Corchorus, Entelea, Eriolaena, Gossypium, Grewia, Helicteres, Hermannia, 

Hibiscus, Hoheria, Kydia, Lavatera, Malva, Malvaviscus, Melochia, Pavonia, Plagianthus, Pterospermum, Sida, Sparrmannia, Sterculia, Thespesia, Triumfetta, 

Urena, Melastomataceae: Medinilla, Melastoma, Osbeckia, Meliaceae: Aglaia, Azadirachta, Chukrasia, Cipadessa, Dysoxylum, Ekebergia, Melia, Munronia, 

Nymania, Toona, Trichilia, Melianthaceae: Melianthus, Moringaceae: Moringa, Myrtaceae: Callistemon, Eucalyptus, Eugenia, Kunzea, Leptospermum, Lophomyrtus, 

Metrosideros, Neomyrtus, Psidium, Syzygium, Neuradaceae: Grielum, Oliniaceae: Olinia, Penaeaceae: Brachysiphon, Endonema, Glischrocolla, Penaea, 

Saltera, Sonderothamnus, Stylapterus, Ranunculaceae: Anemone, Callianthemum, Caltha, Clematis, Halerpestes, Naravelia, Nigella, Oxygraphis, Ranunculus, 

Resedaceae: Oligomeris, Rosaceae: Geum, Rubus, Rubiaceae: Psychotria, Rutaceae: Acmadenia, Adenandra, Aegle, Agathosma, Calodendrum, Citrus, Clausena, 

Coleonema, Diosma, Empleurum, Euchaetis, Euodia, Glycosmis, Macrostylis, Melicope, Micromelum, Murraya, Ptaeroxylon, Ruta, Skimmia, Toddalia, Zanthoxylum, 

Salvadoraceae: Azima, Sapindaceae: Acer, Aesculus, Alectryon, Allophylus, Atalaya, Cardiospermum, Dodonaea, Erioglossum, Lepisanthes, Litchi, Pappea, 

Sapindus, Schleichera, Smelophyllum, Simaroubaceae: Brucea, Picrasma, Stachyuraceae: Stachyurus, Staphyleaceae: Staphylea, Turpinia, Thymelaeaceae: 

Aquilaria, Daphne, Drapetes, Edgeworthia, Gnidia, Lachnaea, Passerina, Pimelea, Stellera, Struthiola, Wikstroemia, Tropaeolaceae: Tropaeolum. 

Table S17. Plant genera with high priority for future screening for conditions related to respiratory/pulmonary problems 


conditions. 

Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha, Aleurites, Asteraceae: Anaphalis, Arctotheca, Arctotis, Berkheya, Blumeopsis, Caesulia, Carpesium, Cullumia, Cyathocline, Didelta, 

Elephantopus, Euchiton, Gamochaeta, Gazania, Gnaphalium, Heterolepis, Hoplophyllum, Inula, Laggera, Pentanema, Platycarpha, Pulicaria, Sphaeranthus, 

Vernonia, Euphorbiaceae: Baliospermum, Croton, Jatropha, Ostodes, Geraniaceae: Erodium, Geranium, Monsonia, Pelargonium, Lamiaceae: Ballota, Clinopodium, 

Galeobdolon, Lamium, Leonotis, Marrubium, Mentha, Micromeria, Origanum, Salvia, Thymus, Malvaceae: Firmiana. 


Table S18. Plant genera with high priority for future screening for conditions related to skin problems 


conditions. 

Acanthaceae: Acanthus, Aechmanthera, Andrographis, Asystasia, Avicennia, Barleria, Chaetacanthus, Clarkeasia, Crossandra, Dicliptera, Ecbolium, Echinacanthus, 

Eranthemum, Hypoestes, Isoglossa, Justicia, Lepidagathis, Monechma, Nelsonia, Peristrophe, Petalidium, Phaulopsis, Pseudaechmanthera, Pseuderanthemum, 

Ruellia, Rungia, Strobilanthes, Thunbergia, Anacardiaceae: Anacardium, Buchanania, Cotinus, Dobinea, Heeria, Laurophyllus, Mangifera, Pistacia, 

Rhus, Semecarpus, Spondias, Apocynaceae: Acokanthera, Alstonia, Anisotoma, Araujia, Asclepias, Aspidoglossum, Astephanus, Beaumontia, Calotropis, Caralluma, 

Carissa, Catharanthus, Ceropegia, Chonemorpha, Cryptolepis, Cynanchum, Dregea, Eustegia, Fockea, Gomphocarpus, Gonioma, Gymnema, Hemidesmus, 

Heterostemma, Holarrhena, Holostemma, Hoya, Ichnocarpus, Leptadenia, Marsdenia, Microloma, Nerium, Oncinema, Orthanthera, Oxystelma, 

Pachypodium, Parsonsia, Pentasachme, Pergularia, Periploca, Plumeria, Quaqua, Raphistemma, Rauvolfia, Riocreuxia, Sarcostemma, Secamone, Stapelia, 

Tabernaemontana, Trachelospermum, Treutlera, Tylophora, Vallaris, Vinca, Vincetoxicum, Wrightia, Xysmalobium, Araliaceae: Merrilliopanax, Asteraceae: 

Aster, Conyza, Felicia, Grangea, Vittadinia, Bignoniaceae: Campsis, Incarvillea, Jacaranda, Macfadyena, Oroxylum, Pandorea, Pyrostegia, Rhigozum, Stereospermum, 

Tecoma, Tecomanthe, Tecomaria, Boraginaceae: Anchusa, Arnebia, Asperugo, Codon, Cordia, Cynoglossum, Echiostachys, Echium, Ehretia, Heliotropium, 

Hydrolea, Lappula, Lasiocaryum, Lindelofia, Lithospermum, Lobostemon, Myosotis, Onosma, Trichodesma, Trigonotis, Campanulaceae: Sphenoclea, 

Carlemanniaceae: Carlemannia, Convolvulaceae: Aniseia, Argyreia, Calystegia, Convolvulus, Dichondra, Evolvulus, Falkia, Ipomoea, Operculina, Porana, Coriariaceae: 

Coriaria, Corynocarpaceae: Corynocarpus, Cunoniaceae: Ackama, Cunonia, Platylophus, Weinmannia, Ebenaceae: Diospyros, Euclea, Elaeocarpaceae: 

Aristotelia, Elaeocarpus, Sloanea, Ericaceae: Monotropastrum, Escalloniaceae: Ixerba, Fabaceae: Psoralea, Geissolomataceae: Geissoloma, Gentianaceae: Canscora, 

Centaurium, Chironia, Exacum, Gentiana, Gentianella, Halenia, Lomatogoniopsis, Orphium, Sebaea, Swertia, Geraniaceae: Erodium, Geranium, Monsonia, 

Pelargonium, Gesneriaceae: Aeschynanthus, Chirita, Didymocarpus, Platystemma, Rhabdothamnus, Rhynchoglossum, Streptocarpus, Icacinaceae: 

Cassinopsis, Pyrenacantha, Lamiaceae: Ajuga, Anisochilus, Anisomeles, Ballota, Clinopodium, Colebrookea, Coleus, Craniotome, Dracocephalum, Elsholtzia, 

Galeobdolon, Galeopsis, Glechoma, Gomphostemma, Lamium, Leonotis, Leonurus, Leucas, Marrubium, Melissa, Mentha, Micromeria, Mosla, Nepeta, Ocimum, 

Origanum, Perilla, Phlomis, Plectranthus, Pogostemon, Prunella, Salvia, Scutellaria, Stachys, Teucrium, Thymus, Lauraceae: Cryptocarya, Lentibulariaceae: 

Pinguicula, Lentibulariaceae: Utricularia, Gardneria, Loganiaceae: Geniostoma, Logania, Mitrasacme, Mitreola, Strychnos, Malvaceae: Alcea, Anisodontea, 

Hoheria, Lavatera, Malva, Plagianthus, Sida, Melastomataceae: Medinilla, Melastoma, Osbeckia, Meliaceae: Aglaia, Azadirachta, Chukrasia, Cipadessa, Dysoxylum, 

Ekebergia, Melia, Munronia, Nymania, Toona, Trichilia, Melianthaceae: Melianthus, Montiniaceae: Montinia, Myoporaceae: Myoporum, Myrtaceae: 

Callistemon, Eucalyptus, Eugenia, Kunzea, Leptospermum, Lophomyrtus, Metrosideros, Neomyrtus, Psidium, Syzygium, Oleaceae: Chionanthus, Fraxinus, 

Jasminum, Ligustrum, Menodora, Nestegis, Olea, Osmanthus, Syringa, Oliniaceae: Olinia, Oxalidaceae: Biophytum, Oxalis, Passifloraceae: Passiflora, Pedaliaceae: 

Martynia, Sesamum, Penaeaceae: Brachysiphon, Endonema, Glischrocolla, Penaea, Saltera, Sonderothamnus, Stylapterus, Phrymaceae: Glossostigma, 

Phryma, Plantaginaceae: Callitriche, Hippuris, Plantago, Poaceae: Pseudosasa, Ranunculaceae: Myosurus, Rubiaceae: Adina, Anthocephalus, Anthospermum, 

Argostemma, Burchellia, Canthium, Carpacoce, Chassalia, Coffea, Coprosma, Galium, Galopina, Gardenia, Hedyotis, Hydrophylax, Hymenodictyon, Ixora, 

Knoxia, Kohautia, Lasianthus, Leptodermis, Luculia, Meyna, Mitragyna, Morinda, Mussaenda, Mycetia, Neanotis, Nenax, Nertera, Oldenlandia, Ophiorrhiza, 

Paederia, Pavetta, Psydrax, Randia, Rothmannia, Rubia, Serissa, Spermadictyon, Uncaria, Wendlandia, Rutaceae: Acmadenia, Adenandra, Aegle, Agathosma, 

Calodendrum, Citrus, Clausena, Coleonema, Diosma, Empleurum, Euchaetis, Euodia, Glycosmis, Macrostylis, Melicope, Micromelum, Murraya, Ptaeroxylon, 

Ruta, Skimmia, Toddalia, Zanthoxylum, Salicaceae: Dovyalis, Populus, Salix, Trimeria, Sapindaceae: Acer, Aesculus, Alectryon, Allophylus, Atalaya, Cardiospermum, 

Dodonaea, Erioglossum, Lepisanthes, Litchi, Pappea, Sapindus, Schleichera, Smelophyllum, Scrophulariaceae: Adenosma, Alectra, Alonsoa, Angelonia, 

Antirrhinum, Aptosimum, Bacopa, Bartsia, Buchnera, Buddleja, Calceolaria, Calorhabdos, Cromidon, Cycnium, Diascia, Diclis, Digitalis, Dischisma, Dopatrium, 

Ellisiophyllum, Euphrasia, Freylinia, Gomphostigma, Graderia, Gratiola, Halleria, Harveya, Hebe, Hebenstretia, Hemimeris, Hemiphragma, Hyobanche, Ixianthes, 

Jamesbrittenia, Jovellana, Kickxia, Lancea, Lindenbergia, Lindernia, Lyperia, Mazus, Melasma, Microdon, Mimulus, Nemesia, Nuxia, Oftia, Parahebe, 

Pedicularis, Peliostomum, Phyllopodium, Polycarena, Scrophularia, Selago, Sopubia, Striga, Sutera, Teedia, Torenia, Verbascum, Veronica, Zaluzianskya, Simaroubaceae: 

Brucea, Picrasma, Solanaceae: Atropa, Brugmansia, Brunfelsia, Capsicum, Cestrum, Datura, Lycianthes, Lycium, Lycopersicon, Mandragora, Nicandra, 

Nicotiana, Physalis, Solanum, Withania, Stilbaceae: Euthystachys, Kogelbergia, Retzia, Stilbe, Tetrachondraceae: Tetrachondra, Urticaceae: Maoutia, Vahliaceae: 

Vahlia, Verbenaceae: Callicarpa, Caryopteris, Chascanum, Clerodendrum, Gmelina, Holmskioldia, Lantana, Nyctanthes, Premna, Tectona, Teucridium, 

Verbena, Vitex, Violaceae: Hybanthus, Melicytus, Viola, Zingiberaceae: Amomum. 

Table S19. Plant genera with high priority for future screening for conditions related to urinary problems 


conditions. 

Fabaceae: Carmichaelia, Clianthus, Geraniaceae: Erodium, Geranium, Monsonia, Pelargonium, Meliaceae: Aglaia, Azadirachta, Chukrasia, Cipadessa, Dysoxylum, 

Ekebergia, Melia, Munronia, Nymania, Toona, Trichilia, Myrtaceae: Kunzea, Leptospermum, Poaceae: Imperata, Miscanthus, Saccharum, Sorghum, 

Ranunculaceae: Clematis, Naravelia, Rosaceae: Acaena, Agrimonia, Alchemilla, Cliffortia, Filipendula, Fragaria, Geum, Potentilla, Rosa, Rubus, Sanguisorba, 

Sibbaldia, Rutaceae: Acmadenia, Adenandra, Aegle, Agathosma, Calodendrum, Citrus, Clausena, Coleonema, Diosma, Empleurum, Euchaetis, Euodia, Glycosmis, 

Macrostylis, Melicope, Micromelum, Murraya, Ptaeroxylon, Ruta, Skimmia, Toddalia, Zanthoxylum, Simaroubaceae: Brucea, Picrasma, Violaceae: Hybanthus, 

Melicytus. 


Table S20. Plant genera with high priority for future screening for conditions related to other problems 


conditions. 


Pistacia, Rhus, Semecarpus, Spondias, Apocynaceae: Araujia, Asclepias, Aspidoglossum, Astephanus, Calotropis, Cynanchum, Gomphocarpus, Holostemma, 

Microloma, Oncinema, Oxystelma, Pergularia, Raphistemma, Sarcostemma, Telosma, Tylophora, Vincetoxicum, Xysmalobium, Asteraceae: Marasmodes, 







Coriaria, Corynocarpaceae: Corynocarpus, Cucurbitaceae: Benincasa, Biswarea, Bryonia, Citrullus, Coccinia, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Cyclanthera, Diplocyclos, Edgaria, 

Gomphogyne, Gymnopetalum, Gynostemma, Herpetospermum, Kedrostis, Lagenaria, Luffa, Momordica, Mukia, Neoalsomitra, Sechium, Sicyos, Solena, 

Thladiantha, Trichosanthes, Zehneria, Cunoniaceae: Ackama, Cunonia, Platylophus, Cunoniaceae: Weinmannia, Datiscaceae: Datisca, Tetrameles, Dipterocarpaceae: 

Shorea, Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus, Hippophae, Elaeocarpaceae: Aristotelia, Elaeocarpus, Sloanea, Elatinaceae: Bergia, Elatine, Escalloniaceae: Ixerba, 

Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha, Adenocline, Alchornea, Aleurites, Andrachne, Antidesma, Baccaurea, Baliospermum, Bischofia, Breynia, Bridelia, Chrozophora, 

Cleidion, Clutia, Croton, Dalechampia, Euphorbia, Excoecaria, Flueggea, Glochidion, Homalanthus, Hyaenanche, Jatropha, Lachnostylis, Leidesia, Macaranga, 

Mallotus, Mercurialis, Ostodes, Phyllanthus, Poranthera, Putranjiva, Ricinus, Sapium, Sauropus, Securinega, Seidelia, Tragia, Trewia, Fabaceae: Abrus, Acacia, 

Acrocarpus, Aeschynomene, Albizia, Alysicarpus, Amphicarpaea, Amphithalea, Apios, Arachis, Argyrolobium, Aspalathus, Astragalus, Atylosia, Bauhinia, 

Bolusafra, Butea, Caesalpinia, Cajanus, Calpurnia, Campylotropis, Canavalia, Caragana, Carmichaelia, Cassia, Chamaecrista, Chesneya, Cicer, Clianthus, Clitoria, 

Cochlianthus, Codariocalyx, Colutea, Crotalaria, Cyclopia, Cytisus, Dalbergia, Delonix, Derris, Desmodium, Dipogon, Dolichos, Dumasia, Dunbaria, Entada, 

Eriosema, Erythrina, Flemingia, Galactia, Geissaspis, Genista, Glycine, Glycyrrhiza, Gueldenstaedtia, Hedysarum, Hypocalyptus, Indigofera, Kennedia, Lablab, 

Lathyrus, Lebeckia, Lens, Lespedeza, Lessertia, Leucaena, Liparia, Lotononis, Lotus, Lupinus, Macrotyloma, Medicago, Melilotus, Melolobium, Millettia, Mimosa, 

Montigena, Mucuna, Ormosia, Otholobium, Oxytropis, Paracalyx, Paraserianthes, Parochetus, Phaseolus, Piptanthus, Pisum, Pithecellobium, Podalyria, Polhillia, 

Pongamia, Pterocarpus, Pueraria, Rafnia, Rhynchosia, Robinia, Saraca, Schotia, Senna, Sesbania, Shuteria, Smithia, Sophora, Spatholobus, Stirtonanthus, 

Tadehagi, Tamarindus, Tephrosia, Thermopsis, Trifolium, Trigonella, Uraria, Vicia, Vigna, Virgilia, Wiborgia, Wisteria, Xiphotheca, Zornia, Fagaceae: Castanopsis, 

Lithocarpus, Nothofagus, Quercus, Geissolomataceae: Geissoloma, Geraniaceae: Erodium, Geranium, Monsonia, Pelargonium, Juglandaceae: Engelhardia, 

Juglans, Lauraceae: Cryptocarya, Linaceae: Anisadenia, Linum, Reinwardtia, Lythraceae: Ammannia, Cuphea, Duabanga, Lagerstroemia, Lawsonia, 

Lythrum, Punica, Rotala, Trapa, Woodfordia, Malpighiaceae: Aspidopterys, Hiptage, Malvaceae: Abroma, Abutilon, Adansonia, Alcea, Anisodontea, Bombax, 

Byttneria, Corchorus, Entelea, Eriolaena, Firmiana, Gossypium, Grewia, Helicteres, Hermannia, Hibiscus, Hoheria, Kydia, Lavatera, Malva, Malvaviscus, Melochia, 

Pavonia, Plagianthus, Pterospermum, Sida, Sparrmannia, Sterculia, Thespesia, Triumfetta, Urena, Melastomataceae: Medinilla, Melastoma, Osbeckia, Meliaceae: 

Aglaia, Azadirachta, Chukrasia, Cipadessa, Dysoxylum, Ekebergia, Melia, Munronia, Nymania, Toona, Trichilia, Melianthaceae: Melianthus, Moraceae: 

Artocarpus, Ficus, Maclura, Morus, Streblus, Moringaceae: Moringa, Myricaceae: Morella, Myrtaceae: Callistemon, Eucalyptus, Eugenia, Kunzea, Leptospermum, 

Lophomyrtus, Metrosideros, Neomyrtus, Psidium, Syzygium, Neuradaceae: Grielum, Ochnaceae: Ochna, Oliniaceae: Olinia, Onagraceae: Chamerion, 

Circaea, Epilobium, Ludwigia, Oenothera, Oxalidaceae: Biophytum, Oxalis, Parnassiaceae: Parnassia, Passifloraceae: Passiflora, Penaeaceae: Brachysiphon, 

Endonema, Glischrocolla, Penaea, Saltera, Sonderothamnus, Stylapterus, Phyllanthaceae: Aporusa, Poaceae: Australopyrum, Podostemaceae: Hydrobryum, 

Polygalaceae: Muraltia, Polygala, Securidaca, Resedaceae: Oligomeris, Rhamnaceae: Berchemia, Discaria, Gouania, Helinus, Hovenia, Noltea, Paliurus, Phylica, 

Pomaderris, Rhamnella, Rhamnus, Sageretia, Scutia, Trichocephalus, Ventilago, Ziziphus, Rhizophoraceae: Carallia, Rosaceae: Acaena, Agrimonia, Alchemilla, 

Aruncus, Cliffortia, Cotoneaster, Crataegus, Docynia, Eriobotrya, Filipendula, Fragaria, Geum, Malus, Neillia, Photinia, Potentilla, Prinsepia, Prunus, Pygeum, 

Pyracantha, Rosa, Rubus, Sanguisorba, Sibbaldia, Sorbaria, Sorbus, Spiraea, Rutaceae: Acmadenia, Adenandra, Aegle, Agathosma, Calodendrum, Citrus, 

Clausena, Coleonema, Diosma, Empleuridium, Empleurum, Euchaetis, Euodia, Glycosmis, Macrostylis, Melicope, Micromelum, Murraya, Ptaeroxylon, Ruta, 

Skimmia, Toddalia, Zanthoxylum, Salicaceae: Casearia, Dovyalis, Flacourtia, Gynocardia, Homalium, Kiggelaria, Populus, Salix, Scolopia, Trimeria, Xylosma, 

Salvadoraceae: Azima, Sapindaceae: Acer, Aesculus, Alectryon, Allophylus, Atalaya, Cardiospermum, Dodonaea, Erioglossum, Lepisanthes, Litchi, Pappea, 

Sapindus, Schleichera, Smelophyllum, Simaroubaceae: Brucea, Picrasma, Stachyuraceae: Stachyurus, Staphyleaceae: Staphylea, Turpinia, Thymelaeaceae: 






Table S21. Taxa included in the phylogenetic analysis for genera of the flora of Nepal based on rbcL plastid sequences 

GenBank accession numbers are given for each taxon. 

Abelia triflora AF206727; Abies homolepis AB015648; Abroma angusta AJ012208; Abrus precatorius Z70167; Abutilon sp. AM235023; Acacia karroo 

AM235003; Acalypha insulana AB233854; Acampe papillosa JQ933201; Acanthocalyx albus AF446943; Acanthopanax trifoliatus U50239; Acanthospermum 

hispidum JQ933202; Acer sterculiaceum DQ978435; Achillea millefolium L13641; Achyranthes aspera AY270048; Aconitum artemisiifolium DQ099435; Aconogonon 

molle EF653764; Acorus calamus D28865; Acrocarpus fraxinifolius AY904371; Acroglochin chenopodioides AY270049; Acronema tenerum JQ933205; 

Actaea laciniata DQ099449; Actinidia callosa AJ549061; Adansonia digitata AY328180; Adenocaulon himalaicum JQ933206; Adenosma indianum JQ933207; 

Adenostemma lavenia JQ933208; Adina rubella AJ346965; Adonis amurensis AY954487; Aechmanthera gossypina JQ933209; Aegle marmelos AF066811; Aerva 

javanica AY270050; Aeschynanthus micranthus AF170222; Aeschynomene indica AF308701; Aesculus pavia U39277; Agapanthus africanus AY465699; Agapetes 

buxifolia AF419811; Agave ghiesbreghtii AF206729; Ageratum conyzoides JQ933210; Aglaia elaeagnoidea AY128209; Agrimonia parviflora U06791; Agrostis 

stolonifera AJ746280; Agrostophyllum glumaceum AY368351; Ainsliaea acerifolia AY874432; Ajuga reptans Z37385; Alangium chinense L11209; Albizia julibrissin 

Z70147; Alcea rosea JQ933211; Alchemilla mollis U06792; Alchornea cordifolia AY794959; Aletris spicata AB088834; Aleurites moluccana AY794883; Alisma 

plantago-aquatica L08759; Alliaria petiolata JQ933212; Allium cepa D38294; Alnus sinuata AY263926; Alocasia odora JQ933213; Aloe vera AY323649; Alopecurus 

geniculatus AJ746281; Alpinia purpurata AY298816; Alstonia scholaris X91760; Alternanthera caracasana AY270053; Alysicarpus vaginalis JQ933214; Amaranthus 

tricolor X53980; Amischotolype monosperma AF312239; Ammannia baccifera AY036145; Amomum tsaoko FJ972788; Amorphophallus paeoniifolius AF497091; 

Ampelocissus thyrsiflora AJ402919; Ampelopsis megalophylla AJ402920; Amphicarpaea bracteata AF181930; Anacardium occidentale AY462008; Anagallis 

arvensis M88343; Ananas comosus L19977; Anaphalis triplinervis JQ933215; Anchusa officinalis JQ933216; Andrographis paniculata JQ933217; Andropogon 

gerardii AJ784818; Androsace erecta AF395004; Anemone tenuifolia AM235090; Anethum graveolens EU016783; Angelica lucida U50221; Angelonia pubescens 

AF123672; Anisadenia pubescens FJ169557; Aniseia martinicensis AY100998; Anisochilus pallidus JQ933218; Anisomeles indica FJ513149; Annona muricata 

L12629; Anogeissus leiocarpa AF425709; Anthocephalus chinensis JQ933220; Anthogonium gracile AF264153; Anthoxanthum odoratum AJ746282; Anthriscus 

aemula D44554; Antidesma bunius AY663566; Antirrhinum majus L11688; Aphyllorchis caudata FJ454873; Apios taiwaniana AB045787; Apium graveolens 

L01885; Apluda mutica JQ933221; Aporusa frutescens Z75674; Apostasia stylidioides Z73705; Aquilaria beccariana Y15149; Aquilegia brevistyla DQ099444; 

Arabidopsis thaliana NC_000932; Arabis glabra DQ310542; Arachis hypogaea U74247; Arachnis longisepala JQ933223; Aralia spinosa L11166; Araucaria bidwillii 

U96472; Arceuthobium verticilliflorum L26067; Arctium lappa JQ933225; Ardisia crenata L12598; Areca triandra AJ404819; Arenaria drummondii M83541; 

Argemone mexicana U86621; Argostemma hookeri Z68788; Argyreia nervosa AY100977; Argyrolobium uniflorum Z95548; Ariopsis peltata L10255; Arisaema 

tortuosum AF497109; Aristida adscensionis AM849349; Aristolochia gigantea AY572260; Arnebia benthamii JQ933226; Artemisia afra AM234849; Arthraxon sp. 

AJ746253; Artocarpus altilis AF500345; Aruncus dioicus U06794; Arundina graminifolia AF074111; Arundinaria tecta AJ746179; Arundinella deppeana 

AM849417; Arundo donax U13226; Asarum yakusimense AB205609; Asclepias curassavica X91774; Ascocentrum ampullaceum JQ933227; Asparagus officinalis 

L05028; Asperugo procumbens JQ933228; Aspidopterys elliptica AF344459; Aster bakeranus AM234851; Astilbe taquetii L11173; Astragalus sparsus Z95550; 

Asyneuma virgatum AY655146; Asystasia travancorica JQ933229; Athamanta sicula JQ933230; Atropa belladonna U08609; Atylosia lineata AF181931; Avena 

fatua AJ746257; Axonopus compressus EF125127; Axyris prostrata AY270062; Azadirachta indica AY128215; Baccaurea javanica AY663570; Bacopa repens 

EF467905; Baliospermum montanum AY794884; Bambusa valida AJ746171; Barbarea verna AP009370; Barleria prionitis L01886; Barringtonia asiatica Z80174; 

Basella alba M62564; Bauhinia purpurea Z70162; Beaumontia grandiflora AJ002882; Begonia isoptera AF534723; Beilschmiedia pendula GQ981679; Belamcanda 

chinensis AJ307078; Benincasa hispida AY862549; Berberis thunbergii AF139878; Berchemia discolor AJ225786; Bergenia cordifolia U06208; Bergia ammanioides 

AJ402927; Beta vulgaris DQ067450; Betula platyphylla AY263927; Bhesa robusta AY935723; Bidens pilosa var . minor JQ933234; Biophytum reinwardtii JQ933235; 

Bischofia javanica AB233917; Bistorta amplexicaule AF297130; Biswarea tonglensis JQ933236; Blainvillea acmella JQ933237; Blumeopsis flava JQ933238; Blysmus 

compressus AJ404700; Blyxa echinosperma AB088810; Boehmeria nivea AJ235801; Boerhavia elegans JQ933239; Bombax malabaricum AY328181; Borassus 

flabellifer AY012469; Borinda emeryi EF125079; Bosea yervamora AY270069; Bothriochloa ischemum EF125115; Bougainvillea glabra M88340; Boussingaultia 

cordifolia JQ933240; Brachiaria villosa AM849375; Brachyactis menthodora JQ933241; Brachycorythis sp. AM235037; Brachypodium sylvaticum AJ746258; Brachystemma 

calycinum JQ933244; Brassaiopsis hispida JQ933245; Brassica juncea AY167979; Braya purpurascens JQ933246; Breea arvensis JQ933247; Breynia 

cernua AB233918; Bridelia tomentosa AY663574; Briza media AJ746285; Bromus arenarius AY691632; Brucea mollis U38924; Bruinsmia styracoides AF421086; 

Brunfelsia americana AY206720; Buchanania latifolia U39275; Buchnera floridana AF026822; Buddleja asiatica AJ001758; Bulbophyllum lobbii AF074115; Bulbostylis 

hispidula Y12944; Bupleurum falcatum U50224; Burmannia longifolia AF307484; Butea minor AB045789; Buxus sempervirens AF093717; Byttneria pilosa 

AB269890; Cacalia graciflora JQ933248; Caesalpinia pulcherrima Z70153; Caesulia axillaris JQ933249; Cajanus cajan Z95535; Calamagrostis epigejos AJ784820; 

Calamus usitatus M81810; Calanthe tricarinata AF264160; Calceolaria sp. AF123669; Caldesia oligococca AY277799; Calendula ofiicinalis JQ933250; Callianthemum 

taipaicum FJ626580; Callicarpa dichotoma L14393; Callistemon citrinus AM235652; Callitriche stagnalis AF248023; Calorhabdos brunoniana JQ933251; 

Calotropis procera AJ419736; Caltha palustris AY395532; Calystegia sepium AY100992; Camellia sinensis AF380037; Campanula latifolia EF141027; Campsis 

grandiflora AF190429; Campylandra aurantiaca AB089635; Campylotropis griffithii U74228; Canna glauca AF378774; Cannabis sativa AJ402933; Canscora diffusa 

JQ933252; Cansjera leptostachya DQ790128; Canthium inerme AM235109; Capillipedium parviflorum AM849398; Capparis spinosa AY167985; Capsella bursapastoris 

NC_009270; Capsicum baccatum U08610; Caragana arborescens Z70168; Carallia brachiata AB233928; Caralluma indica EU196258; Cardamine flexuosa 

D88905; Cardiocrinum giganteum AF275989; Cardiospermum grandiflorum AY724348; Carduus edelbergii JQ933253; Carex nigra AY395533; Careya arborea 

AF077655; Carica papaya M95671; Carissa bispinosa AJ419738; Carlemannia griffithii AJ402937; Carpesium nepalense JQ933254; Carpinus laxiflora AB060585; 

Carthamus tinctorius L13862; Carum verticillatum JQ933255; Caryopteris incana U28869; Caryota mitis M81811; Casearia sylvestris AF206746; Cassia senna Z70155; 

Cassine peragua AM234952; Cassiope mertensiana L12603; Castanopsis sieboldii AB060564; Casuarina equisetifolia AY263930; Cathatanthus roseus X91757; 

Cayratia trifolia AJ419727; Cedrus deodara X63662; Celastrus orbiculatus AY788194; Celosia argentea AY270072; Celtis philippensis AY263941; Centaurea iberica 

JQ933258; Centaurium erythraea FJ395560; Centella asiatica D44559; Centipeda minima JQ933259; Centotheca lappacea AM887875; Cephalanthera damasonium 

AF074123; Cerastium glomeratum M83542; Ceratostigma minus Z97641; Ceratostylis rubra AY368353; Cereus fernambucensis AY875240; Ceropegia woodii 

X91775; Cestrum nocturnum AY206721; Chaerophyllum khorossanicum JQ933260; Chamabainia cuspidata JQ933261; Chamaesciadium acaule JQ933262; Chassalia 

parviflora Z68790; Chenopodium botrys AY270080; Chesneya nubigena JQ933263; Chionanthus virginicus DQ673309; Chirita liboensis JQ933264; Chloranthus 

erectus AY236834; Chloris gayana AM849409; Chlorophytum orchidastrum Z77257; Chonemorpha fragrans JQ933265; Christolea crassifolia JQ933266; Chrozophora 

oblongifolia AB233860; Chrysosplenium ramosum AB003273; Chukrasia tabularis AY128223; Cicer arietinum AF308707; Cicerbita cyanea JQ933267; Cimicifuga 

simplex AY954483; Cinnadenia paniculata JQ933268; Cinnamomum camphora L12641; Cipadessa baccifera U39083; Circaea alpina L10216; Circaeaster agrestis 

AF093720; Cirsium arvense AY395534; Cissampelos pareira AF197590; Cissus quadrangularis AJ419720; Citrullus lanatus DQ535745; Citrus sinensis NC_008334; 

Cladium jamaicense Y12988; Clarkeasia parviflora JQ933269; Clausena excavata AF066813; Cleidion castaneifolium AY794936; Cleisostoma rolfeanum AF074130; 

Clematis ganpiniana AY954491; Cleome viridiflora AY483268; Clerodendrum fragrans L11689; Cleyera japonica AF421090; Clinopodium chinense FJ513146; 

Clintonia udensis AB034750; Clitoria ternatea U74237; Coccinia grandis DQ535792; Cocculus trilobus L12642; Cochlianthus gracilis JQ933271; Cocos nucifera 

AY012507; Codariocalyx motorius JQ933272; Codonopsis viridis AY655148; Coelogyne cristata AF074133; Coffea arabica X81095; Coix lacryma-jobi AM887882; 

Colebrookea oppositifolia U78712; Coleus luteus JQ933273; Colocasia esulenta JQ933275; Colutea sp. JQ933276; Combretum wallichii AY036151; Commelina 

benghalensis L05033; Convolvulus arvensis AY100993; Conyza scabrida AM234861; Corchorus neocaledonicus AF523842; Cordia sp. JQ933277; Coriandrum sativum 

L11676; Coriaria nepalensis AY968522; Cornus controversa AF190433; Cortiella cortioides JQ933278; Corydalis nobilis AF093722; Corylus avellana AY263929; Costus 

lateriflorus AY298826; Cotinus coggygria AY510148; Cotoneaster sp. JQ933279; Cousinia tenella JQ933280; Craniotome furcata JQ933281; Crassocephalum crepidioides 

JQ933283; Crateva odora AY167986; Cremanthodium oblongatum JQ933284; Cremastra appendiculata EU391354; Crepis tibetica JQ933285; Crinum 

asiaticum JQ933286; Crocus pulchellus AJ309668; Crossandra infundibuliformis JQ933287; Crotalaria pallida Z70135; Croton punctatus EF405851; Cryptocarya 

obovata U06841; Cryptolepis obtusa JQ933288; Cryptomeria japonica AJ621937; Cucubalus baccifera JQ933289; Cucumis sativus DQ535747; Cucurbita pepo 

AF206756; Cuminum cyminum JQ933290; Cuphea lanceolata AY036137; Cupressus sempervirens L12571; Curculigo capitulata AY149362; Curcuma cochinchinensis 


EF590516; Cyananthus lobatus L18795; Cyanotis sp. AM234966; Cyathocline purpurea JQ933291; Cycas circinalis AF531198; Cyclanthera brachystachya DQ535749; 

Cymbidium eburneum AY368356; Cymbopogon citratus AM887872; Cynanchum acutum JQ933292; Cynodon dactylon AM849393; Cynoglossum sp. JQ933293; 

Cyperus longus Y13015; Cypripedium passerinum AF074142; Cyrtococcum patens AM849331; Dactylis glomerata AY395535; Dactyloctenium aegyptium AM887877; 

Dactylorhiza fuchsii JQ933294; Dahlia pinnata JQ933295; Dalbergia hupeana U74236; Danthonia spicata U31102; Daphne mezereum AJ297233; Daphniphyllum 

macropodum AM183400; Datisca cannabina L21939; Datura metel EF590517; Daucus carota NC_008325; Decaisnea fargesii D85692; Deeringia amaranthoides 

AY270085; Delonix regia Z70156; Delphinium bonvalotii FJ626583; Dendranthema mutellina JQ933296; Dendrobium crystallinum D58407; Dendrocalamus brandisii 

AJ746174; Dendrocnide sinuata FJ432246; Dendrophthoe nilgherrensis JQ933297; Derris laxiflora U74234; Deschampsia cespitosa AY691635; Descurainia sophia 

JQ933298; Desideria linearis JQ933299; Desmodium podocarpum U74257; Desmos dasymaschala JQ933300; Deutzia rubens AF323196; Dianella ensifolia M96960; 

Dianthus caryophyllus M77699; Diapensia lapponica L12612; Dicentra eximia L37917; Dichanthium annulatum JQ933301; Dichroa febrifuga AF323187; Dichrocephala 

benthamii JQ933302; Dicliptera obanensis JQ933303; Dicranostigma franchetiana U86624; Didymocarpus albomarginata AF170231; Digitalis purpurea 

X83720; Digitaria ciliaris AM849336; Dillenia indica L01903; Dilophia salsa JQ933304; Dioscorea prazeri AY904803; Diospyros kaki Z80185; Dipcadi filifolium 

AM902303; Diphylax urceolata JQ933305; Diplarche multiflora AF419821; Diplocyclos palmatus AY862552; Diplotaxis tenuifolia JQ933306; Dipsacus sativus 

L13864; Disporum sessile D17376; Dobinea vulgaris EU123470; Docynia indica JQ933307; Dodecadenia grandiflora JQ933308; Dolichos decumbens AM235006; 

Dontostemon glandulosus JQ933309; Dopatrium junceum EF467903; Doronicum roylei JQ933310; Draba nemorosa NC_009272 Dracocephalum grandiflorum 

Z37388; Dregea abyssinica JQ933311; Drepanostachyum falcatum AJ746265; Drosera burmannii L01908; Drymaria diandra JQ933312; Duabanga grandiflora 

AY905407; Dubyaea hispida JQ933313; Dufrenoya sphaerocarpa EF584592; Dumasia villosa AF181933; Dunbaria fusca JQ933314; Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum 

AY128227; Ecbolium amplexicaule JQ933315; Echinacanthus attenuatus JQ933316; Echinochloa crus-galli AM887871; Echinops exaltatus L13650; Eclipta prostrata 

JQ933318; Edgaria darjeelingensis JQ933319; Edgeworthia chrysantha AJ297920; Ehretia anacua AJ247617; Eichhornia crassipes U41574; Elaeagnus angustifolia 

U17038; Elaeocarpus sphaericus AF206765; Elatine triandra AB233853; Elatostema acuminatum AY208702; Eleocharis atropurpurea Y13012; Elephantopus scaber 

JQ933320; Eleusine indica AM887880; Ellisiophyllum pinnatum JQ933321; Elsholtzia stauntonii U28872; Elymus sibiricus AY772669; Elytrophorus globularis 

AJ746289; Emilia sonchifolia JQ933323; Engelhardia fenzelii AY147095; Enkianthus campanulatus L12616; Ensete ventricosum AF243843; Entada pursaetha 

JQ933324; Ephedra gerardiana AY755792; Epigeneium acuminatum D58410; Epilobium rigidum AF495763; Epipactis helleborine Z73707; Eragrostiella nardoides 

JQ933326; Eragrostis minor AM849338; Eranthemum pulchellum (=nervosum) JQ933327; Erechtites valerianaefolia JQ933328; Eria ferruginea AF074164; Erigeron 

multiradiatus JQ933329; Eriobotrya japonica U06800; Eriocaulon microcephalus L10252; Erioglossum rubiginosum AY724351; Eriolaena spectabilis AJ233126; 

Eriophorum vaginatum Y12951; Eriosema sp. JQ933330; Erodium stephanianum DQ452871; Eryngium giganteum DQ133808; Erysimum capitatum AY167980; 

Erythrina speciosa AB045801; Erythropalum scandens DQ790164; Eucalyptus globulus NC_008115; Eugenia uniflora AF294255; Eulalia aurea AM849410; Eulophia 

nuda AF074170; Euodia hupehensis FN552679; Euonymus hamiltonianus AB233942; Eupatorium atrorubens L13649; Euphorbia pulcherrima AY794819; Euphrasia 

disjuncta AY849863; Eurya chinensis AF089714; Euryale ferox M77035; Eutrema lancifolia JQ933332; Evolvulus glomeratus AY101012; Exacum affine L11684; 

Exbucklandia populnea AF081071; Excoecaria cochinchinensis AJ418809; Fagopyrum tataricum D86287; Festuca rubra AJ746261; Ficus pumila AF500352; Filago 

hurdwarica JQ933335; Filipendula vulgaris U06804; Fimbristylis complanata Y13009; Firmiana simplex AY082355; Flacourtia jangomas AF206768; Flemingia macrophylla 

JQ933336; Floscopa scandens AF312255; Flueggea virosa AB233919; Foeniculum vulgare D44567; Fragaria x ananassa U06805; Fraxinus chinensis DQ673301; 

Fritillaria meleagris AY395537; Gagea lutea AB034752; Galactia tashiroi AB045803; Galearis spectabilis AY381121; Galeopsis bifida JQ933337; Galinsoga quadriradiata 

JQ933338; Galium aparine X81091; Gamblea ciliata JQ933339; Gamochaeta pensylvanica EU384977; Garcinia xanthochymus AF518391; Gardenia thunbergia 

X83637; Gardneria angustifolia AJ235819; Gastrochilus formosanum JQ933340; Gaultheria miqueliana AF124590; Geissaspis tenella JQ933342; Gentiana procera 

L14398; Gentianella rapunculoides Y11862; Geodorum densiflorum JQ933343; Geranium multiflorum U77907; Gerbera jamesonii L13643; Geum macrophyllum 

U06806; Ginkgo biloba D10733; Girardinia diversifolia JQ933344; Glechoma hederacea Z37391; Globba curtisii L05449; Glochidion puberum AY663586; Gloriosa 

superba D28867; Glyceria fluitans AJ746290; Glycine tabacina U74197; Glycosmis pentaphylla AF066820; Glycyrrhiza glabra Z70171; Gmelina hystrix U28873; 

Gnaphalium sp. AM234874; Gnetum montanum AY056575; Gochnatia paucifolia AY874433; Gomphogyne cissiformis EU436382; Gomphostemma javanicum 

AF501986; Gomphrena elegans AY270088; Gonostegia hirta GQ436551; Goodyera pubescens AF074174; Gossypium hirsutum NC_007944; Gouania mauritiana 

AJ390040; Grangea maderaspatana JQ933347; Grevillea robusta AF193973; Grewia occidentalis AJ233152; Gueldenstaedtia himalaica JQ933348; Guizotia abyssinica 

NC_010601; Gymnadenia conopsea JQ933349; Gymnema sylvestre JQ933350; Gymnopetalum integrifolium DQ535754; Gynocardia odorata AJ402957; Gynostemma 

pentaphyllum AY968523; Gypsophila repens JQ933351; Habenaria repens AF074177; Halenia elliptica JQ933353; Halerpestes cymbalaria AY954490; Hedera 

helix L01924; Hedinia tibetica JQ933355; Hedychium flavescens AF243848; Hedyotis fruticosa Z68799; Hedysarum vicioides U74246; Helianthus annuus NC_007977; 

Helicia sp. DQ875853; Helicteres angustifolia AY082356; Helictotrichon requienii EF125144; Helinus integrifolius AJ390044; Heliotropium arborescens L14399; 

Helwingia japonica L11226; Hemarthria altissima GU135209; Hemerocallis fulva L05036; Hemidesmus indicus JQ933357; Hemiphragma heterophyllum 

AF123667; Hemistepta lyrata JQ933358; Heracleum sphondylium AY395540; Herminium lanceum JQ933359; Herpetospermum pedunculosum DQ535818; Heteropanax 

fragrans JQ933360; Heteropogon contortus AM235061; Heterostemma acuminatum JQ933361; Hibiscus rosa-sinensis AY082359; Hieracium umbellatum 

JQ933362; Hierochloe brunonis AY691634; Himalayacalamus cupreus EF125081; Hippophae salicifolia U59821; Hippuris vulgaris AF248028; Hiptage benghalensis 

AF344481; Holarrhena pubescens AJ002884; Holboellia latifolia L37918; Holmskioldia sanguinea U28874; Holoptelea integrifolia D86315; Holostemma ada-kodien 

JQ933364; Homalium racemosa AJ418822; Hordeum vulgare NC_008590; Horsfieldia basifissa GQ248618; Houttuynia cordata AB205610; Hovenia dulcis AJ390039; 

Hoya serpens JQ933365; Hydrangea macrophylla L11187; Hydrilla verticillata AB004891; Hydrobryum japonicum D89475; Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides D44570; 

Hydrolea ovata L14293; Hymenachne amplexicaulis AM849392; Hymenodictyon flaccidum AJ347014; Hypecoum imberbe U86628; Hypericum perforatum 

AF206779; Hypoestes forsskaolii L12593; Hypoxis leptocarpa Z73702; Iberis amara JQ933366; Ichnanthus vicinus AM849354; Ichnocarpus fragrans JQ933367; Ilex 

repanda AY725859; Impatiens amplexicaulis AB043532; Imperata cylindrica AJ784826; Incarvillea emodi JQ933368; Indigofera glomerata AM235008; Inula sericea 

AY874438; Iphigenia indica AJ417893; Ipomoea purpurea EU118126; Iresine palmeri AY270101; Iris germanica L05037; Isachne arundinacea AM849337; Ischemum 

koleostachys AM849411; Isolepis setacea Y12962; Isopyrum anemonoides EF437142; Ixeris makinoana JQ933369; Ixora parviflora AJ224844; Jacaranda sparrei 

AF102647; Jasminum mesnyi DQ673296; Jatropha integerrima AY794902; Juglans nigra U00437; Juncus articulatus AY395543; Juniperus communis AY988260; 

Jurinea dolomiaea JQ933370; Justicia odora L01930; Kaempferia galanga GQ436409; Kalanchoe daigremontiana L11189; Keraymonia nepalensis JQ933371; Kickxia 

incana JQ933372; Knema latericia L12653; Knoxia platycarpa AJ288631; Kobresia simpliciscula U49232; Kochia densiflora AY489264; Koeleria cristata AJ746262; 

Koenigia islandica EF653763; Kohautia caespitosa Z68800; Krascheninnikovia ceratoides AY270105; Kydia jujubifolia JQ933373; Kyllinga bulbosa Y12979; Lablab sp. 

JQ933374; Lactuca sativa NC_007578; Lagenaria siceraria DQ535825; Lagerstroemia indica AY905412; Laggera alata JQ933375; Lalldhwojia staintonii JQ933376; 

Lamium amplexicaule Z37399; Lancea tibetica JQ933377; Lantana camara AF156736; Laportea canadensis AF500356; Lappula squarrosa JQ933378; Larix occidentalis 

X63663; Lasia spinosa L10250; Lasianthus batangensis AY538499; Lasiocaryum diffusum JQ933379; Lathyrus pratensis AY395544; Launaea secunda JQ933380; 

Lavatera acerifolia AJ233122; Lawsonia inermis AY905413; Lecanthus peduncularis JQ933381; Leea guineensis AJ235783; Leersia oryzoides U13228; Legousia 

falcata AY655152; Leibnitzia nepalensis JQ933382; Lemna minor NC_010109; Lens culinare JQ933383; Leonotis leonurus AM234998; Leontopodium jacotianum 

JQ933384; Leonurus japonicus FJ513159; Lepidagathis villosa L12594; Lepidium virginicum NC_009273; Lepionurus sylvestris DQ790131; Lepisanthes alata 

AY724360; Leptadenia reticulata EU196282; Leptocodon gracilis EU713389; Leptodermis potanini DQ662180; Lepyrodiclis holosteoides JQ933385; Lespedeza 

cuneata U74215; Leucaena leucocephala JQ933386; Leucanthemum vulgare AY395546; Leucas capensis AM234999; Leycesteria formosa AF446932; Lignariella 

hobsonii subsp. serpens JQ933388; Ligularia mortonii JQ933389; Ligusticum sinense D44572; Ligustrum vulgare DQ673302; Lilium bakerianum AB034923; Lindelofia 

longiflora JQ933390; Lindenbergia philippinensis AF123664; Lindera benzoin AY337732; Lindernia antipoda AB259810; Linum arboreum AY380351; Liparis liliifolia 

AF518046; Lipocarpha microcephala Y12991; Listera smallii AF074184; Litchi chinensis AY724361; Lithocarpus wallichianus AB125015; Lithospermum sp. AM234928; 

Litsea cubeba AY337734; Lloydia serotina Z77294; Lobelia cardinalis AF042659; Lolium perenne NC_009950; Lomatogoniopsis alpina JQ933391; Lonicera orientalis 

X87389; Lophopetalum sessilifolium AJ402969; Loranthus europaeus JQ933393; Lotus corniculatus U74213; Luculia grandifolia X83648; Ludwigia hyssopifolia 

AY036152; Luffa acutangula DQ535826; Luzula multiflora AJ419945; Lycianthes sp. FJ914173; Lycium chinense AB051022; Lycopersicon esculentum L14403; Lyonia 

ligustrina AF124578; Lysimachia congestiflora AF213820; Macaranga tanarius AB233866; Macfadyena unguis-cati AF102649; Maclura pomifera D86318; Macro- 


panax dispermus JQ933394; Macrosolen cochinchinensis JQ933395; Macrotyloma uniflorum JQ933396; Madhuca microphylla AF421096; Maesa myrsinoides Z80203; 

Magnolia pterocarpa AY008931; Mahonia bealei L75871; Maianthemum hondoense D17380; Malaxis spicata AF074188; Mallotus japonicus AB267923; Malus 

baccata GU363810; Malva verticillata JQ933397; Malvaviscus arboreus var . penduliflorus JQ933398; Mandragora officinalis U08614; Mangifera indica U39269; 

Manglietia aromatica AY008920; Manilkara zapota L01932; Maoutia puya JQ933399; Marrubium vulgare U28875; Marsdenia carvalhoi JQ933400; Martynia annua 

JQ933401; Maytenus hookeri AF499234; Mazus stachydifolius EU348860; Meconopsis horridula JQ933402; Medicago lupulina AY395551; Medinilla humbertiana 

AF215517; Meeboldia digitata JQ933403; Megacarpaea polyandra JQ933404; Melasma scabrum AF190904; Melastoma malabathricum AF270748; Melia azedarach 

EU042973; Melica uniflora AJ746263; Melilotus officinalis JQ933405; Meliosma simplicifolia AF197587; Melissa officinalis Z37414; Melocanna baccifera EF125082; 

Melochia corchorifolia JQ933406; Melodorum fruticosum AY319071; Mentha longifolia AY570390; Menyanthes trifoliata L14006; Mercurialis leiocarpa AB233867; 

Merremia umbellata AY100989; Merrilliopanax cordifolius AY753243; Mesua ferrea AY625024; Meyna tetraphylla X83649; Michelia champaca DQ182336; Microgynoecium 

tibeticum AY270107; Micromelum ceylanicum AF320853; Micromeria juliana JQ933407; Microsisymbrium minutiflorum JQ933408; Microstegium sp. 

AM849387; Mikania micrantha JQ933409; Miliusa velutina AY318993; Millettia japonica U74233; Milula spicata JQ933410; Mimosa speggazzinii Z70151; Mimulus 

aurantiacus AF026835; Minuartia verna var . gerardii JQ933411; Mirabilis jalapa M62565; Miscanthus capensis AM235066; Mitragyna diversifolia AJ346985; 

Mitrasacme pilosa AJ235821; Mitreola petiolata AJ235822; Mollugo verticillata M62566; Momordica charantia DQ535760; Monochoria vaginalis U41591; Monotropastrum 

humile JQ933412; Morina longifolia AF446945; Morinda citrifolia X83651; Moringa oleifera L11359; Morus indica NC_008359; Mosla chinensis FJ513158; 

Mucuna nigricans AB045812; Muhlenbergia racemosa AJ784836; Mukia maderaspatana DQ535761; Munronia pinnata AY128237; Murdannia clarkeana AF312256; 

Murraya paniculata U38860; Musa acuminata EU017045; Mussaenda erythrophylla X83652; Mycetia malayana Z68806; Myosotis discolor AY395552; Myriactis 

nepalensis JQ933415; Myrica cerifera AF119179; Myricaria squamosa AY099906; Myriophyllum exalbescens L11195; Myristica fragrans AY298839; Myrsine africana 

U96652; Najas minor AB004899; Nannoglottis hookeri JQ933416; Naravelia zeylanica FJ626585; Nasturtium officinale AF020325; Neanotis ingrata JQ933417; 

Nechamandra alternifolia U80706; Neillia sinensis U06813; Nelsonia campestris L01935; Nelumbo nucifera M77033; Neoalsomitra clavigera DQ535830; Neocinnamomum 

caudatum JQ933418; Neolitsea cassia AY298841; Neottia nidus-avis AY368364; Neottianthe cucullata JQ933420; Nepeta cataria Z37421; Nerium oleander 

AJ002886; Nervilia bicarinata AF074199; Neyraudia reynaudiana EF125109; Nicandra physalodes U08615; Nicotiana tabacum NC_001879; Nigella damascena 

EU053918; Notholirion bulbuliferum AF275991; Nyctanthes arbor-tristis DQ673295; Nymphaea alba AJ627251; Nymphoides peltata X87392; Oberonia acaulis 

JQ933422; Ochna serrulata AB233908; Ocimum basilicum Z37425; Oenanthe javanica D44577; Oenothera fruticosa AF495771; Olax aphylla DQ792943; Olea europaea 

DQ673304; Omphalogramma elwesiana AF395001; Onosma graecum EU599860; Operculina turpethum AY100988; Ophiopogon japonicus AB029842; Ophiorrhiza 

mungos X83656; Oplismenus compositus AM849368; Opuntia dillenii AY875233; Oreorchis foliosa JQ933425; Origanum vulgare Z37427; Ormosia emarginata 

U74231; Oroxylum indicum AF102651; Orthanthera jasminum JQ933426; Oryza sativa NC_008155; Oryzopsis cf munroi JQ933427; Osbeckia chinensis AF215525; 

Osmanthus americanus DQ673311; Osmorhiza aristata D44578; Ostodes paniculata AY794900; Osyris lanceolata L11196; Ottelia alismoides U80707; Oxalis corniculata 

AB233943; Oxygraphis glacialis FJ626587; Oxyria sinensis AF297148; Oxystelma esculentum EU196284; Oxytropis anertii EF685981; Paederia scandens 

AY654280; Paeonia suffruticosa AJ402982; Paliurus spina-christi AJ390051; Panax ginseng NC_006290; Pancratium canariense AF116975; Pandanus tectorius 

AY952439; Pandorea jasminoides AF102652; Panicum miliaceum AM849333; Panisea uniflora JQ933430; Papaver sp. AM235045; Parabaena sagittata FJ026497; 

Paracalyx schweinfurthii JQ933431; Paraquilegia microphylla EF437146; Parietaria pensylvanica AF500357; Paris polyphylla D28155; Parnassia tenella AY935733; 

Parochetus africanus JQ933432; Parthenium hysterophorus JQ933433; Parthenocissus himalayana AJ419726; Paspalum conjugatum AM849399; Passiflora quadrangularis 

L01940; Patrinia triloba AF446951; Pavetta lanceolata Z68865; Pecteilis susannae JQ933434; Pedicularis foliosa AF026836; Pegaeophyton nepalense 

JQ933435; Peliosanthes campanulata AB029845; Pennisetum longissimum AM849356; Pentanema vestitum JQ933436; Pentasachme wallichii JQ933437; Peperomia 

tamayoi AY572271; Peracarpa carnosa JQ933438; Pergularia tomentosa AY545885; Pericampylus glaucus DQ099442; Perilla frutescens FJ513160; Periploca graeca 

AJ002889; Peristrophe cernua AM234782; Perotis rara EF125098; Persea americana AY337727; Persicaria punctata EF653783; Petalidium oblongifolia JQ933440; 

Petasites tricholobus JQ933441; Peucedanum galbanum AM234823; Phaeonychium jafrii JQ933442; Phagnalon niveum JQ933443; Phaius minor AF074210; Phalaenopsis 

aphrodite NC_007499; Phalaris arundinacea AJ784827; Phaseolus vulgaris EU196765; Phaulopsis pulchella JQ933444; Philadelphus hirsutus AF323193; 

Phleum pratense AJ746298; Phlomis melanantha JQ933445; Phoenix dactylifera AY012468; Photinia fraseri L11200; Phragmites australis AJ746299; Phryma leptostachya 

U28881; Phrynium imbricatum AY656123; Phyllanthus emblica AY765269; Physalis alkekengi U08617; Physospermopsis obtusiuscula JQ933446; Phytolacca 

americana M62567; Picea smithiana AF145458; Picrasma javanica EU043011; Picris hieracioides subsp. kaimensis JQ933447; Pieris formosa AB206594; Pilea pumila 

U00438; Pillosiloides hirsuta EU384975; Pimpinella saxifraga U50229; Pinanga simplicifrons AJ829898; Pinguicula caerulea L01942; Pinus wallichiana X58131; Piper 

nigrum EF450315; Piptanthus nepalensis Z70123; Pistacia vera AJ235786; Pistia stratiotes M96963; Pisum sativum X03853; Pithecellobium mexicanum Z70150; 

Pittosporum japonicum L11202; Plantago lanceolata L36454; Platanthera ciliaris AF074215; Platystemma violoides JQ933449; Plectranthus barbatus U28882; Pleione 

formosana AF264173; Pleurospermum camtschaticum D44583; Plumbago zeylanica Y16905; Plumeria inodora X91767; Poa trivialis AY395555; Podocarpus neriifolius 

AF249618; Podochilus cultratus AF074218; Podophyllum peltatum AF093716; Pogonatherum paniceum AM849381; Pogostemon patchouly L14406; Poikilospermum 

sp. AF500362; Polemonium reptans L11687; Pollia hasskarlii AF312262; Polycarpon tetraphyllum AY270144; Polygala arillata AM234210; Polygonatum 

oppositifolium AB029830; Polygonum aviculare EF653761; Polypogon lutosus EF125145; Ponerorchis chusua JQ933451; Pongamia pinnata AY289676; Populus 

deltoides AF133677; Porana velutina AY101027; Portulaca oleracea AY875249; Potamogeton crispus U80722; Potentilla fruticosa U06818; Pothos scandens 

JQ933452; Pratia nummularia DQ356164; Premna microphylla U28883; Prenanthes aspleniifolia JQ933454; Primula involucrata AF394974; Prinsepia uniflora 

U06819; Procris insularis AY208706; Prunella vulgaris AY395556; Prunus x yedoensis AF329005; Pseudaechmanthera glutinosa JQ933455; Pseudechinolaena polystachya 

AM849344; Pseuderanthemum tunicatum JQ933456; Pseudostellaria heterantha JQ933457; Psidium cattleyanum GU135194; Psilotrichum gnaphalobryum 

JQ933458; Psoralea aculeata AM235013; Psychotria nervosa AJ002186; Pternopetalum tanakae D44584; Pterocarpus marsupium JN083731; Pterocephalus hookeri 

AF446946; Pterospermum celebicum AJ233136; Pueraria montana AB045822; Pulicaria scabra AM234906; Punica granatum L10223; Putranjiva roxburghii 

AY663641; Pycreus nuerensis Y13004; Pygeum zeylanicum JQ933459; Pyracantha coccinea DQ860501; Pyrola rotundifolia L12622; Pyrostegia venusta JQ933460; 

Pyrularia pubera DQ329179; Quercus glauca AB060571; Quisqualis indica L01948; Randia truncata AJ286701; Ranunculus cantoniensis AY954489; Raphanus sativus 

EF590571; Raphistemma pulchellum JQ933462; Rauvolfia mannii X91769; Reinwardtia indica L13188; Reissantia sp. AJ402996; Remusatia vivipara JQ933463; 

Rhamnella franguloides AJ390027; Rhamnus prinoides AM235104; Rhaphidophora crassifolia AM905741; Rheum nobile AF297147; Rhododendron tomentosum 

AF421101; Rhus copallina U00440; Rhynchoglossum notonianum AF206817; Rhynchosia minima AB045823; Rhynchospermum verticillatum JQ933465; Rhynchospora 

nervosa Y12977; Ribes aureum L11204; Ricinus communis AY794915; Riocreuxia torulosa AM234841; Rodgersia pinnata U06214; Rorippa indica D88907; Rosa 

woodsii U06824; Rotala indica AY036148; Rubia tinctorum X83666; Rubus idaeus U06825; Ruellia graezicans L12595; Rumex acetosa AY395559; Rungia pectinata 

JQ933466; Ruta graveolens AY128251; Sabia campanulata AM183414; Saccharum officinarum AP006714; Sacciolepis indica AM887870; Sageretia thea AJ225785; 

Sagina saginoides JQ933467; Sagittaria latifolia L08767; Salix babylonica AB012782; Salsola genistoides AY270128; Salvia plebeia AB295077; Sambucus caerulea 

AJ420867; Sanguisorba officinalis AY395560; Sanicula elata AM234825; Santalum album L26077; Sapindus saponaria AY724366; Sapium laurocerasus AY794842; 

Saraca palembanica AM234238; Sarcococca confusa AF197588; Sarcostemma viminale JQ933468; Satyrium nepalense AF074226; Saurauia nepaulensis Z83147; 

Sauromatum guttatum EU193200; Sauropus racemosus AY663617; Saussurea roylei JQ933469; Saxifraga cernua U06215; Schefflera elegantissima DQ133821; 

Schima wallichii AF380056; Schisandra sphenanthera L12665; Schleichera oleosa AY724367; Schoenoplectiella articulatus Y12987; Schoenorchis paniculata 

JQ933470; Schoepfia schreberi L11205; Schulzia dissecta JQ933471; Scindapsus aureus AJ005625; Scirpus polystachyus Y12974; Scleria terrestris Y12947; Sclerocarpus 

africanus JQ933472; Scolopia mundii AM235122; Scorzonera divar icata JQ933473; Scrophularia sp. L36449; Scurrula sp. JQ933474; Scutellaria orientalis Z37460; 

Sebaea sp. AM234984; Sechium edule AY862553; Securidaca diversifolia L01955; Securinega capuronii AY663621; Sedum rubrotinctum L01956; Selinum cortioides 

JQ933475; Semecarpus sp. JQ933476; Senecio burchellii AM234911; Serissa foetida Z68822; Serratula strangulata JQ933477; Sesamum indicum L14408; Sesbania 

sesban Z95541; Seseli yunnanense JQ933478; Setaria palmifolia AM849389; Shorea talura AJ247623; Shuteria vestita AB045824; Sibbaldia cuneata JQ933479; Sida 

sp. AM235027; Siegesbeckia orientalis JQ933480; Silene vulgaris EF646883; Sinocarum wolfianum JQ933481; Sison amomum JQ933482; Sisymbrium irio AY167982; 

Skimmia anquetilia AF066818; Sloanea latifolia AF022131; Smilacina racemosa AY149376; Smilax glauca AF206822; Smithia sensitiva JQ933483; Smitinandia 

micrantha JQ933484; Solanum bulbocastanum NC_007943; Solena heterophylla DQ535851; Solidago juncea DQ006068; Soliva anthemifolia JQ933485; Sonchus 


wightianus subsp. wallichianus JQ933486; Sophora bhutanica U74226; Sopubia trifida JQ933487; Sorbaria arborea U06826; Sorbus scopulina U06827; Sorghum 

bicolor NC_008602; Soroseris pumila JQ933488; Spathoglottis plicata AF264175; Spatholobus parviflorus AB045825; Spergula rubra AY270146; Spermadictyon 

suaveolens Z68824; Sphaeranthus indicus JQ933489; Sphenoclea zeylanica L1879; Spilanthes iabadicensis JQ933490; Spiraea x L11206; Spiranthes cernua AF074229; 

Spirodela polyrhiza AY034222; Spondias cytherea U39274; Sporobolus festivus AM849383; Stachys sylvatica Z37464; Stachyurus praecox DQ307101; Staphylea 

colchica EU002285; Stellaria media M62570; Stellera chamaejasme AJ295262; Stephania venosa EU526996; Sterculia lanceolata AY082362; Stereospermum nematocarpum 

JQ933491; Stipa dregeana U31442; Streblus pendulinus AF500353; Streptopus lanceolatus D17381; Striga gesnerioides AF026839; Strobilanthes isophyllus 

JQ933492; Strychnos nux-vomica L14410; Styrax chinensis AF396157; Swertia teres JQ933493; Swida controversa AF190433; Symplocos costata Z80192; 

Synedrella nodiflora JQ933494; Syringa vulgaris DQ673303; Syzygium venosum JQ933495; Tabernaemontana divar icata X91772; Tadehagi triquetrum JQ933496; 

Tagetes erecta L13637; Talauma ovata L12666; Talinum paniculatum AY875214; Tamarindus indica Z70160; Tamarix pentandra Z97650; Tanacetum atkinsonii 

JQ933497; Taraxacum officinale AY395562; Taxillus sclerophyllus JQ933498; Taxus wallichiana DQ478796; Tectona grandis U28884; Telosma pallida JQ933500; 

Tephrosia grandiflora Z95542; Terminalia catappa U26338; Ternstroemia gymnanthera AF421106; Tetracentron sinense L12668; Tetrameles nudiflora AF206828; 

Tetrastigma hookeri AJ419715; Teucrium flavum Z37466; Thalictrum javanicum AY954496; Thamnocalamus spathiflorus EF125087; Thelasis carinata AF518047; 

Thermopsis fabacea Z70121; Thesium strictum AM235126; Thespesia populnea L01961; Thladiantha dubia DQ535733; Thlaspi arvense JQ933501; Thunbergia 

mysorensis AY008828; Thunia alba AF074233; Thylacospermum caespitosum JQ933502; Thymus vulgaris Z37472; Thysanolaena maxima U31380; Tiarella polyphylla 

AB003276; Tiliacora acuminata EU526997; Tinospora caffra L37923; Tipularia discolor AF074234; Tithonia diversifolia JQ933503; Toddalia asiatica JQ933504; 

Tofieldia glutinosa AF543717; Tongoloa gracilis JQ933505; Toona sp. AY128243; Tordyliopsis brunonis JQ933506; Torenia fournieri AB259804; Toricellia tiliifolia 

AF299089; Torilis japonica D44590; Torularia humilis JQ933507; Trachelospermum jasminoides AJ002890; Trachycarpus fortunei AY012460; Trachyspermum anethifolium 

JQ933508; Tragia urticifolia AY794925; Tragopogon pratensis AY395563; Trapa natans L10226; Trema orientalis D86313; Treutlera sp. JQ933509; Trevesia 

palmata U50258; Trewia nudiflora AY663648; Trianthema portulacastrum M62572; Tribulus terrestris AM235167; Trichilia emetica AY128244; Trichodesma africanum 

AM234930; Tricholepis furcata JQ933510; Trichosanthes ovigera DQ535856; Tricyrtis macrantha AB034749; Tridax procumbens JQ933511; Trifolium pratense 

AY395564; Triglochin palustris DQ859176; Trigonella ornithopodioides JQ933512; Trigonotis ovalifolia JQ933513; Trillidium govanianum AB018839; Triosteum 

perfoliatum AJ420871; Triplostegia glandulifera AF446949; Tripogon minimus AM849342; Trisetum flavescens AY395565; Triticum aestivum AB042240; Triumfetta 

annua JQ933514; Trollius laxus AY954486; Tsuga dumosa AF145460; Tupistra grandis AB029838; Turpinia occidentalis AY646110; Tussilago farfara JQ933515; 

Tylophora sylvatica X91780; Typha angustifolia AY952434; Typhonium venosum AF497113; Ulmus americana AF500337; Uncaria africana AJ347006; Uraria lagopus 

JQ933516; Urena lobata GU135283; Urginea maritima JQ933517; Urochloa maxima AM849390; Urtica dioica AF500361; Utricularia biflora L13190; Uvar ia lucida 

AY238957; Vaccinium meridionale AF124576; Valeriana jatamansi AF446950; Vallaris solanacea JQ933518; Vallisneria asiatica AB004898; Vandopsis gigantea 

JQ933519; Ventilago viminalis AJ390035; Verbascum thapsus L36452; Verbena officinalis Z37473; Vernonia mespilifolia L13646; Veronica persica AY034022; 

Vetiveria zizanioides AM849394; Viburnum acerifolium L13928; Vicatia coniifolia JQ933520; Vicia cracca AY395566; Vigna unguiculata Z95543; Vincetoxicum 

hirundinaria AJ419769; Viola sp. AJ247621; Viscum articulatum EF464517; Vitex agnus-castus U78716; Vitis vinifera NC_007957; Wahlenbergia gloriosa 

AY655161; Waldheimia glabra JQ933522; Wallichia disticha AJ404792; Wedelia montana JQ933523; Wendlandia notoniana AM117283; Wikstroemia gemmata 

AJ297223; Withania somnifera DQ353868; Wolffia globosa AY034257; Woodfordia fruticosa AY036136; Wrightia arborea AJ002891; Xanthium strumarium 

DQ006070; Xylosma buxifolium AJ418834; Xyris capensis AJ286563; Youngia racemifera JQ933524; Yushania maling AJ746277; Zannichellia palustris U03725; 

Zanthoxylum monophyllum U39282; Zea mays X86563; Zehneria scabra AM234970; Zephyranthes filifolia AF116990; Zeuxine strateumatica JQ933525; Zingiber 

gramineum AF243850; Zinnia elegans JQ933526; Ziziphus ornata AJ390052; Zornia cantoniensis U74235. 


Table S22. Taxa included in the phylogenetic analysis for genera of the flora of New Zealand based on rbcL plastid sequences 


Abrotanella linearifolia JQ933200; Abutilon sp. AM235023; Acacia cavenia Z70145; Acaena sp. AM235106; Acanthus montanus L12592; Acer pseudoplatanus 

DQ978425; Achnatherum calamagrostis JQ933203; Acianthus exsertus AF074101; Aciphylla glacialis JQ933204; Ackama paniculosa AF291921; Actinidia chinensis 

L01882; Adenochilus nortonii AY381108; Agapanthus africanus AY465699; Agathis moorei AMU87755; Agave ghiesbreghtii AF206729; Ageratina luciaebrauniae 

HQ416169; Ageratum conyzoides GQ436453; Agrostis capillaris AY395527; Ajuga reptans U32163; Akebia quinata L12627; Alectryon connatus 

AY724341; Allium dregeanum AM234798; Alnus glutinosa EU644678; Alocasia odora AM905802; Alopecurus pratensis AY395528; Alseuosmia macrophylla 

X87377; Alternanthera pungens AY270054; Ammophila breviligulata AJ784835; Andropogon gerardii AJ784818; Anemanthele lessoniana EF125158; Anemone 

tenuifolia AM235090; Angelica sylvestris DQ133798; Anisotome haastii JQ933219; Anredera cordifolia AY270147; Apium graveolens L01885 Apodasmia sp. 

JQ933222; Aporostylis bifolia AY381109; Araujia hortorum AJ419734; Archgeria hirtella JQ933224; Arctium lappa AB530978; Arctotheca calendula AM234848; 

Aristea glauca Z77282; Aristotelia serrata AF307904; Arthropodium cirrhatum Z69233; Arum italicum GU067578; Arundo donax ADU31360; Ascarina lucida 

AF238050; Asparagus officinalis AY149374; Asphodelus aestivus AJ512314; Astelia linearis AF307905; Atriplex halimus AY270059; Australopyrum calcis 

AY691636; Austrofestuca littoralis JQ933231; Austrostipa sp. JQ933232; Avicennia alba AY008831; Azorella selago DQ133803; Banksia ericifolia DQ875843; 

Baumea rubiginosa AY725940; Beilschmiedia tawa JQ933233; Berberis fortunei FJ449857; Betula papyrifera X56617; Bidens polylepis DQ006061; Bolboschoenus 

fluviatilis GQ130358; Brachycome cilaris JQ933242; Brachyglottis repanda JQ933243; Bromus hordeaceus AY395531; Brugmansia suaveolens HM849829; 

Bryonia dioica DQ535786; Buddleja davidii AJ001757; Bulbinella nana AJ512325; Bulbophyllum lobbii AF074115; Caesalpinia pulcherrima Z70153; Caladenia cf 

caerulea AF074116; Callistemon citrinus AM235652; Callitriche stagnalis AF248023; Calluna vulgaris L12601; Calochilus robertsoni AF074118; Calystegia sepium 

AY100992; Canavalia rosea AB045793; Canna indica L05445; Cardamine flexuosa D88905; Carduus edelbergii JQ933253; Carex monostachya Y12998; Carmichaelia 

sp. AF308705; Carpha alpina AF307909; Carpobrotus edulis AM234787; Carpodetus serratus Y08461; Cassytha filiformis JQ933256; Celastrus orbiculatus 

AY788194; Celmisia bellidioides JQ933257; Cenchrus echinatus AM849359; Centella asiatica CT1CPRC08; Centipeda sp. JQ933259; Centrolepis strigosa 

AF148766; Ceratophyllum demersum D89473; Cestrum nocturnum AY206721; Chenopodium auricomum AY270078; Chionochloa flavescens DQ887099; Chrysanthemoides 

monilifera EU384959; Cirsium arvense AY395534; Citrus sinensis DQ864733; Clematis ganpiniana AY954491; Clianthus puniceus JQ933270; 

Cobaea scandens Z83143; Collospermum hastatum Y14986; Colobanthus subulatus JQ933274; Convolvulus arvensis AY100993; Coprosma pumila X87146; 

Cordyline cf stricta AB088818; Coriaria arborea AB016440; Cornus capitata AY530926; Corokia cotoneaster L11221; Cortaderia selloana DQ005609; Corysanthes 

diemenicus AF074135; Corynocarpus laevigatus AF148994; Cotoneaster horizontalis GU363807; Craspedia incana JQ933282; Crassula marnierana L01899; 

Crataegus columbiana U06799; Crocosmia mathewsiana AJ577250; Cupressus stephensonii AY988255; Cyathodes glauca U80434; Cynodon dactylon 

AM849393; Cyperus pulchellus AY040591; Cytisus scoparius Z70086; Dacrycarpus dacrydioides AF249597; Dacrydium cupressinum AF249634; Dactylis glomerata 

AJ746268; Daucus carota AF207689; Delairea odorata HM849949; Dendrobium aggregatum AF074145; Deschampsia cespitosa EF125152; Desmoschoenus 

spiralis AJ404701; Dianella intermedia FJ707495; Dichondra occidentalis AY101023 Dipogon lignosus AB045800; Discaria toumatou AF307912; Disphyma 

crassifolium AM234789; Dodonaea viscosa DQ978445; Donatia novae-zelandiae AF307914; Dracophyllum longifolium L12614; Drapetes muscoides 

AJ297237; Drosera spathulata AB355695; Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum AY128227; Earina autumnalis AF074155; Echinopogon ovatus JQ933317; Echium 

virescens EU599869; Egeria densa U80695; Ehrharta erecta AM887883; Elaeagnus angustifolia U17038; Elaeocarpus reticulatus AF291941; Elatine triandra 

AB233853; Elatostema parvum AY208703; Eleocharis marginulata Y13011; Elingamita johnsonii Z83145; Elodea canadensis DQ859167; Elymus solanderi 

AY691642; Thinopyrum distichum AM235075; Embergeria grandifolia JQ933322; Embothrium coccineum U79168; Empodisma minus AF148775; Entelea 

arborescens JQ933325; Epacris lanuginosa U80426; Epilobium rigidum AF495763; Eragrostis minor AM849338; Erica australis L12617; Erigeron tenuis 

EU384973; Eriobotrya japonica U06800; Eryngium giganteum DQ133808; Erythrina crista-galli Z70170; Eucalyptus globulus AY780259; Euchiton involucratus 

JQ933331; Eugenia uniflora AF294255; Euonymus americanus EU002277; Eupatorium atrorubens L13649; Euphorbia abyssinica AY794824; Euphrasia spectabilis 

AY849864; Ewartia sinclairii JQ933333; Exocarpus sparteus JQ933334; Fallopia japonica AF297131; Fatsia japonica U50245; Festuca rubra AJ746261; Ficinia 

rigida EF178557; Ficus var iegata FJ976133; Fimbristylis dichotoma Y13008; Forstera bidwillii AJ225055; Fraxinus chinensis DQ673301; Freycinetia scandens 

AF206770; Gahnia baniensis DQ058342; Galeobdolon luteum Z37400; Galium elongatum X81098; Gastrodia queenslandica JQ933341; Gaultheria miqueliana 

AF124590; Geniostoma rupestre Z68828; Genista tricuspidata Z70100; Gentianella rapunculoides Y11862; Geranium multiflorum U77907; Geum macrophyllum 

U06806; Glossostigma elatinoides JQ933345; Glyceria fluitans AY395539; Gonocarpus depressus JQ933346; Gratiola pilosa AF026827; Griselinia littoralis 

AF307916; Gunnera monoica AF307918; Haastia pulvinaris JQ933352; Hakea archaeoides EU676114; Halocarpus kirkii AF249640; Haloragis serra U26325; Hebe 

salicifolia JQ933354; Hectorella caespitosa EF551347; Hedera helix L01924 Hedycarya arborea L12648; Hedychium flavescens AF243848; Heimerliodendron 

brunonianum JQ933356; Helichrysum cymosum AM234877; Herpolirion novae-zelandiae Z77303; Hibiscus rosa-sinensis AY082359; Hieracium levicaule 

GQ120446; Hierochloe brunonis AY691634; Hoheria sexstylosa JQ933363; Holcus lanatus AJ746279; Homalanthus populneus AY380350; Humulus lupulus 

AF061992 Hydrangea macrophylla L11187; Hydrilla verticillata U80700; Hydrocotyle vulgaris DQ133813; Hypericum perforatum AF206779; Ilex cornuta 

GQ997347; Impatiens gordonii Z80196; Imperata cheesemanii AY691637; Iphigenia indica AJ417893; Ipomoea pes-tigridis AY100978; Iris germanica L05037; 

Isachne mauritiana AM849388; Isolepis crassiuscula AB236355; Isotoma fluviatilis subsp. fluviatilis DQ356161; Ixerba brexioides AF084475; Jasminum suavissimum 

L01929; Jovellana sp. AF123666; Juglans nigra U00437; Juncus triglumis AY216605; Kennedia nigricans EU717283; Knightia excelsa DQ875840; Koeleria 

aff. AY691645; Korthalsella lindsayi L26073; Kunzea vestita AM235655; Lagarosiphon major U80703; Lantana camara AF156736; Laurelia novae-zelandiae 

AF206788; Laurus nobilis AF197593; Lemna minor AY034234; Lepidium virginicum D88906; Lepidosperma tortuosum AY725950; Lepidothamnus fonkii 

AF249642; Lepilaena australis U80729; Leptospermum scoparium AM235656; Lepturus repens AM887876; Leucogenes grandiceps JQ933387; Leucopogon 

fraseri L12620; Leycesteria formosa AJ420872; Leymus chinensis Z49843; Libertia ixioides AJ309687; Libocedrus plumosa L12574; Ligustrum vulgare 

DQ673302; Lilaeopsis novae-zelandiae AF466269; Lilium formosanum AB034933; Liparophyllum gunnii EF173092; Litsea monopetala EU128738; Lobelia 

cardinalis AY655144; Logania vaginalis Z68826; Lolium perenne AJ746293; Lonicera japonica GQ997430; Lophomyrtus bullata JQ933392; Loranthus delavayi 

HQ317767; Lotus corniculatus U74213; Ludwigia palustris AM235670; Lupinus perennis Z70058; Luzula multiflora AJ419945; Luzuriaga parviflora AF307925; 

Lycium ferocissimum AM235152; Lyperanthus nigricans AF074187; Lythrum salicaria AF495760; Machaerina sp. DQ058340; Macropiper excelsum AY298836; 

Malva verticillata JQ933397; Manoao colensoi AF249644; Marsippospermum grandiflorum AJ419946; Mazus pumilus FJ172728; Melicope ternata AF116271; 

Melicytus novae-zelandiae AB354427; Mentha longifolia AY570390; Meryta sinclairii U50248; Metrosideros excelsa AM235659; Microlaena stipoides 

AM849377; Microtis parviflora AF074194; Mida salicifolia EF584598; Mimulus aurantiacus AF026835; Miscanthus capensis AM235066; Mitrasacme pilosa 

AJ235821; Montia fontana JQ933413; Montigena novae-zelandiae JQ933414; Morelotia gahniiformis EF178576; Muehlenbeckia australis FM883618; Myoporum 

mauritianum L36445; Myosotis discolor AY395552; Myosurus minimus DQ099441; Myricaria squamosa AY099906; Myriophyllum exalbescens L11195; 

Myrmechila trapeziformis AF074124; Myrsine africana U96652; Nardus stricta AY622895; Nassella viridula AY622896; Nasturtium officinale AF020325; Neomyrtus 

pedunculata JQ933419; Nerium oleander GQ997679; Nertera granadensis X83654 Nestegis sandwicensis DQ673305; Nothofagus truncata L13363; 

Notothlaspi australe JQ933421; Nymphaea alba AJ627251; Ochna serrulata Z75273; Olea europaea GU228899 Olearia chathamica JQ933423; Oplismenus 

compositus AM849368; Opuntia dillenii AY875233; Oreobolus pectinatus AF307927; Oreomyrrhis hookeri JQ933424; Oreostylidium subulatum AF451619; 

Orthoceras strictum AF074204; Osteospermum asperulum EU385004; Ottelia ovalifolia DQ859171; Oxalis corniculata AB233943; Ozothamnus sp. JQ933428; 

Pachycladon novae-zelandiae DQ310545; Pachystegia insignis JQ933429; Pandorea jasminoides AF102652; Parahebe catarractae AY034020; Paraserianthes 

lophantha Z70148; Parietaria pensylvanica AF500357; Parsonsia heterophylla AJ002888; Paspalum conjugatum AM849399; Passiflora biflora EU017122; Pelargonium 

candicans DQ317055; Pennantia corymbosa AJ494842; Pennisetum longissimum AM849356; Pentachondra pumila L12621; Peperomia serpens 

AY572270; Peraxilla tetrapetala JQ933439; Persicaria decipiens FM883624; Persoonia lanceolata U79178; Phoenix canariensis AM110194; Phormium tenax 

Z69232; Phragmites australis EF423005; Phyllachne clavigera AF307928; Phyllocladus trichomanoides AY442155; Phyllostachys nigra AJ746272; Physalis peruviana 

FJ914181; Phytolacca americana FJ860398; Picris hieracioides subsp. kaimensis JQ933447; Pimelea gilgiana AM167534; Pinus muricata DQ353725; Pittosporum 

tobira U50261; Plagianthus divar ticarus JQ933448; Plantago crassifolia AM235049; Plectranthus barbatus U28882; Pleurophyllum criniferum JQ933450; 


Poa trivialis AJ746301; Podalyria sericea Z70128; Podocarpus totara AF307931; Polygala peduncularis AM234214; Pomaderris rugosa AJ390063; Populus 

tremuloides M58392; Poranthera huegelii AY663613; Potamogeton perfoliatus AY952437; Potentilla fruticosa U06818; Pouteria obovata AF421100; Boehmeria 

nivea AF062005; Prasophyllum fimbriatum JQ933453; Prumnopitys ferruginoides AF249659; Prunus campanulata AF411501; Pseudopanax laetevirens 

AF307932; Pseudosasa amabilis AJ746273; Pseudotsuga menziesii AY664856; Pseudowintera axillaris AY572266; Psidium cattleyanum GU135194; Psoralea 

aculeata AM235013; Psychrophila novae-zealandiae AF307907; Pterostylis nutans AF074224; Puccinellia distans L14621; Pyracantha coccinea HM850304; Pyrrhanthera 

exigua AY691638; Quintinia verdonii AF299092; Ranunculus macranthus DQ069502; Raoulia subsericea JQ933461; Raukaua simplex FJ470122; 

Rhabdothamnus solandri JQ933464; Rhagodia drummondi AY270124; Rhamnus lycioides AJ390070; Rhododendron simsii GQ997829; Rhopalostylis baueri 

AJ404808; Ribes aureum L11204; Ricinus communis AY794915; Ripogonum elseyanum Z77309; Robinia pseudoacacia U74220; Roldana petasitis HM850309; 

Rorippa sylvestris AF020328; Rosa woodsii U06824; Rostkovia magellanica AJ419947; Rubus idaeus U06825; Rumex obtusifolius AF297126; Ruppia maritima 

U03729; Rytidosperma maculatum EU400673; Salix fragilis AJ418841; Sambucus caerulea AJ420867; Samolus repens AF421102; Sarcocornia utahensis AY270126 

Scaevola aemula EU017199; Schefflera elegantissima DQ133821; Schizeilema nitens DQ133822; Schoenoplectus mucronatus EF178572; Schoenus nigricans 

Y12983; Scleranthus annuus AY270145; Scutellaria bolanderi L01954; Sebaea sp. AM234984; Sedum rubrotinctum L01956; Selliera radicans X87395; Senecio 

burchellii AM234911; Senna alata U74250; Setaria palmifolia AM849389; Sicyos angulatus DQ535847; Simplicia laxa AY691641; Solanum tuberosum M76402; 

Sonchus wightianus subsp. wallichianus JQ933486; Sophora microphylla AY725480; Sorbaria arborea U06826; Sorbus scopulina U06827; Sparganium eurycarpum 

AY465696; Spartina anglica AM849382; Spinifex littoreus AM849340; Spiraea x vanhouttei L11206; Spiranthes cernua AJ542435; Sporadanthus tasmanicus 

AF148793; Stackhousia minima AJ235795; Stellaria media AF206823; Stenostachys laevis AY691640; Stenotaphrum secundatum AM235074; Stilbocarpa polaris 

DQ133823; Streblus pendulinus AF500353; Stuckenia pectinata AB196953; Suaeda altissima AY270135; Syzygium sp. FJ976174; Taraxacum officinale AY395562; 

Tecomanthe venusta JQ933499; Tecomaria capensis FJ870009; Tetrachondra hamiltonii U28885; Tetragonia tetragonioides AF132094; Tetraria crinifolia 

DQ058348; Teucridium parvifolium U78715; Thelymitra sp. AF074232; Thismia rodwayi AY939892; Thymus vulgaris Z37472; Trachycarpus fortunei 

AY012460; Tradescantia pallida AM110254; Triglochin bulbosa AM234996; Trisetum youngii AY691646; Trithuria submersa DQ915188; Tropaeolum majus 

L14706; Tupeia antarctica DQ790133; Tussilago farfara JQ933515; Typha latifolia DQ069503; Ulmus alata U00441; Uncinia nemoralis AY725956; Urochloa 

maxima AM849390; Urtica dioica AF500361; Utricularia biflora L13190; Vaccinium macrocarpon L12625; Vinca minor AJ419768; Viola soraria L11674; Vitex 

agnus-castus U78716; Vitis vinifera AJ635355; Vittadinia triloba JQ933521; Wahlenbergia gloriosa AY655161; Watsonia angusta AJ309666; Weinmannia racemosa 

AF307933; Wisteria sinensis Z95544; Wolffia arrhiza AY034254; Xeronema callistemon Z69235; Zannichellia palustris U03725; Zantedeschia aethiopica 

AF065474; Zizania texana L05043; Zostera capricorni AY077963; Zotovia thomsonii AY691644; Zoysia japonica AM849385. 


Table S23. Taxa included in the phylogenetic analysis for genera of the flora of the Cape of South Africa based on rbcL plastid sequences 


Abutilon sp. AM235023; Acacia karoo AM235003; Acaena sp. AM235106; Acalypha sp. AM234975; Acharia tragodes AJ418795; Achyranthes aspera 

AY270048; Acmadenia rupicola AM235114; Acokanthera oppositifolia AM234828; Acrosanthes teritifolia AM234785; Adenandra uniflora AF066803; Adenocline 

violifolia AY794870; Adenogramma lichtensteinia AM235030; Adromischus sp. AM234968; Agapanthus africanus Z69221; Agathosma ovata AM235115; 

Agrostis capillaris AY395527; Alchemilla mollis U06792; Alectra sessiliflora AF026820; Allium dregeanum AM234798; Allophylus sp. AM235128; Aloe humilis 

AY323642; Alonsoa unilabiata AF026821; Amaryllis belladona Z69219; Amellus sp. AM234845; Ammocharis longifolia AM234803; Ammophila breviligulata 

AJ784835; Amphiglossa tomentosa AM234846; Amphithalea micrantha AM235004; Anacampseros papyracea AM235079; Anagallis arvensis M88343; Anaxeton 

arborescens AM234847; Anchusa capensis AM234924; Andrachne arida AY663563; Androcymbium orienticapense AM234961; Andropogon gerardii AJ784818; 

Anemone tenuifolia AM235090; Anginon rugosum U50222; Angraecum sesquipedale AF074106; Anisodontea triloba AM235024; Anisotoma cordifolia 

AM234829; Annesorhiza altiscapa AM234812; Anthochortus graminifolius AM235091; Anthospermum herbaceum X83623; Anthoxanthum sp. AM235051; 

Antizoma angustifolia DQ099437; Apodolirion lanceolatum AM234804; Apodytes dimidiata AJ428895; Aponogeton distachyos U80684; Aptosimum sp. 

AF123671; Arctopus echinatus AY188414; Arctotheca calendula AM234848; Arctotis hirsuta EU384947; Argyrolobium harveyanum Z95546; Aristea glauca 

Z77282; Aristida congesta subsp. barbicallis U31359; Artemisia afra AM234849; Arundinella deppeana AM849417; Asaemia inermis AM234850; Asclepias 

currassavica X91774; Askidiosperma andreaeanum AM235092; Aspalathus cephalotes Z70132; Asparagus capensis AM234843; Aspidoglossum heterophyllum 

AM234830; Astephanus marginatus AM234831; Aster bakeranus AM234851; Astroloba foliosa Z73683; Atalaya alata AY724345; Athanasia trifurcata 

AM234852; Athrixia sp. AM234853; Atriplex patula X15925; Audouinia capitata AY490992; Augea capensis Y15015; Aulax cancellata AM235081; Azima 

tetracantha U36782; Babiana ecklonii AJ309673; Ballota africana AM234997; Barleria prionitis L01886; Bartholina burmanniana AM235035; Bartsia alpina 

AF190903; Bassia diffusa AM234799; Behnia reticulata Z69226; Bergia glomerata AM234974; Berkheya rigida AM234854; Berula erecta AM234813; Berzelia 

lanuginosa L14391; Bobartia gladiata AJ309699; Bolboschoenus maritimus Y12996; Bolusafra bituminosa EU717272; Bonatea speciosa AM235036; Boophone 

disticha AF116945; Bowiea volubilis Z69237; Brabejum stellatifolium U79166; Brachiaria sp. AM235052; Brachycorythis sp. AM235037; Brachylaena neriifolia 

AM234855; Brachypodium sylvaticum AJ746258; Brachysiphon microphyllus AJ605086; Brachystelma luteum AM234832; Bromus hordeaceus AY395531; 

Brownleea caerulea AM235038; Brunia albiflora Y10674; Brunsvigia orientalis AM234805; Bryomorphe aretioides AM234856; Buchnera floridana AF026822; 

Buddleja davidii AJ001757; Bulbine succulenta Z73684; Bulbinella caudafelis Z73685; Bulbostylis atrosanguine Y12992; Bupleurum falcatum U50224; Burchellia 

bubalina Z68833; Cadaba aphylla AM234931; Caesia concorta Z77297; Calanthe vestita AF074117; Calodendrum capense AF066805; Calopsis paniculata 

AM235093; Calpurnia intrusa AM235005; Calystegia sepium AY100992; Canthium inerme AM235109; Capelio tubularis AM234857; Capnophyllum africanum 

AM234814; Capparis hastata M95754; Cardamine pensylvanica AF020324; Carex conferta Y12999; Carissa bispinosa AJ419738; Carpacoce sp. AJ288597; Carpanthea 

pomeridiana AM234786; Carpha sp. AM234971; Carpobrotus edulis AM234787; Cassine piragua AM234952; Cassinopsis ilicifolia AJ428896; Celtis 

philippensis AY263941; Cenchrus setigerus L14622; Centella asiatica D44559; Cerastium capense AM234949; Ceratiosicyos laevis AM234784; Ceratophyllum 

demersum D89473; Ceropegia woodii X91775; Chaetacanthus sp. AM234779; Chaetachme aristata D86310; Chaetobromus drageanus AM235053; Chamaecrista 

fasciculata U74187; Chamerion angustifolium L10217; Chamira circaeoides AM234932; Chascanum cernuum AM235164; Chasmanthe aethiopica AJ309660; 

Chionanthus virginicus DQ006108; Chironia baccifera AM234982; Chloris virgata EF125096; Chlorophytum comosum L05031; Chondropetalum sp. AM235094; 

Chrysanthemoides monilifera AM234858; Chrysitrix capensis AJ419938; Chrysocoma sp. AM234859; Cineraria sp. AM234860; Cissampelos capensis AM235029; 

Citrullus lanatus DQ535745; Cladium jamaicense Y12988; Cladoraphis spinosa AM235054; Clausena anisata AM235116; Clematis sp. AF193972; Cleretum 

papulosum subsp. papulosum AM234788; Cliffortia sp. AM235107; Clivia mirabilis AM234806; Clutia pulchella AM234976; Coccinia adoensis AF534745; Codon 

royenii AM234925; Coleonema pulchellum L12567; Commelina sp. AM234965; Conium sp. AM234815; Convolvulus sagittatus AY100994; Conyza scabrida 

AM234861; Cortaderia selloana DQ005609; Corycium carnosum AY381115; Corymbium glabrum AM234862; Costularia natalensis DQ058345; Cotyledon 

orbiculata AM234969; Crassula perforata AF274594; Crinum yemense AF116951; Crocosmia mathewsiana AJ577250; Cromidon sp. AM235133; Crotalaria 

capensis Z70133; Cryptocarya obovata L28950; Cullumia bisulca AM234863; Cunonia atrorubens AF291918; Curtisia dentata L11222; Cussonia spicata 

U50242; Cyanella hyacinthoides Z77312; Cyanotis sp. AM234966; Cyathocoma hexandra DQ058344; Cyclopia genistoides Z70124; Cycnium racemosum 

AF026826; Cymbopogon citratus EF125117; Cynanchum laeve DQ006054; Cynodon sp. AM235055; Cynoglossum sp. AM234926; Cynosurus cristatus 

EF125151; Cyperus laevigatus Y13017; Cyphia bulbosa AM234938; Cyphostemma juttae AJ419719; Cyrtanthus elatus AF116953; Cysticapnos sp. AM234980; 

Dalechampia spathulata AY788172; Dasispermum suffruticosum AM234816; Delosperma echinatum AJ235778; Desmazeria rigida EF125150; Deverra denudata 

AM234817; Dianthus namaensis AM234950; Diascia longicornis AM235134; Diastella parilis AM235082; Dichondra occidentalis AY101023; Diclis reptans 

AM235135; Dicoma picta AM234864; Didelta spinosa AM234865; Didymodoxa caffra AM235160; Dierama sp. AM234992; Dietes robinsoniana AJ309695; 

Digitaria sp. AM235056; Dilatris pillansii AM234986; Dimorphotheca pluvialis L13636; Dioscorea elephantipes AF307461; Diosma sabulosa AM235117; Diospyros 

whyteana Z83134; Dipogon lignosus AB045800; Disa tripetaloides AF074151; Dischisma ciliata AM235136; Disparago anomala AM234866; Disperis capensis 

AY381120; Disphyma crassifolium AM234789; Dodonaea angustifolia AM235129; Dolichos decumbens AM235006; Dolichothrix ericoides AM234867; Dovea 

macrocarpa AM235095; Dovyalis rhamnoides Z75677; Dracaena sp. AM235113; Drimia elata AM234987; Droguetia ambigua AM235161; Drosanthemum 

hispidum AM234790; Drosera capensis L01909; Dumasia villosa AF181933; Echinochloa crus-galli AM887871; Echiostachys incanus AM234927; Edmondia sp. 

AM234868; Ehretia anacua AJ247617; Ehrharta calycina AM235057; Ekebergia capensis AJ402947; Elaeodendron transvaleense AM234953; Elegia cuspidata 

AF148774; Eleocharis atropurpurea Y13012; Eleusine indica EF125108; Elytropappus rhinocerotis AM234869; Emex spinosa AF297142; Empleuridium juniperinum 

AY935725; Empleurum unicapsulare AM235118; Empodium veratrifolium Y14987; Endonema retzioides AJ605088; Enneapogon scaber U31103; Epilobium 

rigidum AF495763; Epischoenus quadrangularis DQ058349; Eragrostis capensis U31104; Erica australis L12617; Eriosema squarrosum AM235007; 

Eriospermum bayeri Z77277; Erythrina crista-galli Z70170; Euchaetis albertiniana AM235119; Euclea natalensis Z80186; Eucomis regia AM234988; Eulalia aurea 

AM849410; Eulophia streptopetala AM235039; Euphorbia silenifolia AM234977; Euryops speciosissimus AM234870; Eustachys paspaloides AM235058; Eustegia 

minuta AM234833; Euthystachys abbreviata Z29671; Excoecaria cochinchinensis AJ418809; Exomis microphylla AM234800; Ezosciadium capense AM234818; 

Falkia repens AY101024; Faurea saligna EU676072; Felicia bergerana L13639; Ferraria crispa AJ309690; Festuca rubra AJ746261; Ficinia pinguior AJ404703; Ficus 

cordata AM235033; Fimbristylis dichotoma Y13008; Fingerhuthia africana AM235059; Flueggea virosa subsp. virosa AY663585; Fockea capensis AM234834; 

Forsskaolea sp. AM235162; Foveolina tenella AM234871; Frankenia pulverulenta Z97638; Freesia alba Z77284; Freylinia undulata AM235137; Fuirena ciliaris 

Y12971; Galenia pubescens AF132099; Galium corsicum X81096; Galopina circaeoides AJ288602; Gardenia thunbergia X83637; Garuleum bipinnatum 

AM234872; Gasteria glomerata AJ512281; Gazania splendens L13638; Geissoloma marginatum AJ403022; Geissorhiza heterostyla AJ309676; Geranium ocellatum 

L14698; Gerbera jamesonii L13643; Gibbaria ilicifolia AM234873; Gladiolus guienzii Z77286; Glischrocolla formosa AM235046; Gloveria integrifolia 

AM234954; Gnaphalium sp. AM234874; Gnidia racemosa AJ295268; Gomphocarpus cancellatus AM234835; Gomphostigma sp. AM235138; Gonioma kamassi 

AM234836; Gorteria diffusa AM234875; Graderia scabra AM235043; Grammatotheca bergiana DQ356116; Grewia occidentalis AJ233152; Grielum humifusum 

AJ403023; Grubbia tomentosa Z83141; Gunnera perpensa AY008154; Gymnodiscus capillaris AM234876; Gymnosporia buxifolia AM234955; Habenaria falcicornis 

AM235040; Haemanthus humilis AF116960; Hakea archaeoides EU676114; Halleria lucida AF026828; Halopeplis amplexicaulis AY270095; Halophila ovalis 

AB004890; Harpochloa flax AM235060; Harveya capensis AF026829; Haworthia arachnoidea AM234844; Hebenstretia dentata AJ001767; Heeria argentea 

AM234809; Helichrysum cymosum AM234877; Helictotrichon requienii EF125144; Heliophila pubescens AM234933; Heliotropium arborescens L14399; Hellmuthia 

membranacea Y13000; Hemarthria altissima GU135209; Hemimeris sabulosa AF123668; Hermannia sp. AM235025; Hermas villosa AM234819; Herniaria 

glabra AF132091; Hertia sp. AM234878; Hesperantha pseudopilosa AJ309656; Heterolepis aliena AM234879; Heteromorpha sp. AM234820; Heteropogon 

contortus AM235061; Hibiscus punaluuensis AJ233121; Hippia frutescens AM234880; Holcus lanatus AM235062; Holothrix aspera AM235041; Hoplophyllum 

spinosa AM234881; Hordeum marinum subsp. marinum AY137436; Hyaenanche globosa AJ402961; Hybanthus enneaspermum AF530902; Hydrocotyle verticillata 

U50236; Hydrophylax maritima AJ616212; Hymenolepis gnidioides AM234882; Hyobanche atropurpurea AF026831; Hyparrhenia hirta U31436; Hypericum 

perforatum AF206779; Hypertelis salsoloides AF132097; Hypocalyptus sophoroides AF308710; Hypodiscus sp. AM235096; Hypoestes forskaolii L12593; 


Hypoxis leptocarpa Z73702; Ifloga verticillata AM234883; Ilex mitis X98730; Impatiens repens Z80197; Imperata cylindrica GU135272; Indigofera glomerata 

AM235008; Ipomoea purpurea X60663; Ischyrolepis subverticillata AM235097; Isoglossa cooperi AM234780; Isolepis cernua Y13014; Itasina filifolia AM234821; 

Ixia latifolia Z77288; Ixianthes retzioides AM235154; Jamesbrittenia foliosa AM235139; Jasminum suavissimum L01929; Jatropha capensis AM234978; Jordaaniella 

dubia AM234791; Juncus effusus L12681; Justicia odorata L01930; Kalanchoe daigremontiana L11189; Karroochloa purpurea U31437; Kedrostis africana 

AJ235782; Kiggelaria africana AF206786; Klattia flava AJ309667; Kniphofia uvar ia Z73689; Koeleria sp. AM235063; Kogelbergia verticillata AM235155; 

Kyllinga appendiculata Y13007; Lachenalia orchioides AM234989; Lachnaea filicaulis AJ297221; Lachnospermum fascicularis AM234884; Lachnostylis bilocularis 

AJ418813; Lagarosiphon muscoides U80702; Lagenaria siceraria DQ535825; Lampranthus filicaulis AM234792; Lanaria lanata Z77313; Lapeirousia neglecta 

AJ309665; Laportea canadensis AF500356; Lappula deflexa EU599846; Lasiospermum bipinnatum AM234885; Lauridia tetragonia AM234956; Laurophyllus 

capensis AM234810; Lavatera acerifolia AJ233122; Lebeckia simsiana AM235009; Ledebouria socialis L05038; Leersia oryzoides U13228; Leidesia procumbens 

AM234979; Lemna minuta M91630; Leonotis leonurus AM234998; Lepidium africanum AM234934; Lessertia frutescens AM235010; Leucadendron laureolum 

U79180; Leucas capense AM234999; Leucospermum bolusii AM235083; Leysera gnaphaloides AM234886; Lichtensteinia lacera AM234822; Lidbeckia pectinata 

AM234887; Limeum aethiopicum AF132095; Limonium scabrum AM235050; Linconia alopecuroides AY490993; Linum arboreum AY380352; Liparia splendens 

Z70125; Liparis lilifolia AF074183; Lithops sp. M97889; Lithospermum sp. AM234928; Lobelia erinus L13930; Lobostemon fruticosus AM234929; Lolium perenne 

subsp. perenne AJ746293; Lonchostoma monogynum AY490982; Lotononis alpina AM235011; Ludwigia peploides L10222; Lycium ferocissimum AM235152; 

Lyperia tristis AM235140; Lysimachia congestiflora AF213820; Lythrum salicaria AF495760; Macledium spinosum AM234888; Macrostylis ramulosa AM235120; 

Maerua kirkii AY483266; Mairia hirsuta AM234889; Manochlamys albicans AM234801; Manulea sp. AM235141; Marasmodes sp. AM234890; Mastersiella 

digitata AM234972; Maurocenia frangula AM234957; Maytenus senegalensis AY380353; Melasma scabrum AF190904; Melasphaerula ramosa AM234993; 

Melianthus major AM235028; Melica uniflora AJ746294; Melinis repens AM235064; Melolobium obcordatum Z95540; Menodora spinescens DQ673299; Mentha 

longifolia Z37415; Merciera brevifolia AM234939; Merxmuellera sp. AM235065; Mesembryanthemum cristallinum M98515; Metalasia densa AM234891; 

Metrosideros angustifolia AM235034; Micranthus junceus AJ309662; Microcodon glomeratum AM234940; Microdon orbicularis AM235142; Microloma tenuifolium 

AM234837; Microstegium japonicum AB125343; Mimetes pauciflorus AM235084; Miscanthus capensis AM235066; Mniothamnea bullata AY490983; 

Mollugo verticillata M62566; Monechma spartioides AM234781; Monerma cylindrica EF125153; Monopsis debilis AM234941; Monsonia emarginata L14701; 

Montinia caryophyllacea L11194; Moquiniella rubra AM235021; Moraea villosa AJ307156; Morella californica AJ626763; Muraltia heisteria AJ829698; Myosotis 

discolor AY395552; Myriophyllum exalbescens L11195; Myrsine africana U96652; Mystroxylon aethiopicum AM234958; Najas marina U80705; Nassella trichotoma 

EF125159; Nebelia fragarioides AY490985; Neesenbeckia punctoria AY725952; Nemesia strumosa AF123663; Nenax microphylla AM235110; Nerine sp. 

AM234807; Nicotiana acuminata M16896; Nivenia corymbosa Z77289; Noltea africana AJ390054; Nuxia floribunda AM235156; Nymania capensis U39084; 

Nymphaea odorata M77034; Nymphoides peltata X87392; Ochna serrulata Z75273; Ocotea bullata AM235002; Oedera capensis AM234892; Oftia africana 

AM235143; Oldenburgia grandis AM234893; Oldenlandia goreensis Z68808; Olea europaea AJ001766; Oligomeris linifolia AY483272; Olinia ventosa AF215546; 

Oncinema lineare AM234838; Oncosiphon suffruticosum AM234894; Onixotis sp. AM234962; Oplismenus sp. AM235067; Oreoleysera montana AM234895; 

Ornithogalum longibracteatum AM902312; Ornithoglossum viride AM234963; Orothamnus zeyheri U37132; Orphium frutescens AM234983; Osmitopsis asteriscoides 

AM234896; Osteospermum jucundum AM234897; Osyris compressa AM235123; Otholobium sericeum U74219; Othonna coronopifolia AM234898; 

Oxalis pes-caprae AM235044; Pachypodium rosulatum AM234839; Panicum sp. AM235068; Papaver sp. AM235045; Pappea capensis AM235130; Paranomus 

dispersus AM235085; Parapholis incurva EF125154; Paraserianthes lophantha Z70148; Paronychia canadensis DQ006082; Paspalum dilatatum AM849371; 

Passerina falcifolia AJ297224; Pauridia longituba Y14991; Pavonia sp. AM235026; Pelargonium exstipulatum L14704; Peliostomum virgatum AM235144; Penaea 

mucronata U26331; Pennisetum glaucum L14623; Pentameris thuarii DQ887119; Pentaschistis airoides AM235069; Pentzia incana AM234899; Peperomia sp. 

L12661; Peristrophe cernua AM234782; Petalacte coronata AM234900; Peucedanum galbanum AM234823; Phalaris arundinacea AJ784827; Phaneroglossa 

bolusii AY215161; Pharnaceum sp. AM235031; Phragmites australis U29900; Phylica pubescens Y16769; Phyllanthus liebmannianus Z75676; Phyllobolus splendens 

AM234793; Phyllopodium sp. AM235145; Phymaspermum appressum AM234901; Pillansia templemanni AJ309671; Pimpinella saxifraga U50229; Piper 

capense AM235048; Pittosporum japonicum L11202; Plantago crassifolia AM235049; Platycarpha carlinoides EU385009; Platycaulos major AY881465; Platylophus 

trifoliatus AF291933; Plecostachys serpyllifolia AM234902; Plectranthus barbatus U28882; Plumbago auriculata Y16906; Poa trivialis AY395555; Podalyria 

biflora Z70126; Polemanniopsis marlothii AM234824; Polhillia pallens AM235012; Polyarrhena reflexa AM234903; Polycarena sp. AM235146; Polycarpon 

tetraphyllum AY270144; Polygala bracteolata AJ829702; Polygonum undulatum AM235078; Polypogon sp. AM235070; Polystachya pubescens AF074222; 

Portulacaria afra AM235080; Potamogeton distinctus AB004901; Printzia sp. AM234904; Prionanthium dentatum DQ887121; Prionium serratum U49223; 

Prismatocarpus schlechteri AM234942; Protea repens U79182; Prunus africana AM235108; Pseudobaeckia cordata AM234935; Pseudopentameris macrantha 

DQ887122; Pseudoselago sp. AM235147; Psilocaulon parviflorum AM234794; Psoralea aculeata AM235013; Psychotria nervosa AJ002186; Psydrax obovatum 

AM235111; Ptaeroxylon obliquum AF123276; Pteronia divar icata AM234905; Pterygodium catholicum AY368346; Puccinellia distans L14621; Pulicaria scabra 

AM234906; Pupalia lappacea AY270122; Putterlickia pyracantha AM234959; Pycreus mundtii AF449517; Pyrenacantha malvifolia AJ402995; Quaqua mammillaris 

AM234840; Rafnia perfoliata AM235014; Ranunculus trichophyllus L08766; Rapanea ferruginea Z80204; Raspalia virgata AM234936; Relhania rotundifolia 

AM234907; Restio dispar AM235099; Retzia capensis Z29669; Rhamnus prinoides AM235104; Rhigiophyllum squarrosum AM234943; Rhigozum obovatum 

AM234922; Rhodocoma capensis AM235100; Rhoiacarpos capensis AM235124; Rhoicissus tomentosa AJ419725; Rhus lucida AM234811; Rhynchopsidium sp. 

AM234908; Rhynchosia capensis AM235015; Rhynchospora fascicularis U49233; Riocreuxia torulosa AM234841; Robsonodendron maritimum AM234960; Roella 

amplexicaulis AM234944; Romulea monodelpha AJ133871; Roridula gorgonias L01950; Rosenia humilis AM234909; Rothmannia capensis AM235112; Rubia 

tinctorum X83666; Rubus idaeux U06825; Ruellia graezicans L12595; Rumex acetosella D86290; Ruppia maritima U03729; Ruschia brakdamensis AM234795; 

Salicornia mayeriana AM234802; Salix mucronata AM235121; Salsola kali AY270129; Saltera sarcocolla AM235047; Salvia dentata AM235000; Samolus valerandi 

U96659; Sanicula elata AM234825; Sansevieria cylindrica Z73698; Saphesia flaccida AM234796; Sarcocornia utahensis AY270126; Sarcostemma viminale 

EU196289; Satyrium rhynchanthum AJ542397; Scabiosa columbaria AF446948; Scadoxus puniceus AM234808; Scaevola frutescens L13932; Schefflera arboricola 

U50255; Schismus barbatus AM235071; Schistostephium umbellata AM234910; Schoenoplectus articulatus Y12987; Schoenoxiphium lehmannii EF178542; 

Schoenus nigricans Y12983; Schotia afra AM235016; Scirpoides thunbergii AJ404727; Scleranthus annuus AY270145; Scleria distans Y12968; Scolopia mundii 

AM235122; Scutia buxifolia AJ390033; Sebaea sp. AM234984; Secamone afzelii X91779; Seetzenia lanata Y15025; Seidelia triandra AY794933; Selago sp. 

AM235148; Senecio burchellii AM234911; Septulina glauca AM235022; Serruria fasciflora AM235086; Sesbania punicea GU135148; Setaria sp. AM235072; Sida 

sp. AM235027; Sideroxylon inerme AM235132; Silene sp. AM234951; Siphocodon debilis AM234945; Sisymbrium irio AY167982; Smelophyllum capense 

AM235131; Solanum sp. AM235153; Sonderothamnus petraeus AY078154; Sorocephalus alopecurus AM235087; Sparaxis var iegate AJ309669; Sparrmannia 

ricinocarpa AJ233128; Spartina pectinata AJ784821; Spatalla curvifolia AM235088; Spergula rubra AY270146; Spetaea lachenalifolia AM234990; Spiloxene 

capensis Z77281; Spirodela intermedia U68092; Sporobolus sp. AM235073; Staavia radiate AM234937; Staberoha sp. AM235101; Stachys aethiopica AM235001; 

Stapelia leendertziae X91778; Steirodiscus sp. AM234912; Stellaria media M62570; Stenoglottis woodii AM235042; Stenotaphrum secundatum AM235074; 

Sterculia tragacantha AF022126; Stilbe vestita Z68827; Stilpnogyne sp. AM234913; Stipa dregeana U31442; Stipagrostis zeyheri U31378; Stirtonanthus taylorianus 

AM235017; Stoebe sp. AM234914; Stoibrax capense AM234826; Strelitzia reginae AM235157; Streptocarpus rexii AM234985; Striga gesnerioides 

AF026839; Struthiola ciliata AJ297241; Strychnos decussata AM235020; Stylapterus micranthus AJ605093; Suaeda altissima AY270135; Suessenguthiella scleranthoides 

AM235032; Sutera pinnatifida AM235149; Syncarpha ferruginea AM234915; Syringodea derustensis AM234994; Tamarix pentandra Z97650; Tarchonanthus 

camphoratus AM234916; Tecoma capensis AM234923; Tecomaria capensis AM235150; Teedia lucida AM234923; Tephrosia grandiflora Z95542; 

Tetragonia sp. AM234797; Tetraria involucrata AM234973; Teucrium fruticans Z37467; Thamnea massoniana AY490990; Thamnochortus anenarius 

AM235102; Thereianthus racemosus AJ309663; Thesidium fragile AM235125; Thesium strictum AM235126; Thinopyrum distichum AM235075; Thunbergia 

capensis AM234783; Tittmannia esterhuyseniae AY490991; Torilis arvensis AM234827; Trachyandra tortilis AJ512327; Trachypogon spicatus EF125123; Tragus 

racemosus EF125103; Treichelia longebracteata AM234946; Tribolium uniolae AM235076; Tribulus terrestris AM235167; Trichocephalus stipularis AM235105; 

Trichocladus crinitus AF060711; Trichodesma africanum AM234930; Trichodiadema barbatum AY046587; Trichogyne repens AM234917; Trifolium burchellia- 


num AM235018; Triglochin bulbosa AM234996; Trigonocapnos lichtensteinii AM234981; Trimeria grandifolia AJ418835; Tripteris clandestina AM234918; 

Tristachya leucothrix AM235077; Tritonia disticha AJ309675; Tritoniopsis unguicularis AJ309658; Troglophyton sp. AM234919; Tulbaghia violacea Z69203; 

Tylophora sylvatica X91780; Typha capensis AM235159; Ursinia sp. AM234920; Utricularia biflora L13190; Vahlia capensis L11208; Valeriana capensis 

AM235163; Vellereophyton dealbatum AM234921; Veltheimia bracteata AM234991; Vernonia mespilifolia L13646; Veronica anagallis-aquatica AY034021; 

Vexatorella obtusata subsp. obtusata AM235089; Vigna unguiculata Z95543; Villarsia calthifolia L11685; Viola decumbens AM235165; Virgilia divar icata 

Z70131; Viscum capense AM235127; Wachendorfia thyrsiflora AF312266; Wahlenbergia capensis AM234947; Walleria gracilis AM235158; Watsonia angusta 

AJ309666; Wiborgia tetraptera EU347973; Willdenowia incurvata AM235103; Wimmerella pygmaea AM234948; Witsenia maura AJ277880; Wolffia arrhiza 

AY034254; Wurmbea spicata AM234964; Xenoscapa fistulosa AM234995; Xiphotheca tecta AM235019; Xyris capensis AJ286563; Xysmalobium undulatum 

AM234842; Zaluzianskya ovata AM235151; Zannichellia palustris U03725; Zantedeschia aethiopica AF065474; Zanthoxylum monophyllum U39282; Zehneria 

scabra AM234970; Zornia cantoniensis U74235; Zostera capensis AM235166; Zygophyllum spinosum AJ133871.

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