. The elements of botany for beginners and for schools. Plants. SECTION 17.] PTERIDOPnYTES. 161 like cavities, and fertilise the cell. This thereupon sets up a growth, forms a vegetable hud, and BO develops the new plant. 491. An essentially similar process of fertilization has been discovered in the preceding and the following families of Pteridophytes; but it is mostly subterranean and very difficult to observe. 492. Club-Mosses or Lycopodiums. Some of the common kinds, called Ground Pine, arc familiar, being largely used for Christmas wreaths and other decoration. They are low evergreens, s

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. The elements of botany for beginners and for schools. Plants. SECTION 17.] PTERIDOPnYTES. 161 like cavities, and fertilise the cell. This thereupon sets up a growth, forms a vegetable hud, and BO develops the new plant. 491. An essentially similar process of fertilization has been discovered in the preceding and the following families of Pteridophytes; but it is mostly subterranean and very difficult to observe. 492. Club-Mosses or Lycopodiums. Some of the common kinds, called Ground Pine, arc familiar, being largely used for Christmas wreaths and other decoration. They are low evergreens, some creeping, all with considerable wood in their stems: this thickly beset with small leaves. In the axils of some of these leaves, or more commonly, in the axils of pecu- liar leaves changed into bracts (as in Fig. 511, 512; spore-cases appear, as roundish or kidney-shaped bodies, of firm texture, opening round the top into two valves, and discharging a great quantity of a very tine yellow powder, the spores. 493. The Selaginellas have been separated from Lycopodium, which they much resemble, because they produce two kinds of spores, in sepa- rate spore-cases. One kind (Microspores) is just that of Lycopodium; the other cousists of only four large spores (Macro- spores), in a spore-case which usually breaks in pieces at maturity (Fig. 513-515). 494. The Quill worts, Isoetes (Fig. 516-519), are very unlike Club Mos- ses in aspect, but have been associated with them. They look more like Rushes, and live in water, or partly out of it. A very short stem, like a conn, bears a cluster of roots underneath ; above it is covered by the broad bases of a cluster of awl- shaped or thread-shaped leaves. The spore-eases are immersed in the bases of the leaves. The outer leaf-bases contain numerous macrospore merable microspores, 495. The Pillworts {Marnlia and Ptiularia) an. the inner are filled with iiinu- low aquatics, which Fio. 520. Plant of Manilla quadrifoliata, reduced in Rise; at t